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41016417
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir%2C%20Iran
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Damir, Iran
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Damir () in Iran may refer to:
Damir, Kerman (دمير - Damīr)
Damir, Mazandaran (دامير - Dāmīr)
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41016440
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir%2C%20Mazandaran
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Damir, Mazandaran
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Damir (, also Romanized as Dāmīr) is a village in Rudpey-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 972, in 260 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016474
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-Food%20Powder
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Cold-Food Powder
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Cold-Food Powder () or Five Minerals Powder () was a poisonous psychoactive drug popular during the Six Dynasties (220–589) and Tang dynasty (618–907) periods of China.
Terminology
Both Chinese names hanshisan and wushisan have the suffix -san (, lit. "fall apart; scattered"), which means "medicine in powdered form" in Traditional Chinese medicine. Wushi (lit. "five rock") refers to the component mineral drugs, typically: fluorite, quartz, red bole clay, stalactite, and sulfur. Hanshi (lit. "cold food") refers to eating cold foods and bathing in cold water to counteract the drug-induced hyperthermia produced by the pyretic powder. Hanshi can also refer to the traditional Chinese holiday Hanshi jie ( "Cold Food Festival"), three days in early April when lighting a fire is prohibited and only cold foods are eaten.
Xingsan (, lit. "walk powder"), meaning "walking after having taken a powder" (compare walk off), was a therapeutic practice believed to circulate poisonous inorganic drug throughout the body, thus enhancing the psychoactive effects and preventing side effects. Mather claims the practice of xingsan "to walk a powder" was adopted from Xian Daoism, the "Immortality Cult" of the late Han period.
Although some authors transliterate the Chinese terms and (e.g., han-shih san), many translate them. Compare these renderings of wushisan and/or hanshisan:
powder of the five minerals & swallowed-cold powder
five-mineral powder & cold-food powder
Five-Stone Powder & Eat-Cold Powder
Five-mineral-powder
Five minerals powder & Powder to take with cold food
Cold Food powder
five-mineral-powder
cold eating powder
Cold Food Powder
Five Minerals Powder & Cold-Food Powder
Cold-Food Powder
Minor differences in capitalization and hyphenation generally account for these English variants.
History
Five Minerals Powder was used medicinally in the 2nd century BCE, became a popular recreational entheogen and stimulant, known as Cold-Food Powder, among prominent counterculture literati during the 3rd century, and was deemed immoral and condemned after the 10th century.
Han dynasty
Texts from the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) refer to using the Wushi Five Minerals to cure fevers and to prolong life.
The (109–91 BCE) Shiji biography of the physician Chunyu Yi (, c. 216–147 BCE) contains the earliest Five Minerals reference, according to Joseph Needham, the eminent British historian of science and technology in China.
This history includes 25 case reports by Chunyu, including one in which he treated a Dr. Sui () for poisoning around 160 BCE.
Sui, the Physician-in-waiting to the Prince of [Qi], fell ill. He had himself made preparations of the Five Minerals and had consumed them []. Your servant therefore went to visit him, and he said 'I am unworthy and have some disease; would you be so kind as to examine me?' So I did, and then addressed him in these terms: 'Your malady is a fever []. The Discussions say that when there is a central fever along with obstipation and suppression of urine one must not ingest the Five Minerals. Mineral substances considered as drugs are fierce and potent, and it is because of having taken them that you have several times failed to evacuate. They ought not to be hastily taken. Judging by the colour, an abscess is forming.' … I warned him that after a hundred days or more an abscess would gather above the pectoral region, that it would penetrate (the flesh by) the collar-bone, and that he would die. ()
Needham describes this pharmaceutical use of the Five Minerals "the first well-documented evidence of the taking of inorganic substances" in China.
The (c. 1st century BCE) Liexian Zhuan biography of the legendary Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) Daoist xian "immortal" or "transcendent" Qiong Shu () mentions the Five Minerals. It says Qiong, who was called Shizhongru (, lit. "stone bell milk", "stalactite"), roasted and ate stalactites (), slept on a stone bed, and lived for several hundred years on Mount Song. Qiong obtained the Eight Delicious Foods and Five Minerals, which all provide longevity, and refined their essences into dumplings. A person can thus live to be one hundred, have a light body, sleep among mountain peaks, and wander with the Daoist immortals. []
The Han scholar and alchemist Zheng Xuan (127–200) specified that to make hanshisan, the medically active minerals chalcanthite (shidan), cinnabar (dansha, red mercury sulphide), realgar (the arsenic sulphide xionghuang or xiongshi) and magnetite (cishi) should be enclosed in an earthen receptacle, continuously heated over three days. The drug obtained from the concoction could then be applied to the affected areas of the sick body.
Six Dynasties
The historical term "Six Dynasties" collectively refers to the Three Kingdoms (220–280), Jin dynasty (266–420), and Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589). Sources from this period of disunity after the fall of the Han describe both medicinal and recreational uses of Five Mineral Powder or Cold Food Powder.
The Three Kingdoms scholar and doctor Huangfu Mi (215–282) took this "ecstasy-inducing drug" to recover from a stroke, but suffered and likely died from the deleterious side effects. His Lun Hanshisan fang ( "On the Recipe for Cold-Food Powder"; Cao Xi wrote another book with the same title) records his disastrous self-medication that resulted in "pain and a general numbness and weakness of the body". Huangfu said, "The longest one can hope to live when taking the drug is ten years or so; for some, it is only five or six. Even though I myself can still see and breathe, my words resemble the loud laugh of someone who is presently drowning."
The Book of Jin says that Huangfu Mi used hanshisan poisoning as an excuse to decline a position offered by Emperor Wu (r. 265–290). The Cold Food Powder "disagreed with his nature and each time he was convulsed with excruciating pain. Once in a rage of suffering he prayed for a sword with which to kill himself, but his aunt remonstrated with him and made him stop." Huangfu said that the vogue for consuming Cold-Food Powder began with the Cao Wei state (220–265) scholar and politician He Yan (c. 195–249), who used the drug to achieve greater spiritual clarity and physical strength. He Yan and his friend Wang Bi (226–249), co-founders of the Daoist Xuanxue School, propagated the consumption of the drug in their philosophical circles. The French sinologist Paul Demiéville's described He Yan: "He was reckoned a paragon of beauty, elegance, and refinement, a floating flower (fou-hua) as his enemies used to say, or a dandy. He "loved Lao-Huang" and shone in "pure conversation." His lack of constraint brought down on him the ill-will of the orthodox traditionalists. He is even said to have brought into fashion a drug that brought on a state of ecstasy, and many of his friends and epigones were drug addicts."
Many other famous literati, such as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, especially the musician Ruan Ji (210–263), the alchemist Ji Kang (223–262), and the calligrapher Wang Xizhi (c. 303–361), reportedly were enthusiastic users of the drug. "Like an indulgent lifestyle of alcoholic excesses, the use of this drug became the hallmark of the free thinkers of the age". Livia Kohn describes Ruan Ji's artistic expression,
His friends and fellow poets induced ecstatic experiences through music, wine, and drugs, especially the notorious Cold Food Powder which created psychedelic states and made the body feel very hot, causing people to take off their clothes and jump into pools. When back in their ordinary selves, they wrote poetry of freedom and escape, applying the Zhuangzi concept of free and easy wandering in the sense of getting away from it all and continuing the text's tradition in their desperate search for a better world within.
The extant calligraphic writings attributed to Wang Xizhi mention taking hanshisan, for instance, two letters to his friend Zhou Fu (, d. 365), Regional Inspector of Yizhou prefecture. A thank-you note requests Zhou to send rongyan ( "rock salt"), "Turkestan salt is another thing I require. I need it when I take Cold-Food Powder."; and a lament over their 26-year separation says, "Of late, I have been missing you more than I can say. I have been taking Cold-Food Powder for a long time, but I am still weak."
The Jin dynasty Daoist scholar Ge Hong's (c. 320) Baopuzi ("[Book of the] Master Who Embraces Simplicity") contains invaluable details about the drug powders. Three of the esoteric "Inner Chapters" (1–20) refer to taking Cold-Food Powder, and using the Five Minerals to make waidan "external alchemy" miracle elixirs and magic daggers. One of the exoteric "Outer Chapters" (21–52) criticizes using Five Minerals Powder during mourning.
"The Genie's Pharmacopeia" (chap. 11) compares jade and Cold-Food Powder as drugs that can cause fevers.
Whether taken in small fragments or liquefied and sipped, jade renders man immortal. It is inferior to gold, however, in that it frequently causes fever, for it resembles han-shih-san. When jade is taken in small fragments, a spatula of both realgar and cinnabar should be taken once every ten days. Then you will not run a fever when traveling against the wind after you have taken down your hair, washed it, and bathed.
Compare Sailey's translation that after taking the drug one "loosens his hair and takes a bath: [having used] cold water, he welcomes the breeze and goes walking. Thus he does not get a fever."
Two other Baopuzi Inner Chapters mention wushi. First, "Gold and Cinnabar" (chap. 4) has several references. The Five Minerals are used to produce the Jiuguangdan (九光丹) elixir that will supposedly raise the dead.
There is also the Ninefold Radiance Elixir, which uses a method similar but not quite like that of the Nine-Cycle Elixir. Various ingredients are mixed and fired separately with each of the five minerals, cinnabar, realgar, arsenolite, laminar malachite, and magnetite []. Each mineral is put through five cycles and assumes five hues, so that altogether twenty-five hues result. Separate containers are each filled with one ounce of each hue. If you wish to raise a body that has not been dead for fully three days, bathe the corpse with a solution of one spatula of the blue elixir, open its mouth, and insert another spatula full; it will revive immediately.
The Five Minerals are also ingredients for making: "T'ai-I's elixir for Summoning Gross and Ethereal Breaths" () that can revive a corpse up to four days after death, as well as "Mo Ti's elixir" (), "Ch'i-li's elixir" (), and "Duke Li's elixir" () that cure one's illnesses and, if taken over a long period, make one immortal.
Second, "Into Mountains: Over Streams" (chap. 17) tells how to make a Five Minerals protective charm that will ensure water-travel safety.
Chin chien chi [] reads; "At noon on the ping-wu day of a fifth moon pestle the Five Minerals to a mixture. The Five Minerals are realgar, cinnabar, orpiment, alum, and laminar malachite []. When they have all been reduced to a powder, wash it in 'Gold Flower' solvent and place in a Six-One crucible, heat over cinnamon wood using a bellows. When this mixture has been completed, refine it with hardwood charcoal, having young girls and boys approach the fire. With a male mixture, make a male dagger; with a female one, make a female dagger, each of them 5.5 inches long. (Earth's number, 5, is used in order to suppress the stream's powers.) Wear these daggers when traveling on water, and no crocodiles, dragons, large fish, or water gods will dare approach you."
Compared with the previous Baopuzi list of the Five Minerals, this one replaces "arsenolite" () with "orpiment" () and "magnetite" () with the logographically similar "alum" ().
One Outer Chapter, "Censuring Muddle-headedness" (chap. 26), abbreviates wushisan as shisan () in criticizing mourners who use the drug.
I have also heard that noblemen, when in the 'great sorrow' [mourning a parent's death], or when they take [wu-]shih-san, have several meals [to get the drug to circulate in the body]. People drink great amounts of wine as if one's life depended upon it. When their illness has reached the crisis stage, they cannot endure the wind and the cold [from the fever]. … "It gets to the point where they become very drunk. They say, 'This is the custom in the capital, Loyang.' Is this not a sad thing?
Ge Hong's friend Ji Han ( c. 262–306) wrote a fu "rhapsody; poetic exposition" on Cold-Food Powder, which claims "it cured his ailing son when other treatments had failed".
The (554) Book of Wei records that both the Northern Wei emperors Daowu (r. 386–409) and Mingyuan (r. 409–423) often took Cold-Food Powder, and "In the end, they were 'unable to handle state affairs' and eventually died of elixir poisoning." Wagner noted that the Northern Wei "barbarian" rulers regarded the drug as a "status symbol."
The Liu Song dynasty (420–479) A New Account of the Tales of the World (Shishuo xinyu ), compiled by Liu Yiqing (, 403–444), contains contemporary references to using the drug. The text uses xingsan four times, wushisan once, fusan ( "take powder") once, and has two references to harmful side effects.
The Shishuo xinyu only directly refers to wushisan in quoting He Yan (see above), "Whenever I take a five-mineral powder, not only does it heal any illness I may have, but I am also aware of my spirit and intelligence becoming receptive and lucid" []. The commentary of Liu Xun (, 462–521) explains,
Although the prescription for the cold-food powder (han-shih san) originated during the Han period, its users were few and there are no accounts handed down concerning them. It was the Wei president of the Board of Civil Office, Ho Yen, who first discovered its divine properties, and from his time on it enjoyed a wide currency in the world, and those who used it sought each other out.
Two contexts refer to Wang Chen (, d. 392), son of the Eastern Jin official Wang Tanzhi. First, Wang Chen enjoyed taking wushisan with his lifelong friend Wang Gong (, d. 398), brother of Jin dynasty Empress Wang Fahui.
Wang Kung was at first extremely fond of Wang Ch'en, but later, encountering the alienation of Yüan Yüeh, the two eventually became mutually suspicious and estranged. However, whenever either of them came upon any exhilarating experience, there would unavoidably be times when they missed each other. Kung was once walking after having taken a powder (hsing-san), on the way to the archery hall at Ching-k'ou (near Chien-k'ang). At the time the clear dewdrops were gleaming in the early morning light, and the new leaves of the paulownia were just beginning to unfold. Kung looked at them and said, "Wang Ch'en is surely and unmistakably as clear and shining as these!"
Keith McMahon cites the Wangs' wushisan camaraderie as a historical analogy for 19th-century opium addicts.
In one old anecdote, two fourth-century friends of considerable status think fondly of each other whenever they have a euphoric experience. One of the friends takes the powder and, coming upon a beautiful scene, immediately thinks of the brilliance of his absent friend. It was not necessarily that individuals took the powder together at the same time, but that people of like interests and status enjoyed the special effects of this drug and did so without embarrassment or sense of shameful indulgence.
Second, when Huan Xuan was summoned to the capital in 387 to serve the crown prince Sima Dezong, his friend Wang Chen came to visit,and was "slightly drunk after having taken a powder [fusan ]" ... Huan set out wine for him, but since he was unable to drink it cold (because of the powder), Huan unthinkingly said to his attendants, 'Have them warm (wen) the wine and bring it back.' After doing so, he burst into tears and cried out, choking with grief." The commentary explains that Huan, who tended to be overemotional, violated the Chinese naming taboo of his deceased father Huan Wen () when he said wen ( "warm").
Two Shishuo xinyu contexts mention medical problems that commentators identify as wushisan side effects. When Yin Ji (, d. 397—"apparently from an overdose of drugs") learned his cousin Yin Zhongkan () was plotting a coup, he refused to participate, took wushisan, and walked away in resignation from his post. "When Yin Chi's illness became critical [bingkun ], when he looked at a person, he only saw half of his face", citing Yu Jixia that "temporary impairment of vision" was one harmful effect. When Bian Fanzhi () was capital intendant for Huan Xuan in 402, his friend Yang Fu (, c. 373–403) sought help for a bad reaction to wushisan. Yang went to Bian's house and said, "My illness is acting up [zhidong ], and I can't endure sitting up." Bian had him lie down on a large bed, and "sat keeping vigil by his side from morning until evening."
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (618–908) era was the final heyday for Cold-Food Powder drug users. According to Sun Simiao's (c. 670) Qianjin yifang ( "Supplement to the thousand Golden Remedies", the powder "contained five mineral drugs — fluorite, quartz, red bole clay, stalactite and sulfur, one animal drug, and nine plant drugs. It was claimed to be effective in curing many diseases and in increasing vitality, but was also said to have several side effects."
Needham and Lu refer to Sun's prescriptions for wushisan and hanshisan ("powder of the five minerals" and "swallowed-cold powder"), as well as wushi gengsheng san ( "five minerals resurrection powder"), and wushi huming san ( " five minerals life-preserving powder"), "all to be used in cases of sexual debility". Sun Simiao attributed one formula, the cishi hanshisan ( "purple mineral cold powder") to the Han dynasty doctor Zhang Zhongjing, and remarked, "There have also been those who have acquired an addiction to the Five-Mineral preparations on account of their avidity for the pleasures of the bedchamber", namely Daoist sexual practices. They conclude, "China was certainly not the only civilisation to believe that arsenic had aphrodisiac properties; such a view long prevailed in the West." Needham and Lu quote Fan Xingjun () on historical developments in Chinese aphrodisiacs.
The ancients of Chou and Han times, he said, relied upon perfumes (hsiang), wine and beguilements (chiu, yu huo); in Chin and Northern Wei the mineral mixtures (such as Han Shih San) were famous; Thang and Northern Sung people consumed especially the alchemical elixirs (chin tan), generally mercurial and often doubtless arsenical. Then in the Southern Sung came the regular isolation of mixtures of steroid sex hormones (chiu shih, hung chhien), much used in Yuan and Ming, while the Chhing afterwards succumbed to opium (yaphien).
While Chinese historians have traditionally believed the practice of consuming hanshisan persisted into the Tang dynasty and almost disappeared afterwards, Obringer thinks, "it may be more accurate to say that the name of the drug has been eclipsed, but not the habit of taking it." Evidencing the disappearance of the name wushisan, Obringer compares parallel descriptions of exactly the same medical treatments and troubles for drug-using patients. The (752) Waitai biyao ( "Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"), compiled by Wang Tao (), quotes the rules for wushisan users; the (992) Taiping shenghui fang ( "Imperial Grace Formulary of the Taiping Era [976–983]") medical compendium, which does not mention wushisan or hanshisan, quotes them for rushi ( "stalactite and quartz") users.
Song dynasty
During the Song dynasty (960–1279) period, Englehardt says, "Cold-Food Powder was ethically condemned and became synonymous with a heterodox ideology and an immoral lifestyle. This may explain why the name of the drug was banned after the Tang, while the use of identical pharmaceutical drugs has continued under different names."
Su Shi's (1060) Dongpo zhilin ("Recollections of Su Dongpo") exemplifies Song era moral condemnation of the drug: "The vogue for taking stalactite and aconite, for stooping to alcoholic and sexual debaucheries in order to obtain long life began in the times of He Yan. This person, in his youth, was wealthy and of noble birth: he took hanshisan to maintain his concupiscence. It is not surprising that the habit was sufficient to kill, day by day, himself and his clan."
Dikötter et ll says that "From the Song onwards, mineral powders became more varied, including increasing quantities of medical herbs, ginger, ginseng and oyster extract, thus changing in character from alchemical substances to formal medicines (yao)."
Ingredients
The precise components of hanshisan or wushisan are uncertain. Sailey describes the difficulties in identifying the ingredients.
The drug has not been made since the Tang; surely, if scholars believed they could make it, they would have tried. Also, there is the problem that the term chih 脂 (paste) implies the addition of other materials to make it congeal, materials which are not identified. … Perhaps the greatest problem of all, though, is the fact that drug-makers have traditionally guarded their secrets well, and references to major ingredients by color lead the reader to the inevitable conclusion that an esoteric formula is being used, hinting at, rather than explicitly stating, the contents of the mixture.
Needham estimates "at least a half dozen" quite different ingredient lists, "all from authoritative sources."
The Baopuzi records two different lists of the Five Minerals (given below with literal meanings). Chapter 4 lists dansha ( lit. "red sand"), xionghuang ( "male yellow"), baifan ( lit. "white alum"), cengqing ( lit. "once green"), and cishi ( lit "compassionate stone", cf. ci "magnet"). English translations include:
cinnabar, realgar, pai-fan (synonymous with fan-shih , potash alum), malachite and tz'u-shih (magnetic iron ore, magnetite, black oxide of iron)
cinnabar, realgar, arsenolite, laminar malachite, and magnetite
cinnabar, realgar, purified potash alum, stratified malachite, and magnetite
Needham translates baifan () as "purified potash alum" rather than "arsenolite". Chapter 17 lists xionghuang, dansha, cihuang ( lit. "female yellow"), fanshi ( lit. "alum stone"), and cengqing.
realgar, cinnabar, orpiment, alum, and laminar malachite
Note the "male/female yellow" contrast between orange-red xionghuang ( "realgar") and yellow-red cihuang ( "orpiment"). Compared with chapter 4's list of the Five Minerals, this version rearranges three ingredients (cinnabar, realgar, and stratified malachite) and replaces two: baifan ( "arsenolite") with cihuang ( "orpiment") and cishi ( "magnetite") with the graphically similar fanshi ( "alum"). In traditional wuxing "five phases/elements" theory, the correlating wuse ( "five colors") are blue, yellow, red, white, and black (, and ). Needham says,
The [chapter 4] series cinnabar, realgar, alum, malachite and magnetite would be most consonant with the colours (red, yellow, white, caerulean and black) required in the traditional five-element symbolic correlations, so it may have been one of the earliest. Yu shih ([] arsenolite), also white, because of the similarity of its orthography, tended to get substituted for fan shih ([] alum) but the latter is much more common in the alchemical texts—here perhaps was a real pitfall for the unwary experimentalist.
Ingredients listed in the above Tang dynasty Qianjin yifang include " five mineral drugs (fluorite, quartz, red bole clay, stalactite and sulphur), one animal drug (shell of Cyclina sinensis, a type of clam) and nine plant drugs (Saposhnikovia divaricata, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Atractylodes macrocephala, Panax ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorus, Asarum sieboldii, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum cassia and Aconitum sp.). Besides giving this detailed hanshisan formula, the Qianjinfang ironically warns the toxicity "was so great that one was compelled to burn any record of its formula". Mather translates the five mineral substances as: stalactite (shih-chung-ju []), sulphur (shih-liuhuang []), milky quartz (pai-shih-ying []), amethyst (tzu-shih-ying []), and red bole or ochre (ch'ih-shih-chih [])."
Based upon numerous hanshisan recipes, Wagner's "Das Rezept des Ho Yen" lists 13 ingredients: First, 2.5 liang ( "tael") of six ingredients: zhongru ( "stalactite"), baishiying ( "milky quartz"), haige ( "oyster shell"), zishiying ( "amethyst"), fangfeng ( "Saposhnikovia divaricata"), and gualou ( "Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit"). Second, 1.5 liang of two: ganjiang ( "Zingiber officinale; dried ginger") and baishu ( "Atractylis ovata"). Third, 5 fen ( "candareen") of two ingredients: jiegeng ( "Platycodon grandiflorus; Chinese bellflower") and xixin ( "Asarum sieboldi; Chinese wild ginger"). Fourth, 3 fen of three: renshen ( "Panax ginseng; ginseng"), fuzi ( "Aconitum lycoctonum; monkshood"), and guixin ( "Cinnamomum cassia; cinnamon; cassia-bark tree"). Sailey criticizes a "number of difficulties" in Wagner's attempts to identify the drug's ingredients. Schipper summarizes Wagner's recipe as "stalactite milk and quartz, along with some realgar and orpiment, as well as a mixture of circulation-increasing medicinal plants like ginseng and ginger."
Some of these ingredients, such as Platycodon and cinnamon, are tonic and can be used medicinally. Other ingredients are highly toxic. Cinnabar is the ore for mercury. Realgar, orpiment, and arsenolite contain arsenic – but magnetite removes arsenic from water. The element Fluorine is highly reactive and poisonous, but its calcium salt, the mineral fluorite, is not. Aconitum species are numbered among the world's most toxic plants. The Dutch historian Frank Dikötter suggests, "Resembling fresh blood, the realgar was probably an early ingredient in alchemical attempts at creating an elixir of immortality."
Usage
Chinese sources provide little reliable information about how hanshisan was prepared and used.
There are only a few discussions of the actual manner in which the drug was taken. Apparently it was taken in three doses, sometimes with food. Numerous sources mention that the drug was washed down with wine, sometimes heated, sometimes cold. This undoubtedly was to heighten the effects of the drug, but certainly, it must have made it more dangerous to the body. We are also told that after consuming the drug, it was necessary to "circulate the powder" (hsing-san ), that is, to move about so that the drug would circulate in the bloodstream. (Sailey 1978:427)
"Wine" is the common English translation of Chinese jiu ( "Chinese alcoholic beverages"), which inclusively means "beer", "wine," and "liquor".
Sailey notes that early drugs certainly varied in purity and quality, and "this factor certainly must have influenced the effectiveness of han-shih san."
Effects
Cold-Food Powder had both positive and negative effects, which could sometimes be incongruous, such as having "simultaneously tranquilizing and exhilarating properties".
Obringer classifies 52 symptoms described by Huangfu Mi.
Pain: Various pains appeared very often, and occurred in almost every part of the body: head, waist, heart, throat, extremities, arms and legs, skin, and eyes.
Digestive disorders: Swollen stomach, diarrhea, lack of appetite, constipation.
Urinary troubles: Strangury, frequent micturitions.
Fever symptoms: Fever, chills, sensation of cold with involuntary shivering.
Pulmonary disorders: qi (life-breath) back flow in the chest, coughing.
Sensorial troubles: These mainly concern eyes and vision: eye pain, sight trouble, dizzy spells, but also buzzing noise in the ears, and loss of smell.
Skin troubles: This category is very important. Two great groups are mentioned: the first consists of all kinds of "rottenness" of flesh; the second is the group of cutaneous disorders like abscesses, ulcers, especially on the legs and on the back.
Behavioural disorders: Huangfu Mi relates, in a one passage, his own experience of depression and suicidal tendencies after ingesting the drug. A trail of troubles like insomnia, anxiety, sadness, confusion, and fright are also described.
States of shock: Cases of dramatic troubles like loss of consciousness, stoppage of breath or falling into comatose states are said to occur sometimes after taking the powder.
Obringer notes that acute or chronic arsenic poisoning can cause many of these symptoms: "abdominal pains, diarrhea, nasal and ocular congestion, cutaneous disorders, pains in the extremities, vision troubles (in relation, we know, with optical neuritis)."
Sailey summarizes Yu Jiaxi's comprehensive Chinese-language analysis.
He stresses the idea that the effectiveness of the drug lay in its ability to create warmth. If the taker went too far, he would catch a fever, while if he cooled off too quickly, it would be extremely dangerous. Yu maintains that the greatest danger would occur (1) if the drug was taken too often, (2) if it was taken merely for stimulation and not to cure a serious illness, or (3) if the heat entered the marrow. In the last case, Yu believes, chronic illness and even death might result. In comparing the drug to opium, he notes that it could create even more injurious effects, but he conjectures that it was not addictive if taken twenty or thirty days apart. Yu believes that the drug "caused death or at least chronic disease that in the end could not be cured."
The Baopuzi translation of Sailey notes that hanshisan had "different types of effects upon different types of people, and even to have affected the same person differently depending on his mood when he took the drug. In some cases it led to depression, suicide, or madness; in others it resulted in anger, lethargy, changes in appetite, or disregard of custom." Sailey also says, "Having initially been used as a medicine to cure severe illnesses, its mind-expanding properties were apparently discovered and exploited during the mid-third century, which marked a high point in the development of all sorts of drugs and medicines made from organic and inorganic substances."
Schipper gives a detailed description of the powder's efficacies.
One of the immediate effects of this drug was a sharp elevation in the body's temperature, forcing the user to drink a lot and to eat cold things; hence its name. Among the beneficial effects of this drug, the most frequently mentioned are sedation, an increase in aesthetic sensitivity, vision, and sexual energy, and greater physical resistance. The drug may also have been hallucinogenic. Aside from the immoderate rise in body temperature, other disadvantages included a gradual decrease in intellectual capacity, partial paralysis, aches and inflammation of the joints, ulcers, intercostal pains, and, over time, a general deterioration of the body. It was extremely important to follow the prescriptions regarding when and how much of the drug was to be taken. The powder was mixed with warm wine and had, like opium and heroin, an immediate effect. But if one made a mistake in the dose or the timing, or if one was not in a good psychological frame of mind (that is, too nervous, worried, sad, et cetera), the drug "rose" too fast, bringing on not only a depression, but also intolerable pain.
Influences on society and culture
For an obsolescent drug that was only popular during a few centuries in Medieval Chinese society, Cold-Food Powder was highly influential.
Lu Xun claimed, "most of the famous men [of Wei-Chin] took drugs." Based upon historical accounts of hanshisan users, scholars generally associate the drug with the scholar-gentry social class. However, Akahori Akira proposes an economic class distinction between users of the two popular drugs during the Three Kingdoms period. Only the "rich and powerful" could afford the rare Chinese alchemy ingredients for dan (丹 "cinnabar") elixirs of immortality – "Common folk instead took drugs that were easier to get, like cold-food powder (which, though actually less toxic, would cause a greater number of deaths)." In addition, Lu Xun compared the ingestion of hanshisan powder to opium addiction in China during the nineteenth century.
During the Six Dynasties period, Chinese society was generally uncritical of hanshisan, which Sailey calls an "unexpected silence".
We hear scholars condemn the use of the drug only for two reasons: its danger to health, and, as in the case of Ko Hung, its use during the mourning period and at times when the taking of stimulants is inappropriate or disrespectful. Use of drugs such as han-shih san was apparently never regarded as illegal, immoral, or basically wrong. This "drug culture'" of han-shih san apparently, as Wagner suggests, integrated itself into the activities of wine-drinkers and skirt-chasers. Curiously, this may have led to its demise by T'ang times, since it could not compete with presumably less dangerous forms of entertainment.
This refers to Ge Hong's Baopuzi above (26) criticism of "noblemen" from Luoyang who violated mourning rules by taking wushisan and getting drunk. Ge, who praises many other drugs as integral to achieving xian immortality, only denounces this "powerful hallucinogenic" drug as contributing to the "decline of propriety and morality" and "disorder in society".
In addition, Sailey suggests that Southerners like Ge Hong opposed hanshisan because it probably originated in North China and was not widely used in the South until after the fall of Luoyang in 317. "Users of the drug comprised, at least in their own eyes, an elite group. This caused envy on the part of certain other people." In Ge Hong's time, "there must have been an association between the drug on the one hand and the Northerners' image as occupiers who discriminated against the scholars of the South with regard to holding high office on the other."
The German sinologist Rudolf G. Wagner, cited by Sailey, speculated that hanshisan, which was associated with "greater mental awareness and perceptiveness", was used by some Chinese Buddhists. For instance, Huiyi (, 372–444) who infamously ingratiated himself with Emperor Wu of Liu Song and General Fan Tai.
Audry Spiro proposes that wushisan transformed Chinese clothing fashions during the Wei-Jin period.
This temporary restorer of vitality had an important influence on fashions of the day. To ensure efficacy and avoid negative effects, the user had to consume heated wine and to exercise after taking it. The resulting fever required the wearing of thin, loose clothing. Skin lesions, among the many negative consequences of this drug (which may have contained arsenic), also dictated the necessity for loose clothing. For the same reason, close-fitting shoes or slippers that exacerbated the lesions could not be worn, and they were replaced by clogs. It is obvious that the use of five-mineral powder required a specific regimen, one clearly not appropriate for attendance at court. Strolling in clogs and drinking wine, the wide robe loosely belted—some men dressed and behaved this way because they took the powder. Others of their class, eschewing the powder, nevertheless adopted the lifestyle. It became, in short, the fashion.
Using the drug powders was associated with Chinese poetry. Huang Junjie and Erik Zürcher say that when the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove took wushisan, "they had to drink cold liquor and take walking excursions in order to avoid arsenic poisoning. Intoxicated enchantment with nature's beauty led to their writing poems on landscape, and thus they initiated the genre of 'Nature Poetry'."
See also
Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning
List of traditional Chinese medicines
Realgar wine
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Drug culture
Poisons
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
Psychoactive drugs
Stimulants
Tang dynasty
Traditional Chinese medicine
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41016486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farahabad-e%20Kheyl
|
Farahabad-e Kheyl
|
Farahabad-e Kheyl (, also Romanized as Faraḩābād-e Kheyl and Faraḩābād Kheyl; also known as Faraḩābād-e Khalīl) is a village in Mazkureh Rural District, in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 277, in 79 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016520
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhet%20Amador
|
Japhet Amador
|
Japhet Isidro Amador Hernandez (born January 19, 1987), nicknamed "El Gigante de Mulegé", is a Mexican professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League. He previously played for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).
Career
Diablos Rojos del Mexico
Amador was born in Mulegé, Baja California Sur. From 2007 through a portion of the 2013 season, Amador played in the Mexican League, last playing for the Diablos Rojos del México. In 2012, he hit 15 home runs through 81 Mexican League games; he hit 17 home runs in 61 games that year during winter baseball in the Mexican Pacific League. In 104 games for the Diablos Rojos in 2013, Amador hit .368 with 36 home runs and 121 runs batted in (RBI).
Houston Astros
On August 18, 2013 the Astros signed him and assigned him to the triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks. When the Astros signed him, Amador weighed 330 pounds. He played 10 games for Oklahoma City. The organization then sent him to the Peoria Javelinas of the Arizona Fall League.
In February 2014, the Astros reported that Amador was in Mexico dealing with a family emergency, that he would not be reporting for the beginning of spring training and that they were not sure whether he would report to the Astros at all. Amador reported to camp a couple of weeks late, and reporter Evan Drellich wrote that Amador's pregnant wife had been ill. Drellich said that Amador had hurt his already low chances of playing first base with the Astros.
Amador appeared in seven games with Class AAA Oklahoma City early in the 2014 season.
Second stint with Diablos Rojos del México
By May, he had been returned to the Diablos Rojos on the agreement that he would rejoin the Astros organization when the Mexican League season was finished. He hit 13 home runs that year in 64 games with the Diablos Rojos.
In 2015, Amador led the Mexican League in home runs, hitting 41 during the regular season and earning the league's Most Valuable Player award. He hit 14 more home runs during winter baseball in the Mexican Pacific League.
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
On December 24, 2015, Amador signed with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) after the 2015 season.
On May 25, 2016, Amador made his NPB debut. On November 28, 2016, he signed a 1-year extension to remain with the Eagles.
On November 27, 2017, Amador signed a 1-year extension to remain with the Eagles.
On August 9, 2018, Amador was suspended for six months after testing positive for the banned substances chlortalidone and furosemide, but he stated that he would appeal the suspension, and claimed that he would never intentionally take any banned drugs. Leading up to his suspension, Amador had a .269 average and 20 home runs in 62 games played for the club. Amador became a free agent after the season.
Third stint with Diablos Rojos del México
In 2019, Amador returned to Mexico to play with the Diablos Rojos del México. He hit .346 with 28 home runs and 115 runs batted in that year. Amador did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He played for the Charros de Jalisco in the Mexican Pacific Winter League in 2020-21.
On April 22, 2023, Amador was the Opening Day first baseman for the Diablos. In the game, Amador helped the club overcome a 0-10 deficit by hitting a walk-off grand slam on a 2 out, 2 strike count.
International career
Amador was selected for Mexico national baseball team at the exhibition games against Japan in 2016 and 2017 World Baseball Classic.
On October 16, 2016, he was selected for exhibition games against Japan in 2016.
On February 8, 2017, he was selected for 2017 World Baseball Classic.
Personal
In Mexico, Amador has been given the nickname "El Gigante de Mulegé" (The Giant of Mulegé) due to his 1.93 m height. Only one 300-pound player in baseball history has made the major leagues.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Baseball players from Baja California Sur
Baseball players suspended for drug offenses
Charros de Jalisco players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Mexican expatriate baseball players in Japan
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League Most Valuable Player Award winners
Mexican sportspeople in doping cases
National baseball team players
Nippon Professional Baseball designated hitters
Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
People from Mulegé
Peoria Javelinas players
Petroleros de Minatitlán players
Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
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41016538
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spier%20Falls%20Dam
|
Spier Falls Dam
|
The Spier Falls Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Hudson River between the towns of Moreau and Lake Luzerne, New York.
Construction
The dam was built by the Hudson River Water Power Company. The chief engineer was Charles E. Parsons of Glens Falls. Construction started in 1900 and completed in 1903 at a total cost of $US3,000,000 (). At the time it was the fourth largest dam and the largest power dam in the world.
The dam is constructed of concrete and granite quarried nearby– a rubble core with trimmed blocks on the surface. Up to of rock and dirt were moved during construction. As many as 1500 men were employed in construction at one time
Power generation
When built the dam generated 37 MW, of three-phase 40 Hz power, and provided electricity to Saratoga, Schenectady, Glens Falls, Troy, and Albany. As of 2013 the Spier Falls Dam is owned by Brookfield Power and generates 56 MW.
Statistics
The reservoir is long, wide and has a maximum depth of .
While the reservoir was filling the flow of the Hudson River was halted for twenty-four hours. The river ran dry past Fort Edward and pedestrians were able to walk across.
The dam was named for William E. Spier, the head of the Glens Falls Paper Company.
References
Buildings and structures in Saratoga County, New York
Dams in New York (state)
Hydroelectric power plants in New York (state)
Engineering projects
Dams completed in 1903
1903 establishments in New York (state)
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41016543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didu%2C%20Iran
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Didu, Iran
|
Didu (, also Romanized as Dīdū; also known as Dehdū) is a village in Chahardangeh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 90, in 22 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016550
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20B.%20Hanlon
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Gordon B. Hanlon
|
Gordon B. Hanlon was an American stockbroker from Boston.
Early life
Hanlon was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He graduated from Suffolk Law School and Harvard Business School. He broke his leg skiing which kept him out of active military service during World War II.
Business career
Hanlon was proprietor and owner of Gordon B. Hanlon & Company, a securities broker dealer. On October 1, 1941, he purchased controlling interest of the Aldred Investment Trust at a public auction.
Suffolk Downs
On February 20, 1944, the Aldred Investment Trust purchased a majority of the voting stock in Eastern Racing Association, Inc, which operated Suffolk Downs. Hanlon was elected president of the Eastern Racing Association that same day. Hanlon purchased the track strictly for business reasons, not because he was interested in the sport.
On May 19, 1944, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced that it had filed a complaint in federal court accusing Hanlon his fellow directors of the Aldred Investment Trust of gross abuse of the trust, including drastically changing the investment policy of the trust without giving adequate notice to security holders by purchasing stock in the Eastern Racing Association, keeping the trust insolvent since 1937, operating at a loss since 1939, and paying the directors large salaries. It asked the court to appoint a receiver to liquidate the trust's assets and distribute them to creditors. On January 19, 1945, Judge George Clinton Sweeney found Hanlon and five other Aldred officials guilty of gross abuse of the trust. On April 24, 1945, the Eastern Racing Association elected Allan J. Wilson to succeed Hanlon as track president, although he had not exercised any power since the receivers took over the trust. The track was sold to a group led by John C. Pappas at a public auction on May 1, 1946.
Bannwart estate
Hanlon served as the executor of the estate of Emilie T. Bannwart. Hanlon was to receive the bulk of the will after the death of Bannwart's brother. The will was contested by another brother, Alexander Bannwart, and the Community Church of Boston, who were disinherited. The parties reached an agreement in which Hanlon received $19,500 outright and was removed as executor.
Personal life and death
Hanlon was married to artist and Harvard art historian Marguerite Pote Hanlon. Their daughter was figure skater Lorraine Hanlon.
Hanlon died on November 15, 1973, at his home in Boston.
References
1973 deaths
American stockbrokers
American white-collar criminals
Businesspeople from Boston
Suffolk Downs executives
Year of birth missing
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
Criminals from Massachusetts
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41016577
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konta%2C%20Iran
|
Konta, Iran
|
Konta (, also Romanized as Kontā) is a village in Chahardangeh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 20 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016583
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus%20Lawson
|
Gus Lawson
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Gustaf Rudolf "Gus" Lawson (April 3, 1882 – September 8, 1913) was a record holding professional cyclist who died in a race.
Biography
Gus Lawson was born as Gustaf Rudolph Larsson on April 3, 1882, in Norrköping, Sweden to Lars Gustaf Larsson (1847–c.1940) and Emma Sofia Sundberg (1845–1888). He had two siblings, Iver Lawson and John Lawson, both professional cyclists.
In 1900 he set the indoor 1 hour record by cycling 34 and 5/8 miles.
He died on September 8, 1913, while riding in a 100-kilometer race in Cologne, Germany, when a tire burst on the pace motorcycle he was riding. He fractured his skull and both arms.
References
1882 births
1913 deaths
American male cyclists
Sportspeople from Norrköping
Cyclists who died while racing
Sport deaths in Germany
Swedish male cyclists
Swedish emigrants to the United States
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41016602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanur%2C%20Iran
|
Sanur, Iran
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Sanur (, also Romanized as Sanūr) is a village in Chahardangeh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 202, in 47 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016609
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash%20Kola
|
Siavash Kola
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Siavash Kola or Seyavash Kola or Siavosh Kala () may refer to:
Siavash Kola, Neka
Siavash Kola, Sari
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41016624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrmenespor
|
Sürmenespor
|
Sürmenespor, is the football team of Sürmene near Trabzon, Turkey.
The club was founded at 13 July 1967 and played in the TFF Third League 1999–2000 and 2006–2010.
Kits
The clubs plays in green and white kits.
Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 1165 capacity İsmet Gürbüz Civelek Stadium.
League participations
TFF Third League: 1999–2000, 2006–2010
Turkish Regional Amateur League: 2010–2011
Trabzon Amateur League: 1967–1999, 2011–
References
External links
Soccerway profile
Sportstats profile
Sport in Trabzon
Football clubs in Turkey
Association football clubs established in 1967
1967 establishments in Turkey
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41016626
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash%20Kola%2C%20Sari
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Siavash Kola, Sari
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Siavash Kola (, also Romanized as Sīāvash Kolā) is a village in Chahardangeh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 30 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016634
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstey%20College%20of%20Physical%20Education
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Anstey College of Physical Education
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Anstey College of Physical Education, founded in 1897 as the Anstey Physical Training College, was a pioneer training college for teachers of girls' physical education, only the second such institution for women in the United Kingdom. Located for most of its history in the Erdington area of Birmingham, England, the college was originally independent but came under the control of Staffordshire education department in 1955 as part of a financial rescue deal. In 1975 it was taken over by Birmingham Polytechnic and renamed the Anstey Department of Physical Education. The Erdington premises remained in use until 1981, when the Anstey Department was transferred to the Edgbaston campus of the polytechnic, before being closed down in 1984.
College history
Rhoda Anstey (1865–1936), the founder of the college, grew up on her family's farm near Tiverton, Devon, and later became a feminist, theosophist, astrologer and advocate of meditation. From 1893 to 1895 she attended the Hampstead Physical Training College for young women run by the physical education instructor and suffragette, Martina Bergman-Österberg. Bergman-Österberg's strict regime for her students included isolation and cold baths, and upon leaving in 1895 Anstey set up a health farm called The Hygienic Home for Ladies at South Petherton, Somerset. In 1897 she moved to The Leasowes, Halesowen, Worcestershire, and wrote to her former instructor, Bergman-Österberg, requesting that the latter accept Sophie Knight, Anstey's assistant at the health farm in Somerset, as a student at a reduced fee. Bergman-Österberg refused, so Anstey decided to train Knight herself, and established the Anstey Physical Training College at her new home, initially with just three students.
In 1898 Anstey College hosted a meeting that would lead to the creation, the following year, of the Ling Association (later renamed the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom), and in 1907 the college moved to new premises at Yew Tree House, Chester Road, Erdington, Birmingham, which would remain its home for nearly 75 years. Rhoda Anstey stepped down as principal in 1927, after having partially retired in 1920, though she remained a co-director until 1930, in which year the college gained the approval of the University of London to grant accredited diplomas. During the 1930s and 1940s Anstey College students represented England at many international events and exhibitions, and in 1947 the college changed its name to the Anstey College of Physical Education. In 1949 it became a founder member of the International Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women.
By 1955, however, the college was in severe financial difficulties and in danger of closing. Staffordshire County Council agreed to fund the college and it became part of the county's education service. The college had 104 students by 1962, and was organising regular camps in Shropshire, as well as many other activities such as gymnastic and dance competitions in conjunction with other local colleges. By the late 1960s the college was awarding degrees accredited by the University of Birmingham, and had successfully resisted a proposed merger with the larger and co-educational Madeley College, based near Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, which would have entailed the closure of the Chester Road premises.
In 1975 Anstey College, along with two other teacher training facilities in Birmingham, the Bordesley College of Education and
the City of Birmingham College of Education, was incorporated into Birmingham Polytechnic (now Birmingham City University). The Chester Road premises continued in use as the Anstey Department of Physical Education until 1981, when its staff were transferred to the polytechnic's Edgbaston campus on Westbourne Road, becoming the Anstey School of Physical Education. The old college building was sold off and subsequently demolished to make way for a housing development, and the Anstey School at the polytechnic ceased to exist as a separate body in 1984.
Alumnae
The Anstey Old Students' Association (AOSA) was founded in 1911 by Rhoda Anstey during the Ling Christmas Course in London and became very active in holding reunions for former students, enabling them to remain in contact by supporting the college and other worthy causes. The association changed its name to the Anstey Association of Past and Present Students (AAPPS) in 1972, and again to the Anstey Association (AA) in 1984 when the Anstey School at Birmingham Polytechnic was closed. Subsequently, in addition to organising regular reunions and fundraising events, the association also helped administer the Anstey College archives kept in the Anstey Room, Ravensbury House, Westbourne Road (part of the polytechnic). The archives were transferred to Birmingham Central Library in 2005 (and later, in 2013, to the Library of Birmingham), but the association continues to hold regular events across the country.
Notable alumnae
Josephine Tey, novelist and playwright
Principals
Principals of Anstey College
1897–1920 Rhoda Anstey
1920–1927 Rhoda Anstey & Ida Bridgman
1927–1955 Marion Squire
1955–1964 C. Muriel Webster & Audrey Hobbs
1964–1969 C. Muriel Webster
1969–1975 Ida Webb
Heads of the Anstey Department
1975–1978 Reginald Howlett
1978–1981 Michael Rowe
1981–1984 Colin Crunden
References
External links
Library of Birmingham: Anstey College
Anstey College Facebook Page
Erdington
Further education colleges in Birmingham, West Midlands
Physical education in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1897
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41016653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling%20at%20the%202002%20Asian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20trios
|
Bowling at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's trios
|
The women's trios competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan was held on 5 and 6 October 2002 at the Homeplus Asiad Bowling Alley.
Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
Results
References
2002 Asian Games Official Report, Pages 322–323
Results at ABF Website
Results
External links
Official Website
Women's trios
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41016657
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vari%2C%20Iran
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Vari, Iran
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Vari (, also Romanized as Varī) is a village in Chahardangeh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 120, in 48 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016675
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%20Kardeh
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Kola Kardeh
|
Kola Kardeh () may refer to:
Kola Kardeh, Abbasabad
Kola Kardeh, Sari
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41016687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20I.%20Toll
|
Robert I. Toll
|
Robert Irwin Toll (December 30, 1940 – October 7, 2022) was an American businessman who co-founded the luxury homebuilder company Toll Brothers.
Biography
Robert Irwin Toll was born to a Jewish family, the son of Sylvia (née Steinberg) and Albert Toll, he grew up in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. His father, who emigrated from Ukraine, was a millionaire investor who lost everything in the stock market crash of 1929. His first job was at Camp Powhatan in Otisfield, Maine where he was a counselor; it is now known as Seeds of Peace and is dedicated to bringing together Arab, Israeli, Indian, and Pakistani teenagers to promote peaceful conflict resolution. In 1963, he graduated with a B.A. from Cornell University; and in 1966, he earned an LL.B. degree, cum laude, from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. In 1967, Toll and his brother Bruce E. Toll founded Toll Brothers with a focus on building luxury homes ($500,000+) starting with a plot of land in Chester County, Pennsylvania given to them by their father. They grew the business using a conservative financial model always including a 10 percent cushion into all their projects and never assuming price appreciation during construction. Bruce was responsible for the book-keeping and Robert the legal side of the business. In the late 1980s, they expanded out of the Northeast to Washington, D.C. and in the mid-1990s, to California. The Tolls are credited with mass-producing luxury housing by taking a few standard home styles and increasing the scale several fold. Toll Brothers later expanded into building “active-adult” communities for the elderly affluent and urban high-rises for the newly affluent (Toll Brothers City Living).
In 2010, Toll stepped down as CEO of Toll Brothers although he still remained active in its management. In November 2013, Toll Brothers purchased Shapell Homes (founded by Nathan Shapell) for $1.6 billion.
Philanthropy and accolades
In 1990, the Tolls sponsored 58 third graders in a program called Say Yes to Education guaranteeing a college education to each of them. He served on the board of directors of the Cornell Real Estate Council, the Metropolitan Opera, Seeds of Peace, and Beth Shalom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. He was a long-time fundraiser for the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society.
Toll was a member of the Democratic National Finance Committee during the Obama campaign. Toll also served on the Board of Overseers at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania where he established the Albert & Sylvia Toll Scholarship Foundation, named after his parents. In 2005, Toll was named CEO of the Year by Professional Builder Magazine. In 2007, 2008, and 2009, he was named the "Best CEO in the Homebuilders & Building Products industry" by Institutional Investor magazine.
Personal life and death
Toll was married twice. In 1975, he married his second wife Jane (née Snyder Goldfein). They lived in Miami Beach, Florida. She has one son from her first marriage; Toll had two daughters from his first marriage; and they had a son and daughter together. As of March 2018, he was worth an estimated $1 billion.
Toll died in New York City from complications of Parkinson's disease on October 7, 2022, at the age of 81.
References
1940 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American philanthropists
American billionaires
American real estate businesspeople
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Cornell University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
People from Cheltenham, Pennsylvania
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41016697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%20Kardeh%2C%20Sari
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Kola Kardeh, Sari
|
Kola Kardeh (, also Romanized as Kolā Kardeh; also known as Kalū Kardeh, Kelav Kar Deh, and Kolū Kar Deh) is a village in Garmab Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 43, in 11 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah%2C%20Iran
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Salah, Iran
|
Salah (, also Romanized as Şalāḩ; also known as Şalāt and Şelāt) is a village in Garmab Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 122, in 24 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
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41016723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Hancock
|
Kelly Hancock
|
Kelly Gene Hancock (born December 2, 1963) is an American businessman and Republican State Senator for District 9, which encompasses portions of Tarrant and Dallas counties, including all or part of the following communities in Tarrant County: Arlington, Bedford, Colleyville, Euless, Fort Worth, Grand Prairie, Grapevine, Haltom City, Hurst, Keller, North Richland Hills, Richland Hills, Saginaw, Southlake, Trophy Club, Watauga and Westlake. In Dallas County, Senate District 9 includes portions of Dallas, Grand Prairie, and Irving. Hancock was elected to the Texas Senate in November 2012, having previously served three terms in the Texas House of Representatives.
Personal life
A Fort Worth native, Hancock has resided his entire life in the Mid-Cities area of Tarrant County. In 2003, Hancock and his brother Cary founded Advanced Chemical Logistics, a chemical distribution company in Northeast Fort Worth.
Hancock graduated from Baylor University in Waco, Texas, in 1986 with a Bachelor of Business Administration. Hancock and his wife Robin live in North Richland Hills with their children: Chloe, Skylar and Harrison.
Political career
Hancock is a lifelong conservative who began his political career serving for thirteen years on the Birdville ISD school board. In 2006, he was elected to the first of three consecutive terms in the Texas House of Representatives for District 91.
In the Texas Senate's 83rd Legislative Session of 2013, Hancock was tabbed to serve on the following committees: Transportation, Jurisprudence, Business and Commerce, and Senate Administration. Hancock serves as the vice chairman for the Economic Development Committee.
In September 2013, Hancock announced his intent to run for a second term in the Senate.
Hancock was named one of the "Worst Legislators" in Texas by Texas Monthly magazine in 2017.
In 2021, Republicans in the Texas legislature drew heavily pro-Republican gerrymandered maps to vastly increase the number of safe Republican districts. Hancock's district, which had been a competitive district in the 2020 election, was redrawn to make it much more Republican.
Legislation
NCAA championship game in Arlington
In April 2013, Hancock authored Senate Bill 398, which ensured AT&T Stadium in Arlington would be eligible for state funds in the facility's pursuit of a BCS National Championship game in College Football. Governor Rick Perry signed the bill into law. Arlington and AT&T Stadium will host college football's first playoff National Championship Game after the 2014 season.
Voter fraud
In the 2017 special legislative session, Hancock spoke in support of a bill to increase the penalty from misdemeanor to felony when one is convicted of intentionally submitting false information on a mail-in ballot application. Hancock said mail-in voting has been targeted for illegal voting and election fraud and that the legislation is needed. Democrat Jose Menendez of San Antonio, however, argued against the legislation on grounds of "unintended consequences."
Delivery of alcoholic beverages
In 2019 Hancock co-sponsored a bill that was signed by governor Greg Abbott on June 12, 2019. Dealing with the sale and delivery of alcoholic beverages to private citizens. This law allows food establishments to sell and deliver alcohol along with food deliveries.
2018 reelection
Hancock was reelected to the state Senate in the general election held on November 6, 2018. With 132,001 votes (54.1 percent), he defeated his Democratic opponent, Gwenn Burud, who polled 112,113 (45.9 percent). His margin in Tarrant County was sufficient to overcome his loss in increasingly Democratic Dallas County.
Electoral history
2012 Texas Senate General Election
Won with 58.37% of vote
2012 Texas Senate Republican Party Primary Election
Won with 64.96% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2010 General Election
Won with 100.00% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2010 Republican Party Primary Election
Won with 75.36% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2008 General Election
Won with 61.27% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2008 Republican Party Primary Election
Won with 100.00% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2006 General Election
Won with 59.07% of vote
Texas House District 91, 2006 Republican Party Primary Election
Won with 52.46% of vote
References
External links
|-
|-
1963 births
21st-century American politicians
Baylor University alumni
Businesspeople from Texas
Living people
People from North Richland Hills, Texas
Politicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Republican Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
Republican Party Texas state senators
School board members in Texas
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41016735
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaghuz
|
Valaghuz
|
Valaghuz () may refer to:
Valaghuz, Golestan
Valaghuz, Mazandaran
|
41016738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squegging
|
Squegging
|
Squegging is a radio engineering term. It is a contraction of self-quenching. A squegging or self-blocking oscillator produces an intermittent or changing output signal. Wildlife tags for birds and little mammals use squegging oscillators. The Armstrong super-regenerative radio receiver uses a self-blocking oscillator, too. The receiver sensitivity rises while the oscillation builds up. The oscillation stops when the operation point no longer fulfills the Barkhausen stability criterion. The blocking oscillator recovers to the initial state and the cycle starts again.
The receive frequency of the Armstrong Super-Regenerative receiver was some hundred kilohertz. The self-quenching frequency was ten kilohertz, just above the highest audio frequency the headphone could reproduce.
Squegging is an oscillation that builds up and dies down with a much longer time constant than the fundamental frequency of the oscillation. A self-quenching oscillator circuit oscillates at two or more frequencies at the same time.
Unwanted squegging
In an audio amplifier, all forms of oscillation are generally unwanted. Poor design and layout can sometimes lead to squegging in such an amplifier. As always, this arises from a combination of high and low frequency oscillations. Poor layout or poor shielding leads to high-frequency oscillations where the output has been coupled back to the input, especially if the input and output cables are run together for a distance. The high-frequency oscillations cause heavy currents in the output stages and, with poor power supply decoupling, these upset the input stage biasing and disrupt the high frequency oscillations. Squegging then arises. Squegging in audio amplifiers is commonly called motorboating because it sounds in the loudspeaker like an outboard boat motor at low speed. A series resistor or a ferrite bead close to the gate or base connector of the active element reduces high frequency oscillations.
Patents
See also
AI Mk. IV radar
References
Oscillation
|
41016744
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaghuz%2C%20Mazandaran
|
Valaghuz, Mazandaran
|
Valaghuz (, also Romanized as Valāghūz) is a village in Garmab Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 160, in 38 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016751
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20Johnston
|
Augustus Johnston
|
Augustus Johnston (ca. 1729 – 1790) was an Attorney General in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations from 1758 to 1766 and is the namesake of Johnston, Rhode Island. He also served briefly as a stamp distributor during the controversial Stamp Act 1765 protests and later fled Rhode Island after the Revolutionary War due to his Tory sympathies.
Early life and career
Johnston was born near Perth Amboy, New Jersey around 1729 to George Johnston and Bathsheba Lucas. His paternal grandfather emigrated from Scotland. Johnston's father died when he was young and his mother remarried to Matthew Robinson. Johnston was eventually educated in New York before moving to Newport, Rhode Island, where he became a voter on April 30, 1751. Johnston studied law with his step-father, Matthew Robinson, a prominent, well-read Rhode Island lawyer with a large private library. Johnston's maternal grandfather, Augustus Lucas, a French Huguenot also lived in Newport and built the Lucas–Johnston House, which Johnston later inherited. After building a successful reputation as an attorney, Augustus Johnston was appointed in 1754 and again in 1756 to assist in drafting legislation for General Assembly. In October 1756 Johnston became a first lieutenant in a military regiment to be sent against Fort Crown Point during the French and Indian War. In June 1757 he was acting as attorney-general because the candidate elected died, and he was then reelected each year until May 1766. As Attorney General he helped to revise the colony's laws and worked to start a smallpox inoculation hospital. When the town of Johnston separated from Providence in 1759, it was purportedly named for the Attorney General.
Stamp Act and American Revolution
In 1765, Johnston served as a stamp-distributor under the Stamp Act 1765. On August 27, 1765 Johnston and two others who had supported the rights of the Parliament of Great Britain were hanged in effigy and the next day a mob damaged their homes and rioted outside the Newport Colony House. The three individuals fled to a naval ship, , moored in Newport's harbor. Johnston came ashore the next day and signed a document agreeing not to act as stamp distributor without the colonists' consent. The other two refugees fled to England and requested compensation for their damages and informed the British government of their losses. Johnston also requested compensation, and all three were accused of inflating their claimed losses. The British Treasury requested that the Rhode Island General Assembly pay the claims, but the Rhode Island government refused until the British Treasury reimbursed Rhode Island for their expenditures during the French and Indian War in 1756, which had never been repaid. Negotiations over the claims took place until 1773 but were never settled.
Augustus Johnston remained in Newport until July 18, 1776, but when he refused the Patriots' oath of allegiance he was ordered interned at South Kingstown for a time. During the British occupation of Newport, he was appointed to various civil positions, but he moved to New York when the British left Newport in 1779 and then possibly South Carolina. Johnston's property was eventually confiscated. Although he had a pension from the British government, Johnston died insolvent in 1790 leaving a widow and four children. Despite his advanced age, Johnston's step-father, who had been Johnston's surety, had to defend various suits which were brought against him.
References
Rhode Island lawyers
Politicians from Newport, Rhode Island
Rhode Island Attorneys General
1729 births
1790 deaths
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41016765
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalam%2C%20Iran
|
Zalam, Iran
|
Zalam () in Iran may refer to:
Zalam, Sari (زلم - Zalam)
|
41016795
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalam%2C%20Sari
|
Zalam, Sari
|
Zalam (; also known as Rūdbār Zalam and Z̧alam Rūdbār) is a village in Garmab Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 180, in 49 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016813
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Kola
|
Ali Kola
|
Ali Kola or Ali Kala or Alikola () may refer to:
Ali Kola, Amol
Ali Kola, Juybar
Ali Kola, Sari
|
41016832
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Kola%2C%20Sari
|
Ali Kola, Sari
|
Ali Kola (, also Romanized as ‘Alī Kolā, ‘Alī Kalā, and ‘Ālīkolā) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 108, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016862
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%2C%20Iran
|
Ara, Iran
|
Ara (, also Romanized as Arā and Arā’) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 384, in 109 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016887
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrensk%C3%B6ld-class%20destroyer
|
Ehrensköld-class destroyer
|
The Ehrensköld class was the first "modern" class of destroyer built by the Swedish Navy after the First World War. It introduced several new features, mainly heavy armament in three 12 cm guns and the new 53 cm torpedo. The class included two vessels, and , which were both launched in 1926 and entered service in 1927. They patrolled the Baltic Sea until 1963, after which they became target vessels. Nordenskjöld was scrapped in 1964 and Ehrensköld in 1974.
Construction and design
In the early 1920s, the Royal Swedish Navy operated 10 destroyers and 29 first-class torpedo boats. The destroyers, which dated between 1902 and 1917, were of similar design, displacing and armed with guns and torpedo tubes. These ships were smaller and less heavily armed than other navies' destroyers, particularly when compared to those of the British Royal Navy and the Soviet Navy.
In 1924, two destroyers of more modern design were laid down, and . The main gun armament was three guns built by Bofors in single mounts on the ships' centreline, with one gun forward, one aft and one between the ships' two funnels, from which it had a restricted arc of fire. Anti-aircraft armament consisted of two Vickers 40 mm automatic anti-aircraft guns. Torpedo armament consisted of two triple mounts for torpedoes, while the ships were also fitted for minelaying, being able to carry 20 mines. Three Penhoët boilers fed two de Laval geared steam turbines, generating which drove the ships to a speed of .
The two ships were launched in 1926 and commissioned in 1927.
Operational history
The two destroyers patrolled in the Baltic Sea to defend Sweden's neutrality during the Second World War, when the ships' 40 mm Vickers anti-aircraft guns were replaced by four Bofors 25 mm cannons in two twin mountings.
In 1950–51, the two destroyers were repurposed as anti-submarine frigates. The aft two guns and the torpedo tubes were removed to allow the fitting of an improved anti-aircraft and anti-submarine armament and sensors. As rebuilt, armament was one 120 mm gun, four 40 mm Bofors guns and a single 20 mm cannon. Displacement rose to standard and full load, and speed fell to .
They remained in use until 1963, after which they were used as target vessels. Nordenskjöld was scrapped in 1964 and Ehrensköld in 1974.
Ships in the class
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
References
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41016889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivel%2C%20Iran
|
Ivel, Iran
|
Ivel (, also Romanized as Īvel; also known as Īdel) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, Chahardangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 137, in 49 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miana%2C%20Iran
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Miana, Iran
|
Miana (, also Romanized as Mīānā) is a village in Banaft Rural District, Dodangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 287, in 89 families.
Miana (Pashtun tribe)
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41016925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachi
|
Pachi
|
Pachi may refer to:
Pachi, Kerman (پچي - Pachī), a village in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran
Pachi, Mazandaran (پاچي - Pāchī), a village in Dodangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran
Pachi, Megara, Greece (Greek: Πάχη Μεγάρων), a village in West Attica, Municipality of Megara, Greece
Pachi the Porcupine, the mascot of the 2015 Pan American Games
Danner Pachi (born 1984), Bolivian football player
|
41017075
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachi%2C%20Mazandaran
|
Pachi, Mazandaran
|
Pachi (, also Romanized as Pāchī; also known as Pājī) is a village in Banaft Rural District, Dodangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 117 families.
References
Populated places in Sari County
|
41017107
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji%2C%20Iran
|
Maji, Iran
|
Maji (, also Romanized as Majī; also known as Majīd) is a village in Farim Rural District of Dodangeh District, Sari County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 259 in 67 households. The following census in 2011 counted 198 people in 67 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 279 people in 107 households; it was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Sari County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in Sari County
|
41017109
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian%20Braille
|
Mongolian Braille
|
Mongolian Braille is the braille alphabet used for the Mongolian language in Mongolia. It is based on Russian Braille, with two additional letters for print letters found in the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet.
Alphabet
The printed Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet has all the letters of printed Russian, though some are only used in loan words, plus the letters ө, ү.
The non-Russian letters ө, ү, have the forms of two obsolete letters of Russian Braille. The Mongolian vowel ө (ö) is coincidentally similar in print to the old Russian consonant ѳ (th), and it takes the latter's braille assignment, ; the Mongolian vowel ү (ü) takes the assignment of the old Russian vowel yat, .
Punctuation
See also
Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, for the braille alphabet aligned with Cyrillic
References
French-ordered braille alphabets
Mongolian language
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41017111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz%20Braille
|
Kyrgyz Braille
|
The braille alphabet used for the Kyrgyz language is based on Russian Braille, with a few additional letters found in the print Kyrgyz alphabet.
Alphabet
Kyrgyz Braille uses the entire Russian Braille alphabet, though some letters are only found in loans and in addition has the letters ң, ө, ү.
Although the non-Russian letters ң, ө, ү are found in many other Cyrillic alphabets, their braille assignments are unrelated to those or with international norms. Compare the ң, ө, ү of Kazakh Braille, for example.
Punctuation
The question mark differs from Russian Braille.
Single punctuation:
Paired punctuation:
Formatting
See also
, for the braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic
References
UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
French-ordered braille alphabets
Kyrgyz language
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41017182
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Bint%20al-Majlisi
|
Amina Bint al-Majlisi
|
Amina Begum Bint al-Majlisi was a female Safavid mujtahideh. She was the daughter of the great Safavid religious scholar Mulla Muhammad Taqi Majlisi and granddaughter of the mujtahideh Zubaiyda, who was in turn the daughter of the great philosopher Mulla Sadra. Amina's brother was Mulla Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, the author of the well-known work Bihar al-anvar, to which Amina contributed. She married a student of her father's, Mullah Muhammed Saleh Mazandarani. The family lived in Isfahan, the capital city of the Safavid Empire. The city of Isfahan has a long educational tradition of Shiite ‘Alimat (Islamic preachers) and Muhaddithat (traditionalists). The practice reached to a peak during the Safavid era.
Amina achieved considerable mastery of authoritative works in Shiite jurisprudence, such as the commentaries on Alfiyeh by Ibn Malik, Shawahid by al-Siyuti, as well as the al-Qava'id by Allameh Hilli. Many great Shiite scholars referred to her as Mujtahidah. The great Marja’ Agha Ahmad Behbahani in his book Mir’at ul ahval jahan nama declared that Amina was an ‘Alima and qualified Mujtahed (jami’ul sharayet) who wrote a book in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). The author of Riadhul ‘ulama, who was her contemporary and a pupil of Amina’s husband, described Amina as ‘Alima and Saliha'. He also asserted that she helped her husband to solve the difficulties of Al-Qava’id.
Amina's niece, named “Bint al-Azizullah” (daughter of Mulla Azizulla) was also a mujtahida.
Further reading
Ansari, Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullah, Tabaqatul Muhaddithin bi Esbihan val varidin ‘alaiha, 1988, Beirut.
Amin, Mustadrekat ‘A’yanu Shi’a, 1410H, Beirut.
Behbahani, Ahmad, Mir’atul Ahval, 1991, Tehran
Cole, Juan, Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam. 2002, p. 61.
Effendi, ‘Abdullah, Riyadhul ‘Ulama va Hiyadhul fuzala, 1987, Mashhad.
Al-Hasun, Muhammad, A’lamu Nisa al-Muminat, 1411H, Qum
Mahallati, Sheikh Zhabihullah, Raiyahinu Shari’a, Tehran, 1991.
Tehrani, Agha Bozorg, Al-Zhari’a ila Tasanif al-Shi’a, 1983, Beirut
Zanuzi, Muhammad Hussain, Riyadh ul janna, Qum. Mar’ashi Najafi library. 1998.
See also
Lady Amin
Zohreh Sefati
Iftikhār al-Tujjar
Zīnah al-Sādāt Humāyūnī
Iranian ayatollahs
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Women scholars of the medieval Islamic world
Iranian Muslim mystics
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41017233
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sheriffs%20of%20Essex%20County%2C%20Massachusetts
|
List of Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts
|
This is a list of Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts. In the earliest days of the county the office of Sheriff was called the Marshall. Since 1692 the office has been called the Sheriff. The Sheriff originally was an appointed office, it has been an elected position since 1856. The Sheriff is elected to serve a six-year term.
The current Essex County Sheriff is Kevin Coppinger.
Government of Essex County, Massachusetts
Massachusetts, Essex
Sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts
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41017261
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry%20Scott
|
Gerry Scott
|
Gerry Scott Foulds (born Geraldine Mary Boldy; 4 November 1944 – 25 April 2007) was an English production designer.
Biography
Born Geraldine Mary Boldy in Bradford, West Yorkshire, she graduated with qualifications in art from Bradford College and Sunderland College in the late 1960s. She then joined the design department of the BBC, after initially being rejected "because she was a painter and couldn't draw plans"; she learned how to do plans over a six-month period before reapplying for the job.
At the BBC, Scott worked on such productions as Sykes, Porridge, Ripping Yarns and Blake's 7 from 1972 to 1980. Her work on the 1991 miniseries Clarissa saw her find her calling as a designer on historical dramas, and her subsequent work included Middlemarch (1994), Pride and Prejudice (1995), Wives and Daughters (1999), The Way We Live Now (2001) and He Knew He Was Right (2004).
In 2002, Scott was diagnosed with a brain tumour which affected her vision; she nonetheless continued working after radical surgery, on an adaptation of Anthony Trollope's He Knew He Was Right. She died from the brain tumour in 2007.
Awards
Scott won two British Academy Television Craft Awards (BAFTAs) after being nominated several times: one in 2000 for Wives and Daughters, and the second in 2002 for The Way We Live Now.
Personal life
Boldy was married to the film director and producer Tony Scott, whom she had met when they were both students at Sunderland College, from 1967 to 1974. She described her marriage to Scott as "traumatic, wild, and crazy, but the very best", and the two remained friends following their divorce.
She married Archie Foulds, her partner of over ten years, in June 2006. She had no children.
References
External links
1944 births
2007 deaths
English scenic designers
British production designers
Mass media people from Bradford
Deaths from brain cancer in England
Gerry
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41017344
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo
|
Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
The National Navy () is the maritime component of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC). It is a brown-water navy, which is currently commanded by Vice Admiral Rombault Mbuayama Nsiona.
History
Ordinance no.70/295 of 9 November 1970 fixed the organization of the Coast, River, and Lake Guard, after it had been created by ordonnance-loi 70/060 of the same day. A coast guard was headquartered at Banana, the River Guard at Kinshasa and the Lake Guard at Kalemie. Some five years later, however, the organization became the Force Navale Zairoise.
Before the downfall of Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire operated a small navy on the Congo river with a few facilities on the Atlantic coast. It consisted of 1,300 personnel, including 600 marines. One of its installations was at the village of N'dangi near the presidential residence in Gbadolite. The port at N'dangi was the base for several patrol boats, helicopters and the presidential yacht.
The 2002 edition of Jane's Sentinel described the Navy as being "in a state of near total disarray" and stated that it did not conduct any training or have operating procedures. The Congolese navy shares the same discipline problems as the other services. It was initially placed under command of the MLC when the transition began: the current situation is uncertain.
The Congolese navy took part in an exercise overseen by United States Army troops in 2010 in Lake Tanganyika, to verify that it met African Union standards.
During the Dongo conflict in the northwestern DRC, a number of navy personnel fled across the Congo River to the nearby Republic of the Congo as refugees, along with many civilians.
In September 2017 the Congolese navy supported army operations against a Mai-Mai militia and sunk a rebel boat in Lake Tanganyika.
On 5 July 2018, the Congolese navy fought a skirmish against the Ugandan navy in Lake Edward after Ugandan vessels attacked Congolese fishing boats. Several people were killed in the clashes. The naval forces in the area on the Congolese side are commanded by Major Jean Tsongo. The Congolese navy in the area is also tasked with keeping rebels from Uganda from entering the DRC.
Organization
The 2007 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships states that the Navy is organised into four commands, based at Matadi, near the coast; the capital Kinshasa, further up the Congo river; Kalemie, on Lake Tanganyika; and Goma, on Lake Kivu.
The IISS, in its 2007 edition of the Military Balance, confirms the bases listed in Jane's and adds a fifth base at Boma, a coastal city near Matadi.
In 2018 it was reported that the Chinese assisted the DRC with creating a naval base at the seaport town of Banana.
Various sources also refer to numbered Naval Regions. Operations of the 1st Naval Region have been reported in Kalemie, the 4th near the northern city of Mbandaka, and the 5th at Goma.
The IISS lists the Navy at 1,000 personnel and a total of eight patrol craft, of which only one is operational, a Shanghai II Type 062 class gunboat designated "102". There are five other 062s as well as two Swiftships which are not currently operational, though some may be restored to service in the future. According to Jane's, the Navy also operates barges and small craft armed with machine guns. It was reported that China had been providing military assistance to the DRC since 2008, and that included providing repairs and maintenance on the Shanghai gunboats in the FARDC navy.
Known chiefs of staff
Grand Admiral Mavua Mudima (c. 1990s) – Zairian navy
Admiral Baudoin Liwanga (1998–2003)
Major General Dieudonne Amuli Bahigwa (2003–2007)
Vice Admiral Didier Etumba Longomba (2007–2008) — later Chief of the General Staff.
Vice Admiral Emmanuel Kyabu Kaniki (???—2014) — deputy navy commander for operations in 2007.
Vice Admiral Rombault Mbuayama Nsiona (2014—present) — former 6th military region commander.
Ranks
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Military units and formations established in 1998
Democratic Republic
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41017347
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling%20at%20the%202002%20Asian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20team
|
Bowling at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's team
|
The women's team of five competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan was held on 6 and 7 October 2002 at the Homeplus Asiad Bowling Alley.
Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
Results
References
2002 Asian Games Official Report, Pages 324–325
Results at ABF Website
Results
External links
Official Website
Women's team
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41017454
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20S.%20Gibson
|
Moses S. Gibson
|
Moses S. Gibson (1816 - December 6, 1904) was an American banker from Hudson, Wisconsin who served as a Representative in the last two sessions of the Legislative Assembly of the Wisconsin Territory, as a member of the First Wisconsin Constitutional Convention, and was elected to a term in 1859 as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly after statehood, an election successfully contested by Marcus W. McCracken. Gibson's political party affiliation is unknown.
Biography
Gibson was born in 1816 in Livingston County, New York. He settled in Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin, in 1844. He was elected as a member of the First Wisconsin Constitutional Convention in 1846 and elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Wisconsin Territory in 1847 and 1848. In 1849, he moved to Hudson, Wisconsin, where he was appointed receiver of public moneys. He married Carrie F. Gilman (1831-1906) in 1856. In 1859, he was elected to a term in the Wisconsin State Assembly. During the Civil War, he was appointed a paymaster and assigned to Missouri, and also became a major. In 1878, he was appointed a position in the sixth auditor's office of the treasury in the post office department. He died on December 6, 1904 in Washington, D. C., and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Political office
In the State Assembly, Gibson was to represent the district which included the sparsely-populated Ashland, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, Polk, and St. Croix counties to succeed Republican James B. Gray. McCracken in turn was succeeded by Asaph Whittlesey, also a Republican.
References
American bankers
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from Hudson, Wisconsin
1816 births
People from Livingston County, New York
1904 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
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41017468
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Miss%20Basketball
|
Iowa Miss Basketball
|
Each year the Miss Iowa Basketball award is given to the person chosen as the best high school girls' basketball player in the state of Iowa, in the United States.
The award has been given since 1981. Winners were chosen by the Iowa Newspaper Association at the time of its annual All-State selections until 2018. The Iowa Print Sports Writers Association now selects the award using the same format.
From 1990 to 1993, two awards were given, one for a 5-on-5 player and one for a 6-on-6 player, when girls in Iowa played in the two systems based on division. Prior to 1990 award winners played 6-on-6 basketball, and since 1993, award winners have played 5-on-5 basketball.
Voting is done on a points system. Each voter selects first, second, and third-place votes. A player receives five points for each first-place vote, three points for each second-place vote, and one point for a third-place vote. The player who receives the most points receives the award.
Award winners
Schools with multiple winners
References
Mr. and Miss Basketball awards
Awards established in 1981
Women's sports in Iowa
Basketball players from Iowa
Miss Basketball
Lists of American sportswomen
American women's basketball players
Miss Basketball
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41017482
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%20of%20Rivinus
|
Notch of Rivinus
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The Notch of Rivinus is a small defect in the posterior edge of the bony annular tympanic ring. The defect is located just superior to the tympano-mastoid suture line in the posterior ear canal. Following identification of the spine of Henle it is possible to follow the tympano-mastoid suture line medially towards the annular ring. At this location the Chorda Tympani Nerve is often identified. Just superior to this the Notch of Rivinus can be seen and the neck of the malleus occupies the notch and often is the superior limit of a tympanomeatal flap.
Etymology: Augustus Q. Rivinus, German anatomist, 1652–1723
a deficiency in the tympanic sulcus of the ear that forms an attachment for the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane and the mallear folds. Also called Rivinus' incisure, tympanic incisure.
Ear
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41017501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming%20and%20Leisure%20Properties
|
Gaming and Leisure Properties
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Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc. is a real estate investment trust (REIT) specializing in casino properties, based in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. It was formed in November 2013 as a corporate spin-off from Penn National Gaming. The company owns 57 casino properties, all of which are leased to other companies.
History
The company was created as a corporate spin-off from Penn National Gaming (now Penn Entertainment), effective November 1, 2013. The corporate breakup was designed to increase investor returns by taking advantage of the lack of federal income taxes on REITs.
In November 2013, GLPI agreed to finance a proposed billion-dollar casino in Milford, Massachusetts, but the project was killed days later when town voters rejected the casino.
In January 2014, the company acquired the real estate assets of the Casino Queen in East St. Louis, Illinois for $140 million, and leased them back to the casino's operating company for $14 million a year. GLPI also loaned $43 million to the casino.
The company's Argosy Casino in Sioux City, Iowa was forced to close in July 2014, and GLPI then sold the casino's real estate.
In May 2014, GLPI agreed to buy The Meadows Racetrack and Casino in western Pennsylvania from Cannery Casino Resorts for $465 million. The company said it would sell the facility's license to a third-party operator, while retaining ownership of the land and buildings. The deal ran into trouble, with GLPI filing a lawsuit accusing Cannery of fraud in October 2014; the lawsuit was eventually settled with an agreement on a reduced purchase price of $440 million.
After casino operator Pinnacle Entertainment announced its own plan in November 2014 to spin-off a REIT with the real estate assets of its 15 casinos, GLPI approached Pinnacle with an offer to buy those assets, which it said would be simpler and faster than Pinnacle's plan. Pinnacle did not respond to the offer, so GLPI went public with its offer in March 2015. In July, the companies reached a deal for GLPI to buy 14 of Pinnacle's 15 properties for $4.75 billion in stock, and lease them back to Pinnacle, with rent starting at $377 million per year. The acquisition was completed in April 2016. GLPI also completed its purchase of The Meadows in September 2016 and sold the racetrack operation to Pinnacle for $138 million.
In May 2015, GLPI agreed to finance the real estate portion of a proposed $650-million casino in New Bedford, Massachusetts, but the plan was canceled months later after developers failed to secure the rest of the needed funding.
In May 2017, GLPI purchased the real estate assets of Bally's Casino Tunica and Resorts Casino Tunica for a total of $83 million, while Penn National simultaneously acquired their operating assets.
In October 2018, the company acquired the real estate of five casinos from Tropicana Entertainment for $964 million. The purchase was part of a three-way deal in which Eldorado Resorts simultaneously acquired Tropicana's operating business and leased the casinos from GLPI for a total of $88 million per year.
Weeks later, GLPI completed a four-way deal that saw its two largest tenants combine into one, as Penn National acquired Pinnacle. GLPI also gained a new tenant in Boyd Gaming, which purchased the operations of three of Pinnacle's leased properties. In connection with the merger, GLPI acquired the real estate of Plainridge Park Casino from Penn National for $250 million, and lent $58 million to Boyd to acquire the real estate of Belterra Park. GLPI later acquired ownership of Belterra Park in satisfaction of the loan.
In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Penn National faced the prospect of financial issues brought on by resort closures. As a result, it sold the real estate of the Tropicana Las Vegas to GLPI for $338 million in rent credits. Penn National would continue to operate the Tropicana for another two years, or until the resort were sold.
GLPI took ownership of Lumière Place from Caesars Entertainment (formerly Eldorado Resorts) in October 2020, in satisfaction of a $246 million loan.
In 2021, GLPI sold the operations of its two owned-and-operated casinos for a total of $59 million, to focus on its core business of real estate. The operating business of Hollywood Casino Perryville was sold to Penn National, while that of Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge was sold to Casino Queen.
In June 2021, GLPI added Bally's Corporation as a new tenant, purchasing the Dover Downs racino for $144 million. GLPI also agreed to sell the operations of the Tropicana Las Vegas to Bally's and to buy two other casinos from Bally's for $150 million, and obtained a right of first refusal to buy future casinos developed by Bally's. Two more properties (Bally's Tiverton and Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Biloxi) were acquired from Bally's in 2023 for $635 million.
In December 2021, GLPI reached a deal with the Cordish Companies to purchase three casino properties (Live Casino Philadelphia, Live Casino Maryland, and Live Casino Pittsburgh) for a total of $1.8 billion and lease them back for a total of $125 million per year, and to partner with Cordish in future casino projects. The purchase was completed in March 2022.
In 2023, GLPI purchased the land where the Hard Rock Casino was being built in Rockford, Illinois, for $100 million.
Properties
Gaming and Leisure Properties owns the following properties:
Leased to Bally's Corporation
Bally's Black Hawk — Black Hawk, Colorado
Bally's Dover — Dover, Delaware
Bally's Evansville — Evansville, Indiana
Bally's Quad Cities — Rock Island, Illinois
Bally's Tiverton — Tiverton, Rhode Island
Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Biloxi — Biloxi, Mississippi
Tropicana Las Vegas — Paradise, Nevada (land only)
Leased to Boyd Gaming
Ameristar Casino Hotel Kansas City — Kansas City, Missouri
Ameristar Casino Resort Spa St. Charles — St. Charles, Missouri
Belterra Casino Resort & Spa — Florence, Indiana
Belterra Park — Anderson Township, Ohio
Leased to Caesars Entertainment
Horseshoe St. Louis — St. Louis, Missouri
Isle Casino Bettendorf — Bettendorf, Iowa
Isle Casino Waterloo — Waterloo, Iowa
Tropicana Atlantic City — Atlantic City, New Jersey
Tropicana Laughlin — Laughlin, Nevada
Trop Casino Greenville — Greenville, Mississippi
Leased to Cordish Companies
Live Casino & Hotel Maryland — Hanover, Maryland
Live Casino & Hotel Philadelphia — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Live Casino Pittsburgh — Hempfield Township, Pennsylvania
Leased to CQ Holding
Belle of Baton Rouge — Baton Rouge, Louisiana
DraftKings at Casino Queen — East St. Louis, Illinois
Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge — Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Leased to Penn Entertainment
Ameristar Casino Council Bluffs — Council Bluffs, Iowa
Ameristar Casino Hotel East Chicago — East Chicago, Indiana
Ameristar Casino Vicksburg — Vicksburg, Mississippi
Ameristar Casino Resort Spa Black Hawk — Black Hawk, Colorado
Argosy Casino Alton — Alton, Illinois
Argosy Casino Riverside — Riverside, Missouri
Boomtown Biloxi — Biloxi, Mississippi
Boomtown Bossier City — Bossier City, Louisiana
Boomtown New Orleans — Harvey, Louisiana
Cactus Petes Resort Casino — Jackpot, Nevada
1st Jackpot Casino Tunica — Tunica Resorts, Mississippi
Hollywood Casino Aurora — Aurora, Illinois
Hollywood Casino Hotel & Raceway Bangor — Bangor, Maine
Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races — Charles Town, West Virginia
Hollywood Casino Columbus — Columbus, Ohio
Hollywood Casino Gulf Coast — Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
Hollywood Casino Joliet — Joliet, Illinois
Hollywood Casino Lawrenceburg — Lawrenceburg, Indiana
Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course — Grantville, Pennsylvania
Hollywood Casino Perryville — Perryville, Maryland
Hollywood Casino St. Louis — Maryland Heights, Missouri
Hollywood Casino Toledo — Toledo, Ohio
Hollywood Casino Tunica — Tunica Resorts, Mississippi
Hollywood Gaming at Dayton Raceway — Dayton, Ohio
Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley Race Course — Austintown, Ohio
Horseshu Hotel and Casino — Jackpot, Nevada
L'Auberge Casino & Hotel Baton Rouge — Baton Rouge, Louisiana
L'Auberge Casino Resort Lake Charles — Lake Charles, Louisiana
M Resort — Henderson, Nevada
The Meadows Racetrack and Casino — North Strabane Township, Pennsylvania
Plainridge Park Casino — Plainville, Massachusetts
River City Casino — St. Louis, Missouri
Zia Park Casino Hotel & Racetrack — Hobbs, New Mexico
Leased to others
Hard Rock Casino Rockford — Rockford, Illinois (land only)
Former properties
Argosy Casino Sioux City — Sioux City, Iowa
Resorts Casino Tunica — Tunica Resorts, Mississippi
References
External links
Companies based in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Real estate companies established in 2013
Gambling companies established in 2013
American companies established in 2013
Gambling companies of the United States
Real estate investment trusts of the United States
2013 establishments in Pennsylvania
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Corporate spin-offs
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41017507
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%20Ochoa
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Williams Ochoa
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Williams Oswaldo Ochoa Gallegos (born 6 June 1978) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. As of 2013, he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Chiapas.
References
1978 births
Living people
People from Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Chiapas
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41017534
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Reedy
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Jessica Reedy
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Jessica Reedy (born July 12, 1988) is an American gospel singer and songwriter who is best known as the second runner-up on BET's gospel singing competition Sunday Best (season 2) in 2009.
Career
Reedy's debut album, From The Heart was released on September 27, 2011. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Gospel Album Chart. The album was received positively by reviewers including Jon Caramanica of the New York Times, who called it "mature and thoughtful".
Reedy's second album, Transparent was released on November 14, 2014. The album debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard Gospel Albums Chart. In 2015, Reedy won a Stellar Award.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Light Records Unplugged (2013) – Light Records
Singles
Films
2014 : Who Can I Run To : Tracy
Television appearances
Black Girls Rock (2014)
Bobby Jones Gospel (2014)
Celebration of Gospel (2016,2013, 2012, 2011)
Pre-Stellar Awards (2013, 2014)
Stellar Gospel Awards (2012, 2011, 2010)
Word Network (2013, 2012)
TBN (2012)
BET Awards (2012)
BET's 106 & Park (2012 - debuted music video "Something Out of Nothing")
Sheryl Lee Ralph's Divas Simply Singing (2011)
TCT Network (2012, 2011)
BET's Lift Every Voice (2011)
References
External links
1988 births
American gospel singers
Living people
21st-century American singers
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41017557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays%20in%20French%20Literature%20and%20Culture
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Essays in French Literature and Culture
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Essays in French Literature and Culture is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Western Australia. It was established in 1964 by James R. Lawler, the Foundation Chair of French Studies at this university. The journal focuses on French Studies, in a broad sense. From its inception, the journal's main aim has been "to draw attention to broader aspects of French literary culture". Since 2022, the journal has. been available both in print and in soft copies, as well as Open Access for free (after a 3 months grace period). and indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals.
History
The journal was established in 1964 by James R. Lawler.
In 1975, the journal's editorship passed on to Denis Boak who, in a commemorative issue celebrating the journal's fiftieth anniversary, argues that Essays in French Literature was a "free-standing intellectual endeavour" providing "an extra outlet for young scholars to publish". He was succeeded by Andrew Hunwick in 1995. Hélène Jaccomard took over in 2007.A growing interest in cultural studies in the field of French studies led to a widening of the scope of the journal and its renaming in 2008. The new title reflects this wider emphasis on culture.
In the context of the crisis in academic publishing, and as one of only two French Studies academic journals in Australia, Essays in French Literature and Culture has shown a remarkable ability to survive thanks to the quality of the articles it stringently selects, the thorough double-blind evaluation by independent assessors, and its widening readership which is its only financial means of support.
In the first forty years of its existence, the journal published essays spontaneously submitted to the Editors. Since 2007 many issues have been thematic and guest edited by experts in the field.
The journal's standing is acknowledged by the Australian Society of French Studies and Informit database.
Editorial Board
Prof. Hélène Jaccomard, managing editor, The University of Western Australia
Associate Professor Bonnie Thomas, associate editor, The University of Western Australia
Prof. Véronique Duché, University of Melbourne
Dr Paul Gibbard, The University of Western Australia
Dr Rosemary Lancaster, The University of Western Australia
Prof. Louise Hardwick, University of Birmingham
Prof. Srilata Ravi, University of Alberta
Dr Jean-Marie Volet, The University of Western Australia.
Current issue nr 60 (2023)
Thematic section : Matters of Taste/Questions de goûts, Edited by Prof.Véronique Duché, A. R. Chisholm Professor of French at the University of Melbourne.
Véronique Duché, Matters of taste
Tsolag Paloyan, L’assomption du (bon) goût de l’indétermination
Dimitri Garncarzyk, Retour sur la connaissance des règles par le sentiment : et si le goût selon Charles Batteux était une vertu esthétique ?
Karine Brière, Penser et écrire le « bon goût » au XIXe siècle français
Helen Craske, Arbitrating the Arbitrary? Taste in Rachilde’s Fin-de-Siècle Book Reviews
Doherty, Atticus, Fanaux du vieil espoir: The Aesthetics of Reversion in Joris-Karl Huysmans’ Roman de Durtal
Miscellaneous section
Ruth Amar, The Realistic and Sociological Aspects of the Contemporary French Novel
Forthcoming Issues
Issue 61 (2024) Festschrift in Honour of Professor Beverley Noakes (open)
Issue 62 (2025) L’argent romanesque (20 et 21ème siècles) (open)
Recent Issues (2008-2022)
- issue nr 45: Foreign? Writing in French (2008)
- issue nr 46 : Sports (2009)
- issue nr 47 and 48: Landscape and Memory (2010 and 2011)
- issue nr 49: The Paratext (2012)
- issue nr 50: Playtime (2013)
- issue nr 51: Représenter la Grande Guerre: les écrivains et les artistes face à l’épreuve (1914-1920) (2014)
- issue nr 52: Diaspora, Afropolitanism and Congolese Literature (2015)
- issue nr 53: Conflict, dialogue and representation (2016)
- issue nr 54: Hidden Words, Hidden Worlds (France 1939–1945) (2017)
- issue nr 55 : Miscellaneous (2018).
- issue nr 56 : “Mines de rien”. L’Antillaise et l’Afropéenne face aux tropologies, entre mythes et réalités au fil du temps (2019)
- issue nr 57 : Identité et Environnement (2020)
- issue nr 58 : The Critical French Medical Humanities (2021)
- issue nr 59 : Retranslation revisited/La Retraduction revisitée (2022)
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index, and EBSCO and ProQuest databases.
References
External links
and website where the journal can be purchased
Cultural journals
Literary magazines published in Australia
University of Western Australia
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41017560
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Langenegger
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Marcel Langenegger
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Marcel Langenegger (2 April 1967 – 10 September 2015) was a Swiss film director, film producer and screenwriter from Rebstein, Switzerland. His 2008 debut feature film, Deception, starred Hugh Jackman, Ewan McGregor, and Michelle Williams.
Life and career
Langenegger read Art and Film at the University of Zurich. He also studied Design and Visual Arts at the Art Center College of Design in Vevey, and was part of a master's degree class at the main campus of the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. Later he worked freelance as designer and art director back in Zürich before relocating in 1995 to Los Angeles. In 2000 he signed with Propaganda Films but the company collapsed when the owner was diagnosed with cancer. He signed with Warner but his contract was annulled after the merger with AOL. He could only finish his first feature film Deception by shooting all scenes with his star Hugh Jackman in a single month to accommodate Jackman's simultaneous involvement in Australia.
In 2012 he produced Jordan Roberts' 3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom, starring Charlie Hunnam, Chris O'Dowd, Lizzy Caplan, Chris Noth, Whitney Cummings, and Ron Perlman. He wrote a Samurai action-drama film, Blue Eyed Samurai, which has not yet gone into production.
Death
On September 10, 2015, he died at 48 years old. No cause of death has been exposed.
Filmography
Deception (2008) - director
3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom (2012) - producer
References
External links
1968 births
2015 deaths
Swiss film directors
Swiss expatriates in the United States
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41017578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio%27n
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Unio'n
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The Unio'n vun de Fräiheetsorganisatiounen or just Unio'n (Union of Freedom Organisations) was an organisation of members of the Luxembourgish Resistance which was founded in World War II. It emerged in March 1944 from the merger of the Luxembourgish Patriot League, the Luxembourgish People's Legion, the Luxembourgish Red Lion and other resistance movements, shortly before the end of the war in Luxembourg. In September 1944 the Luxembourgish Freedom Union also joined. It was the head of the Luxembourgish People's Legion, Lucien Dury, who contacted the other resistance movements in 1943 with a view to a merger. The resistance movements at the time had been weakened by raids and arrests by the Gestapo, and the goal was also to create a movement which could act as a representative body after the liberation. It was also planned that the organisation should, in creating a militia, contribute to maintaining order after the liberation.
The Unio'n continued its existence after the war as an association, with the goal of keeping the memory of the active resistance in the years 1940-1945 alive. In 2011 it had about 150 members. In March 2011 the organisation had a memorial plaque put up outside the house in Bonnevoie where the Unio'n was founded.
Further reading
Hoffmann, Serge: Le mouvement de résistance LVL au Luxembourg, Archives nationales, 2004, 158 pages.
Luxembourg Resistance
Military units and formations established in 1944
1944 establishments in Luxembourg
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41017581
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Luis%20Oliveros%20Usabiaga
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José Luis Oliveros Usabiaga
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José Luis Oliveros Usabiaga (born 8 May 1983) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PAN. As of 2013, he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato.
References
1983 births
Living people
Politicians from Guanajuato
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guanajuato
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41017659
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Gorber
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Jason Gorber
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Jason Gorber is a Canadian film critic and interviewer based in Toronto. He is a featured reviewer on the CTV News Channel, where he has a weekly review segment on Sunday nights. In 2013, he began hosting a weekend movie program on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) in Canada. Gorber is a featured critic for Twitch Film, a regular contributor to Huffington Post/Moviefone, a Rotten Tomatoes accredited critic, and has contributed freelance articles to several print publications. He is a regular contributor at POV Magazine, both in print and online, where he covers festivals including Berlin, Sundance, Hot Docs, and TIFF, and has interviewed filmmakers including Werner Herzog and Asif Kapadia.
Gorber's profile at the Online Film Critics Society describes him as "a pioneer in online film criticism." He has been an accredited reviewer at the Toronto International Film Festival since 1997 and created the site filmfest.ca to document the festival's activities. He is the managing editor and chief film critic of That Shelf, a Toronto-based website covering film, television, and gaming.
In early 2013, he wrote a piece in the Toronto Star describing his preferred seating locations at many of Toronto's major cinemas. Gorber writes that finding a proper seat is "nearly as important as the film itself" for viewers interested in a full cinematic experience, describing the search as "part art, part science" for a committed few. He has also written reviews of specialty cinemas, in 2013 profiling the Alamo Drafthouse in Austin, Texas.
Gorber has been described by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a "Star Wars fanatic." Following Disney's announcement in late 2012 of plans to create a Star Wars Episode VII (Star Wars: The Force Awakens), he tweeted, "I will be 43 years old in 2015, and yet I will still be lining up. This is what I do. So, who's with me in line?"
References
External links
TwitchFilm profile
Living people
Canadian film critics
People from Toronto
Year of birth missing (living people)
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41017709
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20of%20Nazareth%20%28film%29
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Joseph of Nazareth (film)
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pino of Nazareth (Italian: Giuseppe di Nazareth) is a 2000 Italian made for television film dramatizing the life of Joseph of Nazareth. It was directed by Raffaele Mertes, who has directed several other Biblical movies, and Elisabetta Marchetti (it).
Cast
Tobias Moretti – Joseph
Stefania Rivi (it) – Mary
Ennio Fantastichini – Herod
Massimo Reale (it) – Joses
Francesco Dominedò (it) – Simon
Andrea Prodan – Antipater
Imma Piro (it) – Anne
Ida Di Benedetto – Elizabeth
Mattia Sbragia – astrologer
Renato Scarpa – scribe
Omar Lahlou – Jude
References
External links
2000 films
Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film
Bible Collection
Portrayals of Saint Joseph in film
2000s Italian-language films
2000s Italian films
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41017715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax%20foundation
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Wax foundation
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Wax foundation or honeycomb base is a plate made of wax forming the base of one honeycomb. It is used in beekeeping to give the bees a foundation on which they can build the honeycomb. Wax foundation is considered one of the most important inventions in modern beekeeping.
History
Wax foundation was invented by German Johannes Mehring in 1857, a few years after Langstroth designed and patented the Langstroth hive on October 5, 1852. Mehring's wax foundation had only the bottom of the cells, and today's base with the foundation of the cells was invented by US beekeeper Samuel Wagner. The Langstroth patent did not call for foundation and let the bees build their own comb.
At first, wax foundations were made in the wax foundation press. The first presses were made of wood, while later presses could be made of plaster, cement, and finally metal, which are the ones used today. Wagner also invented the wax foundation rollers, but never perfected them; the first usable rollers were made by Amos Root and precise mechanic Alva Washburn in 1875. In 1895. Detroit inventor Edward Weed invented rollers that can make wax foundation in a continuous roll.
Use
Wax or plastic foundation is inserted into a wooden frame through the top and is usually connected to the side bars with wire. It is not used in foundationless frames or in plastic frames where the foundation is made of plastic and is part of the frame itself. Foundation is not usually used in top-bar applications (where no frames are used) such as Top Bar Hives or Warre Hives except sometimes as starter strips.
Wax foundation has some advantages over letting bees build their own comb:
It provides a guide for bees to build straight comb. Without foundation, the beekeeper runs the risk of having comb built outside the Hive frame when they start, preventing its easy removal for inspection.
Foundation built comb is usually stronger in part due to the wiring embedded in the wax. This allows for centrifuge extraction.
Foundation allows beekeepers to increase the size of the cells on the honeycomb. By stamping bigger cells on the foundation than what bees would naturally build, the beekeeper is guiding bees to build bigger cells, increasing the size of worker bees as well as the volume of the cells for honey storage. Most foundation being stamped with cells measuring while the naturally built worker cell measures to that leads to an increase of a linear increase of 110% of the original size and a volume increase of 157% of the original size.
For these reasons, foundation had been used extensively in commercial operations.
Recently there has been a large movement toward foundationless beekeeping by hobbyists for various reasons. Some of which are listed below:
Varroa: With the expansion of Varroa destructor around the world, some believe that natural cell size helps bees combat this pest. Cutting out drone cells is also an effective way in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan to fight varroa.
Chemicals in the wax: Most beekeepers purchase their foundation from beekeeping suppliers. In addition to honey, beekeepers also need pollen and nectar from their colonies. Honey contains vitamins and other valuable nutrients for bees. The cost of honey, including beeswax, is variable depending on how many of these components are used and where they are purchased. The price of honey, with a wide range of beekeepers' items, is also variable. These suppliers manufacture these sheets of foundation with wax purchased from various beekeeping operations which may have used chemicals or worked near fields where chemicals were sprayed. With an increase awareness for pesticides and their impact on bees as well as the organic and natural beekeeping movements, some beekeepers are concerned with the traceability of the wax used.
Cost and/or time: The foundation needs to be manufactured. The beekeeper can make it or purchase it and this leads to him or her spending time and or money on foundation or equipment to manufacture it.
Natural Cell size: Comb is not uniform. Natural worker cells range from to and Drone cells range from to . This means that the bees have to adapt the foundation to build drone cells. With the advance in research, the importance of drones being present in the hive had led some beekeepers to let the bees built their own comb in the spirit of natural beekeeping.
Production of raw honeycomb: Since the comb will be cut out, it is easier to not have any wires in the comb. It is also better to not have chemicals (pesticides) in the wax if it is going to be used for human consumption.
A frame has to be wired so that the wax foundation could be inserted into it. The foundation is then soldered with the wire by using a spur embedder or electric current. Also extant are wax foundations with embedded wire that only need to be inserted into the frame.
Wax foundations are made in various sizes, depending on the frame they will be inserted into. If needed, roller knife is used to cut wax foundations.
See also
Beehive
Beeswax
Hive frame
Langstroth hive
Top bar beehive
References
Beekeeping
Beekeeping tools
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41017803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire%20Medical%20College
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Berkshire Medical College
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Berkshire Medical College (originally the Berkshire Medical Institution, and sometimes referred to as Berkshire Medical College) was a medical school in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It is notable for establishing the first professorship in mental diseases at any medical school in the United States, and for granting the first medical degree ever issued to an African American.
It originated in 1823 as the Medical Department of Williams College, graduated 1138 people, and was disbanded in 1867.
Notable alumni and faculty
Elisha Bartlett physician, professor and poet who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as the first mayor of Lowell, Massachusetts
Paul A. Chadbourne, President of University of Wisconsin, Williams College and the Massachusetts Agricultural College (later University of Massachusetts)
Henry H. Childs, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and President of BMC
Mason C. Darling, Congressman
Pliny Earle (physician), professor of materia medica and psychology at BMC (the first professorship in mental diseases ever established by a medical college in the United States)
Harvey Willson Harkness, mycologist and natural historian
Josiah Gilbert Holland, novelist, poet and newspaperman
Mark Hopkins (educator)
Erasmus Darwin Hudson, abolitionist and orthopedic surgeon
Willard Parker (surgeon), professor of surgery
Charles L. Robinson, physician, abolitionist, newspaperman, California legislator, Kansas Free Stater and first Governor of Kansas
Joseph Pomeroy Root, abolitionist, Kansas Free Stater and statesman
James Skivring Smith, first African American to receive a medical degree and later President of Liberia
George Vasey (botanist), United States Department of Agriculture Chief Botanist and curator of the National Herbarium
References
External links
Goodhue, Josiah. An inaugural address, delivered before "The Berkshire Medical Institution," at the first annual commencement, December 25, 1823 Pittsfield: Printed by Phineas Allen, 1823?
Educational institutions established in 1823
Educational institutions disestablished in 1867
Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Medical schools in Massachusetts
Williams College
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41017814
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Express%202
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Samsung Galaxy Express 2
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The Samsung Galaxy Express 2 (SM-G3815) is a smartphone made by Samsung which was launched in October 2013 featuring a similar design and specifications of the Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini but with a bigger 4.5 inch screen and different cameras.
Features
Software and services
The Galaxy Express 2 is powered by Android, a Linux-based, open source mobile operating system developed by Google and introduced commercially in 2008. Among other features, the software allows users to maintain customized home screens which can contain shortcuts to applications and widgets for displaying information. Four shortcuts to frequently used applications can be stored on a dock at the bottom of the screen; the button in the center of the dock opens the application drawer, which displays a menu containing all of the apps installed on the device. A tray accessed by dragging from the top of the screen allows users to view notifications received from other apps, and contains toggle switches for commonly used functions. Pre-loaded apps also provide access to Google's various services. The Galaxy Express uses Samsung's proprietary TouchWiz graphical user interface (GUI). The "Nature UX 2.0" used by the Galaxy Express 2 has a more "organic" feel than previous versions, and contains more interactive elements such as a water ripple effect on the lock screen. To complement the TouchWiz interface, and as a response to Apple's Siri, the phone includes the S Voice which is Samsung's version of an intelligent personal assistant. S Voice can recognize eight languages including English, Korean and French. Based on Vlingo, S Voice enables the user to verbally control 20 functions such as playing a song, setting the alarm, or activating driving mode; it relies on Wolfram Alpha for online searches.
The Galaxy Express 2 comes with Android version 4.2.2, named "Jellybean", which employs Google Now, a voice-assistant similar to S Voice, and incorporates other software changes. The update to 4.4.2 KitKat is available through Over-The-Air upgrade or through Samsung Kies.
The Galaxy Express 2 comes with a multitude of pre-installed applications, including standard Android ones like YouTube, Google+, Voice Search, Google Play, Gmail, Map, and Calendar, in addition to Samsung-specific apps such as S Voice, ChatON, Game Hub, Video Hub, Social Hub and Navigation. The user is able to access Google Play, a digital-distribution multimedia-content service exclusive to Android, to download applications, movies, music, TV programs, games, books, and magazines.
The Galaxy Express 2 can access and play traditional media formats such as music, movies, TV programs, audiobooks, and podcasts, and can sort its media library alphabetically by song title, artist, album, playlist, folder, and genre. It also includes Samsung's own proprietary music management and download application called "Music Hub", designed to compete with Apple's iTunes, iCloud, and iTunes Match services. Music Hub's music catalogue contains over 19 million songs.
The phone enables video calling with its 0.3 MP front-facing camera, and with support for the aptX codec, improves Bluetooth-headset connectivity. Texting on the Galaxy Express 2 does not embody any new significant features from other Samsung Galaxy devices. Speech-to-text is aided by the Vlingo and Google's voice-recognition assistant. Not unlike other Android devices, there are a multitude of third-party typing applications available that could complement the Galaxy Express 2's stock keyboard.
Hardware and design
The Galaxy Express 2 has a polycarbonate plastic chassis measuring long, wide, and thick, with the device weighing .
Internally, the Galaxy Express 2 uses Qualcomm's Snapdragon 400 SoC featuring a dual-core 1.7 GHz Krait CPU and an Adreno 305 GPU.
The Galaxy Express 2 has 1.5 GB of RAM which comes with 8 GB of internal storage, with a 64 GB version to be available internationally; additionally, microSDXC storage offers a further 64 GB for a potential total of 72 GB.
The Galaxy Express 2's PLS TFT LCD display measures which comes with a 540x960-pixel resolution with a 245 pixel per inch (PPI, a measure of pixel density).
The Galaxy Express 2 has a 5-megapixel camera which can take 2,592x1,944 resolution photos and record videos in (720p) resolution. Samsung improved the camera's software over that of its predecessor to include zero shutter lag, and Burst Mode and Best Shot, which work together to quickly take numerous photos before the best-judged frame is selected. The phone can also take pictures while recording videos. The rear-facing camera is complemented by a 0.3-megapixel front-facing camera. The phone has LED flash and autofocus.
In addition to the touchscreen, the Galaxy Express 2 has several physical user inputs, including a home button located below the screen, a volume key on the left side and a power/lock key on the right. At the top there is a TRRS headphone jack and one of the two microphones on the Galaxy Express 2; the other is located below the home button.
The Galaxy Express 2's li-ion 2,100 mAh battery is said to have a 581-hour standby time or 11 hours of talk time on 3G, compared to 586 hours in standby and 19 hours of talk time on 2G. Built into the battery is near field communication connectivity, which allows users to share map directions and YouTube videos quickly using Wi-Fi Direct (through Android Beam), and perform non-touch payments at shops that employ specially equipped NFC cash registers. To help minimize battery consumption, Samsung has introduced "Smart Stay", an ability to track a user's eyes and turn off whenever the person is not looking at it. The battery can be wirelessly charged using a special charging pad (sold separately) that utilizes magnetic resonance to produce a magnetic field through which electricity could be transferred.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Galaxy express
Galaxy express
Mobile phones introduced in 2013
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41017863
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20Dem
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Murder Dem
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"Murder Dem" is a song by Nigerian rapper and record producer Jesse Jagz. It was released on December 2, 2012, by Chocolate City. The song was originally intended to be included on Jesse Jagz's second studio album, Jagz Nation, Vol.1. Thy Nation Come (2013), but was ultimately removed from the final track listing due to Jagz's departure from Chocolate City.
Sample and performance
The song samples the church hymn, "Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee". Jesse Jagz first performed the song on the reality TV show, Nigerian Idol.
Music video
The music video for "Murder Dem" was directed by MEX films. It was uploaded to YouTube on February 27, 2013, at a total length of 3 minutes and 47 seconds. In the video, Jesse Jagz plays the general of Jagz Nation, a fictional character, who is on Nigeria's "most wanted list". Throughout the music video, several newspaper headlines hinted to the possible assassination and capture of the general. In addition, footage of the Nigerian Army was shown in the video. Moreover, footages of Bob Marley and Fela Kuti were also shown. The video's primary scene was a room equipped with a television set and posters on the wall.
Critical reception
Upon its release, the song received positive reviews from music critics. A writer for Nigerian Sounds said, "The track showcases Jesse's Avant Garde production style beginning with the popular Christmas carol, "Joyful Joyful" and the bars alert people that "he's been gone for a minute but he's back like he left sum'n!"
Accolades
The music video for "Murder Dem" was nominated for Most Gifted Ragga/Dancehall Video at the 10th Annual Channel O Music Video Awards, which took place at the Walter Sisulu Square in Kliptown, Soweto on November 30, 2013.
Track listing
Digital single
References
2012 songs
2012 singles
Jesse Jagz songs
Reggae songs
Song recordings produced by Jesse Jagz
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41017869
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20National%20Congress%20of%20the%20Kuomintang
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1st National Congress of the Kuomintang
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The 1st National Congress of the Kuomintang () was the first national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 20–30 January 1924 at Guangzhou, Guangdong, Republic of China.
Results
During this first congress, the Kuomintang's reorganization process to become the Kuomintang of China () in 1919 from the previous Chinese Revolutionary Party was formally completed. A policy declaration was also drafted to fight against imperialism and feudalism, determining three policies of alliance with Soviet Union and alliance with the Chinese Communist Party in the First United Front. This first congress eventually led to the reunification of China four years later after the Northern Expedition.
As time progressed, the Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) lost its grip on China and after its defeat on the Chinese mainland, the party retreated to Taiwan. From 1950 to 1952, the KMT underwent a thorough organizational restructuring. The result was a renewal of its Leninist origins from the previous reorganization in 1924. This came from the help of the Kuomintang Central Reform Committee. The Kuomintang Committee created a variety of direct or indirect controls over the government and society that gave it unquestioned dominance. This eventually led to the party interacting closely with the people on Taiwan as a result of the party recruitment and the implementation of local-level political reforms, two salient agendas that had never taken place in the mainland.
See also
Kuomintang
References
1924 in China
1924 conferences
January 1924 events
National Congresses of the Kuomintang
Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
1920s political conferences
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41017901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cranston
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Thomas Cranston
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Thomas Cranston was an associate justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from August 1763 to May 1764, and served as Speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives at the time that Cranston, Rhode Island was created in 1754. Historians believe either Cranston or his grandfather (or father) Samuel Cranston may be the namesake of Cranston, Rhode Island because the first page of the first town record book of Cranston bears the inscription "the gift of Thomas Cranston to the town called Cranston."
References
People of colonial Rhode Island
Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
1710 births
1785 deaths
18th-century American politicians
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41017907
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Hadi%20al-Milani
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Mohammad Hadi al-Milani
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Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad Hadi Milani (; ; July 1, 1895 – August 7, 1975) was an Iraqi-Iranian marja'.
al-Milani was also active in political and social affairs. When he moved to Mashhad, the Islamic seminary of Mashhad flourished. He contributed to the establishment of many Islamic seminary schools across Iran.
After the death of Hossein Borujerdi in 1961, al-Milani was considered to be among Iran's leading grand Ayatollahs, asking with Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari and Ruhollah Khomeini. He also taught Ali Khamenei, Iran's supreme leader.
Lineage
al-Milani was born to a prominent religious family, that emigrated from Medina, and settled in Milan, West Azerbaijan, in the 14th century. He was descended from the fourth Shia Imam, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, whose grandfather Ali was Muhammad's grandson.
Early life and education
Early life
al-Milani was born to Sayyid Jafar al-Milani (d. 1907) and Bibi Khanum Mamaqani, in Najaf. Both of his parents were ulama. He was the eldest of three sons and three daughters. Both of his brothers, Musa al-Milani and Kadhim al-Milani were merchants. His father died when he was sixteen years old, and al-Milani was taken in by his uncle and to-be father-in-law Sheikh Abdallah Mamaqani.
Education
al-Milani grew up in Najaf and was educated in its seminary. He studied under scholars like Mirza al-Hamadani, Sheikh Hasan Tabrizi and Sheikh Ali al-Irawani. He studied philosophy under Sheikh Husayn Badkubehi and Sheikh Muhammad-Hassan al-Gharawi. He studied akhlaq under Sayyid Ali al-Qadhi and Abd al-Ghafar al-Mazindrani. He studied debate and Quranic exegesis under Sheikh Muhammad-Jawad al-Balaghi. He studied the dissertation in advanced seminars under Sheikh Dhiya al-Din al-Iraqi.
He was invited to reside in Karbala at the invitation of Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi, and so he moved there in 1936, and remained there for just under two decades. After the death of Qomi in 1947, al-Milani, alongside Mirza Mahdi al-Shirazi and Mirza Muhammad-Hadi al-Khurasani, were considered the highest ranking jurists in Karbala.
He was granted ijaza of ruwaya (narrating) from Sayyid Hasan al-Sadr, Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din, Abbas al-Qomi and Agha Buzurq al-Tehrani.
Travel to Mashhad
In 1953, he travelled to Mashhad, to visit the Imam Ridha shrine. He then decided to remain in Mashhad, at the request of its notable religious figures, who gathered and signed a petition for this. After moving to Mashhad, he became the head of the religious seminary and the Imam of the Goharshad mosque inside the shrine.
al-Milani founded numerous Islamic schools, such as the Haqqani Seminary and Imam al-Sadiq Seminary. He revolutionised the structure and organisation of the seminaries and introduced new training programmes. Propagation of religious teachings were of utmost importance for al-Milani, and so he would send his students as missionaries to different areas, cities and villages across Iran.
There were approximately four hundred advanced students of the seminary who had attended his lectures.
al-Milani sponsored Islamic institutes and organisations that did not just belong to the Shia seminaries, such as the Center for the Propagation of Islamic Truths which contributed to the propagation of modern Islamic thoughts and responses to objections, made by anti-Islamic movements, that were popular among the educated class of Mashhad at the time, from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Political activism
al-Milani was active during the Iraqi revolt against British presence, in 1920.
In Iran, he was active in the 1963 demonstrations in Qom, pioneering the clerical movement, and harshly criticised the Shah for his murderous actions.
al-Milani supported Khomeini during the capitulation treaty in 1964, supporting the sentiment that the treaty was “a document pointing to the slavery of the Iranian nation”.
In 1967, he published a statement regarding the six-day war between the Arab nations and Israel. In this statement, he sympathised with the Muslim Arabs, and because of this, he was threatened by General Nassiri. In the same year, his passport was confiscated and he was ordered to leave Iran because he did not congratulate the Shah for his coronation, but the decision was not executed because of al-Milani's spiritual influence among people and his place among Shiite clergies and authorities.
Personal life
al-Milani was married to two women. His first marriage was to his cousin, the daughter of Sheikh Abdallah al-Mamaqani, and from her he had two sons (Nur al-Din and Abbas) and one daughter. His wife was highly attached to Najaf, and when al-Milani moved to Mashhad, she remained.
al-Milani's second marriage was to the daughter of Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Jazayeri. From her he had one son (Muhammad-Ali).
Works and students
al-Milani has a number of publications including:
Qadatona Kayfa Na'rifahum (Our Leaders, How We Know Them)
Tafsir Surat al-Jum'a wa al-Taghabun (Exegesis of al-Juma and al-Taghabun Quranic Chapters)
Mi'at Wa Ashr As'ila (A Hundred and Ten Questions)
Hashiya Ala al-Urwat al-Withqa (A Brief Notation of the Indissoluble Link)
Mukhtasar al-Ahkam (Religious Laws in Brief)
His most notable students were:
Sheikh al-Wahid al-Khurasani
Sheikh Muhammad-Ridha al-Mothafar
Sayyid Yusuf al-Hakim
Sayyid Ibrahim Alam al-Huda
Sayyid Ali Khamenei
See also
Mohammad Hasan Mamaqani
Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
Ali Khamenei
References
1892 births
1975 deaths
Iranian ayatollahs
Al-Husayni family
People from Najaf
Iranian expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
Founders of educational institutions
Iranian philanthropists
20th-century Iranian people
Iraqi people of Iranian descent
20th-century philanthropists
Burials at Imam Reza Shrine
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41017951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptoid%20nanosheet
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Peptoid nanosheet
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In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.
This makes them one of the thinnest known two-dimensional organic crystalline materials with an area to thickness ratio of greater than 109 nm. Peptoid nanosheets were discovered in the laboratory of Dr. Ron Zuckermann at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2010. Due to the ability to customize peptoids and therefore the properties of the peptoid nanosheet, it has possible applications in the areas of drug and small molecule delivery and biosensing.
Synthesis
For assembly, a purified amphiphilic polypeptoid of specific sequence is dissolved in aqueous solution. These form a monolayer (Langmuir–Blodgett film) on the air-water interface with their hydrophobic side chains oriented in air and hydrophilic side chains in the water. When this mono-layer is shrunk, it buckles into a bilayer with the hydrophobic groups forming the interior core of the peptoid nanosheet. This method has been standardized in the Zuckermann laboratory by repetitively tilting vials of peptoid solution at 85° before returning the vials to the upright position. This repetitive vial “rocking” motion lessens the interfacial area of the air-water interface inside the vial, compressing the peptoid mono-layer by a factor of four and causing the mono-layer to buckle into peptoid nanosheets. Using this method, nanosheets are produced in high yield, and 95% of the peptoid polymer starting material is efficiently converted into peptoid nanosheets after rocking the vials several hundred times.
Applications
Peptoid nanosheets have a very high surface area, which can be readily functionalized to serve as a platform for sensing and templating. Also, their hydrophobic interiors can accommodate hydrophobic small molecule cargos, which have been demonstrated by the sequestration of Nile red when this dye was injected into an aqueous solution of the peptoid nanosheets. For these reasons, the hydrophobic interior of the 2D nanosheets could be an attractive platform for loading or embedding hydrophobic cargo, such as drug molecules, fluorophores, aromatic compounds, and metal nanoparticles.
See also
Nanosheet
Langmuir–Blodgett film
Nanosheets.org Images, videos and interactive molecular models of the peptoid nanosheet.
References
Protein structure
Two-dimensional nanomaterials
Crystals
Organic chemistry
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41018047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh%20Braille
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Kazakh Braille
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The braille alphabet used for the Kazakh language is based on Russian Braille, with several additional letters found in the print Kazakh alphabet.
Alphabet
Kazakh uses all of the letters of the Russian alphabet, though some just in loans and has the additional letters ә, ғ, қ, ң, һ, ө, ұ, ү, і.
Apart from і, which once existed in Russian Braille and ұ, which is the same as the ў of Belarusian Braille (a letter which was used in earlier Kazakh alphabets with the same value), the braille values assigned to the extra Kazakh letters do not follow the assignments of other languages that use the Cyrillic script in print. They also do not follow international norms, apart from ә (Latin ä).
Punctuation
Single punctuation:
Paired punctuation:
Kazakh Braille is reported to use the Russian arithmetical parentheses ... .
Formatting
See also
Languages of Kazakhstan
Kazakh alphabets#Correspondence chart, for the braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic
References
UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
French-ordered braille alphabets
Kazakh language
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41018063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20uniforms%20by%20country
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School uniforms by country
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School uniform is a practice that dates to the 16th century in England. Charity schools such Christ's Hospital, founded in 1552 in London, were among the first schools to use a uniform for their students. The earliest documented proof of institutionalised use of a standard academic dress dates back to 1222 when the Archbishop of Canterbury ordered wearing of the cappa clausa.
The practice of wearing school uniform has been adopted by many other countries, and is now common in many parts of the world. Uniforms can be regarded as promoting social equality among students and an esprit de corps, but have also been criticised for promoting a form of uniformity characteristic of militarism.
The decision as to whether to implement school uniform policy or not is a controversial one and also polarised in societies and countries. In countries such as the United Kingdom, South Africa and a number of Asian nations, school children have to wear approved school uniforms that conform to the uniform policy of their school. In modern Europe, Britain, Malta and Ireland stand out as the only countries where school uniform is widely adopted by state schools and generally supported by national and local governments, although there is no legislation governing school uniform in the U.K. There are some independent schools and state schools that do not have school uniforms: their pupils are at liberty to dress in a way considered to be appropriate by the school, themselves and their parents or guardians.
Afghanistan
In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghan schoolgirls were required to wear white headscarves and black knee-length dresses over leggings. In 2017, President Ashraf Ghani blocked a directive by the Ministry of Education obliging girls aged 12 and over to wear floor-length tunics.
Albania
School uniforms have been compulsory in Albanian high schools since 2009.
Algeria
Algerian primary school students are obliged to wear an apron over their clothes. These are colour-coded by gender: blue for boys, pink for girls.
Andorra
School uniforms are not generally worn in Andorra. Their use is confined to the principality’s international schools.
Angola
Uniforms are required in Angolan public and private schools.
Anguilla
Anguillan schools oblige students to wear uniforms.
Antigua and Barbuda
School uniforms are ubiquitous in Antiguan and Barbudan schools. In 2004, the School Uniform Grant Programme was introduced to help citizens meet the associated costs.
Argentina
Argentinian primary school students have traditionally worn white smocks as uniforms. Teacher pioneered the garment's design in 1915, which were made mandatory nationwide in 1942.
Aruba
Aruban schools generally oblige students to wear uniform polo shirts, while pants and skirts must meet certain requirements. In September 2021, students at Colegio Arubano successfully protested against changes to the school dress code they felt were overly restrictive.
Armenia
In the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, students wore school uniform. Since independence in 1991, their use has largely declined in Armenian public schools.
Australia
In Australia, each school or school system can set its own uniform policy. Wearing a uniform is compulsory in most Australian private and all Catholic schools, as well as in most public schools, as well as primary schools. Uniforms usually have a colour scheme based on the school colours. Uniform and appearance are generally strictly enforced in private and Catholic schools, though less so in public schools, which generally allow their students a reasonable amount of leeway. Most, if not all, private schools have the school logo incorporated in the uniform ensemble, typically on the tie and the blazer breast pocket.
For boys, the uniforms generally include a button-up or polo shirt with either shorts (especially for summer wear) or long trousers, usually in grey or navy blue or the school colour. Some schools allow boys to wear shorts only in younger years, and they must wear long trousers once they are a senior (17-18). At others, even older boys wear shorts in summer due to the heat. Where short trousers are to be worn, socks in school colours (more commonly white) are often required. Girls' uniforms generally include a checkered or striped dress (usually sleeveless or short-sleeved) worn over a blouse for summer and, in most secondary schools, girls wear a skirt as well as a button-up or polo shirt in winter with a blazer and tie. In a number of schools, girls are also permitted to wear a button-up or polo shirt and dark trousers.
In public schools, the uniform is usually a polo shirt for juniors and a different one for seniors and trousers or skirt. This set may be complemented by a school tie and, typically, a v-neck jumper (pullover or sweater) or a blazer. In the summer, boys usually do not wear ties, pullovers, or blazers. Instead, they wear a short-sleeved version of the shirt and short trousers. A neck-tie, blazer, and hat are also common in private and Catholic schools.
In most high schools a PE uniform is the norm for sports days only. At many high schools, children are required to change into and out of their PE uniform around the PE lesson. The PE uniform usually consists of shorts and a polo shirt, as well as a light weatherproof rain jacket (mainly at private or Catholic schools), usually made of polyester, for winter and wet weather and sometimes a netball skirt for girls. It is common for students in their final year of primary school or secondary school to have their own jersey, jumper or jacket to denote their final-year status.
Christmas Island
School uniform is compulsory at Christmas Island District High School, the island's only secondary school.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
School uniform is compulsory at Cocos Islands District High School, the territory's only secondary school.
Norfolk Island
School uniform is compulsory at Norfolk Island Central School, the island's only school.
Austria
Austrian public schools do not generally employ dress codes.
Azerbaijan
School uniforms are mandatory across the Azerbaijani public school system.
Bahamas
As a former British colony, school uniforms are worn throughout Bahamian public and private schools.
Bahrain
Uniforms are mandatory in all Bahraini public schools. Prior to 2011, this only applied to girls' schools and boys' elementaries. In January 2011, the Ministry of Education announced uniforms would be required in boys' middle and high schools in the subsequent academic year.
Bangladesh
School uniforms are mandatory in all public and private schools (up to 12th standard) in Bangladesh. While the colour and exact cut of the uniform depend on school regulations and policies, male students in Bangladesh are usually expected to wear full/half sleeve shirts with trousers and female students are expected to wear skirts/trousers with shirts or salwar kameez with belts and dupattas.
The uniform rule only applies to students of primary, secondary, and higher secondary education. Although there are no uniforms for university students in Bangladesh, they are expected to follow the respective dress codes of their institutions.
The rationale behind the uniform policy of Bangladesh is that the authorities want to protect the students from class stratification that can become apparent when students are given the choice to dress as they like. In addition, authorities believe that students should not misuse their time in trying to dress up for school.
Barbados
School uniforms are mandatory in Bajan schools.
Belarus
In August 2022, education minister announced plans for every Belarusian school to have its own compulsory school uniform by 2023.
Belgium
As of 2018, less than ten Belgian schools (principally Catholic institutions) enforced compulsory school uniform policies.
Belize
School uniform is mandatory in Belizean schools. Traditionally, many students' uniforms were custom-made by local seamstresses and tailors.
Benin
School uniform is ubiquitous in Beninese schools. In June 2018, Minister of Secondary Education announced khaki-colored uniforms would be worn by students in both public and private secondary schools.
Bermuda
As a British Overseas Territory, schools uniforms are ubiquitous in Bermudan schools.
Bhutan
Bhutanese schoolchildren wear uniforms based on the country's national dress: gho for male students and kira for female students.
Bolivia
Schools uniforms are worn in most Bolivian schools. However, schools cannot legally stop students who refuse to wear uniform from attending classes.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron".
As of 2013, several primary schools in Republika Srpska regions had introduced uniforms, consisting of logoed T-shirts and sweatshirts.
Botswana
School uniforms are widespread in Botswanan schools. In October 2021, the Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry announced a ban on the importation of school uniform.
Brazil
There is no legal requirement for school uniforms in Brazil. On a state-by-state or city-by-city basis, governments may issue uniforms to public school pupils but may not require their use. Private schools are free to set their own uniform policy.
Brazilian school uniforms can vary widely by school. There are many schools that opt for a more elegant outfit, while others opt for a simpler one (social shirt, shorts). In this country, where schools have set a uniform, it is the student's obligation to wear it.
Most schools in Brazil choose the use of uniforms. The average Brazilian school uniform for boys is a T-shirt with the school's logo, sweatpants or Bermuda shorts and a sweatshirt or hoodie. The uniform for girls is very similar, but instead leggings or short shorts are worn, although ballerina pants are also popular. Girls may also wear mini-skirts/skirts. Most schools require trainers.
British Virgin Islands
Both public high schools on the British Virgin Islands, Elmore Stoutt High School and The Virgin Islands School of Technical Studies, enforce uniform policies.
Brunei
School uniforms are worn in Bruneian public and religious schools.
Boys: shirt, pants, songkok
Girls: Baju kurung, hijab
Bulgaria
School uniform is not widely worn in Bulgarian public schools, although several schools adopted compulsory uniform policies in the 2010s.
Burkina Faso
Uniforms are compulsory in all Burkinabè public and private schools.
Burundi
School uniforms are compulsory for school children in Burundi. Burundi, like most African countries, has a compulsory school uniform policy. Burundi's school uniform policy dates back to the colonial days. During those days, chiefs' sons wore a white uniform and all other children wore khaki. The uniform policy is still in force in Burundi to date. However, schools decide on what uniform the pupils wear. It is also argued that the cost of buying the school uniform and poverty, especially in the rural areas, negatively affect school enrollment.
Cambodia
In Cambodia, students of all ages (pre-school to college) wear school uniforms. The uniforms differ by school and age level. Generally, boys wear a white dress shirt and a pair of shorts. The colour and length of the shorts varies at each school. Male college students wear the same kind of uniform, but instead of shorts, they wear black dress trousers. Girls usually wear white blouses and a skirt. Their skirts vary in colour and length depending upon the school and their ages. Generally, the younger students wear long skirts that almost reach their ankles and older students, particularly in college, wear shorter ones. Skirts are generally blue or black but may be other colours as well, depending on the school. Some schools also have alternative uniforms that students of both sexes wear every other day. These often consist of a coloured shirt and slacks. High school girls must wear black or blue long skirts. High school boys wear long black or blue trousers. The white shirt can be short-sleeved or long-sleeved for both sexes. High school students are also required to wear name tags on the left-hand side of their shirts.
Cameroon
School uniforms are worn universally in Cameroonian schools.
Canada
In Canada, English language schools in the province of Quebec is the only segment where school uniforms is most common. Within the English school system of Quebec, almost all schools from elementary to high school have mandatory school uniforms. French school, which represents the majority in the province, generally do not have uniforms except for a minority of private schools.
In the rest of Canada, school uniforms are not required in most public schools or separate schools, except in exceptional circumstances such as school performances or international field trips. However, the majority of Catholic high schools in southern Ontario (Grade 9-12) do require uniforms. These uniforms generally have long- or short-sleeved shirts with the school logo or crest near the collar and trousers or kilted skirts. Schools often allow girls the option of choosing to wear a skirt or trousers. Some schools also mandate dress shoes and a particular type and length of socks to go with the uniform. A cardigan sweater, vest, or blazer may be part of the ensemble, particularly in winter. Additionally, as of 2011, the Toronto Catholic District School Board has implemented an Appropriate Dress Code of navy blue and white in all elementary separate schools that do not already have their own uniforms.
Otherwise, specific regulations and policies regarding school-appropriate dress and the extent of dress code enforcement will vary by school.
Uniforms are used in most private schools, and also in special or alternative programs of public and Catholic schools, such as the Traditional Learning Centres, a program that takes a liberal arts approach, while focusing on high levels of academic excellence. In Quebec, most metropolitan anglophone school boards require a uniform.
Cape Verde
School uniform is worn in Cape Verdean schools from pre-school through secondary school.
Cayman Islands
All Caymanian primary and high schools, whether government-funded or private, have specified school uniforms, as well as shoe and hat policies.
Central African Republic
In April 1979, Bokassa I ordered the arrest of a group of students protesting the extravagant cost of their mandatory school uniforms, over 100 of whom were later murdered. Public anger over the massacre contributed to Bokassa's subsequent overthrow in September 1980. As of 2006, school uniforms are widely worn in Central African secondary schools.
Chad
A school uniform prescribed by the Ministry of National Education is compulsory in Chadian public and private schools.
Chile
In Chile, most schools have a uniform.
Until 1930, it was uncommon for students to wear a uniform. Under the government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, all students became obliged to wear a school uniform. During the administration of Eduardo Frei Montalva, a unified uniform was introduced for all public and private schools and other education centers. Today, these uniforms have disappeared in private schools, who prefer to use a customised one.
China
Uniforms are a common part of the schools in China. Almost all secondary schools as well as some elementary schools require students to wear uniforms. Uniforms in mainland China usually consist of five sets: 2 formal sets and 3 everyday sets. A formal set is worn on Mondays or special occasions (school anniversaries, school ceremonies, etc.) They consist of a white collared shirt with a sweater on top and a skirt for girls or a suit for boys. There is one formal set for summer and one set for winter. Everyday uniforms for boys in the winter usually consist of a zippered sweater and trousers and a collared shirt (usually white). Thinner materials are worn in the spring and fall and short or long trousers may be worn in the summer. The everyday uniforms for girls are very similar to the boys' uniform. It is relatively common for there to be some kind of sponsored advertisement on some non-formal school uniform shirts, though this trend has fluctuated in recent years.
Hong Kong
The vast majority of schools in the former British colony adopted uniforms similar to that of British schools, while Catholic schools in Hong Kong usually follow the tradition of Catholic school uniforms.
A number of older Christian girls' schools established around the midpoint of the 20th century, however, retain the heritage of using the Chinese cheongsam as their uniform, such as St. Stephen's Girls' College, True Light Middle School, Ying Wa Girls' School, and Heep Yunn School. Sailor suits are also used as uniforms in some kindergartens for boys and girls, and secondary schools but for girls only, for example the Bishop Hall Jubilee School and New Method College.
St Paul's Girls' College, now St Paul's Co-educational College, introduced a cheongsam as its uniform in 1918, making it Hong Kong's first school uniform. True Light Girls' College was the first Hong Kong secondary school to have a cheongsam uniform.
While Hong Kong campuses of British public schools use hats for reasons of tradition, most Hong Kong schools have no hats in their uniforms.
Macau
School uniforms are worn in Macanese schools from kindergarten onwards.
Colombia
In Colombia, all students are required to wear uniforms in public and private schools. Uniforms in Colombia consist of two sets, one for everyday use and a sports one for physical education. Everyday uniforms for girls generally include a knee-length skirt, a white T-shirt with a vest, and white calf-length socks. For boys, the uniform generally includes dark-coloured long trousers and a short- or long-sleeved shirt. The shoes for both girls and boys are black lace-up shoes (sometimes the shoes may be dark blue or wine-coloured, depending on the uniform colours) and the shirts usually have the school's symbol at the left side. The sports uniform includes sweatpants, a collared T-shirt, and white sports shoes. The designs and the colours of the uniforms depend on the school's colours and the principal's preference.
Comoros
Comorian schools require uniforms.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
School uniform is compulsory in Congolese schools. Controversially, many schools oblige to students' parents to buy uniforms directly from the institutions.
Republic of the Congo
In October 2016, the Ministry of Education instituted a standardised uniform in all public and private schools across the Republic of the Congo.
Cook Islands
Owing to its British colonial heritage, schools in the Cook Islands require uniforms.
Costa Rica
School uniform is mandatory in Costa Rica from pre-school through secondary school.
Croatia
In Croatian schools, children generally do not wear uniforms. Their use is confined to independent schools, such as those operated by the parent-run Rino Institut.
Cuba
All Cuban school students are obliged to wear uniforms.
Curaçao
School uniforms are compulsory in Curaçaoan public schools.
Cyprus
Uniforms are compulsory in Cypriot schools. Student organisation PEOM campaigns for the abolition of school uniforms.
Czech Republic
School uniforms are not in use in Czech public schools but are in several private schools.
Denmark
Herlufsholm School is the only school in Denmark with a compulsory school uniform.
Djibouti
Uniform is compulsory in Djiboutian schools. In 2020, presidential decree N° 267/2018 imposed a standardised beige uniform in all high schools.
Dominica
Uniform is mandatory in Dominican schools. When the island's schools were closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, education minister Octavia Alfred announced students would be obliged to wear their uniforms while participating in online classes.
Dominican Republic
School uniform is mandatory in Dominican public schools. All students wear khaki pants, regardless of sex or gender identity. Students nationwide wore blue shirts until 2017 when the Ministry of Education introduced a colour-coded system of polo shirts based upon a school's geographical location:
Central Cibao: burgundy
Northern Cibao: golden yellow
South Region: turquoise blue
East Region: green
Greater Santo Domingo: royal blue
The new shirts were issued free to students at a reported cost of RD$639,576,485.00.
East Timor
School uniforms were compulsory during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Following independence, the use of uniforms persisted.
Ecuador
School uniforms are mandatory in Ecuadorian public schools. In April 2018, the Ministry of Education ruled skirts cannot be made compulsory for female students.
Egypt
In the late 20th century, Egyptian schoolgirls predominantly wore an "apron" (Arabic: المريلة almarilati) — a type of smock — while their male peers wore shirts and pants. More recently, unisex polo shirts and pants have grown in popularity.
El Salvador
In El Salvador, all students from public schools and private schools are required to wear uniforms.
Equatorial Guinea
All Equatoguinean school students must wear uniforms.
Eritrea
School uniforms are mandatory in Eritrea.
Estonia
In the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, mandatory school uniforms were introduced in the late 1950s. Uniforms were initially abandoned at the end of the 1980s but had already come back into use in some schools by the mid-1990s. This trend continued into the 2010s.
Eswatini
School uniforms are compulsory in all Emaswati schools.
In July 2000, Senator Majahenkhaba Dlamini instructed the education minister to issue a directive compelling schoolgirls aged eleven and older to wear knee-length uniform skirts, ostensibly to fight the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Ethiopia
Uniforms are compulsory in Ethiopian schools.
Fiji
Uniform is compulsory in Fijian public schools. In January 2022, the Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts relaxed this rule for the first three months of the academic year.
Finland
In the mid-20th century, the former Hallituskatu Girls' School enforced a compulsory school uniform.
According to the , under current Finnish law, public school students cannot be obliged to wear school uniforms.
France
Uniforms have not been enforced in French schools, a few exceptions (such as Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur, les Écoles TUNON, and Vatel). Xavier Darcos, a former teacher and Minister of Education from 2007 to 2009, is an advocate of the reintroduction of uniforms: "This is not outrageous. This removes the visible differences in social status or wealth. This is an additional factor of integration".
The wearing of any religious symbols, such as a hijab or turban, has been banned in French schools since 2004.
Since March 2012, the students of the Boarding School of Excellence Sourdun wear a uniform with the insignia of their establishment.
Les lycées de la défense, formerly known as military schools, require their students to wear uniforms. At some universities, the academic dress is becoming popular.
French Guiana
French Guianan schools enforce a standardised uniform of colored T-shirts and blue pants.
French Polynesia
In 2012, French Polynesia's Minister of Education Tauhiti Nena ordered the overseas collectivity's public schools to adopt mandatory uniform policies. The following October, the Court of Administrative Law annulled the order, by which stage 24 schools had adopted uniform policies. As of August 2015, 13 schools retained these policies.
Guadeloupe
Use of uniforms and dress codes have become widespread in Guadeloupean schools.
Martinique
As of 2014, a third of the 345 schools on the French overseas department Martinique impose a non-compulsory uniform policy.
New Caledonia
In 2017, uniform polo shirts were made compulsory for students attending all 96 primary schools in New Caledonia's South Province.
Réunion
As of 2012, Collège Sainte-Geneviève in Saint-André is the only Réunionese school to operate a uniform policy: students are obliged to wear logoed white T-shirts.
Saint Barthélemy
Collège Mireille-Choisy, Saint Barthélemy's only public secondary school, enforces a dress code requiring students to wear a logoed T-shirt and prohibiting certain types of legwear and footwear.
Saint Martin
Uniforms are worn in Saint-Martinois schools.
Gabon
School uniforms are widely worn in Gabon. A ban on Gabonese schools compelling students to buy uniforms directly from the institutions has led to some students making their own uniforms.
The Gambia
All pupils attending Gambians schools are required to wear uniforms.
Germany
There is no tradition of wearing school uniforms in Germany, and today, almost all students of state schools, private schools or universities do not wear school uniforms. However, certain garments have been common to students in former times:
From the 16th century, students (especially of secondary or grammar schools and similar institutions) were often subject to regulations that prescribed, for example, modest and not too stylish attire. In many cases these regulations were part of wider laws concerning the clothing of all citizens of certain social classes.
A blue coat became a widespread obligatory status symbol of students of secondary schools; it fell out of use during the latter half of the 18th century. In more recent times, school uniforms in any real sense did not exist outside of convent schools and private boarding schools. At times, certain fashions became so widespread that they approached uniform status; this is true in particular for so-called student hats (Schülermützen) that became widespread from the 1880s on and remained somewhat popular until they were banned by the Nazis. Their wearing was advocated by teachers and the students themselves and occasionally made mandatory, but never on a national or statewide level. Another instance are the sailor suits that became fashionable around the turn of the 19th century. These, too, were not usually a prescribed uniform.
The Nazis banned student hats – the last remaining, if voluntary, form of unified student clothing – because they considered them an attribute of class society. They did, however, institute mandatory membership in the uniformed Hitler Youth (HJ) from 1936 until their fall. HJ uniforms were worn in the HJ training academies and in the Napolas; students of other schools sometimes wore them to school at their own discretion.
In recent times, the introduction of school uniforms has been discussed, but usually the expression "uniform" (the word is the same in German) is avoided in favor of terms like "school clothing" ("Schulkleidung"). School clothing has been introduced in a small number of schools, for example in Hamburg-Sinstorf in 2000, and in Friesenheim and Haag (Oberbayern) in 2005. In these cases the clothes are collections of shirts, sweaters, and the like, catering to contemporary fashion senses. Uniforms in a more traditional sense are almost never proposed in earnest.
The debate on mandatory school uniforms intensified in Germany when two Muslim girls dressed in burkas arrived at a school in Bonn in 2006. The girls' actions were interpreted as political action and they were subsequently suspended from school. Then-Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries in an interview with the Welt am Sonntag stated that the simple solution to the issue under consideration is mandatory introduction of school uniforms for boys and girls across Germany. She further argued that school uniforms would help to prevent conflicts arising from religious or political differences. Her stance was supported by then-Minister Of Education Annette Schavan. The proposal was met with opposition from the teacher union and opposition political parties. The teacher union argued that school uniforms are not the solution for integration problems nor the issue of fashion obsession. The leader of the teacher union Heinz-Peter Meidinger also added that the school uniforms have been a controversial issue in Germany over the years.
Opposition to school uniforms
A senior member of the Green Party, Krista Sager, also said that the introduction of school uniforms would be unacceptable state interference in religious matters. She then proposed that individual schools have to find their own solutions and rejected solutions imposed by government. She further noted that school uniforms are no longer up to date and their imposition would be rejected by the current generation of students. The Conference of Education Ministers, a body that decides on school policies, also kicked back against school uniforms. They cited historical reasons dating back to WWII with memories of Hitler Youth's uniform still fresh in people's minds. They also concluded that the imposition of school uniforms would be excessive government encroachment on personal liberty of pupils and parents.
However, a number of schools sell branded clothing that can be worn as a sign of school pride.
The Bildungsstreik movement fights against school uniforms due to their belief that it represents some kind of militarism.
Ghana
All children have to wear school uniforms in Ghana. Pupils in public schools have the same type of school uniform with the school's emblem imprinted on the left chest. This helps to distinguish pupils of one school from the other. Private schools determine which uniforms their pupils wear.
On April 11, 2019, the Director-General of the Ghana Education Service, Prof Kwasi Opoku Amankwa announced at a press conference in Accra that public Junior High School pupils will start wearing a new uniform beginning from the 2019–2020 academic year. The new uniform is primarily to distinguish the Junior High pupils from their peers at the primary level. The current brown and yellow khaki school uniform, locally referred to as Konkonte and nkate nkwan (groundnut soup) and worn by pupils at the basic level in public schools, was introduced over 30 years ago by the government.
Georgia
School uniforms are not widely worn in Georgian schools.
They were once widespread in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, but their use had largely faded by the late 1980s.
Greece
Uniforms ceased to be worn in Greek public schools in 1982. Their use is now confined to certain private and international schools.
Grenada
Uniforms are worn in all Grenadian public schools. The Grenadian government runs an annual School Uniform Voucher Programme to help students' families meet the associated costs.
Guatemala
In 2008, Álvaro Colom prohibited the enforcement of mandatory school uniform policies in Guatemalan public schools. However, the use of school uniform remains widespread.
Guinea
School uniforms are worn in Guinean public schools.
Guinea-Bissau
In October 2020, it was announced a standardized uniform would be introduced across all Bissau-Guinean public and private schools.
Guyana
Guyana has a long history of school uniforms being compulsory. Students attending public and private schools up to the secondary level are required to wear them. In some instances, this extends to those attending classes on Saturdays and during periods when schools are officially closed. The Guyanese government dispenses grants to assist students with uniform costs.
Haiti
School uniforms are compulsory in Haitian schools.
Honduras
On 18 March 2014, the National Congress of Honduras approved a decree introducing a single uniform of white shirts and blue pants or skirts in all Honduran public schools.
Hungary
School uniforms are not currently worn in Hungarian public schools.
In the Hungarian People's Republic, the "school coat" (Hungarian: iskolaköpeny) was made compulsory for all schoolchildren in September 1973.
Iceland
School uniforms are worn in some Icelandic primary schools.
India
Uniforms are compulsory in India in both public and private schools. The boys' uniforms are often made of a light-coloured shirt, long trousers usually blue, white or black, and those of the girls are often a shirt and a skirt. Most schools employ this form of uniform however Shalwar Kameez is prescribed in some of the rural north Indian areas but rarely seen in urban areas.
Many schools require students to wear uniform shoes, ties and ID cards, and comb their hair down and keep it clean and short. Long hair is tied in braids. Uniform is one of the most important components of school life and is taken very seriously in India. Many government-run schools across different states also provide free uniforms and school bags to the students.
Some institutions also require the use of a tie, especially the schools run by private institutions, and the Indian education system does not prohibit the children on the ground of religion. There is no discrimination on the basis of religion in the field of education in India. That's why all the children are allowed to wear the same uniform, no matter what religion you belong to. However, most of the schools, whether public or private, prohibit students to have a dyed hair or males to have a ponytail.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, national school uniforms are mandatory for every student during Monday to Thursday. They can be simply described as below for each stage of education:
Elementary schools or Sekolah Dasar (SD) students wear a white short-sleeve shirt with red shorts for male students, and below-knee skirts for females.
Junior high schools or Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) require navy blue shorts or trousers with a short-sleeve white shirt for male students. Females wear a below-knee-length or long navy blue skirt and short-sleeve white shirt.
Senior high schools or Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) require blue-grey trousers with a short-sleeve white shirt. Females wear a below-knee-length or long blue-grey skirt, and wear short-sleeve or long-sleeve white shirts.
Public schools in Indonesia tolerate religious freedoms. For example, Muslim girls may opt to wear long-sleeve shirts, longer skirts, and jilbab to cover their heads. Some schools in Indonesia also have a batik uniform, usually worn on Friday or Saturday. This kind of uniform consists of a batik short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirt, with long or short trousers for SMA and below-knee or long skirts for females. The motifs and colours of batik depend on the school. Some schools tend to issue ties and/or vests for their students. These ties and vests may vary from school to school in colour and sewing pattern, even among public schools.
Nowadays, with the increase of private schools in Indonesia, most private schools have their own signature school uniform. Most consist of shirts with shorts or trousers for males, and skirts for females, only with differences on the colour.
Every school has its own standard grooming. Males are not allowed to have long hair. Accessories are also normally prohibited for males, except for watches. Females are usually allowed to use simple accessories such as watches, earrings, and sometimes bracelets. Wearing nail polish is usually not allowed.
Most schools pay attention to the shoes that can be worn. Black or white sneakers with white laces are the most common shoes. Few higher-level students, such as in SMA or SMK, are normally required to wear black leather shoes.
The school badge is usually put on the right sleeve of a shirt, consist of school's name and location, and some have their own school's logo. Others prefer to wear the school's logo as a lapel or breast plastic or metal pin. The emblem of OSIS (Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah), or School's Intern Student Organization, is put on the shirt's left pocket. Students' names are usually on the right side of the shirt and embedded by sewing, ironing or as a detachable badge. Some schools (usually "SMP" and "SMA") distinguish the grade of their students by stripes on the official ties issued or an emblem below the school emblem (it can be stripes, chevrons or numbers).
Since school year 2014/2015, elementary and middle schools are require the students to wear an Indonesian flag school badge sewn on top of their left pocket.
The scouts (pramuka) uniform is used in many schools in Indonesia at least once a week. It consists of light-brown short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirts, with dark-brown shorts or trousers, and below-knee skirts or longer for females. The common day to wear the scout uniform usually falls on Friday or Saturday. Furthermore, on certain occasions (usually on ceremonies or competitions), the uniform should be worn as full dress, with red and white scarf/tie, dark brown beret, rope, dagger and scout's stick.
The scout uniform has two breast pockets. Above right pocket is the student's name. The Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia (Indonesian Scout Movement) logo is sewn on the left pocket (for male students). On the right sleeve there are scouting organization's location, number and logo, while on the left sleeve usually are the student's scouting team logo and chevrons denoting his/her grade. Male students wear International Scout Organization logo above their name and female students on their lapel.
Ireland
In Ireland, almost all primary and secondary schools require students to wear a uniform. These can vary from school to school but for the most part include trousers for male students, a skirt or pinafore for female students and a shirt, a jumper and a tie. In recent years many schools also offer the option of trousers for female students. Some schools require blazers rather than jumpers. Some primary schools now let their pupils wear a school tracksuit rather than a formal uniform. Primary and Secondary schools under the patronage of Educate Together, have no school uniforms in their network of over 100 schools.
In recent years there has been criticism, including by the Department of Education of the requirement that a school uniform jumper must have the school crest or name imprinted onto it and of the practice where a school's uniform can only be bought from a certain supplier, which can markedly increase the price of a uniform. As well as rules regarding the wearing of a uniform many schools have regulations regarding hair, footwear, the growth of facial hair for males, the wearing of makeup and the length of school skirts.
Israel
According to former Education Minister Limor Livnat, about 1,400 Israeli public schools require pupils to wear uniforms.
School uniforms used to be the norm in the state's early days, but have since fallen out of favor. However, in recent years, the number of schools using school uniforms has been increasing once more. Many teachers, parents and students are in favor of returning the school uniform to common use to prevent the deepening of the gap between affluent children and those less well-off. Nowadays school uniforms are mainly associated with "national religious" schools within the Israeli system of education. Schools for Arab citizens of Israel also frequently require uniforms: for girls, it is often a pinafore to be worn over trousers and shirt.
In the Haredi or ultra-Orthodox school system, uniforms are compulsory in essentially all girls' schools. In the vast majority of these, the style adopted by the Beit Ya'akov network is used: a sky-blue, button-down, open-collar, loose-fitting blouse with an Oxford-blue, pleated skirt that comes to just below the knee and dark stockings. In cold weather, a Yale-blue sweater may be added. A small fraction of schools alter the colour scheme to pink and burgundy, while otherwise retaining the same overall appearance. In boys' schools there is usually not an identifiable school uniform, distinct from what is considered acceptable for ordinary street wear. However, the standards of acceptable street wear for boys and men in Haredi communities are so precise and exacting that in almost all cases all of the boys in a particular school will be dressed identically.
In non-Haredi schools today, school uniforms in Israel consist only of a shirt with the school logo. In the summer, the uniform shirt is a simple T-shirt, while in the winter, the shirts worn are warm or hooded sweaters. Although the shirts are uniform, they usually come in various colours, and allow students to customize and express themselves even while wearing a uniform. The shirts sell for a very small amount of money, so that even the less well-off can acquire them.
Italy
In Italy, school uniforms are uncommon, partially because child uniforms are associated with the era of Benito Mussolini before World War II when children were placed according to their age into Italian Fascist youth movements and had to wear uniforms inside and outside school.
However, until the early 1960s many high schools required girls to wear black grembiule (resembling a doctor smock) on top of their clothes: no uniform was required for boys.
Nowadays, many pre-schools advise parents to dress their children with a grembiulino, i.e., a small grembiule, usually shorter and more colourful, that can be purchased cheaply.
Some elementary schools advise some kind of grembiule for the younger pupils. Sometimes girls are required to wear a pink or white grembiulino, while boys may be required to wear a short cotton jacket, usually blue or black. In other cases both boys and girls may be required to wear a more neutral blue grembiule.
Some parents send their children to school in a grembiule even if the school does not require it.
Poet and children's writer Gianni Rodari has described adult life as "a school without grembiule and school desk".
In 2004 the Italian chapter of WWF warned that synthetic grembiuli were harmful to pupils.
In July 2008 Education Minister Mariastella Gelmini proposed the re-introduction of the compulsory smock in public schools, provoking a debate in the Italian press.
Iran
Iranian schools generally employ uniform policies but students cannot legally be compelled to wear them.
Iraq
School uniforms are worn in Iraqi public schools.
Ivory Coast
In October 2003, the Ivorian government abolished the compulsory wearing of school uniforms in all schools. By 2012, compulsory school uniforms had been re-implemented.
Japan
Japan introduced school uniforms in the late 19th century. Today, school uniforms are almost universal in the public and private school systems. They are also used in some women's colleges. The Japanese word for uniform is .
In the majority of elementary schools, students are not required to wear a uniform to school. Where they are required, many boys wear white shirts, short trousers, and caps. Young boys often dress more formally in their class pictures than they do other days of the school year. Girls' uniforms might include a grey pleated skirt and white blouse. Occasionally the sailor outfit is used for girls. The uniform codes may vary by season to work with the environment and occasion. It is common for boys and girls to wear brightly coloured caps to prevent traffic accidents. It is normal for uniforms to be worn outside of school areas. However, this is going out of fashion and many students are wearing casual dress.
The Japanese junior- and senior-high-school uniform traditionally consists of a military style for boys and a sailor outfit for girls. These uniforms are based on Meiji era formal military dress, themselves modeled on European-style naval uniforms. The sailor outfit replace the undivided hakama (andon bakama 行灯袴) designed by Utako Shimoda between 1920 and 1930. While this style is still in use, many schools have moved to more Western-pattern parochial school uniform styles. They consist of a white shirt, tie, blazer or sweater vest with school crest, and tailored trousers (often not of the same colour as the blazer or sweater vest) for boys and a white blouse, tie, blazer with school crest, and tartan skirt for girls.
Much like the male uniform, the gakuran, the sailor outfit bears a similarity to military-styled naval uniforms. The uniform generally consists of a blouse attached with a sailor-style collar and a pleated skirt. There are seasonal variations for summer and winter: sleeve length and fabric are adjusted accordingly. A ribbon is tied in the front and laced through a loop attached to the blouse. Several variations on the ribbon include ties, bolo ties, neckerchiefs, and bows. Common colours are navy blue, white, grey, light green and black.
Shoes, socks, and other accessories are sometimes included as part of the uniform. The socks are typically navy or white. The shoes are typically brown or black penny loafers. Although not part of the prescribed uniform, alternate forms of legwear (such as loose socks, knee-length stockings, or similar) are commonly matched by more fashionable girls with their sailor outfits.
Regardless of what type of uniform any particular school assigns its students, all schools have a summer version (usually consisting of a white dress shirt and dark slacks for boys and a reduced-weight traditional uniform or blouse and tartan skirt with tie for girls) and a sports-activity uniform (a polyester track suit for year-round use and a T-shirt and shorts for summer activities). Depending on the discipline level of their school, students may wear seasonal and activity uniforms in the same classroom during the day. Students may attempt to subvert the system of uniforms by wearing them incorrectly or by adding prohibited elements such as large loose socks or badges.
Miniskirts have been very popular in Japan, where they became part of school uniforms, and they came to be worn within the Kogal culture.
Jordan
Uniforms are compulsory in Jordanian public schools. Male students in elementary and secondary schools wear khaki uniforms. Female elementary students wear blue uniforms and their secondary counterparts wear green ones. Girls are also allowed to wear jilbabs provided they're either grey or dark blue.
Kazakhstan
Uniforms are worn in Kazakhstani schools. In January 2017, the Ministry of Education announced a ban on the wearing of religious symbols in schools.
Kenya
School uniforms are generally compulsory in Kenyan public primary and secondary schools. A 2018 World Bank study found that Kenyan students receiving subsidized school uniforms reduced absenteeism by 37%.
Kiribati
Uniforms are worn in I-Kiribati schools.
Kosovo
Some Kosovan schools require uniforms. 'Religious uniforms' are officially banned in Kosovan public schools.
Kuwait
Most schools in Kuwait have a uniform.
Kyrgyzstan
The first recorded use of school uniform in Kyrgyz schools was in 1918. In the Kyrgyz Republic, school uniforms are worn by students throughout the public education system.
Laos
School uniforms are worn in Laotian schools.
Latvia
On 11 November 1928, a standardised school uniform was introduced across all Latvian schools: for girls, a dark blue dress with a white collar and dark apron; for boys, a dark suit with a high collar. Uniforms continued to be mandatory throughout the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic era. After largely falling out of use following independence, many schools have readopted uniform policies in the early 21st century.
Lebanon
In Lebanon, most schools adopt school uniforms. They are usually composed of a shirt (usually with a pattern) and/or a polo shirt, a jumper, skirts for girls and trousers for boys.
Some public schools do not require school uniforms.
Lesotho
In Lesotho school uniforms are still compulsory. Many poor families can not afford them, which is one of the reasons for the high dropout rate in primary schools.
Liberia
Uniforms are compulsory in Liberian schools. In October 2021, the Ministry of Education rebuked certain private and faith-based schools for compelling students to purchase uniforms directly from the institutions.
Libya
Uniforms are worn in Libyan schools.
Liechtenstein
School uniforms are not widely worn in Liechtenstein.
In September 2011, a primary school in Triesen adopted a voluntary uniform of logoed polo shirts following a campaign by the local parents' association.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg has no history of school uniforms in its public and private school systems.
Madagascar
Malagasy public and private schools require uniforms.
Malawi
In Malawi, school uniform is widespread but not necessarily compulsory. The UNICEF-backed government scheme Social Cash Transfer Programme frequently subsidizes the cost of uniform.
On 29 June 2021, female members of the National Assembly dressed in primary school-style uniforms to promote girls' education. Minister of Education Agnes Nyalonje was sent out of the chamber for not complying with the dress code.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, school uniforms (Malay: Pakaian Seragam Sekolah) are compulsory for all students who attend public schools. Western-style school uniforms were introduced to present-day Malaysia in the late 19th century during the British colonial era. The present design was standardised beginning in January 1970. Today, school uniforms are almost universal in the public and private school systems.
The uniforms at Malaysian public schools are as follows:
Students are required to wear white socks and white shoes, or black socks and black shoes with the above uniform. For modesty reasons, most schools require female students who wear the baju kurung to wear a plain-coloured camisole underneath.
In addition to these, schools usually have badges that must be sewn or ironed on to the uniform — generally at the left chest. Some schools require students to sew their name tags in addition to the badge. For upper forms, students generally have to wear a school-specific tie, except those who are wearing the baju kurung.
In Malaysia, Muslim girls tend to wear the baju kurung. Most of them start wearing a white tudung (Malaysian version of the Muslim headscarf or hijab) upon entering secondary school, for religious reasons. Non-Muslim girls tend to wear the pinafore. Some non-Muslim girls wear the baju kurung but without the tudung.
Muslim boys may wear baju melayu at school on Fridays, often with a songkok hat, to be dressed for going to the mosque for prayers at lunchtime.
Girls who choose to wear the pinafore, especially those attending co-ed schools, usually wear shorts under their pinafore to allow for carefree movement as the skirt only covers up to the knee. Those who wear the baju kurung tend not to wear shorts under their long skirt as their skirt covers their legs.
Students who hold positions in schools such as School Prefects, Librarian and Head Class often wear different uniforms than regular students. Therefore, some schools have prescribed the wearing of Ties for students who have positions in the school and some schools require the wearing of Ties to all students. Some schools have ties as standard issue; even then, the ties are generally reserved for school events and public appearances, and are not part of the everyday school uniform. The tropical climate makes them uncomfortable.
The hairstyle of students is given attention by schools and the Ministry of Education. Schools do not allow students to dye their hair. For boys, there is usually a maximum length allowed, for example, the hair must be a few centimetres above the collar, and no sideburns are allowed. Violation of boys' hair regulations is often punished with a caning; some offer the alternative of an enforced haircut at the school (although the result of the haircut may be deliberately made to be humiliating as part of the punishment). The use of hair gel is prohibited in some of the stricter schools, to prevent excessive hairdressing. Girls' long hair must be properly tied up, often into a ponytail. Some schools dictate the colour and type of hair accessories that can be used. Some prohibit even girls from having long hair. Wearing make up in school is prohibited.
Schools usually enforce their uniform code thoroughly, with regular checks by teachers and prefects. Students who fail to comply may be warned, given demerit points, publicly punished, sent home from school, or caned.
Maldives
School uniforms are widely worn in the Maldives.
Mali
Unlike most African countries, uniforms are not mandatory in Malian public schools. However, they are compulsory in private schools.
Malta
Children in Malta are obliged to wear school uniforms.
Marshall Islands
Marshallese schoolchildren wear uniforms.
Mauritania
In August 2021, education minister Maa El-ainine Ould Eyih announced a compulsory uniform would be imposed in all Mauritanian public schools.
Mauritius
School uniforms in Mauritius are generally compulsory. Mauritius being a former British colony, has been using the system from back then. The students have to wear uniforms from primary school until higher secondary level. However, there are a few private schools that are based on the French system and do not require the student to wear school uniform.
Mexico
In Mexico, students from all public primary and secondary schools, and some public high schools are required to wear uniform.
Most private schools require uniform even since nursery school, however, many private secondary and high schools are opting to eliminate it.
Mexican uniforms have the school's logo and colours. Most Mexican schools have 2 types of uniforms: one for P.E. and another for regular school days. Many public secondary schools have a different regular uniform for each grade, especially for girls.
Uniforms usually consist of the following (but may vary by school):
Regular
Boys
Polo shirt
Vest or sweater
Cloth trousers
Socks
Black shoes
Girls
Polo shirt
Vest or sweater
Knee-length skirt or dress (called jumper), pleated most of the time
Knee high socks (white for most public schools)
Black mary janes (elementary school) / black laced shoes (secondary school)
P.E.
Note: The uniform is unisex most of the time.
Polo or shirt
Open sweatshirt
Sweatpants
socks and trainers (preferably white)
Nowadays, a complete school uniform set cost can go up to US$98.39 for girls, and US$102.32 for boys, which contradicts the uniforms implementation original goal during the 1930s: to reduce clothing costs and avoid classism.
On 2019, Mexico City's government announced a new Law that permitted pupils to choose whether to wear the trousers or skirt version of their regular uniform, regardless of their gender. If successful, this new practice might be implemented in other states of the republic.
Federated States of Micronesia
The use of school uniforms is sporadic in Micronesian public schools.
Pohnpei
Students at Bailey Olter High School wear uniforms.
Monaco
School uniform has been compulsory in Monegasque primary schools since 2019. Students are obliged to wear white polo shirts bearing their school's crest.
Moldova
In 2018, the Democratic Party of Moldova called for all Moldovan schools to adopt school uniform policies. The Ministry of Education backed the call but stressed uniforms could not be made mandatory. A survey of 300,000 students, teachers and parents recorded 82% of respondents as being in favour of introducing uniforms.
Transnistria
In October 2014, Vladimir Bodnar proposed the introduction of compulsory uniforms in Transnistrian schools. In April 2020, education minister Alla Nikolyuk renewed this proposal.
Mongolia
In Mongolia, school uniforms are widespread in the public school system.
Montenegro
In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron".
In August 2016, education minister Damir Šehović launched a school uniform pilot programme at Savo Pejanović Primary School in Podgorica, consisting of compulsory polo shirts.
Montserrat
Students attending Montserrat Secondary School, the island’s only high school, wear uniforms.
Morocco
Historically, Moroccan primary and secondary schools students have worn the "apron" (Arabic: المريلة almarilati).
Mozambique
Mozambican schools require students to wear uniforms.
Myanmar
School uniforms are mandatory throughout public schools in Myanmar, from kindergarten until the 10th standard. The current uniform rule, known as the "White-Green", was mandated on 14 February 1966. From kindergarten to the 4th standard, the compulsory uniform for boys is a white shirt and green pants, which can be short or long. Shoes and Burmese sandals may be worn. The uniform for girls is similar, consisting of a white blouse and a skirt or pants. From the 5th standard until matriculation, traditional Burmese attire is considered appropriate school uniform. The uniform for boys is a white shirt (with an english collar or a mandarin collar) and a green sarong called a pahso, along with Burmese sandals. For girls, a traditional Burmese blouse (either the yinzi, with a front opening, or the yin hpon, with a side opening) and a green sarong called a htamein are worn, along with Burmese sandals.
Public school teachers also have to wear the same traditional attire uniform as the students.
Namibia
School uniforms are common in almost every school in Namibia, both private and state.
Nauru
Nauruan schools require students to wear uniforms.
Nepal
School uniforms are compulsory in Nepal in both public and private schools. The boys' uniforms are made of shirt with long or short sleeves, long trousers with various colours set by their school and girls uniforms with similar colours are often a shirt and a skirt.
Many schools require students to wear shoes, ties and ID cards, and schools has strict policies with hair styles and required to comb their hair down and keep it clean and short. Long hair is tied in braids. Uniform is one of the most important components of school life and is taken very seriously in Nepal.
Netherlands
School uniforms are very rare in the Dutch education system. Their use is confined to international and private schools.
Bonaire
Students of Scholengemeenschap Bonaire, the sole high school on Bonaire, are required to wear uniform.
Saba
Students of Saba Comprehensive School, the sole high school on Saba, are required to wear uniform.
Sint Eustatius
Students of Gwendoline van Putten School, the sole high school on Sint Eustatius, are required to wear uniform.
New Zealand
Traditionally, many New Zealand intermediate and high schools, and state-integrated and private primary schools, have followed the British system of school uniforms, although it is common in state schools for the boy's uniform to have a jersey and grey short trousers rather than a blazer with tie and long trousers. This usually consists of a variety of the following apparel: for boys, a business-style shirt with an official school tie, and long or short trousers; and for girls, a blouse, and a plain and/or plaid (usually tartan) skirt, and in some schools, especially in the South Island, kilts. Both sexes wear an 'official' school jersey. Blazers and jackets are of varied colours according to the school - dark or light blue, grey, crimson, scarlet, green or black. Some follow the British practice of having contrasting colours edging the lapels and jacket fronts. Caps have generally been discarded since the 1970s but in many primary schools there is a compulsory broad-brimmed floppy hat, in the school colours, to help prevent sunburn. Where short trousers are worn, boys are usually required to wear long socks, and garters are compulsory in many schools to hold socks up. Since 1990 an increasing number of schools, especially in the North Island, include sandals as the standard summer footwear. Many schools also allow students to attend barefoot, with a relatively large number of students choosing to do so.
During the 1980s and 1990s there was a tendency for the traditional uniform to be replaced by cheaper and more 'modern' options: polo shirts, polar fleece tops, or a complete doing away with uniforms in favour of mufti. Intermediate schools usually provide the option of skirts or culottes for girls and sometimes shorts while boys will wear shorts. Bike shorts or tights are sometimes worn under girls' skirts and dresses. Some high schools have introduced trousers as an option for girls instead of skirts, however demand is low with several Christchurch high schools estimating only 1% of girls at their respective schools wear trousers.
Tokelau
All three schools in Tokelau enforce uniform policies.
Nicaragua
On 18 September 1979, an administrative decree introduced a mandatory uniform of white shirts and blue pants or skirts in all Nicaraguan public and private schools.
Niger
Uniforms are worn widely in Nigerien schools.
Nigeria
School uniforms are used in Nigeria for all public and private schools from nursery school through primary and secondary school. This originally came with the introduction of western education by Christian missionaries and the tradition continued during the colonial era up till the current era of independence. Some schools have so-called mufti days where this requirement is voided.
Niue
Niue's sole primary and secondary schools both require uniforms.
North Korea
All North Korean students in schools are required to wear uniforms. Makeup is prohibited until graduation from high school. Dress codes in universities vary with some requiring uniforms and others requiring formal wear.
Norway
School uniforms are generally absent from the Norwegian education system, except in certain international schools.
North Macedonia
In September 2014, school uniform was made compulsory for all elementary students in the Municipality of Aerodrom in Skopje. Several secondary schools in Skopje also enforce uniform policies.
Oman
In March 2019, the Ministry of Education announced Omani public school students would be required to wear dishdashas for the 2019/2020 academic year.
Pakistan
The school uniforms are compulsory in most schools in Pakistan. Both the public and the private schools have mandated uniforms. Boys uniforms are often made of a light-coloured shirt, long trousers usually brown or blue. The girls often wear Shalwar Qameez suit or in some schools shirt and skirt.
Palau
School uniform is compulsory for Palauan schoolchildren.
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinean schools generally require uniforms.
Palestine
Palestinian schoolchildren are required to wear uniform.
Gaza Strip
Since 2009, the Islamist Hamas administration in the Gaza Strip has repeatedly pressured girls' secondary schools to adopt more conservative uniform policies, such as requiring students to cover their hair.
Panama
School uniform is mandatory in Panamanian schools. A Ministry of Education decree temporarily relaxing these rules for the 2022 academic year caused controversy, with parents fearing it would lead to a rise in bullying.
Paraguay
Paraguayan schools started to introduce uniforms at the end of the 19th century.
Peru
School uniforms are used in Peru. Almost all private schools, especially the British ones, use schools uniforms.
Philippines
School uniforms (Filipino: uniporme or kasuotang pampáaralán, "school attire"), are commonplace in public schools and required in private schools. Some private schools allow civilian clothing on special days, typically parties, school holidays or last day of school before a break. There is usually no uniform in universities and progressive schools, except for official athletic wear in physical education classes, and in specific schools such as the University of Santo Tomas.
Schools usually have two sets of uniform, a regular uniform and a physical education (PE) uniform, the latter worn once a week (usually Fridays):
Regular uniform
Boys
Plain white or collared polo shirt with chest pocket, usually short-sleeved with school insignia. Some private schools may add a necktie, and use a long-sleeved shirt over a vest or blazer.
Pants or shorts (usually black, navy blue or khaki). Shorts usually worn up to elementary level.
White or black socks, and black leather shoes
Girls
Short-sleeved collared blouse (usually with sailor or Peter Pan collar), usually with necktie or ribbon matching the colors of the skirt, or worn with jumper dress or blazer
Plain or plaid skirt, usually pleated and covers the knees
Plain or plaid jumper dress, usually pleated and covers the knees (some schools)
Collared dress with necktie or ribbon (some schools)
White socks and black shoes (preferably Mary Janes or ballet flats)
Physical education uniform (unisex)
T-shirt with school seal, crest or logo
Sweatpants ("jogging pants"), usually in primary school color
Sneakers (usually white)
Muslim girls in some higher institutions are often required to wear a white hijab, and may be allowed much longer skirts than Christian girls.
Elementary and high school students at both private and public schools also wear Scouting uniforms at least once a week (usually Thursdays). Boy Scouts wear a Boy Scout T-shirt or khaki Boy Scout polo shirt and khaki pants or shorts, black leather shoes and socks, and a red neckerchief with carabao fastener. Girl Scouts wear a Girl Scout T-shirt and dark green shorts (usually for Twinkler and Star Scouts) or a dark green collared knee-length Girl Scout dress, worn with black shoes and white socks, a yellow neckerchief and fastener and an optional green hat.
The material for these usually loose uniforms are often light and suited to the country's tropical climate (e.g. cotton).
In 2008, the Department of Education ordered that students are no longer required to wear uniforms. This was to enable poorer families to save money for basic needs.
Poland
School uniforms are not compulsory in Poland and absent from the vast majority of Polish schools. The idea of school uniforms in Poland did not exist before the early 20th century. In the People's Republic of Poland, uniform ceased to be compulsory in most schools during the 1980s due to economic issues. Since then, there has been made only one effort to reintroduce uniform into Polish schools - by the former minister of education Roman Giertych, in 2006. It was then decided that school uniform would not be enforced by the state onto the whole country, but would be a matter decided upon by the principal of each school respectively. Initially this was meant to permit only a dress code, but this was later modified in 2007 to address school uniform. From 2007, all primary schools and middle schools were to enforce compulsory uniform, whilst high schools and other forms of further education were given the choice to decide on their own. The appearance of school uniform was decided upon locally, which meant that "uniform" in most schools consisted of a jacket or shirt only - selected by the school management purely to avoid breaking regulations (the rest of clothing was still up to the students to decide). By mid-2008, compulsory school uniforms were repealed and it remains so to this day.
Portugal
Students are required to wear uniforms at most Portuguese private schools, especially those in Lisbon and Porto. Use in state schools is rare.
Romania
School uniforms were introduced to Romania in 1897 by academician Theodor Costescu when they worn by students in Turnu Severin. Its use broadened in tandem with Spiru Haret's educational reforms in the 1900s. Uniforms fell out of favour somewhat in the 1990s due to their association with the Socialist Republic of Romania. In August 2022, Minister of Education Sorin Cîmpeanu spoke in favour of making school uniform mandatory in Romanian schools.
Qatar
Qatari public and private schools require students to wear uniform.
Russia
During the Soviet period, a standardised "universal" school uniform was worn by all schools. Originally of a military style with peaked cap and high collared tunic, by the 1980s boys wore a functional dark blue pattern with shoulder patches. For formal occasions such as the first day of term, girls wore white lace collars and aprons dating back to the reign of Catherine the Great. During the initial post Soviet period from 1994 to 2013, the mandatory uniform policy was abandoned and pupils generally wore casual clothing such as jeans, T-shirts and sweaters. However, uniforms were reintroduced under a new education law in September 2013. Among the supporters of the new uniform law of 2013, arguments included tackling social inequality, but also putting an end to the controversial problem of whether school students are allowed to wear traditional religious clothing to school.
Each school can now choose its own uniform. Also, there are many instances in which schools do not enforce the rules on school uniform. Generally, schools without school uniforms enforce dress-code, with "business-casual" style of clothes.
Rwanda
Most Rwandan schools enforce a uniform policies. In general, girls are made to wear skirts and dresses while boys wear shorts or trousers.
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Helena
Prince Andrew School, Saint Helena's sole secondary school, requires students to wear uniform.
Ascension Island
Two Boats School, Ascension Island's only school, requires students to wear uniform.
Tristan da Cunha
St. Mary's School, Tristan da Cunha's only school, does not require students to wear uniform.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
School uniform is mandatory in Kittian and Nevisian schools. The government operates a School Uniform Assistance Programme to help citizens meet the associated costs.
Saint Lucia
School uniforms are worn in Saint Lucian schools.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Vincentian schools enforce strict uniform policies.
Samoa
School uniforms are mandatory in Samoan schools.
São Tomé and Príncipe
São Toméan schools require students to wear uniforms.
Saudi Arabia
In August 2015, ahead of the 2015-16 academic year, new standardised uniforms were introduced for all girls studying in Saudi public schools, Quran memorization schools and schools for illiterate adult women.
Serbia
In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, some schools enforced a mandatory uniform consisting of a navy blue "apron" (Serbian: кецеља kècelja). In 2016, Minister of Education Mladen Šarčević called for the introduction of uniforms in Serbian schools.
In September 2017, at least 100 primary schools had adopted school uniforms. Since then, the municipality of Medijana has annually provided cohorts of new primary school students with uniforms at the start of the academic year.
Senegal
In 2021, the Senegalese government announced plans to generalise the wearing of compulsory school uniforms in all public and private schools by 2023.
Seychelles
Uniforms are compulsory in Seychellois schools.
In January 2006, Director General of Schools Jeanne Simeon announced standardised uniforms for primary schools based on region, with each having its own uniform colour:
North (Anse Etoile, Beau Vallon, Bel Ombre, Glacis and La Retraite): Big and small blue-green stripes
East (Anse Royale, Anse Aux Pins, Cascade and Takamaka): Red stripes
Central (Bel Eau, Mont Fleuri, La Rosière and Plaisance): Red with small squares
West (Anse Boileau, Baie Lazare, Grand Anse Mahe and Port Glaud): Blue stripes
Inner Islands (Baie Ste Anne, Grand Anse Praslin, La Digue and Silhouette): Small dark-green squares
All secondary school students wear white poplin blouses and shirts. Boys in all schools wear khaki pants while girls wear blue skirts.
Sierra Leone
Uniforms are prevalent in Sierra Leonean schools. At present, most uniforms are made from poplin or cotton, although there are a few private primary schools that use locally-produced gara tie-dyed cloth.
Sint Maarten
School uniforms are compulsory in Sint Maarten schools.
Slovakia
In Slovakia, use of school uniforms is confined to private and international schools.
Slovenia
In the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, schoolchildren were obliged to wear the red-starred blue cap and red scarf of the Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia. Since 1991, use of school uniform in Slovenia has been limited to private institutions, such as British International School of Ljubljana.
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islander schoolchildren wear uniforms.
Somalia
In the Somali Democratic Republic era, uniforms were worn widely in Somali schools.
Somaliland
In the autonomous Republic of Somaliland, school uniforms are mandatory.
South Africa
As in many other former British colonies, most South African private and public schools have a uniform, and it is compulsory in all public schools and in the vast majority of private schools for children above pre-school level. Uniform types vary less between public and private schools than they do across regions, where schools in more rural areas tend to forgo the daily wearing of ties and/or blazers for boys and girls regardless of their public or private nature. However, many of these same schools will have a "number ones" uniform for special occasions that include such items. In cities such as Cape Town, on the other hand, it is more common to see formal apparel required in public and private schools on a daily basis.
Many schools across South Africa also provide the choice between a summer and winter uniform, with khaki uniforms and brown shoes being very common in the summer. Although many schools allow girls to also wear trousers (especially during winter months) South African law has not required gender neutrality in school dress codes and a distinction between girls' and boys' uniforms remains. Boys of all ages are normally required to wear grey or khaki long or short trousers with socks, and the socks are usually long when worn with shorts, as in the illustration (right). Until recently, the straw boater was a common accessory in affluent public and private high schools, although these have now become optional in some cases.
Nearly all schools, public or fee paying, have sports' kits (uniforms) that often allow bare feet for junior schools, regardless of the season.
South Korea
Almost all South Korean secondary students wear a uniform called "gyobok" (Korean: 교복, 校服). The majority of elementary schools, except some private ones, do not have uniforms; however, the uniform is strictly monitored from the start of middle school and up. Based on Western-style ones, the South Korean uniform usually consists of a shirt, blazer and tie, with skirts for girls and trousers for boys.
More recently, the uniform is often worn by celebrities who target the younger, teen audience to sell entertainment products. The school uniform and school setting is frequently used as a venue for romance. As a result, the uniform has become something akin to an expression of fashion among students.
Name tags that are worn usually have different colours per grade. Oftentimes the writing is in black or white, whereas the background is coloured.
South Sudan
Students are required to wear uniforms in many schools across South Sudan.
Spain
In Spain, the use of school uniforms is not compulsory in public schools at any specific point. Their usage is decided upon by school boards, with parents' thoughts and opinions taken into account. It is customary to wear uniforms in private schools, where typically girls wear shirts emblazoned with the school's emblem and a jersey skirt, while boys wear a white shirt and tie on top with trousers or shorts on bottom.
Sri Lanka
It is mandatory for Sri Lankan school students to wear a uniform regardless of them attending a government, semi-government or private school. In most government and semi-government schools, boys will wear a short-sleeved white shirt and navy blue shorts when they are in the junior grades. This will later transition to white shorts and then to white trousers towards the latter part of the school life. A tie is not always worn, but may be worn for special school events along with a long-sleeved shirt. Proper black dress shoes and socks are also a part of this uniform. Certain schools also require the uniform to have the school's insignia stitched to a corner of the pocket of the shirt.
Girls who attend government and semi-government schools will wear a white one-piece dress. This may or may not have sleeves. Certain schools make wearing a tie mandatory for girls and some may have a plastic badge or the school's insignia stitched to the dress. Proper dress shoes and socks are mandatory in most schools.
On special occasions, students who bear a post in a sports team, club, or association would wear a blazer that would normally be white and having accents based on the school colours.
In privately run schools, the suit is very similar but the colours might differ. They range from khaki and dark green to bright blue.
Sudan
Sudanese schoolchildren are required to wear uniforms.
Suriname
School uniform is compulsory in Surinamese schools.
Sweden
Uniforms are exceptionally rare in Swedish schools, being limited to independent and international schools such as Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket and the Nordic International School. In 2017, the Swedish Schools Inspectorate ruled students at Nordic International School's Norrköping campus could not be disciplined for not complying with the school's uniform policy.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, use of school uniforms is limited to international and other private schools.
Syria
Up until 2003, public school students in Ba'ath Party-governed Syria wore military khaki-coloured uniforms. In April 2003, the Ministry of Education announced plans to replace these with unified blue uniforms for all elementary students; pink and blue uniforms for intermediate schools students; and gray, blue and pink uniforms for secondary school students. In September 2003, the new uniforms were implemented as planned.
Taiwan
As Taiwan experienced a long period of Japanese colonial rule, it is influenced by Japanese culture and the uniform style can be said to be close. However the school uniforms in the two countries are not identical.
There are a total of 471 Taiwanese high schools. All schools have two sets of uniforms, a summer uniform and a uniform for winter. According to the provisions, sportswear is worn.
Summer
Elementary school (Chinese: 國小)：White short trousers and shirts are most common for the boys, while girls will wear a pleated skirt
Junior high school (Chinese: 國中)：Males wear short-sleeved shirts with shorts. Females wear shirts with pleated skirts or skirt trousers. Some schools have sailor uniforms.
Senior high school (Chinese: 高中)：Short sleeved shirts with long trousers for males, pleated skirts for females in public schools; private schools will always have skirts
Winter
Long trousers and long sleeved shirts are worn in most schools.
In the past, many schools had khaki uniforms but this has been phased out with the exception of a few schools.
Tajikistan
School uniforms are worn in Tajikistani public schools.
Tanzania
School uniforms are a mandatory requirement in Tanzanian schools.
Thailand
Uniforms are compulsory for all students with very few variations from the standard model throughout the public and private school systems, including colleges and universities.
The dress code in primary and secondary grades for boys comprises dark blue, khaki, or black shorts with a white open-collar short-sleeved shirt, white ankle socks or long dark socks, and brown or black trainers. Female students, wear a knee-length dark blue or black skirt, and a pale white blouse with a loosely hanging bow tie. The bow tie is dropped in favour of an open-necked pale blue shirt from Matthayom 4.
The girls' uniform is complemented by white ankle socks and black school shoes. The student's name, number, and name of the school are often embroidered on the blouse or shirt. Some independent or international schools have uniforms more closely resembling British school uniform standards, and boys in senior high school grades may be allowed to wear long trousers. The standard dress for children in kindergarten is a red skirt and white blouse for girls, and red short trousers and a white shirt for boys. In all Thai schools, one day per week, usually Wednesday, is dedicated to scouting, when beige scout uniforms for boys and dark green guide uniforms are the rule, both wearing yellow neckerchiefs.
The hairstyle of students is also given attention by schools and the Ministry of Education. Males are not allowed to have long hair. Some prohibit even girls from having long hair. The use of accessories is prohibited for males, while females are sometimes allowed to use simple accessories. Some schools dictate the colour and type of hair accessories that females can use.
Thailand however has a few international schools that do not require uniforms.
Togo
Upon independence in 1960, Togolese public schools retained the mandatory khaki-coloured uniforms that were introduced during French colonial rule.
Tonga
In Tonga all schools require a uniform. Uniforms are usually in the colours of their respective churches and Red for Government Schools. Catholic schools are usually light blue, Wesleyan (Royal Blue), Anglican (Navy Blue) and LDS Schools (Green). A ta'ovala bordered with school colours and a tupenu are usually worn by boys with a white button-up shirt. Pupils usually wear shorts and a white button up shirt. Nearly all Tongan secondary schools require girls to wear a pinafore dress with a white shirt, except for Catholic schools, which allow a striped blouse and skirt. Pupils are usually required to wear Roman sandals in English-medium schools, and thongs (flip-flops) in most other schools.
Trinidad and Tobago
School uniforms are worn in all Trinidadian and Tobagonian public schools.
Tunisia
As of 2017, Tunisian public high schools enforce dress codes which apply exclusively to female students, obliging them to wear long blue gilets.
Turkey
Up until 2012, school uniforms were used in all public and private institutions. There were several exceptions and most kindergartens did not require school uniforms. The uniforms varied in their appearance; primary schools used one-piece blue uniforms, while in secondary and high schools boys wore dark grey trousers with white shirts, jackets and a tie. Girls had skirts and shirts coloured like the boys' uniform, plus a tie. Most private institutions have their own uniforms. School uniforms for primary schools were black until the 1990s. None of the universities or higher-education institutes have uniforms.
School uniforms abolished in 2012 and schools gave a poll to families to select uniform or casual cloths. Dress code says that students' shoulder should be covered, girls cannot wear leggings or miniskirts. This caused a controversy in Western cities since some students were wearing mini's, shorts and leggings. New law says that students can wear hijabs at school but it's prohibited to wear makeup, tattoos, piercings, dyed hair, etc.
School uniforms have a long history in Turkey. They were first introduced because normal clothing would give hints about the child's family's economic situation. In order to prevent groupings amongst children from different social classes, uniforms were accepted.
However, school uniforms were officially abolished on 27 November 2012, when the Turkish Ministry of Education suddenly abolished the nationwide uniform requirement in schools (international/foreign schools are excluded) and lifted the headscarf ban for religious imam-hatip schools, prompting fierce criticism from opposition parties, unions and educators. Opponents claim that economic differences cause pedagogical traumas for children and that permitting headscarves harms secular education. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan defended the move, saying education in uniform has drawn complaints for many years. But students attending minority schools (Greeks, Jews, and Armenians), which are also part of the Turkish Ministry of Education, have been excluded from this change, and are still required to wear school uniforms.
Turkmenistan
Uniforms are compulsory in Turkmenstani schools. Girls’ uniforms are entirely based on national costumes. They include bright green, ankle-length dresses decorated with embroidery. Male and female students must wear takhyas. Girls sport two long braids, and those with short hair attach fake plaits to their takhyas to meet the requirements. The strict dress code was imposed under President Saparmurat Niyazov. The obligation to wear national costume is unpopular among some ethnically non-Turkmen students.
Turks and Caicos Islands
School uniforms are worn by students at all levels throughout the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Tuvalu
Section 10.2.1 of Tuvalu's National Education Policy obliges all children attending public schools to wear the approved national school uniform.
Uganda
Most Ugandan public and private schools have uniforms from kindergarten through secondary school. These mostly range from dresses, skirts and blouses, pinafores, blazers, neckties for female students to shirts and trousers or shorts, blazers and neckties for male students. A few schools allow female students to wear pants. A few international schools do not enforce school uniforms.
Ukraine
In June 2019, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy repealed a 1996 decree that had obliged Ukrainian secondary school students to wear compulsory uniforms.
United Arab Emirates
Uniforms are compulsory in many schools across the United Arab Emirates.
In June 2013, the Abu Dhabi Education Council standardised the uniforms for pupils in public schools across Abu Dhabi.
Uniforms include options for varying weather conditions.
Boys in Kindergarten and Cycle 1 (Grades 1 to 5) can wear either a long-sleeved shirt and trousers or a short-sleeved shirt and shorts. Tie, winter blazer, and cardigan are optional.
Boys in Cycle 2 and Cycle 3 (Grades 6 to 12) wear a kandoora (traditional white robe) and ghetra (head scarf). Pullover sweater or blazer are optional
Girls in Kindergarten or Cycle 1 (Grades 1 to 5) wear a long sleeved shirt with either a school dress or skirt. Cardigan, blazer, and scarf are optional.
Girls in Cycle 2 or 3 (Grades 6 to 12) wear a long sleeved shirt with a choice of a skirt or two different styles of dress plus a scarf. Cardigan or blazer are optional. These are only for the schools with the Arabic curriculum, not the other schools.
Private schools in the UAE require a school uniform. It can range from a T-shirt or a simple white/black polo bearing the school logo to a more complete uniform with a button up shirt worn with a skirt, shorts or trousers. In the British schools, there is a blouse and either a skirt or trousers for the girls or a button up shirt with trousers. Shirts bear the school logo. Certain schools have certain codes on the use of makeup (some don't condone it at all) and the sporting of bracelets/jewellery.
United Kingdom
While school uniform is common in the United Kingdom, there is no legislation enforcing it in any of the three separate legal jurisdictions of England & Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and enforcement of school uniform policy and dress codes is generally for individual schools to determine. However, schools do have to take into account Equality legislation in dress policies to prevent discrimination on grounds such as age, sex, race, disability, religion or belief and sexual orientation. School uniforms are required to be similar in cost for both boys and girls, to be reasonably low cost, and to tolerate religious freedoms, e.g. allowing male Sikhs to wear turbans and female Muslims to wear headscarves. In order to ensure that policies are fair and non-discriminatory schools are expected to consult widely with staff, pupils, parents and governors when introducing or amending dress policies.
England
In 2011, more than 90% of English secondary schools had a compulsory uniform. School uniforms were first introduced on a large scale during the reign of King Henry VIII. The uniforms of the time were referred as "bluecoats", as they consisted of long trench-coat-style jackets dyed blue. Blue was the cheapest available dye and showed humility amongst all children. The first school to introduce this uniform was Christ's Hospital in London (now in Sussex).
The Elementary Education Act 1870 introduced free primary education for all children. The popularity of uniforms increased, and eventually most schools had a uniform. During this period most uniforms reflected the trends of the age, with boys wearing short trousers and blazers until roughly the age of puberty and then long trousers from about 14 or 15. Girls mainly wore blouses, tunic dress and pinafores.
These uniforms continued until the 1950s when after the Butler reforms secondary education was made free and the school leaving age was raised to 15. These reforms encouraged schools to implement uniform codes that were similar to other schools. Distinct "summer" and "winter" uniforms were sometimes required, particularly for girls, for whom dresses were mandated for summer and gymslips for winter.
In the 21st century, the typical primary school uniform is fairly casual while secondary school uniform is often formal. Uniform in primary school is generally a polo shirt or T-shirt, a jumper with the school logo, and trousers or shorts or a skirt. The typical secondary school uniform is a blazer, white shirt or blouse, a tie, trousers or skirt, and black shoes. Some primary schools have more formal uniform, with tie and blazer, and for secondary schools to require only a jumper. Uniforms sometimes match the school colours, but are most commonly found in blue, black and grey.
Scotland
Scottish law is not specific on the question of school uniform. Generally, the school must provide information on its policy on clothing and uniform and the Education Authority must provide written information on its general policy on wearing school uniform. Some Education Authorities do not insist on students wearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities.
Children cannot be disciplined for not wearing a uniform if their parents do not want their child to wear it. However, a child that simply refuses to wear the school uniform can be disciplined by the school if it thinks that academic or disciplinary problems might be caused by the refusal. Many schools do have a policy covering the wearing of school clothing. The policy may state that certain items must be worn and that other items cannot be worn, for example, jeans. Schools must take religious and cultural requirements into account when drawing up a school uniform policy.
Although the way that the uniforms are worn is usually not an issue, some state schools may have regulation on the subject (e.g. height of ties, whether the shirt is tucked in or not), the selection of clothes worn, whether they follow the policy, can be very strict. For example, in black and white uniform schools, wearing colours such as grey or wearing white shoes is forbidden. However, in schools that only use a basic uniform (e.g. jumper and trousers) the policy is often less strict.
Wales
The Welsh Assembly Government issued detailed guidance to governing bodies on uniform and appearance policies that begins by making explicit, "There is no education legislation specifically covering the wearing of school uniform or other aspects of appearance such as hair colour and style, and the wearing of jewellery and makeup. However, as part of its responsibility for the conduct of the school, a governing body can specify a uniform that pupils are required to wear and other rules relating to appearance."
Northern Ireland
The Northern Ireland Executive supports poor families with the cost of paying for school uniforms with a £350 primary school uniform allowance. This is claimed via local Education and Library Boards for parents in receipt of income support. At the end of August 2009, there were 24,135 successful applications for the grant.
The most common secondary school uniform in Northern Ireland is a shirt, blazer and sweater with a tie and a skirt or trousers. The uniform (most likely the sweater and tie) may change after Year 12 (final year of compulsory education). The uniform in primary school is similar to those used in the Republic of Ireland.
United States
Most schools in the United States do not require uniforms. More traditional private schools and other specialized schools sometimes require an informal uniform, called a standardized dress code. Policy regarding school-appropriate dress, and the extent of enforcement, will vary by school and school district. Progressive private schools do not require school uniforms.
Advocacy for school uniforms increased after President of the United States Bill Clinton advocated for them.
A study conducted in 2000 found that only 23% of public, private, and sectarian schools had any sort of uniform policy in the United States at or before 2000. Over the subsequent decade, more public schools, specifically those in urban areas, instituted stricter dress codes. For instance, red, white, or blue polo shirts with a logo, with navy or khaki bottoms and a belt, was the uniform policy imposed at Palmer Elementary School, of the Fort Bend Independent School District, in Missouri City, Texas. Schools may also have polo shirts and trousers as a uniform.
The schools that do require uniforms, or a more common standard dress code in inner city neighborhoods, tend to be more casual than those in Britain or other commonwealth nations. Commonly, students wear collared, buttoned shirts, with a tie for boys and a tie for girls, worn with khaki trousers, and a belt, depending on the age of the school's student body. Skirts of a modest length are occasionally an option for girls.
Mark Oppenheimer of The New Yorker characterized school uniforms as "relatively new" as they did not have an extensive history there compared to the United Kingdom.
Dress codes vary widely among private schools, although a Catholic school uniform tends to keep the shirt and tie.
The proportion of U.S. public schools requiring uniforms had increased from 3% in 1996 to 25% in 2010. , 4% of the public schools with below 25% of the students being allowed to take free or reduced lunch had mandatory uniforms. 53% of the schools with 75% of the students being allowed to take free or reduced lunch had mandatory uniforms. Oppenheimer concluded, based on school uniforms being more common in schools with student bodies from low income backgrounds, that mandatory uniforms "have really become a feature of poor schools."
Research studies and legislation
According to Oppenheimer, "When independent researchers have tried to quantify [claims that school uniforms are effective], they have had mixed results."
The National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) conducted a phone survey of 755 principals in 2000, which revealed that 21% of public schools had a uniform policy; 23% had firm plans to create one.
Adolfo Santos, a political science professor at the University of Houston–Downtown, stated that many Hispanic communities in the United States choose uniforms because many immigrants originate from countries with schools requiring uniforms.
Sylvan I. Alleyne, Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell of The Journal of Negro Education stated that little empirical research exists regarding how effective school uniforms are in enhancing academic performance and social environments, and that little research exists regarding teachers' beliefs regarding issues related to dress codes, especially so regarding racial and ethnic minorities. In the United States, literature regarding public school student clothing and behavior cites anecdotal viewpoints from teachers. The literature discussed opinions on faculty, staff, and other employees on how to deal with student dress issues. A 2003 article of The Journal of Negro Education said that research and reports regarding the beneficial impact of school uniforms was not conclusive. Despite the federal government of the United States issuing a set of guidelines encouraging school uniforms in public schools, as of 2003 political support varied.
In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District, in Southern California, required school uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. This began a trend for uniforms in American elementary public schools, especially in urban school districts. President Clinton praised the idea in his 1996 State of the Union Address, saying that "if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms." The adoption of school- or district-wide uniform policies (or "standardised dress codes", less rigid than uniform requirements and allowing some leeway in parameters) has been motivated by a need to counter "gang clothing" or the pressure for families to purchase upscale-label clothing (to avoid the ostracism of their children by "fashion cliques"), as well as to improve morale and school discipline. Oppenheimer examined the study and argued that "the city had taken many other measures to reduce violence at the same time, so it’s hard to tease out how much uniforms mattered."
American Samoa
All public school students in American Samoa wear school uniforms.
Guam
Since 2008, Board Policy 401 has made school uniform mandatory in all Guam Department of Education public schools.
Northern Mariana Islands
In 2009, Hopwood Middle School on Saipan introduced a mandatory school uniform, requiring students to wear blue or gold shirts.
Puerto Rico
In Puerto Rico, the Department of Education requires all students to wear school uniforms, with only medical exemptions.
US Virgin Islands
Schools on the United States Virgin Islands require uniforms. Some schools require female students to wear skirts.
Uruguay
Uniforms are compulsory in all Uruguayan public schools.
The design has been the same since the 1900s, a white coat with a blue ribbon on the neck. It was implemented to promote social equity amongst students of different social backgrounds.
Uzbekistan
In August 2017, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev proposed the introduction of a standardized compulsory uniform across all Uzbek public primary and secondary schools. In August 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan formally adopted a resolution to enforce the new uniform policy beginning in the 2019/20 school year. In July 2022, Minister of Public Education announced the standardized uniform policy will be implemented gradually through 2025.
Vanuatu
School uniforms are widely worn in Ni-Vanuatu schools.
Vietnam
Most schools in Vietnam require uniforms. The rules on uniforms vary between schools and areas. The most common type of uniform consists of a white shirt with the school emblem on the left sleeve and navy/black trousers for boys or skirts for girls, with a red scarf for students from grade 3 to grade 9. Many schools (usually private or famous public schools) have their own designed uniforms, which often include bows, ties or vests/blazers.
The white áo dài, representing the purity and innocence of youth, is used by high school girls in Vietnam, but nowadays, most schools only require it for important events or ceremonies, since wearing áo dài is uncomfortable for daily use. The image of a high school girl with nón lá and white áo dài on a bicycle is considered symbolic.
There are also uniforms for physical education in Vietnamese schools. This usually includes shirts and tracksuits. Both outfits have the school emblem on the chest. The tracksuits are popular in the north, where they are often worn in the winter, even outside of gym activity.
There are no specific shoes for Vietnamese students. However, flip-flops, slippers, and especially high heels are forbidden. Sandals and boots are allowed, although students normally wear sneakers or flats to school. Dyed hair, nail polish and make-up are explicitly banned in virtually all schools.
Venezuela
School uniforms are used in Venezuela. By Venezuelan decree, uniforms are required at all schools in all grades. Boys wear navy trousers and girls wear navy skirts or trousers, depending on the school. The shirts have short sleeves and the colour varies by the level in which the student is. Students in nursery wear yellow shirts, while students in kindergarten wear red shirts. From first to sixth grade, students wear white polo shirts. From seventh to ninth grade they wear light blue polo shirts, and from tenth to eleventh grade they wear beige polo shirts. These shirts are to be stuffed inside the trousers with a black belt. Black dress shoes are the norm in public school, however some private schools can be more flexible with the shoes to be worn.
Yemen
Uniforms are worn in Yemeni schools.
Zambia
School uniforms are ubiquitous across Zambian government and private schools.
Zimbabwe
School uniforms are worn in most Zimbabwean schools, but these policies are not legally mandated.
See also
Uniform fetishism
References
Bibliography
Alleyne, Sylvan I., Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell. "Black Educators' Views on Middle School Students' Dress and Uniforms: Addressing Challenges from Commercialism." The Journal of Negro Education. Vol. 72, No. 4, Commercialism in the Lives of Children and Youth of Color: Education and Other Socialization Contexts (Autumn, 2003), pp. 418–426. Available at JSTOR, Available at EBSCOHost.
School uniform
Education issues
Children's clothing
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41018086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Texas%20Strikers%20season
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2013–14 Texas Strikers season
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The 2013–14 Texas Strikers season was the second season of the Texas Strikers professional indoor soccer club. The Texas Strikers, a Central Division team in the Professional Arena Soccer League, played their home games at Ford Arena in Beaumont, Texas. The team was led by general manager and head coach Chris "Topper" Cogan.
Season summary
The Texas Strikers stumbled from the start of the season, dropping 15 consecutive matches. Only a home win over the Tulsa Revolution in their final match allowed them to earn a 1–15 record. The team did not qualify for post-season play.
The Strikers participated in the 2013–14 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer starting with a bye in the Round of 32 and a Round of 16 game against Austin FC of the Premier Arena Soccer League on January 3, 2014. The Strikers lost that match 4–6, ending their tournament run.
History
The 2012–13 Texas season was the first for the Strikers, Beaumont's first professional soccer team. The team struggled early on but split its final six regular season matches, finishing with a 3–13 record. While they failed to advance to the postseason, the franchise fared better at the box office, placing seventh in the 19-team league for average home attendance in their first year.
Roster moves
The team held a pair of open tryouts in September 2013. One was held in Houston on September 7 at the Southwest Indoor Soccer Center while the other was held September 21 in Beaumont at the Quinn Indoor Soccer Complex.
Schedule
Regular season
U.S. Open Cup for Arena Soccer
♥ Postponed from December 14, 2013
References
External links
Texas Strikers official website
Cris Quinn Indoor Soccer Complex official website
Oxford City FC of Texas seasons
Texas Strikers
Texas Strikers 2013
Texas Strikers 2013
Texas Strikers 2013
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41018096
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Norfolk%27s%20Case
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Duke of Norfolk's Case
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Duke of Norfolk's Case (1682) 3 Ch Cas 1; 22 ER 931 is an important legal judgment of the House of Lords that established the common law rule against perpetuities. The case related to establishing inheritance for grandchildren of Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel including grandchildren who were not yet born.
Facts of the case
In the case, the Earl of Arundel tried to create a shifting executory limitation so that some of his property would pass to his eldest son, Thomas (who was mentally deficient), and then to his second son, Henry. Henry would at first receive other property, but that would pass to the fourth son, Charles, if Henry succeeded to Thomas's property. The estate plan also included provisions for shifting the property many generations later if certain conditions should occur.
When Henry, by then the 6th Duke of Norfolk, succeeded to Thomas's property, he did not want to pass the other property to Charles. Charles sued to enforce his interest, and the House of Lords held that such a shifting condition could not exist indefinitely. The judges believed that tying up property too long beyond the lives of people living at the time was wrong, although the exact period was not determined until Cadell v. Palmer (1883), 150 years later.
Rule in the case
The rule against perpetuities is closely related to another doctrine in the common law of property, the rule against unreasonable restraints on alienation. Both stem from an underlying principle or reference in the common law disapproving of restraints on property rights.
However, while a violation of the rule against perpetuities is also a violation of the rule against unreasonable restraints on alienation, the reciprocal is not true. As one has stated, "The rule against perpetuities is an ancient, but still vital, rule of property law intended to enhance marketability of property interests by limiting remoteness of vesting."
The rule has been recognized in some jurisdictions in the United States in Wedel v. American Elec. Power Service Corp. In the United States, the law favors the vesting of estates as early as possible, as the provisions of the rule are predicated upon "public policy" and thus "constitute non-waivable, legal prohibitions, and in Australia through statute.
References
English property case law
1682 in England
1682 in law
17th century in case law
House of Lords cases
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41018107
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farai%20Tumbare
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Farai Tumbare
|
Farai Tumbare (born 6 July 1978) is a Zimbabwean former basketball player. Nicknamed The Tombstone, he was a member of the Zimbabwean men's national basketball team.
Early life
Tumbare comes from the high density suburb of Tafara in Harare, Zimbabwe, was a primary and high school captain and an excellent academic and sportsperson.
Club career
He was a member of the Cameo outfit coached by Roderick Takawira that won both the Harare Basketball League and National League titles for three straight seasons from 2004 to 2006.
National team career
Tumbare captained both Mashonaland and Zimbabwean men's national basketball teams between the years 2003–2009.
References
External links
Profile at Afrobasket.com
1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Harare
Zimbabwean men's basketball players
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41018108
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Central%20Michigan%20Chippewas%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2013–14 Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball team
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The 2013–14 Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball team represented Central Michigan University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Chippewas, led by second year head coach Keno Davis, played their home games at the McGuirk Arena as members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 10–21, 3–15 in MAC play to finish in fifth place in the West Division. They lost in the first round of the MAC tournament to Eastern Michigan.
Season
Preseason
Head coach Keno Davis announced the Chippewas' season schedule on September 3, 2013. The main highlight of the schedule was the first ever Central Michigan Tournament, with Montana State, Austin Peay, and Cal State Northridge participating. The Chippewas also schedule to visit Atlantic 10 squad Dayton. For the conference schedule, the Chippewas scheduled home-and-home series with Ball State, Eastern Michigan, Northern Illinois, Toledo, Western Michigan, Miami, and Kent State, while hosting Buffalo and Akron and visiting Ohio and Bowling Green.
November
The Chippewas opened the regular season on November 8, 2013, with a dominating win over Division III opponent Manchester. John Simons scored 27 points to lead the Chippewas to a 101–49 victory.
Roster
Schedule and results
Source:
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!colspan=9 style="background:#660033; color:#FFCC00;"| Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style="background:#660033; color:#FFCC00;"| Non-conference games
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!colspan=9 style="background:#660033; color:#FFCC00;"| Conference games
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!colspan=9 style="background:#660033; color:#FFCC00;"| 2014 MAC tournament
See also
2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
References
Central Michigan
Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball seasons
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41018118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Hasan%20Mamaqani
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Mohammad Hasan Mamaqani
|
Mohammad Hasan Mamaqani (; 1822–March 15, 1905) was a leading mujtahid of Najaf in the 19th century.
He was born and educated in Najaf . He studied with the highest religious authority of his time, Morteza Ansari. His daughter and her son became renowned scholars in their own right, Bibi Khanum (d. 1950) and Mohammad Hadi al-Milani (d. 1975).
He is buried under the iwan of the Husayn shrine.
Further reading
Keddie, Nikki R., Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2003.
Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism, Yale University Press, 1985.
See also
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hadi Milani
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
Iraqi ayatollahs
1822 births
1905 deaths
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41018122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Western%20Kentucky%20Hilltoppers%20basketball%20team
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2013–14 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball team
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The 2013–14 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers men's basketball team represented Western Kentucky University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Hilltoppers were led by head coach Ray Harper in his second full year after coaching the final 19 games in 2011–12. They played their home games at E. A. Diddle Arena and were members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 20–12, 12–6 in Sun Belt play to finish in second place. They lost in the semifinals of the Sun Belt Conference tournament where they lost to Louisiana–Lafayette. Despite having 20 wins, they did not play in a postseason tournament.
This was their last season as a member of the Sun Belt as they will move to Conference USA in July, 2014.
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style="background:#F5002F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style="background:#F5002F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#F5002F; color:#FFFFFF;"| Sun Belt Tournament
References
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball seasons
WKU
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball basketball
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball basketball
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41018132
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Liga%20Nacional%20Menor%20de%20Voleibol%20Femenino
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2013 Liga Nacional Menor de Voleibol Femenino
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The 2012 Liga Nacional Menores de Voleibol Femenino (Spanish for: 2012 Girls' Youth National Volleyball League) or 2012 LNMVF is the 1st edition of the Peruvian Volleyball League in the youth category (U17). The competition is open for all 12 teams who have the A1 category in the LNSV, for this season 11 out of the 12 teams signed up. Teams were made up of U17 players.
Competing Teams
Teams were seeded according to how they finished in the 2012 Junior Edition.
Competition format
The competition is divided in two phases, the group round in which teams are divided into two groups and they will play once against the other teams in the same pool, after the first round is finished, the top three teams will move on to the next round. The final round is a single round-robyn with all six teams playing one against the other 5, including the teams that had already played each other in the group round, the top team ranking wise will be named champion.
First round
Pool A
Pool B
Final round
Final ranking
Matches
Final standing
Individual awards
Most valuable player
Hilary Palma (Sporting Cristal)
Best scorer
Hilary Palma (Sporting Cristal)
Best spiker
Hilary Palma (Sporting Cristal)
Best blocker
Nair Canessa (Géminis)
Best server
Xiomara Mariche (Géminis)
Best digger
Hannah Sobrado (Túpac Amaru)
Best setter
Carol García (Túpac Amaru)
Best receiver
Alyson Lora (Géminis)
Best libero
Hannah Sobrado (Túpac Amaru)
References
External links
LNSV
Voleibol.pe
Volleyball competitions in Peru
2013 in Peruvian sport
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41018142
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20I%20%28bishop%20of%20Langres%29
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Lambert I (bishop of Langres)
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Venerable Lambert I (died 1031) was the count–bishop of Langres from 1016 until his death. He is sometimes called "Lambert of Vignory", but this is a result of confusion with bishop Lambert II. Nothing certain is known of his family, save that he had a married sister named Letgardis. Lambert was a cathedral provost under his predecessor, Bruno.
Lambert's election as bishop, after Bruno's death on 30 January 1016, was orchestrated by King Robert II of France, who in return received from the bishop the county of Dijon. Whereas Bruno had been a Carolingian legitimist, Lambert's election represented a shift in allegiance in the Duchy of Burgundy towards the new Capetian dynasty. In October 1016, Lambert presided over the dedication of the renovated abbatial basilica of Saint-Bénigne de Dijon, a project of Bruno's. According to the contemporary chronicler Radulfus Glaber, at the dedication the abbot, William of Volpiano, ranted about the unusual dress and hairstyle of those from southern France who had accompanied King Robert's wife, Constance of Arles. The rant probably belongs in the context of a dispute between old guard (anti-Capetian) and new (pro-Capetian).
In 1019, Lambert extended the proprietary rights of Aimo, count of Bolenois, over the abbacy (abbatia) of Sexfontaines. He granted him the abbey "to make improvements" (in melius augmentando), and permitted his wife and sons to inherit it in lordship (dominatio) under the bishop's authority. Upon their deaths it would have reverted to episcopal control, but in 1030 Lambert authorised its sale to William of Volpiano.
On 8 April 1022, Lambert made a grant to Count Humbert I of Savoy.
Notes
Sources
1031 deaths
Bishops of Langres
Year of birth unknown
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41018144
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%20Hui-jin
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Pak Hui-jin
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Pak Huijin (, December 4, 1931 – March 31, 2015) was a South Korean poet.
Life
Pak Huijin was born in Gyeonggi Province in Korea in 1931, during the period of Japanese colonial rule. In 1956 at the age of 25, three of his poems were recommended to the arts journal Literary Art (문학예술), thus beginning his formal career as a poet. His love of literature, however, was apparent from a very young age. He recalls that when he was asked as a primary school student about his dream for the future, he answered unhesitatingly, "to become a writer." Due to the colonial circumstances of the time, he spoke and wrote in Japanese, and because his first encounters with literature were in Japanese, he was greatly interested in Japanese novels and poetry, especially the haiku.
Pak attended Korea University, where he majored in English, and worked as a teacher at Tongseong Junior High and High School. He was a member of the Sahwajip literary club in the 1960s, and also a member of the poetry reading club Space.
Pak Huijin, who remained single his entire life, admitted in his own words, "I married poetry." He refrained from participation in writers' groups which often fell into the snares of political ideology, rather devoting himself to the perfecting of his poetic art. He has boasted that he "made real contributions to the literary coterie magazine movement in Korea," and also had great pride as the poet "who first truly experimented with the poetry recitation movement." Defining poets as those who are "insanely in love with words," he emphasized that poets "must pour every ounce of their effort into language".
Career
Pak Huijin's poetry starkly contrasts heaven and earth and contradictions between light and darkness. Following Korea's liberation from Japan, Pak engrossed himself in writing poetry in his mother tongue. At first his Korean was inelegant, but he strove to create his own poetic world, drawing upon artistic trends from both inside and outside Korea. Having majored in English literature at university, Pak was heavily influenced by Romantic poets like T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats, as well as the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke and the French poet Paul Valéry. Pak also received great inspiration from traditionalist Korean poets, such as his contemporaries, the renowned Seo Jeong-ju and Yu Chi-hwan, as well as Jo Jihun, Pak Mok-wol and Pak Dujin, both of whom wrote traditional nature poetry.
Unusually for modern Korean poets, Pak Huijin also wrote traveling poems, primarily as a result of his extensive travel in the United States and Europe.
Works
Works in translation
Himmelsnetz ()
Sunrise Over the East Sea ()
Works in Korean (partial)
Chamber Music (, 1960)
The Bronze Age (, 1965)
Smiling Silence (, 1970)
Beneath the Seoul Sky (, 1979)
Three Hundred and Fourteen Four-Line Poems (, 1982)
The Stream in My Heart (, 1982)
Dreams in Iowa (, 1985)
Lovers in the Lilacs (, 1985)
Poet, Be a Prophet! (, 1985)
The Song of Scattered Petals (, 1988)
The Azaleas of Bukhan Mountain (, 1990)
300 Four-Line Verses (, 1991)
The Buddha in the Lotus Blossom (, 1993)
The Pines at Morundae (, 1995)
Seven Hundred One-Line Verses (, 1997)
A Hundred Views at a Hundred Temples (, 1999)
Spiritual Songs of the Hwarang (, 1999)
Twenty Views from Tong River (, 1999)
Sky, Earth, Human (, 2000)
Bak Huijin's World Travel Poetry Collection (, 2001)
Four Hundred Four-Line Verses (, 2002)
Nine-Hundred and Sixty One-Line Verses and Seven Hundred and Thirty Seventeen-Word Verses, and More (, 2003)
Tamna Island as It Dreams (, 2004)
Awards
Woltan Literary Award (1976)
Prize of Modern Poetry (1988)
Poetry Prize of the Korean Poets' Association
References
1931 births
South Korean male poets
2015 deaths
20th-century South Korean poets
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century male writers
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41018204
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di%20Gi%E1%BA%A5u%20M%E1%BA%B7t
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Người Giấu Mặt
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Người giấu mặt () is a Vietnamese version of the Big Brother reality television show based on the Dutch television series of the same name originally created in 1997 by John de Mol's company Endemol. The show is based on a group of strangers, known as Housemates, living together twenty-four hours a day in the "Big Brother" house, isolated from the outside world but under constant surveillance with no privacy for five months more.
The show was launched on VTV6's primetime block from November 12, 2013 and concluded on January 14, 2014. Twelve strangers originally have the first meeting, and later one more housemate was introduced after ones leaving.
After nearly 11 years rekindled the idea of bringing Big Brother to Vietnam, VTV6 and coordinate production BHD, Vietnamese version called Người giấu mặt. The first live show officially aired on VTV6 at 19:55 on Tuesday, November 12. With a prize for the winner is 2 billion. At this point, there is no reality TV program in Vietnam does have large metal awards show as Người giấu mặt. Also according to the manufacturer's representatives BHD, this program also holds the first place on the level of cost and complexity than mass reality TV show world's most famous BHD has taken other show. The production crew of up to 150 people at 12 international experts. More than 40 cameras, camera equipment from automatic robot hand to be requisitioned.
There are no plans for future seasons due to the government's new policy for television.
In 2016, the 7th Season of Pinoy Big Brother used this house and was redecorated especially for that season.
Housemates
Nominations table
: Thảo and Trang received an extra vote due to rule breaking.
: Bửu won a challenge in the weekly task and had one positive point to add to his total.
: This week, housemates nominated 3 other housemates instead of 2.
Nominations total received
References
External links
List of broadcasts of Vietnam Television (VTV)
https://web.archive.org/web/20131109064538/http://www.bigbrothervietnam2013.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20131109014558/http://www.nguoigiaumat.vtv.vn/
Vietnam
Vietnamese television series
Vietnam Television original programming
2010s Vietnamese television series
2013 Vietnamese television series debuts
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41018259
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Asian%20Games%20medalists%20in%20modern%20pentathlon
|
List of Asian Games medalists in modern pentathlon
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This is the complete list of Asian Games medalists in modern pentathlon from 1994 to 2018.
Men
Individual
Team
Relay
Women
Individual
Team
Relay
References
Modern Pentathlon @ Asian Games Preview
External links
International Pentathlon Federation
Modern pentathlon
medalists
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41018279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th%20National%20Congress%20of%20the%20Kuomintang
|
19th National Congress of the Kuomintang
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The 19th National Congress of the Kuomintang () was the nineteenth national congress of the Kuomintang (KMT), which held on 10 November 2013 in Taichung Harbor Sports Stadium, Wuqi, Taichung, Taiwan.
History
The 19th national congress was originally planned to be held on 29 September 2013 at National Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, but later changed to Taichung due to security concern.
Results
This congress marked the official inauguration of Ma Ying-jeou second term as Chairman of KMT in which he had won previously with 91.85% result during the KMT chairmanship election on 20 July 2013. Lien Chan and Wu Po-hsiung were reelected as KMT honorary chairmen. The current six vice chairpersons of KMT were also remain in their post.
See also
Kuomintang
References
2013 conferences
2013 in Taiwan
National Congresses of the Kuomintang
Politics of Taiwan
November 2013 events in Asia
2010s political conferences
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41018293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-ner%20%28Get%20It%3F%29
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Die-ner (Get It?)
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Die-ner (Get It?) (also known as Kentucky Fried Zombies) is a 2009 American zombie comedy directed and written by Patrick Horvath. It stars Joshua Grote as a serial killer who must contend with his victims as they rise from the dead during a zombie apocalypse. Liesel Kopp and Parker Quinn play a quarreling couple he takes hostage.
Plot
Ken arrives in a small diner and makes small talk with the waitress, Rose. After listening to Rose's story, Ken reveals that he's a serial killer, and he quickly kills her and the cook, Fred. Ken cleans up and hides the bodies, but before he can leave the diner, he hears Kathy and Rob, an unhappily married couple, pulling in. Ken decides to bide his time and wait for an opening, and he pretends to be employed at the diner. As Ken prepares to strike, the local sheriff, Duke, appears. Frustrated by all the interruptions and questions, Ken attempts to bluff his way past Duke, but Fred and Rose stumble out of the storage room and leave Duke satisfied. Not sure what to make of the situation, Ken plays along. When the zombies attack Duke, Ken takes Kathy and Rob hostage, tapes down all the zombies, and decides to wait out the zombie attack. After he dies from his wounds, Duke comes back as a zombie, and they tape him down, too. Kathy and Rob attempt to deal with Ken, the zombies, and Jesse, Duke's talkative deputy, who shows up trying to find out Duke's fate. Eventually, Rob is killed by the zombies, and Jesse kills Kathy. Ken attempts to escape from the diner, but he is captured by the zombies and torn apart before he can make it to safety.
Cast
Production
The film was shot in nine days. Fellow filmmaker Dallas Hallam served as assistant director. The two later co-directed Entrance.
Release
Die-ner played at the Big Bear Lake International Film Festival on October 17, 2009, and at the Hollywood Film Festival on October 24, 2009. On October 31, 2009, it played at the South African Horrorfest, where Maria Olsen won the Best Supporting Female award. It was released on DVD on August 24, 2010.
Reception
In The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, academic Peter Dendle called the title "cheesy beyond comprehension" but wrote that the title "belies a wry, offbeat script, some solid performances, and some hilarious zombie moments." In a positive review, Scifi Pulse called the film "compelling, introspective and, at times, claustrophobic". Bruce Kooken of HorrorNews.net also criticized the title but stated that the comedic elements and character development make it an entertaining film.
References
External links
2009 films
2009 comedy horror films
2000s serial killer films
American comedy horror films
American independent films
American serial killer films
American zombie comedy films
2009 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
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41018297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic%20Illusion%2025%20%28The%20Rarities%29
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Tragic Illusion 25 (The Rarities)
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Tragic Illusion 25 (The Rarities) is a compilation album by gothic metal band Paradise Lost. It was released on 5 November 2013 through Century Media. The compilation album contains a previously unreleased track "Loneliness Remains" as well as two cover tracks, two remixes, and two re-recordings.
Track listing
Credits
Paradise Lost
Nick Holmes – vocals
Greg Mackintosh – lead guitars
Aaron Aedy – rhythm guitar
Steve Edmondson – bass guitar
Adrian Erlandsson - drums (1-4, 13, 14)
Additional musicians
Peter Damin - drums (5-8)
Jeff Singer – drums (9-12)
Charts
References
2013 albums
Paradise Lost (band) albums
Century Media Records albums
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41018355
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Football%20League%20head%20coach%20wins%20leaders
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List of National Football League head coach wins leaders
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The following is a list of the top National Football League (NFL) head coaches in wins.
Don Shula holds the current records for regular season wins at 347. Bill Belichick holds the record for postseason wins at 31. Belichick is also the active leader in regular season wins, with 331.
List
This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL head coaches in order of total regular season wins. The table also shows every team for which he was a head coach and his record with each team.
When sorting by team, coaches are listed in order of wins for that team.
Teams Grouped Together:
Notes
The NFL did not officially count ties in the standings until . Therefore, ties occurring prior to 1972 do not count toward a coach's win percentage, while ties occurring 1972 or later count as half-win, half-loss.
Does not include Paul Brown's four-year AAFC record of 47–4–3.
In 2012, Bruce Arians served as acting head coach of the Indianapolis Colts for 12 games as head coach Chuck Pagano was on medical leave. The Colts' 9–3 record in these games is credited to Pagano and is reflected in the totals on this chart.
Does not include Ray Flaherty's four-year AAFC record of 26–16–2.
Does not include Buck Shaw's four-year AAFC record of 38–14–2.
Postseason wins
See also
List of current National Football League head coaches
List of Super Bowl head coaches
NFL head coach playoff records
List of professional gridiron football coaches with 200 wins
References
head coaches
National Football League records and achievements
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41018375
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase%20Ford
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Chase Ford
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Chase Ford (born July 19, 1990) is a former American football tight end. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2012, and has also played for the Minnesota Vikings and Baltimore Ravens. He played college football at Kilgore College from 2008–09, then played at the University of Miami.
Early years
Ford attended Corrigan-Camden High School in Corrigan, Texas, where he was a letterman in football, basketball and track. In football, he played as a tight end, and earned All-District honors as a senior. In basketball, he was named to All-State basketball team in Class 2A. In track & field, he competed as a sprinter and ran the third leg on the Bulldogs' 4 × 400 m relay squad, helping them win the Texas Class 2A T&F Meet with a time of 3:20.08 minutes.
Following his senior season, he played football at Kilgore Junior College in Kilgore, Texas, where he earned 2nd-Team JUCO All-America honors after leading the conference with 32 receptions for 545 receiving yards.
College career
After his sophomore season at Kilgore, Ford chose to enroll at the University of Miami over scholarship offers from Arizona and Illinois. He played for the Miami Hurricanes football team as a tight end from 2010 to 2011. As a junior in 2010, he appeared in nine games, recording 37 yards against Notre Dame in the Sun Bowl. He had three games with at least two catches. As a senior in 2011, he played in all 12 games, recording at least one catch in seven games. He scored his lone touchdown of the season against Duke. He registered a season-high 33-yard reception against Kansas State. He also recorded two receptions in games against Florida State and Virginia.
He majored in sociology at the University of Miami, earning his degree in spring 2012.
Professional career
2012 NFL Combine
Philadelphia Eagles
On April 29, 2012, he signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent, where he spent a week on the practice squad.
Minnesota Vikings
On December 26, 2012, he was signed with the Minnesota Vikings to join the practice squad. Ford was added to the roster in 2013 when starting Tight End Kyle Rudolph was injured. In 2013 he played in 9 games, made 11 catches for 133 yards with a 12.1 catch average. The following season, he played in 11 games with 23 catches for 258 yards and one touchdown for 22 yards.
He was waived on November 11, 2015. He then was re-signed to the practice squad on November 13, 2015.
Baltimore Ravens
On November 17, 2015, Ford was signed from the Minnesota Vikings practice squad to the Ravens. He was placed on the team's injured reserve on November 30. On April 12, 2016, the Ravens waived Ford making him a free agent.
Cleveland Browns
Ford was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on April 13, 2016. On April 20, 2016, the Browns released Ford.
References
External links
Miami Hurricanes bio
Minnesota Vikings bio
1990 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Miami Hurricanes football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Minnesota Vikings players
Baltimore Ravens players
Cleveland Browns players
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41018389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Yun-gi
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Lee Yun-gi
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Lee Yun-gi (Hangul: 이윤기, May 3, 1947 - August 27, 2010) is a prize-winning modern South Korean writer and translator.
Life
Lee Yun-gi was born in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, on May 5, 1947. Although Lee Yun-gi (1947~ ) made his official literary debut in 1977 and published his first collection of short stories, White Helicopter in 1988, it was not until the mid-1990s that he gained recognition as a fiction writer. For the first twenty years of his career, Lee was better known as a prolific translator and by the time his first novel, The Gates of Heaven, appeared in 1994, he had translated and published over 150 works including Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose and Foucault’s Pendulum.
Work
Lee Yun-gi utilizes his knowledge of mythology to build narratives rich in symbols and metaphors. His background in translating, which requires attention to the exact meaning of each word, gives his language precision and accuracy. His writing contains a great deal of dialogue. Although Korean writers tend to focus more on descriptions than dialogues, Lee Yun-gi relies much on dialogues to drive his narrative forward. His dialogues are pithy but meaningful and so dynamic that the readers often imagine themselves listening to a real conversation.
In his works, Lee focuses on understanding various forms of life through communication with others and thereby embraces life. Lee’s attitude toward life is marked by a sense of generosity and optimism. He does not complain about life’s cruelties, become frustrated by hardships or despair over the baseness of human nature. Rather than exposing the problems in life, he concentrates on resolving them through his work. Lee often uses aphorisms—old ones reshaped or new ones penned by the author and strategically placed throughout the text—that attempt to express a certain universal truth about life. Another characteristic of Lee’s fiction is humor and wit. The comedy of a given situation is brought to life through the author’s multi-layered style of writing that initially delays understanding and then allows his characters an epiphanic moment later on. Lee draws freely from his knowledge of both eastern and western history, mythologies and culture.
In 1998 Lee won the Dong-in Literature Prize and in 2008 he won the Daesan Literature Award and the Korean Translation Award.
Works in Korean (Partial)
Short Story Collections
White Helicopter (Hayan hellikopteo) (1977), Seeing One Road,
Seeing Two Roads (Oegil bogi, dugil bogi)
Butterfly Necktie (Nabi nektai) (1995)
Novels
Gate to Heaven (Haneurui mun) (1994)
Sunlight and Moonlight (Haetbitgwa dalbit)(1996)
An Offspring of Love (Sarangui jongja)
House Where Trees Pray (Namuga gidohaneun jip)(1999)
Essay Collections
School for Adults (Eoreunui hakgyo)
Rainbow and Prism (Mujigaewa peuriseum)
Translations
The Name of the Rose (Jangmiui ireum)
Foucault’s Pendulum (Pukoui jinja),
The Island of the Day Before (Jeonnarui seom) by Umberto Eco
Shamanism (Shamaniseum) by Mircen Eliade
Metamorphoses (Byeonsin iyagi) by Ovid
Men and Symbols (Ingangwa sangjing) by Carl Jung
Awards
Dong-in Literary Award (1998)
Daesan Literary Awards (2008)
Korean Translation Award (2008)
References
External links
두산백과 이윤기 (Lee Yun-gi) Doosan Encyclopedia
한국현대문학대사전 이윤기 (Lee Yun-gi) 한국현대문학대사전
1947 births
2010 deaths
Korean writers
South Korean translators
20th-century translators
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41018416
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold-Fun
|
Gold-Fun
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Gold-Fun (大運財, formerly known as Strada Colorato 17 January 2009 – 7 August 2016) was an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse trained in Hong Kong since 2012. He is notable for winning the Hong Kong Classic Mile 2013, National Day Cup 2013 (HKG3–1400m), the HKG2 Oriental Watch Sha Tin Trophy, the HKG1 Queen's Silver Jubilee Cup 2014 and the Celebration Cup 2014.
Background
Born on 17 January 2009 in Ireland, Gold-Fun was sired by Le Vie Dei Colori, a fourteen-time winner including the champion of Premio Vittorio Di Capua (GI) of Italy.
Racing career
During his time in Ireland, Gold-Fun won a race and thereafter finished 2nd in another.
Gold-Fun acquired his first Class 3 1600m champion in his second race in Hong Kong in December 2012, thanks to his quick adaptation to environment. His consistent improvement led him to the championship of a Class 2 1600m race on the first day of 2013 and to the championship of the Hong Kong Classic Mile 2013 nineteen days later. He is also the 2nd runner-up of BMW Hong Kong Derby 2013, losing only by a neck to the champion Akeed Mofeed.
On 1 October 2013, he was crowned champion of the National Day Cup 2013. Not long after the victory on 1 October, he won the trophy of the HKG2 Oriental Watch Sha Tin Trophy at Sha Tin racecourse on 27 October 2013. Gold-Fun continued his victory by winning the G2 BOCHK Wealth Management Jockey Club Mile on 17 November. Gold-Fun was the 1st runner-up of the G1 LONGINES Hong Kong Mile on 8 December 2013, losing by three-quarters of a length to the champion Glorious Days. Gold-Fun stamped his class on the HKG1 Queen's Silver Jubilee Cup (1400m) at Sha Tin racecourse on 16 March 2014, with a commanding half-length victory over the consistently gallant Dan Excel.
Gold-Fun had defied a 130lbs burden and a troubled stretch run to land the spoils in the 1400m contest from a star-studded field of rivals, and claimed the trophy of the Celebration Cup held on 5 October 2014. On 15 February 2015, Gold-Fun gained his first victory at a distance short of 1400m at HKG1 1200M The Chairman's Sprint Prize, winning a short-head from Aerovelocity. Gold-Fun continued his victory by winning the G2 BOCHK Wealth Management Jockey Club Sprint from Not Listenin’tome and Peniaphobia. On 18 June 2016, Gold-Fun ran second in the 1200m G1 Diamond Jubilee Stakes at Royal Ascot, losing narrowly by a neck to the champion Twilight Son. In the Prix Maurice de Gheest at Deauville Racecourse on 7 August he was in third place when he fell 75 metres from the finish and sustained fatal injuries.
Racing record
References
External links
Hong Kong Jockey Club
2009 racehorse births
2016 racehorse deaths
Horses who died from racing injuries
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in Hong Kong
Thoroughbred family 1-p
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41018470
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Incredulity%20of%20Father%20Brown
|
The Incredulity of Father Brown
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The Incredulity of Father Brown is a collection of eight stories by G. K. Chesterton, the third-published collection featuring the fictional detective Father Brown. It was first published as a book in 1926 by Cassell of London, whose monthly Cassell's Magazine featured the last of the eight stories in its April number, illustrated by Stanley Lloyd.
Contents
The 8 stories in this collection are:
"The Resurrection of Father Brown"
"The Arrow of Heaven"
"The Oracle of the Dog"
"The Miracle of Moon Crescent"
"The Curse of the Golden Cross"
"The Dagger with Wings"
"The Doom of the Darnaways"
"The Ghost of Gideon Wise"
According to The FictionMags Index, the first story was original to the collection; the last was published in the April 1926 number of Cassell's Magazine; the six intermediate stories had appeared in Nash's Pall Mall Magazine from December 1923 to July 1925, in a different sequence.
Summaries
The Resurrection of Father Brown
The scene begins with an American journalist named Paul Snaith critically assessing Father Brown's church and the other clerics there. He quickly changes his mind to please the famous businessman, Mendoza, who walks in with a lavish respect for the Church. Snaith then goes on a journalistic quest to make Father Brown's name great. Meanwhile in South America, Brown quickly begins to resent his growing fame and after dealing with his likewise growing workload (including endorsing a wine for a man named Eckstein and responding to a letter from a political rival named Alvarez), he goes out on a walk at night. During this walk, as he passes under a bridge, he is attacked by two mysterious men and left injured or killed.
The story shifts over to John Adams Race, an electrical engineer from America who was hired by Mendoza to improve the same small South American town in which Father Brown resides. Race, Chesterton says, is a man who is firmly attached to his Protestant and American background, despite not particularly being devoted to them, and in spite of himself, Race sees in Father Brown a reminder of what he loves about his upbringing. The story flashes back to show Race looking out his window to see Father Brown pass by in the night, soon followed by two other men. Race identifies these men as Eckstein and Dr. Calderon, a physician who attended to Mendoza. Race follows the two men out of suspicion, and immediately after they both disappear under the bridge after Brown does, where there are sounds of a fight.
A mob gathers around the scene and identifies Father Brown to be dead. As Race nears the bridge, Snaith comes out to confirm the story and describe what appears to have happened. As Race looks at the body of Brown, Alvarez, who is also near the body quickly claims to have no part in the murder. Mendoza and Dr. Calderon enter the scene as well, and again pronounce Father Brown dead.
A funeral is held for the simple priest, in which Mendoza decides to give a long, drawn-out speech. In his ramblings, he attacks all atheists, and is soon in a fiery argument with Alvarez, who rages against resurrection of the dead in part of his argument. Snaith silences the two by claiming that Father Brown is beginning to move. Father Brown then sits up and the mob attending the funeral becomes a frenzy of excitement about the event. Father Brown tries without success to calm the crowd, but when he is unable, he runs to the telegraph office to send to the Bishop's secretary that there was no miracle that had happened.
John Race walks Father Brown back to the church, where Brown begins to attempt to solve his own murder case.
As Brown describes his assault, he seems to indicate that it was faked. He says the weapons used against him never actually hit him, but instead he seemed to collapse and faint of some unknown source. He mentions to Race that the wine from Eckstein may have been drugged, and Race, who started as a druggist before coming to engineering, confirms the suspicion. In a flash of intuition, Brown realizes the schemes of his would-be murderers and recounts the details to Race. The plan was to fake the priest's death, then debunk it in order to show Brown as a sham. Brown concludes, saying he must go thank God that he was saved from disgrace and that he had so quickly contacted the Bishop with an unknowing counter-claim to the antagonists' plot against him and inviting Race to a drink of un-drugged wine.
The Arrow of Heaven
The story opens with Father Brown stepping off of a ship into America. He is immediately assaulted by journalists, then finally, upon answering their many questions, spoke with a tall man in goggles. The man asked if Brown was looking for "Captain Wain" and introduced himself as Norman Drage. The goggled man rambled on a little while and the simple priest was left very confused. Soon the two were driving with Captain Peter Wain down the road, as Wain and Drage recounted stories of two recent murders connected with a mystical "Coptic cup" by a notorious man known only as Daniel Doom.
An associate of Wain's uncle came into possession of this cup; the man was named Merton. As Wain explains, the previous two owners began receiving threatening letters from Doom before their murders, and at the death of the last victim, the widow was forced to sell many possessions the family had owned; Merton apparently purchased this cup, and presumably has begun to receive threatening letters.
When the three arrive at Merton's enormous mansion, just as they are about to enter, Drage stops and says that Merton would be too happy to see him, and leaves. Father Brown is curious at this behavior and as he surveys the house, notes with a surprise how thoroughly guarded it is. Wain describes how important Merton is to the world and how vital it is that he is protected while Father Brown laments how caged he must be.
As the pair is about to go into a safe-room to meet with Mr. Merton, Wain's uncle (Crake) and Merton's lawyer walk out, having just talked with him about business for a while. Soon Mr. Wilton (the secretary to Mr. Merton) comes out of the safe room to announce that Merton will be available in ten minutes. He also tells the priest of Merton's schedule and of having only fifteen minutes alone every day to worship the Coptic Cup. He brags of the defenses he apparently devised to protect Merton and claims them to be near- impenetrable. After Brown comments that Wilton seems to be more intent on catching the murderer than saving Merton, the secretary reveals that one of the previous victims of Daniel Doom was his father, so he means to protect Merton, but is very personally connected with catching the killer.
Father Brown remarks that it is time to go in to speak with the millionaire, and as he walks into the inner room, he reveals Merton to have been shot with an arrow and murdered.
Crake, having a history with Red Indian war tactics, along with his nephew Captain Wain, are implied to be suspects of Father Brown's search to find the murderer and over the course of a few weeks, he speaks with each of them. Potentially, Wain flew a plane over or near the mansion, while his uncle shot Merton with an arrow through an open window. Both men are astounded to realize Brown's possible story of the event, but the priest refuses to comment on his thoughts.
Soon a conversation with Drage ensues. Whereas previously he was very finely dressed and upbeat, he is now bitter and appears to be clothed much more shabbily. He seems glad that Mr. Merton has died, and praises old Eastern technology and religion that more or less would have helped kill him. Brown quickly dismisses the possibility of Drage having killed Merton, leaving Drage shocked at Brown's statement that he had needed the victim and would never have killed him.
After another interlude, Father Brown meets with a council of many people who had contact with Merton. There he debunks the idea that Drage could have killed the man, and instead claims that the arrow that was found in the victim most likely had been used to stab him, and later configured to appear as if it had been shot. Further, the priest explains that Wain and Crake could not have been the murderer either. He breaks in to then say that after speaking to Wilton, that Wilton had killed Doom in some wild struggle. Everyone in the room applauds Wilton's brash justice.
After much questioning, Father Brown reveals that Merton had been Daniel Doom and that Wilton, having hunted for so long to find him, finally killed him in vengeance of his father. The group becomes conflicted and angry, and Brown comments on the necessity of consistency in the case, pausing to mention that by now, Wilton is long gone.
The Oracle of the Dog
In the beginning of this story, Father Brown is petting a dog, next to a young man named Fiennes. The young man informs him of a recent murder and shows him a newspaper clipping describing the details of the case.
A man named Colonel Druce was murdered in his summer home on the coast of Yorkshire. Apparently, he was stabbed to death in his room, but the murder weapon is nowhere to be found. His son, daughter, and secretary all had no idea the murder took place, despite the home having only one entrance down a straight path through the garden. A man named Dr. Valentine (fiance of Miss Druce) was nearby and Druce's lawyer Aubrey Traill had just met with the Colonel, and both confirmed this story as well. Shortly after Traill met with the Colonel, his daughter came in to see him, only to find his body on the ground.
Fiennes reveals he had been walking a dog with Druce's nephews (Herbert and Harry) near the summer house when the man was murdered. He describes the secretary and the lawyer to Brown, and then goes on to tell of how ominous the walk felt and how the dog howled at just the moment before Druce's daughter found the body, when previously it had been chasing a walking stick that Harry Druce had thrown into the water. As Fiennes and the nephews neared the house, Fiennes reports that Traill was just leaving and looked happy when normally he was downcast or unpleasant. Just then the dog had started barking furiously at the lawyer, who seemed to flee away.
The priest jumps up after this description and scolds Fiennes for being superstitious and believing that a dog could condemn a man. Fiennes argues by saying that the lawyer had a tie pin that potentially could have fit a stiletto into it. He then goes on to say that one of the nephews who was with him (Harry) had former training as a detective. Harry had seen the dog growl at a few people before, including the secretary (Patrick Floyd), and growling was a better predictor of a dog's anger than barking. Additionally, Harry had found blood on the shears Floyd was using to trim the garden at the time.
At Brown's prompting, Fiennes further reveals that Traill had been in the house to help revise the Colonel's will and that the original witnesses of the signing were Dr. Valentine and the secretary. The secretary had gotten angry with Dr. Valentine for having changed his name at some point, which invalidated the will, to which Valentine made a comment attacking Americans. Druce was very angry at the doctor for this, and later Miss Druce and the doctor were seen whispering to each other something about murder.
Brown suggests perhaps the couple had worked together to kill the Colonel (the will was primarily favoring the daughter), at which Fiennes is appalled. Brown says he cannot do much to actually uncover the situation, but that Fiennes should continue searching and perhaps speak again with Harry Druce.
Several days later, Fiennes comes back, reporting Harry Druce to have committed suicide. Brown states that it was likely to have been the course of action after young Druce realized he had killed his uncle for nothing, after not having been written into the will. Fiennes is aghast and asks Brown to explain the murder.
As Brown describes it, the change of name by the doctor was from a French noble's title to the old family surname (Brown had heard of the family before). As a point of French etiquette, he considered challenging the secretary to a duel because of the debate of his name, while the Colonel's daughter tried to dissuade him from this.
Brown tells of how important the dog was to solving the crime, to which Fiennes remarks that it is surprising for him to suddenly trust in the instincts of a dog. The priest mentions that if people were not as superstitious about dogs as they were, then the animals could be used to actually help. He lays out the type of men that the secretary and the lawyer were: nervous, jumpy men; the type to scare suddenly and cut themselves on garden sheers when a girl screams, as well as the type that dogs would instinctively distrust.
Dogs are very straightforward, he says. They bark at people they do not like and people are afraid of dogs that do not like them. However, the murderer would have no fear of a witness who could not talk. Moreover, dogs pursue with everything they have in themselves. So the whine for not having found the walking stick that Harry Druce threw into the water was most likely because the stick had sunk and could not be found. That is, it had to house a sword used to kill the Colonel.
The Miracle of Moon Crescent
The story opens with a man named Warren Wynd sorting letters in an apartment in the town of Moon Crescent. Wynd is described to have an uncanny gift for snap decisions (apparently there is a story of him being approached by three beggars, two of which he immediately sent away, the third going on to be a useful personal assistant of his). A millionaire oil magnate named Silas Vandam is with him in the room, along with Wynd's personal servant (Wilson) and private secretary (Fenner Collins). Soon, the man dismisses the three of them so he can attend to more work.
In the hall, a man named Alboin comes to speak with Wynd. He speaks of a new atheist religion that Wynd will want to know about. The secretary refuses him access, along with Father Brown who mysteriously appears as part of the group, with no explanation. Brown insists on getting into the room to ensure Wynd is alright, due to having spoken with a man he had helped previously who called some curse down upon Warren Wynd and after doing so, fired a blank shot under Wynd's window.
Brown insists on checking, and Alboin soon strides forward to simply open the door. However, inside, Wynd is gone. Soon they call the authorities and answer questions until nightfall, at which point they leave and walk around Moon Crescent together. As they look into the distance, they see what appears to be a broken branch in a tree, but as the group gets closer to it, they soon recognize it to be the body of Wynd, who apparently hanged himself on the tree.
The police were soon pelting the group with questions again, making sure to avoid any superstition. Newspapers and magazines picked up the tale too, and attempted to give nearly the exact opposite effect, raving of Father Brown's mysterious intuition and the superstitions involved in the group. The police hired a famous psychologist named Dr. Vair to speak with the witnesses in order to more accurately assess what happened in the events of Wynd's death.
The professor begins to interrogate the group (without Father Brown) and attempts to convince them that Brown pulled some sort of trick in order to convince them to believe in a supernatural manner of Wynd's death. Collins becomes fed up with these accusations of their apparent lunacy or whatever else, and brings the rest of the group to talk with the priest about why the events happened the way they did.
They bring Father Brown in to Wynd's office a few days later to sign an official report of a miracle. They want Brown to sign first as an honor for having spotted it first; he politely refuses. The group is confounded and asks why, and Father Brown explains the whole event was in fact natural.
The shot, Brown explains, caused the victim to initially look out his window. Immediately, Wilson, who was a big strong man, from the floor above (where he was sent to collect papers) slipped a noose around Wynd's neck and hoisted him up, killing him. An unknown third man likely helped to get the body out to the tree, far away from the apartment, where the group found him hanging. As Brown reveals, these men were likely the three homeless men that Wynd sized up many years ago and passed off without having known them.
The Curse of the Golden Cross
This mystery starts in the Moravia, a ship travelling to England. Immediately introduced are Professor Smaill and Lady Diana Wales, along with the ship's register, Paul Tarrant. Also sitting at the table, Chesterton says, are Father Brown and a man named Leonard Smyth.
The group has a conversation on the Byzantine empire, Smaill's specialty, and at the end, Brown points out that the professor mostly avoided the subject altogether. The professor seems to instantly trust Brown and launches into a description of some recently discovered tomb in Sussex. In it was found a special cross that has great importance to history, but a fabled curse as well. However, as he describes it, the curse seems more likely a conspiracy.
Smaill jumps into another tale of his own golden cross, the only one similar to the other that has just been uncovered. Upon finding it in a labyrinth in Greece, Smaill realized there was a man following him in the ancient catacombs. The man threatened him and promised that someday he would murder the professor, were the cross not given up. Every now and then, the man still sends the professor notes to tell him that the plans for murder are going well. Smaill describes him as a cold, methodical man, likely from the West, due to the detached sense of a collector simply trying to find the prize. With the discovery of the new cross, the mad-man apparently increased his threats sevenfold and is desperate that Smaill never get his hands on the second cross.
The professor and the priest disembark to go to the tomb and upon arriving, find the entire group from the dinner table already at the tomb with them. The group meets with the Vicar of the church under which the tomb was found, and begins to explore the dark caverns leading to the golden cross. They finally reach the room in which the cross is held, and just as Smaill reaches out to touch the cross, the large stone slab of the coffin the cross is lying in slams shut, smashing the professor painfully in the head.
It is found out, after the professor is taken to a nearby doctor, that the Vicar has committed suicide. Father Brown goes to speak with the dinner party group, who then is ranting about the curse and how it will destroy them all. Brown dismisses this notion and tells of the falsehoods in the history of the stories associated with the tomb. Additionally, the cross seemed to be rigged to a small wooden peg that was holding the casket open. When the professor pulled the cross, the peg fell out, shutting the coffin, and hitting him in the head. But Brown reveals it was really the vicar who had been in the coffin; the maniac who had been pursuing Smaill thought that he had finally committed the murder and wanted to end his own life abruptly. Smaill recovers after a while and the group is able to go on with their lives in peace.
The Dagger with Wings
The renowned priest is called up one day by a doctor/ policeman named Dr. Boyne. A man named Aylmer had three sons and an adopted son named John Strake; when he died, he left a great fortune to Strake, but the three sons disputed the case with the law and managed to get the inheritance. Strake swore he would kill all three, and so far two are dead. Arnold Aylmer is the last alive and he is requesting police protection. The other two brothers died of apparent suicide or accident, but there is a chance Strake had managed to simply kill them masterfully and get away with it. Aylmer is now demanding police protection after his servants left because of his increasing agitation and impatience. Boyne admits that Father Brown is called in to be a compromise to Aylmer's demand.
When Brown gets to the mansion, it is dark and lonesome. He cannot get in, nor does there appear to be anyone at home. The place appears to have been barricaded. Finally, Father Brown manages to climb in through a window and is immediately confronted by a ragged Aylmer. The two begin to speak, and Aylmer recounted the deaths of both of his brothers and seeing a shadowy figure before their deaths, near the scenes of their murders. On the body of both men, notes were found with winged daggers on the notes, similar to threatening notes they had received before.
Aylmer brings the priest another note he had recently received with similar design and shows off a blunderbuss capable of firing silver bullets. He speaks a good deal about superstition and when he goes upstairs to get a picture of Strake to show Brown, the priest calls the police office to request backup.
Suddenly, there is a shout and the sound of gunfire, and Father Brown finds himself soon standing over the body of Strake along with Aylmer, who apparently shot him in some sort of confused vision of some sort. The man is satisfied that he has finally killed the apparent murderer of his brothers and goes back into his house to have a drink.
Aylmer tries then incessantly to convince Brown of some sort of universal existence among all things, which Brown denies. The priest then convicts Aylmer as the true John Strake for having killed the last of the brothers, just as the police arrive to detain Strake, who is even boastful of his murders.
As Boyne probes for answers, Brown uncovers the murder. Just as Brown had been entering the house, Strake had killed the last brother. He quickly swapped clothing and being much larger than Aylmer, hung the body in a cloak on the hat-stand, putting a hat over the head to cover it up. Then he put on the victim's nightgown in order to pretend to be Aylmer, and went down to meet Brown.
References
External links
The Incredulity of Father Brown at Project Gutenberg Australia
The Incredulity of Father Brown at Google Books
1926 short story collections
Detective fiction short story collections
Short stories by G. K. Chesterton
British short story collections
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41018543
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graniteville%2C%20Rhode%20Island
|
Graniteville, Rhode Island
|
Graniteville is a village located within the town of Johnston, Rhode Island.
During the Revolutionary War, Graniteville was the site of Rhode Island's only gunpowder mill which was funded by the Rhode Island General Assembly and run by James Goff until it exploded in 1779, killing Goff and destroying the mill. Graniteville was home to a large granite quarry in the 1800s, and the columns for the Providence Arcade, the first indoor shopping mall in America, were quarried in the village in 1822. In the nineteenth century, the village was located on the Providence and Springfield Railroad. Until 1843–1846, the village was home to a Baptist church that was affiliated with the Six Principle Baptists. In 1943 a World War II memorial was dedicated in the village, and every year a well-attended memorial service is held at the Graniteville Baptist Church honoring the area's veterans.
References
Villages in Rhode Island
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41018593
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Optimus%20L2
|
LG Optimus L2
|
LG Optimus L2 is a slate smartphone designed and manufactured by LG Electronics. The Optimus L2 runs on Android 2.3 Gingerbread. The LG Optimus L2 is the budget-range handset in the L series.
Hardware
LG Optimus L2 comes with a dual-sim functionality, 800 MHz Single-Core Qualcomm MSM7225A CPU and Adreno 200 GPU. It has a 3.2 inch TFT capacitive touch-screen, displaying 262,144 colours at QVGA resolution. Below the screen are four touch-sensitive capacitive buttons for navigating around Android (menu and back) and for the dual-sim feature which only light up when you press them. On the front is the phone's single speaker.
See also
LG Optimus
List of LG mobile phones
Comparison of smartphones
References
LG Optimus L2 review|PCWorld.com.au http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/review/lg/optimus_l2/433631/
LG Optimus L2 E405 Specifications - http://www.umnet.com/phone/6593-LG_Optimus_L2
Android (operating system) devices
LG Electronics smartphones
Discontinued smartphones
|
41018698
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%20Braille
|
Georgian Braille
|
Georgian Braille is a braille alphabet used for writing the Georgian language. The assignments of the Georgian alphabet to braille patterns is largely consistent with unified international braille.
Alphabet
The basic braille range mostly conforms with international norms, with the exception of sounds which do not occur in Georgian, such as *f (reassigned in Georgian to თ t’), and *q, which is used for ჩ ch’ rather than ყ q. The assignment of to ჩ ch’ is reminiscent of Russian Braille, as is one or two other letters ( for შ sh is widespread in Eastern Europe), but most of the extended-letter assignments are unique to Georgian.
Punctuation
჻ is an old word divider, no longer in use.
References
French-ordered braille alphabets
Georgian language
Georgian scripts
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41018723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam%20Junction%20railway%20station
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Kollam Junction railway station
|
Kollam Junction railway station (station code: QLN) is a junction station situated in the city of Kollam in Kerala, India. It is the second largest railway station in Kerala in terms of area and largest in terms of number of tracks and one of the oldest railway stations in the state.
It is also the second busiest railway station in Kerala in terms of trains handled per day. World's third longest railway platform is situated at Kollam railway station.
Kollam Junction lies on Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line. It is operated by the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways and comes under the Thiruvananthapuram railway division. The annual passenger ticket revenue of Kollam railway station is and 23,048 is the daily ridership through this station. It is one among the few railway stations in Kerala having two terminals with ticket counter facility. Three express trains have been originating from Kollam Junction railway station to South Indian cities of Chennai and Visakhapatnam: Visakhapatnam–Kollam Express (weekly), Anantapuri Express (daily) and Chennai Egmore–Kollam Junction Express (daily).
History
Kollam was the fifth city in Kerala to be connected to the nascent Indian Railways. The idea of a rail link from Chennai to Kollam, then the trading capital of the Travancore Kingdom was first conceived in 1873. The line was sanctioned by the Madras Presidency in 1899 and a survey completed in 1900. The railway line was built jointly by South Indian railway, Travancore state and the Madras Presidency. Kollam's (Anglicized Quilon) railway station was built in 1904 by Sree Moolam Tirunal Rama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore. It was the ruler's desire to create a rail link between Quilon, the then commercial capital of his State and Madras. The metre-gauge line from Quilon to Punalur was inaugurated on 1June 1904. The Quilon-Sengottai railway line was inaugurated on 26November 1904. The meter gauge line was later extended to Chala at Trivandrum via Paravur and Varkala and inaugurated on 4January 1918 Fund allotted for the extension of meter gauge railway line from Quilon to Ernakulam via on 1952 and is inaugurated on 6January 1958. The metre-gauge lines between Kollam and Ernakulam were converted to broad gauge in 1975 and inaugurated on 13September 1976. The broad gauge conversion between the Punalur and Quilon sections was inaugurated on 12May 2010.
There was once a metre-gauge line connecting Quilon Junction and Ashramam Maidan. During the inauguration of the Kollam-Punalur metre-gauge line in 1904, parts of locomotives which were to be used for Quilon–Schencottah line were shipped to Quilon Port from Tuticorin Port. They were assembled at the Ashramam Maidan, which was an open ground. The line was laid to carry these locomotives to the main station. The line was dismantled in 2000 to allow for city expansion. There was also a turntable in Kollam Junction railway station till 2015. Indian Railways removed it to pave way for the developments related to MEMU Shed.
Layout
There are a total of 17 tracks in the Kollam railway station, 2 lines are passing through the MEMU shed. The station has 6 platforms for handling long distance, passenger, MEMU & goods trains. The platform 1 is divided into two sections. Platform 1A handles the trains to Punalur–Sengottai line and platform 1 handles trains towards Trivandrum Central. The platform 1 and 1A together have a length of 1,180.5 m making them together the third longest railway platform in India. The station has an MEMU shed which is situated near to Platform 1A. An FCI godown owned and operated by Food Corporation of India is also situated near Kollam junction.
Location
Surrounding transport hubs:
Nearest bus stations Andamukkam City bus stand (1.2 km) and Kollam KSRTC Bus Station (2 km)
Nearest sea port: Kollam Port (3 km)
Nearest ferry terminal: Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal (2 km)
Nearest airport: Trivandrum International Airport (67 km) and Kollam Helipad (Old Airport) (0.5 km)
Annual passenger earnings
The annual passenger earnings from Kollam railway station shows a steady growth for several decades.
MEMU Shed
Kollam MEMU Shed is constructed at a cost of , for Mainline Electric Multiple Unit (MEMU) rakes. It was formally commissioned on 1 December 2013, five years after its completion. Now the railways is operating three pairs of Kollam–Ernakulam (via Alappuzha and Kottayam) via both the routes and a Kollam–Kanyakumari (via Trivandrum, Nagercoil) & Kollam - Punalur services from Kollam. Kollam MEMU Shed is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities.
Services
There are three express train services originating from Kollam Junction, viz., Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express, Anantapuri Express and Kollam Junction–Chennai Egmore Express. The services connect Chennai Egmore and Visakhapatnam cities with Kollam.
Future
Kollam Junction is one among the 25 stations in the country selected for first phase redevelopment at international standards along with Ernakulam Junction and Ernakulam Town stations.
The modernization works of the old terminal including works for lifts, escalators, new air conditioned waiting area etc. have been initiated in the railway station but not yet completed.
Google's High-speed Wi-Fi service
Kollam is among the first 100 railway stations in India selected for providing high-speed Wi-Fi services by Google, named as ‘Project Nilgiri’. There are 5 railway stations from Kerala in the initial stage. The service inaugurated at Kollam station on 26 December 2016 by Suresh Prabhu, Railway Minister of India, through video conferencing.
Kollam Junction to get modernization of international standards
On 18 September 2019, Indian Railways assured the modernization of Kollam Junction railway station to international standards. Kollam is one of the five railway stations in Kerala to be modernized.
Other suburban railway stations nearby
Incidents
The engine of 56307 passenger derailed on 6 July 2018.
The engine of 16723 Express caught fire at Kollam Junction on 16 July 2018.
See also
Kollam
Railway platform
Kollam MEMU Shed
Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
Kollam–Sengottai branch line
Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala
Visakhapatnam railway station
References
Railway stations in India opened in 1904
Railway stations in Kollam district
Railway stations in Kollam
Buildings and structures in Kollam
Thiruvananthapuram railway division
Railway junction stations in Kerala
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41018726
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ameen%20College
|
Al-Ameen College
|
Al-Ameen College (formerly known as Langford Islamic College) is an independent Islamic co-educational primary and secondary day school, located in , a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia.
The school opened in and as of has students.
Following a 2015 Australian Government audit of funding for Islamic schools, Al-Ameen College retained $4.9 million in government funding after changes were made to its governance structure.
In 2021, the college changed its name to Al-Ameen College in preparation of opening a future campus outside of Langford.
See also
List of schools in Western Australia
List of Islamic schools in Australia
References
Further reading
External links
2004 establishments in Australia
Private primary schools in Perth, Western Australia
Islamic schools in Australia
Educational institutions established in 2004
Private secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia
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41018739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belknap%2C%20Rhode%20Island
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Belknap, Rhode Island
|
Belknap is a village within the city of Johnston in Rhode Island.
On April 18, 1759, the citizens of Johnston held the first Town Meeting at Benjamin Belknap's house on Greenville Avenue in Belknap, and Abraham Belknap was appointed as the town's first Town Sergeant at the meeting. In 1771 the Baptist Meeting House in Belknap opened, and is believed to be the first place of worship in Johnston. In 1790 the Belknap School the first school in Johnston was founded.
References
Villages in Rhode Island
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41018790
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson%20E.%20Wright
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Smithson E. Wright
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Smithson E. Wright (1807–1891) was the 16th mayor of Columbus, Ohio. He was the 15th person to hold the office, and did so for one two-year term. He was succeeded by Alexander Patton in 1833.
Life
Smithson E. Wright was born to Joseph and Eleanor (née Evans) Wright in Belmont County, Ohio, in 1807.
On August 27, 1832, he married Matilda Martin.
Wright died on March 2, 1891, in Cincinnati, Ohio.
References
Bibliography
External links
Smithson E. Wright at Political Graveyard
Mayors of Columbus, Ohio
1807 births
1891 deaths
19th-century American politicians
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41018807
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Hill%20Township%2C%20Johnson%20County%2C%20Kansas
|
Spring Hill Township, Johnson County, Kansas
|
Spring Hill Township is one of seven townships in Johnson County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 7,496.
Adjacent Townships
Olathe Township North
Gardner Township West
Emergency Services
Police
Spring Hill Police
Fire
Spring Hill Fire
Medical (EMS)
Olathe Medical Center
Miami County Medical Clinic
Transportation
Major highways
School districts
Olathe School District #233
Spring Hill School District #230
External links
Townships in Johnson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
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41018825
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram%20Irvin%20McDowell
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Abram Irvin McDowell
|
Abram Irvin McDowell (1793–1844) was the 15th mayor of Columbus, Ohio. He was the 14th person to hold the office, and served for less than one year. His successor was Smithson E. Wright. There are no existing images of Abram I. McDowell.
Life
Abram Irvin McDowell was born on April 24, 1793, in Mercer County, Kentucky, to Col. Samuel McDowell, jr. and Anne (Irvine) McDowell. He had two brothers, John Adair and William Adair McDowell.
McDowell was married to Eliza Selden (Lord) McDowell. The couple had three children.
He died on November 16, 1844, in Columbus, Ohio. He is buried at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, Ohio.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Abram Irvin McDowell at Political Graveyard
1793 births
1844 deaths
Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
19th-century American politicians
Mayors of Columbus, Ohio
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41018884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%20Davis%20%28Days%20of%20Our%20Lives%29
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Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)
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Cameron Davis is a fictional character from the daytime soap opera, Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Nathan Owens. The character was created by then head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr. He started appearing in 2010 and was introduced under executive producers, Lisa De Cazotte and Greg Meng in 2012 as the previously unmentioned son of Celeste Perrault, and younger half-brother of Lexie Carver. The role was originated by Schuyler Yancey, but was recast with Owens, who made his debut in late 2012. In addition to joining the staff at the local hospital, Cameron is also a romantic interest for Abigail Deveraux and romantic rival of her ex-boyfriend, Chad DiMera. Cameron's most controversial storyline involved the character's secret life, moonlighting as a male stripper to help his mother make ends meet and to pay back student loans. In late 2013, the character was written out of the series.
Creation
Background
Schuyler Yancey gave some background on the character in an interview where he revealed that Cameron is taken away from Celeste at the age of 5, and raised by [yet to be named] father. Cameron longs for a familial connection because his father kept him away in boarding schools, so he grew very lonely. Upon the character's introduction, he and Celeste have recently reconnected. Initial speculation point to Lexie's father, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Schuyler Yancey revealed in an interview that his original uncredited role as Bryan, the bartender at The Brady Pub which began airing on July 22, 2010, and appears on a recurring basis until September 2011 was retconned into the role of Cameron.
Casting
In February 2012, Schuyler Yancey was cast in the role of Cameron Davis. Yancey made his debut on the April 5, 2012 episode. Supermodel, turned actor, known for his appearance as Rihanna's love interest the California King Bed music video, Nathan Owens began taping the role in late September, in secret. On October 1, 2012, several sources, including Soap Opera Digest confirmed that Owens had joined the cast. Owens was spotted on set for the show's 12, 000th episode during a press conference. However, the producers refused to comment on the role Owens would be playing. The actor himself later confirmed through his own personal Facebook that he had been cast in the role of Cameron. Owens's Instagram message about the casting was believed to be an accident. Soaps In Depth later confirmed that Owens would make his first appearance on the December 21 as a replacement for Yancey. However, due to news coverage of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Davis first air date was postponed to December 24, 2012. Owens found out about the role through his manager. In an interview, Owens revealed that he went out for the role of Rodney. He worked with casting director, Marnie Saitta and went through several tests. Owens admitted that he had a good feeling about the casting because he was given several opportunities to go over the material. Saitta called him back shortly after his test and told Owens to come back in a few days. He went back and forth a few times before he met with the producers and tested with Kate Mansi who portrayed Abigail. Owens signed on to play Cameron and beat out 15 other actors for the role. Owens admitted to being hesitant about replacing someone, though Yancey was only in the role for a short period of time, people had already gotten used to him, and Owens said that he felt like he was under a magnifying glass when he started, and that the potential critics made him a bit nervous. On September 21, 2013, at Kate Mansi's birthday party, Owens announced his departure from the series and revealed that he would last air in November.
Development
Soap Opera Digest revealed that Yancey's Cameron would play a key role in the upcoming storyline featuring Celeste Perrault (Beverly Todd) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). According to Owens, with the recast, the character of Cameron would develop an edge and bring more excitement; not unstable, just edgier. In an interview with Soapdom.com, Owens revealed that Cameron has issues that need to be explored. The actor explained that the character has "skeletons" in his closet and those secrets will eventually bring him to a breaking point. Owens drew on personal experience to help him prepare for the role as he also faced issues with his family — Cameron has to develop a sense of family and what it means to him because he does not grow up in the "ideal" family. Owens also avoided seeing clips of Yancey's portrayal to make sure he could put his own spin on the character. However, he did take the opportunity to learn more about the cast members and Days as a whole. Cameron wants a relationship with his late sister, Lexie's family, the DiMeras because he longs for familial acceptance, something he did not grow up with. According to Owens, Cameron has strong feelings for Abigail and does not see her ex, Chad DiMera (Casey Jon Deidrick) as an obstacle. Owens revealed that he hoped for the chance to work with the veteran Mascolo as Stefano.
Storylines
Cameron arrives in Salem in April 2012 and bumps into Abigail Deveraux who helps him track down his half-sister, Lexie Carver at the hospital. Cameron is shocked to learn that Lexie has an inoperable brain tumor. Cameron and Abby bump into one another again when he is working the bar at the Brady pub; he explains that he sometimes helps out when they are short staffed; as Cameron and Abby tease one another, they develop an attraction. Lexie's other half-brother, Chad DiMera and his girlfriend, Melanie decide to show Cameron around and he ends up on a double date with Abby where he saves her from choking on popcorn. Meanwhile, Lexie's health continues declining and Cameron promises to spend more time with his nephew Theo before and after Lexie is gone. Celeste notices the growing closeness between Cameron and Abby, and warns Cameron that she will only cause him trouble. Despite Celeste's warnings, the two begin seeing each other and share their first kiss in late May 2012. In June 2012, Abby comforts Cameron when Lexie passes away, much to Celeste's dismay. Instead of going back home, Cameron chooses to relocate to Salem permanently, mainly to stay close to Theo and Abby, despite Celeste warning him against getting involved with her. However, Abby is afraid to get too serious with Cameron believing he will eventually leave town. In early July, Cameron assures her that he is staying in Salem for several reasons, but mainly so they can be together. Cameron supports Abby when her father Jack suddenly dies. During her grief, Abby struggles with her emotions and has trouble being intimate with him. Realizing Abby needs to get help before their relationship can go any further, Cameron breaks up with her. During the holidays, Cameron and Chad bond over their memories of Lexie. Cameron later rekindles his relationship with Abby but when she admits to him that she has feelings for her ex Chad, he gives her time to choose between them, just as they both compete for Abigail's affection. On 9 August 2013, after doing a test on Chad, Cameron finds out that Chad has a brain tumor, he requests Cameron to keep it a secret, to which he agrees. Just as Abigail makes up her choice and is about to choose Cameron, he breaks things off with her and pushes her to Chad's arms.
In September 2013, at the hospital, Maxine tells Cameron she's glad Abigail has someone to lean on with everything she's going through right now. He admits they're just friends and looks deflated. Maxine's sorry she assumed. He leaves. She can tell he's got it bad for Abby. In the square Gabi walks by, she drops her books and Cameron sees. He helps pick them up. Nick walks over, picks up Gabi's bag and hands it to Cameron saying "You missed one." It's awkward. He leaves and goes back to the hospital and texts Chad. They need to talk. Maxine tells Cam to find Gabi in the waiting room. She has questions about her brother's therapy. Cameron heads over and overhears Abigail tell Gabi she and Chad 'did it'. He shakes his head and looks upset. Cameron decides to pay Chad a visit and asks how could he lie to Abby and set her up? Chad notices his computer is open to the treatment search and feigns a headache. He closes the laptop as Cam gets him water. Chad apologizes that he had to lose in this situation. Cameron's worried about Abigail's vulnerability. Chad says Abby wanted it and gives him a reason to live. Cameron won't say how he found out but agrees to stay out of it. Chad realizes Cameron loves her. Cameron only says Abby's his friend and he cares for them both before going back to the hospital where he bumps into Abby and they share an awkward moment.
Reception
Nathan Owens's picture message fed into speculation that he was replacing Yancey as Cameron. Fans immediately take to Owens as Cameron with some immediately wanting to know when he would appear shirtless. Greg In Hollywood said that Owens was just another "hunky" reason for viewers to watch Days. Owens revealed that he was worried about the recast because he was unsure of how he would be received. Mark Willows of Soapdom.com described the character as a "man of mystery."
References
External links
Days of Our Lives characters
Television characters introduced in 2012
Fictional physicians
Male characters in television
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41018896
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog%20City%2C%20Rhode%20Island
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Frog City, Rhode Island
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Frog City, Rhode Island is a village (not a city) in Johnston, Rhode Island within another village of Thornton, Rhode Island and according to one source was "probably termed Frog City because of the numerous frogs along the Pocasset River and ponds near Victoria Mill at Mill Street and Victoria Mount." Frog City was bordered by Mill St. to the North, Plainfield St. to the East and South, and Rachela St. to the West.
The British Hosiery Mill, later known as the Priscilla Worsted Mill was built in Frog City in 1884, and the Victoria Mill on John Street was the largest of the mills in the area.
References
Villages in Providence County, Rhode Island
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41018936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Arkansas%20State%20Red%20Wolves%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2013–14 Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball team
|
The 2013–14 Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball team represented Arkansas State University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Red Wolves, led by sixth year head coach John Brady, played their home games at the Convocation Center, and were members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 19–13, 10–8 in Sun Belt play to finish in fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Sun Belt Conference tournament where they lost to Georgia State.
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style="background:#cc092f; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style="background:#cc092f; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season
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!colspan=9 style="background:#cc092f; color:#FFFFFF;"| 2014 Sun Belt tournament
References
Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball seasons
Arkansas State
Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball
Arkansas State Red Wolves men's basketball
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41018981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Northern%20Illinois%20Huskies%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2013–14 Northern Illinois Huskies men's basketball team
|
The 2012–13 Northern Illinois Huskies men's basketball team represented Northern Illinois University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Huskies, led by third year head coach Mark Montgomery, played their home games at the Convocation Center as members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 15–17, 8–10 in MAC play to finish in fourth place in the West Division. They advanced to the second round of the MAC tournament where they lost to Eastern Michigan.
Season
Preseason
The Huskies announced their complete season schedule on September 3, 2013. Highlighted by an early November tournament at home featuring San Jose State, James Madison, and Milwaukee, the Huskies schedule included 16 home games. The Huskies also scheduled to make trips to Nebraska, UMass, and Iowa State. For the conference schedule, the Huskies schedule home-and-home series with Ball State, Central Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Toledo, Western Michigan, Buffalo, and Kent State, while hosting Ohio and Miami and visiting Akron and Bowling Green.
Roster
Departures
Recruits
NIU also got Aaron Armstead, transfer from San Jose City College. Redshirted last year, Pete Rakocevic is also eligible this year.
Schedule and results
Source:
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!colspan=9 style="background:#000000; color:#C41E3A;"| Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style="background:#000000; color:#C41E3A;"| Non-conference games
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!colspan=9 style="background:#000000; color:#C41E3A;"| Conference games
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!colspan=9 style="background:#000000; color:#C41E3A;"| MAC tournament
References
Northern Illinois
Northern Illinois Huskies men's basketball seasons
Northern
Northern
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41018983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarral%20Shareef
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Jarral Shareef
|
Jarral () is one of the 57 union councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Location
Jarral is 37 km from the city of Abbottabad and is located in a valley surrounded by large mountains on three sides. On the south of the valley lies the famous Tarbela Dam lake. The southern areas of Jarral UC borders Haripur District.
Jarral is central point of Tanawal area which is linked to two districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. Haripur from the west and Abbottabad to the east. Jarral is a populated village of the area.
Demographics
Jarral has a population of about 7,000. People of Jarral speak Hindko. Tanolis are the dominant tribe of Jarral with a good number of Awans. Sub-casts of Tanoli includes Hastaal, Molakhail, Kalakhail, Arbaal, Murfhaal, Phujdaari among others. Jarral is a main business point for surrounding villages. Transport facilities for Abbottabad and Haripur are available at Jarral. Jamia Masjid Jarral is known for its architecture work and is the largest in the area. Jarral has beautiful mountains as well as agricultural fields. Jarral has a bank, bazar, post office, telephone exchange and Ufone Booster.
Locals grow seasonal crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (kanak).
The literacy rate of Jarral is on relatively high. The parents are highly motivated to educate their children and take interest in their studies. Higher studies and research are also encouraged here.
A large number of people from Jarral are settled in Karachi, Abbottabad, Rawalpindi, Haripur, and Islamabad.
Subdivisions
Bachah Sani
Bhajwar
Gul Bandi
Jabbi
Jarral
Khuliala
Kot Nali
Nakhey
Name of Mouzziat
Halqa Patwar
Jarral
Jahanabad (Marora)
Bacha Sani
Bhajwal
Gul Bandi
Jabbi
Kuthiala
Kotnali
Nakhey
Pind Kargu Khan
Sherwan
Jabri
Education
List of schools running in Jarral.
Government Primary School (Boys)
Government Primary School (Girls)
Government High School (Boys)
Government High School (Girls)
Fatima Jinnah Public School (Private)
Ghair Rasmi Bunyadi School (NGO)
Islami Jamia Madrassa
Gallery
See also
Abbottabad District
References
External links
Jarral Shareef on Google Maps
Union councils of Abbottabad District
Populated places in Abbottabad District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisley%20Pond%20Park
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Baisley Pond Park
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Baisley Pond Park is a public park located in the southeastern part of Queens, New York City, bordering the neighborhoods of South Jamaica, Rochdale, and St. Albans. It covers , including the Baisley Pond in the center of the park. It is maintained by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
Description
The park is a popular place for sports and other forms of outdoor recreation. Facilities include barbecuing areas, baseball fields, basketball courts, bicycle paths, cricket fields, fitness equipment, a football field, handball courts, five children's playgrounds, a running track, a soccer field, spray showers, and tennis courts. Several parts of the park have free Wi-Fi. The Sutphin Playground is notable for its sculpture of an American mastodon, an extinct elephant-like animal, recalling a time in the 1850s when workers dredging the pond found the bones of an individual mastodon that lived in the area almost 10,000 years ago, just after the end of the last ice age. The Mother Carter Garden, which is surrounded by an ornamental fence and has seating with views of the pond, memorializes Laura “Mother” Carter (1914-1999), a beloved community leader. Several events take place in the park, most notably the annual Southern Queens Gospel Festival, the eighth of which took place in July 2013.
New York Road Runners hosts a weekly 3.10-mile Open Run.
Pond
The pond is a natural waterway located in the center of the park's three discontinuous tracts. The northern part of the pond was fed by Beaver Brook and Jamaica Creek, which in turn were respectively derived from Beaver Pond and One-Mile Pond. The park's northernmost tract dips slightly, a remnant of the two streams that converged there. Additionally, Riders Creek entered the pond from the eastern side. To the south, the pond enters Cornell Creek, which flows into Jamaica Bay. The construction of John F. Kennedy International Airport and the JFK Expressway made the creek subterranean, depressed underground and diverted southeast. A bridge and a boathouse were both proposed for the pond, but never built.
The pond itself hosts diverse fauna and flora. It is known for its lily pads which shelter American Bullfrogs. The Parks Department lists three turtle species (red-eared slider, snapping turtle, and musk turtle). Fish species include several of interest to anglers, including largemouth bass, black crappie, bluegill, pumpkinseed, brown bullhead, and common carp. Many species of water birds favor the pond. Summer species include great egret, snowy egret, great blue heron, and double-crested cormorant. In winter the waterfowl population is especially large and diverse, with several species that are less common in the area, such as American wigeon, redhead duck, and grebes, mixing with more common species like mallard and Canada goose.
History
Baisley Pond is located in the Jamaica Bay watershed of western Long Island, where the intersection of 130th Avenue and 150th Street would be. It was formed in the 18th century, when local farmers dammed three streams to power a grain mill. It was named for David Baisley, a farmer who owned the mill in the early 19th century.
In 1852, the burgeoning City of Brooklyn acquired the pond from Baisley for its new water system. On April 6, 1858, while draining the lake for use as a reservoir, the remains of an American mastodon (similar to a mammoth) were discovered at the bottom of the pond. The remains included bones and teeth. By that year, water from the pond was being transported through the Ridgewood Aqueduct (or "conduit") and then pumped uphill to the Ridgewood Reservoir, from which it was distributed to Brooklyn neighborhoods. As the city grew this water system was expanded to include additional bodies of water in what are today Queens and Nassau counties. Eventually farmers in this area complained that the local water table was being depleted. In 1898, after Brooklyn became a borough of the City of New York, the pond was connected to New York's larger and more reliable upstate water system, and the old Brooklyn system, including Baisley Pond, was no longer used as a water source.
New York City transferred the northern section of the park, including the pond, to the Parks Department in 1914 and opened it to the public in 1919. At this time the surrounding area was still rural. However, it developed rapidly in the 1920s with the building of new houses and streets. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the Parks Department under Robert Moses built additional recreational facilities with the help of the Works Progress Administration, including a boat landing, playgrounds, tennis courts, and baseball fields. The "Southern Extension" of the park, located south of Rockaway Boulevard, remained undeveloped and neglected until 1984, when new sports facilities were built.
References
External links
Urban public parks
Jamaica, Queens
Parks in Queens, New York
Protected areas established in 1919
1919 establishments in New York (state)
Lakes of Queens, New York
Ponds of New York (state)
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