paper_id
uint32 0
3.7k
| title
stringlengths 14
154
| paper_url
stringlengths 42
42
| authors
listlengths 1
21
| type
stringclasses 3
values | abstract
stringlengths 413
2.52k
| keywords
stringlengths 4
397
| TL;DR
stringlengths 5
250
⌀ | submission_number
int64 2
14.3k
| arxiv_id
stringlengths 10
10
⌀ | embedding
listlengths 768
768
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
200 |
Artificial Kuramoto Oscillatory Neurons
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=nwDRD4AMoN
|
[
"Takeru Miyato",
"Sindy Löwe",
"Andreas Geiger",
"Max Welling"
] |
Oral
|
It has long been known in both neuroscience and AI that ``binding'' between neurons leads to a form of competitive learning where representations are compressed in order to represent more abstract concepts in deeper layers of the network. More recently, it was also hypothesized that dynamic (spatiotemporal) representations play an important role in both neuroscience and AI. Building on these ideas, we introduce Artificial Kuramoto Oscillatory Neurons (*AKOrN*) as a dynamical alternative to threshold units, which can be combined with arbitrary connectivity designs such as fully connected, convolutional, or attentive mechanisms. Our generalized Kuramoto updates bind neurons together through their synchronization dynamics. We show that this idea provides performance improvements across a wide spectrum of tasks such as unsupervised object discovery, adversarial robustness, calibrated uncertainty quantification, and reasoning. We believe that these empirical results show the importance of rethinking our assumptions at the most basic neuronal level of neural representation, and in particular show the importance of dynamical representations.
|
Oscillatory neurons, Feature binding, Object-centric learning, Reasoning, Adversarial robustness
|
Oscillatory neurons strongly bind object features, can reason, and are robust to adversarial and natural perturbations
| 923 |
2410.13821
|
[
-0.02339429222047329,
-0.01943136565387249,
-0.013396000489592552,
0.021958159282803535,
0.009113370440900326,
0.02646026387810707,
0.02979942224919796,
0.01710651069879532,
-0.0749935731291771,
-0.037523090839385986,
-0.011540080420672894,
-0.02032243274152279,
-0.06548555195331573,
0.012111617252230644,
0.015216570347547531,
0.04076598584651947,
0.06351213157176971,
-0.014004728756844997,
-0.008528338745236397,
-0.00020017601491417736,
0.005872536916285753,
-0.020151350647211075,
0.02996365912258625,
0.018541516736149788,
0.028820829465985298,
-0.04151846095919609,
0.02264619618654251,
0.006126790307462215,
0.005517715588212013,
-0.009971922263503075,
0.013767587952315807,
0.031186871230602264,
-0.021159417927265167,
-0.022791100665926933,
0.018491486087441444,
0.017780611291527748,
-0.019579226151108742,
-0.010935661382973194,
-0.021361231803894043,
0.016591645777225494,
-0.04995228350162506,
0.012981155887246132,
0.015351464971899986,
0.0024693869054317474,
-0.033597227185964584,
0.03394706919789314,
-0.11413147300481796,
0.030721386894583702,
0.00804954580962658,
-0.017700327560305595,
-0.08542472869157791,
0.03174642100930214,
0.02177225425839424,
-0.013156050816178322,
-0.006456462666392326,
0.02301599085330963,
0.04817917197942734,
-0.053952526301145554,
-0.00812066625803709,
-0.06899723410606384,
-0.0034364303573966026,
0.009776202030479908,
0.016965726390480995,
-0.0030188753735274076,
-0.01666945219039917,
0.011285906657576561,
0.04522920772433281,
0.02889123000204563,
-0.036232300102710724,
-0.004242916591465473,
-0.03263169154524803,
0.007949844934046268,
0.004355249460786581,
0.013512194156646729,
-0.019625676795840263,
-0.0759071484208107,
0.024535004049539566,
0.019840016961097717,
0.08317424356937408,
0.011591379530727863,
0.04438569396734238,
0.04223352298140526,
0.00939900055527687,
0.04150928556919098,
0.029187072068452835,
0.007404185365885496,
-0.049002498388290405,
-0.04007317125797272,
-0.05944197252392769,
0.04458415508270264,
-0.061352383345365524,
-0.020938636735081673,
0.020564833655953407,
0.04803893715143204,
0.012623992748558521,
0.01571493409574032,
0.017253519967198372,
0.0010678692487999797,
0.005791345611214638,
0.00653394591063261,
0.002617889316752553,
-0.0027896978426724672,
0.02568628452718258,
-0.01578875258564949,
-0.09514330327510834,
-0.02928149700164795,
-0.0038773224223405123,
-0.04221939668059349,
0.000004862913556280546,
0.032614193856716156,
-0.06765735894441605,
-0.007382085546851158,
0.04614483192563057,
-0.0038436809554696083,
-0.08791117370128632,
0.009871608577668667,
0.014455629512667656,
0.026637885719537735,
-0.021331001073122025,
0.013898192904889584,
0.0487884059548378,
0.037535130977630615,
-0.031890299171209335,
0.03437741473317146,
-0.01213850174099207,
-0.005939774215221405,
0.015289568342268467,
0.021914580836892128,
-0.0005371011793613434,
-0.012693780474364758,
-0.005378354340791702,
0.02602420188486576,
0.0018218299373984337,
0.006777646020054817,
0.031631212681531906,
-0.024065718054771423,
0.024643659591674805,
-0.028323963284492493,
0.032623618841171265,
0.03986285999417305,
0.01009003072977066,
-0.03137585520744324,
0.032893016934394836,
-0.03378171846270561,
0.08318861573934555,
-0.01342831552028656,
0.004324435256421566,
-0.022225268185138702,
-0.005282583646476269,
-0.034193769097328186,
-0.03039625473320484,
0.00357623677700758,
-0.00334548088721931,
-0.08586083352565765,
0.008809039369225502,
0.05486252158880234,
0.02978949248790741,
0.020758310332894325,
0.01631578616797924,
-0.0027235583402216434,
0.006276573520153761,
-0.030324125662446022,
-0.015241784043610096,
0.015139621682465076,
-0.03432155027985573,
-0.06186753511428833,
0.043224941939115524,
0.03565017506480217,
-0.028201106935739517,
-0.009844398126006126,
-0.039928022772073746,
-0.05833233892917633,
0.02635703794658184,
0.01006385963410139,
0.007049435283988714,
-0.0159597210586071,
0.07838107645511627,
-0.0099196657538414,
0.02408771961927414,
0.020342709496617317,
-0.08701007068157196,
0.024890637025237083,
0.007337899412959814,
-0.00603072065860033,
0.01553063653409481,
-0.031490180641412735,
0.055730029940605164,
-0.06207553297281265,
0.008977164514362812,
0.0023207429330796003,
-0.03309747576713562,
0.00744306156411767,
-0.00015728540893178433,
-0.014767460525035858,
0.07849691808223724,
-0.024208789691329002,
-0.05191069096326828,
0.006493561901152134,
0.03621216118335724,
0.07556873559951782,
0.05543368309736252,
-0.045508645474910736,
0.05589723959565163,
-0.009267148561775684,
-0.02631209045648575,
-0.02357795462012291,
0.03425956144928932,
-0.07274259626865387,
0.0006565406220033765,
-0.004521381575614214,
-0.030663520097732544,
-0.011531271040439606,
0.018599819391965866,
-0.009937705472111702,
0.019599709659814835,
-0.02281426452100277,
-0.016913896426558495,
0.0065623689442873,
0.01671130768954754,
-0.036271385848522186,
-0.01790507882833481,
0.007152151316404343,
-0.014672286808490753,
0.013570345006883144,
-0.019645020365715027,
0.12023795396089554,
0.06161120533943176,
-0.05183669924736023,
-0.020030463114380836,
0.010233026929199696,
0.0362645760178566,
0.01740625500679016,
-0.012877780012786388,
0.015150189399719238,
0.011927962303161621,
-0.00874457135796547,
0.009480485692620277,
-0.03231494501233101,
0.04325724020600319,
-0.04783632978796959,
-0.003261225763708353,
0.09693168848752975,
-0.030048377811908722,
0.0675046518445015,
-0.005680687725543976,
0.0024587982334196568,
0.08765911310911179,
-0.005048839841037989,
-0.02004839852452278,
-0.025685779750347137,
-0.05894438549876213,
-0.010831126943230629,
0.009270033799111843,
0.0006171587156131864,
0.012982361949980259,
-0.09057323634624481,
-0.040651656687259674,
-0.02538486383855343,
0.07972460240125656,
0.04169808328151703,
0.01988355815410614,
0.05151314660906792,
0.020821569487452507,
-0.022435402497649193,
-0.05014084652066231,
-0.13039927184581757,
-0.013711921870708466,
0.020712917670607567,
0.042261023074388504,
-0.00040319556137546897,
0.010337581858038902,
-0.0077584232203662395,
0.05484830588102341,
-0.00045772481826134026,
-0.03424328565597534,
0.002165196929126978,
-0.016641436144709587,
-0.001465323963202536,
-0.019746551290154457,
-0.01600820943713188,
0.017703600227832794,
0.06413693726062775,
-0.006274240091443062,
-0.010586423799395561,
-0.003412487916648388,
-0.07288949936628342,
-0.01478672120720148,
-0.01798061840236187,
-0.03862173482775688,
0.019815480336546898,
0.008809255436062813,
0.008027642033994198,
-0.03940277546644211,
0.03598303347826004,
0.00897525716573,
0.0998280718922615,
0.04514561593532562,
0.010371806100010872,
-0.02583211287856102,
-0.008281497284770012,
-0.013479049317538738,
0.008433178998529911,
-0.0005003698170185089,
0.018964026123285294,
-0.023493697866797447,
0.006023496389389038,
0.018557030707597733,
-0.003637308022007346,
-0.2679283916950226,
-0.015137010253965855,
0.01778102107346058,
-0.026202799752354622,
0.022877156734466553,
0.01838608644902706,
0.02706276811659336,
-0.021212056279182434,
-0.016034329310059547,
0.00031863892218098044,
-0.001386844553053379,
0.00489392876625061,
-0.013234304264187813,
0.06467970460653305,
0.004504081793129444,
-0.012760854326188564,
0.00319286179728806,
-0.00034584139939397573,
-0.008927063085138798,
0.03222988545894623,
-0.029747845605015755,
-0.09064872562885284,
-0.035817019641399384,
0.08183345198631287,
-0.014330312609672546,
0.05985897406935692,
-0.06790895015001297,
-0.0010040915803983808,
-0.0062599568627774715,
0.01654764637351036,
-0.04213618114590645,
-0.04188334569334984,
0.014865425415337086,
0.04678469896316528,
0.0063400669023394585,
0.027202190831303596,
0.007000126410275698,
-0.011033331044018269,
0.01270373072475195,
0.017788417637348175,
0.00082797632785514,
-0.016940895467996597,
-0.013373337686061859,
0.028796421363949776,
0.07785390317440033,
0.0074099344201385975,
-0.030523069202899933,
0.030975371599197388,
-0.022090235725045204,
0.029560375958681107,
0.0005936097586527467,
-0.040609896183013916,
0.007605176419019699,
-0.010755058377981186,
-0.030804844573140144,
-0.0097650196403265,
0.0028872606344521046,
0.001865443424321711,
-0.00521484762430191,
0.014385467395186424,
-0.01243289653211832,
-0.027374686673283577,
-0.014790207147598267,
-0.018994547426700592,
-0.0010422671912238002,
-0.009503522887825966,
-0.06523564457893372,
-0.05993450805544853,
0.07557244598865509,
0.023585671558976173,
-0.0037655041087418795,
0.006044446025043726,
-0.07336840033531189,
-0.10343392193317413,
0.02223421074450016,
0.018005304038524628,
-0.020489269867539406,
-0.05109880119562149,
0.00007836749864509329,
0.03950657695531845,
-0.03071620874106884,
-0.050064776092767715,
0.000012117880942241754,
0.03726085647940636,
0.018242793157696724,
-0.00475360918790102,
0.021514400839805603,
-0.016610167920589447,
-0.012212195433676243,
-0.01159408688545227,
0.03588607534766197,
0.004666266962885857,
0.0416463240981102,
-0.03369823098182678,
0.04837501421570778,
0.021516205742955208,
0.0342351458966732,
0.029225433245301247,
0.04982546344399452,
0.0031332862563431263,
0.025012396275997162,
-0.0656159371137619,
-0.03129219636321068,
-0.030066201463341713,
-0.05327422544360161,
0.031169619411230087,
-0.07147892564535141,
0.009826142340898514,
0.042563360184431076,
0.005510484799742699,
-0.017938517034053802,
-0.04556899145245552,
0.02012922242283821,
-0.02166924811899662,
-0.00038646190660074353,
-0.0370999313890934,
0.005744115449488163,
0.03353261947631836,
0.009678946807980537,
-0.022475190460681915,
-0.04133189097046852,
0.03126989305019379,
-0.017284825444221497,
0.024922674521803856,
0.015807664021849632,
-0.010820327326655388,
-0.018213292583823204,
-0.02508058026432991,
-0.016468632966279984,
0.0003787394380196929,
0.08623678982257843,
0.037720561027526855,
-0.007318256888538599,
0.045672040432691574,
0.03215126693248749,
0.0025956835597753525,
-0.019397100433707237,
0.008407371118664742,
0.02928788959980011,
-0.013629850000143051,
0.018216578289866447,
0.0021569530945271254,
0.05063258856534958,
-0.009154332801699638,
-0.033889900892972946,
0.013057145290076733,
-0.018681515008211136,
-0.014421764761209488,
-0.011339946649968624,
-0.01961595006287098,
0.031316883862018585,
-0.07157159596681595,
-0.03611256554722786,
-0.0384894423186779,
0.0007941235089674592,
-0.02517402358353138,
0.02312513440847397,
0.001032424857839942,
0.020082861185073853,
-0.04132571816444397,
0.04434804990887642,
0.02210286259651184,
-0.023694153875112534,
-0.012338411994278431,
0.011914342641830444,
0.04646322876214981,
-0.026109714061021805,
-0.02320464700460434,
0.03761209920048714,
0.018145112320780754,
0.0016413138946518302,
-0.030467670410871506,
-0.0005397754139266908,
-0.034839898347854614,
-0.00982716679573059,
0.007635157089680433,
0.022974643856287003,
-0.025134727358818054,
-0.04526986554265022,
0.027301335707306862,
0.031702592968940735,
-0.00681297667324543,
-0.017238115891814232,
-0.001659517758525908,
0.07870572805404663,
-0.0018215145682916045,
-0.004457548260688782,
-0.017809562385082245,
-0.02373461425304413,
0.0294185783714056,
-0.013905548490583897,
0.02855009213089943,
-0.02497188374400139,
-0.06059128791093826,
-0.050466641783714294,
-0.03170772269368172,
0.006164222024381161,
0.028359640389680862,
-0.026204949244856834,
-0.035561490803956985,
0.010680360719561577,
-0.00010395197750767693,
-0.036529988050460815,
0.01493240799754858,
0.025314146652817726,
-0.07581035792827606,
0.01802346296608448,
0.05271407589316368,
0.003665981814265251,
0.022146450355648994,
-0.025686562061309814,
-0.00007048914267215878,
-0.028052063658833504,
0.00023431555018760264,
0.006600391119718552,
0.010784381069242954,
-0.03500734269618988,
-0.04469757527112961,
-0.017558103427290916,
-0.00582980178296566,
0.0019553275778889656,
0.001963620539754629,
-0.021426958963274956,
-0.03796016797423363,
0.006623312830924988,
0.04415489360690117,
-0.020343057811260223,
0.02514658495783806,
0.008658096194267273,
-0.026784470304846764,
0.002539427950978279,
-0.05950554832816124,
0.003632349194958806,
0.06760060787200928,
-0.021883446723222733,
-0.035667698830366135,
-0.004563449416309595,
0.0002999485586769879,
0.017754798755049706,
0.020686371251940727,
0.0342569500207901,
0.026013361290097237,
-0.055080026388168335,
0.048099808394908905,
0.009692386724054813,
0.06693757325410843,
0.011780272237956524,
0.007434997707605362,
0.009833340533077717,
0.030603626742959023,
0.042199864983558655,
0.003873709822073579,
-0.044950779527425766,
-0.004502892028540373,
0.06203225255012512,
-0.034214213490486145,
-0.010116430930793285,
-0.07125432044267654,
-0.0393373928964138,
-0.02556736208498478,
-0.01849065162241459,
0.011812444776296616,
-0.05227956548333168,
0.060689665377140045,
0.010520490817725658,
0.05195239186286926,
-0.007896848022937775,
-0.023822834715247154,
0.046215225011110306,
-0.04615557938814163,
0.015191969461739063,
-0.0474257655441761,
-0.02775500901043415,
0.055060092359781265,
-0.005980953108519316,
0.012657387182116508,
0.0033889601472765207,
-0.011503251269459724,
0.04602932184934616,
-0.035891223698854446,
-0.005565795116126537,
0.05118522420525551,
-0.02472214214503765,
-0.031115377321839333,
0.027626248076558113,
-0.06778919696807861,
0.006164098158478737,
-0.03237857297062874,
-0.04557870328426361,
-0.01345112919807434,
0.016475215554237366,
0.034768156707286835,
0.009941671043634415,
0.004431434441357851,
0.0021099394652992487,
0.03149599954485893,
0.02281508781015873,
0.055457375943660736,
0.03047989308834076,
0.021904153749346733,
-0.04161905497312546,
0.07503868639469147,
0.04029648378491402,
0.03126772865653038,
-0.000489473226480186,
0.021132709458470345,
-0.008937927894294262,
-0.08197388797998428,
0.004691010341048241,
0.012932850979268551,
-0.005877040792256594,
-0.06955128163099289,
0.03647172451019287,
0.01702575571835041,
-0.05022599548101425,
0.02680077962577343,
0.01845867931842804,
-0.0676276907324791,
0.005626015830785036,
0.0021055459510535,
0.0015989203238859773,
-0.011020110920071602,
0.060093801468610764,
0.022022778168320656,
0.04048694297671318,
0.06429378688335419,
0.01439420972019434,
-0.028042372316122055,
0.010296023450791836,
0.07837632298469543,
0.06161019578576088,
0.017056243494153023,
-0.025376934558153152,
0.07954147458076477,
-0.019959833472967148,
-0.04245540127158165,
0.029254432767629623,
0.013103419914841652,
-0.0011513493955135345,
-0.020751995965838432,
0.026563793420791626,
0.07872180640697479,
-0.004556701052933931,
0.05877089127898216,
-0.044966746121644974,
0.0018927181372419,
0.04305589199066162,
0.020106565207242966,
-0.008709327317774296,
0.02482328563928604,
0.051395755261182785,
0.0066859046928584576,
0.005549861583858728,
-0.030041126534342766,
-0.01363610289990902,
-0.01352771744132042,
0.020276283845305443,
0.035652998834848404,
0.0002763434313237667,
0.006749401800334454,
-0.016734929755330086,
0.04612666368484497,
0.08876066654920578,
-0.038585033267736435,
-0.023511573672294617,
-0.02290310338139534,
0.040166232734918594,
-0.002585398266091943,
0.03157082200050354,
-0.001664481358602643,
0.01199614629149437,
-0.0010327210184186697,
-0.00692732073366642,
0.031970396637916565,
0.009306504391133785,
0.009402495808899403,
0.01715478114783764,
-0.03622351214289665,
-0.031117727980017662,
-0.0033909552730619907,
-0.012653983198106289,
-0.018600866198539734,
-0.031183091923594475,
-0.003898775903508067,
-0.032398611307144165,
-0.048356737941503525,
-0.049362145364284515,
0.026559175923466682,
-0.031637042760849,
-0.03700229898095131,
-0.008000873029232025,
0.01989583484828472,
0.015064183622598648,
0.016701260581612587,
-0.04932263866066933,
0.00412920955568552,
0.03408648818731308,
0.01592310331761837,
0.0015191541751846671,
0.03663948178291321,
0.042022619396448135,
-0.0349908173084259,
-0.02757103368639946,
0.05223672837018967,
-0.018669920042157173,
0.02591950073838234,
0.0006721897516399622,
-0.03581369295716286,
-0.09645649790763855,
-0.005243620835244656,
0.005899317562580109,
-0.06462857872247696,
-0.08149278908967972,
0.04268845170736313,
-0.031039124354720116,
0.0556923970580101,
0.051604609936475754,
-0.022347768768668175,
0.007537849247455597,
-0.07414529472589493,
-0.031112821772694588,
-0.009593477472662926,
-0.011288727633655071,
0.06298255175352097,
-0.040635671466588974,
0.05873718112707138,
0.059247925877571106,
-0.025790588930249214,
0.009733318351209164,
0.025979241356253624,
-0.002867830917239189,
0.010981066152453423,
-0.02044091373682022,
-0.04874169081449509,
-0.019601624459028244,
-0.11351694166660309,
-0.024666352197527885,
0.023058006539940834,
0.0358780138194561,
-0.044548481702804565,
0.013014834374189377,
0.00349778332747519,
0.017890634015202522,
-0.030695568770170212,
-0.005261066369712353,
-0.03285377845168114,
-0.019729403778910637,
-0.038122162222862244,
-0.05682002380490303,
0.027220001444220543,
-0.006634822580963373,
0.03247452527284622,
-0.04459632933139801,
-0.031017208471894264,
-0.011083296500146389,
0.01697060465812683,
0.022806422784924507,
0.0031055763829499483,
-0.012116007506847382,
-0.03254661336541176
] |
201 |
Booster: Tackling Harmful Fine-tuning for Large Language Models via Attenuating Harmful Perturbation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=tTPHgb0EtV
|
[
"Tiansheng Huang",
"Sihao Hu",
"Fatih Ilhan",
"Selim Furkan Tekin",
"Ling Liu"
] |
Oral
|
Harmful fine-tuning attack poses serious safety concerns for large language models' fine-tuning-as-a-service. While existing defenses have been proposed to mitigate the issue, their performances are still far away from satisfactory, and the root cause of the problem has not been fully recovered. To this end, we in this paper show that \textit{harmful perturbation} over the model weights could be a probable cause of alignment-broken. In order to attenuate the negative impact of harmful perturbation, we propose an alignment-stage solution, dubbed Booster. Technically, along with the original alignment loss, we append a loss regularizer in the alignment stage's optimization. The regularizer ensures that the model's harmful loss reduction after the simulated harmful perturbation is attenuated, thereby mitigating the subsequent fine-tuning risk. Empirical results show that Booster can effectively reduce the harmful score of the fine-tuned models while maintaining the performance of downstream tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/git-disl/Booster
|
Harmful fine-tuning, LLM, safety alignment
|
This paper proposes Booster, an alignment stage solution against harmful fine-tuning issues for LLMs
| 680 |
2409.01586
|
[
-0.005447108764201403,
-0.040179282426834106,
-0.021501902490854263,
0.021886350587010384,
0.027594007551670074,
-0.0025237221270799637,
0.041866593062877655,
-0.003362406510859728,
-0.02294107899069786,
-0.015587861649692059,
-0.0035760514438152313,
0.0401897206902504,
-0.07468065619468689,
-0.004497288726270199,
-0.019318802282214165,
0.033344563096761703,
0.038574956357479095,
-0.007744884584099054,
0.0432051382958889,
0.024210352450609207,
0.01187134813517332,
-0.014280405826866627,
0.02625860460102558,
0.0017779498593881726,
0.008382001891732216,
0.02738814614713192,
-0.007852781563997269,
0.004592843819409609,
-0.044893134385347366,
0.02594691887497902,
0.050416748970746994,
0.028123507276177406,
0.010432522743940353,
-0.013989096507430077,
0.007713716477155685,
0.01008348073810339,
-0.06766972690820694,
0.013142374344170094,
0.016427166759967804,
0.0373520627617836,
-0.03967421501874924,
0.017223721370100975,
-0.014315770007669926,
0.020506925880908966,
-0.05437611788511276,
0.00460171839222312,
-0.12094338238239288,
0.028586387634277344,
-0.005382684525102377,
-0.07887213677167892,
-0.10728545486927032,
0.04694800823926926,
-0.012125956825911999,
-0.0316450335085392,
0.03329439461231232,
0.028874069452285767,
0.06392563134431839,
-0.09228933602571487,
0.014652748592197895,
-0.048112958669662476,
-0.06682444363832474,
0.011079543270170689,
0.008861944079399109,
-0.005157519597560167,
-0.006164776161313057,
0.006617932114750147,
-0.013978368602693081,
0.026134533807635307,
-0.06714501976966858,
-0.05911104753613472,
-0.0060702296905219555,
0.05289117619395256,
-0.021455716341733932,
-0.02519848197698593,
0.023101672530174255,
-0.041047681123018265,
-0.0021862287539988756,
0.04157727211713791,
0.07048512995243073,
0.0018992521800100803,
-0.00047132433974184096,
-0.0015524475602433085,
0.037607863545417786,
0.03410417586565018,
0.02121373638510704,
-0.009828262031078339,
-0.04353654384613037,
-0.014343427494168282,
-0.05451159551739693,
0.02177118882536888,
0.012715831398963928,
-0.034196317195892334,
0.03443789854645729,
0.0014763803919777274,
0.021226489916443825,
0.04052150994539261,
0.010819853283464909,
0.03596305847167969,
-0.027950787916779518,
0.02131977677345276,
-0.03151493892073631,
-0.025991788133978844,
-0.002674310700967908,
0.0096360482275486,
-0.12704256176948547,
-0.0021677680779248476,
-0.025273319333791733,
0.00562279112637043,
0.0014891346218064427,
-0.017045175656676292,
-0.002397742588073015,
-0.01425755675882101,
-0.003421334084123373,
-0.023753821849822998,
-0.0870167687535286,
0.03565787523984909,
-0.04174836724996567,
0.015205474570393562,
0.015294389799237251,
-0.01464444026350975,
0.054047130048274994,
0.05767842009663582,
0.023009879514575005,
0.08353862911462784,
-0.0051206364296376705,
0.03077961876988411,
0.02365541271865368,
0.02824205718934536,
-0.04676951840519905,
-0.03440879285335541,
0.0004905102541670203,
0.04630934074521065,
0.013592813163995743,
0.010789216496050358,
0.010920058004558086,
0.021418167278170586,
-0.0016432582633569837,
0.04063443839550018,
0.032575685530900955,
-0.007335553411394358,
0.007353182882070541,
-0.039229363203048706,
0.03508109226822853,
-0.03029610402882099,
0.04680287837982178,
0.004913537297397852,
-0.044636473059654236,
-0.016106151044368744,
-0.03270908072590828,
0.013204562477767467,
0.014815914444625378,
-0.002216257154941559,
-0.024109505116939545,
-0.05503275245428085,
0.02270251139998436,
0.06536316871643066,
0.004756673239171505,
-0.005496715661138296,
-0.008000651374459267,
0.020564710721373558,
-0.01181174535304308,
-0.012957009486854076,
-0.03951745852828026,
0.03049369528889656,
0.003806564025580883,
-0.04354667291045189,
0.018040360882878304,
0.0143991494551301,
-0.014686559326946735,
-0.0012518973089754581,
-0.046867936849594116,
-0.03482072427868843,
0.06273126602172852,
-0.044222619384527206,
0.0019952021539211273,
-0.008117825724184513,
0.06569353491067886,
0.017429430037736893,
0.025812633335590363,
0.07622809708118439,
-0.0845528319478035,
0.030212583020329475,
0.021652858704328537,
0.04453873261809349,
-0.016576295718550682,
-0.000294452445814386,
0.08732997626066208,
-0.03122226893901825,
0.033648859709501266,
0.04711739718914032,
-0.10633528977632523,
-0.024829145520925522,
0.014767204411327839,
-0.010541905649006367,
0.0772964283823967,
0.010318418964743614,
0.005804379004985094,
0.03822087496519089,
0.04564184322953224,
0.04169406369328499,
0.0431826114654541,
-0.015490931458771229,
-0.0019204687559977174,
-0.031364839524030685,
-0.050066690891981125,
0.020813528448343277,
0.01004409696906805,
-0.05302643030881882,
-0.07312873750925064,
0.0382731631398201,
-0.02687295526266098,
0.00645443657413125,
-0.0007173636113293469,
-0.006972216535359621,
-0.010939917527139187,
-0.014342336915433407,
-0.01676774024963379,
0.0003453489043749869,
-0.009476009756326675,
-0.051328789442777634,
0.03267015144228935,
-0.014157705940306187,
-0.010015502572059631,
0.01649472862482071,
-0.03481065854430199,
0.0995955616235733,
0.03527144715189934,
-0.013273009099066257,
0.013496547006070614,
0.034646958112716675,
0.01759914867579937,
-0.018014289438724518,
0.009632772766053677,
-0.03782295435667038,
0.0007203264976851642,
-0.018442582339048386,
-0.039526671171188354,
-0.04739581048488617,
0.05729668587446213,
-0.02604609914124012,
0.001265853876248002,
0.07156261801719666,
-0.06267965584993362,
0.06724761426448822,
-0.005155820399522781,
0.01386168971657753,
0.02332235500216484,
-0.012440601363778114,
-0.04004344716668129,
-0.020106226205825806,
-0.01151422318071127,
0.0016705190064385533,
0.010850709863007069,
-0.026695948094129562,
-0.013546670787036419,
-0.014963404275476933,
-0.021477442234754562,
-0.027020374312996864,
0.04248650744557381,
0.06731892377138138,
-0.012015272863209248,
0.0035286613274365664,
-0.023038072511553764,
-0.042192570865154266,
0.01577509194612503,
-0.0682009905576706,
0.007159905973821878,
-0.0066252765245735645,
0.03805159777402878,
-0.029955945909023285,
0.01543199922889471,
0.01945146732032299,
-0.007132995408028364,
-0.02977386675775051,
-0.014830979518592358,
0.029614510014653206,
0.03722932189702988,
0.032494980841875076,
-0.08302793651819229,
-0.00302649918012321,
-0.022880518808960915,
0.053077805787324905,
-0.04645908996462822,
-0.024201111868023872,
-0.06829997897148132,
-0.03675055503845215,
0.002575326943770051,
-0.05474044755101204,
-0.02586795948445797,
0.023991143330931664,
0.009914838708937168,
0.016360998153686523,
-0.03330245986580849,
0.02218698523938656,
0.04218428209424019,
0.03765803202986717,
0.023447707295417786,
0.039355311542749405,
0.007297851610928774,
0.05008386820554733,
0.011792263947427273,
0.01933634839951992,
-0.0022440943866968155,
0.02224707417190075,
-0.026654407382011414,
0.002093540970236063,
-0.00833726767450571,
-0.008092215284705162,
-0.2736619710922241,
-0.005320914555341005,
0.006924234330654144,
-0.026837162673473358,
0.010806821286678314,
0.019024286419153214,
0.03633955121040344,
-0.03249746933579445,
-0.020757753401994705,
-0.0041076852940022945,
-0.0008576537948101759,
0.019501831382513046,
0.039277877658605576,
0.01941840909421444,
0.04333712160587311,
0.026742173358798027,
0.013195507228374481,
-0.02609531581401825,
0.015791891142725945,
0.015738245099782944,
-0.0017766946693882346,
-0.06485729664564133,
0.002616544021293521,
0.03708239272236824,
0.002465530065819621,
0.04186175763607025,
-0.08555657416582108,
0.005244852043688297,
-0.025158317759633064,
-0.029508719220757484,
0.01760617084801197,
-0.018339790403842926,
-0.0007308361236937344,
0.01323921699076891,
-0.013582342304289341,
0.021551309153437614,
0.018878253176808357,
0.002410854445770383,
0.048116348683834076,
0.018445923924446106,
0.020772093906998634,
-0.036737456917762756,
0.028604142367839813,
0.01075012981891632,
0.07682368904352188,
0.0009095471468754113,
-0.07053057849407196,
0.010348559357225895,
0.0003968176315538585,
0.046530138701200485,
0.011792752891778946,
-0.043443817645311356,
-0.008434292860329151,
0.046147894114255905,
0.019899943843483925,
-0.00834451150149107,
-0.010788954794406891,
-0.012326843105256557,
-0.014718258753418922,
-0.0012309522135183215,
0.0005394986364990473,
-0.04054880514740944,
-0.015835177153348923,
-0.024705789983272552,
0.002035128651186824,
-0.032319094985723495,
-0.03168589249253273,
-0.06027749553322792,
0.03513529524207115,
0.02803846262395382,
-0.04156780242919922,
0.04804697632789612,
0.03344098478555679,
-0.09238150715827942,
-0.005139691289514303,
-0.0075481487438082695,
-0.042717013508081436,
-0.005292581394314766,
0.010169348679482937,
0.045065224170684814,
-0.060407545417547226,
-0.05859646201133728,
0.016287008300423622,
-0.0126256188377738,
0.02150515653192997,
-0.04916750267148018,
0.031694527715444565,
-0.008523612283170223,
-0.006839394569396973,
-0.023367956280708313,
0.0480400025844574,
-0.012275755405426025,
-0.026602352038025856,
0.01841297373175621,
0.03894031420350075,
0.036088455468416214,
0.02753395587205887,
0.03403441980481148,
0.056873075664043427,
0.03939357027411461,
0.010911790654063225,
-0.07157005369663239,
0.007550362031906843,
-0.05874830111861229,
-0.026721032336354256,
0.039552368223667145,
-0.08179333060979843,
-0.037916477769613266,
0.03156275674700737,
-0.020448336377739906,
-0.013060234487056732,
-0.032837461680173874,
0.009820227511227131,
-0.02037591114640236,
-0.0027038396801799536,
0.008623464033007622,
-0.00546934874728322,
0.021319489926099777,
0.012263145297765732,
-0.03159189596772194,
-0.044194482266902924,
0.05071086063981056,
-0.01565081812441349,
0.013892719522118568,
-0.030292872339487076,
-0.027780374512076378,
0.01235890481621027,
0.011842352338135242,
0.006729692220687866,
-0.019854743033647537,
0.021077271550893784,
0.04230617359280586,
0.0047473059967160225,
0.010737884789705276,
0.05811242759227753,
0.025003720074892044,
0.003908983431756496,
0.00664552254602313,
0.007996030151844025,
-0.0019254492362961173,
0.008164786733686924,
-0.0071287937462329865,
0.02461068704724312,
0.028534933924674988,
0.01915636658668518,
0.01790839061141014,
0.03538832440972328,
-0.002248596167191863,
0.029358485713601112,
0.008877198211848736,
0.02296769805252552,
-0.04010627791285515,
0.017974400892853737,
-0.04615712910890579,
-0.005979691632091999,
0.04354701563715935,
0.04735754430294037,
0.008850766345858574,
-0.001747580710798502,
-0.04603176191449165,
0.02632979117333889,
-0.00558808445930481,
-0.0016915120650082827,
0.019234729930758476,
0.025481930002570152,
0.04663994908332825,
-0.040819671005010605,
-0.03127759322524071,
-0.006154793314635754,
0.00445787375792861,
-0.0155684445053339,
0.025930089876055717,
-0.06953385472297668,
0.030428236350417137,
0.00044464736129157245,
-0.007553085684776306,
0.014095672406256199,
-0.0019704008009284735,
0.013382411561906338,
0.02565169520676136,
0.016798172146081924,
0.006266348529607058,
-0.018856577575206757,
0.0041756052523851395,
0.06673520058393478,
-0.003104978706687689,
0.013123622164130211,
-0.006988884881138802,
-0.029756983742117882,
0.015374836511909962,
-0.03698970749974251,
0.0020203692838549614,
-0.0021872189827263355,
-0.018567711114883423,
-0.004562134854495525,
-0.06071918085217476,
-0.00988658145070076,
0.03458147868514061,
-0.002771425526589155,
-0.005587853956967592,
-0.004297673236578703,
0.028057513758540154,
-0.04551927000284195,
-0.0011349552078172565,
0.009859140031039715,
-0.09300598502159119,
0.004536156076937914,
-0.020068524405360222,
-0.020136665552854538,
0.0478193573653698,
0.011039155535399914,
-0.07881102710962296,
-0.0633966401219368,
-0.018854808062314987,
0.02836346998810768,
-0.02305089868605137,
-0.03442829102277756,
0.023440929129719734,
0.014696663245558739,
-0.022409118711948395,
-0.005688251927495003,
-0.023459801450371742,
0.014501011930406094,
-0.008420320227742195,
0.010803666897118092,
0.03657788410782814,
-0.02332708053290844,
-0.0038936070632189512,
0.017694750800728798,
-0.04408757761120796,
0.07416921108961105,
-0.0373980849981308,
0.05433683842420578,
0.02152797020971775,
-0.018589599058032036,
0.010983533225953579,
-0.06656639277935028,
0.04483136162161827,
-0.030873343348503113,
-0.01792004704475403,
0.018550442531704903,
-0.008276044391095638,
-0.013311174698174,
0.01800261251628399,
-0.029131583869457245,
0.04629017785191536,
-0.02287178859114647,
-0.004789658356457949,
-0.02851889654994011,
0.011509153060615063,
0.027371948584914207,
0.07520589977502823,
-0.07424673438072205,
-0.017969945445656776,
0.059761036187410355,
-0.06536304950714111,
-0.04012657329440117,
-0.09405387192964554,
-0.03517429158091545,
-0.013038127683103085,
-0.010635551996529102,
0.02127711847424507,
-0.026315199211239815,
0.04687053710222244,
0.014351218938827515,
0.030059698969125748,
0.003912512678653002,
-0.005238472018390894,
0.03620001673698425,
-0.036951132118701935,
-0.0321669802069664,
-0.08136261254549026,
0.014865811914205551,
0.0693507269024849,
-0.030891038477420807,
0.018910476937890053,
-0.01753733493387699,
-0.04872916638851166,
0.003515710821375251,
-0.023025015369057655,
-0.03505953773856163,
0.0014096979284659028,
-0.0074265799485147,
-0.012027322314679623,
-0.004163598641753197,
-0.04500506445765495,
-0.01705767959356308,
0.005285360384732485,
-0.033588338643312454,
-0.023381410166621208,
-0.007256971672177315,
0.05833382532000542,
-0.04009901359677315,
0.009856053628027439,
-0.046973586082458496,
-0.002984415041282773,
0.025646056979894638,
0.024365674704313278,
0.02034136839210987,
0.019110387191176414,
-0.005102402530610561,
0.0477767139673233,
0.03408880904316902,
0.01242759171873331,
-0.0009342975681647658,
0.006997341755777597,
-0.020697785541415215,
-0.04745161533355713,
0.06524769961833954,
-0.004751426633447409,
-0.014888714998960495,
-0.012751737609505653,
0.05259528011083603,
0.06704659759998322,
-0.03869388997554779,
-0.02729836478829384,
0.03213381767272949,
-0.038479600101709366,
-0.00463638873770833,
-0.028815720230340958,
-0.004605280701071024,
-0.010540853254497051,
0.07783275097608566,
0.018039846792817116,
0.029747381806373596,
0.05327582359313965,
-0.0011656885035336018,
-0.010926217772066593,
-0.012410065159201622,
0.07234020531177521,
0.05364777520298958,
0.04865840822458267,
0.009050127118825912,
0.053520917892456055,
-0.03062603808939457,
-0.06620767712593079,
0.03243996202945709,
0.007009993307292461,
-0.017251567915081978,
-0.04926305636763573,
-0.003582245670258999,
0.06728547811508179,
-0.008235201239585876,
0.07620517909526825,
-0.021609947085380554,
0.014540555886924267,
0.04215429723262787,
0.0058120740577578545,
0.002935538301244378,
0.07104521989822388,
0.024535950273275375,
0.02584586851298809,
-0.032540854066610336,
-0.045608192682266235,
0.01963961310684681,
-0.006873843725770712,
0.022173060104250908,
-0.0033930817153304815,
-0.022083746269345284,
-0.007884379476308823,
-0.010166575200855732,
0.03256978467106819,
0.10120619088411331,
-0.033653486520051956,
-0.01443178579211235,
0.026512982323765755,
0.017985492944717407,
0.010632229968905449,
0.04319455102086067,
-0.02954864129424095,
-0.03541543334722519,
-0.02983548678457737,
-0.039675164967775345,
0.004821390379220247,
0.0290568508207798,
-0.007789320778101683,
0.06637843698263168,
-0.013250109739601612,
-0.01676263101398945,
0.01865588314831257,
0.013899988494813442,
-0.018537160009145737,
-0.042680688202381134,
-0.032676998525857925,
-0.059794533997774124,
-0.04481419175863266,
-0.08160384744405746,
-0.023707998916506767,
0.006774100940674543,
-0.019050735980272293,
0.01683643087744713,
-0.031733594834804535,
-0.004352240357547998,
0.04120572283864021,
-0.07482998073101044,
0.038389623165130615,
0.02135714516043663,
0.019017178565263748,
-0.013354893773794174,
0.05524970218539238,
0.03181806579232216,
0.004454299807548523,
-0.02309819683432579,
0.03432595357298851,
0.022224711254239082,
0.014775625430047512,
0.014051736332476139,
0.004778623580932617,
-0.10645681619644165,
0.0004505373944994062,
0.03019591048359871,
-0.04433571174740791,
-0.08196704089641571,
0.04220976307988167,
-0.01257789134979248,
0.026768747717142105,
0.03991125524044037,
-0.0003090320387855172,
-0.006027424708008766,
-0.0068043433129787445,
-0.012213272042572498,
0.012760014273226261,
0.013459676876664162,
0.018405063077807426,
0.006436637602746487,
0.07891438901424408,
0.03589583560824394,
-0.021541912108659744,
-0.03543822839856148,
0.009499741718173027,
-0.02597659081220627,
-0.012062487192451954,
-0.03899933397769928,
-0.0020055745262652636,
-0.020808333531022072,
-0.07356498390436172,
0.03614587336778641,
0.008356972597539425,
-0.0034326803870499134,
-0.024668902158737183,
-0.01618652231991291,
-0.007151511963456869,
-0.009262868203222752,
-0.01516913902014494,
0.004471080843359232,
-0.03083880990743637,
-0.03492704778909683,
-0.018404895439743996,
-0.05358273163437843,
0.008790803141891956,
-0.01828700862824917,
0.002848632400855422,
-0.022322263568639755,
-0.05235502868890762,
0.03718512877821922,
0.007107991725206375,
0.08679873496294022,
-0.00453830836340785,
0.012067072093486786,
0.009257274679839611
] |
202 |
Unlearning-based Neural Interpretations
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=PBjCTeDL6o
|
[
"Ching Lam Choi",
"Alexandre Duplessis",
"Serge Belongie"
] |
Oral
|
Gradient-based interpretations often require an anchor point of comparison to avoid saturation in computing feature importance. We show that current baselines defined using static functions—constant mapping, averaging or blurring—inject harmful colour, texture or frequency assumptions that deviate from model behaviour. This leads to accumulation of irregular gradients, resulting in attribution maps that are biased, fragile and manipulable. Departing from the static approach, we propose $\texttt{UNI}$ to compute an (un)learnable, debiased and adaptive baseline by perturbing the input towards an $\textit{unlearning direction}$ of steepest ascent. Our method discovers reliable baselines and succeeds in erasing salient features, which in turn locally smooths the high-curvature decision boundaries. Our analyses point to unlearning as a promising avenue for generating faithful, efficient and robust interpretations.
|
Explainability, Attribution, Debiasing, Bias
|
UNI computes a debiased, adaptive baseline for gradient-based interpretations by perturbing the input towards an unlearning direction of steepest ascent.
| 604 |
2410.08069
|
[
0.00793299451470375,
0.012481088750064373,
0.010403219610452652,
0.01634630560874939,
0.027834681794047356,
0.03282051533460617,
0.004125365987420082,
0.01725446991622448,
-0.04224511608481407,
-0.03644189611077309,
-0.0230875201523304,
0.03523631766438484,
-0.07848074287176132,
0.0023766253143548965,
0.023557372391223907,
0.04470693692564964,
0.030839212238788605,
-0.012797978706657887,
-0.03197004646062851,
0.026823554188013077,
0.03056592121720314,
-0.021969269961118698,
0.0009499475709162652,
-0.0124746635556221,
0.022508056834340096,
-0.038593750447034836,
0.03982474282383919,
-0.01103212684392929,
-0.03450917825102806,
-0.013457195833325386,
0.04367168992757797,
0.014025294221937656,
0.002913529984652996,
-0.05949649214744568,
0.004518826026469469,
0.011752082034945488,
-0.027549544349312782,
0.001995724393054843,
0.001996390987187624,
0.027685968205332756,
-0.035679712891578674,
0.004122248850762844,
0.007494939956814051,
0.034399308264255524,
-0.0773492157459259,
0.034448809921741486,
-0.11042121052742004,
0.022943615913391113,
0.006127121392637491,
-0.05616876855492592,
-0.06436426937580109,
0.0342654325067997,
0.004498641937971115,
-0.03645157068967819,
0.014625482261180878,
0.03467106074094772,
0.03847983106970787,
-0.07636963576078415,
-0.021962204948067665,
-0.034369856119155884,
-0.02164337784051895,
0.033967092633247375,
0.000301842053886503,
0.03150366619229317,
0.0008554497035220265,
0.00432550860568881,
0.03137490898370743,
0.025594642385840416,
-0.057870883494615555,
-0.03836945444345474,
-0.019604302942752838,
-0.006361610721796751,
-0.02275732159614563,
-0.01321820542216301,
-0.0026370545383542776,
-0.037583574652671814,
0.024183357134461403,
0.012902218848466873,
0.07992760837078094,
-0.026433896273374557,
0.030202750116586685,
0.03214314207434654,
0.06794527173042297,
0.0481841079890728,
0.010419151745736599,
-0.006476766895502806,
-0.017833121120929718,
-0.01923033781349659,
-0.07958906143903732,
0.022420236840844154,
-0.038594648241996765,
-0.04686905816197395,
0.04690365865826607,
0.02602044865489006,
0.0033162073232233524,
-0.01380574144423008,
0.011809052899479866,
0.01994822733104229,
0.016282519325613976,
-0.0009254460455849767,
-0.0060262419283390045,
-0.04016295075416565,
-0.004855169914662838,
-0.0048432680778205395,
-0.09580092132091522,
0.004830463323742151,
-0.0062256185337901115,
0.00255234120413661,
-0.03802962601184845,
-0.018176933750510216,
-0.03893918916583061,
0.010682987049221992,
0.007669531740248203,
-0.017523372545838356,
-0.08090335875749588,
-0.008538625203073025,
-0.0054814317263662815,
0.011687657795846462,
-0.02025238797068596,
0.000009851465620158706,
0.07227588444948196,
0.04678918048739433,
0.019132796674966812,
0.0741826668381691,
-0.01245803665369749,
0.003586471313610673,
-0.003250416601076722,
0.02679777890443802,
-0.02671489678323269,
-0.039641205221414566,
-0.017790624871850014,
0.026431391015648842,
-0.0063891480676829815,
0.0023753256537020206,
0.0000377725409634877,
-0.03738578408956528,
0.019134724512696266,
-0.01596558466553688,
0.03588889539241791,
0.018975557759404182,
-0.010386244393885136,
0.001454235054552555,
0.04037880524992943,
-0.01401287317276001,
0.04730238392949104,
-0.04781796783208847,
-0.004228923469781876,
-0.019834347069263458,
-0.02034095488488674,
-0.01591065526008606,
0.028898177668452263,
-0.003963354509323835,
-0.01072702556848526,
-0.0829591155052185,
0.0043704877607524395,
0.07338999211788177,
0.02434801682829857,
0.03673287853598595,
0.01949208974838257,
0.011701392009854317,
0.014017036184668541,
-0.004214147571474314,
-0.043707575649023056,
0.033673252910375595,
0.006834395695477724,
-0.059785183519124985,
0.014025368727743626,
0.009295961819589138,
-0.014598565176129341,
0.020668577402830124,
-0.011994913220405579,
-0.06240391358733177,
0.060688987374305725,
0.00860973633825779,
-0.03597282990813255,
-0.0221438929438591,
0.0696551725268364,
0.025289492681622505,
0.040361594408750534,
0.04195389896631241,
-0.09709984064102173,
0.034690845757722855,
0.028019679710268974,
-0.01398544292896986,
-0.010526355355978012,
-0.023102430626749992,
0.06580731272697449,
-0.024427885189652443,
0.02944820187985897,
0.04854227229952812,
-0.047752611339092255,
-0.026524946093559265,
0.012787880375981331,
-0.03864027187228203,
0.06592091172933578,
0.016723090782761574,
-0.03194567561149597,
0.03906666114926338,
0.02645796537399292,
0.059429142624139786,
0.06900510936975479,
-0.05406269431114197,
0.0577453151345253,
-0.01730400137603283,
-0.036513589322566986,
0.007671648636460304,
0.0524267815053463,
-0.08087638765573502,
-0.022407429292798042,
0.02627534233033657,
-0.011524032801389694,
-0.014072799123823643,
-0.01774149015545845,
0.01233816146850586,
0.016010237857699394,
0.021894631907343864,
0.01734752207994461,
-0.013030197471380234,
-0.0018546672072261572,
-0.04272991046309471,
0.024215389043092728,
0.024780308827757835,
-0.01359181385487318,
-0.005222906358540058,
-0.013663158752024174,
0.08932594954967499,
0.06845683604478836,
-0.03539596498012543,
-0.003124748356640339,
-0.011997879482805729,
0.004053360782563686,
0.016871066763997078,
0.0009479745058342814,
-0.03258873149752617,
-0.007231390103697777,
-0.013263741508126259,
0.02859630435705185,
-0.046179331839084625,
0.06387000530958176,
-0.038849126547575,
-0.007050591986626387,
0.0742754116654396,
-0.026998557150363922,
0.02824374847114086,
-0.01714673824608326,
-0.0207732692360878,
0.04524298757314682,
-0.016071300953626633,
-0.03454836085438728,
-0.021641213446855545,
0.006080114748328924,
0.005812646355479956,
-0.03280863165855408,
-0.010570821352303028,
-0.006346342619508505,
-0.021690385416150093,
-0.03863150626420975,
-0.05206429958343506,
0.07814560830593109,
0.051712989807128906,
0.02773936279118061,
0.025822464376688004,
-0.01829354465007782,
-0.05134826898574829,
-0.009959610179066658,
-0.11294951289892197,
-0.014550937339663506,
0.030161142349243164,
0.06621526181697845,
0.013569840230047703,
0.031231768429279327,
0.0026147731114178896,
0.01524709165096283,
-0.0011228104121983051,
-0.006091559771448374,
-0.0037442403845489025,
0.055016499012708664,
0.009739520028233528,
-0.02908671647310257,
-0.0032395487651228905,
0.02454604022204876,
0.04024650901556015,
0.005002395715564489,
-0.007297011092305183,
-0.04091566801071167,
-0.03779463842511177,
-0.0008409955771639943,
-0.016858352348208427,
-0.013338420540094376,
0.009348356164991856,
0.04505729675292969,
0.04253512993454933,
-0.022848553955554962,
0.015102185308933258,
0.02666294202208519,
0.0667915791273117,
0.06646235287189484,
-0.008376982063055038,
-0.008905014954507351,
0.008294891566038132,
-0.009013453498482704,
0.03447176516056061,
0.021077929064631462,
0.016490712761878967,
-0.013507633469998837,
0.014446694403886795,
0.013484574854373932,
-0.023902084678411484,
-0.26055440306663513,
-0.010946286842226982,
0.018345732241868973,
-0.0075933379121124744,
0.027257494628429413,
-0.027555914595723152,
0.029395457357168198,
-0.03133153170347214,
-0.008825859054923058,
0.010836387053132057,
0.02780204825103283,
0.024737326428294182,
-0.010979266837239265,
0.032223764806985855,
0.01472221128642559,
0.008768192492425442,
0.022916436195373535,
-0.00300490646623075,
0.0008299885666929185,
0.06356490403413773,
-0.04104644060134888,
-0.08093848824501038,
0.005782349966466427,
0.04790227487683296,
-0.03529970720410347,
0.06421434134244919,
-0.047083403915166855,
-0.02007497474551201,
-0.06243618577718735,
-0.04420042410492897,
-0.014323318377137184,
-0.014128129929304123,
0.0007593116024509072,
0.07703400403261185,
0.010113952681422234,
-0.0040253098122775555,
0.02853071317076683,
-0.01777350716292858,
0.011046299710869789,
0.009438886307179928,
-0.0009476711275056005,
-0.03510568290948868,
0.008548242971301079,
0.05461282655596733,
0.08536843955516815,
-0.009257238358259201,
-0.06017008423805237,
-0.03117287904024124,
-0.0029387592803686857,
0.03469512611627579,
-0.03800196573138237,
0.007886393927037716,
-0.031781841069459915,
0.016255652531981468,
-0.01337053906172514,
-0.015063793398439884,
0.0058535621501505375,
-0.017139414325356483,
-0.030348870903253555,
0.021416816860437393,
0.009961946867406368,
-0.06576086580753326,
-0.0030081928707659245,
-0.03184403479099274,
0.002254243241623044,
-0.011012300848960876,
-0.07724277675151825,
-0.04482546076178551,
0.051078084856271744,
0.026793070137500763,
0.010817424394190311,
0.043600790202617645,
-0.026104895398020744,
-0.08047226071357727,
0.03461355343461037,
-0.03406591713428497,
-0.04218941181898117,
-0.02738918550312519,
0.000654999224934727,
0.04002070054411888,
-0.014929319731891155,
-0.04786897078156471,
0.019832199439406395,
0.009710370562970638,
-0.002164027886465192,
-0.039303164929151535,
0.03165741637349129,
-0.04724767804145813,
-0.03193828463554382,
-0.0003953107516281307,
0.035162296146154404,
0.0037428787909448147,
0.024939417839050293,
-0.01607823185622692,
0.024096069857478142,
0.05457106605172157,
0.05570144206285477,
0.027436787262558937,
0.04374086111783981,
-0.0070345900021493435,
-0.012716383673250675,
-0.08801057189702988,
-0.009823954664170742,
-0.0010520201176404953,
-0.04609180986881256,
0.01519593596458435,
-0.05135259032249451,
-0.009500296786427498,
0.04666408896446228,
0.00800930056720972,
-0.002919397782534361,
-0.04765037074685097,
-0.016356956213712692,
0.018500540405511856,
-0.03295791894197464,
-0.015393557026982307,
0.00612981291487813,
0.003958622459322214,
0.028311364352703094,
0.004407070577144623,
-0.022100888192653656,
0.029967183247208595,
-0.01659359224140644,
0.04051811248064041,
-0.00930088572204113,
0.009392193518579006,
-0.0035749629605561495,
0.008058368228375912,
-0.004474888555705547,
-0.007341126911342144,
0.052242569625377655,
0.036887310445308685,
-0.004708829801529646,
0.029420703649520874,
0.06834489107131958,
0.0026741845067590475,
0.022998040542006493,
-0.003857189789414406,
0.028609568253159523,
0.003921813331544399,
0.04029176011681557,
-0.01886359602212906,
0.03571922332048416,
0.0406026653945446,
0.002454710891470313,
0.008023956790566444,
0.007081848569214344,
-0.02217768505215645,
-0.029071781784296036,
-0.028059540316462517,
0.028757845982909203,
-0.029755190014839172,
-0.04306209832429886,
0.004569359123706818,
0.03450040519237518,
0.007645897101610899,
0.004786189179867506,
-0.00009192149445880204,
-0.02066594548523426,
-0.05774828791618347,
0.04911297932267189,
0.02129123918712139,
-0.05487040430307388,
-0.01824166253209114,
0.008541722781956196,
0.03352532535791397,
0.0065475208684802055,
-0.05266285315155983,
0.0049348436295986176,
0.014632197096943855,
0.005410686135292053,
-0.018224235624074936,
-0.02844037115573883,
-0.024154026061296463,
-0.026035431772470474,
-0.013278392143547535,
-0.003092956729233265,
0.015886032953858376,
0.008584339171648026,
0.04927244782447815,
0.01989513449370861,
-0.009152086451649666,
0.031040074303746223,
-0.00861126184463501,
0.06731763482093811,
0.0251973457634449,
-0.005948974750936031,
0.0028369196224957705,
-0.020415090024471283,
0.05051605403423309,
-0.018999416381120682,
0.009468172676861286,
-0.03630542382597923,
-0.006235099863260984,
-0.014576592482626438,
-0.029765209183096886,
-0.020328614860773087,
0.0376012846827507,
-0.008131624199450016,
-0.009761588647961617,
-0.03311442956328392,
0.016886010766029358,
-0.0582985021173954,
-0.004392924252897501,
0.026134945452213287,
-0.07101733237504959,
0.029703868553042412,
0.05584939569234848,
-0.05906859040260315,
0.04002251848578453,
-0.008946304209530354,
-0.0406733863055706,
-0.06596323847770691,
-0.05050712451338768,
0.016299257054924965,
-0.022453565150499344,
-0.019659385085105896,
-0.015657668933272362,
0.005075927823781967,
-0.012183926068246365,
0.012939585372805595,
0.016067592427134514,
-0.010024328716099262,
-0.02166454866528511,
0.03856240585446358,
0.030194683000445366,
-0.01298514474183321,
0.02231891267001629,
0.012710586190223694,
-0.027627717703580856,
0.016346139833331108,
-0.008993341587483883,
0.017584970220923424,
0.05748605355620384,
0.010589088313281536,
-0.009605365805327892,
-0.061976246535778046,
0.003549172542989254,
-0.01790355145931244,
0.028467932716012,
0.020604480057954788,
0.0033591105602681637,
-0.02797398529946804,
0.011913052760064602,
0.006773840170353651,
0.021286599338054657,
0.018674707040190697,
-0.009587577544152737,
0.0032035724725574255,
0.015811331570148468,
0.02161962166428566,
0.020936980843544006,
-0.042677175253629684,
-0.05656963959336281,
0.06148739531636238,
-0.03980826959013939,
-0.018826154991984367,
-0.06235054135322571,
-0.008800038136541843,
0.018612410873174667,
-0.0022376403212547302,
-0.023062689229846,
-0.0005823276005685329,
0.0011291755363345146,
0.009228928945958614,
0.001765954541042447,
0.0008938185055740178,
0.008566929958760738,
0.053858257830142975,
-0.040937021374702454,
-0.013829578645527363,
-0.07529225945472717,
-0.041341632604599,
0.06874099373817444,
-0.02166781574487686,
0.004821430426090956,
-0.03038664720952511,
-0.027137460187077522,
-0.003922249656170607,
-0.019186217337846756,
-0.04806574061512947,
0.021680012345314026,
-0.020721085369586945,
0.01589483581483364,
0.014481407590210438,
-0.050570935010910034,
0.027951544150710106,
-0.03763207420706749,
-0.04317731410264969,
-0.026005646213889122,
-0.017819689586758614,
0.06292132288217545,
0.011742937378585339,
-0.011501953937113285,
0.0024023184087127447,
0.032929278910160065,
0.041240889579057693,
0.06291987001895905,
0.06000728905200958,
0.0007353464607149363,
-0.047528740018606186,
0.08384533226490021,
0.01823062263429165,
-0.00303507037460804,
-0.007911095395684242,
0.01761603355407715,
0.006744476035237312,
-0.04236516356468201,
0.06293530017137527,
-0.008518355898559093,
-0.04456381872296333,
-0.039550140500068665,
0.020859889686107635,
0.005499962717294693,
-0.017576826736330986,
-0.029858995229005814,
0.02050940692424774,
-0.06675789505243301,
0.0008712962153367698,
0.022853370755910873,
-0.022273341193795204,
0.0028097096364945173,
0.06520824879407883,
0.02071489952504635,
0.051014017313718796,
0.05532032996416092,
0.03283929079771042,
-0.006331385113298893,
0.012847921811044216,
0.06956656277179718,
0.024698682129383087,
0.040820371359586716,
-0.002390595618635416,
0.03768052160739899,
-0.05796799436211586,
-0.038553595542907715,
0.041574977338314056,
0.026259323582053185,
-0.002765348646789789,
-0.10079167038202286,
0.026577096432447433,
0.08245677500963211,
0.009804212488234043,
0.05071369186043739,
-0.029263999313116074,
0.01182841882109642,
0.04999250918626785,
-0.009053593501448631,
-0.022915221750736237,
0.045681606978178024,
0.05715329945087433,
-0.020214568823575974,
-0.0028512540739029646,
-0.047300197184085846,
0.021284237504005432,
-0.017900533974170685,
0.013080133125185966,
0.004106694366782904,
-0.020563539117574692,
0.03463224694132805,
-0.013834982179105282,
0.056154314428567886,
0.11081111431121826,
-0.010457970201969147,
-0.0634133592247963,
0.054483432322740555,
0.026981664821505547,
0.02767537347972393,
0.04270773008465767,
-0.005433922633528709,
-0.02106691151857376,
0.004857533611357212,
-0.05608120188117027,
0.023089388385415077,
0.043917860835790634,
0.0012341670226305723,
0.039915602654218674,
-0.030290968716144562,
-0.05523348227143288,
0.004324474837630987,
0.038702450692653656,
-0.04198233038187027,
-0.054701127111911774,
-0.026720969006419182,
-0.04256768524646759,
-0.06795109063386917,
-0.07951189577579498,
0.012786643579602242,
-0.017510009929537773,
-0.03807884827256203,
-0.035804327577352524,
-0.05498597398400307,
-0.014450671151280403,
0.02950163371860981,
-0.04166724905371666,
0.028608964756131172,
0.04867977276444435,
0.007206158246845007,
-0.03344620764255524,
0.02996939979493618,
0.008031303063035011,
-0.010239501483738422,
0.00020189292263239622,
0.04836398363113403,
-0.022474462166428566,
0.023779185488820076,
-0.00869516097009182,
-0.012314517982304096,
-0.09322042018175125,
0.008885208517313004,
0.018359599635004997,
-0.041944220662117004,
-0.10837039351463318,
0.0495477057993412,
-0.053205154836177826,
-0.006577040534466505,
0.04496027156710625,
0.03342673182487488,
-0.005456535145640373,
-0.021841928362846375,
-0.010844621807336807,
-0.04085202142596245,
-0.017435338348150253,
0.04456530883908272,
-0.01362632680684328,
0.07398274540901184,
0.060210540890693665,
0.004968577064573765,
-0.010245298035442829,
0.011929714120924473,
-0.012505263090133667,
-0.0030221405904740095,
-0.015056873671710491,
-0.020028555765748024,
0.014148230664432049,
-0.1163639947772026,
-0.009420772083103657,
0.000927734887227416,
-0.05325187370181084,
-0.039124783128499985,
0.008713209070265293,
-0.02854498103260994,
-0.0021342013496905565,
-0.022831963375210762,
-0.01695513166487217,
-0.0014218284050002694,
-0.014951528050005436,
-0.02657475695014,
-0.05447185039520264,
0.021259941160678864,
-0.0029348491225391626,
0.037732552736997604,
-0.03232347592711449,
-0.054038915783166885,
-0.029530227184295654,
-0.029355300590395927,
0.031903065741062164,
0.018021350726485252,
0.0001024524390231818,
-0.011715195141732693
] |
203 |
ChartMoE: Mixture of Diversely Aligned Expert Connector for Chart Understanding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=o5TsWTUSeF
|
[
"Zhengzhuo Xu",
"Bowen Qu",
"Yiyan Qi",
"SiNan Du",
"Chengjin Xu",
"Chun Yuan",
"Jian Guo"
] |
Oral
|
Automatic chart understanding is crucial for content comprehension and document parsing. Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in chart understanding through domain-specific alignment and fine-tuning. However, current MLLMs still struggle to provide faithful data and reliable analysis only based on charts. To address it, we propose ChartMoE, which employs the Mixture of Expert (MoE) architecture to replace the traditional linear projector to bridge the modality gap. Specifically, we train several linear connectors through distinct alignment tasks, which are utilized as the foundational initialization parameters for different experts. Additionally, we introduce ChartMoE-Align, a dataset with nearly 1 million chart-table-JSON-code quadruples to conduct three alignment tasks (chart-table/JSON/code). Combined with the vanilla connector, we initialize different experts diversely and adopt high-quality knowledge learning to further refine the MoE connector and LLM parameters. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the MoE connector and our initialization strategy, e.g., ChartMoE improves the accuracy of the previous state-of-the-art from 80.48% to 84.64% on the ChartQA benchmark.
|
Multimodal Large Language Models, Chart Reasoning, Mixture of Expert
| null | 526 |
2409.03277
|
[
0.011819127015769482,
-0.017962928861379623,
0.016073327511548996,
0.03536299616098404,
0.026913248002529144,
0.005844421684741974,
0.02435644157230854,
0.028519626706838608,
-0.05789954960346222,
-0.006118718069046736,
-0.041241154074668884,
0.06615181267261505,
-0.07584673166275024,
0.006359637249261141,
0.011512605473399162,
0.0317949615418911,
0.023492075502872467,
-0.01349904015660286,
0.027462197467684746,
-0.012311799451708794,
-0.0015675679314881563,
-0.034982144832611084,
0.012520899996161461,
-0.025756800547242165,
0.009623132646083832,
-0.01920359767973423,
0.00046609845594502985,
0.01118419598788023,
-0.032968126237392426,
-0.004667967092245817,
0.02408214472234249,
0.007589611224830151,
0.035462263971567154,
-0.026387423276901245,
0.007842963561415672,
-0.0002644617634359747,
-0.018332719802856445,
0.033976998180150986,
0.01034571323543787,
0.006988911889493465,
-0.03954758495092392,
0.0014918784145265818,
0.029071144759655,
0.0019306758185848594,
0.0026225727051496506,
-0.01792381890118122,
-0.09808411449193954,
0.03339763730764389,
0.027833785861730576,
-0.020015420392155647,
-0.11417562514543533,
0.05691991001367569,
-0.0012604000512510538,
0.008359342813491821,
-0.015957234427332878,
0.03763443976640701,
0.057627324014902115,
-0.04994956776499748,
-0.002580332802608609,
-0.021218789741396904,
-0.014319171197712421,
0.005955254193395376,
0.0019455713918432593,
-0.016851210966706276,
0.01781849004328251,
-0.013055423274636269,
-0.049838464707136154,
0.03801814466714859,
-0.05014222115278244,
-0.046260640025138855,
0.011676765978336334,
-0.013448352925479412,
-0.022774510085582733,
0.008142826147377491,
0.012658926658332348,
-0.05281617119908333,
0.004544504918158054,
0.0013334149261936545,
0.056337423622608185,
-0.025198034942150116,
-0.01850186660885811,
-0.000602558720856905,
0.026214072480797768,
0.03861575573682785,
0.01615058071911335,
0.006117702927440405,
-0.010047923773527145,
-0.03862307593226433,
-0.05810803547501564,
0.019754400476813316,
0.005903323646634817,
-0.0677507147192955,
0.01515513751655817,
0.01952839083969593,
0.012931768782436848,
0.03741353005170822,
0.02080516517162323,
0.06079202890396118,
-0.032296981662511826,
-0.04066422954201698,
-0.01680109091103077,
-0.0198674239218235,
0.06303741037845612,
0.03033524937927723,
-0.07962477207183838,
-0.018940523266792297,
0.01844472438097,
-0.00951512809842825,
0.005407141521573067,
-0.0029740668833255768,
-0.06271644681692123,
-0.02438560128211975,
-0.009832707233726978,
-0.01769493892788887,
-0.055611882358789444,
0.05373941734433174,
-0.0048197247087955475,
0.03647536039352417,
-0.0033990375231951475,
-0.0078594870865345,
0.042744334787130356,
0.04928567633032799,
-0.0005053945351392031,
0.06461770832538605,
-0.02387372776865959,
0.022721825167536736,
-0.012404361739754677,
0.02441377192735672,
-0.03284432366490364,
-0.01842222362756729,
0.012368165887892246,
0.03368638455867767,
-0.010080880485475063,
-0.022886913269758224,
0.024895884096622467,
0.027348514646291733,
0.07304860651493073,
0.0002962159924209118,
0.05592741072177887,
0.0028376912232488394,
0.011449187062680721,
-0.010374244302511215,
0.04044800251722336,
-0.03594274818897247,
0.03932332247495651,
-0.004018405918031931,
-0.03531596437096596,
-0.034785374999046326,
-0.05278684198856354,
0.030598999932408333,
0.037049550563097,
-0.034646209329366684,
0.006013205274939537,
-0.029600409790873528,
0.03674682602286339,
0.0851588249206543,
0.015047579072415829,
0.0256875678896904,
0.06098560988903046,
0.03108888491988182,
-0.0018879298586398363,
0.01849997229874134,
-0.053455568850040436,
0.03510776534676552,
-0.020947514101862907,
-0.05154210329055786,
0.029281053692102432,
0.033241599798202515,
-0.06164304539561272,
-0.0012884375173598528,
-0.028910109773278236,
-0.039418332278728485,
0.044072266668081284,
-0.011975749395787716,
-0.003517545759677887,
-0.0017022652318701148,
0.07567372173070908,
0.014807135798037052,
0.029277432709932327,
0.04050920158624649,
-0.06015339493751526,
0.025673016905784607,
-0.0015667569823563099,
-0.035797033458948135,
0.053412988781929016,
-0.0008421375532634556,
0.07526705414056778,
-0.05377177894115448,
-0.0031067768577486277,
0.015552254393696785,
-0.05139990895986557,
-0.04673393443226814,
0.04158908128738403,
-0.0007738195708952844,
0.06307012587785721,
0.004746176302433014,
-0.03107048198580742,
0.06811113655567169,
0.04778389260172844,
0.05289841815829277,
0.03513550013303757,
-0.00029653761885128915,
0.07175998389720917,
0.01837046816945076,
-0.0225747749209404,
-0.002418421907350421,
0.039337944239377975,
-0.046713754534721375,
-0.04334826022386551,
-0.002533163409680128,
-0.023286690935492516,
-0.025235574692487717,
0.013971302658319473,
0.0026611497160047293,
0.01288552675396204,
0.031157802790403366,
0.036162666976451874,
-0.030647501349449158,
-0.012678338214755058,
-0.04833896830677986,
0.04634912312030792,
-0.006898865569382906,
-0.05308232456445694,
-0.04838419705629349,
-0.033645182847976685,
0.08250976353883743,
0.062310583889484406,
-0.01658637449145317,
-0.03879003971815109,
0.023744184523820877,
0.00021702726371586323,
0.008178070187568665,
0.06643397361040115,
-0.03615976870059967,
0.012595968320965767,
-0.06118449196219444,
-0.02546611987054348,
-0.0429970845580101,
0.041606608778238297,
-0.027209937572479248,
0.018099604174494743,
0.03806912899017334,
-0.02748299017548561,
0.02209422178566456,
0.06658531725406647,
-0.003842185949906707,
0.027719542384147644,
0.02004501409828663,
-0.007043763529509306,
0.0026110345497727394,
0.008753227069973946,
0.008090128190815449,
-0.023628486320376396,
-0.050387341529130936,
-0.010755574330687523,
-0.023664938285946846,
-0.03772988170385361,
-0.03964994102716446,
0.03979083523154259,
0.07436606287956238,
0.01441458985209465,
0.03557733818888664,
-0.0023136057425290346,
-0.016890136525034904,
-0.0026042405515909195,
-0.06805332750082016,
-0.04788828268647194,
-0.03464687243103981,
-0.013904114253818989,
0.016267456114292145,
0.04878624528646469,
0.0007247014436870813,
0.03552859276533127,
-0.0012142094783484936,
0.019302718341350555,
0.004073206800967455,
0.061749644577503204,
-0.0212579183280468,
-0.03481797128915787,
-0.04146689176559448,
-0.01841490902006626,
0.04388129338622093,
-0.010781620629131794,
-0.02087383344769478,
-0.06105363741517067,
-0.009461045265197754,
-0.0037121877539902925,
-0.02821737714111805,
-0.0017907196888700128,
0.013752528466284275,
0.017047282308340073,
0.027629509568214417,
-0.033128708600997925,
0.014162911102175713,
0.02396383136510849,
0.0035928962752223015,
0.04110707715153694,
-0.005387826822698116,
-0.05040876567363739,
0.052185140550136566,
-0.009993484243750572,
0.03484446555376053,
0.06017398461699486,
-0.06146981194615364,
0.0048616440035402775,
0.004686671309173107,
0.0035449883434921503,
-0.01234291959553957,
-0.2653161585330963,
-0.024518178775906563,
-0.018006544560194016,
-0.040843088179826736,
0.034200359135866165,
-0.04326554387807846,
0.05045916140079498,
-0.0534541979432106,
-0.02049431763589382,
-0.03100103698670864,
0.04592716321349144,
0.033264558762311935,
0.011505074799060822,
0.014957558363676071,
0.04218752682209015,
0.04069800302386284,
-0.01342290360480547,
-0.03165415674448013,
0.024249879643321037,
0.07111114263534546,
-0.031404875218868256,
-0.04853348433971405,
-0.027237869799137115,
0.052458506077528,
-0.03273916244506836,
0.04233473539352417,
-0.08122488856315613,
-0.001086425967514515,
-0.016977477818727493,
-0.024408794939517975,
0.01632017269730568,
-0.01773359254002571,
-0.015541084110736847,
0.030727630481123924,
0.001805211533792317,
-0.0022592549212276936,
0.07437300682067871,
-0.015622847713530064,
0.05549797788262367,
-0.047829873859882355,
0.012846242636442184,
-0.0272989422082901,
-0.04804488644003868,
-0.022989563643932343,
0.04164646565914154,
-0.002767027821391821,
-0.05098510906100273,
-0.024270933121442795,
-0.00980567466467619,
0.05326429009437561,
-0.007220586761832237,
-0.032846469432115555,
-0.009776351042091846,
-0.029667329043149948,
-0.006300789769738913,
-0.012797728180885315,
0.015486598014831543,
0.000010184852726524696,
-0.047112565487623215,
-0.025808125734329224,
-0.00847529899328947,
-0.055785369127988815,
-0.025525690987706184,
-0.06209418922662735,
-0.030365506187081337,
-0.05471007153391838,
-0.05282929167151451,
-0.04751727730035782,
0.05680300295352936,
0.016429124400019646,
-0.04193250089883804,
0.03466502204537392,
0.01361582987010479,
-0.09887553006410599,
0.013252505101263523,
-0.017619509249925613,
0.013256511650979519,
0.009128285571932793,
0.00122362794354558,
0.004493619780987501,
-0.05532527342438698,
-0.061674345284700394,
0.04484851285815239,
-0.0013775714905932546,
0.027227256447076797,
-0.0357666052877903,
-0.002572199795395136,
-0.042784299701452255,
-0.0006618875777348876,
-0.03643495962023735,
0.04951562359929085,
-0.010739164426922798,
-0.010096323676407337,
0.04490005224943161,
0.04427922144532204,
0.017744101583957672,
0.05996602028608322,
0.053384825587272644,
0.03841177374124527,
-0.00684810196980834,
0.015956921502947807,
-0.1045859158039093,
0.0029673047829419374,
-0.014724490232765675,
-0.017177382484078407,
-0.001230691559612751,
-0.04922519624233246,
-0.019676193594932556,
0.036696143448352814,
0.019020866602659225,
-0.004225210286676884,
-0.0267019085586071,
0.007557341363281012,
-0.003066000295802951,
-0.03340516984462738,
-0.004852863494306803,
0.014676602557301521,
0.030800292268395424,
0.0265988577157259,
-0.005674924235790968,
0.004495688714087009,
0.0004588487499859184,
0.019547032192349434,
0.01202357280999422,
-0.01955369859933853,
-0.038837604224681854,
-0.006710126530379057,
0.014596732333302498,
0.023209894075989723,
0.012570827268064022,
0.02391626685857773,
0.04147505387663841,
0.001742490567266941,
-0.0024217809550464153,
0.02433745004236698,
-0.058713193982839584,
-0.015485605224967003,
-0.003292036708444357,
0.010246383026242256,
-0.022332357242703438,
0.02808658592402935,
-0.00006152048445073888,
0.018971210345625877,
0.04264598339796066,
0.015906544402241707,
-0.02314021810889244,
0.007777425926178694,
0.015395598486065865,
0.0016092065488919616,
0.019937193021178246,
-0.04374179616570473,
-0.046135373413562775,
-0.013694152235984802,
-0.023729383945465088,
0.038963038474321365,
-0.0022212285548448563,
-0.006023908965289593,
0.0007774661062285304,
0.005889867432415485,
-0.05193996801972389,
0.05797608941793442,
0.03289157524704933,
0.0007229874026961625,
0.003085876815021038,
0.014320005662739277,
-0.004213779699057341,
-0.01938137412071228,
0.0666998103260994,
0.00047035407624207437,
-0.003663294715806842,
0.026561319828033447,
-0.015323315747082233,
-0.0170259028673172,
-0.009918414987623692,
-0.04936832934617996,
0.018878232687711716,
0.002894909121096134,
0.020935747772455215,
-0.01729191280901432,
0.06390652805566788,
0.012857106514275074,
-0.015403694473206997,
-0.014855345711112022,
-0.008274772204458714,
0.062126561999320984,
-0.008942337706685066,
-0.02459203265607357,
-0.04061940312385559,
-0.017720310017466545,
0.023150604218244553,
-0.0007707530166953802,
0.00721037108451128,
-0.0337006114423275,
-0.01825510710477829,
-0.039325814694166183,
-0.0597500205039978,
-0.007184887304902077,
0.01000632718205452,
-0.0016226350562646985,
0.004885174799710512,
-0.029817603528499603,
-0.004385805688798428,
-0.09070665389299393,
-0.045082274824380875,
0.014857646077871323,
-0.07361231744289398,
0.012310504913330078,
-0.011019697412848473,
-0.03256595507264137,
0.004502704832702875,
-0.03606687858700752,
-0.03378520905971527,
-0.04772434011101723,
-0.0371299684047699,
0.016885505989193916,
-0.023818422108888626,
-0.027674490585923195,
-0.04899733141064644,
0.014085209928452969,
-0.023244312033057213,
0.022093968465924263,
0.0015105872880667448,
-0.050096094608306885,
0.0038336599245667458,
0.04660772904753685,
0.048123735934495926,
-0.006575410254299641,
-0.005781844258308411,
0.00909359659999609,
-0.02753785438835621,
0.040241219103336334,
-0.02899111993610859,
0.023598453029990196,
0.06540124118328094,
0.011331629939377308,
0.03916477411985397,
-0.08183928579092026,
0.013834673911333084,
0.026978809386491776,
-0.007885297760367393,
0.06654935330152512,
-0.014800172299146652,
-0.017580276355147362,
0.015524514019489288,
0.026668645441532135,
0.05550341680645943,
-0.004664916545152664,
-0.027556153014302254,
0.01249218825250864,
0.014405765570700169,
0.023638078942894936,
-0.019875124096870422,
-0.031201953068375587,
-0.017267238348722458,
0.09424576163291931,
-0.029544731602072716,
-0.04214641451835632,
-0.036517463624477386,
-0.06509703397750854,
0.024514738470315933,
-0.002247844124212861,
0.017882805317640305,
-0.02930229716002941,
0.052983373403549194,
0.022228756919503212,
0.09871147572994232,
0.018890125676989555,
-0.016350286081433296,
0.029331989586353302,
-0.06921461969614029,
0.026132505387067795,
-0.06697435677051544,
0.002770732156932354,
0.07723384350538254,
-0.02161099575459957,
-0.044496942311525345,
-0.014888080768287182,
-0.04295508563518524,
0.048582516610622406,
0.005927980877459049,
-0.048046573996543884,
-0.013666137121617794,
-0.016755912452936172,
0.010950477793812752,
0.01604042388498783,
-0.007706731092184782,
0.016409071162343025,
-0.00472218869253993,
-0.02314153127372265,
-0.005455215461552143,
-0.03901175409555435,
0.07081165164709091,
-0.0021863135043531656,
0.04840780422091484,
-0.026493223384022713,
0.016781561076641083,
0.04069012403488159,
0.06605130434036255,
0.03735934942960739,
0.012653062120079994,
-0.014246990904211998,
0.06717373430728912,
0.0458231158554554,
0.0037074831780046225,
-0.01171850599348545,
0.007038895972073078,
-0.022206896916031837,
-0.02664012648165226,
0.04790709540247917,
0.016784366220235825,
-0.023727217689156532,
-0.05413338169455528,
0.057949189096689224,
0.013453173451125622,
-0.04603865370154381,
-0.06512442231178284,
0.01834895648062229,
-0.028760408982634544,
-0.0030709202401340008,
-0.03291025012731552,
0.01890994980931282,
-0.017164070159196854,
0.05954631790518761,
0.027725735679268837,
0.04818274453282356,
0.054868824779987335,
0.00815124623477459,
-0.0038605970330536366,
0.024629203602671623,
0.016896432265639305,
0.058328788727521896,
0.07164974510669708,
0.020620284602046013,
0.06593210250139236,
-0.05408722907304764,
-0.046771615743637085,
0.015976453199982643,
0.04494655504822731,
0.048411253839731216,
-0.021861039102077484,
-0.023672420531511307,
0.07702228426933289,
0.003685477888211608,
0.03533712029457092,
-0.035749077796936035,
-0.0394638329744339,
0.010078457184135914,
-0.014316950924694538,
-0.008810194209218025,
0.031255025416612625,
0.005541720427572727,
0.00042334754834882915,
-0.03280753269791603,
-0.019273756071925163,
0.03859582543373108,
-0.056081149727106094,
-0.022595493122935295,
0.006340026389807463,
0.015314155258238316,
-0.0029690733645111322,
-0.022430168464779854,
0.055866289883852005,
0.09601860493421555,
-0.030956663191318512,
-0.03430749475955963,
0.010413452051579952,
0.018057309091091156,
0.021952800452709198,
0.0626634806394577,
-0.006852284073829651,
-0.007834880612790585,
0.013460970483720303,
-0.05678422003984451,
0.03758034482598305,
-0.00705462833866477,
0.018634922802448273,
0.03219333291053772,
-0.04880214110016823,
-0.020501963794231415,
0.0043853712268173695,
-0.012544502504169941,
-0.031624507158994675,
-0.03212647885084152,
-0.03414108604192734,
-0.0637781098484993,
-0.05661569535732269,
-0.0328165628015995,
0.02665230818092823,
0.011999482288956642,
-0.018738849088549614,
-0.0017161021241918206,
-0.022488851100206375,
0.047967251390218735,
-0.00716292392462492,
-0.049846041947603226,
0.022722307592630386,
0.03416331857442856,
-0.00035414856392890215,
-0.03306620568037033,
0.05032636970281601,
0.024300115182995796,
0.004068126901984215,
0.0012805986916646361,
0.02698974683880806,
0.04409486800432205,
-0.00011155172978760675,
0.00508534349501133,
-0.016202406957745552,
-0.08457906544208527,
0.0032043657265603542,
-0.010043851099908352,
-0.027290236204862595,
-0.06819552928209305,
0.0036028865724802017,
-0.006987195461988449,
0.01114343199878931,
0.05328955128788948,
0.001974007347598672,
0.0017925373977050185,
0.021277839317917824,
-0.0334002710878849,
-0.011057836934924126,
0.009998230263590813,
0.0141599765047431,
-0.0457221195101738,
0.05964413285255432,
0.0018148317467421293,
0.01563989743590355,
-0.004664104897528887,
0.022809535264968872,
-0.021707920357584953,
0.02203616127371788,
-0.016000021249055862,
-0.03248368576169014,
-0.020137296989560127,
-0.08665648847818375,
-0.037473179399967194,
0.052028000354766846,
0.014696464873850346,
-0.04435845464468002,
-0.01333790086209774,
-0.017632709816098213,
-0.05428750440478325,
0.005059771705418825,
0.02308136224746704,
-0.022257672622799873,
-0.027760492637753487,
-0.010140151716768742,
-0.0604369193315506,
0.024679632857441902,
0.005596925038844347,
-0.011657225899398327,
-0.043757978826761246,
-0.03636753931641579,
0.03443755954504013,
-0.013905738480389118,
0.013546056114137173,
0.020991429686546326,
0.05388597026467323,
-0.007545012980699539
] |
204 |
Probabilistic Learning to Defer: Handling Missing Expert Annotations and Controlling Workload Distribution
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=zl0HLZOJC9
|
[
"Cuong C. Nguyen",
"Thanh-Toan Do",
"Gustavo Carneiro"
] |
Oral
|
Recent progress in machine learning research is gradually shifting its focus towards *human-AI cooperation* due to the advantages of exploiting the reliability of human experts and the efficiency of AI models. One of the promising approaches in human-AI cooperation is *learning to defer* (L2D), where the system analyses the input data and decides to make its own decision or defer to human experts. Although L2D has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance, in its standard setting, L2D entails a severe limitation: all human experts must annotate the whole training dataset of interest, resulting in a time-consuming and expensive annotation process that can subsequently influence the size and diversity of the training set. Moreover, the current L2D does not have a principled way to control workload distribution among human experts and the AI classifier, which is critical to optimise resource allocation. We, therefore, propose a new probabilistic modelling approach inspired by the mixture-of-experts, where the Expectation - Maximisation algorithm is leverage to address the issue of missing expert's annotations. Furthermore, we introduce a constraint, which can be solved efficiently during the E-step, to control the workload distribution among human experts and the AI classifier. Empirical evaluation on synthetic and real-world datasets shows that our proposed probabilistic approach performs competitively, or surpasses previously proposed methods assessed on the same benchmarks.
|
learning to defer, expectation - maximisation
| null | 451 | null |
[
-0.024222226813435555,
-0.0489116795361042,
-0.019497698172926903,
0.010886091738939285,
0.047491855919361115,
-0.000008236957000917755,
0.03955148905515671,
0.008334382437169552,
-0.023386914283037186,
-0.029627960175275803,
-0.03534809872508049,
0.036805517971515656,
-0.024142926558852196,
-0.03356126323342323,
-0.003524715779349208,
0.04343867674469948,
0.045783597975969315,
0.0013346991036087275,
-0.010879820212721825,
-0.0120779387652874,
0.00180848129093647,
-0.0068295239470899105,
0.04403535649180412,
0.001681022229604423,
0.03504601866006851,
0.012829946354031563,
-0.0034565688110888004,
0.02069132588803768,
-0.012235047295689583,
-0.011884888634085655,
0.053530871868133545,
-0.0009887937922030687,
0.0006348976166918874,
-0.03785904124379158,
-0.01385736558586359,
0.005531717091798782,
0.003973140846937895,
0.017417825758457184,
-0.005421676207333803,
0.03974887356162071,
-0.023259341716766357,
0.020379655063152313,
-0.021054808050394058,
0.01645302213728428,
-0.059440407902002335,
0.011544646695256233,
-0.08685042709112167,
0.01314089260995388,
0.021898631006479263,
-0.07269580662250519,
-0.08970148861408234,
-0.008459690026938915,
0.0006760983378626406,
-0.02149992063641548,
0.005371551029384136,
0.027124298736453056,
0.03732741251587868,
-0.09974029660224915,
-0.011847546324133873,
-0.029258575290441513,
-0.01867872290313244,
0.02152477391064167,
0.02134242281317711,
0.010762696154415607,
-0.02646624855697155,
-0.01210955809801817,
0.016033461317420006,
0.05967291444540024,
-0.02277190610766411,
-0.03337039053440094,
-0.04287329316139221,
-0.01688748225569725,
-0.03355661779642105,
0.014778820797801018,
-0.011239951476454735,
-0.0538400262594223,
0.020380375906825066,
0.013286834582686424,
0.09751108288764954,
-0.007889320142567158,
0.028246890753507614,
-0.008117546327412128,
0.046078868210315704,
0.027936669066548347,
0.00784051138907671,
0.03831782937049866,
-0.006195143796503544,
-0.06025554984807968,
-0.07942410558462143,
0.03325330838561058,
0.008812958374619484,
-0.03819670155644417,
0.0007354525732807815,
0.048297010362148285,
0.016290904954075813,
0.05355438217520714,
0.031409673392772675,
0.0014628617791458964,
0.007888736203312874,
0.004336200654506683,
-0.01701812818646431,
-0.04404723644256592,
-0.014188219793140888,
0.010874709114432335,
-0.06914742290973663,
-0.04720088839530945,
-0.0038116220384836197,
-0.010672496631741524,
0.001320102484896779,
0.02599516697227955,
-0.035196978598833084,
-0.007779755163937807,
0.0036642744671553373,
-0.026694348081946373,
-0.10165226459503174,
0.015131811611354351,
-0.030944010242819786,
0.014518474228680134,
-0.004596879705786705,
0.016272809356451035,
0.0324317067861557,
0.060959361493587494,
0.009494148194789886,
0.06593838334083557,
-0.01489997934550047,
-0.006611051969230175,
-0.01688992604613304,
0.011295165866613388,
-0.007175007369369268,
-0.04880426451563835,
0.03777943179011345,
0.0401458665728569,
0.012620603665709496,
0.002182719064876437,
-0.013954541645944118,
0.015630031004548073,
-0.03011404164135456,
0.0315987728536129,
0.04253231734037399,
-0.0025642388500273228,
-0.018299918621778488,
-0.01989634707570076,
0.04578658565878868,
-0.03048727475106716,
0.043060075491666794,
0.0069346558302640915,
0.007496178150177002,
-0.004754447843879461,
-0.006142825353890657,
-0.015663573518395424,
-0.00964302010834217,
-0.020458100363612175,
0.01394680142402649,
-0.03963650017976761,
0.007896311581134796,
0.047905948013067245,
0.03481194004416466,
-0.009952329099178314,
0.016024861484766006,
0.017889125272631645,
0.0129148093983531,
0.027211440727114677,
-0.06570360064506531,
-0.00017022153770085424,
0.012895763851702213,
-0.06470085680484772,
0.043762534856796265,
0.03649568557739258,
-0.029764600098133087,
0.002770707942545414,
-0.057632677257061005,
-0.015344381332397461,
0.0456845685839653,
-0.025997495278716087,
-0.013927856460213661,
-0.01576782949268818,
0.06473223119974136,
0.0005583614110946655,
0.05221176892518997,
0.027773618698120117,
-0.09246895462274551,
0.0560215525329113,
0.010333152487874031,
0.00824243575334549,
0.024558616802096367,
0.016968999058008194,
0.05968713015317917,
0.00356985442340374,
0.018518835306167603,
0.03895121067762375,
-0.08514373004436493,
-0.020491383969783783,
0.04214026778936386,
-0.017136044800281525,
0.07017714530229568,
-0.01117414515465498,
-0.012747509405016899,
0.04178399592638016,
0.004617650061845779,
0.07773586362600327,
0.03564239293336868,
-0.021413762122392654,
0.04605884104967117,
-0.020168932154774666,
-0.017838720232248306,
0.029674474149942398,
0.009625119157135487,
-0.026059279218316078,
-0.0217389315366745,
0.027118872851133347,
-0.031939249485731125,
0.01635167934000492,
0.005816956050693989,
0.004563991911709309,
0.029065679758787155,
0.034074753522872925,
-0.01191179919987917,
-0.00863132905215025,
0.000026711315513239242,
-0.06043354794383049,
0.04959098994731903,
0.027826158329844475,
-0.0003888249339070171,
0.027773840352892876,
-0.03793559968471527,
0.0865020826458931,
0.057898372411727905,
-0.018545152619481087,
-0.0048309811390936375,
0.0031453892588615417,
0.02289680577814579,
0.008894220925867558,
0.034780509769916534,
-0.010824007913470268,
0.01871006190776825,
-0.026583433151245117,
0.0013743618037551641,
-0.037256788462400436,
0.06396575272083282,
-0.03728797659277916,
-0.013116603717207909,
0.06068534776568413,
-0.026563992723822594,
0.05543417111039162,
0.013793782331049442,
0.0023138076066970825,
0.029182851314544678,
0.0005862361867912114,
-0.012071304023265839,
-0.013539336621761322,
0.002584806876257062,
-0.010470003820955753,
-0.0025350195355713367,
-0.0028363997116684914,
-0.01527597289532423,
-0.07627016305923462,
0.025082888081669807,
-0.02565726824104786,
0.07448748499155045,
0.04577269405126572,
0.014931121841073036,
0.007474223617464304,
-0.028737323358654976,
-0.03806757554411888,
0.0007565442938357592,
-0.1250735968351364,
-0.057024434208869934,
-0.02167801558971405,
0.007784203160554171,
0.011909039691090584,
0.02931557409465313,
0.0007813028641976416,
0.04209216311573982,
-0.04388914629817009,
-0.012219102121889591,
0.03228624537587166,
0.014077050611376762,
0.037460148334503174,
-0.0487573966383934,
-0.013773812912404537,
-0.0001080301808542572,
0.06299030780792236,
0.008892402052879333,
-0.028329074382781982,
0.0007576077478006482,
-0.024554628878831863,
-0.023516833782196045,
-0.0798068568110466,
-0.026347355917096138,
0.032073404639959335,
0.0015168150421231985,
0.008280000649392605,
-0.011902871541678905,
-0.03420558199286461,
0.04992645978927612,
0.041613660752773285,
0.04129934683442116,
0.0006348994211293757,
-0.01314336434006691,
0.04321993887424469,
-0.02939733676612377,
0.04990145191550255,
-0.020352961495518684,
0.010978013277053833,
0.011532665230333805,
-0.018757319077849388,
0.03724731132388115,
0.010360474698245525,
-0.30499666929244995,
-0.01371756475418806,
0.052994754165410995,
-0.01512097381055355,
0.02045147679746151,
-0.0364992655813694,
0.07186351716518402,
-0.013868422247469425,
-0.021704096347093582,
0.010790533386170864,
0.009895815514028072,
0.04439747333526611,
0.011617520824074745,
0.051829807460308075,
0.03708505630493164,
0.05843961611390114,
-0.006624881643801928,
-0.013522799126803875,
0.018896572291851044,
0.04415185749530792,
-0.027549264952540398,
-0.04779450595378876,
-0.03704020753502846,
0.05665298178792,
-0.015230869874358177,
0.022178050130605698,
-0.04496745020151138,
-0.02959594689309597,
-0.04662774130702019,
-0.009415427222847939,
0.03069423697888851,
-0.02717374451458454,
0.009769990108907223,
-0.00802898220717907,
0.017025098204612732,
-0.04938941448926926,
0.05033751577138901,
0.019108789041638374,
0.02850247733294964,
0.0329301655292511,
-0.008615109138190746,
-0.03555319458246231,
-0.013901392929255962,
-0.0004398769233375788,
0.038864050060510635,
0.02670518308877945,
-0.06198914349079132,
-0.031040135771036148,
-0.005462256260216236,
0.042664170265197754,
-0.010503122583031654,
-0.030931400135159492,
-0.041883163154125214,
-0.02683783322572708,
0.008336910977959633,
-0.015930453315377235,
0.012160331942141056,
-0.037787020206451416,
-0.007888136431574821,
0.01924779824912548,
-0.00713955145329237,
-0.046749044209718704,
-0.003285119077190757,
-0.03956657275557518,
-0.023474302142858505,
-0.04122423008084297,
-0.056819651275873184,
-0.07145336270332336,
0.030739013105630875,
0.035675715655088425,
-0.01584211178123951,
-0.015752296894788742,
0.0004042520304210484,
-0.10273557156324387,
0.013349230401217937,
0.010174375027418137,
-0.01692616567015648,
0.010812581516802311,
0.030288545414805412,
0.048119280487298965,
-0.0026281585451215506,
-0.05658382549881935,
-0.0035344804637134075,
0.003435524646192789,
0.03272445127367973,
0.007309745531529188,
0.0414644256234169,
-0.00852986704558134,
-0.02000214159488678,
-0.02787821739912033,
0.030843432992696762,
0.03142274171113968,
0.018387984484434128,
-0.00804380513727665,
0.027965253219008446,
0.09470365196466446,
-0.0025327501352876425,
0.0742320567369461,
0.02653004415333271,
-0.00871624331921339,
0.031040286645293236,
-0.09466329216957092,
-0.020071828737854958,
-0.058831799775362015,
-0.0059789144434034824,
0.013032367452979088,
-0.04320450872182846,
-0.013964331708848476,
0.037869229912757874,
-0.021667394787073135,
-0.019028794020414352,
-0.02384253405034542,
-0.007290080189704895,
0.03539416566491127,
-0.04713469371199608,
-0.029417231678962708,
-0.0029250034131109715,
0.0392145961523056,
0.024051273241639137,
0.013593394309282303,
-0.06334929168224335,
0.030866073444485664,
-0.011517906561493874,
0.004263374023139477,
0.00818679854273796,
-0.014291893690824509,
-0.0051923273131251335,
-0.05185883492231369,
0.040777597576379776,
-0.02692854404449463,
0.019207749515771866,
0.05462954565882683,
-0.01202259212732315,
0.02206302247941494,
0.015770701691508293,
-0.0072876824997365475,
-0.017972342669963837,
-0.012269251048564911,
0.033497631549835205,
-0.010054698213934898,
0.03699829801917076,
-0.013991606421768665,
0.019371788948774338,
0.029147787019610405,
0.0701427310705185,
-0.010004605166614056,
-0.0034512393176555634,
-0.0031785941682755947,
0.02600185200572014,
-0.02232825942337513,
0.03253709524869919,
-0.021361684426665306,
0.03385642543435097,
-0.03179303556680679,
0.010514738038182259,
0.009254793636500835,
0.014405769295990467,
-0.005891307257115841,
-0.0067392862401902676,
-0.06092110276222229,
0.028134407475590706,
0.010365910828113556,
-0.004784097895026207,
-0.010366158559918404,
0.038635849952697754,
0.045079030096530914,
-0.019332876428961754,
-0.031346507370471954,
0.022423896938562393,
0.026780901476740837,
-0.0010439222678542137,
-0.048054590821266174,
-0.048628244549036026,
-0.017392463982105255,
0.0007442892529070377,
0.004908164031803608,
0.00771721825003624,
-0.026931511238217354,
-0.06700827181339264,
0.035713862627744675,
-0.01726868748664856,
0.021498078480362892,
-0.028109338134527206,
0.020222609862685204,
0.07568869739770889,
0.0036451939959079027,
0.01742374524474144,
0.009996060281991959,
-0.036709923297166824,
0.0023009981960058212,
-0.017779359593987465,
0.011788149364292622,
0.008828279562294483,
-0.034348439425230026,
0.002595640253275633,
-0.045969750732183456,
0.03052063286304474,
-0.0045059556141495705,
-0.018634526059031487,
0.013396693393588066,
-0.030882392078638077,
0.00567018473520875,
-0.037890367209911346,
-0.05226624384522438,
0.0200889203697443,
-0.08486609905958176,
0.02130873315036297,
0.019657999277114868,
0.0008748997934162617,
0.009710617363452911,
-0.05596735700964928,
-0.020244482904672623,
-0.06739605963230133,
-0.04516133666038513,
-0.009239998646080494,
-0.0342867448925972,
-0.015433530323207378,
-0.0016445331275463104,
0.015344067476689816,
-0.020164337009191513,
0.014358642511069775,
-0.006495068781077862,
-0.024485738947987556,
-0.01329164206981659,
0.001431611250154674,
0.027045419439673424,
-0.029218649491667747,
-0.014807842671871185,
0.019443070515990257,
-0.02082045003771782,
-0.0028651244938373566,
-0.05620120093226433,
-0.011806795373558998,
0.03204871714115143,
-0.007150676101446152,
0.0036423401907086372,
-0.0008239737944677472,
0.04047973081469536,
0.017138099297881126,
-0.04225866496562958,
0.014213737100362778,
0.002859800821170211,
-0.022987807169556618,
0.001892070285975933,
-0.01811317354440689,
0.025564735755324364,
-0.011681999079883099,
-0.010183360427618027,
0.004121936857700348,
0.009814810007810593,
-0.009265035390853882,
0.023148201406002045,
-0.034753184765577316,
0.004088531713932753,
0.03229496628046036,
-0.03845036029815674,
-0.04924392327666283,
-0.062230974435806274,
-0.03970950469374657,
0.03973205015063286,
0.017734527587890625,
0.008287010714411736,
-0.01112158503383398,
0.024252407252788544,
0.014246098697185516,
0.05024734511971474,
-0.004580420907586813,
-0.010843142867088318,
0.031654998660087585,
-0.061176054179668427,
-0.00932492408901453,
-0.0665430948138237,
-0.02978130616247654,
0.08616100251674652,
-0.022493848577141762,
0.0032682667952030897,
-0.001959586050361395,
-0.032175883650779724,
0.023635366931557655,
-0.05389006808400154,
-0.057988014072179794,
0.005253825802356005,
-0.017286019399762154,
-0.00023447637795470655,
0.020785605534911156,
-0.04564391076564789,
-0.011809216812252998,
-0.00895400159060955,
-0.05485125258564949,
0.005313672125339508,
-0.006464277859777212,
0.04028841108083725,
-0.008727670647203922,
0.03651650995016098,
-0.04336035996675491,
0.012864703312516212,
0.015911905094981194,
0.06499086320400238,
-0.03914186358451843,
0.018269632011651993,
-0.0470397025346756,
0.07782632857561111,
0.045627299696207047,
0.030395185574889183,
-0.022810671478509903,
0.02989872172474861,
-0.017842410132288933,
-0.045022107660770416,
0.0555032379925251,
0.018030017614364624,
-0.020968684926629066,
-0.056505437940359116,
0.039061084389686584,
0.018532907590270042,
-0.050258148461580276,
-0.024738073348999023,
0.007966799661517143,
-0.04346386343240738,
-0.0020094141364097595,
0.011417639441788197,
-0.006621225271373987,
0.019265638664364815,
0.048100609332323074,
0.011586101725697517,
0.03533938527107239,
0.08078549057245255,
0.05652322247624397,
-0.005060472991317511,
-0.01809498853981495,
0.072328120470047,
0.04448101297020912,
0.06691334396600723,
0.0066733453422784805,
0.07883753627538681,
-0.0251766424626112,
-0.06222854554653168,
0.011614540591835976,
-0.002785117831081152,
-0.003134006168693304,
-0.020764391869306564,
0.017985984683036804,
0.05164742469787598,
0.02043389528989792,
0.066639743745327,
-0.04959748312830925,
0.005221259780228138,
0.04765044525265694,
0.027105744928121567,
-0.014024247415363789,
0.026472192257642746,
0.04776626452803612,
0.028041066601872444,
-0.030264006927609444,
-0.033930703997612,
-0.0061070891097188,
-0.03808443620800972,
0.004768917337059975,
0.007257884368300438,
-0.029261305928230286,
-0.02648070827126503,
-0.006192096043378115,
0.009112071245908737,
0.10813215374946594,
-0.0415210947394371,
-0.04820865020155907,
0.0033711027354002,
0.019987396895885468,
-0.004004382062703371,
0.052670374512672424,
0.030565621331334114,
-0.0036856243386864662,
-0.0005237910663709044,
-0.04092042148113251,
0.033542852848768234,
0.03335094079375267,
0.011318015865981579,
0.016106465831398964,
-0.06501835584640503,
0.01266072690486908,
0.039718154817819595,
0.010817532427608967,
-0.03459945321083069,
-0.04105957970023155,
0.011347445659339428,
-0.036441463977098465,
-0.052024997770786285,
-0.029267968609929085,
0.051967866718769073,
0.03672388568520546,
-0.022465648129582405,
0.009949835948646069,
-0.01857389137148857,
0.015525810420513153,
0.02942834235727787,
-0.09459874778985977,
-0.007087904028594494,
0.054131247103214264,
-0.003559676231816411,
0.003201310755684972,
0.028405293822288513,
0.025212770327925682,
-0.005089083220809698,
0.009516031481325626,
0.04398278519511223,
0.02075394243001938,
-0.01152614876627922,
-0.0083285728469491,
-0.010409635491669178,
-0.07430742681026459,
0.007437105290591717,
0.004832485690712929,
-0.05883291736245155,
-0.07594984024763107,
0.0650600790977478,
-0.027918079867959023,
0.0506315603852272,
0.04828621447086334,
0.010910958983004093,
0.023491691797971725,
-0.0716722160577774,
0.010868304409086704,
-0.014050368219614029,
0.02005588263273239,
0.04014342650771141,
-0.008752534165978432,
0.06388457119464874,
0.03152678161859512,
-0.02988213486969471,
-0.02602323889732361,
0.047700557857751846,
-0.043660908937454224,
-0.029171867296099663,
-0.030120601877570152,
-0.033104803413152695,
-0.03482617810368538,
-0.084239162504673,
-0.009110061451792717,
0.0484679751098156,
-0.00946171022951603,
-0.04806822910904884,
0.028282083570957184,
0.001092315185815096,
-0.002896146383136511,
0.0019989414140582085,
-0.03730993717908859,
-0.007891860790550709,
-0.042976368218660355,
-0.02838239260017872,
-0.036427486687898636,
0.013050319626927376,
-0.0006925855996087193,
0.0029594632796943188,
0.018340393900871277,
-0.043963223695755005,
-0.014441993087530136,
-0.012102432548999786,
0.033883076161146164,
0.020998938009142876,
-0.0013642680132761598,
-0.06620024144649506
] |
205 |
A Decade's Battle on Dataset Bias: Are We There Yet?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=SctfBCLmWo
|
[
"Zhuang Liu",
"Kaiming He"
] |
Oral
|
We revisit the ``dataset classification'' experiment suggested by Torralba & Efros (2011) a decade ago, in the new era with large-scale, diverse, and hopefully less biased datasets as well as more capable neural network architectures. Surprisingly, we observe that modern neural networks can achieve excellent accuracy in classifying which dataset an image is from: e.g., we report 84.7% accuracy on held-out validation data for the three-way classification problem consisting of the YFCC, CC, and DataComp datasets. Our further experiments show that such a dataset classifier could learn semantic features that are generalizable and transferable, which cannot be explained by memorization. We hope our discovery will inspire the community to rethink issues involving dataset bias.
|
Vision datasets, Dataset bias, Deep learning
|
Modern large-scale vision datasets that are supposedly very general and diverse, are in fact still very biased
| 407 |
2403.08632
|
[
0.007584207225590944,
-0.0526413768529892,
-0.023706592619419098,
0.06677640229463577,
0.024301769211888313,
-0.004480540752410889,
0.012034979648888111,
0.0035913295578211546,
-0.012302099727094173,
-0.04377385973930359,
-0.009661167860031128,
0.011868852190673351,
-0.08255649358034134,
-0.014691024087369442,
0.014522384852170944,
0.04054085537791252,
0.01045313011854887,
0.0084834648296237,
0.02984553575515747,
0.031034810468554497,
-0.014010850340127945,
-0.053062621504068375,
0.020756879821419716,
0.015839586034417152,
0.0061401790007948875,
-0.009939854964613914,
0.0201326385140419,
-0.005208177492022514,
-0.028489962220191956,
0.01314482931047678,
0.046088360249996185,
0.02073986828327179,
-0.001610252307727933,
-0.011318978853523731,
0.019335726276040077,
0.04133130609989166,
-0.05441821366548538,
0.012224222533404827,
0.018493786454200745,
0.014341704547405243,
-0.054823119193315506,
0.012925628572702408,
0.0007142772083170712,
0.02321256510913372,
-0.08627315610647202,
0.04513252526521683,
-0.09518220275640488,
0.007766585797071457,
-0.00748792476952076,
0.010907956399023533,
-0.07915575802326202,
0.05282850190997124,
0.00577966496348381,
-0.002969261258840561,
0.0074391537345945835,
0.039238620549440384,
-0.008088541217148304,
-0.0744362324476242,
-0.033413227647542953,
-0.05834582448005676,
-0.025415651500225067,
0.04488033056259155,
0.006109252106398344,
-0.006252641789615154,
-0.020744003355503082,
-0.03032500483095646,
0.0029496357310563326,
0.03673785179853439,
-0.06900612264871597,
-0.003169291652739048,
-0.022253183647990227,
-0.003935420420020819,
-0.002587320050224662,
0.011717909015715122,
0.0015463437885046005,
-0.0592312328517437,
-0.010992329567670822,
-0.006731335073709488,
0.09774766862392426,
-0.03838549181818962,
0.013366767205297947,
0.0036762873642146587,
0.05738414451479912,
0.05440354719758034,
0.020886292681097984,
-0.004610057454556227,
-0.032019298523664474,
-0.0362217016518116,
-0.049443379044532776,
0.05491948872804642,
-0.0015402885619550943,
-0.0547032356262207,
0.08341028541326523,
0.06286291033029556,
0.002790105761960149,
0.03776208311319351,
0.011740073561668396,
-0.026301220059394836,
0.02483685314655304,
0.01168445497751236,
-0.052550166845321655,
-0.029818739742040634,
0.014480235986411572,
0.048281941562891006,
-0.08120941370725632,
-0.036479029804468155,
0.006208382546901703,
-0.004778652917593718,
-0.011804388836026192,
0.03463958948850632,
-0.01397869735956192,
0.0031116886530071497,
0.00693177618086338,
-0.018323520198464394,
-0.06371436268091202,
-0.0006108267698436975,
-0.0008339318446815014,
0.0027577197179198265,
-0.0049652704037725925,
0.00281343050301075,
0.0392475388944149,
0.06087179109454155,
-0.028268886730074883,
0.031186453998088837,
0.006329802796244621,
0.01633065566420555,
0.024683618918061256,
0.04981755465269089,
-0.024193087592720985,
-0.027377208694815636,
0.001936536398716271,
0.0187690407037735,
-0.033421438187360764,
0.020878775045275688,
-0.01972445845603943,
0.014642886817455292,
-0.011296437121927738,
0.0038865283131599426,
0.04679267480969429,
0.0082399258390069,
0.022885184735059738,
-0.04015624150633812,
0.01401609368622303,
-0.00029453024035319686,
0.05131717398762703,
-0.031404346227645874,
0.010069459676742554,
-0.016602622345089912,
-0.0266279149800539,
-0.007740143220871687,
0.0032361987978219986,
-0.006227903533726931,
-0.00576321966946125,
-0.06053072214126587,
0.01619545742869377,
0.056257426738739014,
-0.0037734699435532093,
0.023060457780957222,
-0.013032826595008373,
0.010167326778173447,
0.03738394007086754,
-0.03400186821818352,
-0.003075766609981656,
0.003403250826522708,
-0.01655161939561367,
-0.0671755000948906,
0.03736235946416855,
0.0304998978972435,
-0.0044988347217440605,
0.06585247814655304,
-0.01897972635924816,
-0.05790351703763008,
0.04286088049411774,
-0.011662899516522884,
0.0023249387741088867,
0.015974173322319984,
0.07316040992736816,
0.03623479977250099,
0.024846209213137627,
0.012248416431248188,
-0.09802988171577454,
0.033383507281541824,
0.004783262964338064,
-0.009056651033461094,
0.022665677592158318,
0.013745028525590897,
0.0811493992805481,
-0.02239227667450905,
0.042855385690927505,
0.031910791993141174,
-0.07107529789209366,
-0.02988692745566368,
-0.01932724192738533,
-0.007442978210747242,
0.05833462253212929,
0.02509692870080471,
0.010728774592280388,
0.023893190547823906,
-0.00156817224342376,
0.05042480677366257,
0.073633573949337,
-0.05032578110694885,
0.04937227815389633,
-0.017801541835069656,
-0.032606612890958786,
-0.0005586318438872695,
0.04257343336939812,
-0.04761078581213951,
-0.034785617142915726,
0.013484365306794643,
-0.014256046153604984,
0.021573079749941826,
-0.022965334355831146,
0.01953299157321453,
0.03779198229312897,
0.025492075830698013,
0.0003176331811118871,
-0.0014580001588910818,
-0.001377142732962966,
-0.06132902577519417,
0.049582116305828094,
0.029561016708612442,
-0.004119934048503637,
-0.016410591080784798,
-0.005874792113900185,
0.08676114678382874,
0.07688349485397339,
-0.028126630932092667,
0.023304106667637825,
0.0012913059908896685,
0.017541363835334778,
0.011856937780976295,
0.005337468348443508,
-0.005615192465484142,
0.008823830634355545,
-0.014868367463350296,
-0.0010036096209660172,
-0.032049521803855896,
0.05389239266514778,
-0.04716787859797478,
-0.009839017875492573,
0.07249036431312561,
-0.026778100058436394,
0.04528132826089859,
-0.0031569614075124264,
-0.00008512376371072605,
0.03437121957540512,
-0.011002699844539165,
-0.045424457639455795,
-0.04802373796701431,
-0.008624839596450329,
0.015283875167369843,
-0.01771823689341545,
-0.031884029507637024,
-0.0031312338542193174,
-0.06152503564953804,
-0.00871996209025383,
-0.01411238219588995,
0.06468062102794647,
0.03718983381986618,
0.016618698835372925,
0.03229016065597534,
-0.022727947682142258,
-0.018216105177998543,
0.01112146396189928,
-0.10995731502771378,
-0.042768385261297226,
-0.0024715266190469265,
0.08483295887708664,
-0.023646408692002296,
0.06382185220718384,
-0.022783992812037468,
0.043177854269742966,
-0.0241434033960104,
-0.02740630693733692,
-0.005762087646871805,
0.04597662016749382,
0.021779993548989296,
-0.03017355501651764,
-0.0011127686593681574,
-0.01790342852473259,
0.05598050728440285,
-0.008395584300160408,
-0.005710070952773094,
-0.03194842487573624,
-0.037017472088336945,
-0.013371004723012447,
-0.06549107283353806,
-0.04277446120977402,
0.041050661355257034,
0.03717641159892082,
0.020184820517897606,
0.028944503515958786,
-0.015386838465929031,
0.04712706059217453,
0.054872289299964905,
0.030203435570001602,
-0.022781075909733772,
-0.0348074808716774,
0.03743021562695503,
-0.04505347087979317,
0.0633353441953659,
-0.01531968079507351,
0.019802149385213852,
0.0064522018656134605,
-0.014152176678180695,
0.02655755914747715,
0.0065508256666362286,
-0.2650049030780792,
-0.016225866973400116,
0.015174721367657185,
0.010889925062656403,
0.01629672944545746,
-0.05452519655227661,
0.055261217057704926,
-0.016720879822969437,
0.0027626182418316603,
-0.0008794711902737617,
-0.017266904935240746,
0.033428508788347244,
0.008820386603474617,
0.04662381112575531,
0.022309178486466408,
0.051542121917009354,
0.016494564712047577,
-0.03144931048154831,
-0.013116510584950447,
0.042300838977098465,
-0.03047412633895874,
-0.06185667961835861,
-0.045761995017528534,
0.052844416350126266,
-0.026821322739124298,
0.0684007853269577,
-0.015150359831750393,
-0.02280915156006813,
-0.02708001248538494,
-0.0420149601995945,
0.0005451997858472168,
-0.020428458228707314,
-0.015177222900092602,
0.04339508339762688,
0.013316448777914047,
-0.0050015985034406185,
0.035522349178791046,
0.007869911380112171,
-0.035649534314870834,
0.0274498350918293,
-0.002196887042373419,
-0.011400503106415272,
-0.00037320322007872164,
0.03456082195043564,
0.07034337520599365,
0.018896671012043953,
-0.047883085906505585,
-0.027155669406056404,
-0.031705599278211594,
0.01923125423491001,
-0.02830979786813259,
-0.034273527562618256,
-0.019572846591472626,
0.02031090296804905,
-0.034513600170612335,
-0.010871998965740204,
0.021740905940532684,
-0.00968008954077959,
-0.003333787200972438,
0.007525441702455282,
0.019672544673085213,
-0.04213203489780426,
0.0035051219165325165,
-0.01827269047498703,
-0.030718551948666573,
-0.039981238543987274,
-0.08414741605520248,
-0.07226695120334625,
0.034695450216531754,
0.043328847736120224,
-0.011254708282649517,
0.06423048675060272,
-0.021722568199038506,
-0.09563732892274857,
0.01229433435946703,
-0.0225758608430624,
-0.007836281321942806,
-0.001325411954894662,
0.003965918906033039,
0.0819384753704071,
0.02369159273803234,
-0.03269026800990105,
0.02027571201324463,
0.005753140896558762,
0.014859849587082863,
-0.029556451365351677,
0.0436074323952198,
-0.0020060611423105,
-0.01265709288418293,
0.01919877901673317,
0.024986978620290756,
0.010015495121479034,
0.0005441783578135073,
0.006025007460266352,
0.01448806468397379,
0.023483287543058395,
0.026616226881742477,
0.06687667965888977,
0.05200054869055748,
0.014410264790058136,
0.003891570493578911,
-0.07679200917482376,
-0.03651105985045433,
-0.0570022277534008,
-0.03638849034905434,
-0.0012144698994234204,
-0.03207210451364517,
-0.012923572212457657,
0.05597080662846565,
-0.016935674473643303,
-0.00937659665942192,
-0.026044057682156563,
-0.008749174885451794,
-0.012243242003023624,
0.014604240655899048,
-0.02278909459710121,
0.0004760497249662876,
-0.00042927925824187696,
0.025776341557502747,
-0.032088588923215866,
0.020347410812973976,
0.053260378539562225,
-0.016040679067373276,
0.024699676781892776,
-0.028349250555038452,
-0.026261819526553154,
0.0073753949254751205,
-0.02246689237654209,
-0.020532695576548576,
0.0022480434272438288,
0.03451862186193466,
0.013460672460496426,
-0.01411361526697874,
0.033066973090171814,
0.07377570867538452,
-0.0022479272447526455,
-0.017903747037053108,
-0.012743763625621796,
0.025357434526085854,
-0.023348376154899597,
0.004334211349487305,
-0.011524762026965618,
0.04447498545050621,
0.053530506789684296,
0.039237067103385925,
0.03495204076170921,
-0.0032221879810094833,
0.019136495888233185,
-0.012966734357178211,
-0.03092581406235695,
0.027398284524679184,
-0.03037363849580288,
-0.034971874207258224,
-0.0322076678276062,
0.004202558659017086,
0.020617345348000526,
0.007932599633932114,
0.002590566873550415,
0.03964517265558243,
-0.06900718808174133,
0.06561090052127838,
-0.01659531518816948,
-0.009484429843723774,
-0.01629035919904709,
0.024463994428515434,
0.03995571658015251,
0.013483140617609024,
-0.04591919854283333,
0.020556852221488953,
0.00440678047016263,
0.005389786791056395,
-0.024438805878162384,
-0.0029254795517772436,
-0.010431953705847263,
-0.007395594846457243,
0.001781161525286734,
0.026179121807217598,
0.015544664114713669,
-0.03138633817434311,
0.03542677313089371,
-0.03664480149745941,
0.01330238115042448,
0.017001936212182045,
0.018769927322864532,
0.07228796184062958,
0.028106724843382835,
-0.00987489428371191,
0.011161979287862778,
-0.011684104800224304,
0.060172874480485916,
-0.03599811717867851,
0.016366250813007355,
-0.008487108163535595,
-0.007370091509073973,
-0.025330325588583946,
-0.023037580773234367,
0.001769150490872562,
-0.016920775175094604,
-0.036778829991817474,
-0.05029010400176048,
-0.017954146489501,
0.03555796295404434,
-0.015982067212462425,
0.0026642619632184505,
0.01725984923541546,
-0.08606968075037003,
0.026752907782793045,
0.05232810601592064,
-0.04160216450691223,
0.017425835132598877,
-0.03115156665444374,
-0.020083848387002945,
-0.0762527585029602,
-0.03384857624769211,
0.029278377071022987,
-0.036384254693984985,
-0.012488173320889473,
-0.0325627326965332,
-0.005964815150946379,
-0.03659355267882347,
-0.006893109530210495,
0.001174964476376772,
-0.004850219935178757,
-0.0013765488984063268,
0.017500830814242363,
0.051183655858039856,
-0.011904929764568806,
-0.023362208157777786,
-0.01074367854744196,
-0.022417280822992325,
-0.027014298364520073,
-0.03565327078104019,
0.0018348447047173977,
0.05776209384202957,
-0.0001241863938048482,
-0.03105473332107067,
-0.007503380998969078,
0.010120359249413013,
0.007350289728492498,
0.010791911743581295,
-0.016805630177259445,
-0.010630981996655464,
-0.03225976601243019,
0.0067696720361709595,
0.030987700447440147,
0.02642972208559513,
0.006800265051424503,
-0.004818980116397142,
-0.023770783096551895,
-0.0224100761115551,
-0.002157262060791254,
-0.015122568234801292,
-0.059966832399368286,
0.0034793256781995296,
0.055316291749477386,
-0.05478588119149208,
0.02458898350596428,
-0.06334654986858368,
-0.02916022576391697,
0.029108043760061264,
-0.033203981816768646,
0.0034312112256884575,
-0.01380886323750019,
0.0629274994134903,
0.011024339124560356,
0.027840323746204376,
0.01435253769159317,
-0.01737879030406475,
0.03257697448134422,
-0.03912818431854248,
-0.0337168388068676,
-0.060709148645401,
-0.044909898191690445,
0.08049944043159485,
-0.00923115760087967,
-0.006073151249438524,
-0.03684942424297333,
-0.04529586806893349,
0.026121975854039192,
-0.022017167881131172,
-0.057200219482183456,
-0.028300659731030464,
-0.0223801601678133,
0.008411537855863571,
0.0067913830280303955,
-0.02815374545753002,
0.021256374195218086,
-0.016807766631245613,
-0.04739081487059593,
-0.04815821722149849,
-0.011683211661875248,
0.06689514964818954,
-0.0044524348340928555,
-0.022518986836075783,
0.006110199261456728,
-0.01754142716526985,
0.009843270294368267,
0.0415181927382946,
-0.006421672645956278,
0.009114032611250877,
-0.035921063274145126,
0.06261077523231506,
0.031167620792984962,
-0.047536179423332214,
-0.0029622421134263277,
0.014061436988413334,
0.011150539852678776,
-0.06950424611568451,
0.044540684670209885,
0.01774650625884533,
-0.017188575118780136,
-0.06731172651052475,
0.04623648524284363,
-0.00022812657698523253,
-0.05964146926999092,
-0.03131714090704918,
0.022076483815908432,
-0.03709941729903221,
0.03289457783102989,
0.013622955419123173,
-0.011461948044598103,
-0.002824064576998353,
0.05926460400223732,
0.0429220125079155,
0.06137304753065109,
0.05971161648631096,
-0.0008756708120927215,
-0.008242716081440449,
-0.0017413957975804806,
0.05288773775100708,
0.04368047043681145,
0.053230103105306625,
0.01993105188012123,
0.06541062891483307,
-0.005811403039842844,
-0.04772493243217468,
0.008574645034968853,
0.0215690229088068,
-0.033697765320539474,
-0.035835251212120056,
-0.007963775657117367,
0.0763082504272461,
0.027750147506594658,
0.04289275407791138,
-0.028274953365325928,
0.013686244376003742,
0.03155222162604332,
0.007303858641535044,
-0.0153788598254323,
0.04108342528343201,
0.015153970569372177,
-0.009588380344212055,
-0.03292488679289818,
-0.036933381110429764,
0.016627760604023933,
-0.020225239917635918,
0.01645338535308838,
0.01253077108412981,
-0.004499926697462797,
-0.005972935352474451,
0.01536836288869381,
0.057984475046396255,
0.10396142303943634,
-0.03394581750035286,
-0.03867211565375328,
-0.004825988318771124,
0.045500535517930984,
0.039851296693086624,
0.051391422748565674,
0.00008239649469032884,
-0.04080618545413017,
0.02438155747950077,
-0.06838492304086685,
0.01993030495941639,
0.017840316519141197,
-0.026814568787813187,
0.020666683092713356,
-0.059716127812862396,
-0.06546428054571152,
0.03955686092376709,
0.0179122444242239,
-0.021182049065828323,
-0.04332956299185753,
-0.005837976932525635,
-0.02241918258368969,
-0.05605001747608185,
-0.053461674600839615,
0.018595822155475616,
-0.012222637422382832,
-0.02314000390470028,
-0.02295207418501377,
-0.014637619256973267,
0.002387268701568246,
0.044114068150520325,
-0.06601927429437637,
0.017970046028494835,
0.01345366332679987,
0.004865722730755806,
-0.0021591701079159975,
0.03236871957778931,
0.033432718366384506,
-0.027701471000909805,
-0.015944834798574448,
0.044996537268161774,
-0.01310010813176632,
0.03549404814839363,
0.01952386274933815,
-0.009074077941477299,
-0.11578834801912308,
0.02382395602762699,
-0.007730073761194944,
-0.059733111411333084,
-0.07000639289617538,
0.054039519280195236,
-0.0027490637730807066,
0.059070274233818054,
0.04876378923654556,
0.02311592362821102,
-0.01870584860444069,
-0.006630094721913338,
-0.010766931809484959,
-0.05723464861512184,
0.012679677456617355,
0.025264646857976913,
-0.022271741181612015,
0.047320544719696045,
0.042378734797239304,
-0.008149106055498123,
-0.03231847286224365,
0.0013280240818858147,
0.0023584766313433647,
-0.010195751674473286,
-0.03055931068956852,
-0.06003234162926674,
-0.009977083653211594,
-0.10812714695930481,
-0.01968412473797798,
0.025790464133024216,
0.002515968168154359,
-0.05264114961028099,
0.01399295311421156,
-0.014470910653471947,
-0.03256269916892052,
-0.02157166413962841,
-0.018485059961676598,
-0.005802532657980919,
-0.04136904701590538,
-0.022194162011146545,
-0.05941426008939743,
0.047138113528490067,
-0.015897909179329872,
0.026175279170274734,
-0.039135050028562546,
-0.052051424980163574,
-0.008893780410289764,
-0.024941256269812584,
0.0348951481282711,
0.02979304827749729,
0.029890427365899086,
-0.03331966698169708
] |
206 |
Knowing Your Target: Target-Aware Transformer Makes Better Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=WOzffPgVjF
|
[
"Xin Gu",
"Yaojie Shen",
"Chenxi Luo",
"Tiejian Luo",
"Yan Huang",
"Yuewei Lin",
"Heng Fan",
"Libo Zhang"
] |
Oral
|
Transformer has attracted increasing interest in spatio-temporal video grounding, or STVG, owing to its end-to-end pipeline and promising result. Existing Transformer-based STVG approaches often leverage a set of object queries, which are initialized simply using zeros and then gradually learn target position information via iterative interactions with multimodal features, for spatial and temporal localization. Despite simplicity, these zero object queries, due to lacking target-specific cues, are hard to learn discriminative target information from interactions with multimodal features in complicated scenarios (e.g., with distractors or occlusion), resulting in degradation. Addressing this, we introduce a novel $\textbf{T}$arget-$\textbf{A}$ware Transformer for $\textbf{STVG}$ ($\textbf{TA-STVG}$), which seeks to adaptively generate object queries via exploring target-specific cues from the given video-text pair, for improving STVG. The key lies in two simple yet effective modules, comprising text-guided temporal sampling (TTS) and attribute-aware spatial activation (ASA), working in a cascade. The former focuses on selecting target-relevant temporal cues from a video utilizing holistic text information, while the latter aims at further exploiting the fine-grained visual attribute information of the object from previous target-aware temporal cues, which is applied for object query initialization. Compared to existing methods leveraging zero-initialized queries, object queries in our TA-STVG, directly generated from a given video-text pair, naturally carry target-specific cues, making them adaptive and better interact with multimodal features for learning more discriminative information to improve STVG. In our experiments on three benchmarks, including HCSTVG-v1/-v2 and VidSTG, TA-STVG achieves state-of-the-art performance and significantly outperforms the baseline, validating its efficacy. Moreover, TTS and ASA are designed for general purpose. When applied to existing methods such as TubeDETR and STCAT, we show substantial performance gains, verifying its generality. Code is released at https://github.com/HengLan/TA-STVG.
|
Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding
| null | 284 |
2502.11168
|
[
0.028935926035046577,
-0.004198055248707533,
0.02762479893863201,
0.031084703281521797,
-0.007113018073141575,
0.03907078132033348,
0.034764908254146576,
0.02460325136780739,
-0.005855419207364321,
-0.035854533314704895,
-0.03547915071249008,
0.025077585130929947,
-0.03498481959104538,
0.003966055810451508,
-0.021860435605049133,
0.047789473086595535,
0.01745176687836647,
-0.006274406332522631,
-0.004221655894070864,
0.023377880454063416,
-0.02495400980114937,
-0.02197134494781494,
0.04587668925523758,
0.023490555584430695,
0.04313941299915314,
-0.01743868924677372,
0.012116990983486176,
0.04919105023145676,
-0.050243861973285675,
0.0005578624550253153,
-0.000059518533817026764,
-0.005214232951402664,
-0.006954133976250887,
-0.03201272711157799,
0.005582873709499836,
-0.011374486610293388,
-0.02931506186723709,
0.019318552687764168,
0.009190225042402744,
0.027602501213550568,
-0.03639180585741997,
-0.018383022397756577,
-0.00046972191194072366,
-0.01971215382218361,
-0.035320945084095,
0.01853064075112343,
-0.07086731493473053,
0.02974759042263031,
0.013837428763508797,
-0.03002183511853218,
-0.08243219554424286,
0.07008816301822662,
-0.008152694441378117,
0.0010569216683506966,
0.0008815055480226874,
0.013808172196149826,
0.05258295685052872,
-0.1200425997376442,
-0.004206595942378044,
-0.04107378423213959,
-0.010159553959965706,
-0.0027379808016121387,
0.02329934947192669,
0.0247181449085474,
0.02894224226474762,
0.012319684028625488,
-0.007405395153909922,
0.045449644327163696,
-0.026752565056085587,
-0.059035658836364746,
0.00026863321545533836,
-0.006640382576733828,
-0.012499081902205944,
0.05533551797270775,
-0.009189022704958916,
0.003596978960558772,
0.0038737733848392963,
0.00723692961037159,
0.061445049941539764,
-0.015454655513167381,
0.020746270194649696,
-0.0033117947168648243,
-0.014273402281105518,
0.046789251267910004,
0.02780943736433983,
0.0005511102499440312,
-0.02114713378250599,
-0.047554317861795425,
-0.07809590548276901,
0.02687706984579563,
-0.012923511676490307,
-0.04873398691415787,
0.00304000754840672,
0.032172929495573044,
0.005810472182929516,
-0.0029503139667212963,
0.01489669643342495,
-0.017410703003406525,
0.038945265114307404,
-0.018017612397670746,
-0.017496459186077118,
-0.04986799508333206,
0.03683747723698616,
0.010228173807263374,
-0.11206241697072983,
-0.04295006021857262,
-0.01940171979367733,
-0.017126772552728653,
0.008526290766894817,
0.01764078065752983,
-0.05707085132598877,
0.002757410751655698,
0.016525600105524063,
-0.03808346018195152,
-0.049011651426553726,
0.008472723886370659,
0.0033626812510192394,
0.015070035122334957,
-0.016680780798196793,
0.024392249062657356,
0.06409156322479248,
0.03810027986764908,
-0.004443177487701178,
0.0649765208363533,
-0.0022232152987271547,
0.029329117387533188,
0.011608419008553028,
0.024126527830958366,
-0.018268441781401634,
-0.02380025014281273,
0.01673664152622223,
0.007904044352471828,
0.009468666277825832,
0.029682021588087082,
0.010495209135115147,
-0.011182555928826332,
0.014761297032237053,
-0.001832570880651474,
0.026602063328027725,
-0.03996076062321663,
-0.0029277969151735306,
-0.010536650195717812,
0.06378284841775894,
-0.04437460005283356,
0.09236224740743637,
-0.020366353914141655,
-0.027256829664111137,
-0.000849237956572324,
-0.04567533731460571,
0.01743352599442005,
0.006586067378520966,
-0.03914199769496918,
0.04227936267852783,
-0.0653424859046936,
0.00398542545735836,
0.07216048240661621,
0.029207319021224976,
0.01918032206594944,
-0.006646012421697378,
0.02052876353263855,
0.011505642905831337,
0.024842655286192894,
-0.04407612234354019,
0.05201992765069008,
-0.031809546053409576,
-0.05945208668708801,
0.016326243057847023,
0.0074349078349769115,
-0.023740647360682487,
-0.015028848312795162,
-0.05359817296266556,
-0.04690393805503845,
0.03470420092344284,
0.0047978064976632595,
-0.029546914622187614,
0.023435816168785095,
0.05936184152960777,
-0.010506187565624714,
0.016601601615548134,
0.022022267803549767,
-0.08131595700979233,
0.03324797749519348,
-0.009857880882918835,
-0.01991298794746399,
0.035589512437582016,
-0.05392802506685257,
0.06510361284017563,
-0.01701797917485237,
-0.018143367022275925,
0.016542915254831314,
-0.059348318725824356,
0.0004018918552901596,
-0.02575031854212284,
-0.0035119957756251097,
0.06420894712209702,
0.005958706606179476,
0.0033358882647007704,
-0.015207243151962757,
0.03184560686349869,
0.04170384630560875,
0.0373474583029747,
-0.03436886891722679,
0.059300415217876434,
0.012846926227211952,
-0.050044260919094086,
0.0005039686802774668,
0.02489270456135273,
-0.03060724586248398,
-0.019736845046281815,
0.006457704585045576,
0.0277010016143322,
0.01152569055557251,
0.001012998167425394,
0.027495980262756348,
0.011355845257639885,
0.01862114854156971,
-0.01694124937057495,
0.01286668237298727,
0.04181182384490967,
-0.06705095618963242,
0.022558605298399925,
0.018183955922722816,
-0.033511292189359665,
-0.017297450453042984,
-0.037369512021541595,
0.09070492535829544,
0.0340329185128212,
-0.04642898216843605,
-0.01397278718650341,
0.0033682328648865223,
0.006196269299834967,
0.04562611132860184,
-0.001021809410303831,
-0.04054303839802742,
-0.009007926099002361,
-0.04121871292591095,
0.046414971351623535,
-0.031319759786129,
0.02007553167641163,
-0.043055713176727295,
-0.0033432517666369677,
0.060814447700977325,
0.008647819980978966,
0.005634687375277281,
-0.023914000019431114,
-0.00375119736418128,
0.06549063324928284,
0.0007650529150851071,
-0.019559811800718307,
-0.000023536482331110165,
-0.0014609292848035693,
0.0005603292374871671,
-0.003536620642989874,
-0.007973695173859596,
0.01629762351512909,
-0.023769181221723557,
-0.04124299809336662,
-0.012728670611977577,
0.09188814461231232,
0.05196943134069443,
0.0392221063375473,
0.04225790128111839,
0.01097199972718954,
-0.012325292453169823,
-0.0593915730714798,
-0.10822141170501709,
-0.04532749205827713,
-0.014392300508916378,
-0.0039862170815467834,
0.027485184371471405,
0.05961279571056366,
0.024488067254424095,
0.04498324915766716,
-0.045341819524765015,
-0.011923394165933132,
0.00804796814918518,
0.008663473650813103,
0.03784477710723877,
-0.003934543579816818,
-0.006027701310813427,
0.0033008314203470945,
0.046693094074726105,
-0.00715153431519866,
-0.009963643737137318,
-0.018639834597706795,
-0.02854372188448906,
-0.013411028310656548,
-0.013281588442623615,
-0.0344444215297699,
-0.01976649835705757,
0.023580698296427727,
0.02358846738934517,
-0.012453212402760983,
0.0368218794465065,
0.03449871391057968,
0.10694816708564758,
0.05640772357583046,
-0.028408203274011612,
-0.019285868853330612,
0.00847066380083561,
-0.001863803481683135,
0.05451882258057594,
0.005862931255251169,
0.012544178403913975,
-0.04521855339407921,
-0.010884261690080166,
0.007925006560981274,
-0.0029624656308442354,
-0.2680398225784302,
-0.012212525121867657,
0.023170199245214462,
0.009662095457315445,
0.02461221255362034,
-0.050608664751052856,
0.04129549488425255,
-0.04929133132100105,
-0.0430377759039402,
0.010590956546366215,
0.011029542423784733,
0.017452722415328026,
0.007694793865084648,
0.036915700882673264,
0.035969462245702744,
-0.001890568877570331,
0.00022297963732853532,
-0.007674619555473328,
0.024317698553204536,
0.04174437373876572,
-0.013755463995039463,
-0.0857471451163292,
-0.01729396916925907,
0.05970117822289467,
-0.025542542338371277,
0.05078501999378204,
-0.10647866874933243,
-0.012806076556444168,
0.004220104776322842,
-0.02057706005871296,
0.021276183426380157,
-0.010415537282824516,
-0.00607649190351367,
0.03053494170308113,
0.0034028238151222467,
0.00489845173433423,
0.040117356926202774,
-0.014871036633849144,
0.010332492180168629,
-0.004933845717459917,
0.024957409128546715,
0.017427735030651093,
-0.014128167182207108,
0.04921821132302284,
0.08346875011920929,
-0.03577927500009537,
-0.04011978581547737,
-0.05067385733127594,
-0.029755696654319763,
0.022861678153276443,
0.02384861186146736,
-0.024085426703095436,
-0.019141120836138725,
0.002684209728613496,
-0.0010732099181041121,
-0.037297267466783524,
0.019758552312850952,
-0.018564196303486824,
0.0028770321514457464,
-0.00823936052620411,
-0.008573880419135094,
-0.03680403158068657,
-0.012841329909861088,
-0.011978834867477417,
0.014822722412645817,
-0.02824045531451702,
-0.033483292907476425,
-0.058470141142606735,
0.009335614740848541,
0.019669748842716217,
-0.02416098117828369,
0.025421142578125,
-0.015531514771282673,
-0.10161557048559189,
-0.011424526572227478,
0.005265368614345789,
-0.012801163829863071,
-0.02975625917315483,
-0.007891237735748291,
0.03204261139035225,
-0.038169439882040024,
-0.054270606487989426,
0.022747673094272614,
0.03399514779448509,
0.012622918002307415,
-0.022486403584480286,
0.007113829255104065,
-0.04666856303811073,
0.025010040029883385,
-0.03198631480336189,
0.06665603071451187,
-0.04822048172354698,
0.023903878405690193,
0.014902927912771702,
0.015804871916770935,
0.05672825500369072,
0.024120453745126724,
0.009779466316103935,
0.0503617562353611,
0.0037717579398304224,
0.02684595435857773,
-0.0637851282954216,
-0.018541986122727394,
-0.03663161024451256,
-0.03984422981739044,
0.011284947395324707,
-0.017200767993927002,
-0.015744077041745186,
0.03036191500723362,
-0.013301760889589787,
-0.043839748948812485,
-0.01429606880992651,
-0.014647950418293476,
0.005078081041574478,
-0.0165236946195364,
-0.021872850134968758,
0.012045961804687977,
0.007415471598505974,
0.052850041538476944,
-0.04769263043999672,
-0.004193692468106747,
0.015487593598663807,
-0.029856422916054726,
0.03788375481963158,
0.004616630729287863,
-0.027432281523942947,
-0.015689104795455933,
0.01844913884997368,
-0.002644110703840852,
0.020728079602122307,
0.038837410509586334,
0.056694772094488144,
-0.005062144249677658,
0.03563481569290161,
0.08136174082756042,
-0.02892625331878662,
0.023320956155657768,
-0.01784549653530121,
0.038177505135536194,
-0.02350599691271782,
0.003898065537214279,
-0.009159977547824383,
0.0072667342610657215,
0.05023939907550812,
0.02100483514368534,
-0.026881184428930283,
0.03215363249182701,
0.018437406048178673,
-0.024759570136666298,
-0.014075083658099174,
0.03427973762154579,
-0.058535538613796234,
-0.02251715585589409,
-0.019291413947939873,
0.011965326964855194,
-0.024080859497189522,
0.01816827803850174,
-0.01662762276828289,
0.027960043400526047,
-0.03944455832242966,
0.06176989898085594,
0.02401590533554554,
-0.018703943118453026,
-0.014499714598059654,
0.004848413169384003,
-0.004186986479908228,
0.034241147339344025,
-0.02003057301044464,
0.034448977559804916,
0.02840144746005535,
-0.01595630869269371,
-0.05930384621024132,
-0.04232652485370636,
-0.022340744733810425,
-0.005981950089335442,
0.002299559535458684,
-0.00751450564712286,
-0.008270888589322567,
-0.04887963831424713,
0.04163474217057228,
0.0423596054315567,
0.009451641701161861,
-0.0010068633127957582,
-0.01123964972794056,
0.08449365943670273,
-0.0024923391174525023,
-0.05626554787158966,
0.0001619677059352398,
-0.03945814445614815,
0.022694295272231102,
-0.0018528602086007595,
-0.011282307095825672,
-0.02977938950061798,
-0.058077823370695114,
-0.028323622420430183,
-0.03549686446785927,
-0.015149220824241638,
-0.006849148776382208,
-0.013925350271165371,
-0.01657135784626007,
-0.05045004189014435,
0.039337970316410065,
-0.059620875865221024,
-0.004256693180650473,
0.013196908868849277,
-0.05697688087821007,
0.04097643867135048,
0.06352412700653076,
-0.05076924338936806,
0.010189224034547806,
-0.02869495376944542,
-0.04071503132581711,
-0.04082673788070679,
-0.03893506899476051,
0.0034157130867242813,
-0.029985712841153145,
0.003589965868741274,
-0.03179056569933891,
0.011778757907450199,
-0.023779090493917465,
0.02828236296772957,
-0.005910689011216164,
0.007588621694594622,
0.00944002065807581,
0.002645025495439768,
0.050695743411779404,
-0.015310056507587433,
0.012089211493730545,
0.03174895420670509,
-0.0250791534781456,
-0.002537013264372945,
-0.02841738425195217,
0.03118673712015152,
0.06823630630970001,
-0.036899421364068985,
0.005496029742062092,
-0.07574275881052017,
0.024879641830921173,
-0.0012224711244925857,
-0.013185513205826283,
0.026496317237615585,
0.02370303124189377,
-0.026405971497297287,
0.032285042107105255,
0.007705201394855976,
0.029050076380372047,
0.01771741546690464,
0.015715986490249634,
0.01940714754164219,
0.03476612642407417,
0.0445772185921669,
0.029162311926484108,
-0.05178564414381981,
-0.03403284400701523,
0.043917372822761536,
-0.06431955099105835,
-0.003747236216440797,
-0.059188101440668106,
-0.052617426961660385,
0.03887356072664261,
-0.029659098014235497,
0.01569253019988537,
-0.020001597702503204,
0.017287876456975937,
0.00036627909867092967,
0.011303811334073544,
0.013340468518435955,
-0.002405767794698477,
0.021750586107373238,
-0.04071790352463722,
-0.018542245030403137,
-0.04518552124500275,
-0.022850334644317627,
0.06417645514011383,
-0.026678407564759254,
-0.023854808881878853,
-0.0013021767372265458,
-0.02948889322578907,
0.039878759533166885,
-0.020462503656744957,
-0.05064568296074867,
0.03442757949233055,
-0.036985136568546295,
0.006728639360517263,
-0.002357671270146966,
-0.008372661657631397,
0.02436736784875393,
-0.009873680770397186,
-0.030300728976726532,
0.002342785941436887,
-0.04074734076857567,
0.0662216991186142,
-0.02725306712090969,
0.00585845997557044,
-0.024890238419175148,
0.025090744718909264,
0.04088180139660835,
0.06024642661213875,
0.04826178774237633,
0.018136925995349884,
-0.013248189352452755,
0.08105620741844177,
0.047610506415367126,
-0.021841375157237053,
0.04158145189285278,
0.0012634258018806577,
-0.011312450282275677,
-0.038343396037817,
0.07300020754337311,
0.010594074614346027,
-0.05007496103644371,
-0.06971842050552368,
0.0813654437661171,
0.035153280943632126,
-0.033141497522592545,
0.006084944121539593,
0.037201330065727234,
-0.04142244905233383,
-0.027740241959691048,
-0.02169777825474739,
-0.03218941390514374,
-0.03370558097958565,
0.0640861839056015,
0.025501536205410957,
0.04593721404671669,
0.034304164350032806,
0.029018839821219444,
-0.021749461069703102,
-0.013503234833478928,
0.05669255927205086,
0.04141056165099144,
0.04819311946630478,
-0.020637264475226402,
0.07752840220928192,
-0.04092390090227127,
-0.0048676105216145515,
0.05188757926225662,
0.02550133503973484,
-0.014721227809786797,
-0.06948283314704895,
0.0014397114282473922,
0.10517251491546631,
0.00744531350210309,
0.04995526745915413,
-0.06449471414089203,
-0.040691763162612915,
0.05465574190020561,
-0.014713643118739128,
0.011703858152031898,
0.017420142889022827,
0.05150638893246651,
0.011035461910068989,
-0.019094785675406456,
-0.004218569025397301,
0.013323145918548107,
-0.003623509081080556,
0.014659824781119823,
0.008047688752412796,
0.009730838239192963,
0.014476792886853218,
-0.02616305835545063,
0.01638542115688324,
0.09039157629013062,
-0.043384261429309845,
-0.025138691067695618,
-0.003396559739485383,
0.02578495815396309,
-0.0011561077553778887,
0.09135852754116058,
-0.027205219492316246,
-0.019125239923596382,
0.03690839931368828,
-0.05252333730459213,
0.02283312752842903,
0.02095109410583973,
-0.016890501603484154,
0.026121927425265312,
-0.03448978438973427,
-0.033449675887823105,
0.017905311658978462,
-0.0017984849400818348,
-0.015469544567167759,
-0.049107782542705536,
-0.05150690674781799,
-0.033059269189834595,
-0.054949697107076645,
-0.047407351434230804,
0.013211644254624844,
-0.004086116328835487,
-0.053688909858465195,
-0.045624833554029465,
-0.032802656292915344,
0.04093898460268974,
-0.001014559529721737,
-0.08136899769306183,
-0.008720144629478455,
0.039344582706689835,
0.015557534992694855,
-0.0044431909918785095,
0.04606325179338455,
0.012601044028997421,
-0.014081036671996117,
-0.0183937456458807,
0.008464171551167965,
0.047719769179821014,
0.006516661960631609,
-0.02219012938439846,
-0.029533402994275093,
-0.10382461547851562,
0.022291559725999832,
0.02540697157382965,
-0.04440229758620262,
-0.07132861018180847,
-0.01980196312069893,
-0.03672737628221512,
0.035539135336875916,
0.06966982036828995,
-0.0014743510400876403,
0.03404032066464424,
-0.04438342526555061,
-0.009134938009083271,
-0.0057962252758443356,
-0.014462088234722614,
0.06310003995895386,
-0.0017344175139442086,
0.04957422614097595,
0.03026542253792286,
-0.009077155031263828,
-0.0052849543280899525,
0.005948255304247141,
0.011054297909140587,
0.03408539295196533,
-0.0055315219797194,
-0.041436560451984406,
-0.023259729146957397,
-0.11535888910293579,
-0.04774807393550873,
0.025595063343644142,
0.01956172101199627,
-0.011331174522638321,
-0.010735861957073212,
-0.000554239668417722,
0.012446468695998192,
-0.010603956878185272,
-0.02336474321782589,
-0.026925336569547653,
-0.005404200404882431,
-0.02226283773779869,
-0.07013757526874542,
0.02754225954413414,
-0.05665433034300804,
0.007374701090157032,
0.004321791231632233,
-0.05395530164241791,
-0.01762070506811142,
-0.00936918519437313,
0.01574641838669777,
0.03609560430049896,
0.02833256684243679,
0.00021688822016585618
] |
207 |
Open-World Reinforcement Learning over Long Short-Term Imagination
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=vzItLaEoDa
|
[
"Jiajian Li",
"Qi Wang",
"Yunbo Wang",
"Xin Jin",
"Yang Li",
"Wenjun Zeng",
"Xiaokang Yang"
] |
Oral
|
Training visual reinforcement learning agents in a high-dimensional open world presents significant challenges. While various model-based methods have improved sample efficiency by learning interactive world models, these agents tend to be “short-sighted”, as they are typically trained on short snippets of imagined experiences. We argue that the primary challenge in open-world decision-making is improving the exploration efficiency across a vast state space, especially for tasks that demand consideration of long-horizon payoffs. In this paper, we present LS-Imagine, which extends the imagination horizon within a limited number of state transition steps, enabling the agent to explore behaviors that potentially lead to promising long-term feedback. The foundation of our approach is to build a $\textit{long short-term world model}$. To achieve this, we simulate goal-conditioned jumpy state transitions and compute corresponding affordance maps by zooming in on specific areas within single images. This facilitates the integration of direct long-term values into behavior learning. Our method demonstrates significant improvements over state-of-the-art techniques in MineDojo.
|
World models, reinforcement learning, visual control
| null | 242 |
2410.03618
|
[
-0.03153219819068909,
-0.008180930279195309,
-0.013168460689485073,
0.037362515926361084,
0.04830053821206093,
0.02075018733739853,
0.018096575513482094,
0.026015184819698334,
-0.03420911729335785,
-0.02569643221795559,
-0.03538718819618225,
-0.01248897798359394,
-0.08421093970537186,
-0.02089131623506546,
0.0030979083385318518,
0.045655377209186554,
0.009355718269944191,
0.0023818728514015675,
-0.021269511431455612,
-0.00038275521364994347,
-0.011850993148982525,
0.022385671734809875,
0.025101475417613983,
0.02588631957769394,
0.0317462794482708,
0.0017323591746389866,
0.03812270984053612,
0.03352607786655426,
-0.02526899240911007,
-0.012670976109802723,
0.0018946940544992685,
-0.04300414025783539,
0.009185858070850372,
-0.02968045510351658,
0.006782400421798229,
-0.011875202879309654,
-0.058344144374132156,
-0.008617213927209377,
0.014646537601947784,
0.0004304976318962872,
-0.0438828207552433,
0.0207385141402483,
-0.0009254770702682436,
-0.00660354970023036,
-0.017744891345500946,
-0.005350221414119005,
-0.05928647890686989,
0.02700003981590271,
0.028844457119703293,
-0.03084319829940796,
-0.0788920447230339,
0.05009215325117111,
0.044075313955545425,
-0.0145561583340168,
-0.012851791456341743,
0.01837676391005516,
0.06274916231632233,
-0.07701311260461807,
0.0016581318341195583,
-0.08824899047613144,
-0.014414837583899498,
0.0027466649189591408,
0.02043670043349266,
0.015083498321473598,
-0.02234252542257309,
0.007120301015675068,
0.030088653787970543,
0.04961579665541649,
-0.020761894062161446,
-0.013377174735069275,
-0.037397947162389755,
-0.010008317418396473,
-0.010188768617808819,
0.005310559645295143,
-0.009093991480767727,
-0.03432203829288483,
0.018195973709225655,
0.03306321054697037,
0.03857088088989258,
-0.016680210828781128,
0.012050425633788109,
0.04183974117040634,
0.017144223675131798,
0.0370815172791481,
0.006439163815230131,
-0.00872731301933527,
-0.00364504917524755,
-0.04168305546045303,
-0.10553371161222458,
0.033420905470848083,
-0.044510435312986374,
-0.04590895399451256,
-0.004231090657413006,
0.04458211362361908,
0.023386022076010704,
-0.0073096673004329205,
0.008588516153395176,
0.016047924757003784,
-0.0007414944702759385,
0.0012099064188078046,
-0.015454515814781189,
-0.02024402655661106,
-0.0066088903695344925,
-0.01353524625301361,
-0.09553088992834091,
-0.02793053351342678,
0.010387038812041283,
-0.014285428449511528,
-0.0256025493144989,
0.03163544461131096,
-0.08333668857812881,
-0.031887076795101166,
0.038993313908576965,
0.0036160757299512625,
-0.035521265119314194,
0.00859428383409977,
0.010512461885809898,
0.05483221635222435,
-0.0023537673987448215,
0.012641704641282558,
0.050817687064409256,
0.012466543354094028,
-0.00982180330902338,
0.05963617190718651,
-0.013722934760153294,
-0.006408920977264643,
-0.0024237260222434998,
0.01662677712738514,
-0.01571347750723362,
-0.03286821022629738,
0.08162432163953781,
0.004354341886937618,
-0.03255131468176842,
0.0007766506751067936,
-0.00810795184224844,
-0.0009264808613806963,
0.036772653460502625,
-0.00447419285774231,
0.0330486074090004,
-0.010045845061540604,
-0.018679674714803696,
-0.008884899318218231,
0.10836795717477798,
-0.018869563937187195,
0.07399901747703552,
-0.008851785212755203,
0.02628779225051403,
-0.021666856482625008,
-0.07922067493200302,
-0.005338035989552736,
-0.013295872136950493,
-0.02632042020559311,
-0.016186341643333435,
-0.04942005127668381,
0.04677848145365715,
0.04661908373236656,
0.036715541034936905,
0.021807534620165825,
0.022183772176504135,
0.021458370611071587,
0.0125820217654109,
-0.0021469611674547195,
-0.025480855256319046,
-0.0071859210729599,
0.018491780385375023,
-0.06276551634073257,
0.03355945646762848,
0.0055917841382324696,
-0.034804943948984146,
-0.015221810899674892,
-0.023944344371557236,
-0.0018719964427873492,
0.04323241859674454,
-0.016612762585282326,
-0.027124905958771706,
0.0064859394915401936,
0.05891935154795647,
-0.0006312901386991143,
0.01222321018576622,
0.021027345210313797,
-0.07949191331863403,
-0.01119985617697239,
-0.00836739782243967,
-0.016942331567406654,
0.0016040693735703826,
-0.052937742322683334,
0.03830251842737198,
0.002975099254399538,
0.008959670551121235,
0.00647480646148324,
-0.06699032336473465,
0.001964331604540348,
0.03291181102395058,
-0.02072899229824543,
0.06943295896053314,
-0.01939089223742485,
-0.02687356248497963,
0.01547348964959383,
0.029854431748390198,
0.058419350534677505,
0.05559215694665909,
-0.013036186806857586,
0.05838983505964279,
0.004232435952872038,
-0.004302096553146839,
-0.01558191142976284,
0.02511865273118019,
-0.021933672949671745,
-0.0459551103413105,
0.01557634025812149,
-0.023035427555441856,
0.0020858885254710913,
0.006887406576424837,
0.018017105758190155,
0.03821037337183952,
0.01612250693142414,
0.010596521198749542,
0.02025604620575905,
0.028589561581611633,
-0.03210362046957016,
0.011094074696302414,
0.0014665239723399282,
-0.03671498969197273,
-0.01404138095676899,
-0.024089518934488297,
0.09456934779882431,
0.06115270406007767,
-0.05180496349930763,
-0.01766034960746765,
0.003829770954325795,
-0.03557497262954712,
0.017370227724313736,
-0.0010015219449996948,
-0.03305845707654953,
0.049390073865652084,
-0.029793862253427505,
0.03290712088346481,
-0.019408253952860832,
0.05074656382203102,
-0.028635183349251747,
-0.030155373737215996,
0.05240129306912422,
0.011544543318450451,
0.06655808538198471,
-0.01098764967173338,
0.011621231213212013,
0.059152062982320786,
0.00957244448363781,
-0.0462927371263504,
-0.02082184888422489,
-0.0455777570605278,
0.0019737703260034323,
0.02885996550321579,
0.007652637083083391,
-0.0014263630146160722,
-0.06570272892713547,
-0.014414082281291485,
-0.03705305606126785,
0.07970096170902252,
0.038048360496759415,
0.009629767388105392,
0.05323280021548271,
-0.007192043587565422,
-0.01175754889845848,
-0.0128907086327672,
-0.12657323479652405,
-0.03581151366233826,
0.0025112603325396776,
0.02529810555279255,
0.022665774449706078,
0.04077375307679176,
-0.022360486909747124,
0.04867739975452423,
-0.03291625902056694,
-0.06135726347565651,
0.03240872547030449,
0.01850758120417595,
0.016586530953645706,
-0.002272942801937461,
-0.029583031311631203,
0.02699742466211319,
0.07661014795303345,
0.014424118213355541,
0.012855549342930317,
-0.0067374687641859055,
-0.04012756794691086,
-0.0028224524576216936,
-0.021870356053113937,
-0.022874295711517334,
0.015041634440422058,
0.03642251715064049,
0.0021410761401057243,
-0.014450032263994217,
0.032412488013505936,
0.037103936076164246,
0.07814238965511322,
0.03276155889034271,
-0.018315063789486885,
-0.032920364290475845,
0.02079729363322258,
-0.0153203709051013,
-0.010479318909347057,
-0.009390898048877716,
0.013463512063026428,
0.0027761177625507116,
0.015157132409512997,
0.029398232698440552,
0.00027624136419035494,
-0.2529727816581726,
-0.05670726299285889,
0.023769544437527657,
0.007628517225384712,
0.029971342533826828,
-0.01501884963363409,
0.07344143092632294,
-0.042276665568351746,
-0.04756467789411545,
0.017487462610006332,
0.0010827098740264773,
0.017187409102916718,
-0.005942430812865496,
0.06450974941253662,
0.031476009637117386,
0.011331184767186642,
0.0054121725261211395,
-0.012455440126359463,
-0.007849670946598053,
0.015111987479031086,
-0.04569133371114731,
-0.08242030441761017,
-0.06207932531833649,
0.05489484593272209,
0.001648609060794115,
0.07803119719028473,
-0.0679745152592659,
-0.025019735097885132,
-0.025846099480986595,
0.010237373411655426,
-0.025923041626811028,
-0.0367598831653595,
-0.0196988508105278,
0.039678577333688736,
0.013912834227085114,
0.01190546527504921,
0.05160336568951607,
-0.03690682724118233,
0.04727090895175934,
-0.003792840288951993,
-0.04785889387130737,
-0.00289899087511003,
-0.044210292398929596,
0.049968380481004715,
0.04908367991447449,
-0.007949450984597206,
-0.02941313572227955,
-0.005574826616793871,
-0.02538788877427578,
0.025763187557458878,
0.028672581538558006,
-0.006033801473677158,
0.02190176583826542,
0.0020072998013347387,
0.017095021903514862,
-0.01770552061498165,
0.009036882780492306,
-0.030054816976189613,
-0.0289260596036911,
-0.00986433494836092,
0.01674606464803219,
-0.024050626903772354,
-0.03328027203679085,
-0.01589905098080635,
0.02119372971355915,
-0.05216361582279205,
-0.036320097744464874,
-0.04058581590652466,
0.015978902578353882,
0.028810564428567886,
-0.005512558855116367,
-0.04290640726685524,
-0.033086273819208145,
-0.10476180166006088,
0.021041424944996834,
0.01589634083211422,
-0.015037559904158115,
-0.050180766731500626,
0.03699541091918945,
0.02680118754506111,
-0.03131308779120445,
-0.037320930510759354,
-0.000028158061468275264,
0.02319284901022911,
0.035233691334724426,
-0.02621810883283615,
0.02777920663356781,
-0.054148636758327484,
-0.03557726740837097,
-0.021686799824237823,
0.03718296438455582,
0.005589032080024481,
0.023183461278676987,
-0.019032148644328117,
0.04803071171045303,
0.035303980112075806,
0.06285954266786575,
0.03393751382827759,
0.020234303548932076,
-0.0032250559888780117,
0.022167764604091644,
-0.08863994479179382,
-0.01838957890868187,
0.0021446701139211655,
-0.043077502399683,
0.012658839114010334,
-0.05075191706418991,
-0.00541826244443655,
0.04235130921006203,
0.004703089594841003,
-0.002667393069714308,
-0.028676876798272133,
0.004440958611667156,
0.01476698461920023,
-0.03361808881163597,
-0.016180558130145073,
0.007057811599224806,
0.06617952138185501,
0.04823727160692215,
0.0037797396071255207,
-0.0274832583963871,
0.019129402935504913,
-0.0030100829899311066,
0.02297660894691944,
0.01758129708468914,
0.02159086801111698,
0.01688707061111927,
-0.01155505608767271,
0.02487923949956894,
-0.0028693671338260174,
0.01903032511472702,
0.034904737025499344,
-0.01147303357720375,
0.014730903320014477,
0.0565553642809391,
-0.018390048295259476,
-0.003972094040364027,
-0.011449452489614487,
0.05626985803246498,
-0.01054186001420021,
0.010447806678712368,
-0.005776335019618273,
0.045079734176397324,
0.02130920998752117,
-0.01434051152318716,
-0.004291207995265722,
0.02177906222641468,
0.0156699325889349,
0.018595078960061073,
-0.0056230188347399235,
0.04253476485610008,
-0.03932414576411247,
0.007994100451469421,
-0.04032791405916214,
0.03418346494436264,
-0.057882409542798996,
-0.012568016536533833,
-0.0667068138718605,
0.033501166850328445,
-0.07320451736450195,
0.03761332482099533,
-0.012353899888694286,
-0.043367769569158554,
0.003867859486490488,
0.015408610925078392,
0.0578843355178833,
-0.001304526231251657,
-0.0026678750291466713,
-0.007353173103183508,
-0.011726690456271172,
0.02927839756011963,
-0.07587309926748276,
-0.020303353667259216,
-0.029125619679689407,
-0.03967123478651047,
-0.03589150309562683,
0.0048415688797831535,
-0.06654365360736847,
-0.03889846056699753,
0.028597667813301086,
-0.003850869368761778,
-0.006616992875933647,
0.01546867098659277,
-0.035769909620285034,
0.06507030129432678,
-0.022097203880548477,
0.01723252423107624,
0.025059066712856293,
-0.02085704542696476,
-0.00010399473103461787,
-0.009115188382565975,
0.046763014048337936,
-0.044652968645095825,
-0.026935311034321785,
-0.044259872287511826,
-0.02520872838795185,
-0.006267230026423931,
-0.01120868418365717,
-0.028582453727722168,
0.02565453015267849,
0.004010827746242285,
-0.011868850328028202,
-0.036626387387514114,
-0.02575293742120266,
0.06971804797649384,
-0.05488487705588341,
-0.007951009087264538,
0.0592985674738884,
0.029186295345425606,
0.02311651036143303,
-0.08296049386262894,
-0.012264689430594444,
-0.02854859083890915,
-0.03770687058568001,
0.012329569086432457,
0.006649367045611143,
-0.025178059935569763,
-0.03808673843741417,
-0.02140713296830654,
0.014757785946130753,
0.023412471637129784,
0.0020290780812501907,
-0.018605340272188187,
-0.04588613659143448,
0.0038023856468498707,
0.013006330467760563,
-0.04617645964026451,
-0.02240978181362152,
0.03275267407298088,
-0.016890009865164757,
0.007658638525754213,
-0.036263324320316315,
0.0065113333985209465,
0.026267612352967262,
-0.004521218594163656,
0.021837839856743813,
-0.00524623179808259,
0.06884775310754776,
0.007145601324737072,
-0.00428147055208683,
-0.0030073265079408884,
0.0168976578861475,
-0.02293199673295021,
-0.0030268824193626642,
0.027036355808377266,
0.04755263030529022,
-0.00400635227560997,
0.014609147794544697,
0.01741538941860199,
0.009055224247276783,
0.012897073291242123,
-0.036627061665058136,
-0.02039606310427189,
-0.0028339424170553684,
0.06749612092971802,
-0.02632683701813221,
-0.021859724074602127,
-0.03918151184916496,
-0.029173245653510094,
0.024533487856388092,
-0.026006314903497696,
0.03081461973488331,
-0.05720597133040428,
0.00879519060254097,
0.026380470022559166,
0.024714337661862373,
0.024107636883854866,
-0.011675295419991016,
0.029801910743117332,
-0.07135623693466187,
0.02562844567000866,
-0.06105271354317665,
0.0037589711137115955,
0.04603774473071098,
-0.048132337629795074,
-0.0047484999522566795,
0.037433359771966934,
-0.04162628576159477,
0.05188431963324547,
-0.04755609855055809,
-0.05252121016383171,
0.07070395350456238,
-0.05422821640968323,
-0.013486622832715511,
0.05452307313680649,
-0.04557739570736885,
-0.040160078555345535,
-0.0406821146607399,
-0.031006667762994766,
-0.00856199860572815,
0.002159248571842909,
0.037058088928461075,
-0.0278445053845644,
-0.000534067687112838,
-0.006577672902494669,
0.019314460456371307,
0.021982187405228615,
0.004901379346847534,
0.014941145665943623,
0.034883711487054825,
-0.022698335349559784,
0.08231590688228607,
0.047158557921648026,
0.033263009041547775,
0.011997747235000134,
-0.006404288113117218,
-0.016986923292279243,
-0.019934851676225662,
0.06296874582767487,
-0.009166628122329712,
0.004678025376051664,
-0.07128763943910599,
0.035465631633996964,
0.014202765189111233,
-0.04637101665139198,
0.021732065826654434,
0.020059164613485336,
-0.0735279768705368,
0.0018395729130133986,
0.011685315519571304,
0.004564410075545311,
0.015257756225764751,
0.061756476759910583,
0.02789965271949768,
0.08220282196998596,
0.06189835071563721,
0.0406283475458622,
-0.0242152139544487,
-0.010865560732781887,
0.06239904835820198,
0.07631807029247284,
0.06661449372768402,
0.004421912599354982,
0.06843768060207367,
-0.06834518909454346,
-0.02167060784995556,
0.032473523169755936,
0.008786332793533802,
-0.00644704420119524,
-0.06806568801403046,
0.020358219742774963,
0.05528990179300308,
0.005910642445087433,
0.04055746644735336,
-0.07884486764669418,
-0.02183189056813717,
0.058575164526700974,
0.005902583710849285,
-0.018973950296640396,
0.038151051849126816,
0.0656735822558403,
0.026740742847323418,
-0.00930615421384573,
-0.04272370785474777,
0.0037151570431888103,
-0.04770081490278244,
0.03054347075521946,
0.024656610563397408,
-0.019730180501937866,
0.011488359421491623,
0.024286899715662003,
0.029519449919462204,
0.1131332516670227,
-0.03527623787522316,
0.001130437944084406,
-0.01385316252708435,
-0.013722323812544346,
0.024450430646538734,
0.04202188178896904,
0.01000565942376852,
0.030767718330025673,
0.028669806197285652,
-0.03450338542461395,
0.01666226238012314,
0.05223254859447479,
0.008965205401182175,
0.005497239995747805,
-0.0495285838842392,
-0.015684135258197784,
-0.0038094890769571066,
0.03109186887741089,
-0.036053676158189774,
-0.03659927472472191,
-0.035566478967666626,
-0.05077212676405907,
-0.0373682901263237,
-0.04223885014653206,
0.007841680198907852,
-0.02323303371667862,
-0.06006846949458122,
-0.00307827559299767,
-0.01895003207027912,
0.0032049466390162706,
-0.0006281801615841687,
-0.03136825934052467,
-0.01968160830438137,
0.04656040668487549,
0.024424942210316658,
0.004892656113952398,
0.023825550451874733,
0.05338827893137932,
-0.004142554011195898,
-0.01423462200909853,
-0.01211285125464201,
0.018778450787067413,
0.018104635179042816,
-0.04306965321302414,
-0.017060695216059685,
-0.09068558365106583,
0.0032399522606283426,
0.054111286997795105,
-0.028012791648507118,
-0.06768864393234253,
0.025632575154304504,
-0.03632869943976402,
0.020535042509436607,
0.05893218144774437,
0.023098070174455643,
0.029559031128883362,
-0.033905401825904846,
0.00507428077980876,
0.005304484628140926,
-0.011648047715425491,
0.03795626759529114,
-0.055307723581790924,
0.047498270869255066,
0.03141356632113457,
-0.023849694058299065,
-0.0337970070540905,
0.03684398531913757,
0.021991534158587456,
-0.02755141071975231,
-0.00948140025138855,
-0.025321699678897858,
-0.008929110132157803,
-0.10894571244716644,
-0.004549192730337381,
0.053966548293828964,
0.027705056592822075,
-0.0649983286857605,
-0.04048959165811539,
-0.007564445957541466,
-0.008869227953255177,
-0.003319523762911558,
-0.04212848097085953,
-0.00731868389993906,
-0.025894643738865852,
-0.015014464035630226,
-0.054937694221735,
0.0009809992043301463,
-0.031740106642246246,
0.008860046043992043,
-0.0392998605966568,
-0.037941813468933105,
0.010724414139986038,
0.00821328442543745,
0.02300473116338253,
-0.004928394686430693,
0.009750030003488064,
-0.030453864485025406
] |
208 |
OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=xXTkbTBmqq
|
[
"Niklas Muennighoff",
"Luca Soldaini",
"Dirk Groeneveld",
"Kyle Lo",
"Jacob Morrison",
"Sewon Min",
"Weijia Shi",
"Evan Pete Walsh",
"Oyvind Tafjord",
"Nathan Lambert",
"Yuling Gu",
"Shane Arora",
"Akshita Bhagia",
"Dustin Schwenk",
"David Wadden",
"Alexander Wettig",
"Binyuan Hui",
"Tim Dettmers",
"Douwe Kiela",
"Ali Farhadi",
"et al. (4 additional authors not shown)"
] |
Oral
|
We introduce OLMoE, a fully open, state-of-the-art language model leveraging sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE). OLMoE-1B-7B has 7 billion (B) parameters but uses only 1B per input token. We pretrain it on 5 trillion tokens and further adapt it to create OLMoE-1B-7B-Instruct. Our models outperform all available models with similar active parameters, even surpassing larger ones like Llama2-13B-Chat and DeepSeekMoE-16B. We present novel findings on MoE training, define and analyze new routing properties showing high specialization in our model, and open-source all our work: model weights, training data, code, and logs.
|
large language models, mixture-of-experts, open-source
|
A state-of-the-art Mixture-of-Experts LLM with 1B active and 7B total parameters trained for 5T tokens that is 100% open-source
| 211 |
2409.02060
|
[
-0.013446763157844543,
-0.008973155170679092,
0.0034317767713218927,
0.02586204931139946,
0.026230592280626297,
0.05237206816673279,
0.027111656963825226,
0.037584178149700165,
-0.03217237815260887,
-0.0013311608927324414,
-0.023616405203938484,
0.047334134578704834,
-0.07365436106920242,
-0.030792629346251488,
-0.02516002766788006,
0.012038330547511578,
0.006041836459189653,
-0.008677870035171509,
0.031762201339006424,
0.005800819490104914,
0.0154276043176651,
-0.022054266184568405,
0.044659100472927094,
-0.006281474605202675,
0.030888818204402924,
0.013528379611670971,
-0.0029504108242690563,
0.0012554676504805684,
-0.04686443507671356,
-0.002344743348658085,
0.02175344154238701,
0.028015045449137688,
0.016976922750473022,
-0.039348989725112915,
-0.0024493951350450516,
-0.014729923568665981,
-0.025173386558890343,
0.010788079351186752,
0.014957803301513195,
0.05579318478703499,
-0.05096492916345596,
0.028016675263643265,
0.004722167272120714,
0.017346875742077827,
-0.051420751959085464,
-0.018311623483896255,
-0.12666520476341248,
0.01566922850906849,
0.016506824642419815,
-0.029303859919309616,
-0.12903566658496857,
0.02852630242705345,
-0.0024908313062042,
0.0018943268805742264,
-0.0007981356466189027,
0.01071024127304554,
0.07257092744112015,
-0.0879611149430275,
0.0058006662875413895,
-0.024309566244482994,
-0.059586476534605026,
0.02401185967028141,
0.013449832797050476,
-0.014936246909201145,
-0.0032536920625716448,
0.005944495089352131,
-0.017139501869678497,
0.0435912199318409,
-0.06250741332769394,
-0.044148750603199005,
0.01877695694565773,
0.008808707818388939,
-0.031017335131764412,
-0.003195130964741111,
0.04240736737847328,
-0.07114618271589279,
0.026735572144389153,
0.04586965590715408,
0.045998625457286835,
-0.016039405018091202,
-0.005680819507688284,
-0.015229946002364159,
0.002161072101444006,
0.05769989266991615,
0.025294579565525055,
0.0002689028042368591,
-0.029519323259592056,
-0.01917940564453602,
-0.07532450556755066,
0.020983846858143806,
0.011236617341637611,
-0.06475075334310532,
0.01290679071098566,
0.0024452193174511194,
0.004994013346731663,
0.029203085228800774,
0.013117164373397827,
0.02947249449789524,
-0.012408950366079807,
0.019593538716435432,
-0.02294543758034706,
-0.022250058129429817,
0.04332909360527992,
-0.010500623844563961,
-0.1052761822938919,
-0.017696833238005638,
0.00317331007681787,
0.017814915627241135,
0.03251839801669121,
0.004596607759594917,
-0.024095991626381874,
-0.015292736701667309,
0.008061525411903858,
-0.017619222402572632,
-0.05819493159651756,
0.026556016877293587,
-0.01315578818321228,
0.028333120048046112,
0.0190726350992918,
-0.022121930494904518,
0.041030317544937134,
0.06493762880563736,
0.0067780702374875546,
0.0655464455485344,
-0.011313121765851974,
0.02375686541199684,
0.019641349092125893,
0.04908356815576553,
-0.025894200429320335,
-0.023061493411660194,
0.006460899952799082,
0.043809738010168076,
0.008709068410098553,
0.014270939864218235,
0.011546691879630089,
0.006539715453982353,
0.025298863649368286,
0.047012824565172195,
0.05402933806180954,
-0.00975029543042183,
0.029300278052687645,
0.0038671628572046757,
0.04268042743206024,
-0.014512909576296806,
0.022494148463010788,
-0.01990826055407524,
-0.02266046777367592,
-0.019282761961221695,
-0.03845182806253433,
0.0012029901845380664,
0.007397630251944065,
-0.012635059654712677,
-0.014156738296151161,
-0.057255133986473083,
0.033669330179691315,
0.07359278947114944,
0.011479338631033897,
0.028021054342389107,
0.027329541742801666,
0.02689380757510662,
-0.009997065179049969,
0.007960678078234196,
-0.058302704244852066,
0.0006966885412111878,
-0.009495710954070091,
-0.07492443174123764,
0.031442392617464066,
0.022810040041804314,
-0.04485240578651428,
0.004854896571487188,
-0.020424367859959602,
-0.016918698325753212,
0.08398210257291794,
-0.018509188666939735,
-0.025121130049228668,
-0.03513146936893463,
0.07718348503112793,
0.010796013288199902,
0.05263800546526909,
0.040913935750722885,
-0.0748312696814537,
-0.0046394565142691135,
0.00696968100965023,
-0.0062281289137899876,
0.047640614211559296,
-0.023424135521054268,
0.060850515961647034,
-0.028106044977903366,
0.0129447216168046,
0.025814995169639587,
-0.06377159804105759,
-0.044651277363300323,
0.01810598559677601,
-0.003686049487441778,
0.07107939571142197,
0.02833797223865986,
-0.010224181227385998,
0.04844653233885765,
0.0618019662797451,
0.05341651290655136,
0.068631112575531,
-0.017669185996055603,
0.07433750480413437,
0.009612350724637508,
-0.03257083147764206,
0.019184425473213196,
0.03414501994848251,
-0.042974866926670074,
-0.04337109252810478,
-0.013915685005486012,
-0.0312470905482769,
-0.0205151978880167,
0.02615446038544178,
-0.021026963368058205,
-0.00004182367047178559,
0.029398560523986816,
0.01428949274122715,
-0.029351646080613136,
0.008698177523911,
-0.029448555782437325,
0.027160609140992165,
0.009644574485719204,
-0.042567070573568344,
0.005284733604639769,
-0.04404844716191292,
0.08370597660541534,
0.07030477374792099,
-0.017939617857336998,
-0.0019215228967368603,
0.00305404094979167,
0.026630479842424393,
-0.020314272493124008,
0.030510621145367622,
0.006372862495481968,
0.033284153789281845,
-0.027743088081479073,
-0.007732629310339689,
-0.04833095520734787,
0.04720805212855339,
-0.021398773416876793,
-0.01990201510488987,
0.06505925953388214,
-0.03245190158486366,
0.041798487305641174,
0.03087695688009262,
0.01532986294478178,
0.025052813813090324,
-0.0050303214229643345,
0.009334609843790531,
-0.03190462663769722,
0.02019568532705307,
0.0036019140388816595,
0.0042444998398423195,
-0.04136744514107704,
0.0022334072273224592,
-0.04405196011066437,
0.0008694789139553905,
-0.0263090617954731,
0.06775154173374176,
0.05404101684689522,
-0.004838565364480019,
0.04230597987771034,
0.013266563415527344,
-0.018687117844820023,
0.02634858898818493,
-0.09250088036060333,
-0.040240053087472916,
-0.04107479006052017,
0.0001201681952807121,
0.0030345988925546408,
0.013399061746895313,
-0.0006776569061912596,
0.009861920960247517,
-0.01981295458972454,
0.024762004613876343,
0.029559597373008728,
0.045737750828266144,
-0.015178478322923183,
-0.050217147916555405,
-0.05021737888455391,
-0.026034165173768997,
0.04350316524505615,
-0.01649678498506546,
-0.013566839508712292,
-0.07746531814336777,
-0.043954990804195404,
0.0060002789832651615,
-0.05565502122044563,
-0.03042626939713955,
0.036196354776620865,
0.03557436913251877,
-0.011820069514214993,
-0.03080790676176548,
0.005989025812596083,
0.03041849099099636,
0.027914224192500114,
0.0281356368213892,
0.020048633217811584,
-0.045273471623659134,
0.042901743203401566,
-0.00647361995652318,
0.023633986711502075,
-0.008127263747155666,
0.0056382217444479465,
-0.031048746779561043,
-0.003382985247299075,
0.017809785902500153,
0.004108048509806395,
-0.26376092433929443,
-0.025362322106957436,
0.005676353815943003,
-0.041557859629392624,
0.028047550469636917,
-0.04008784145116806,
0.04062456265091896,
-0.03858675807714462,
-0.014730236493051052,
0.011141973547637463,
0.01579262502491474,
0.04781348258256912,
0.030210867524147034,
0.032897766679525375,
0.04285690188407898,
0.04349949210882187,
-0.014411836862564087,
-0.006380403880029917,
0.0006458484567701817,
0.05660397559404373,
-0.023893043398857117,
-0.05956503376364708,
-0.03136097267270088,
0.05094946175813675,
-0.031243490055203438,
0.044795893132686615,
-0.06172819063067436,
-0.028565557673573494,
-0.02590523660182953,
-0.001736477017402649,
0.00967987161129713,
0.0016101428773254156,
-0.004332697484642267,
0.02640494517982006,
0.0016213743947446346,
0.03153675049543381,
0.07831712812185287,
0.007182192523032427,
0.04415508359670639,
-0.004767586477100849,
0.015541922301054,
-0.026925403624773026,
-0.030499927699565887,
-0.03279339149594307,
0.058728694915771484,
0.020253725349903107,
-0.056472744792699814,
-0.008836769498884678,
-0.023539116606116295,
0.033650632947683334,
-0.009427312761545181,
-0.048559386283159256,
-0.013873381540179253,
0.03438691422343254,
0.03009285219013691,
-0.011373239569365978,
0.006199001334607601,
0.0037907762452960014,
-0.014219666831195354,
-0.008637967519462109,
0.0045865848660469055,
-0.05063179135322571,
-0.02411140501499176,
-0.05985420569777489,
-0.011832860298454762,
-0.045749299228191376,
-0.060760248452425,
-0.04048938676714897,
0.05541281774640083,
0.015444451943039894,
-0.0307413712143898,
0.02982577122747898,
-0.005518659949302673,
-0.07925437390804291,
0.0003205691173207015,
0.014761995524168015,
-0.011006399989128113,
-0.00890565849840641,
-0.005815567448735237,
0.021730735898017883,
-0.07188044488430023,
-0.054665569216012955,
0.016940200701355934,
-0.009098277427256107,
0.041110679507255554,
-0.04663638025522232,
-0.004623484332114458,
-0.03851540759205818,
-0.015858791768550873,
-0.05942672863602638,
0.025227239355444908,
0.004345832858234644,
-0.015734555199742317,
0.03037986159324646,
0.06138171628117561,
0.023715859279036522,
0.031139221042394638,
0.07538118213415146,
0.04295545443892479,
0.00966543611139059,
0.025603782385587692,
-0.06912556290626526,
-0.007601073011755943,
-0.04828362911939621,
-0.03972766920924187,
0.03451578691601753,
-0.05650141090154648,
-0.02878352627158165,
0.022462885826826096,
-0.007658544462174177,
-0.018687428906559944,
-0.05873095989227295,
-0.00939395371824503,
-0.0037476643919944763,
-0.034801460802555084,
0.00885180663317442,
-0.004553379490971565,
0.04828743636608124,
0.055326979607343674,
0.030747396871447563,
-0.0017862975364550948,
0.040452852845191956,
-0.01518556009978056,
0.015515266917645931,
-0.010727469809353352,
-0.015262516215443611,
-0.00810085330158472,
-0.02874847874045372,
-0.0008977995021268725,
-0.024894917383790016,
0.024272240698337555,
0.03298553079366684,
0.0014178667915984988,
-0.010977392084896564,
0.03489692136645317,
-0.006538130808621645,
-0.007531820796430111,
-0.012954549863934517,
0.01516883634030819,
0.001130182878114283,
0.006997754797339439,
0.0018753617769107223,
0.01950111612677574,
0.05169322341680527,
0.01084717083722353,
0.000184760894626379,
0.003867045044898987,
-0.019414814189076424,
0.022613059729337692,
0.018106913194060326,
0.002479362301528454,
-0.04601962864398956,
0.004610172938555479,
-0.039505474269390106,
0.04542765021324158,
-0.027032924816012383,
0.013724376447498798,
0.0033843221608549356,
0.027798905968666077,
-0.044200725853443146,
0.022034401074051857,
0.010537165217101574,
-0.025116968899965286,
0.01707010343670845,
0.05617017671465874,
0.015911413356661797,
-0.033491022884845734,
0.020721226930618286,
0.017259307205677032,
0.0259767547249794,
0.025063488632440567,
0.0013824095949530602,
-0.03076128475368023,
-0.020906934514641762,
-0.004507764708250761,
-0.0014495882205665112,
-0.01618490368127823,
0.025141699239611626,
-0.033552832901477814,
0.06320331990718842,
0.011279460042715073,
-0.03715593367815018,
-0.0065837944857776165,
-0.025325076654553413,
0.08766180276870728,
0.016857121139764786,
-0.0327601283788681,
-0.012527150101959705,
-0.005211150273680687,
0.03588281571865082,
-0.028120581060647964,
0.02903848886489868,
-0.01943027786910534,
-0.027261463925242424,
-0.04214109107851982,
-0.05423036590218544,
0.007209514733403921,
0.026976648718118668,
-0.016174346208572388,
0.00048188207438215613,
-0.009682418778538704,
-0.01987001858651638,
-0.0854950025677681,
-0.018250389024615288,
0.03138398006558418,
-0.08372223377227783,
0.0019956696778535843,
-0.025348488241434097,
-0.020726371556520462,
0.022038260474801064,
-0.04288873076438904,
-0.010869027115404606,
-0.03746538981795311,
-0.01603679172694683,
0.0017661894671618938,
-0.04004849120974541,
-0.04491988196969032,
0.002195759443566203,
0.02115367166697979,
-0.03377772495150566,
0.0009463360183872283,
-0.004232484847307205,
-0.016999175772070885,
-0.028227685019373894,
-0.0034485876094549894,
0.041881825774908066,
-0.04798639565706253,
-0.012028203345835209,
0.0009100103052332997,
-0.02711440436542034,
0.03979584574699402,
-0.02955397590994835,
0.01609710603952408,
0.06728942692279816,
-0.0014545517042279243,
0.000018400671251583844,
-0.02886153571307659,
0.012552247382700443,
0.006806557532399893,
0.007177170366048813,
0.03525503724813461,
-0.03201393038034439,
-0.020181557163596153,
0.01583780162036419,
-0.018572436645627022,
0.06683485954999924,
0.0024367014411836863,
0.006268299650400877,
0.024570094421505928,
0.008738447912037373,
0.028505396097898483,
0.030308131128549576,
-0.08165929466485977,
-0.008609192445874214,
0.09207679331302643,
-0.02074686996638775,
-0.024012306705117226,
-0.0735095962882042,
-0.04795002192258835,
0.002052191412076354,
-0.0068828207440674305,
0.025158271193504333,
-0.017934806644916534,
0.03442925587296486,
0.03352214768528938,
0.059432025998830795,
-0.006910630501806736,
-0.015991751104593277,
0.0035824149381369352,
-0.05760432034730911,
0.007137407548725605,
-0.06565847247838974,
-0.02017708495259285,
0.10974923521280289,
-0.006166690494865179,
0.009396330453455448,
-0.015289257280528545,
-0.01868872344493866,
0.03767937794327736,
0.00511937914416194,
-0.04272822290658951,
-0.009968508966267109,
-0.024624697864055634,
0.01470444817095995,
0.00012658489868044853,
-0.02886214293539524,
-0.019958559423685074,
0.017128730192780495,
-0.04079428315162659,
0.0017396288458257914,
-0.00969439372420311,
0.05083191394805908,
-0.03215288743376732,
0.05596470460295677,
-0.021135415881872177,
-0.01122747827321291,
0.017589502036571503,
0.048153165727853775,
0.03452209010720253,
0.023324083536863327,
-0.00651170127093792,
0.04048455134034157,
0.005635860841721296,
0.019628750160336494,
0.0010348133509978652,
-0.002856462262570858,
-0.028743868693709373,
-0.05506131052970886,
0.04454979673027992,
-0.001619307091459632,
-0.005536530166864395,
-0.04816323146224022,
0.0708012506365776,
0.038817763328552246,
-0.053586509078741074,
-0.04580330103635788,
0.01956258714199066,
-0.0777781680226326,
0.0015983751509338617,
-0.018194962292909622,
0.020858366042375565,
-0.025033440440893173,
0.090476855635643,
0.059924088418483734,
0.03015054576098919,
0.07578463107347488,
-0.006337344646453857,
-0.03315825015306473,
0.017368245869874954,
0.044515032321214676,
0.04299643635749817,
0.0693291574716568,
-0.022165298461914062,
0.056949686259031296,
-0.06017308682203293,
-0.05081366375088692,
0.023001722991466522,
0.0429660901427269,
-0.0029093811754137278,
-0.033035676926374435,
0.012976782396435738,
0.09532846510410309,
-0.017611993476748466,
0.04909546300768852,
-0.06989997625350952,
-0.003972592763602734,
0.017604662105441093,
-0.002202466130256653,
0.0007501819636672735,
0.05195428431034088,
0.02306879684329033,
0.005626730155199766,
-0.02548595890402794,
-0.042756129056215286,
0.004029463045299053,
-0.060354117304086685,
-0.011422530747950077,
0.009802759625017643,
-0.01572904735803604,
-0.007433184888213873,
-0.007078369148075581,
0.052352532744407654,
0.10191798210144043,
-0.024864500388503075,
-0.03547169268131256,
0.0007434371509589255,
-0.004736419301480055,
0.010048934258520603,
0.061521559953689575,
-0.0096258744597435,
-0.04558667540550232,
0.0017854328034445643,
-0.04318086430430412,
0.017736736685037613,
-0.009298603050410748,
-0.02145886793732643,
0.02530776709318161,
-0.010526997037231922,
-0.03877737373113632,
-0.02263692021369934,
0.020661553367972374,
-0.0171384084969759,
-0.041260212659835815,
-0.026429669931530952,
-0.04316478222608566,
-0.04124815762042999,
-0.03847780078649521,
0.020558783784508705,
0.023616323247551918,
-0.021629737690091133,
0.010528241284191608,
-0.049584727734327316,
0.014502372592687607,
0.04574785754084587,
-0.0408787727355957,
0.02804841659963131,
0.027234550565481186,
-0.008129735477268696,
-0.039408307522535324,
0.043790705502033234,
0.04008173570036888,
0.009847083128988743,
0.009606254287064075,
0.04175741225481033,
0.035728491842746735,
0.01413033064454794,
-0.00697809224948287,
-0.029047701507806778,
-0.0808241069316864,
-0.0015477559063583612,
0.03220879286527634,
-0.028981877490878105,
-0.08436304330825806,
0.0018019082490354776,
-0.007148602977395058,
0.05452140420675278,
0.03748485445976257,
-0.004350345581769943,
0.010952985845506191,
-0.016695605590939522,
-0.01807345636188984,
-0.013478890061378479,
-0.00011131222709082067,
0.01814218983054161,
-0.007490087300539017,
0.06468776613473892,
0.05033368617296219,
-0.003549136221408844,
-0.034138694405555725,
0.023995256051421165,
-0.01145522017031908,
-0.014800569042563438,
-0.0292410459369421,
-0.002030174480751157,
-0.0031208836007863283,
-0.09032861143350601,
-0.03421690687537193,
0.028477059677243233,
0.001447669928893447,
-0.026377122849225998,
-0.0017078387318179011,
-0.030014643445611,
-0.0013593964977189898,
0.006489819381386042,
-0.02558973617851734,
-0.027617521584033966,
-0.025321368128061295,
-0.018515294417738914,
-0.07963845878839493,
-0.013988662511110306,
-0.021795252338051796,
-0.020580250769853592,
-0.060030873864889145,
0.0009381264680996537,
0.007331238593906164,
0.018285254016518593,
0.05715129151940346,
-0.0035440227948129177,
0.018225163221359253,
0.007783922832459211
] |
209 |
Do Vision-Language Models Represent Space and How? Evaluating Spatial Frame of Reference under Ambiguities
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=84pDoCD4lH
|
[
"Zheyuan Zhang",
"Fengyuan Hu",
"Jayjun Lee",
"Freda Shi",
"Parisa Kordjamshidi",
"Joyce Chai",
"Ziqiao Ma"
] |
Oral
|
Spatial expressions in situated communication can be ambiguous, as their meanings vary depending on the frames of reference (FoR) adopted by speakers and listeners. While spatial language understanding and reasoning by vision-language models (VLMs) have gained increasing attention, potential ambiguities in these models are still under-explored. To address this issue, we present the COnsistent Multilingual Frame Of Reference Test (COMFORT), an evaluation protocol to systematically assess the spatial reasoning capabilities of VLMs. We evaluate nine state-of-the-art VLMs using COMFORT. Despite showing some alignment with English conventions in resolving ambiguities, our experiments reveal significant shortcomings of VLMs: notably, the models (1) exhibit poor robustness and consistency, (2) lack the flexibility to accommodate multiple FoRs, and (3) fail to adhere to language-specific or culture-specific conventions in cross-lingual tests, as English tends to dominate other languages. With a growing effort to align vision-language models with human cognitive intuitions, we call for more attention to the ambiguous nature and cross-cultural diversity of spatial reasoning.
|
vision-language models, spatial reasoning, multimodal reasoning
|
We present an evaluation protocol to systematically assess the spatial reasoning capabilities of vision language models, and shed light on the ambiguity and cross-cultural diversity of frame of reference in spatial reasoning.
| 194 |
2410.17385
|
[
0.03193424642086029,
0.04985644295811653,
0.0010616299696266651,
0.01437732856720686,
0.03252376616001129,
0.007091353181749582,
0.050373345613479614,
0.043942634016275406,
-0.01969841495156288,
-0.03614753112196922,
-0.06369966268539429,
0.04494904726743698,
-0.07827691733837128,
-0.005265491548925638,
-0.01925547420978546,
0.05646051838994026,
0.03979397565126419,
0.03101687878370285,
-0.011807837523519993,
0.003612275468185544,
-0.00028371778898872435,
-0.024231184273958206,
0.03153190389275551,
0.008947738446295261,
0.03026845119893551,
-0.011317607015371323,
0.03840595856308937,
-0.0013948496198281646,
-0.03679162636399269,
-0.020982906222343445,
-0.0018718275241553783,
-0.008783522062003613,
-0.0017110547050833702,
-0.02285824343562126,
0.00947205163538456,
0.0018246949184685946,
-0.04260912165045738,
0.01981712318956852,
0.004200030118227005,
0.004409452434629202,
-0.024615878239274025,
0.025680072605609894,
0.0038628566544502974,
-0.02510054036974907,
-0.03770878538489342,
0.013627802953124046,
-0.10367901623249054,
0.04947837069630623,
0.005448026116937399,
-0.026642655953764915,
-0.09588894993066788,
0.017028940841555595,
0.008306929841637611,
0.0256637055426836,
-0.003822087775915861,
0.030872946605086327,
0.01878347247838974,
-0.12197929620742798,
0.00014975052908994257,
-0.05188163369894028,
-0.018171222880482674,
0.011086057871580124,
0.025697240605950356,
0.009597597643733025,
0.03866918012499809,
-0.0023144290316849947,
-0.0012536731082946062,
0.012375906109809875,
-0.03094054013490677,
-0.0348832868039608,
-0.023959387093782425,
-0.014978663064539433,
0.021434037014842033,
-0.008890868164598942,
-0.0273860152810812,
-0.0536465048789978,
0.032820478081703186,
0.030014554038643837,
0.03523332253098488,
-0.04283575341105461,
-0.021934282034635544,
0.0067668636329472065,
0.005440861918032169,
0.022760780528187752,
0.026735810562968254,
0.0005883584963157773,
-0.018101925030350685,
-0.0348312184214592,
-0.048430509865283966,
0.010989206843078136,
-0.011203856207430363,
-0.045578353106975555,
-0.010753150098025799,
0.025175191462039948,
0.00904423464089632,
0.022476617246866226,
0.028241928666830063,
0.0227498859167099,
-0.0016610251041129231,
0.0061585265211761,
-0.01433753501623869,
-0.017832448706030846,
0.025391563773155212,
0.030560504645109177,
-0.08926140516996384,
-0.06075121834874153,
-0.009102021344006062,
-0.005652883090078831,
0.018135705962777138,
0.010143808089196682,
-0.03506084531545639,
-0.0008887857547961175,
0.04817634075880051,
-0.014672733843326569,
-0.04650796577334404,
0.020836323499679565,
0.03838939592242241,
0.04251396283507347,
-0.009374751709401608,
0.02817831002175808,
0.05860743299126625,
0.03316294401884079,
-0.00837958138436079,
0.06609199941158295,
-0.040050722658634186,
0.00855719018727541,
-0.0773838460445404,
0.03561104089021683,
-0.05071339011192322,
-0.057428326457738876,
0.004013285040855408,
0.01574917696416378,
-0.010754519142210484,
-0.01685885339975357,
-0.010155762545764446,
-0.010662976652383804,
0.05677057430148125,
-0.021295543760061264,
0.054895397275686264,
-0.01698383316397667,
0.001199878752231598,
0.0017543297726660967,
0.040148138999938965,
-0.006797131150960922,
0.09622740000486374,
-0.011960026808083057,
0.012254288420081139,
-0.012796513736248016,
-0.03156820684671402,
-0.005307887680828571,
-0.012190226465463638,
-0.006235556676983833,
0.03653663396835327,
-0.04126078635454178,
0.01670415885746479,
0.06748996675014496,
0.009640645235776901,
0.014817462302744389,
0.04221264645457268,
0.003934553824365139,
0.000053495547035709023,
-0.0005920143448747694,
-0.04778335615992546,
0.041516903787851334,
-0.0013949903659522533,
-0.021978821605443954,
-0.011625939048826694,
0.04288319870829582,
-0.023233886808156967,
0.04132170230150223,
-0.03765638917684555,
-0.047980185598134995,
0.05496716871857643,
-0.03188716992735863,
-0.016656745225191116,
-0.0031266831792891026,
0.06420691311359406,
0.01196782011538744,
0.025511303916573524,
-0.016040539368987083,
-0.07180473208427429,
0.026885997503995895,
-0.024160554632544518,
0.0007150198798626661,
0.039576247334480286,
-0.015027182176709175,
0.05253538861870766,
-0.014633872546255589,
-0.021280165761709213,
0.026104256510734558,
-0.05494776368141174,
-0.043105822056531906,
0.008122555911540985,
-0.022188469767570496,
0.06644079089164734,
-0.026829056441783905,
-0.03726092725992203,
0.04359651356935501,
0.044691480696201324,
0.05239909887313843,
0.040248990058898926,
-0.017779313027858734,
0.06628339737653732,
0.02362186647951603,
-0.011786017566919327,
0.007615239359438419,
0.050127990543842316,
0.0022857801523059607,
-0.04629596695303917,
0.045399148017168045,
0.014112528413534164,
-0.02308640256524086,
0.0013032814022153616,
0.012655521742999554,
0.03794790059328079,
-0.018366403877735138,
0.011812185868620872,
-0.005102254915982485,
0.0010850884718820453,
-0.04685031250119209,
0.03695956990122795,
0.013121819123625755,
-0.02709229663014412,
-0.008014549501240253,
-0.06173217296600342,
0.08737030625343323,
0.0633694976568222,
-0.014010005630552769,
-0.019852546975016594,
0.01152087189257145,
0.01983804814517498,
0.021229133009910583,
0.0101200295612216,
-0.034666337072849274,
0.004019563551992178,
-0.05854756012558937,
0.006905477028340101,
-0.04065431281924248,
0.044404879212379456,
-0.0255183856934309,
-0.017328007146716118,
0.039284609258174896,
-0.0094231478869915,
0.03324412927031517,
0.00464011961594224,
-0.0019268171163275838,
0.05246613174676895,
-0.016144873574376106,
-0.0047808303497731686,
0.002138436771929264,
-0.006596378982067108,
-0.009021579287946224,
0.0012607346288859844,
-0.005558499600738287,
0.004129783716052771,
-0.03272542729973793,
0.008545203134417534,
-0.04134160280227661,
0.09062080085277557,
0.046977825462818146,
0.029174823313951492,
0.053124867379665375,
0.0109536899253726,
-0.02390529401600361,
-0.025795210152864456,
-0.09439272433519363,
-0.02607548050582409,
-0.011187260039150715,
-0.0041821422055363655,
0.04485975578427315,
0.049817025661468506,
-0.007995488122105598,
0.03986739739775658,
-0.03651248663663864,
0.01177628431469202,
0.02628982439637184,
0.021653292700648308,
0.003174262586981058,
-0.01415986754000187,
0.0017392641166225076,
-0.013715965673327446,
0.023094233125448227,
-0.01692979596555233,
-0.02414129674434662,
-0.016424397006630898,
-0.020919108763337135,
0.011712418869137764,
-0.020703919231891632,
-0.028244268149137497,
0.002388745779171586,
0.03925219550728798,
-0.003842754289507866,
-0.010677013546228409,
-0.00800407025963068,
0.021582769230008125,
0.07120724022388458,
0.036431968212127686,
-0.032410308718681335,
-0.03200710192322731,
0.0317760594189167,
0.0047375718131661415,
0.01505405455827713,
0.02360101416707039,
-0.004390641115605831,
0.011328010819852352,
0.00579043896868825,
-0.0030840225517749786,
-0.010567198507487774,
-0.26368293166160583,
-0.013576401397585869,
0.007779764011502266,
-0.0267665833234787,
0.03612631931900978,
-0.019407786428928375,
0.07751547545194626,
-0.04490167275071144,
-0.013284016400575638,
0.04274230822920799,
0.05393119901418686,
-0.013713515363633633,
0.008393454365432262,
0.0637093111872673,
0.05125775188207626,
0.018057072535157204,
-0.03370698168873787,
-0.050296850502491,
0.023423973470926285,
0.03981489688158035,
-0.03138084337115288,
-0.07112713903188705,
-0.011818259954452515,
0.03577733039855957,
0.010290907695889473,
0.06905484944581985,
-0.08086782693862915,
0.005649523343890905,
-0.017274806275963783,
0.010545602068305016,
0.011623942293226719,
-0.00474878866225481,
-0.011057967320084572,
0.04418785125017166,
-0.014633883722126484,
0.00907113216817379,
0.044163160026073456,
-0.02570931613445282,
0.03136604279279709,
-0.004956275690346956,
-0.011256243102252483,
-0.011670439504086971,
0.00574975972995162,
-0.011361392214894295,
0.047554485499858856,
-0.028694625943899155,
-0.06872369349002838,
-0.019370434805750847,
-0.02615336887538433,
0.027542049065232277,
-0.009181741625070572,
-0.0002529403427615762,
-0.03291310742497444,
0.023849207907915115,
-0.009697506204247475,
-0.0382511131465435,
0.031819555908441544,
-0.027665548026561737,
-0.01984264887869358,
-0.014991153962910175,
0.002313661854714155,
-0.03633597120642662,
-0.014392846263945103,
-0.05332131311297417,
-0.00820958986878395,
-0.03290602192282677,
-0.08253417909145355,
-0.032977085560560226,
0.04790128022432327,
0.004311661701649427,
-0.02201008051633835,
0.02398723177611828,
0.0041483063250780106,
-0.09427636116743088,
-0.004794607404619455,
-0.026507971808314323,
-0.036398597061634064,
-0.08183199912309647,
-0.00031552728614769876,
-0.0003430086362641305,
-0.026774374768137932,
-0.029439937323331833,
-0.008960651233792305,
0.053298596292734146,
0.010059656575322151,
-0.002839283552020788,
0.01606861688196659,
-0.0034260714892297983,
-0.041260819882154465,
-0.0127687593922019,
0.06151336058974266,
-0.013988242484629154,
0.003342767246067524,
0.014541861601173878,
0.03989877924323082,
0.02687974087893963,
0.02797088213264942,
0.038924816995859146,
0.06952818483114243,
0.009960660710930824,
-0.00015762656403239816,
-0.1096901148557663,
0.0035601011477410793,
0.004087165463715792,
0.0041809529066085815,
0.01577017642557621,
-0.06469901651144028,
-0.006152221467345953,
0.053907379508018494,
0.00795784592628479,
-0.022466246038675308,
0.029732409864664078,
0.010124980472028255,
0.027582600712776184,
-0.0244576558470726,
-0.016229722648859024,
0.010954326018691063,
0.024738136678934097,
-0.007296143565326929,
-0.03601958975195885,
-0.021580813452601433,
0.006662936881184578,
-0.01796470396220684,
0.011149751022458076,
-0.013114465400576591,
0.008687620051205158,
-0.0410970114171505,
-0.01197392214089632,
-0.050789784640073776,
0.02475321665406227,
0.002893467666581273,
0.02989497408270836,
0.042663346976041794,
0.0262144822627306,
0.06447139382362366,
-0.03251055255532265,
-0.010454647243022919,
-0.00824151560664177,
0.016533272340893745,
-0.047042425721883774,
-0.0024140106979757547,
-0.052761394530534744,
0.02366526797413826,
0.051080264151096344,
0.008449594490230083,
-0.025135541334748268,
0.008297167718410492,
-0.02018650434911251,
-0.03729014843702316,
0.027452416718006134,
0.051550935953855515,
-0.044982362538576126,
-0.01705479994416237,
-0.0014724325155839324,
-0.008720788173377514,
-0.006964880973100662,
-0.014691480435431004,
-0.023563837632536888,
-0.011968073435127735,
-0.04787430539727211,
0.06761424243450165,
0.03607624024152756,
-0.004320686683058739,
0.016034524887800217,
-0.02118937484920025,
0.007829387672245502,
0.006416412070393562,
0.010051929391920567,
-0.005120677873492241,
0.033681344240903854,
0.034801073372364044,
-0.04505162686109543,
-0.011817867867648602,
0.011508398689329624,
-0.04102211818099022,
0.010959400795400143,
0.009107585996389389,
-0.02554592676460743,
-0.02881982922554016,
0.03871523216366768,
0.044870100915431976,
-0.007932293228805065,
0.018267836421728134,
-0.011993898078799248,
0.061720747500658035,
0.017860062420368195,
0.01959841512143612,
-0.03566169738769531,
-0.02184441313147545,
-0.03089943155646324,
-0.024035900831222534,
0.05909792706370354,
-0.04880586639046669,
-0.015598822385072708,
-0.06546683609485626,
-0.04276370629668236,
-0.011692875996232033,
-0.015359119512140751,
-0.02165602147579193,
-0.007053290493786335,
-0.023175613954663277,
-0.013375859707593918,
-0.06407682597637177,
-0.03405791521072388,
0.03258654102683067,
-0.07270845025777817,
0.014913165010511875,
0.036731671541929245,
-0.052541524171829224,
0.009243096224963665,
-0.09210454672574997,
-0.022154737263917923,
-0.05019199848175049,
-0.03063633292913437,
0.017097173258662224,
0.0026962498668581247,
-0.038588088005781174,
-0.04549340158700943,
-0.025377990677952766,
0.014865281991660595,
0.019623616710305214,
-0.014642594382166862,
-0.019790099933743477,
-0.01972823590040207,
0.026818161830306053,
0.035324063152074814,
-0.030400428920984268,
0.009937595576047897,
0.027731915935873985,
-0.03962082415819168,
0.015263620764017105,
-0.032995905727148056,
0.039982330054044724,
0.05286268889904022,
-0.009226019494235516,
-0.03607616573572159,
-0.05197523906826973,
0.009359758347272873,
0.015207411721348763,
0.018551383167505264,
0.05726861581206322,
-0.028887011110782623,
-0.016533194109797478,
0.004194519016891718,
0.021823890507221222,
0.05823947489261627,
0.0019448914099484682,
-0.03321407362818718,
-0.005241068545728922,
0.010383528657257557,
-0.004069355316460133,
-0.014164930209517479,
-0.001355778076685965,
0.012852835468947887,
0.05300796404480934,
-0.024859370663762093,
-0.02870050072669983,
-0.042446162551641464,
-0.05209265276789665,
-0.011885089799761772,
-0.0044319601729512215,
-0.011838853359222412,
-0.027365276589989662,
0.03687822073698044,
0.011526723392307758,
0.07238887250423431,
0.037012338638305664,
-0.015003957785665989,
0.025622539222240448,
-0.04903922975063324,
0.025765491649508476,
-0.07340783625841141,
-0.0048133740201592445,
0.03590874373912811,
-0.014417747966945171,
-0.03929043933749199,
-0.03248746693134308,
-0.04150620475411415,
0.04306519031524658,
-0.026329992339015007,
-0.042591143399477005,
0.011474905535578728,
-0.01651374064385891,
-0.01732584834098816,
-0.007965825498104095,
-0.042072322219610214,
0.00890783779323101,
-0.03475397825241089,
-0.048193611204624176,
-0.02991010993719101,
-0.024050112813711166,
0.039873234927654266,
-0.047135092318058014,
0.055141717195510864,
-0.012850929982960224,
0.019155895337462425,
0.030295446515083313,
0.08009366691112518,
0.03824156895279884,
0.0163666270673275,
-0.03191186860203743,
0.08089595288038254,
0.04222283884882927,
-0.010484174825251102,
0.0398588627576828,
0.0004830822872463614,
-0.00703093595802784,
-0.03672947734594345,
0.07812798023223877,
0.029090100899338722,
-0.003877740353345871,
-0.07182622700929642,
0.08321449160575867,
0.03627766668796539,
-0.046582866460084915,
0.02823997475206852,
0.033728260546922684,
-0.028145715594291687,
-0.01773804984986782,
-0.0023465221747756004,
0.011135769076645374,
-0.023162120953202248,
0.05392688512802124,
0.014486906118690968,
0.0584176704287529,
0.06954147666692734,
0.011605523526668549,
-0.029961705207824707,
0.02938840165734291,
0.04422254487872124,
0.06962273269891739,
0.057799167931079865,
0.035668279975652695,
0.07862165570259094,
-0.02823188714683056,
-0.023468101397156715,
0.02774353325366974,
0.013852267526090145,
-0.007557754870504141,
-0.034125495702028275,
-0.0005993886734358966,
0.07253973931074142,
-0.021281754598021507,
0.04380105435848236,
-0.036345936357975006,
-0.0016351199010387063,
0.04850909858942032,
0.06945273280143738,
0.0025030856486409903,
0.016826272010803223,
0.059856388717889786,
0.004462798126041889,
0.005969420075416565,
-0.009831022471189499,
0.02457643672823906,
-0.014227303676307201,
-0.014828174374997616,
-0.021667756140232086,
-0.02320384979248047,
0.02222292311489582,
-0.048257604241371155,
0.038213640451431274,
0.11136763542890549,
-0.02395101636648178,
-0.029135191813111305,
0.026511678472161293,
0.01067147683352232,
0.014744852669537067,
0.06464183330535889,
0.016132870689034462,
-0.013434729538857937,
-0.008669852279126644,
-0.04031744226813316,
-0.011182669550180435,
0.023489374667406082,
0.007555076852440834,
0.016736144199967384,
-0.03157387673854828,
-0.008759060874581337,
0.02962110936641693,
0.02142183668911457,
-0.07637424021959305,
-0.05222722887992859,
-0.025137146934866905,
-0.04943172261118889,
-0.032125502824783325,
-0.023746952414512634,
0.04165877401828766,
-0.016731956973671913,
-0.05019731819629669,
0.01801181770861149,
-0.017809467390179634,
0.0289143119007349,
-0.007920215837657452,
-0.04235469549894333,
-0.01317467913031578,
0.047549739480018616,
0.0032943126279860735,
-0.02507423795759678,
0.05472339689731598,
0.011036164127290249,
-0.03609507903456688,
0.010824845172464848,
0.04108171537518501,
-0.003823390230536461,
0.026063526049256325,
0.002633878495544195,
-0.04656166210770607,
-0.12676768004894257,
-0.025019770488142967,
0.016781562939286232,
0.00039733032463118434,
-0.07601753622293472,
-0.0036749611608684063,
-0.013482392765581608,
0.017486214637756348,
0.051635026931762695,
0.019521305337548256,
0.07596641033887863,
-0.013302184641361237,
-0.000760347698815167,
0.013619672507047653,
0.027164621278643608,
0.03624241426587105,
-0.04658981040120125,
0.06131704896688461,
0.028952347114682198,
-0.0009691856103017926,
-0.05359595641493797,
0.019651375710964203,
-0.0044759223237633705,
0.027220355346798897,
-0.01602676697075367,
-0.014461833983659744,
-0.05212379992008209,
-0.09192212671041489,
-0.0442042201757431,
0.0052587902173399925,
-0.03161374107003212,
-0.032295458018779755,
-0.011217329651117325,
-0.022981632500886917,
-0.03755948692560196,
-0.026877066120505333,
0.011369935236871243,
-0.006427354644984007,
-0.02288210391998291,
-0.018517201766371727,
-0.053347378969192505,
0.005504962522536516,
-0.00857243686914444,
-0.02552618458867073,
-0.03151947259902954,
-0.05583162233233452,
0.008684917353093624,
0.03294980153441429,
0.019408779218792915,
-0.0012074413243681192,
0.046799980103969574,
-0.014667169190943241
] |
210 |
SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Ha6RTeWMd0
|
[
"Nikhila Ravi",
"Valentin Gabeur",
"Yuan-Ting Hu",
"Ronghang Hu",
"Chaitanya Ryali",
"Tengyu Ma",
"Haitham Khedr",
"Roman Rädle",
"Chloe Rolland",
"Laura Gustafson",
"Eric Mintun",
"Junting Pan",
"Kalyan Vasudev Alwala",
"Nicolas Carion",
"Chao-Yuan Wu",
"Ross Girshick",
"Piotr Dollar",
"Christoph Feichtenhofer"
] |
Oral
|
We present Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM 2), a foundation model towards solving promptable visual segmentation in images and videos. We build a data engine, which improves model and data via user interaction, to collect the largest video segmentation dataset to date. Our model is a simple transformer architecture with streaming memory for real-time video processing. SAM 2 trained on our data provides strong performance across a wide range of tasks. In video segmentation, we observe better accuracy, using 3x fewer interactions than prior approaches. In image segmentation, our model is more accurate and 6x faster than the Segment Anything Model (SAM). We believe that our data, model, and insights will serve as a significant milestone for video segmentation and related perception tasks. We are releasing our main model, the dataset, an interactive demo and code.
|
computer vision, video segmentation, image segmentation
| null | 92 |
2408.00714
|
[
0.0016219484386965632,
-0.014239952899515629,
0.00016988060087896883,
0.039477601647377014,
0.014702855609357357,
-0.0020068762823939323,
0.03661656752228737,
0.03274570778012276,
-0.06354605406522751,
-0.05526056885719299,
-0.05254726856946945,
-0.019316667690873146,
-0.04194667190313339,
0.001416345126926899,
0.01763036474585533,
0.03256836161017418,
0.007759477477520704,
-0.006206122692674398,
0.020643236115574837,
0.037203140556812286,
-0.024389376863837242,
-0.008358297869563103,
0.05721123889088631,
-0.006283005699515343,
0.011292402632534504,
-0.030312877148389816,
0.02622518315911293,
0.028827741742134094,
-0.049058232456445694,
0.01309549156576395,
0.025439856573939323,
-0.006322042550891638,
-0.013835177756845951,
-0.04680302366614342,
0.034386828541755676,
-0.011359338648617268,
-0.0516185387969017,
0.0404227189719677,
-0.008103041909635067,
0.007896967232227325,
-0.025315044447779655,
0.047403495758771896,
0.009623708203434944,
-0.01752396859228611,
-0.04685485363006592,
-0.0033665343653410673,
-0.08090052008628845,
0.02311673015356064,
0.0033621585462242365,
-0.0206014271825552,
-0.08013157546520233,
0.04197416454553604,
-0.008155726827681065,
-0.0074211955070495605,
-0.013822674751281738,
0.015433111228048801,
0.03884412348270416,
-0.0870743989944458,
-0.009884942322969437,
-0.018551398068666458,
0.004011983051896095,
0.034412551671266556,
0.03381495550274849,
-0.0009021772420965135,
-0.020889120176434517,
-0.03195532038807869,
0.0212100762873888,
0.05326991528272629,
-0.02167166769504547,
-0.031330786645412445,
0.01924196071922779,
-0.023687705397605896,
-0.011455968953669071,
0.048703745007514954,
0.02787698060274124,
-0.02050095424056053,
0.015486654825508595,
0.016240645200014114,
0.05053567513823509,
-0.04705624282360077,
0.03446293994784355,
0.03484951704740524,
-0.005663655698299408,
0.06369123607873917,
-0.006933179218322039,
0.025531906634569168,
-0.017572982236742973,
-0.042710840702056885,
-0.06973163038492203,
0.04412808641791344,
-0.01667390577495098,
-0.025783777236938477,
0.0029026505071669817,
0.04777863994240761,
0.003270462853834033,
-0.006061473395675421,
-0.0042269229888916016,
-0.02149791643023491,
0.010198911651968956,
0.01013132743537426,
-0.005013518501073122,
-0.015215609222650528,
0.03462057560682297,
0.022061040624976158,
-0.07890085875988007,
-0.013455038890242577,
0.007424043957144022,
-0.005620540585368872,
-0.006268463097512722,
0.01786898635327816,
-0.014849340543150902,
-0.011957669630646706,
0.008052036166191101,
-0.009491854347288609,
-0.07000525295734406,
0.028407081961631775,
-0.015467086806893349,
-0.016305234283208847,
-0.008188375271856785,
0.02560741826891899,
0.06681359559297562,
0.03741266205906868,
-0.009344243444502354,
0.0712888315320015,
0.012682270258665085,
-0.01865866594016552,
0.024612678214907646,
0.026512309908866882,
-0.03579945117235184,
-0.02031046338379383,
0.009740681387484074,
0.016736255958676338,
0.025233069434762,
0.01510515809059143,
0.0056824772618710995,
-0.01967768743634224,
0.013185509480535984,
-0.025800729170441628,
0.03415663540363312,
-0.024919014424085617,
0.04134652763605118,
-0.012579686939716339,
0.03354059159755707,
-0.03428354114294052,
0.06329895555973053,
-0.05168583616614342,
-0.01109561137855053,
-0.0013010925613343716,
-0.03132951632142067,
-0.00042193493572995067,
-0.006080188788473606,
-0.019846512004733086,
-0.0016633769264444709,
-0.09609151631593704,
-0.008995243348181248,
0.08218873292207718,
0.019163135439157486,
0.015168050304055214,
0.007968145422637463,
-0.00649260263890028,
0.01725466363132,
-0.01327280979603529,
-0.0235260222107172,
0.019597908481955528,
0.010170836932957172,
-0.037686850875616074,
0.023960456252098083,
-0.004133712034672499,
-0.03621575981378555,
0.004183677490800619,
-0.030589111149311066,
-0.03701641038060188,
0.05007725581526756,
-0.02373516745865345,
-0.03689076378941536,
0.007233195006847382,
0.07222393900156021,
0.032439351081848145,
0.0027642480563372374,
0.047493889927864075,
-0.08735228329896927,
0.008381171151995659,
0.008298841305077076,
-0.01095519121736288,
0.02872970513999462,
-0.034652695059776306,
0.0843617171049118,
-0.020209182053804398,
-0.043077267706394196,
-0.018722647801041603,
-0.07872632890939713,
-0.04994821548461914,
-0.0008788216509856284,
0.02703845500946045,
0.030291646718978882,
0.031044716015458107,
0.0029732577968388796,
0.018007762730121613,
0.027034418657422066,
0.049043573439121246,
0.05435982719063759,
-0.020878495648503304,
0.07106605172157288,
0.004403183702379465,
-0.031025171279907227,
-0.0010486460523679852,
0.029423894360661507,
-0.04091603308916092,
-0.011675787158310413,
0.019339801743626595,
-0.02119090035557747,
0.006416474003344774,
0.02873668260872364,
0.011345388367772102,
0.009190003387629986,
-0.010036059655249119,
-0.012858432717621326,
-0.015080181881785393,
0.007261164486408234,
-0.06421814858913422,
0.0237876046448946,
0.013402309268712997,
-0.03075273707509041,
-0.02066623978316784,
-0.010461363941431046,
0.0742461085319519,
0.051356829702854156,
-0.0450095608830452,
-0.0179603174328804,
-0.0012997692683711648,
-0.012193801812827587,
0.028729761019349098,
0.004964482504874468,
-0.037955984473228455,
-0.018764380365610123,
-0.024842480197548866,
0.021253664046525955,
-0.03912964463233948,
0.06535494327545166,
-0.03913739696145058,
-0.02006695419549942,
0.04200034216046333,
0.03373264893889427,
0.028025928884744644,
0.004522627219557762,
0.009113548323512077,
0.07032566517591476,
-0.014178249053657055,
0.012759661301970482,
0.02001005783677101,
-0.021174414083361626,
-0.01660698466002941,
0.005692026112228632,
-0.05095956474542618,
0.014362333342432976,
-0.026984935626387596,
0.002485856646671891,
-0.047517597675323486,
0.06422018259763718,
0.03946972265839577,
0.04013622924685478,
0.015330235473811626,
-0.014388831332325935,
-0.0020413727033883333,
-0.038917578756809235,
-0.11654208600521088,
-0.06267165392637253,
-0.031149880960583687,
0.03116779588162899,
0.01749213971197605,
0.054226528853178024,
-0.02728581428527832,
0.049134835600852966,
-0.030222095549106598,
0.0062276762910187244,
0.01317719928920269,
0.02360698953270912,
0.03968563675880432,
0.0064457315020263195,
0.0074859135784208775,
0.02508022077381611,
0.07344391196966171,
0.010571865364909172,
-0.014154640957713127,
-0.0347934328019619,
-0.03088841587305069,
0.01668044738471508,
-0.026631316170096397,
-0.020467517897486687,
0.010628025978803635,
0.0492558628320694,
0.01897449418902397,
-0.011947301216423512,
0.027314499020576477,
0.03785098344087601,
0.07572633773088455,
0.03897123783826828,
-0.020992835983633995,
-0.03845249116420746,
0.017754536122083664,
-0.016586018726229668,
0.044347990304231644,
0.016667786985635757,
-0.00694692600518465,
-0.009403607808053493,
-0.0031389680225402117,
0.012036792933940887,
-0.0331847257912159,
-0.28406068682670593,
-0.00815264880657196,
0.01838703453540802,
0.004912429489195347,
0.03620403632521629,
-0.0646616742014885,
0.0380757637321949,
-0.0339689664542675,
-0.013864598236978054,
0.022863423451781273,
-0.0019440647447481751,
0.059342559427022934,
0.0020164172165095806,
0.055285096168518066,
0.05546628683805466,
0.047666944563388824,
-0.009082997217774391,
0.009903843514621258,
0.03529353439807892,
0.04438910260796547,
-0.02620110660791397,
-0.06971867382526398,
-0.012424974702298641,
0.0411570742726326,
-0.04909641295671463,
0.008638951927423477,
-0.07811462879180908,
-0.018590522930026054,
-0.012718110345304012,
-0.023808948695659637,
3.097431999776745e-7,
-0.0424128919839859,
-0.0344642736017704,
0.031241344287991524,
0.013472644612193108,
0.01506965234875679,
0.04137927293777466,
-0.008355602622032166,
0.009188621304929256,
-0.0027449156623333693,
0.02968752011656761,
0.009527517482638359,
-0.010666793212294579,
0.021195625886321068,
0.07660803943872452,
-0.008483711630105972,
-0.033031631261110306,
-0.04565827175974846,
0.008596114814281464,
-0.0006598395993933082,
0.016795683652162552,
-0.031823962926864624,
-0.024855319410562515,
-0.009851138107478619,
-0.019877834245562553,
-0.02861154079437256,
0.02405599318444729,
0.014260265976190567,
-0.023868359625339508,
-0.012771019712090492,
-0.00035203422885388136,
-0.024783335626125336,
-0.009326551109552383,
-0.017877258360385895,
0.003993809688836336,
-0.046895600855350494,
-0.033421602100133896,
-0.0503540113568306,
0.029435724020004272,
0.02737845480442047,
0.006424338091164827,
0.033963628113269806,
-0.012364336289465427,
-0.09301523864269257,
0.003852589288726449,
0.02148660458624363,
-0.0005039690295234323,
-0.020290261134505272,
-0.029763909056782722,
0.0686621367931366,
-0.047175388783216476,
-0.049136701971292496,
0.06447157263755798,
-0.011579788289964199,
0.019209878519177437,
-0.029151633381843567,
0.020018838346004486,
-0.0077347587794065475,
0.027617309242486954,
-0.01963789388537407,
0.04817768558859825,
-0.01122891902923584,
0.01293431967496872,
0.015599008649587631,
0.06035933643579483,
0.05935543030500412,
0.018100827932357788,
0.06301704794168472,
0.07439873367547989,
-0.021941233426332474,
0.022514378651976585,
-0.07801797240972519,
-0.002309140982106328,
-0.03444608300924301,
-0.02738526277244091,
0.04789247363805771,
-0.02125203050673008,
-0.04084102064371109,
0.054618481546640396,
-0.005307281389832497,
-0.03096431866288185,
-0.037633609026670456,
-0.020121432840824127,
-0.0083920331671834,
-0.016891703009605408,
-0.012459714896976948,
-0.005948320031166077,
-0.006894836202263832,
0.026139497756958008,
-0.03590137138962746,
-0.03541787341237068,
0.02977094240486622,
-0.03763988986611366,
0.05227521061897278,
-0.019188687205314636,
-0.04545062780380249,
-0.02838239260017872,
0.02212377078831196,
0.015951886773109436,
0.02921951934695244,
0.031770311295986176,
0.03975860774517059,
-0.015346969477832317,
-0.0018188017420470715,
0.08321814239025116,
-0.011851881630718708,
0.017701484262943268,
-0.004849577788263559,
0.001485880697146058,
-0.01594829559326172,
0.007771981880068779,
0.014883363619446754,
0.0531817190349102,
0.03372698277235031,
0.004529660567641258,
0.004136602394282818,
0.0064418725669384,
-0.0012616843450814486,
-0.028595736250281334,
-0.009559843689203262,
0.005867554806172848,
-0.07432545721530914,
-0.03734484687447548,
-0.006755259819328785,
0.008456452749669552,
-0.0467245914041996,
-0.0047893524169921875,
-0.0281943641602993,
0.032992370426654816,
-0.05325660854578018,
0.04656993970274925,
0.040086984634399414,
-0.03109545260667801,
-0.019867274910211563,
0.0058717867359519005,
0.03766679763793945,
0.020008597522974014,
-0.055573463439941406,
0.030891645699739456,
0.015214912593364716,
-0.024070365354418755,
-0.018693650141358376,
-0.007059051189571619,
-0.015490124002099037,
0.009283829480409622,
0.01718623749911785,
0.003600758733227849,
-0.00015659643395338207,
-0.06367595493793488,
0.02099216915667057,
0.013931827619671822,
0.00796235166490078,
0.023492930456995964,
-0.019451694563031197,
0.06260716915130615,
0.029865745455026627,
-0.0526806116104126,
0.01419795025140047,
-0.03702624887228012,
0.03331565856933594,
0.009832948446273804,
0.020887574180960655,
-0.037151746451854706,
-0.04238762706518173,
-0.009330904111266136,
-0.034567128866910934,
0.0032269293442368507,
-0.002104690531268716,
-0.008992797695100307,
-0.026670966297388077,
-0.003967572469264269,
0.04528455808758736,
-0.010888449847698212,
0.014654703438282013,
0.04712057113647461,
-0.06621440500020981,
0.03770122304558754,
0.056607309728860855,
-0.04394146427512169,
0.011784552596509457,
-0.04233182594180107,
-0.006615393795073032,
-0.04701456055045128,
-0.06097225472331047,
-0.016819477081298828,
-0.019176995381712914,
-0.0076184882782399654,
-0.02786789834499359,
0.034830521792173386,
-0.024459080770611763,
-0.005258986726403236,
-0.007205139379948378,
-0.013799912296235561,
0.019939929246902466,
0.0016706287860870361,
0.035696759819984436,
-0.015700697898864746,
-0.03313729539513588,
0.014404790475964546,
-0.03681522235274315,
0.0016561669763177633,
-0.027440611273050308,
0.010505503043532372,
0.08812937885522842,
-0.009586025029420853,
-0.009722183458507061,
-0.06868397444486618,
0.013717247173190117,
0.006308701355010271,
0.016040021553635597,
0.027448421344161034,
0.019048133864998817,
-0.03494025766849518,
0.04315493255853653,
0.01066562905907631,
0.030959848314523697,
-0.00030917752883397043,
0.0020321449264883995,
0.04629921540617943,
0.024545708671212196,
0.00900308508425951,
-0.003950856160372496,
-0.016883403062820435,
-0.012288928963243961,
0.03675384446978569,
-0.04074978455901146,
-0.013774613849818707,
-0.059321328997612,
-0.038881562650203705,
0.03187083080410957,
-0.02782309055328369,
0.03461158275604248,
-0.00872881431132555,
0.03945155069231987,
0.010968523100018501,
0.026126980781555176,
0.01468895934522152,
-0.0010962652741000056,
0.040092937648296356,
-0.04395622760057449,
0.02437608689069748,
-0.031626272946596146,
-0.0438501313328743,
0.05829819664359093,
-0.023219158872961998,
-0.0077425651252269745,
-0.007347442209720612,
-0.054664112627506256,
0.03445981442928314,
-0.027392471209168434,
-0.06222868338227272,
0.027984336018562317,
-0.005380705930292606,
0.03409276530146599,
-0.01509852334856987,
-0.01187018770724535,
0.017514489591121674,
-0.007201353088021278,
-0.05737527087330818,
0.0206159558147192,
-0.007851507514715195,
0.05296965688467026,
-0.00263262540102005,
0.010630536824464798,
-0.028276687487959862,
-0.013843059539794922,
0.04687890037894249,
0.04914797097444534,
-0.010935332626104355,
-0.005823703948408365,
-0.01875889115035534,
0.03673730790615082,
0.014979991130530834,
0.004588097799569368,
-0.005689861718565226,
0.008505374193191528,
-0.02636043168604374,
-0.062430329620838165,
0.059408754110336304,
-0.015130673535168171,
-0.03691675141453743,
-0.0738954097032547,
0.07591157406568527,
0.02080703154206276,
-0.0698724165558815,
-0.0027464493177831173,
0.047798603773117065,
-0.05155779421329498,
0.00021406181622296572,
-0.016194390133023262,
0.0005620304145850241,
0.006410923786461353,
0.04600851237773895,
-0.026919005438685417,
0.038513634353876114,
0.049905143678188324,
0.03118685446679592,
0.005962483584880829,
-0.008064080961048603,
0.07117905467748642,
0.03648180514574051,
0.06399261206388474,
-0.02024790085852146,
0.09520524740219116,
-0.034802746027708054,
-0.014316084794700146,
0.024816302582621574,
0.018971946090459824,
-0.04085630178451538,
-0.04952374845743179,
0.019385306164622307,
0.08802484720945358,
0.003377389395609498,
0.055315665900707245,
-0.0812220349907875,
-0.02534896321594715,
0.05336415022611618,
0.00346227060072124,
0.010691340081393719,
0.012102088890969753,
0.03142915293574333,
-0.012929229065775871,
-0.03739234432578087,
-0.007054430898278952,
0.012857523746788502,
-0.03434992954134941,
0.030087335035204887,
0.004903354682028294,
-0.0023682897444814444,
0.009760748594999313,
-0.02890411764383316,
0.05553540959954262,
0.09131252765655518,
-0.019602734595537186,
-0.05530714616179466,
-0.006545005366206169,
-0.010379170998930931,
0.004902214277535677,
0.054310739040374756,
-0.013149523176252842,
-0.029217565432190895,
0.03809410706162453,
-0.05128299072384834,
0.05291227996349335,
0.055755868554115295,
-0.012141548097133636,
0.0193227156996727,
-0.020618002861738205,
-0.05044097080826759,
-0.0037796213291585445,
0.03342318534851074,
-0.036919720470905304,
-0.02021382562816143,
-0.061046041548252106,
-0.04375678673386574,
-0.048954788595438004,
-0.011874809861183167,
0.03400922566652298,
0.012937122024595737,
-0.05021610110998154,
-0.04112360626459122,
-0.023483704775571823,
0.024665020406246185,
-0.000044440163037506863,
-0.06169769540429115,
0.0022989532444626093,
0.0014213304966688156,
0.007377539295703173,
0.013754012994468212,
0.01670539751648903,
0.04763570427894592,
-0.01567322574555874,
-0.011255589313805103,
0.011604396626353264,
0.04604785889387131,
0.002965275663882494,
0.006324094720184803,
-0.03710368275642395,
-0.11297965794801712,
0.028007637709379196,
0.007263521198183298,
-0.05356483533978462,
-0.08129137754440308,
0.010049330070614815,
-0.024206990376114845,
0.04380226507782936,
0.06427650153636932,
-0.020668216049671173,
0.031824421137571335,
-0.059873100370168686,
-0.008138381876051426,
-0.04798823595046997,
-0.013581273145973682,
0.0431625097990036,
-0.04019877314567566,
0.04935872554779053,
0.011937347240746021,
0.028797710314393044,
0.0002667064545676112,
0.051160778850317,
-0.009072047658264637,
0.04777952656149864,
-0.009436402469873428,
-0.04332149773836136,
-0.00243948376737535,
-0.10725925862789154,
-0.03103220835328102,
0.047174740582704544,
0.032793670892715454,
-0.0460534393787384,
-0.015109652653336525,
-0.007461034692823887,
-0.011444811709225178,
-0.07190576940774918,
-0.01825624890625477,
-0.019409120082855225,
-0.044373769313097,
-0.04122427478432655,
-0.06003439053893089,
0.011713877320289612,
-0.042196083813905716,
0.0024614862632006407,
-0.018753277137875557,
-0.02909168042242527,
-0.0075590587221086025,
-0.005934569984674454,
0.06021510064601898,
0.0152650261297822,
0.012318680062890053,
-0.02278978005051613
] |
211 |
A Computational Framework for Modeling Emergence of Color Vision in the Human Brain
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=g3xuCtrG6H
|
[
"Atsunobu Kotani",
"Ren Ng"
] |
Oral
|
It is a mystery how the brain decodes color vision purely from the optic nerve signals it receives, with a core inferential challenge being how it disentangles internal perception with the correct color dimensionality from the unknown encoding properties of the eye.
In this paper, we introduce a computational framework for modeling this emergence of human color vision by simulating both the eye and the cortex. Existing research often overlooks how the cortex develops color vision or represents color space internally, assuming that the color dimensionality is known a priori; however, we argue that the visual cortex has the capability and the challenge of inferring the color dimensionality purely from fluctuations in the optic nerve signals. To validate our theory, we introduce a simulation engine for biological eyes based on established vision science and generate optic nerve signals resulting from looking at natural images. Further, we propose a bio-plausible model of cortical learning based on self-supervised prediction of optic nerve signal fluctuations under natural eye motions. We show that this model naturally learns to generate color vision by disentangling retinal invariants from the sensory signals. When the retina contains $N$ types of color photoreceptors, our simulation shows that $N$-dimensional color vision naturally emerges, verified through formal colorimetry. Using this framework, we also present the first simulation work that successfully boosts the color dimensionality, as observed in gene therapy on squirrel monkeys, and demonstrates the possibility of enhancing human color vision from 3D to 4D.
|
color vision, computational neuroscience, retina simulation, cortical learning, self-supervised learning, color blindness
|
This paper introduces a novel computational framework for modeling the emergence of human color vision by simulating the eye and the cortex.
| 20 |
2408.16916
|
[
0.006800738163292408,
0.017521068453788757,
-0.001819924684241414,
0.01296368706971407,
0.0499858632683754,
0.024514444172382355,
0.019615665078163147,
0.04280046001076698,
-0.05867801979184151,
-0.05711103230714798,
-0.02285001426935196,
-0.006463657133281231,
-0.06721537560224533,
0.01932358555495739,
-0.02295137383043766,
0.06903606653213501,
0.05094346031546593,
-0.00612979382276535,
-0.004895966965705156,
0.0211775079369545,
-0.024707309901714325,
-0.006439446937292814,
0.007252455689013004,
0.02404555305838585,
0.051311153918504715,
-0.04003438353538513,
-0.002419833792373538,
0.03265036642551422,
-0.009612790308892727,
-0.00863622035831213,
0.0025178801734000444,
-0.026975231245160103,
0.0034389751963317394,
-0.02565232664346695,
0.0005886167054995894,
0.031767506152391434,
-0.052808839827775955,
-0.012914919294416904,
0.006662143860012293,
0.02937437780201435,
-0.0363299623131752,
0.02084006927907467,
0.0039236946031451225,
0.021134421229362488,
-0.060660459101200104,
0.0247780941426754,
-0.10396481305360794,
0.04356220364570618,
0.028063006699085236,
0.018589487299323082,
-0.04591457173228264,
-0.008015823550522327,
0.021821822971105576,
-0.017958201467990875,
-0.004404307808727026,
0.05368579179048538,
0.023213563486933708,
-0.035356033593416214,
-0.012234153226017952,
-0.0794551745057106,
-0.002758498303592205,
0.00741766719147563,
0.008194344118237495,
0.022784456610679626,
-0.032145582139492035,
-0.013399082235991955,
-0.010334489867091179,
0.04914748668670654,
-0.026291770860552788,
-0.017300738021731377,
-0.0006287539144977927,
-0.00024376052897423506,
-0.005700999870896339,
-0.0021157986484467983,
-0.011418920941650867,
-0.039761513471603394,
0.00149260344915092,
0.004426456522196531,
0.06953604519367218,
-0.03547864407300949,
0.01751766912639141,
0.03808185085654259,
0.023405028507113457,
0.02832564152777195,
-0.004041572101414204,
0.022248094901442528,
-0.016549209132790565,
-0.016960257664322853,
-0.05229639261960983,
0.029140496626496315,
-0.07240211218595505,
-0.01174602285027504,
0.01060093380510807,
0.06415561586618423,
0.01976901665329933,
0.004296363331377506,
0.012375765480101109,
-0.01629682444036007,
0.007606368977576494,
0.020401999354362488,
0.0076005649752914906,
-0.03152872622013092,
0.027316542342305183,
0.014666399918496609,
-0.09990891069173813,
-0.02125846967101097,
-0.016246479004621506,
-0.04498491808772087,
-0.01721741445362568,
0.03173353523015976,
-0.06365995854139328,
-0.004744132049381733,
0.050096701830625534,
-0.007518256548792124,
-0.07689081877470016,
0.03982554376125336,
0.020262423902750015,
0.035906288772821426,
-0.0012363400310277939,
0.00966920517385006,
0.06506998091936111,
0.038971759378910065,
-0.02953510358929634,
0.054519593715667725,
0.011183857917785645,
0.02076423168182373,
-0.008732389658689499,
0.013264089822769165,
-0.035429369658231735,
-0.044878069311380386,
0.037260882556438446,
0.0267567727714777,
0.005619556177407503,
-0.021516239270567894,
0.003028886392712593,
-0.022868765518069267,
0.024503279477357864,
-0.039072878658771515,
0.010356592014431953,
0.016461579129099846,
0.0015141493640840054,
-0.015607221983373165,
0.05370215326547623,
-0.04193592816591263,
0.0759444460272789,
-0.046419814229011536,
0.015516232699155807,
0.009770731441676617,
-0.05214802175760269,
-0.011253802105784416,
-0.004334510304033756,
-0.02120915986597538,
0.005334725137799978,
-0.08206216245889664,
0.01035622600466013,
0.07703141868114471,
0.026927271857857704,
0.01805632933974266,
0.0000675059636705555,
0.008269899524748325,
0.015045270323753357,
-0.031395867466926575,
-0.008057930506765842,
0.01426162850111723,
-0.04280243441462517,
0.005635205190628767,
0.023635534569621086,
0.04564516618847847,
-0.018294641748070717,
0.019738927483558655,
-0.03012310341000557,
-0.03761417418718338,
0.021046487614512444,
0.010388831607997417,
0.0039061186835169792,
0.0004927669069729745,
0.04631367698311806,
-0.017608528956770897,
0.019134443253278732,
0.014958090148866177,
-0.09939098358154297,
0.020999573171138763,
-0.007171781733632088,
0.02235598862171173,
-0.005906982813030481,
-0.06831960380077362,
0.09115277975797653,
-0.046796564012765884,
-0.02559046447277069,
-0.0011795740574598312,
-0.055870797485113144,
-0.00832161121070385,
0.018957139924168587,
-0.03140072152018547,
0.08046499639749527,
0.000154632973135449,
-0.03996562585234642,
-0.004456161521375179,
0.05336621776223183,
0.07699044793844223,
0.04325446859002113,
-0.04452817142009735,
0.04688144475221634,
-0.011532214470207691,
-0.03351571410894394,
-0.03313956782221794,
0.059773605316877365,
-0.02216133289039135,
-0.021848805248737335,
0.016726113855838776,
0.033737704157829285,
-0.010711177252233028,
0.002603092696517706,
-0.000769885431509465,
0.054973892867565155,
0.019461745396256447,
0.015494361519813538,
0.009108196012675762,
-0.008624806068837643,
-0.03914108872413635,
0.017937203869223595,
0.021926533430814743,
-0.009513274766504765,
-0.012928247451782227,
0.0005269134417176247,
0.12802192568778992,
0.06366854906082153,
-0.045339833945035934,
0.0009570698603056371,
0.006397204007953405,
0.002526917727664113,
-0.00682405149564147,
0.007261061575263739,
0.013794329948723316,
-0.010236713103950024,
-0.038510724902153015,
0.020674407482147217,
-0.03460337966680527,
0.07841040194034576,
-0.052884865552186966,
-0.009444312192499638,
0.04243452847003937,
-0.011715368367731571,
0.03168807551264763,
-0.02926497347652912,
-0.009039371274411678,
0.044608164578676224,
-0.02594378963112831,
-0.032061513513326645,
-0.010438431985676289,
-0.039023566991090775,
0.002518984256312251,
-0.02396712265908718,
0.006147573236376047,
0.005185299087315798,
-0.05879177525639534,
-0.012640519067645073,
-0.03610565885901451,
0.09019733965396881,
0.049699123948812485,
0.029082821682095528,
0.035462018102407455,
0.002131815068423748,
-0.01102501805871725,
-0.0303349606692791,
-0.11816862225532532,
-0.025461837649345398,
0.004083716310560703,
0.019089095294475555,
0.03818995878100395,
0.030464841052889824,
0.003261806908994913,
0.027382133528590202,
-0.03219187632203102,
-0.02387213706970215,
0.020907897502183914,
0.03538162633776665,
-0.026423368602991104,
-0.026178674772381783,
0.006399608217179775,
-0.003951513208448887,
0.06349052488803864,
0.014894381165504456,
0.020513882860541344,
-0.02132672443985939,
-0.050393130630254745,
-0.023292135447263718,
-0.004824351519346237,
-0.024092229083180428,
-0.00782284326851368,
-0.02022620663046837,
0.032095473259687424,
0.020445022732019424,
0.02114112675189972,
0.013676866888999939,
0.09215337783098221,
0.03193178027868271,
-0.015518855303525925,
-0.014995726756751537,
0.0034109526313841343,
0.010999885387718678,
0.017083393409848213,
0.030176039785146713,
-0.006492952350527048,
-0.01893521286547184,
0.028414271771907806,
0.03188050165772438,
-0.012922985479235649,
-0.27740535140037537,
-0.029099933803081512,
0.018018178641796112,
-0.006851737387478352,
0.03019074536859989,
-0.011491597630083561,
0.03596643730998039,
-0.021279793232679367,
-0.003344748867675662,
0.05043172836303711,
-0.019315894693136215,
0.02357536181807518,
-0.029496384784579277,
0.07501734048128128,
0.04146534204483032,
0.006940163671970367,
-0.02774045430123806,
-0.012997637502849102,
0.0276857390999794,
0.042052920907735825,
-0.048749782145023346,
-0.054113030433654785,
-0.041968658566474915,
0.0339202880859375,
-0.016865301877260208,
0.0454353429377079,
-0.07089905440807343,
0.0011695557041093707,
-0.04605778306722641,
-0.005266533233225346,
-0.014631555415689945,
-0.0611627958714962,
-0.004993273410946131,
0.058581963181495667,
0.032455816864967346,
-0.004008515737950802,
0.019532235339283943,
-0.05107111483812332,
0.008918778970837593,
0.011407990008592606,
-0.012597047723829746,
-0.009604054503142834,
-0.015592366456985474,
0.004767229780554771,
0.06083642691373825,
0.018666543066501617,
-0.05203457549214363,
-0.007929224520921707,
-0.0088859423995018,
0.026664037257432938,
-0.024404337629675865,
0.013422573916614056,
0.0046304138377308846,
-0.0024784267880022526,
-0.020504629239439964,
-0.003622185904532671,
0.018410757184028625,
-0.012505348771810532,
-0.004776163958013058,
-0.020474135875701904,
-0.012517139315605164,
-0.012545372359454632,
-0.030039437115192413,
-0.04348286986351013,
0.017234457656741142,
-0.03750405088067055,
-0.08126724511384964,
-0.0686725527048111,
0.05598682537674904,
0.02389732375741005,
-0.0086450707167387,
0.015182132832705975,
-0.048414185643196106,
-0.10290195047855377,
0.040461692959070206,
0.004015181679278612,
-0.038374580442905426,
-0.042351093143224716,
-0.004637021571397781,
0.02141161449253559,
0.006872923579066992,
-0.04154984652996063,
0.01842592842876911,
0.038912925869226456,
-0.0038926173001527786,
-0.007141261361539364,
0.018049733713269234,
-0.007874546572566032,
-0.032929547131061554,
-0.012254474684596062,
0.048593513667583466,
-0.0037738154642283916,
0.018998172134160995,
-0.018722116947174072,
0.03673560544848442,
0.043333593755960464,
0.037817053496837616,
0.048251137137413025,
0.05095331370830536,
-0.0010117173660546541,
0.051590729504823685,
-0.08360828459262848,
-0.009573179297149181,
-0.027007248252630234,
-0.033384665846824646,
0.01384500227868557,
-0.05374542996287346,
-0.027692819014191628,
0.05740205943584442,
-0.009050209075212479,
0.0076528629288077354,
-0.0069273971021175385,
0.00807822123169899,
-0.005151166580617428,
0.007801844738423824,
-0.007671734783798456,
0.035496216267347336,
0.011934828013181686,
0.023676525801420212,
-0.003259107703343034,
-0.04253273829817772,
0.014814685098826885,
-0.05188797041773796,
0.018857520073652267,
-0.008538912050426006,
0.014882193878293037,
-0.01702803373336792,
-0.03341348469257355,
-0.008873626589775085,
-0.014929461292922497,
0.047335173934698105,
0.017843782901763916,
0.0066408440470695496,
0.07671984285116196,
0.052689310163259506,
0.026187796145677567,
-0.013666986487805843,
-0.00954922940582037,
0.022395530715584755,
-0.021203195676207542,
0.0637274980545044,
-0.019474970176815987,
0.04790716618299484,
-0.0068829176016151905,
-0.020477334037423134,
0.010351591743528843,
0.010349098592996597,
0.013246391899883747,
-0.03636851906776428,
-0.019113479182124138,
0.024759571999311447,
-0.06211290881037712,
-0.029292592778801918,
-0.030085276812314987,
-0.052732303738594055,
-0.04932452738285065,
0.02678314968943596,
-0.0016611956525593996,
0.009623151272535324,
-0.07238969951868057,
0.050903066992759705,
0.01765601523220539,
-0.024440644308924675,
-0.01354319415986538,
-0.0061109792441129684,
0.06432154029607773,
0.001287744496949017,
0.00123269681353122,
0.015328699722886086,
0.010007324628531933,
0.023561079055070877,
-0.012568420730531216,
-0.030100202187895775,
-0.022797059267759323,
-0.024572357535362244,
0.005443834234029055,
0.0010854100110009313,
-0.04195529967546463,
-0.05680672079324722,
0.03801935166120529,
0.03537602350115776,
-0.029951641336083412,
-0.00765345199033618,
-0.01192404329776764,
0.06637021899223328,
0.014508667401969433,
0.004357048310339451,
-0.03361331671476364,
-0.020800765603780746,
0.019773757085204124,
-0.01173117570579052,
0.04395627975463867,
-0.0629514679312706,
-0.021680589765310287,
-0.039160169661045074,
-0.018911762163043022,
-0.02520856074988842,
0.026348084211349487,
-0.00400389963760972,
-0.028996935114264488,
-0.002448449609801173,
0.035595204681158066,
-0.04254600778222084,
0.007066712249070406,
0.056177910417318344,
-0.055663563311100006,
0.017021052539348602,
0.05266817659139633,
-0.043873999267816544,
0.03129749745130539,
0.006782372482120991,
-0.000524340954143554,
-0.029696164652705193,
-0.045907922089099884,
0.015595185570418835,
0.036414407193660736,
-0.027664463967084885,
-0.0504017099738121,
0.013055877760052681,
0.012022973969578743,
0.010058680549263954,
0.008541898801922798,
0.0039399354718625546,
-0.03240815922617912,
0.011936130002140999,
0.020282607525587082,
-0.006638337858021259,
-0.002107197418808937,
0.01729005202651024,
-0.014814432710409164,
-0.00011421975068515167,
-0.010026105679571629,
-0.012688885442912579,
0.05224355310201645,
-0.00018452548829372972,
-0.026311002671718597,
-0.019296254962682724,
0.0349489189684391,
0.046229228377342224,
0.018898161128163338,
0.01589951291680336,
0.01919332519173622,
-0.045720964670181274,
0.012771356850862503,
0.027717189863324165,
0.04412296786904335,
0.004085659049451351,
0.002349893096834421,
0.005265251267701387,
0.01932678557932377,
0.0007803633343428373,
-0.01343577355146408,
-0.022567782551050186,
0.004479951690882444,
0.033170171082019806,
-0.004428280051797628,
-0.037718772888183594,
-0.047089092433452606,
-0.03284448757767677,
0.016995806246995926,
-0.005815285723656416,
0.014514838345348835,
-0.03874571993947029,
0.04567091166973114,
0.024061614647507668,
0.026719659566879272,
-0.024321727454662323,
-0.02663307450711727,
0.06965477019548416,
-0.037361688911914825,
0.05296923592686653,
-0.0505276583135128,
-0.03213435411453247,
0.04629969224333763,
-0.041397541761398315,
0.041868723928928375,
-0.002150672022253275,
-0.027553953230381012,
0.04728786274790764,
-0.05650870501995087,
-0.0330524742603302,
0.035899918526411057,
-0.03294318914413452,
0.003758764825761318,
0.003365833545103669,
-0.060165707021951675,
0.023921865969896317,
-0.04079503193497658,
-0.0461266003549099,
-0.013165207579731941,
0.003586808918043971,
0.027828073129057884,
0.014205662533640862,
-0.012695244513452053,
-0.007830155082046986,
0.009536043740808964,
0.02656964212656021,
0.06239863485097885,
-0.008631338365375996,
0.008146445266902447,
-0.018412835896015167,
0.09680583328008652,
0.03279946744441986,
-0.006330906879156828,
0.024839427322149277,
0.0031442572362720966,
0.007036300376057625,
-0.05096239596605301,
0.008683755993843079,
-0.01195781584829092,
-0.019075196236371994,
-0.0777188390493393,
0.03689293935894966,
0.011539964936673641,
-0.04521685093641281,
0.03212477266788483,
0.030637701973319054,
-0.015173519030213356,
0.015396340750157833,
0.003470463678240776,
0.001155695179477334,
0.026303471997380257,
0.04765107110142708,
-0.0021431322675198317,
0.03844742104411125,
0.05999131500720978,
0.025172540917992592,
0.023717250674962997,
0.010457885451614857,
0.06505399942398071,
0.076975978910923,
0.03587046265602112,
0.021152323111891747,
0.09444382041692734,
-0.013682783581316471,
-0.03667828440666199,
0.029314527288079262,
0.007671908009797335,
-0.017653191462159157,
-0.016777805984020233,
0.026500625535845757,
0.07980512827634811,
0.013493185862898827,
0.054301317781209946,
-0.04110395908355713,
0.006167614366859198,
0.042538292706012726,
0.01029505580663681,
-0.02153671905398369,
0.019513631239533424,
0.07183093577623367,
-0.017619729042053223,
-0.0019712920766323805,
-0.027224542573094368,
-0.021013718098402023,
-0.006046084687113762,
0.024769311770796776,
-0.01418487261980772,
-0.007695906795561314,
0.02363421954214573,
-0.02969006821513176,
0.028770171105861664,
0.09590495377779007,
0.006598223466426134,
-0.060561954975128174,
0.018728986382484436,
0.004924233537167311,
0.03509073331952095,
0.021853657439351082,
-0.002203161595389247,
-0.02606767602264881,
-0.008694094605743885,
-0.02299766056239605,
0.03423304483294487,
0.01193337794393301,
-0.0012852008221670985,
0.00614960677921772,
-0.05761320888996124,
-0.03853554651141167,
0.022357529029250145,
0.029956381767988205,
-0.06791511923074722,
-0.04522624611854553,
-0.030031301081180573,
-0.04642181098461151,
-0.05804481357336044,
-0.029753435403108597,
0.020044054836034775,
-0.03813564404845238,
-0.03107207827270031,
-0.0280536450445652,
0.004792524967342615,
0.006773204542696476,
-0.0028436528518795967,
-0.060399752110242844,
-0.017497101798653603,
0.05357905849814415,
-0.01312503032386303,
-0.02209450490772724,
0.039128974080085754,
0.04221849516034126,
-0.02176744118332863,
-0.03811938315629959,
0.019672555848956108,
-0.01665510982275009,
0.029310930520296097,
-0.03075295314192772,
-0.02926892228424549,
-0.10795668512582779,
0.0031536759342998266,
-0.0017103510908782482,
-0.03274652734398842,
-0.0848860889673233,
-0.00484267296269536,
-0.01844818890094757,
0.038587212562561035,
0.06122341379523277,
0.01639140397310257,
0.030511723831295967,
-0.045134153217077255,
-0.025996346026659012,
-0.030739987269043922,
-0.012819668278098106,
0.07791273295879364,
-0.017095716670155525,
0.06323135644197464,
0.029680343344807625,
0.009107636287808418,
-0.010526273399591446,
0.026863129809498787,
-0.042779795825481415,
0.011398529633879662,
-0.019152184948325157,
-0.021340902894735336,
-0.01807112619280815,
-0.13328728079795837,
-0.020536374300718307,
0.004304793663322926,
-0.018239326775074005,
-0.05654948204755783,
-0.017774034291505814,
-0.02188030444085598,
0.017581677064299583,
-0.0377158597111702,
0.0025272867642343044,
-0.016101598739624023,
-0.015225722454488277,
-0.042781561613082886,
-0.07368041574954987,
-0.01633405312895775,
-0.04589726775884628,
-0.003465214278548956,
-0.024015657603740692,
-0.034115538001060486,
-0.032157525420188904,
0.010100665502250195,
0.013927552849054337,
0.01503903791308403,
0.03497468680143356,
0.0017260314198210835
] |
212 |
PhysBench: Benchmarking and Enhancing Vision-Language Models for Physical World Understanding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Q6a9W6kzv5
|
[
"Wei Chow",
"Jiageng Mao",
"Boyi Li",
"Daniel Seita",
"Vitor Campagnolo Guizilini",
"Yue Wang"
] |
Oral
|
Understanding the physical world is a fundamental challenge in embodied AI, critical for enabling agents to perform complex tasks and operate safely in real-world environments. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown great promise in reasoning and task planning for embodied agents, their ability to comprehend physical phenomena remains extremely limited.
To close this gap, we introduce PhysBench, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate VLMs' physical world understanding capability across a diverse set of tasks.
PhysBench contains 10,002 entries of interleaved video-image-text data, categorized into four major domains: physical object properties, physical object relationships, physical scene understanding, and physics-based dynamics, further divided into 19 subclasses and 8 distinct capability dimensions.
Our extensive experiments, conducted on 75 representative VLMs, reveal that while these models excel in common-sense reasoning, they struggle with understanding the physical world---likely due to the absence of physical knowledge in their training data and the lack of embedded physical priors.
To tackle the shortfall, we introduce PhysAgent, a novel framework that combines the generalization strengths of VLMs with the specialized expertise of vision models, significantly enhancing VLMs' physical understanding across a variety of tasks, including an 18.4\% improvement on GPT-4o.
Furthermore, our results demonstrate that enhancing VLMs' physical world understanding capabilities can help embodied agents such as MOKA.
We believe that PhysBench and PhysAgent offer valuable insights and contribute to bridging the gap between VLMs and physical world understanding. [Project Page is here](https://physbench.github.io/)
|
vision-language, multi-modal understanding
|
We propose PhysBench to evaluate VLMs' physical understanding, highlighting their limitations and introducing PhysAgent to enhance VLMs' physical understanding.
| 3 |
2501.16411
|
[
-0.004851648584008217,
0.011426898650825024,
-0.00035570241743698716,
0.044998329132795334,
0.01354208029806614,
0.017750496044754982,
0.017386358231306076,
0.02100612223148346,
-0.027582775801420212,
-0.02227841503918171,
-0.013998636975884438,
0.015365691855549812,
-0.06424666941165924,
-0.019564326852560043,
-0.01861603930592537,
0.057306353002786636,
0.025931984186172485,
0.020174279808998108,
0.0047305189073085785,
0.014890785329043865,
-0.009630695916712284,
0.0019328827038407326,
0.024107592180371284,
0.018442783504724503,
0.02636900544166565,
0.018585477024316788,
0.06657496839761734,
0.032699063420295715,
-0.02625175751745701,
-0.0016489983536303043,
0.007624175865203142,
-0.04766581580042839,
0.016065504401922226,
-0.056546635925769806,
0.01500358060002327,
-0.007638460025191307,
-0.05805150419473648,
0.04467235505580902,
-0.01377234235405922,
-0.009492949582636356,
-0.020132243633270264,
0.037212613970041275,
-0.024391142651438713,
-0.0071462783962488174,
-0.046009499579668045,
0.026240509003400803,
-0.08932670205831528,
0.054476507008075714,
0.023213546723127365,
-0.012571403756737709,
-0.09952518343925476,
0.009356223978102207,
-0.005017208866775036,
0.01906384527683258,
-0.022658696398139,
0.016744349151849747,
0.019980069249868393,
-0.10675651580095291,
-0.02866857871413231,
-0.05885844677686691,
-0.005458139348775148,
-0.0061345710419118404,
0.028906382620334625,
-0.002793408464640379,
-0.01684015430510044,
-0.016155174002051353,
0.01471159141510725,
0.02948157675564289,
-0.03376008942723274,
-0.0004495952161960304,
0.010124332271516323,
-0.03855413198471069,
-0.02267390862107277,
0.018361704424023628,
-0.001285208621993661,
-0.041200846433639526,
0.03247741982340813,
0.03992679715156555,
0.07165294140577316,
-0.02636651322245598,
0.027205491438508034,
0.04116727039217949,
0.006224705837666988,
0.05793314054608345,
0.01649545505642891,
0.012596401385962963,
-0.02554447203874588,
-0.014544853009283543,
-0.07361900806427002,
0.02889917977154255,
-0.0033078661654144526,
-0.029430264607071877,
0.004362609703093767,
0.04737194627523422,
0.015372069552540779,
0.034681666642427444,
-0.0003689933510031551,
0.009877235628664494,
-0.0206146240234375,
-0.011818521656095982,
-0.022615673020482063,
-0.04977374151349068,
0.016803139820694923,
0.00685586454346776,
-0.07357938587665558,
-0.0044222986325621605,
-0.01623649150133133,
-0.025107311084866524,
-0.002412815811112523,
0.000715171336196363,
-0.04549769312143326,
-0.012648706324398518,
0.022175433114171028,
-0.026387479156255722,
-0.05864233151078224,
0.0405082181096077,
0.024675145745277405,
0.02828156016767025,
-0.0030478057451546192,
0.04094350337982178,
0.07671937346458435,
0.03311998024582863,
0.010298936627805233,
0.044175416231155396,
-0.03683556243777275,
0.029348213225603104,
0.018921058624982834,
0.01249861903488636,
-0.013087937608361244,
-0.014933374710381031,
0.027792969718575478,
0.027953000739216805,
0.016188183799386024,
0.000003076974280702416,
-0.007389564998447895,
-0.010500540025532246,
0.06839393079280853,
0.017477547749876976,
0.014859837479889393,
0.026274608448147774,
0.003953364212065935,
-0.024630123749375343,
0.08811058104038239,
-0.016772417351603508,
0.07464071363210678,
-0.008498466573655605,
-0.0016214296920225024,
-0.015600189566612244,
-0.04822707176208496,
-0.02218669466674328,
-0.003957735374569893,
0.020889537408947945,
-0.01637779176235199,
-0.06527406722307205,
0.03288406878709793,
0.07065381854772568,
0.006118773482739925,
0.008388876914978027,
0.034991756081581116,
0.005335823632776737,
-0.017079869285225868,
-0.015346428379416466,
-0.06215859204530716,
-0.0022505936212837696,
-0.0036463835276663303,
-0.04689854383468628,
0.04238555580377579,
0.01781468093395233,
-0.017686428502202034,
-0.0055095539428293705,
-0.052935924381017685,
-0.060356978327035904,
0.028093308210372925,
0.002219198737293482,
-0.03602989763021469,
-0.010340291075408459,
0.0676763579249382,
0.00006826582102803513,
0.03444043546915054,
0.016952721402049065,
-0.06589499861001968,
0.015840129926800728,
-0.02342854253947735,
-0.011841021478176117,
0.01845981366932392,
-0.02521584928035736,
0.09220530837774277,
-0.036605026572942734,
-0.016353430226445198,
0.00868840143084526,
-0.07127826660871506,
-0.004400581121444702,
0.028885293751955032,
0.017401641234755516,
0.03657729551196098,
-0.025951534509658813,
-0.023759936913847923,
0.041200269013643265,
0.004660152364522219,
0.07164867222309113,
0.04596802592277527,
-0.008706415072083473,
0.037337034940719604,
0.001425093854777515,
-0.008089225739240646,
-0.026004759594798088,
0.05205855891108513,
-0.03231103718280792,
-0.05716075375676155,
-0.004946909844875336,
-0.0216931514441967,
-0.019632617011666298,
-0.0025170561857521534,
-0.0156671442091465,
0.03836315870285034,
0.0023058061487972736,
-0.014306836761534214,
0.013365346007049084,
0.0016713523073121905,
-0.039444006979465485,
0.02543938159942627,
0.051084235310554504,
-0.015396504662930965,
-0.018127316609025,
-0.033326294273138046,
0.08001840859651566,
0.060244690626859665,
-0.04114525765180588,
-0.026764141395688057,
0.001120308879762888,
0.017057569697499275,
0.04815846309065819,
0.01854434609413147,
-0.059155263006687164,
-0.016221938654780388,
-0.044830072671175,
0.020624805241823196,
-0.02438797801733017,
0.04198457673192024,
-0.030856236815452576,
-0.013793843798339367,
0.037976063787937164,
0.0011855083284899592,
0.07614259421825409,
0.03224364295601845,
0.018382683396339417,
0.0753946602344513,
-0.019574569538235664,
-0.016399335116147995,
-0.015833493322134018,
-0.029347814619541168,
0.0017107477178797126,
0.005360905546694994,
0.0016410700045526028,
0.01692534238100052,
-0.057438332587480545,
-0.025892984122037888,
-0.04308827966451645,
0.0902155265212059,
0.044492993503808975,
0.031317729502916336,
0.028450120240449905,
-0.012072711251676083,
-0.01832227036356926,
0.0007566624553874135,
-0.11643902212381363,
-0.03781607002019882,
-0.038375671952962875,
0.0168849378824234,
0.021991649642586708,
0.04936559498310089,
0.0017372240545228124,
0.02994779869914055,
-0.019797759130597115,
-0.0057771774008870125,
0.031652625650167465,
0.043094832450151443,
-0.015728997066617012,
-0.008693786337971687,
-0.026531461626291275,
0.024385837838053703,
0.05398283153772354,
0.00005832733222632669,
-0.006229972001165152,
0.03173883259296417,
-0.030848925933241844,
0.02065947651863098,
-0.03791109845042229,
0.01858663000166416,
0.009451314806938171,
0.013867651112377644,
0.008152496069669724,
-0.0249935332685709,
-0.004263198468834162,
0.04255291819572449,
0.0651041716337204,
0.041673414409160614,
-0.04547470062971115,
-0.05094238370656967,
0.028522904962301254,
0.0004833150014746934,
0.013677500188350677,
-0.023751862347126007,
-0.0027682611253112555,
0.0014992421492934227,
-0.012350018136203289,
0.006145096849650145,
-0.018111415207386017,
-0.2603256404399872,
-0.03459326550364494,
0.0020839509088546038,
-0.013437810353934765,
0.045168496668338776,
-0.00727859465405345,
0.04603995382785797,
-0.022399049252271652,
-0.03067479468882084,
-0.001955115469172597,
0.040641672909259796,
0.003762131091207266,
0.02653350867331028,
0.05610137805342674,
0.07569757103919983,
0.03287477791309357,
0.019745007157325745,
-0.041533198207616806,
0.0012745280982926488,
0.030869117006659508,
-0.034174080938100815,
-0.08864984661340714,
-0.014010133221745491,
0.038407646119594574,
0.011984938755631447,
0.04494903236627579,
-0.08339788764715195,
-0.031745545566082,
-0.022902274504303932,
-0.007793125696480274,
-0.02417401410639286,
0.0005077823880128562,
-0.02936858870089054,
0.03304974362254143,
0.013960964977741241,
0.0131983095780015,
0.06701076775789261,
-0.0073529635556042194,
0.05976523831486702,
-0.014938075095415115,
-0.011690368875861168,
-0.010401776991784573,
-0.06623724848031998,
0.02588457614183426,
0.06937185674905777,
0.00986601784825325,
-0.04000646993517876,
-0.022445369511842728,
-0.012636210769414902,
0.028757335618138313,
-0.027182655408978462,
-0.014882439747452736,
0.004477725364267826,
0.017695387825369835,
0.017317892983555794,
-0.029949363321065903,
0.024359075352549553,
0.008560683578252792,
-0.03085106424987316,
-0.018281985074281693,
-0.002250055782496929,
-0.010000788606703281,
-0.010466699488461018,
-0.012750755064189434,
-0.0032324616331607103,
-0.039758164435625076,
-0.06409785896539688,
-0.06818126142024994,
0.02687631919980049,
-0.017885364592075348,
-0.029485801234841347,
-0.04639698937535286,
-0.026153141632676125,
-0.1158641129732132,
-0.014578759670257568,
0.0263882614672184,
0.005120245739817619,
-0.05984128639101982,
0.01698899455368519,
0.04459502547979355,
-0.028573699295520782,
-0.06241654232144356,
-0.02995896339416504,
0.019406301900744438,
0.01082669012248516,
-0.03613587096333504,
0.02695833146572113,
-0.05532807484269142,
0.009302843362092972,
-0.032267648726701736,
0.05526671186089516,
-0.005467893555760384,
0.03787422180175781,
-0.0263767521828413,
0.03118213266134262,
0.025759445503354073,
0.02968491055071354,
0.020592715591192245,
0.036610815674066544,
0.04314132034778595,
-0.007592372130602598,
-0.08446606993675232,
-0.003477274440228939,
-0.0029089879244565964,
-0.029341932386159897,
0.0030953921377658844,
-0.047394491732120514,
-0.029296724125742912,
0.04844041168689728,
0.002992545487359166,
-0.03701047599315643,
-0.04667667672038078,
0.03117571584880352,
0.008793210610747337,
0.0009830599883571267,
0.0035408518742769957,
0.008641079999506474,
0.04432353749871254,
0.011706188321113586,
-0.0162205770611763,
-0.05056712403893471,
0.02011898346245289,
-0.044518761336803436,
0.012598645873367786,
-0.0051828064024448395,
-0.012242335826158524,
0.004106046631932259,
0.0005837348289787769,
0.001678764121606946,
-0.0045877480879426,
0.00221267924644053,
0.04113054275512695,
-0.01781761646270752,
0.04678463935852051,
0.04706695303320885,
0.004853773396462202,
-0.0025007901713252068,
-0.006210918538272381,
0.038030628114938736,
-0.04152703657746315,
0.019530897960066795,
-0.05919811874628067,
0.04457920789718628,
0.04749508947134018,
0.029680809006094933,
0.023967834189534187,
0.04362200200557709,
0.021725762635469437,
-0.011854376643896103,
0.006111143156886101,
0.044073086231946945,
-0.043771445751190186,
-0.005743033718317747,
-0.028861969709396362,
-0.014537250623106956,
-0.03772939369082451,
0.0038953423500061035,
-0.021558037027716637,
0.0180526003241539,
-0.07060180604457855,
0.042722299695014954,
0.009563533589243889,
-0.02878953330218792,
0.011529743671417236,
0.017301036044955254,
0.05493785813450813,
0.033181916922330856,
-0.008788788691163063,
-0.006049277260899544,
-0.0041436399333179,
-0.013668222352862358,
-0.061609432101249695,
-0.026416704058647156,
-0.01009461097419262,
-0.025036800652742386,
0.019251273944973946,
0.0012718936195597053,
-0.041043058037757874,
-0.024481983855366707,
0.009002765640616417,
-0.012517791241407394,
-0.02745254896581173,
0.0008327545947395265,
-0.007922506891191006,
0.06239909306168556,
-0.0011557883117347956,
0.01908615604043007,
-0.010503368452191353,
-0.03649328649044037,
-0.027080504223704338,
0.03018900565803051,
0.04072168096899986,
-0.0009139955509454012,
-0.02710767090320587,
-0.04565443843603134,
-0.051638808101415634,
0.03661995381116867,
-0.0059019774198532104,
-0.041922345757484436,
-0.027610233053565025,
-0.010455379262566566,
0.03444916754961014,
-0.040230508893728256,
0.01351859886199236,
0.014988207258284092,
-0.059120360761880875,
-0.017569195479154587,
0.04799314960837364,
0.015357067808508873,
0.007019487209618092,
-0.03963753953576088,
-0.0043017868883907795,
-0.04674272611737251,
-0.03820812329649925,
-0.0528637170791626,
0.011881795711815357,
0.006155541632324457,
-0.029171666130423546,
-0.03734206780791283,
-0.0045450725592672825,
0.01874849759042263,
-0.0019638733938336372,
-0.012189628556370735,
-0.03264161944389343,
0.00997188687324524,
0.015485684387385845,
-0.013969930820167065,
0.0011295767035335302,
0.010451897978782654,
-0.03137743100523949,
0.021638935431838036,
-0.0374252088367939,
0.03489795699715614,
0.02632712572813034,
0.0021701769437640905,
0.012041440233588219,
-0.05384185165166855,
0.029558932408690453,
0.030146069824695587,
-0.0306790042668581,
0.00915642362087965,
0.011981930583715439,
-0.040088020265102386,
0.016919344663619995,
0.0003956103464588523,
0.02239321731030941,
0.02361138164997101,
-0.020029636099934578,
0.016559839248657227,
-0.010090116411447525,
0.007367286831140518,
-0.011281927116215229,
-0.01629509963095188,
-0.011585716158151627,
0.045866645872592926,
-0.03225069120526314,
-0.02405967377126217,
-0.05736042559146881,
-0.04135063663125038,
-0.002483547432348132,
-0.007077293936163187,
0.03499123081564903,
-0.03283732011914253,
0.05279252678155899,
-0.002005957765504718,
0.029769660905003548,
0.03435910493135452,
-0.048699166625738144,
0.051959723234176636,
-0.05331340432167053,
0.022444242611527443,
-0.05122925713658333,
-0.03915395587682724,
0.05267614498734474,
-0.018072180449962616,
-0.010986275970935822,
0.004069598391652107,
-0.03806554526090622,
0.04436907544732094,
-0.0535220205783844,
-0.04288788512349129,
0.042648233473300934,
-0.046054523438215256,
-0.025426454842090607,
0.01623043790459633,
-0.02718469500541687,
0.006997736170887947,
-0.03092167153954506,
-0.01614748314023018,
0.005154123529791832,
-0.010491668246686459,
0.026761526241898537,
-0.03621987998485565,
0.03767446428537369,
-0.02372783236205578,
-0.008375419303774834,
0.0250750333070755,
0.04038367047905922,
0.02559162862598896,
0.0205116905272007,
-0.027133816853165627,
0.0971587672829628,
0.050961147993803024,
0.009626785293221474,
0.016878578811883926,
-0.0017604937311261892,
-0.018211157992482185,
-0.02508939616382122,
0.055798664689064026,
0.020835937932133675,
-0.039299722760915756,
-0.09621723741292953,
0.04114824905991554,
0.02224726229906082,
-0.0303895715624094,
0.010516198351979256,
0.03489191457629204,
-0.0621618926525116,
-0.024097396060824394,
-0.00638521509245038,
0.003943737130612135,
-0.031844720244407654,
0.047828201204538345,
0.012119270861148834,
0.05143151432275772,
0.0764603465795517,
0.022480858489871025,
-0.016935288906097412,
0.001053962274454534,
0.06609578430652618,
0.07436462491750717,
0.064010851085186,
0.003033221233636141,
0.08600547164678574,
-0.0304694976657629,
-0.027105897665023804,
0.02705167606472969,
0.03699544817209244,
-0.00903122965246439,
-0.021052701398730278,
0.008391028270125389,
0.07205191999673843,
0.013103972189128399,
0.05668867751955986,
-0.044304922223091125,
-0.014696141704916954,
0.04960135370492935,
0.030276544392108917,
-0.007223512977361679,
0.05385996773838997,
0.04323369637131691,
0.014631979167461395,
-0.020478777587413788,
-0.022367022931575775,
-0.03249288350343704,
-0.044263001531362534,
0.003727155504748225,
0.010626835748553276,
-0.0076165529899299145,
0.03782040998339653,
-0.011316118761897087,
0.06421136856079102,
0.11372064799070358,
-0.011436478234827518,
-0.01705319993197918,
0.017403628677129745,
-0.015939578413963318,
0.010224627330899239,
0.053486891090869904,
0.003863697173073888,
-0.02706322632730007,
0.024817613884806633,
-0.05309436842799187,
0.016704853624105453,
0.03287256509065628,
-0.042184676975011826,
0.06296534836292267,
-0.05298229679465294,
-0.04850638285279274,
0.014493290334939957,
0.030954960733652115,
-0.04743732884526253,
-0.03658914938569069,
-0.050483107566833496,
-0.006312410347163677,
-0.0464450977742672,
-0.028854209929704666,
0.04029269516468048,
0.019254835322499275,
-0.03616555407643318,
-0.0001397050218656659,
-0.012948877178132534,
-0.0029987336602061987,
0.030469471588730812,
-0.051974818110466,
-0.019142521545290947,
0.031576041132211685,
-0.008730994537472725,
-0.01564052514731884,
0.05937010422348976,
0.037023160606622696,
-0.014765387400984764,
-0.017795661464333534,
0.031723879277706146,
0.009990962222218513,
0.025143060833215714,
-0.030286014080047607,
-0.009878035634756088,
-0.0973660945892334,
-0.01148854847997427,
0.006341822911053896,
-0.02943509630858898,
-0.0724196583032608,
-0.006123178638517857,
-0.0539691261947155,
0.04845603182911873,
0.06890717148780823,
-0.011921891011297703,
0.057897746562957764,
-0.019090421497821808,
-0.01810188964009285,
0.000033971846278291196,
0.0006835226085968316,
0.032749537378549576,
-0.014648539014160633,
0.07371982932090759,
0.054232385009527206,
-0.046147674322128296,
-0.03343632444739342,
0.014399356208741665,
-0.0035640632268041372,
-0.02136375568807125,
-0.017628109082579613,
-0.02765675261616707,
-0.041430991142988205,
-0.1129109263420105,
-0.02597322314977646,
0.03456234931945801,
0.012455846183001995,
-0.05533399432897568,
-0.0012848859187215567,
-0.020315583795309067,
-0.005964099429547787,
-0.005996937397867441,
-0.0039113545790314674,
-0.01878100074827671,
-0.021121423691511154,
-0.016648786142468452,
-0.05411616712808609,
0.024062706157565117,
-0.010822555050253868,
0.02117491140961647,
-0.04720408096909523,
-0.030902588739991188,
0.012118006125092506,
0.00944446213543415,
0.04054531455039978,
-0.0025946879759430885,
0.04930536821484566,
-0.03718014806509018
] |
213 |
Beyond Random Masking: When Dropout meets Graph Convolutional Networks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=PwxYoMvmvy
|
[
"Yuankai Luo",
"Xiao-Ming Wu",
"Hao Zhu"
] |
Poster
|
Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have emerged as powerful tools for learning on graph-structured data, yet the behavior of dropout in these models remains poorly understood. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of dropout in GCNs, revealing that its primary role differs fundamentally from standard neural networks - preventing oversmoothing rather than co-adaptation. We demonstrate that dropout in GCNs creates dimension-specific stochastic sub-graphs, leading to a form of structural regularization not present in standard neural networks. Our analysis shows that dropout effects are inherently degree-dependent, resulting in adaptive regularization that considers the topological importance of nodes. We provide new insights into dropout's role in mitigating oversmoothing and derive novel generalization bounds that account for graph-specific dropout effects. Furthermore, we analyze the synergistic interaction between dropout and batch normalization in GCNs, uncovering a mechanism that enhances overall regularization. Our theoretical findings are validated through extensive experiments on both node-level and graph-level tasks across 14 datasets. Notably, GCN with dropout and batch normalization outperforms state-of-the-art methods on several benchmarks, demonstrating the practical impact of our theoretical insights.
|
Graph neural networks, Dropout
| null | 14,284 | null |
[
0.009391793049871922,
-0.041465748101472855,
0.008272549137473106,
0.055479712784290314,
0.020958486944437027,
0.011886964552104473,
0.03354768455028534,
0.043090466409921646,
-0.02341361716389656,
-0.040460698306560516,
0.003436874132603407,
-0.02124178782105446,
-0.05386868864297867,
-0.0071854968555271626,
0.007258408237248659,
0.037743739783763885,
0.06594014167785645,
0.0025769530329853296,
-0.027538813650608063,
0.021599581465125084,
0.02048422023653984,
-0.014133119955658913,
0.03984843194484711,
0.038247641175985336,
0.047805704176425934,
-0.029475707560777664,
-0.011962411925196648,
0.011451560072600842,
-0.004576905630528927,
0.04699426889419556,
0.05608715862035751,
-0.005554812960326672,
0.030685655772686005,
-0.04914416745305061,
0.026084497570991516,
0.004666673485189676,
-0.037069227546453476,
-0.006533424835652113,
0.024343496188521385,
0.018003635108470917,
-0.07494878023862839,
-0.031037284061312675,
-0.035621851682662964,
0.014470916241407394,
-0.05857102945446968,
0.01688823290169239,
-0.09209088981151581,
0.034018371254205704,
0.0013429676182568073,
-0.052393246442079544,
-0.08785010129213333,
0.03667805716395378,
0.026885369792580605,
-0.008675306104123592,
0.012016062624752522,
0.00215656659565866,
0.0664609745144844,
-0.04841730371117592,
-0.016552045941352844,
-0.057201679795980453,
-0.023585103452205658,
0.022027399390935898,
-0.001599920098669827,
0.020611785352230072,
-0.059255506843328476,
-0.03320421651005745,
0.024105312302708626,
0.0646282359957695,
-0.036247819662094116,
-0.05686236172914505,
-0.014326108619570732,
0.006053298711776733,
0.012448488734662533,
0.022531822323799133,
0.004626639652997255,
-0.03219100087881088,
0.027716677635908127,
-0.027075270190835,
0.10368122905492783,
-0.01824655383825302,
0.017456691712141037,
0.022222287952899933,
0.020118234679102898,
0.02218167670071125,
0.0011562082218006253,
0.013618513941764832,
0.0008086705347523093,
-0.06580372899770737,
-0.07072249799966812,
0.016145527362823486,
-0.049396973103284836,
-0.048094719648361206,
0.02994629368185997,
0.0315544418990612,
0.013917752541601658,
-0.016857542097568512,
0.04025449976325035,
-0.0442340150475502,
0.0276764128357172,
-0.006061941385269165,
-0.006633329670876265,
-0.028333714231848717,
-0.007719931658357382,
0.012672452256083488,
-0.11009830236434937,
-0.046484265476465225,
-0.023343848064541817,
-0.02938726544380188,
-0.014328435063362122,
-0.0020281849429011345,
-0.010655025020241737,
-0.00678061181679368,
0.014696747064590454,
-0.030202651396393776,
-0.08539170771837234,
0.009354833513498306,
0.003499608486890793,
0.01277800090610981,
-0.0037450294476002455,
-0.006723667494952679,
0.015643155202269554,
0.06863373517990112,
0.025385428220033646,
0.08210418373346329,
-0.01431223377585411,
-0.019504321739077568,
0.009947805665433407,
0.005268412176519632,
-0.04655821621417999,
-0.014009426347911358,
-0.029305025935173035,
0.027231518179178238,
-0.004024415742605925,
0.017274906858801842,
0.03357594087719917,
-0.03718654066324234,
0.016773350536823273,
0.0068126157857477665,
0.009046109393239021,
-0.02451067790389061,
-0.004484560340642929,
-0.007149141747504473,
0.035640183836221695,
-0.032702866941690445,
0.09129258990287781,
-0.05762682110071182,
-0.011556326411664486,
-0.026665804907679558,
-0.009224866516888142,
0.018826011568307877,
0.014419842511415482,
-0.02355222776532173,
-0.01720224693417549,
-0.052259791642427444,
0.012866311706602573,
0.05708833038806915,
-0.019755331799387932,
0.03676870837807655,
-0.011065094731748104,
0.008839868940412998,
0.022544240579009056,
0.013122057542204857,
-0.02259829081594944,
0.03827538713812828,
-0.03877376392483711,
-0.04088691622018814,
0.01755441166460514,
0.02849821373820305,
-0.059021249413490295,
-0.00379388895817101,
-0.013184551149606705,
-0.04017031565308571,
0.025956925004720688,
-0.01337902806699276,
-0.043585315346717834,
-0.022227637469768524,
0.08110056817531586,
0.01819693297147751,
-0.015915583819150925,
0.0671500638127327,
-0.09578761458396912,
0.04234063997864723,
0.02320171892642975,
-0.009256999008357525,
-0.019810833036899567,
-0.017661599442362785,
0.04614810273051262,
-0.028646942228078842,
-0.004899755120277405,
-0.007262305356562138,
-0.07993093878030777,
-0.013967319391667843,
-0.004944450221955776,
-0.0008706169319339097,
0.07655352354049683,
0.010103942826390266,
-0.001483423518948257,
0.03635597601532936,
0.04141543433070183,
0.07629606127738953,
0.04486643522977829,
-0.05079463869333267,
0.037036970257759094,
-0.0013260135892778635,
-0.053177908062934875,
0.028227034956216812,
0.024497555568814278,
-0.024400439113378525,
-0.04935367777943611,
0.009227501228451729,
0.021073080599308014,
0.005341178271919489,
0.005404561758041382,
0.04393056780099869,
0.020852718502283096,
-0.019547663629055023,
-0.020558403804898262,
0.024618377909064293,
0.018625788390636444,
-0.04070558026432991,
0.04219955578446388,
0.029282378032803535,
-0.0024252503644675016,
0.037991441786289215,
-0.028786662966012955,
0.0883198007941246,
0.06062205508351326,
-0.017985349521040916,
-0.012793278321623802,
0.01958872377872467,
0.036551252007484436,
0.028988061472773552,
0.025207335129380226,
-0.013786735013127327,
-0.004708942025899887,
-0.027723047882318497,
0.01097165048122406,
-0.04199321195483208,
0.06420863419771194,
-0.06942864507436752,
-0.02668415941298008,
0.05159199610352516,
0.016083983704447746,
0.03846491500735283,
-0.007089265156537294,
0.044421132653951645,
0.03966112807393074,
-0.018716886639595032,
0.004159378353506327,
-0.018837952986359596,
0.05014877766370773,
0.013182583265006542,
0.005857628770172596,
-0.028179561719298363,
0.033281728625297546,
-0.01581786386668682,
-0.003472700249403715,
-0.03034387342631817,
0.0685366615653038,
0.05905700474977493,
0.021466000005602837,
0.024447008967399597,
-0.02780522033572197,
-0.016355836763978004,
-0.055062513798475266,
-0.12682661414146423,
-0.020312724635004997,
-0.01064913347363472,
0.04968876764178276,
-0.01480539608746767,
0.05370763689279556,
-0.021702244877815247,
0.008388536050915718,
-0.031103648245334625,
0.018361814320087433,
0.024948550388216972,
0.006652005482465029,
0.01981900818645954,
-0.04023673012852669,
0.0010886252857744694,
0.0187202300876379,
0.06228719279170036,
-0.02596265636384487,
0.007473260164260864,
-0.048455677926540375,
-0.03964526206254959,
0.007439896464347839,
-0.002366319764405489,
-0.0506075955927372,
0.008844566531479359,
0.05323050916194916,
0.022825857624411583,
-0.0026342831552028656,
0.02067740075290203,
0.02171621099114418,
0.06652376055717468,
0.060982558876276016,
0.007704288698732853,
-0.008806713856756687,
0.056957561522722244,
0.011969034560024738,
0.05002883821725845,
0.028010599315166473,
-0.005325899925082922,
-0.04522830247879028,
0.0005062298732809722,
0.03973124176263809,
-0.005564054474234581,
-0.2597912549972534,
0.029508011415600777,
0.035618528723716736,
-0.0035353151615709066,
0.0051075611263513565,
-0.07770587503910065,
0.021279549226164818,
-0.014219359494745731,
-0.0318574421107769,
0.020354826003313065,
0.028128672391176224,
0.014884257689118385,
0.008555951528251171,
0.020530492067337036,
0.0398864708840847,
0.009869190864264965,
0.021797478199005127,
-0.02149476855993271,
0.038377292454242706,
0.06807176768779755,
-0.01548992283642292,
-0.07344935089349747,
-0.034398168325424194,
0.05281632021069527,
-0.06289977580308914,
0.017185287550091743,
-0.07060571759939194,
-0.006415328476577997,
-0.03557446971535683,
-0.008321751840412617,
0.022308548912405968,
-0.02685575932264328,
0.00858255010098219,
0.06559722125530243,
-0.0009758237865753472,
0.02073565497994423,
0.028744131326675415,
0.003138515632599592,
0.0063505093567073345,
0.027258336544036865,
0.00571187911555171,
-0.00005820165097247809,
-0.023884883150458336,
0.030693961307406425,
0.07595136016607285,
0.007772320415824652,
-0.0621100589632988,
-0.021261289715766907,
-0.017822394147515297,
0.02981206215918064,
-0.006887792143970728,
-0.00760887423530221,
-0.027328668162226677,
0.0233007799834013,
-0.037371035665273666,
-0.016269979998469353,
-0.013866112567484379,
-0.0030388750601559877,
-0.01249001082032919,
-0.008826098404824734,
0.025303183123469353,
-0.0426534004509449,
0.034142546355724335,
-0.04870254918932915,
-0.02622017078101635,
-0.030852846801280975,
-0.04501386359333992,
-0.04242189973592758,
0.025235705077648163,
0.04194158315658569,
-0.00770448287948966,
0.02608950436115265,
-0.03308635205030441,
-0.08873050659894943,
0.016598084941506386,
0.0002634132106322795,
-0.024583132937550545,
0.02635706029832363,
0.01187883596867323,
0.03214675188064575,
-0.02709326706826687,
-0.048581164330244064,
0.024901963770389557,
0.020953865721821785,
0.005145407281816006,
0.0053118495270609856,
0.00003751705298782326,
0.011846356093883514,
-0.043792724609375,
0.007024847436696291,
0.043527133762836456,
0.006442877929657698,
0.01622733287513256,
-0.023861069232225418,
0.049326006323099136,
0.05940577760338783,
0.05601494386792183,
0.02887575514614582,
0.028712918981909752,
0.026925398036837578,
0.04301544278860092,
-0.04147397354245186,
-0.04374711960554123,
-0.01931719481945038,
-0.028190817683935165,
0.008573460392653942,
-0.05288571119308472,
0.0003675183979794383,
0.04153174161911011,
0.00032720257877372205,
-0.010706857778131962,
-0.03967040032148361,
0.009302103891968727,
-0.033717215061187744,
-0.017570456489920616,
-0.03315650299191475,
-0.02633049711585045,
0.019032279029488564,
0.045363061130046844,
-0.04521305859088898,
0.0031874023843556643,
0.0389542430639267,
-0.0037829282227903605,
0.033062636852264404,
-0.008011643774807453,
-0.003999292850494385,
-0.029672708362340927,
-0.0237311739474535,
-0.002846405142918229,
0.0015625378582626581,
0.0385570228099823,
0.059176284819841385,
0.0028744915034621954,
-0.00775363901630044,
0.02748502418398857,
-0.025724487379193306,
-0.015259243547916412,
0.02689058519899845,
0.05303682014346123,
-0.017606377601623535,
0.012930209748446941,
0.007418446242809296,
0.025964463129639626,
0.006544296629726887,
0.025619130581617355,
0.006222052499651909,
-0.0010845385259017348,
-0.00016237839008681476,
-0.026973780244588852,
-0.02282695099711418,
0.0017933921189978719,
-0.04959406331181526,
-0.04411498084664345,
-0.042703330516815186,
0.025000251829624176,
0.0007915620808489621,
0.03472850099205971,
-0.018788281828165054,
0.030754273757338524,
-0.04491526633501053,
0.06492079794406891,
0.03164699673652649,
-0.029667336493730545,
-0.018607866019010544,
-0.0155738964676857,
0.030037377029657364,
0.012820815667510033,
-0.06558769941329956,
0.018412131816148758,
-0.03291488066315651,
0.0024859344121068716,
0.02201925404369831,
-0.031491342931985855,
-0.006153002381324768,
0.013787406496703625,
-0.0035179557744413614,
-0.006181162782013416,
-0.030079655349254608,
-0.006734263151884079,
0.044634636491537094,
0.005516787059605122,
-0.021612899377942085,
0.012674404308199883,
-0.002264489885419607,
0.08318186551332474,
0.011092126369476318,
-0.0018664458766579628,
0.007344210520386696,
-0.023407191038131714,
0.035952914506196976,
-0.004301472567021847,
0.0007730443612672389,
-0.08204266428947449,
-0.07193772494792938,
-0.018261510878801346,
-0.018510714173316956,
0.009319514967501163,
0.021005429327487946,
-0.018804991617798805,
-0.007294919341802597,
-0.019815683364868164,
0.0418132022023201,
-0.04032141715288162,
-0.01684965007007122,
0.03360572084784508,
-0.08934774994850159,
0.03965545818209648,
0.024399250745773315,
-0.03694791719317436,
0.020713606849312782,
-0.022157572209835052,
-0.02835424803197384,
-0.0770263746380806,
-0.049992047250270844,
0.047551482915878296,
-0.018407944589853287,
-0.030766423791646957,
-0.023812877014279366,
0.013502582907676697,
-0.010396135039627552,
-0.00027763182879425585,
-0.006068374030292034,
0.018625851720571518,
-0.03953418880701065,
0.011189918965101242,
0.03726182132959366,
-0.049061357975006104,
0.004487538710236549,
-0.011891216970980167,
-0.006567059550434351,
-0.012608901597559452,
0.002719586482271552,
0.031118767336010933,
0.05713062360882759,
-0.023535775020718575,
0.0009274903568439186,
-0.07322318851947784,
0.03433487191796303,
-0.015211687423288822,
-0.02343088574707508,
-0.01016294490545988,
0.011153030209243298,
-0.028707146644592285,
0.024429908022284508,
0.013275913894176483,
0.048052847385406494,
0.020939204841852188,
0.03018319047987461,
0.021695837378501892,
-0.0038489741273224354,
0.051950521767139435,
0.01707153394818306,
-0.05835191532969475,
-0.02338946983218193,
0.052503492683172226,
-0.06625945121049881,
-0.013309160247445107,
-0.09406571090221405,
0.01239661406725645,
0.024510309100151062,
-0.02744767628610134,
0.010716025717556477,
-0.014278830960392952,
0.04794988036155701,
0.01693345233798027,
0.029030691832304,
-0.03014717996120453,
-0.036796245723962784,
0.016916504129767418,
-0.02993416227400303,
0.01353817991912365,
-0.056377507746219635,
-0.037241559475660324,
0.04401574283838272,
-0.026462046429514885,
0.026753230020403862,
-0.0018837407696992159,
-0.01971244066953659,
0.013395537622272968,
-0.013586894609034061,
-0.04243461415171623,
0.004025752656161785,
-0.02832021377980709,
0.009754253551363945,
0.01575506664812565,
-0.03375957906246185,
-0.01155468262732029,
-0.000025555656975484453,
-0.03335752338171005,
-0.012082983739674091,
-0.01767129637300968,
0.04917863383889198,
-0.03582245856523514,
0.019176946952939034,
0.0018156711012125015,
-0.023079941049218178,
0.029839826747775078,
0.06777602434158325,
0.04411327838897705,
0.029947323724627495,
-0.03509104251861572,
0.046112772077322006,
0.0531107522547245,
0.02027055434882641,
-0.004211294464766979,
0.03206808865070343,
-0.01518175844103098,
-0.057701047509908676,
0.04630870372056961,
-0.00452208798378706,
-0.018623463809490204,
-0.06590129435062408,
0.03224959596991539,
0.01195388101041317,
-0.05803487077355385,
-0.02896095998585224,
0.02809024415910244,
-0.025187889114022255,
0.019970137625932693,
-0.03629673272371292,
-0.03477095067501068,
0.006067388225346804,
0.06963791698217392,
-0.0006882883608341217,
0.031164081767201424,
0.07517560571432114,
0.02660299651324749,
-0.014643045142292976,
-0.018163980916142464,
0.054745886474847794,
0.07052124291658401,
0.0564069040119648,
0.0005474437493830919,
0.07663243263959885,
-0.02789068967103958,
-0.038701169192790985,
0.0248922947794199,
0.018057389184832573,
-0.008151314221322536,
-0.06974267214536667,
-0.027356525883078575,
0.10229970514774323,
0.00751526141539216,
0.0734395682811737,
-0.03464215248823166,
-0.0037364547606557608,
0.023807192221283913,
-0.01727190800011158,
-0.020199663937091827,
0.052034761756658554,
0.015925263985991478,
0.00441953307017684,
-0.0012786558363586664,
0.010394101031124592,
-0.01596110872924328,
0.008262899704277515,
0.03420950472354889,
0.028372375294566154,
-0.030373478308320045,
0.010341260582208633,
0.018707256764173508,
-0.005224981810897589,
0.08057932555675507,
-0.059913091361522675,
-0.022188110277056694,
-0.02655814029276371,
0.029108773916959763,
-0.0034304617438465357,
0.0477510429918766,
-0.014733432792127132,
-0.06625460088253021,
-0.00477057509124279,
-0.015213881619274616,
0.01680791936814785,
-0.01652255468070507,
-0.0034165880642831326,
-0.017993254587054253,
0.0013543745735660195,
0.004322651773691177,
0.010328327305614948,
0.015422922559082508,
0.010114944539964199,
-0.04687590152025223,
-0.04192197695374489,
-0.05392136797308922,
-0.052868589758872986,
-0.05670580267906189,
-0.004874895326793194,
0.004126621410250664,
-0.015481038950383663,
-0.007909541949629784,
-0.00903317704796791,
-0.005742909386754036,
0.041250333189964294,
-0.04113270342350006,
0.026887062937021255,
0.01369485817849636,
-0.024099094793200493,
-0.03855099156498909,
0.036802440881729126,
0.005515044555068016,
-0.026973435655236244,
-0.00958491675555706,
0.049258120357990265,
0.008713576011359692,
-0.0024127003271132708,
-0.006681759376078844,
-0.001755123375914991,
-0.09607511758804321,
0.022316882386803627,
0.007398513145744801,
-0.06508216261863708,
-0.08591511845588684,
0.051975954324007034,
0.0036363021936267614,
0.026134049519896507,
0.029185889288783073,
-0.005153294652700424,
0.005039688665419817,
-0.053808122873306274,
0.009525160305202007,
-0.011372827924787998,
0.011573211289942265,
0.033535927534103394,
-0.012242760509252548,
0.04557430371642113,
0.0313890278339386,
0.00035417635808698833,
0.03938452899456024,
0.018234629184007645,
-0.015497769229114056,
-0.0017434065230190754,
-0.024066848680377007,
-0.009194296784698963,
-0.041039127856492996,
-0.0967266708612442,
-0.03617269918322563,
-0.002147608669474721,
-0.016070041805505753,
-0.015103318728506565,
-0.026498114690184593,
-0.04454566910862923,
-0.015207139775156975,
0.014475196599960327,
-0.0035245942417532206,
-0.023732392117381096,
-0.01354289148002863,
-0.04182785749435425,
-0.05269820615649223,
0.016431791707873344,
-0.0014580086572095752,
0.029827335849404335,
-0.026298711076378822,
-0.052398983389139175,
-0.009027127176523209,
-0.025474265217781067,
0.031171156093478203,
-0.0032110498286783695,
0.0204326044768095,
-0.013157429173588753
] |
214 |
Self-supervised contrastive learning performs non-linear system identification
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ONfWFluZBI
|
[
"Rodrigo González Laiz",
"Tobias Schmidt",
"Steffen Schneider"
] |
Poster
|
Self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches have brought tremendous success across many tasks and domains. It has been argued that these successes can be attributed to a link between SSL and identifiable representation learning: Temporal structure and auxiliary variables ensure that latent representations are related to the true underlying generative factors of the data. Here, we deepen this connection and show that SSL can perform system identification in latent space. We propose DynCL, a framework to uncover linear, switching linear and non-linear dynamics under a non-linear observation model, give theoretical guarantees and validate them empirically.
|
system identification, dynamics learning, identifiability, self-supervised learning
| null | 14,280 |
2410.14673
|
[
0.012531629763543606,
-0.020865073427557945,
-0.008165786042809486,
0.05218159407377243,
0.03961380943655968,
0.019370488822460175,
0.02921350672841072,
-0.0017048740992322564,
-0.041764989495277405,
-0.015593063086271286,
0.020298276096582413,
0.011482126079499722,
-0.049924105405807495,
0.031020691618323326,
0.02617328055202961,
0.0482962392270565,
0.02691725827753544,
0.016463294625282288,
0.002384116407483816,
0.03907153382897377,
-0.007757383398711681,
-0.02193450927734375,
0.016750622540712357,
0.0009366212761960924,
0.028971271589398384,
-0.030546076595783234,
0.011650593020021915,
-0.0026546127628535032,
-0.011622237972915173,
0.026648826897144318,
0.04493851214647293,
0.007193926256150007,
-0.01401631161570549,
-0.02258824184536934,
0.026034677401185036,
0.002786484779790044,
-0.05198587104678154,
-0.030110379680991173,
0.013307740911841393,
0.007080117240548134,
-0.08155564218759537,
-0.016495363786816597,
-0.00668193819001317,
0.008576878346502781,
-0.06728005409240723,
-0.004423506557941437,
-0.11709192395210266,
0.002210211008787155,
0.03132062777876854,
-0.045040592551231384,
-0.08622947335243225,
0.016299232840538025,
0.012946597300469875,
-0.04009298235177994,
-0.018111001700162888,
0.02779529243707657,
0.026212060824036598,
-0.07090993970632553,
-0.039137668907642365,
-0.03968954458832741,
-0.025137173011898994,
0.030174288898706436,
0.019544420763850212,
-0.0074277170933783054,
-0.0022629848681390285,
-0.017820065841078758,
0.04601284861564636,
0.03626848757266998,
-0.03140077739953995,
-0.021167384460568428,
-0.02449580281972885,
0.02831975370645523,
-0.006899417843669653,
0.00276571256108582,
0.008781633339822292,
-0.04889536648988724,
0.021304689347743988,
-0.005513090640306473,
0.053465377539396286,
-0.0029731793329119682,
0.035514671355485916,
0.07906671613454819,
0.021944785490632057,
0.010319924913346767,
-0.009233632124960423,
-0.013167412020266056,
-0.052051275968551636,
0.008076726458966732,
-0.05258059501647949,
0.026057669892907143,
-0.03779500350356102,
-0.030538931488990784,
0.06281370669603348,
0.07185601443052292,
0.03889695927500725,
-0.017448147758841515,
0.04300423339009285,
0.013871503062546253,
-0.029016992077231407,
-0.015700479969382286,
-0.025941643863916397,
-0.028344396501779556,
0.02073449268937111,
0.014334066770970821,
-0.08527278900146484,
-0.018387004733085632,
-0.01162402518093586,
0.008612317033112049,
-0.0348908007144928,
-0.014368653297424316,
-0.05015892907977104,
-0.019144326448440552,
0.013363117352128029,
-0.011147713288664818,
-0.047888290137052536,
0.00141383265145123,
0.024212541058659554,
0.030121050775051117,
0.020376915112137794,
0.004026584792882204,
0.024782365188002586,
0.02701464481651783,
0.010237494483590126,
0.06612670421600342,
-0.011177691631019115,
-0.009885144419968128,
-0.010889941826462746,
0.05296197906136513,
-0.04961257055401802,
-0.04876657947897911,
0.023996565490961075,
0.04473978281021118,
0.006670249160379171,
0.014664175920188427,
0.004430886823683977,
-0.034835681319236755,
0.022596150636672974,
0.02746005170047283,
0.016584385186433792,
0.033953506499528885,
0.04428631812334061,
-0.021615328267216682,
0.06960948556661606,
-0.0065810163505375385,
0.0625811368227005,
-0.028805969282984734,
0.012960372492671013,
-0.02427041530609131,
-0.03221643343567848,
-0.023884998634457588,
0.005907068494707346,
0.007687319070100784,
-0.044246286153793335,
-0.07624971866607666,
0.04674581438302994,
0.0282326377928257,
0.02552035078406334,
0.017335519194602966,
-0.009918995201587677,
0.00665375916287303,
0.007759516127407551,
0.0024631463456898928,
-0.003053104504942894,
0.030767427757382393,
0.0023064285051077604,
-0.05703156813979149,
0.026334352791309357,
-0.0023525399155914783,
-0.00147053727414459,
-0.011120530776679516,
-0.018833767622709274,
-0.026639144867658615,
0.01282536145299673,
0.0033770427107810974,
-0.02084370143711567,
0.011712114326655865,
0.05844222381711006,
0.02584642544388771,
0.04999750480055809,
0.01933283358812332,
-0.07717800885438919,
0.02571420930325985,
-0.0064201052300632,
-0.03350885584950447,
0.035398319363594055,
-0.02109886147081852,
0.10392829775810242,
-0.04604610800743103,
0.02368560992181301,
-0.008697309531271458,
-0.04633640870451927,
-0.008550076745450497,
-0.008554881438612938,
-0.02692519873380661,
0.05895432084798813,
0.014140616171061993,
-0.016832685098052025,
0.00865769200026989,
0.015362353064119816,
0.047898679971694946,
0.020953746512532234,
-0.0474681481719017,
0.03273553028702736,
-0.02890900708734989,
0.0016409169184044003,
-0.010369875468313694,
0.0572691485285759,
-0.07454866915941238,
-0.017628978937864304,
-0.023201387375593185,
-0.04064076393842697,
-0.029289783909916878,
0.008036538027226925,
-0.0049123079515993595,
0.007862018421292305,
0.03194485977292061,
-0.019520364701747894,
0.029644066467881203,
0.0212960597127676,
-0.014818930998444557,
0.06276138126850128,
0.02653880976140499,
-0.030484860762953758,
0.024364635348320007,
-0.014666431583464146,
0.11152683198451996,
0.08799920231103897,
-0.011560728773474693,
0.0028588948771357536,
0.005005762912333012,
0.016184566542506218,
0.007397986017167568,
0.02137553133070469,
-0.03343179076910019,
-0.012095306999981403,
0.011040899902582169,
-0.02174796536564827,
-0.029840143397450447,
0.044232647866010666,
-0.027297696098685265,
-0.018594995141029358,
0.0851554423570633,
-0.04399089887738228,
0.06326831877231598,
-0.0467599555850029,
0.044039953500032425,
0.059926193207502365,
0.02015780843794346,
-0.054512057453393936,
-0.02697432041168213,
-0.010880222544074059,
0.0026043246034532785,
-0.014826069585978985,
0.0016521314391866326,
0.01754370704293251,
-0.07307536154985428,
-0.03477863967418671,
-0.03979845345020294,
0.04216049984097481,
0.05061282962560654,
0.039399389177560806,
0.04242311790585518,
-0.014497882686555386,
-0.012306876480579376,
0.017495378851890564,
-0.12210850417613983,
-0.053285546600818634,
0.012571844272315502,
0.017092393711209297,
0.00407996354624629,
0.021881915628910065,
-0.048325762152671814,
0.04368999972939491,
-0.03541305288672447,
-0.01682283915579319,
0.03521288186311722,
0.029732756316661835,
0.01700776256620884,
-0.044376496225595474,
0.005439118482172489,
-0.005769615992903709,
0.06251732259988785,
0.0038433580193668604,
-0.0327131561934948,
-0.04347175732254982,
-0.056517116725444794,
0.0012622169451788068,
0.009598261676728725,
-0.027391891926527023,
-0.024857036769390106,
0.008948618546128273,
0.0004890653654001653,
-0.019452493637800217,
0.01742483116686344,
0.004832714796066284,
0.09141407161951065,
0.0630154237151146,
0.027433503419160843,
0.0058472175151109695,
0.01205103937536478,
-0.01507592387497425,
0.027562767267227173,
0.00012999578029848635,
0.022854236885905266,
-0.010905447416007519,
0.009067762643098831,
0.025304457172751427,
-0.010214059613645077,
-0.2769986689090729,
-0.035277172923088074,
0.03266176953911781,
-0.0034348145127296448,
0.05478309094905853,
-0.023928720504045486,
0.024017440155148506,
-0.05350912734866142,
-0.027463356032967567,
0.04191530868411064,
-0.004429488442838192,
0.019483109936118126,
0.0017338241450488567,
0.032027579843997955,
0.02282491698861122,
0.008154205046594143,
0.016257476061582565,
-0.01854739338159561,
0.0014709657989442348,
0.04760648310184479,
-0.03242501989006996,
-0.03760436177253723,
-0.03509935364127159,
0.07903669029474258,
-0.03201053664088249,
0.06442511826753616,
-0.05942485108971596,
-0.00413275184109807,
-0.049993906170129776,
0.005780127365142107,
-0.05031844228506088,
-0.01373971626162529,
-0.06048282980918884,
0.03739297389984131,
0.0002094034425681457,
0.012450868263840675,
0.015909284353256226,
0.010992433875799179,
0.033600516617298126,
-0.008829298429191113,
-0.039246026426553726,
-0.01868659071624279,
0.017060592770576477,
0.02137034572660923,
0.04237290844321251,
0.012158877216279507,
-0.019857799634337425,
-0.03135964274406433,
-0.03856337442994118,
0.03603589907288551,
-0.003249319503083825,
-0.04065774381160736,
0.01101635117083788,
-0.02473115734755993,
-0.007838133722543716,
-0.03569929301738739,
-0.0054391478188335896,
-0.005616858601570129,
-0.0025682696141302586,
-0.004540230613201857,
-0.014477165415883064,
-0.035942692309617996,
-0.02730621211230755,
-0.05663180723786354,
-0.02449001930654049,
-0.041533343493938446,
-0.030067719519138336,
-0.06008339673280716,
0.0500858873128891,
0.026709673926234245,
-0.009456868283450603,
0.0027435836382210255,
-0.06077471747994423,
-0.10466841608285904,
0.07113056629896164,
0.008242637850344181,
0.023885460570454597,
-0.06161411479115486,
0.028004739433526993,
0.03669082000851631,
-0.03154484182596207,
-0.039557281881570816,
-0.0009818614926189184,
-0.003167396178469062,
0.016840992495417595,
-0.01897275820374489,
0.008320914581418037,
-0.01818210259079933,
-0.025533437728881836,
-0.03936101496219635,
0.039274800568819046,
-0.007439744658768177,
0.04600774869322777,
0.0002905102155636996,
0.0586596243083477,
0.0704651027917862,
0.044411614537239075,
0.025250179693102837,
0.04236770421266556,
-0.036792464554309845,
0.023582709953188896,
-0.01836027018725872,
0.016849059611558914,
-0.05294249579310417,
-0.012040797621011734,
0.03732161596417427,
-0.05365857481956482,
-0.027393216267228127,
0.0635417252779007,
-0.021546797826886177,
-0.028611155226826668,
-0.0308560598641634,
0.0037849005311727524,
-0.007658610586076975,
0.005232797935605049,
-0.044138845056295395,
-0.030788393691182137,
0.018503794446587563,
0.06470673531293869,
-0.03907272592186928,
-0.03056953474879265,
0.027721473947167397,
-0.0072487411089241505,
0.024306021630764008,
-0.01717214472591877,
-0.012748493812978268,
0.003449744079262018,
-0.006974479183554649,
0.018146393820643425,
-0.011863302439451218,
0.035437945276498795,
0.022821538150310516,
0.02650371566414833,
0.03783365339040756,
0.08218785375356674,
0.01136839296668768,
0.01682501658797264,
0.0003171017160639167,
0.012718558311462402,
-0.005645290017127991,
-0.006921897642314434,
-0.010203570127487183,
0.058904796838760376,
0.027591656893491745,
0.048703234642744064,
0.0020344946533441544,
-0.011683576740324497,
0.00015496301057282835,
-0.012527907267212868,
-0.023770993575453758,
0.05655943602323532,
-0.04744503274559975,
-0.05375461280345917,
-0.02256510592997074,
0.036903850734233856,
-0.009885843843221664,
0.033676452934741974,
0.014571169391274452,
0.0027432511560618877,
-0.048135992139577866,
0.023876948282122612,
0.00662541389465332,
-0.04296866059303284,
-0.014745029620826244,
0.010308022610843182,
0.05855478346347809,
-0.03202018886804581,
0.003629083512350917,
0.055758748203516006,
0.02784273587167263,
0.02638331428170204,
-0.002661019330844283,
-0.015468651428818703,
-0.0139469550922513,
-0.001417287508957088,
-0.04400050640106201,
-0.013226507231593132,
-0.015188012272119522,
-0.05424906685948372,
-0.004536121618002653,
0.01261911727488041,
-0.006064710672944784,
-0.012776256538927555,
0.011316967196762562,
0.06781592220067978,
-0.0012373768258839846,
-0.0028852862305939198,
-0.025610698387026787,
-0.03147227689623833,
0.04962129890918732,
-0.0235102828592062,
0.004381114151328802,
-0.05074179545044899,
-0.02604801580309868,
-0.0059697600081563,
-0.049630921334028244,
0.004715445917099714,
0.04922451451420784,
-0.01569228433072567,
-0.026727726683020592,
-0.01973438449203968,
0.028188183903694153,
-0.03392597287893295,
-0.01685664989054203,
0.05786540359258652,
-0.06577091664075851,
0.03796294704079628,
0.006627000402659178,
-0.0523613765835762,
0.003199188970029354,
-0.04426439851522446,
-0.051105983555316925,
-0.07510144263505936,
-0.03373483940958977,
-0.01919492706656456,
0.0010939051862806082,
-0.04175872728228569,
-0.04348863661289215,
-0.017155997455120087,
0.023953624069690704,
0.03831876814365387,
0.012205624021589756,
-0.01234438456594944,
-0.008001972921192646,
0.019281556829810143,
0.04224775731563568,
-0.044752273708581924,
-0.00011608598288148642,
0.024039624258875847,
-0.0032958672381937504,
-0.0007995939231477678,
-0.03255630284547806,
0.01501739677041769,
0.0552460215985775,
-0.03778793290257454,
-0.016998708248138428,
-0.05807479843497276,
0.03217891976237297,
-0.014935746788978577,
0.014209989458322525,
-0.004267004318535328,
0.020539099350571632,
-0.02263573557138443,
0.0023371807765215635,
0.019906077533960342,
0.029629351571202278,
0.030852826312184334,
0.03301260992884636,
-0.005263776518404484,
0.022711189463734627,
0.04127157852053642,
0.04281825199723244,
-0.07049047946929932,
0.0041108326986432076,
0.04440147057175636,
-0.04070479795336723,
-0.018756579607725143,
-0.06899851560592651,
-0.0031529373954981565,
0.01811559870839119,
-0.008989869616925716,
0.002187849720939994,
-0.02714352495968342,
0.02944491058588028,
0.030623169615864754,
0.05820629373192787,
0.04464203491806984,
-0.016692237928509712,
0.04677364230155945,
-0.040706004947423935,
-0.03173251822590828,
-0.04712040349841118,
0.007090346422046423,
0.06800853461027145,
0.018594998866319656,
-0.0005671688704751432,
-0.020034443587064743,
-0.028100481256842613,
0.04241441562771797,
-0.01544284913688898,
-0.05189507082104683,
-0.02326774038374424,
-0.005151852034032345,
-0.020365726202726364,
-0.006338003557175398,
-0.04690691456198692,
0.016448287293314934,
0.005679590627551079,
-0.07271430641412735,
-0.011716931127011776,
-0.02317102812230587,
0.01687508076429367,
-0.007077840622514486,
0.02303684875369072,
-0.015924641862511635,
0.016149887815117836,
0.01965474709868431,
0.048020798712968826,
0.006714493036270142,
0.015664614737033844,
-0.038083262741565704,
0.057343918830156326,
0.004333892371505499,
-0.008871340192854404,
-0.006055633071810007,
0.001474052551202476,
-0.022624623030424118,
-0.029035184532403946,
0.04899571090936661,
-0.007040480151772499,
-0.017567601054906845,
-0.059860486537218094,
0.016946284100413322,
0.04015851765871048,
-0.027013834565877914,
0.006027590483427048,
0.06738907843828201,
-0.06725011765956879,
0.004660407081246376,
0.032835181802511215,
-0.009770695120096207,
-0.026615696027874947,
0.07547204941511154,
0.038699470460414886,
0.03598429262638092,
0.02948143519461155,
0.030817553400993347,
-0.010309790261089802,
0.003270594635978341,
0.07811711728572845,
0.050208356231451035,
0.030869346112012863,
0.003275112947449088,
0.07498615235090256,
-0.0337228886783123,
-0.028114870190620422,
0.044888902455568314,
0.010557590052485466,
0.010925117880105972,
-0.054922472685575485,
0.004191018175333738,
0.040809858590364456,
0.036422375589609146,
0.04720677435398102,
-0.06218067556619644,
-0.019430629909038544,
0.05781005695462227,
0.030263416469097137,
-0.01628691516816616,
0.012186996638774872,
0.009696675464510918,
0.01644006557762623,
0.015976591035723686,
-0.026905212551355362,
-0.037911269813776016,
-0.027153365314006805,
0.04940320923924446,
0.0011443678522482514,
-0.023571711033582687,
-0.0017239456064999104,
-0.008239027112722397,
0.0457175113260746,
0.10244689136743546,
-0.037702158093452454,
-0.027965864166617393,
-0.005319521296769381,
0.012576951645314693,
0.005722938105463982,
0.0438227616250515,
-0.003245241940021515,
-0.03484909236431122,
0.008610322140157223,
-0.07343991845846176,
0.037245187908411026,
0.016306301578879356,
-0.021381115540862083,
0.011843354441225529,
-0.02072453312575817,
-0.03843788430094719,
-0.0002466976875439286,
0.06584282964468002,
-0.00789132621139288,
-0.028609994798898697,
-0.03148062154650688,
-0.006491867359727621,
-0.06801292300224304,
-0.054849956184625626,
0.02588365599513054,
0.013758896850049496,
-0.04044413939118385,
0.005189805757254362,
-0.016630224883556366,
0.019956255331635475,
-0.007268350571393967,
-0.07195153832435608,
-0.004163209814578295,
0.020613903179764748,
0.023791253566741943,
0.010223745368421078,
0.021191231906414032,
0.025669164955615997,
0.0012213420122861862,
-0.030435819178819656,
0.033297404646873474,
-0.024761419743299484,
0.04087875410914421,
-0.045001234859228134,
0.0029543163254857063,
-0.10434258729219437,
0.01298480574041605,
0.010515584610402584,
-0.05808399245142937,
-0.07796940952539444,
0.04564540460705757,
-0.028932176530361176,
0.06913894414901733,
0.05477814003825188,
-0.0024135790299624205,
0.011292150244116783,
-0.029475005343556404,
-0.022164028137922287,
0.029227880761027336,
0.009674366563558578,
0.045268621295690536,
-0.008099752478301525,
0.058062560856342316,
0.027793385088443756,
-0.012630910612642765,
-0.029372623190283775,
0.015880269929766655,
-0.0009009080822579563,
-0.03623667359352112,
-0.01871061511337757,
-0.045127984136343,
-0.004608836956322193,
-0.06710455566644669,
-0.04686663672327995,
0.009981808252632618,
0.010261038318276405,
-0.030027782544493675,
-0.03856725990772247,
0.0031109831761568785,
-0.00964746717363596,
0.0006467975908890367,
0.005029340740293264,
-0.024165078997612,
-0.01578686013817787,
-0.04234671965241432,
-0.03800193592905998,
-0.013271927833557129,
-0.015107732266187668,
0.02035171538591385,
-0.0417320542037487,
-0.01470028143376112,
-0.02382706291973591,
-0.03516712039709091,
0.028877196833491325,
0.019250450655817986,
0.024011800065636635,
0.002147944178432226
] |
215 |
Sparse autoencoders reveal selective remapping of visual concepts during adaptation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=imT03YXlG2
|
[
"Hyesu Lim",
"Jinho Choi",
"Jaegul Choo",
"Steffen Schneider"
] |
Poster
|
Adapting foundation models for specific purposes has become a standard approach to build machine learning systems for downstream applications. Yet, it is an open question which mechanisms take place during adaptation. Here we develop a new Sparse Autoencoder (SAE) for the CLIP vision transformer, named PatchSAE, to extract interpretable concepts at granular levels (e.g., shape, color, or semantics of an object) and their patch-wise spatial attributions. We explore how these concepts influence the model output in downstream image classification tasks and investigate how recent state-of-the-art prompt-based adaptation techniques change the association of model inputs to these concepts. While activations of concepts slightly change between adapted and non-adapted models, we find that the majority of gains on common adaptation tasks can be explained with the existing concepts already present in the non-adapted foundation model. This work provides a concrete framework to train and use SAEs for Vision Transformers and provides insights into explaining adaptation mechanisms.
|
interpretability, vision-language models, sparse autoencoder, adaptation
| null | 14,240 |
2412.05276
|
[
0.031114311888813972,
-0.017943067476153374,
-0.005269259680062532,
0.029151713475584984,
0.05001385882496834,
0.05442996323108673,
0.02660679817199707,
0.025221481919288635,
-0.04961595684289932,
-0.04919089376926422,
-0.019143415614962578,
0.014828404411673546,
-0.08563373982906342,
-0.0027049221098423004,
-0.04721704497933388,
0.07057157903909683,
0.03103872574865818,
0.022633275017142296,
-0.01094467006623745,
0.042312875390052795,
0.012119457125663757,
-0.027501562610268593,
0.052853912115097046,
0.011790817603468895,
0.030864818021655083,
-0.012991190887987614,
0.004818421322852373,
0.04201889410614967,
-0.0040631829760968685,
0.00494287209585309,
0.013547162525355816,
0.00312052178196609,
-0.0073388912715017796,
-0.04189841449260712,
-0.005150196608155966,
-0.02015216462314129,
-0.054647210985422134,
-0.03177705407142639,
0.02254379913210869,
0.012630579993128777,
-0.020277228206396103,
0.012894525192677975,
0.014302867464721203,
-0.0006185662350617349,
-0.046756185591220856,
-0.017982471734285355,
-0.11673081666231155,
0.016727663576602936,
-0.017609093338251114,
-0.019849121570587158,
-0.05680064111948013,
0.03101462684571743,
0.022280795499682426,
-0.013435962609946728,
0.022576292976737022,
0.02719915471971035,
0.03751225024461746,
-0.045078396797180176,
-0.003895249217748642,
-0.03281295672059059,
-0.03771799057722092,
0.019410572946071625,
0.041057657450437546,
0.02067985199391842,
-0.02624526061117649,
-0.023668713867664337,
0.005017886869609356,
0.0633716955780983,
-0.024755002930760384,
-0.04611266404390335,
0.005009277258068323,
-0.02657928131520748,
0.0061021060682833195,
0.012046558782458305,
-0.02300972305238247,
-0.013942376710474491,
0.02175706997513771,
0.01852325350046158,
0.06272228807210922,
-0.03021528571844101,
0.03401988744735718,
0.009492062032222748,
0.01380676869302988,
0.04109486564993858,
0.0310168769210577,
0.004729487933218479,
-0.013374535366892815,
-0.014140411280095577,
-0.060234297066926956,
0.028424985706806183,
-0.036355648189783096,
-0.03225753828883171,
0.024155685678124428,
0.039241548627614975,
0.030631406232714653,
0.0018069777870550752,
0.016508126631379128,
-0.0004320435400586575,
0.028779620304703712,
0.02221943438053131,
-0.002955671399831772,
-0.01626412384212017,
0.03101690672338009,
0.0052181510254740715,
-0.08844964951276779,
0.007405517157167196,
-0.00454319454729557,
-0.037331052124500275,
-0.03665658459067345,
-0.0008096784586086869,
-0.020114045590162277,
-0.0006918898434378207,
0.006181991193443537,
-0.015756599605083466,
-0.08845021575689316,
0.023553937673568726,
0.004875289276242256,
0.016535941511392593,
-0.02810736373066902,
-0.0004316807317081839,
0.060547955334186554,
0.0477890707552433,
-0.012097957544028759,
0.08305773884057999,
-0.01580454222857952,
-0.005130153149366379,
0.009685663506388664,
0.04799266159534454,
-0.03657148778438568,
-0.045883502811193466,
0.02516215294599533,
-0.003911059815436602,
-0.023131180554628372,
0.00449396064504981,
0.008256446570158005,
-0.018982356414198875,
0.016474787145853043,
-0.04231748729944229,
0.04065375775098801,
0.0006724945269525051,
0.0027266270481050014,
0.003500324208289385,
0.050114765763282776,
-0.019352607429027557,
0.06546765565872192,
-0.03174390271306038,
0.015599279664456844,
-0.008642211556434631,
-0.035607967525720596,
0.012976692989468575,
0.016546523198485374,
-0.02763594500720501,
-0.006259669084101915,
-0.07142666727304459,
0.023747161030769348,
0.07348877191543579,
-0.00576426275074482,
0.013411975465714931,
0.018553869798779488,
0.02546188049018383,
0.009089787490665913,
-0.04601460322737694,
-0.0207599475979805,
0.005094750318676233,
-0.014084463007748127,
-0.028860468417406082,
0.007703548762947321,
0.015162904746830463,
-0.004435759503394365,
0.007488292176276445,
-0.026819132268428802,
-0.032258689403533936,
0.034355100244283676,
-0.019191624596714973,
-0.038474272936582565,
0.012060039676725864,
0.05684352666139603,
0.027859050780534744,
0.04985654354095459,
0.01816507987678051,
-0.09341788291931152,
0.04508047550916672,
-0.024478556588292122,
-0.005736445542424917,
0.009195853024721146,
-0.05838007107377052,
0.08084253966808319,
-0.03260735794901848,
0.0007441669004037976,
-0.009733478538691998,
-0.07006402313709259,
-0.03215545788407326,
-0.005166439339518547,
-0.03259502351284027,
0.05345579609274864,
-0.01921592652797699,
-0.04028134420514107,
0.041446566581726074,
0.02407032623887062,
0.039595119655132294,
0.06484006345272064,
-0.06485217809677124,
0.03904258832335472,
-0.008033672347664833,
-0.01516551524400711,
-0.007078053429722786,
0.04105203598737717,
-0.027696313336491585,
-0.030945084989070892,
0.019378777593374252,
0.002822294132784009,
0.012257722206413746,
0.009100177325308323,
0.008993973024189472,
0.016490718349814415,
0.009412453509867191,
0.0019995977636426687,
-0.0020502684637904167,
0.028286749497056007,
-0.07105450332164764,
0.033122848719358444,
0.023928318172693253,
-0.04985334351658821,
-0.003172359662130475,
-0.027550654485821724,
0.0755627453327179,
0.06792589277029037,
-0.04581896588206291,
-0.03496772423386574,
0.010142560116946697,
0.012705512344837189,
0.01609494537115097,
-0.01780277118086815,
-0.050552256405353546,
-0.019734255969524384,
-0.023981131613254547,
0.03342674672603607,
-0.017327452078461647,
0.05779588595032692,
-0.041199978440999985,
-0.003178398124873638,
0.06007032096385956,
0.00811311136931181,
-0.011877669021487236,
-0.012723474763333797,
0.009779158048331738,
0.04410374164581299,
-0.023502442985773087,
0.0057531679049134254,
-0.006154799368232489,
-0.003142633242532611,
0.0011816916521638632,
-0.021007167175412178,
-0.032760024070739746,
-0.005130349192768335,
-0.02843349799513817,
-0.04496914893388748,
-0.05745500326156616,
0.11701903492212296,
0.049218449741601944,
0.02916114404797554,
0.03258176147937775,
-0.013170208781957626,
-0.0025462538469582796,
-0.02354327030479908,
-0.09234899282455444,
-0.03883414715528488,
-0.03812204301357269,
0.020788799971342087,
0.0008376253535971045,
0.04548411816358566,
0.01794842816889286,
0.04801701754331589,
-0.03733200207352638,
0.0038510183803737164,
-0.013393407687544823,
0.03546123579144478,
-0.003420236986130476,
-0.02108525112271309,
-0.005375628359615803,
0.041318558156490326,
0.0630456730723381,
-0.0005690812249667943,
-0.007839012891054153,
-0.026603033766150475,
-0.05388130247592926,
-0.042086921632289886,
-0.0038003032095730305,
-0.018297819420695305,
-0.00583199318498373,
0.03941606357693672,
0.013046017847955227,
-0.02440650574862957,
0.02008800581097603,
-0.0063505456782877445,
0.09668567776679993,
0.06800904124975204,
-0.01878504455089569,
-0.01727711781859398,
-0.005093895364552736,
0.004764648620039225,
0.045103251934051514,
-0.008109462447464466,
-0.02869594842195511,
-0.014041502960026264,
0.022536709904670715,
-0.0073958151042461395,
-0.009198739193379879,
-0.2696673572063446,
-0.025360392406582832,
0.020129447802901268,
0.010540279559791088,
0.03544296696782112,
-0.06650133430957794,
0.039068326354026794,
-0.012005438096821308,
-0.009911482222378254,
0.02480619214475155,
0.035922836512327194,
0.004882975947111845,
-0.0036284183152019978,
0.05905282124876976,
0.011460788547992706,
0.019832096993923187,
0.012647492811083794,
-0.023703405633568764,
0.00787590816617012,
0.0545615553855896,
-0.027855683118104935,
-0.07217663526535034,
-0.013604117557406425,
0.060042209923267365,
-0.02979469671845436,
0.049488820135593414,
-0.08066903054714203,
-0.007923767901957035,
-0.029723405838012695,
-0.007522363681346178,
-0.023395264521241188,
-0.028846491128206253,
0.01675090380012989,
0.06220779940485954,
0.010311424732208252,
0.025917496532201767,
0.026380516588687897,
-0.032355550676584244,
0.0011716855224221945,
0.012280264869332314,
-0.019742466509342194,
-0.010086646303534508,
-0.011524650268256664,
0.024236265569925308,
0.05157787352800369,
-0.013488027267158031,
-0.033189356327056885,
-0.007766105700284243,
-0.019748505204916,
0.020921189337968826,
-0.012174439616501331,
0.003061057534068823,
-0.023126116022467613,
0.011925620026886463,
0.015169843100011349,
-0.03855481743812561,
0.04906411096453667,
-0.012053750455379486,
-0.016645368188619614,
-0.004042802378535271,
-0.0060749235562980175,
-0.06623397767543793,
0.004862568341195583,
-0.059439659118652344,
-0.015768568962812424,
-0.02739492617547512,
-0.05858367681503296,
-0.05307577922940254,
0.04066707193851471,
0.004697727970778942,
-0.016651643440127373,
0.017887350171804428,
-0.03847842663526535,
-0.0940154418349266,
0.028587911278009415,
-0.01217507291585207,
-0.003704461734741926,
-0.0070777409709990025,
-0.030033979564905167,
0.033738866448402405,
0.0021497684065252542,
-0.05049737170338631,
0.012391982600092888,
0.01085489522665739,
0.010547230951488018,
-0.026559647172689438,
0.03222079202532768,
-0.019620707258582115,
-0.017656750977039337,
-0.010355697944760323,
0.04911180958151817,
-0.01720012165606022,
0.034031230956315994,
-0.001315549947321415,
0.042660679668188095,
0.04522357136011124,
0.041570261120796204,
0.04591313749551773,
0.04151976481080055,
-0.0050987242721021175,
0.03160307556390762,
-0.07426156848669052,
-0.005083752330392599,
-0.0268603153526783,
-0.015139701776206493,
0.014800657518208027,
-0.011936970055103302,
-0.001783927553333342,
0.0655689388513565,
0.006245855707675219,
-0.015568475238978863,
-0.01362589467316866,
-0.013710088096559048,
0.003970509860664606,
-0.025721818208694458,
-0.0032599796541035175,
0.01608436182141304,
-0.008102154359221458,
0.02247880958020687,
-0.02281009964644909,
-0.01652391441166401,
0.0523390993475914,
-0.026626311242580414,
0.017921866849064827,
0.002859442727640271,
-0.029974322766065598,
-0.03545903414487839,
0.009876258671283722,
-0.02675195410847664,
0.013366738334298134,
0.07126110792160034,
0.041372306644916534,
-0.005012035835534334,
0.035568855702877045,
0.06149625405669212,
-0.021578781306743622,
-0.015820220112800598,
0.004343364387750626,
0.02999632991850376,
-0.0317065566778183,
0.019335465505719185,
0.014978287741541862,
0.05521390959620476,
0.004443929065018892,
0.008501604199409485,
-0.003621229436248541,
0.04177415743470192,
0.0163657758384943,
-0.020425522699952126,
-0.012240334413945675,
0.02709101140499115,
-0.05562672019004822,
-0.054046206176280975,
-0.03324965015053749,
-0.018899545073509216,
-0.039260782301425934,
0.0022073856089264154,
-0.03237123414874077,
0.024493630975484848,
-0.0551198273897171,
0.06954745203256607,
0.019405078142881393,
-0.03427872061729431,
0.005406046286225319,
0.03324522823095322,
0.035011302679777145,
0.012736128643155098,
-0.03836331516504288,
0.029576586559414864,
0.011527467519044876,
-0.01124592311680317,
-0.04122414439916611,
-0.03611931577324867,
-0.04699990525841713,
-0.027303896844387054,
-0.01064030360430479,
0.004935616161674261,
-0.03652504086494446,
-0.04736582189798355,
0.04319433867931366,
0.038230642676353455,
0.012067100033164024,
0.008679053746163845,
-0.013147289864718914,
0.060533471405506134,
0.011095683090388775,
-0.013780036009848118,
-0.03281235322356224,
-0.009727252647280693,
0.01815830171108246,
0.014881228096783161,
-0.00030742736998945475,
-0.05933874845504761,
-0.035254158079624176,
-0.04818582907319069,
-0.014846757985651493,
-0.025617608800530434,
0.012086843140423298,
-0.0012022542068734765,
-0.00008716465526958928,
-0.0218982957303524,
0.038163427263498306,
-0.007237221579998732,
-0.007999933324754238,
0.032453153282403946,
-0.07168574631214142,
0.051617156714200974,
0.05803792551159859,
-0.037421733140945435,
0.010715089738368988,
-0.01681310124695301,
-0.024700993672013283,
-0.05390164256095886,
-0.03279177471995354,
0.011686880141496658,
0.002418608870357275,
-0.01732669211924076,
-0.009469983167946339,
0.007662318646907806,
-0.008909800089895725,
0.027715763077139854,
-0.0026236253324896097,
0.008863198570907116,
0.01657087914645672,
0.022916989400982857,
0.027728497982025146,
-0.011022962629795074,
0.03498712554574013,
-0.006115769036114216,
-0.023185472935438156,
-0.011314020492136478,
-0.02766796015202999,
0.014795859344303608,
0.07284295558929443,
0.009722575545310974,
-0.019064784049987793,
-0.04807224124670029,
0.019618596881628036,
0.038351044058799744,
-0.01572800613939762,
0.053658850491046906,
0.006029648706316948,
-0.04677921533584595,
0.05349085107445717,
0.027246788144111633,
0.04651595652103424,
-0.011101031675934792,
-0.015663743019104004,
0.0431024506688118,
0.010288235731422901,
0.03469889238476753,
0.014992749318480492,
-0.017632760107517242,
-0.01076438743621111,
0.06852184981107712,
-0.0379696786403656,
-0.017330065369606018,
-0.050460368394851685,
-0.04324823617935181,
0.031037993729114532,
0.019134242087602615,
0.0052848802879452705,
0.010496992617845535,
0.02220933698117733,
0.03146525099873543,
-0.006751071661710739,
-0.011403640732169151,
-0.008254673331975937,
0.025880252942442894,
-0.04151626303792,
-0.009508389048278332,
-0.023444827646017075,
-0.015281782485544682,
0.08662053197622299,
-0.0321693979203701,
0.013559523038566113,
-0.016255369409918785,
-0.0437232069671154,
0.03692447394132614,
-0.03616629168391228,
-0.04033709317445755,
0.007665019016712904,
-0.01890627108514309,
0.034543439745903015,
0.018781032413244247,
-0.0490487664937973,
0.012045560404658318,
-0.034828849136829376,
-0.040332820266485214,
-0.002627748064696789,
-0.03471226990222931,
0.05501377210021019,
-0.018157348036766052,
-0.008994103409349918,
-0.02628280781209469,
0.007173501420766115,
0.02957082726061344,
0.08310002833604813,
0.02670082449913025,
0.010511881671845913,
-0.03276696056127548,
0.06762688606977463,
0.03902897238731384,
-0.0023201918229460716,
-0.0003917055146303028,
0.01669302023947239,
-0.023765308782458305,
-0.04990197718143463,
0.05239597707986832,
0.009572666138410568,
-0.058859556913375854,
-0.08457769453525543,
0.029719464480876923,
0.038219016045331955,
-0.05565483123064041,
0.027521463111042976,
0.03465892747044563,
-0.048819445073604584,
-0.014033287763595581,
0.0005612901295535266,
-0.00393033167347312,
0.004004856571555138,
0.04691692441701889,
-0.013213587924838066,
0.048283498734235764,
0.055145662277936935,
0.040060367435216904,
-0.01370044145733118,
0.000021444975573103875,
0.07063278555870056,
0.07757243514060974,
0.04948820173740387,
0.001715371967293322,
0.06206212565302849,
-0.0045773363672196865,
-0.04132461920380592,
0.06362006813287735,
-0.0197442714124918,
0.006609718315303326,
-0.0776931643486023,
0.01870117336511612,
0.10406837612390518,
0.03853144869208336,
0.032934773713350296,
-0.06361676752567291,
-0.032506391406059265,
0.040548019111156464,
-0.01576630398631096,
0.010617685504257679,
0.01827620528638363,
0.065546415746212,
-0.039977435022592545,
-0.028981629759073257,
-0.0035090954042971134,
-0.02528965100646019,
-0.015233608894050121,
0.02096611261367798,
0.02626175805926323,
-0.003754250006750226,
0.011320844292640686,
-0.007990271784365177,
0.04491965100169182,
0.09051183611154556,
-0.0062334067188203335,
-0.011390206404030323,
0.01205359399318695,
0.0036543922033160925,
-0.0036029345355927944,
0.07025408744812012,
-0.030755553394556046,
-0.03889372944831848,
-0.0035588457249104977,
-0.058063194155693054,
0.025609798729419708,
0.06371471285820007,
0.01685197651386261,
0.01422323938459158,
-0.05601825192570686,
-0.032443366944789886,
0.0037108175456523895,
0.047038182616233826,
-0.041788309812545776,
-0.027850959450006485,
-0.07212913036346436,
-0.04327534884214401,
-0.049598224461078644,
-0.02656860277056694,
0.017023980617523193,
-0.027569536119699478,
-0.04793720692396164,
-0.06040865182876587,
-0.028842907398939133,
0.009584430605173111,
0.01766672357916832,
-0.060105133801698685,
0.013646396808326244,
0.008902192115783691,
0.0009839197155088186,
-0.022308826446533203,
0.04243887588381767,
0.04030090942978859,
-0.01108658965677023,
0.014938358217477798,
0.03655736520886421,
0.005023361649364233,
-0.016410324722528458,
-0.001555894617922604,
-0.015317784622311592,
-0.09580183774232864,
0.021734675392508507,
0.03186224028468132,
-0.042079586535692215,
-0.0781664252281189,
0.02352270483970642,
-0.02665787935256958,
0.03158466890454292,
0.05892467871308327,
0.005128775257617235,
0.02591266855597496,
-0.025808829814195633,
-0.0029410640709102154,
-0.00298282690346241,
0.0050208535976707935,
0.022649113088846207,
0.00926394946873188,
0.07685544341802597,
0.03463810682296753,
0.016123289242386818,
-0.0034611737355589867,
0.0009367084712721407,
-0.01341977622359991,
0.061235133558511734,
0.006786832120269537,
-0.03820735961198807,
-0.05830959603190422,
-0.0927361398935318,
-0.04543890804052353,
0.013210331089794636,
-0.013161668553948402,
-0.06050708144903183,
-0.030139880254864693,
-0.05116318538784981,
-0.02483551949262619,
-0.034959644079208374,
0.022867904976010323,
-0.01889454759657383,
-0.04847179725766182,
-0.04741364344954491,
-0.06279324740171432,
0.03466733917593956,
-0.023954959586262703,
0.015616700053215027,
-0.04643730819225311,
-0.05824986472725868,
-0.011167353019118309,
-0.0012817642418667674,
0.011686231009662151,
0.0031096406746655703,
0.018971014767885208,
-0.0039041023701429367
] |
216 |
PIED: Physics-Informed Experimental Design for Inverse Problems
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=w7P92BEsb2
|
[
"Apivich Hemachandra",
"Gregory Kang Ruey Lau",
"See-Kiong Ng",
"Bryan Kian Hsiang Low"
] |
Poster
|
In many science and engineering settings, system dynamics are characterized by governing partial differential equations (PDEs), and a major challenge is to solve inverse problems (IPs) where unknown PDE parameters are inferred based on observational data gathered under limited budget.
Due to the high costs of setting up and running experiments, experimental design (ED) is often done with the help of PDE simulations to optimize for the most informative design parameters (e.g., sensor placements) to solve such IPs, prior to actual data collection. This process of optimizing design parameters is especially critical when the budget and other practical constraints make it infeasible to adjust the design parameters between trials during the experiments.
However, existing experimental design (ED) methods tend to require sequential and frequent design parameter adjustments between trials. Furthermore, they also have significant computational bottlenecks due to the need for complex numerical simulations for PDEs, and do not exploit the advantages provided by physics informed neural networks (PINNs) in solving IPs for PDE-governed systems, such as its meshless solutions, differentiability, and amortized training.
This work presents Physics-Informed Experimental Design (PIED), the first ED framework that makes use of PINNs in a fully differentiable architecture to perform continuous optimization of design parameters for IPs for one-shot deployments.
PIED overcomes existing methods' computational bottlenecks through parallelized computation and meta-learning of PINN parameter initialization, and proposes novel methods to effectively take into account PINN training dynamics in optimizing the ED parameters.
Through experiments based on noisy simulated data and even real world experimental data, we empirically show that given limited observation budget, PIED significantly outperforms existing ED methods in solving IPs, including for challenging settings where the inverse parameters are unknown functions rather than just finite-dimensional.
|
Physics-Informed Neural Network, PINNs, Experimental Design, AI For Science, Active Learning, Data Selection
|
An experimental design framework for PDE-based inverse problems that uses PINNs and its training dynamics, in a fully differentiable architecture to perform continuous optimization of design parameters.
| 14,224 |
2503.07070
|
[
-0.040954217314720154,
-0.0004158609954174608,
-0.01531934179365635,
0.060338832437992096,
0.03714010491967201,
0.04032835736870766,
0.013027941808104515,
-0.032107193022966385,
-0.03440898284316063,
-0.04828229546546936,
0.004991821479052305,
-0.0007358411676250398,
-0.026443220674991608,
-0.00781277660280466,
0.0014300445327535272,
0.06370531767606735,
0.0311777051538229,
-0.03815078362822533,
0.02056889235973358,
0.055558327585458755,
-0.0016278941184282303,
-0.03014378808438778,
0.0401749424636364,
0.060055334120988846,
0.008179615251719952,
-0.033732056617736816,
0.014180447906255722,
-0.012775889597833157,
-0.02173513174057007,
0.004795518238097429,
0.00453574163839221,
-0.0007880997145548463,
-0.018657775595784187,
-0.04225926473736763,
-0.01416191179305315,
0.05415152758359909,
-0.052099499851465225,
0.013683471828699112,
-0.02110026590526104,
0.003611612832173705,
-0.028862442821264267,
0.021222632378339767,
-0.015626749023795128,
-0.012105210684239864,
-0.005072004161775112,
0.05057369917631149,
-0.06112591549754143,
0.029716312885284424,
-0.007946446537971497,
-0.00583215756341815,
-0.11482034623622894,
0.01656581275165081,
0.00704186549410224,
0.01028840709477663,
-0.030125809833407402,
0.04498685151338577,
0.04112759977579117,
-0.04477481544017792,
-0.01849309541285038,
-0.06496413797140121,
0.008132625371217728,
0.030589815229177475,
-0.01165847759693861,
-0.01931961067020893,
0.03178371861577034,
-0.02105158567428589,
-0.013484691269695759,
0.04556364566087723,
-0.023536736145615578,
-0.005859873257577419,
-0.04035067558288574,
-0.03179461508989334,
0.013745253905653954,
-0.013290508650243282,
0.03257421776652336,
-0.045109670609235764,
0.031908631324768066,
0.03392643854022026,
0.04365357756614685,
0.017698870971798897,
0.018819615244865417,
0.03053349256515503,
-0.001001317985355854,
0.015193575993180275,
-0.007880198769271374,
-0.0006175732123665512,
-0.042078740894794464,
-0.0027033239603042603,
-0.06349174678325653,
0.0588427372276783,
-0.014034549705684185,
-0.08133681863546371,
0.020971590653061867,
0.060899749398231506,
0.04581940919160843,
0.0007384917116723955,
0.03250978887081146,
0.0019550181459635496,
0.030134599655866623,
0.012800508178770542,
0.015429364517331123,
-0.04171639308333397,
0.023906294256448746,
0.019000092521309853,
-0.07614956051111221,
-0.04738833010196686,
-0.03879784047603607,
-0.06090788170695305,
-0.04998920112848282,
-0.003541540587320924,
-0.04256570339202881,
-0.020279180258512497,
-0.02214549109339714,
-0.03541618958115578,
-0.11776318401098251,
0.05804280936717987,
0.03956829011440277,
0.019227467477321625,
0.022745272144675255,
0.014012757688760757,
0.004302545450627804,
0.030011214315891266,
0.035220641642808914,
0.0526835098862648,
0.014787630178034306,
0.03791370242834091,
0.043532297015190125,
0.055118221789598465,
-0.040160730481147766,
-0.020412355661392212,
-0.012037239968776703,
0.04237857833504677,
0.005553837399929762,
-0.039560895413160324,
0.010470078326761723,
-0.027207795530557632,
0.01592709869146347,
0.019610777497291565,
0.00164328352548182,
0.030568813905119896,
-0.037814147770404816,
-0.020770413801074028,
0.06709029525518417,
-0.037660546600818634,
0.03802206367254257,
-0.021429991349577904,
0.03851050138473511,
-0.03868364915251732,
-0.04056110605597496,
0.006315840873867273,
-0.023400384932756424,
0.017284132540225983,
0.004012064542621374,
-0.04837552085518837,
-0.0045179566368460655,
0.018925487995147705,
0.003418892389163375,
0.0276165883988142,
-0.006530881393700838,
-0.012469020672142506,
0.02120848000049591,
-0.019532356411218643,
0.02723851054906845,
-0.001442365231923759,
0.008490641601383686,
-0.04820042476058006,
0.06228910759091377,
0.019249651581048965,
0.00712977722287178,
-0.006344910245388746,
-0.048981234431266785,
-0.01348811760544777,
0.05323716998100281,
0.007678561378270388,
-0.012824165634810925,
-0.01863563060760498,
0.036236654967069626,
-0.03436513617634773,
0.00963857676833868,
0.02640964463353157,
-0.08677986264228821,
0.0468769371509552,
0.009818662889301777,
-0.01054311916232109,
0.00931265763938427,
-0.030777186155319214,
0.10520368814468384,
-0.03469639644026756,
0.030704030767083168,
0.013511097989976406,
-0.08599910885095596,
-0.0038212519139051437,
0.05132931098341942,
-0.013986272737383842,
0.06355693936347961,
0.005853672977536917,
-0.00763854430988431,
0.03932062163949013,
0.016713544726371765,
0.04867241159081459,
0.010188708081841469,
-0.028297865763306618,
0.03966235741972923,
-0.004470122512429953,
-0.029109548777341843,
-0.06033630669116974,
0.06738437712192535,
-0.04650794342160225,
0.0016097052721306682,
0.012232625856995583,
-0.01639963686466217,
-0.012739327736198902,
0.002540485467761755,
-0.021824337542057037,
0.00743108382448554,
-0.019060127437114716,
-0.037896737456321716,
0.005978603847324848,
0.01152720395475626,
-0.044925469905138016,
0.02496582455933094,
0.03721748664975166,
0.010720943100750446,
0.02402280829846859,
-0.022115254774689674,
0.0917753130197525,
0.08549278229475021,
-0.029121365398168564,
0.0142044173553586,
0.05772167816758156,
0.02146044373512268,
0.01126121450215578,
0.029064524918794632,
-0.012005100026726723,
0.009831273928284645,
0.008469871245324612,
-0.003732839832082391,
-0.0038914461620151997,
0.10166062414646149,
-0.027989763766527176,
-0.025814861059188843,
0.06358789652585983,
-0.012949834577739239,
0.08184895664453506,
-3.2490181212097013e-8,
0.015513133257627487,
0.07840045541524887,
-0.01606088876724243,
-0.02699589729309082,
-0.03268171474337578,
-0.03544057533144951,
0.017085447907447815,
-0.0032495055347681046,
-0.019766714423894882,
0.008554400876164436,
-0.07394559681415558,
-0.02620193362236023,
0.0043467748910188675,
0.07903998345136642,
0.06470531970262527,
-0.022905347868800163,
0.011345740407705307,
0.03860138729214668,
-0.033079881221055984,
-0.0064313155598938465,
-0.11876725405454636,
-0.01915714703500271,
0.013589817099273205,
0.02726791426539421,
0.0076845185831189156,
0.03921330347657204,
0.027352651581168175,
0.01742607355117798,
-0.018127094954252243,
-0.032636210322380066,
0.031649019569158554,
0.026003990322351456,
0.0020499401725828648,
-0.03893385827541351,
-0.03986966609954834,
0.051704999059438705,
0.09801260381937027,
-0.005022622644901276,
-0.03913518041372299,
-0.015065573155879974,
-0.052869025617837906,
-0.02276751771569252,
-0.021391697227954865,
-0.018578818067908287,
0.021641572937369347,
0.012032635509967804,
-0.0159634780138731,
-0.03922645002603531,
0.014730756171047688,
0.0388130359351635,
0.03717513754963875,
0.028199808672070503,
0.02019054815173149,
-0.014625358395278454,
0.015012519434094429,
-0.013117151334881783,
0.007177160587161779,
-0.029328085482120514,
0.007487455848604441,
-0.045133642852306366,
0.005491654854267836,
0.046220142394304276,
-0.005811130627989769,
-0.2524283826351166,
-0.008321989327669144,
0.027309343218803406,
-0.020093658939003944,
0.04217273369431496,
0.012652471661567688,
0.055335961282253265,
-0.02776237763464451,
-0.045676130801439285,
-0.03283544257283211,
-0.00295875477604568,
0.015816226601600647,
-0.014120060950517654,
0.05503156781196594,
0.04754810035228729,
0.006936211604624987,
0.04702999070286751,
-0.032428789883852005,
0.004460823722183704,
0.008051162585616112,
-0.020468467846512794,
-0.05711789429187775,
-0.016899101436138153,
0.0004311614902690053,
-0.010671560652554035,
0.001057922258041799,
-0.06915926188230515,
0.01652013137936592,
-0.05036662518978119,
0.0013642716221511364,
0.00032425191602669656,
-0.030201837420463562,
-0.03562343120574951,
0.06183500587940216,
0.02898278646171093,
-0.0035632792860269547,
0.030810194090008736,
-0.015759874135255814,
0.01790868118405342,
0.007060696370899677,
-0.028382645919919014,
-0.0009840388083830476,
-0.03478661924600601,
0.027786696329712868,
0.054610975086688995,
-0.001762094907462597,
-0.003931066952645779,
-0.029979007318615913,
0.0038474181201308966,
0.035593487322330475,
0.026934772729873657,
-0.01110310759395361,
0.010555751621723175,
-0.03732364624738693,
-0.02749720588326454,
-0.013171304017305374,
0.02639668434858322,
0.017778780311346054,
-0.02022654563188553,
0.016742253676056862,
-0.0012373391073197126,
-0.02990843914449215,
0.000900561804883182,
-0.017455384135246277,
0.012289293110370636,
-0.049785103648900986,
-0.0862712636590004,
-0.046942055225372314,
0.029084641486406326,
0.02431441843509674,
0.03076172061264515,
-0.0006389134796336293,
-0.017686447128653526,
-0.11937321722507477,
0.019643988460302353,
0.0011655489215627313,
0.010755131021142006,
-0.05801524594426155,
0.0004948385176248848,
0.025223683565855026,
-0.0464150495827198,
-0.02560892142355442,
-0.01477892231196165,
0.0442102812230587,
-0.0015610355185344815,
0.022773640230298042,
0.01771398074924946,
-0.08018329739570618,
0.006882978603243828,
-0.019415738061070442,
0.03292682766914368,
0.0003304946585558355,
0.059790097177028656,
-0.020317330956459045,
0.042230166494846344,
0.04703594371676445,
0.028314949944615364,
0.028122710064053535,
0.031345222145318985,
-0.017262330278754234,
0.011467672884464264,
-0.07789910584688187,
-0.030059687793254852,
-0.05271679535508156,
-0.005931481719017029,
0.00043318187817931175,
-0.021208813413977623,
-0.019726606085896492,
0.036095358431339264,
0.024182084947824478,
-0.01272575743496418,
-0.025248704478144646,
-0.0007881682831794024,
-0.02890205569565296,
-0.0001070685320883058,
-0.01514102891087532,
0.00493630999699235,
0.05747603252530098,
0.03361577168107033,
-0.015821602195501328,
-0.027651429176330566,
0.031092189252376556,
-0.030362863093614578,
-0.004781233612447977,
-0.00786625687032938,
-0.0016735856188461185,
0.022936932742595673,
-0.02374747395515442,
0.00748399319127202,
-0.01843305490911007,
0.03852887079119682,
0.05622752755880356,
0.012390539050102234,
0.06541679799556732,
0.03592093661427498,
0.011383488774299622,
-0.02002730220556259,
-0.008792178705334663,
0.04792233556509018,
0.0032530981115996838,
0.036357004195451736,
0.011451909318566322,
0.0056398226879537106,
-0.013958672061562538,
0.0659899115562439,
0.058842502534389496,
-0.00823035929352045,
0.008515875786542892,
0.01891256496310234,
-0.018051616847515106,
0.019244246184825897,
-0.0683135837316513,
-0.04512910917401314,
-0.045963238924741745,
-0.026478569954633713,
-0.023968420922756195,
0.02850034274160862,
-0.0024080192670226097,
0.013828499242663383,
-0.07474604994058609,
0.037370119243860245,
0.03441841900348663,
-0.03234904259443283,
0.007455837447196245,
0.0009445735486224294,
0.06699313968420029,
-0.01670173928141594,
0.004927871748805046,
0.01689206063747406,
-0.03616096079349518,
0.0055030398070812225,
-0.024007486179471016,
-0.04342597350478172,
-0.026796290650963783,
-0.026144275441765785,
0.000023960257749422453,
0.008650081232190132,
-0.026000933721661568,
-0.02535674162209034,
-0.007794946897774935,
0.013411520048975945,
-0.010959216393530369,
-0.015663176774978638,
0.019063450396060944,
0.06233368068933487,
-0.02719377912580967,
0.002515793312340975,
0.006723749451339245,
-0.0055113122798502445,
0.012189432978630066,
0.022449053823947906,
0.012581991031765938,
-0.04198361188173294,
0.005537810735404491,
-0.027741936966776848,
-0.042633336037397385,
0.02658557891845703,
0.020309004932641983,
-0.007716658990830183,
-0.03245271369814873,
-0.002287871204316616,
0.013641320168972015,
-0.03577069193124771,
0.04273752495646477,
-0.006639392580837011,
-0.07204325497150421,
0.004964753519743681,
0.024602754041552544,
0.011229646392166615,
0.031127987429499626,
-0.034388259053230286,
-0.04283794015645981,
-0.06384146958589554,
0.04302535578608513,
0.010530144907534122,
-0.007675610017031431,
-0.014703257009387016,
0.01224865484982729,
-0.010684724897146225,
0.019090382382273674,
0.012887513265013695,
-0.001676657353527844,
-0.01367652602493763,
-0.035498518496751785,
0.019250303506851196,
0.03621536120772362,
-0.025715256109833717,
-0.03705490753054619,
0.004465494304895401,
-0.01472980435937643,
0.02862551249563694,
-0.02718227356672287,
0.0056080627255141735,
0.03181261569261551,
0.009147126227617264,
0.01796373538672924,
-0.050593066960573196,
0.02918412536382675,
-0.06424058973789215,
0.010313238948583603,
-0.028061166405677795,
0.003952530678361654,
-0.032849494367837906,
-0.007608325220644474,
-0.010892482474446297,
0.026294376701116562,
0.017201296985149384,
-0.019785543903708458,
0.019149214029312134,
0.029768211767077446,
0.011775113642215729,
-0.016767185181379318,
-0.06710872054100037,
-0.005574651528149843,
0.07319691777229309,
0.005850686691701412,
-0.012557747773826122,
-0.09529874473810196,
-0.00964881107211113,
0.00848489347845316,
-0.038176197558641434,
0.022255543619394302,
-0.01662483438849449,
0.047093771398067474,
0.011143682524561882,
0.028494086116552353,
0.0064576356671750546,
-0.04284992069005966,
0.05526811257004738,
-0.03367768973112106,
-0.009580718353390694,
-0.0453617200255394,
0.015809236094355583,
0.021593419834971428,
-0.02569381706416607,
0.03781672567129135,
0.03288988396525383,
-0.017826920375227928,
0.06685524433851242,
-0.04075675457715988,
-0.06376051157712936,
0.027035769075155258,
-0.004163031931966543,
-0.015399104915559292,
0.008217619732022285,
-0.020541539415717125,
-0.025518326088786125,
-0.00461091473698616,
-0.03519131615757942,
0.008565923199057579,
0.038973111659288406,
0.03088686615228653,
-0.011502531357109547,
0.002755629364401102,
-0.002883823588490486,
-0.00550854904577136,
-0.005386432632803917,
0.051256079226732254,
0.005333788692951202,
0.026397524401545525,
-0.05435403436422348,
0.058953478932380676,
0.038402020931243896,
0.03826642036437988,
0.025983251631259918,
-0.0013777330750599504,
-0.009409970603883266,
-0.06080302223563194,
0.01949238032102585,
-0.04719861224293709,
-0.020087651908397675,
-0.0603133961558342,
0.027615748345851898,
0.026536835357546806,
-0.0390266589820385,
-0.013718491420149803,
0.04020300135016441,
-0.036773692816495895,
-0.007063071709126234,
0.007580152712762356,
0.00047653025831095874,
-0.02246972545981407,
0.06809237599372864,
0.0014233652036637068,
0.02470139041543007,
0.05325623229146004,
0.02283354662358761,
0.0023528514429926872,
-0.01927759125828743,
0.07872526347637177,
0.0715513601899147,
0.0346895232796669,
0.011851760558784008,
0.07834020256996155,
-0.023197881877422333,
-0.03479676693677902,
0.012791243381798267,
0.008915153332054615,
-0.04397035017609596,
-0.04180488362908363,
-0.00875109527260065,
0.11844773590564728,
-0.0037720005493611097,
0.06592416018247604,
-0.026228899136185646,
0.015900924801826477,
0.03162437677383423,
0.025252582505345345,
0.008431735448539257,
0.03636852651834488,
-0.024914799258112907,
0.0011015358613803983,
-0.01720314472913742,
-0.04115327075123787,
-0.04505608603358269,
-0.054619237780570984,
0.029414182528853416,
0.00734424963593483,
-0.026952145621180534,
0.029263507574796677,
-0.022323032841086388,
0.004453424829989672,
0.06451226025819778,
-0.06872431188821793,
-0.07114662975072861,
-0.0009808018803596497,
0.01402944978326559,
-0.014632518403232098,
0.02238788828253746,
0.018767759203910828,
0.026889173313975334,
-0.0010615625651553273,
-0.047644928097724915,
0.03196907415986061,
0.03467399254441261,
-0.001471937051974237,
-0.0006552963750436902,
-0.045499537140131,
-0.0037014049012213945,
0.031885575503110886,
0.0035284017212688923,
-0.035062164068222046,
-0.05150814726948738,
-0.02647898532450199,
-0.027190588414669037,
-0.05796795338392258,
-0.030585866421461105,
0.025000207126140594,
-0.007480555213987827,
-0.01596786454319954,
0.04783356562256813,
-0.0059244707226753235,
0.035129547119140625,
0.053710319101810455,
-0.0696249008178711,
-0.012579375877976418,
0.05233808606863022,
-0.02599318139255047,
0.022602804005146027,
0.06399035453796387,
0.03753058239817619,
0.0006237198831513524,
-0.017175577580928802,
0.02294665388762951,
-0.03047129511833191,
0.03834524750709534,
-0.030231475830078125,
-0.01137256808578968,
-0.07875216007232666,
-0.0009807008318603039,
0.048068832606077194,
-0.051696937531232834,
-0.06788256019353867,
0.015370559878647327,
-0.04059707000851631,
-0.005918674636632204,
0.04595087468624115,
-0.01749848574399948,
-0.000858541636262089,
-0.028813019394874573,
-0.04164505377411842,
-0.024671202525496483,
-0.024957744404673576,
0.04466395452618599,
-0.04831675440073013,
0.048616863787174225,
0.017427729442715645,
-0.06545678526163101,
0.0017111010383814573,
0.03807539492845535,
-0.012060307897627354,
0.008983609266579151,
-0.05463138222694397,
0.010363423265516758,
-0.0179611686617136,
-0.08621162176132202,
-0.010484864003956318,
0.017676305025815964,
-0.049629174172878265,
-0.05268755927681923,
0.028173184022307396,
-0.00477343425154686,
0.04403466731309891,
0.005835386924445629,
-0.0185919851064682,
-0.009530484676361084,
-0.0396999791264534,
-0.02639942057430744,
-0.04930424690246582,
0.021023517474532127,
0.013254422694444656,
0.014911187812685966,
-0.014533105306327343,
-0.07164061069488525,
-0.028011173009872437,
-0.028581129387021065,
0.025493232533335686,
0.008409610949456692,
0.014524223282933235,
-0.004819119814783335
] |
217 |
AgentRefine: Enhancing Agent Generalization through Refinement Tuning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=FDimWzmcWn
|
[
"Dayuan Fu",
"Keqing He",
"Yejie Wang",
"Wentao Hong",
"Zhuoma GongQue",
"Weihao Zeng",
"Wei Wang",
"Jingang Wang",
"Xunliang Cai",
"Weiran Xu"
] |
Poster
|
Large Language Model (LLM) based agents have proved their ability to perform complex tasks like humans. However, there is still a large gap between open-sourced LLMs and commercial models like the GPT series. In this paper, we focus on improving the agent generalization capabilities of LLMs via instruction tuning. We first observe that the existing agent training corpus exhibits satisfactory results on held-in evaluation sets but fails to generalize to held-out sets. These agent-tuning works face severe formatting errors and are frequently stuck in the same mistake for a long while. We analyze that the poor generalization ability comes from overfitting to several manual agent environments and a lack of adaptation to new situations. They struggle with the wrong action steps and can not learn from the experience but just memorize existing observation-action relations. Inspired by the insight, we propose a novel AgentRefine framework for agent-tuning. The core idea is to enable the model to learn to correct its mistakes via observation in the trajectory. Specifically, we propose an agent synthesis framework to encompass a diverse array of environments and tasks and prompt a strong LLM to refine its error action according to the environment feedback. AgentRefine significantly outperforms state-of-the-art agent-tuning work in terms of generalization ability on diverse agent tasks. It also has better robustness facing perturbation and can generate diversified thought in inference. Our findings establish the correlation between agent generalization and self-refinement and provide a new paradigm for future research.
|
agent, self-refine, diversity, generalization, data synthesis
|
The self-refine data can expand the search space of LLM agent and improve the reason quality, leading a generalized performance in agent tasks.
| 14,212 |
2501.01702
|
[
-0.014488745480775833,
-0.036115068942308426,
0.0017777703469619155,
0.030818704515695572,
0.0586979053914547,
0.015472165308892727,
0.05063007399439812,
0.008617712184786797,
-0.0046289050951600075,
-0.024009205400943756,
-0.016588684171438217,
0.06029511243104935,
-0.07338552922010422,
-0.01944020576775074,
-0.01252380944788456,
0.05413486808538437,
0.04429656267166138,
0.0025902187917381525,
-0.00876244530081749,
0.010566318407654762,
-0.010790158063173294,
0.015704182907938957,
0.051334403455257416,
0.015468686819076538,
0.026681436225771904,
0.013432275503873825,
0.04135756939649582,
-0.006360820960253477,
-0.019690264016389847,
-0.003204930108040571,
0.02118280716240406,
-0.036665625870227814,
0.04368037357926369,
-0.011785381473600864,
-0.006091311573982239,
-0.004419601056724787,
-0.05209081247448921,
0.00879234541207552,
-0.011723814532160759,
0.01024374645203352,
-0.06019051373004913,
0.03518208488821983,
0.001307221013121307,
0.012968403287231922,
-0.04479600489139557,
0.033153235912323,
-0.09396762400865555,
-0.010406793095171452,
0.03330763801932335,
-0.039273619651794434,
-0.09116926789283752,
0.034020185470581055,
0.01100359670817852,
-0.009564641863107681,
-0.0024848529137670994,
0.0244491808116436,
0.059925395995378494,
-0.09480889141559601,
-0.022633837535977364,
-0.02982407808303833,
-0.041631776839494705,
0.024499626830220222,
0.040502164512872696,
0.01329825259745121,
-0.01073343027383089,
-0.009043172933161259,
0.024477532133460045,
0.026656143367290497,
-0.04850143939256668,
-0.009246722795069218,
-0.051155056804418564,
0.0024581262841820717,
-0.023683415725827217,
0.017766298726201057,
0.025635819882154465,
-0.035276878625154495,
0.0481921061873436,
0.048774175345897675,
0.049057487398386,
0.0025937561877071857,
0.002719131065532565,
0.040626078844070435,
0.020593049004673958,
0.04172138869762421,
0.03797284886240959,
0.008470576256513596,
-0.010115880519151688,
-0.03105313517153263,
-0.0924682766199112,
0.022940652444958687,
-0.013056080788373947,
-0.07992767542600632,
-0.001954087521880865,
0.027163343504071236,
0.022210394963622093,
0.029853370040655136,
0.016303295269608498,
0.009464983828365803,
-0.017184099182486534,
0.0017732655396685004,
-0.04935091361403465,
-0.014368722215294838,
-0.010022858157753944,
0.01628415286540985,
-0.09650979191064835,
-0.03295857831835747,
-0.019546153023838997,
-0.028380701318383217,
-0.01628796197474003,
0.01260975282639265,
-0.015471646562218666,
-0.027764419093728065,
0.01613168977200985,
-0.021027706563472748,
-0.10193747282028198,
0.03947128355503082,
-0.0103608975186944,
0.047837935388088226,
-0.0008931339252740145,
0.02954203449189663,
0.054966144263744354,
0.0596819743514061,
-0.005683390889316797,
0.07810194790363312,
-0.0351940281689167,
0.007784740068018436,
0.016287434846162796,
0.013836593367159367,
-0.04472411796450615,
-0.0421745702624321,
0.024626346305012703,
0.04488207399845123,
-0.01790410839021206,
0.011180868372321129,
-0.006817569490522146,
-0.02046416513621807,
-0.01390268187969923,
0.00911110732704401,
0.05514625832438469,
-0.0021423802245408297,
-0.0005498910904861987,
0.0076501499861478806,
0.06085612252354622,
-0.039015237241983414,
0.06942440569400787,
-0.005937430541962385,
-0.029915770515799522,
-0.016571877524256706,
-0.07054769992828369,
0.007127426564693451,
0.014633474871516228,
0.017397623509168625,
-0.01251181773841381,
-0.03915632143616676,
0.02499816194176674,
0.06508318334817886,
0.016791174188256264,
-0.0014241718454286456,
-0.000708377396222204,
0.01241068821400404,
0.017413880676031113,
-0.008156793192029,
-0.032055798918008804,
-0.021285779774188995,
-0.006726392079144716,
-0.04373105615377426,
-0.01117196585983038,
0.019996175542473793,
0.0010271440260112286,
-0.0013890204718336463,
-0.02549167349934578,
-0.013783863745629787,
0.013505082577466965,
-0.028530215844511986,
-0.003062085248529911,
-0.01490538939833641,
0.046544916927814484,
-0.000029655064281541854,
0.03969951719045639,
0.04287651926279068,
-0.06480614840984344,
0.013377397321164608,
0.011362995952367783,
0.003621794981881976,
0.014081946574151516,
-0.017423469573259354,
0.07267879694700241,
-0.02930743247270584,
-0.003078307257965207,
0.012335142120718956,
-0.0794161856174469,
-0.007724937982857227,
0.055306948721408844,
-0.016950679942965508,
0.08056791871786118,
-0.005496911238878965,
-0.02169109880924225,
0.04415396600961685,
0.033175259828567505,
0.06797755509614944,
0.054938942193984985,
-0.03125287592411041,
0.02999144420027733,
0.014332912862300873,
-0.011101284995675087,
-0.02572087198495865,
0.03418751433491707,
-0.024315878748893738,
-0.016442006453871727,
0.05173393338918686,
-0.014468834735453129,
0.015096528455615044,
0.027417916804552078,
0.003764079650864005,
0.02139986865222454,
0.019914593547582626,
-0.021862637251615524,
-0.010002284310758114,
-0.013745938427746296,
-0.039485782384872437,
0.011295576579868793,
0.011132114566862583,
-0.03200492262840271,
0.008749384433031082,
-0.04221540316939354,
0.09369751065969467,
0.054161831736564636,
-0.06603319197893143,
0.0027805406134575605,
0.008522510528564453,
0.020275328308343887,
0.0269672479480505,
0.0320921465754509,
-0.03979124128818512,
0.009631548076868057,
-0.05278431996703148,
-0.009447552263736725,
-0.02474740892648697,
0.02538643591105938,
-0.054973166435956955,
-0.016807585954666138,
0.06126837059855461,
-0.022398965433239937,
0.06135508045554161,
0.0074625699780881405,
0.04277762398123741,
0.02607949636876583,
-0.03475698083639145,
-0.006130840163677931,
-0.013210979290306568,
-0.01262145210057497,
-0.01741987280547619,
0.02829047664999962,
-0.04332161694765091,
-0.04518836364150047,
-0.05165078863501549,
-0.022059137001633644,
-0.0361381471157074,
0.06716734170913696,
0.05925679951906204,
0.010396073572337627,
0.020972074940800667,
-0.0025382533203810453,
-0.011984606273472309,
0.007525781635195017,
-0.13013556599617004,
-0.014415344223380089,
0.0023146371822804213,
0.00479490589350462,
0.008377891965210438,
0.030748512595891953,
0.0059569226577878,
0.033759426325559616,
-0.056527502834796906,
-0.017178518697619438,
0.010503149591386318,
0.01319187879562378,
0.023998018354177475,
-0.022064903751015663,
-0.028806962072849274,
0.003756587626412511,
0.03957261145114899,
-0.008303876966238022,
-0.02631012350320816,
-0.03989575058221817,
-0.036867037415504456,
-0.016033487394452095,
-0.05683023855090141,
-0.004486804362386465,
0.005549744702875614,
0.0054539646953344345,
0.01101034227758646,
0.00046913186088204384,
0.015851572155952454,
0.01600693352520466,
0.05120345205068588,
0.030618125572800636,
-0.013423376716673374,
-0.03278164938092232,
0.033026643097400665,
-0.013300186954438686,
0.02555103972554207,
-0.018955469131469727,
0.034234147518873215,
0.0016255120281130075,
-0.01956973969936371,
0.0016175443306565285,
0.014081774279475212,
-0.24683691561222076,
-0.042137261480093,
0.03940391167998314,
-0.00032280173036269844,
0.03285292163491249,
-0.011927710846066475,
0.07944391667842865,
-0.031113717705011368,
-0.017840348184108734,
0.002386730397120118,
0.021135946735739708,
0.025973355397582054,
0.04429807513952255,
0.05026010796427727,
0.06603071838617325,
0.029944350942969322,
-0.011201752349734306,
-0.020979413762688637,
0.012196438387036324,
0.041856661438941956,
-0.023964527994394302,
-0.0553147979080677,
-0.03714081272482872,
0.02563265524804592,
-0.015099376440048218,
0.0651078149676323,
-0.07228561490774155,
-0.030097588896751404,
-0.029621843248605728,
-0.00812439527362585,
-0.04130268469452858,
0.000995686394162476,
-0.03353924676775932,
0.016389524564146996,
0.002030362607911229,
0.0017429472645744681,
0.03599158674478531,
0.03095395490527153,
0.049284398555755615,
0.017175130546092987,
0.014894003979861736,
-0.013429319486021996,
-0.016823381185531616,
0.007257552817463875,
0.06177957355976105,
0.031967129558324814,
-0.09494366496801376,
-0.017702216282486916,
0.0025748612824827433,
0.03732806071639061,
-0.0021791246253997087,
-0.026599368080496788,
0.006823636591434479,
0.029504241421818733,
0.03739070147275925,
-0.034421272575855255,
0.012609580531716347,
-0.016230300068855286,
0.015317502431571484,
0.007249705959111452,
0.013917414471507072,
-0.03957393392920494,
-0.03732844442129135,
-0.017343569546937943,
-0.014845659025013447,
-0.019950542598962784,
-0.05519842356443405,
-0.06019412726163864,
0.04109774902462959,
0.01794249378144741,
-0.024262379854917526,
-0.0026115337386727333,
0.006109431851655245,
-0.09238044917583466,
0.009541906416416168,
0.0035525390412658453,
-0.0029462501406669617,
-0.018411029130220413,
0.01034750696271658,
0.05313527584075928,
-0.04976167157292366,
-0.03522602096199989,
-0.009358376264572144,
-0.017505481839179993,
0.05503348633646965,
0.008101268671452999,
0.014454159885644913,
-0.05195070430636406,
-0.026686901226639748,
-0.03918443247675896,
0.042047176510095596,
0.008253214880824089,
0.013919578865170479,
0.0037075525615364313,
0.08220673352479935,
0.028809024021029472,
0.03875046968460083,
0.05794239789247513,
0.03278383985161781,
0.004455176182091236,
0.034015584737062454,
-0.09638479351997375,
0.030665935948491096,
-0.025354893878102303,
0.008589350618422031,
0.01563621126115322,
-0.04049290716648102,
-0.026655489578843117,
0.0294748954474926,
0.02671572007238865,
0.008832111954689026,
-0.026321852579712868,
0.005000381264835596,
0.006805816199630499,
-0.027681343257427216,
-0.0008489798638038337,
0.0127987926825881,
0.0672852098941803,
0.026607414707541466,
-0.006779036484658718,
-0.04574044793844223,
0.026131372898817062,
-0.053873997181653976,
0.02050967514514923,
0.01399328000843525,
0.00048266167868860066,
0.0032241076696664095,
0.008895386941730976,
0.046493638306856155,
-0.007115612272173166,
0.007452679798007011,
0.015852192416787148,
-0.003711334429681301,
0.004950484726577997,
0.04813797399401665,
-0.015233309008181095,
-0.002437229035422206,
0.017928119748830795,
0.02271929197013378,
-0.017781060189008713,
0.003177783451974392,
-0.012201112695038319,
0.042498257011175156,
0.04210837930440903,
0.0294534582644701,
0.01679435558617115,
0.049832895398139954,
0.008359665982425213,
0.02133798971772194,
-0.015207987278699875,
0.08117468655109406,
-0.05150429531931877,
0.01075784582644701,
-0.023122387006878853,
0.023749934509396553,
-0.058233778923749924,
0.016383009031414986,
-0.020718339830636978,
0.02246326580643654,
-0.04593602195382118,
0.05133199319243431,
-0.023807110264897346,
-0.014421246014535427,
-0.00017621243023313582,
0.05176058039069176,
0.03691009432077408,
-0.010799647308886051,
-0.014628357253968716,
-0.0026645243633538485,
-0.00418627867475152,
0.013196786865592003,
-0.03835934028029442,
-0.058057647198438644,
0.004625846166163683,
-0.0064871227368712425,
0.006381707731634378,
0.010514184832572937,
-0.022446824237704277,
-0.029162364080548286,
0.054483067244291306,
-0.009192093275487423,
-0.0284130722284317,
-0.016597269102931023,
-0.015832649543881416,
0.07478536665439606,
-0.019897451624274254,
0.04479782283306122,
0.010473163798451424,
-0.0014359889319166541,
-0.03462115302681923,
0.009275135584175587,
0.03915134444832802,
-0.017717955633997917,
-0.022397169843316078,
-0.046285729855298996,
-0.03412642329931259,
0.019911082461476326,
0.00033903412986546755,
-0.00327761797234416,
-0.01192846242338419,
-0.008431138470768929,
0.002721412805840373,
-0.06344733387231827,
-0.011613065376877785,
0.041591107845306396,
-0.09973867237567902,
-0.01751822605729103,
0.0002039766841335222,
0.021061599254608154,
0.03052351251244545,
-0.07270082831382751,
-0.05243685096502304,
-0.04651588946580887,
-0.029194241389632225,
-0.005341367796063423,
-0.0462290458381176,
-0.016717156395316124,
-0.03965948894619942,
-0.010867930017411709,
-0.017904099076986313,
0.005114315543323755,
-0.024022351950407028,
-0.030382206663489342,
-0.006014286074787378,
0.00236304709687829,
0.03707446902990341,
-0.021663734689354897,
0.003856942057609558,
-0.00016116751066874713,
-0.04165559262037277,
0.043499983847141266,
-0.03423910215497017,
0.02901875600218773,
0.026165541261434555,
0.004014416132122278,
0.0003283717087469995,
-0.05073734000325203,
0.05092780292034149,
0.0046524410136044025,
-0.06148369982838631,
-0.014272854663431644,
-0.021050795912742615,
-0.04222313314676285,
0.024237237870693207,
-0.01091724168509245,
0.01861545816063881,
-0.017609836533665657,
-0.020476751029491425,
-0.017645496875047684,
0.01258583553135395,
0.002497037872672081,
0.019716111943125725,
-0.01592518389225006,
0.00881149247288704,
0.06288211047649384,
-0.024486158043146133,
-0.016168784350156784,
-0.03815968707203865,
-0.03473791852593422,
0.007164159324020147,
-0.009078055620193481,
0.03231251239776611,
-0.07895668596029282,
0.031572528183460236,
0.0016489012632519007,
0.03470266982913017,
-0.008478863164782524,
-0.03894447535276413,
0.036404285579919815,
-0.07673614472150803,
0.00688789552077651,
-0.06712684035301208,
-0.0054502286948263645,
0.07410290092229843,
-0.024155491963028908,
-0.03274649754166603,
-0.00893545150756836,
-0.04449130594730377,
0.03161816671490669,
-0.022794825956225395,
-0.05657067149877548,
0.030504992231726646,
-0.004382489249110222,
-0.02617049403488636,
0.0471479631960392,
-0.02607518620789051,
-0.035458944737911224,
-0.03368137776851654,
-0.043435756117105484,
0.0001403254282195121,
-0.006083356682211161,
0.0462443009018898,
-0.02626791037619114,
0.019237050786614418,
-0.05814193934202194,
0.012146661058068275,
0.007157280575484037,
0.04968389496207237,
0.02668599970638752,
0.034447528421878815,
-0.011759038083255291,
0.07123203575611115,
0.06262090802192688,
0.03387851268053055,
0.010784603655338287,
0.004047172609716654,
-0.023941105231642723,
-0.045021750032901764,
0.06317180395126343,
0.0018085059709846973,
-0.0244987141340971,
-0.06803645193576813,
0.052728720009326935,
0.0262594036757946,
-0.03048534132540226,
-0.029112255200743675,
0.017548177391290665,
-0.07440800219774246,
-0.006532733794301748,
-0.012237433344125748,
0.010465851053595543,
0.021229436621069908,
0.05743011087179184,
0.027923565357923508,
0.0488421693444252,
0.06622304022312164,
0.04573078453540802,
-0.02313115820288658,
-0.021778155118227005,
0.06634777784347534,
0.06956816464662552,
0.060188353061676025,
-0.007095840759575367,
0.0657283216714859,
-0.06087148189544678,
-0.05258302018046379,
0.03614940494298935,
-0.00044483059900812805,
-0.03286599740386009,
-0.031119737774133682,
0.01617220602929592,
0.06494360417127609,
-0.0062253158539533615,
0.05492914468050003,
-0.029118621721863747,
-0.03603917732834816,
0.04243357479572296,
-0.01078314520418644,
0.021218715235590935,
0.0572143979370594,
0.04752789065241814,
0.02461383305490017,
-0.001715847640298307,
-0.006142962258309126,
0.0008654198027215898,
-0.05480978637933731,
0.019953738898038864,
-0.002171678701415658,
-0.029533421620726585,
0.013390205800533295,
-0.00482956925407052,
0.04203572869300842,
0.10828353464603424,
-0.04681871086359024,
0.004412990994751453,
0.01369017269462347,
0.01045966986566782,
0.0020722083281725645,
0.024811027571558952,
-0.022047091275453568,
-0.00825909897685051,
-0.01081146951764822,
-0.03697791323065758,
0.008459116332232952,
0.03471926227211952,
0.008939482271671295,
0.04276543855667114,
-0.05247274786233902,
-0.025515064597129822,
0.0010263760341331363,
0.034835923463106155,
-0.028049182146787643,
-0.04087142273783684,
-0.04144139960408211,
-0.03095371089875698,
-0.040372274816036224,
-0.01503677386790514,
0.0243369210511446,
-0.0030881185084581375,
-0.035436779260635376,
-0.0015961580211296678,
-0.03700953349471092,
-0.004085327498614788,
0.005793440621346235,
-0.077324777841568,
0.030557209625840187,
0.03241351991891861,
-0.005904349498450756,
0.0029269447550177574,
0.04010827839374542,
0.013914506882429123,
0.02317747473716736,
-0.0193753894418478,
0.011089571751654148,
0.011073045432567596,
0.02315722033381462,
-0.007262987084686756,
-0.001871459768153727,
-0.09812616556882858,
0.0053368727676570415,
0.02922074683010578,
-0.032035890966653824,
-0.07716245949268341,
0.023807832971215248,
-0.04905864596366882,
0.02749650925397873,
0.05440417677164078,
0.03226323053240776,
0.021958352997899055,
-0.01683817058801651,
0.024995390325784683,
0.016164425760507584,
0.025288710370659828,
0.043912678956985474,
-0.01929236203432083,
0.07195279747247696,
0.023159271106123924,
-0.03382303565740585,
-0.042624108493328094,
0.044062208384275436,
0.005147021263837814,
-0.05778716504573822,
-0.01751566305756569,
-0.04598722234368324,
-0.005327281542122364,
-0.10200320929288864,
0.004055413883179426,
0.032063085585832596,
0.01776318997144699,
-0.018459198996424675,
-0.0017919207457453012,
-0.033059682697057724,
-0.02402275986969471,
-0.03600195422768593,
-0.03671583905816078,
-0.006523576565086842,
-0.03527596592903137,
-0.04480495676398277,
-0.05820312723517418,
0.0008905174909159541,
-0.024511760100722313,
-0.019874468445777893,
-0.04040898382663727,
-0.03535537049174309,
0.011650481261312962,
-0.0214071162045002,
0.03697169944643974,
0.0070299734361469746,
0.013235237449407578,
-0.011675971560180187
] |
218 |
TabM: Advancing tabular deep learning with parameter-efficient ensembling
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Sd4wYYOhmY
|
[
"Yury Gorishniy",
"Akim Kotelnikov",
"Artem Babenko"
] |
Poster
|
Deep learning architectures for supervised learning on tabular data range from simple multilayer perceptrons (MLP) to sophisticated Transformers and retrieval-augmented methods.
This study highlights a major, yet so far overlooked opportunity for substantially improving tabular MLPs; namely, parameter-efficient ensembling -- a paradigm for imitating an ensemble of models with just one model.
We start by describing TabM -- a simple model based on MLP and BatchEnsemble (an existing technique), improved with our custom modifications.
Then, we perform a large scale evaluation of tabular DL architectures on public benchmarks in terms of both task performance and efficiency, which renders the landscape of tabular DL in a new light.
In particular, we find that TabM outperforms prior tabular DL models, while the complexity of attention- and retrieval-based methods does not pay off.
Lastly, we conduct a detailed empirical analysis, that sheds some light on the high performance of TabM.
For example, we show that parameter-efficient ensembling is not an arbitrary trick, but rather a highly effective way to reduce overfitting and improve optimization dynamics of tabular MLPs.
Overall, our work brings an impactful technique to tabular DL, analyses its behaviour, and advances the performance-efficiency tradeoff with TabM -- a simple and powerful baseline for researchers and practitioners.
|
tabular, tabular data, deep learning, architecture
|
Parameter-efficient ensembling has a massive positive impact on tabular MLPs, and TabM is a new SOTA architecture illustrating that.
| 14,197 |
2410.24210
|
[
-0.037913545966148376,
-0.017194533720612526,
-0.02649553492665291,
0.0400208905339241,
0.03279563784599304,
0.014015424996614456,
0.0053941928781569,
0.004463847726583481,
-0.036809612065553665,
-0.032453496009111404,
-0.00005893817433388904,
-0.01902409829199314,
-0.06540772318840027,
0.02233809605240822,
0.0052267275750637054,
0.06854817271232605,
0.04705876484513283,
-0.02249755896627903,
0.025352397933602333,
0.014820079319179058,
0.01826656609773636,
-0.06500176340341568,
0.028709065169095993,
-0.014121812768280506,
0.02331593446433544,
-0.037293825298547745,
-0.0064937276765704155,
-0.008014555089175701,
-0.017167622223496437,
0.01650252938270569,
0.020239831879734993,
-0.019232703372836113,
0.022558199241757393,
-0.044139500707387924,
0.049452926963567734,
0.0012914224062114954,
-0.06832661479711533,
0.02303732931613922,
0.005306956358253956,
-0.009972496889531612,
-0.051076848059892654,
-0.011157816275954247,
0.01663646101951599,
0.02870936319231987,
-0.028880387544631958,
0.005723646376281977,
-0.11034849286079407,
0.02408631332218647,
-0.010926740244030952,
-0.01450376957654953,
-0.07428053766489029,
0.036512281745672226,
-0.012918024323880672,
-0.023612525314092636,
0.020940333604812622,
0.012403223663568497,
0.036291979253292084,
-0.05562574043869972,
-0.0061798435635864735,
-0.04084409400820732,
-0.04402885213494301,
0.023075789213180542,
0.03860031068325043,
-0.019979553297162056,
0.001961672445759177,
0.006192499306052923,
-0.009390038438141346,
-0.0022770531941205263,
-0.05946958437561989,
-0.007091699633747339,
-0.01607290841639042,
-0.01262391172349453,
-0.018836187198758125,
-0.015536979772150517,
0.012067064642906189,
-0.038788147270679474,
-0.005796833895146847,
0.007018009200692177,
0.10489090532064438,
-0.030819538980722427,
0.014345683157444,
0.02631686069071293,
0.029270166531205177,
0.05215178430080414,
0.01686057820916176,
0.026137633249163628,
-0.041253093630075455,
-0.02842857502400875,
-0.07517024129629135,
0.017152884975075722,
-0.020816992968320847,
-0.03985142335295677,
0.023103363811969757,
0.04751330241560936,
-0.0003620496718212962,
0.00868312455713749,
0.018130218610167503,
0.023556780070066452,
-0.003506178269162774,
0.012800708413124084,
0.014973662793636322,
-0.049348022788763046,
0.028377080336213112,
0.026613783091306686,
-0.11079006642103195,
-0.01993252895772457,
-0.01919916644692421,
-0.015686161816120148,
0.00474984897300601,
-0.0036353759933263063,
-0.049479685723781586,
-0.024731969460844994,
0.02233671210706234,
-0.0007330685621127486,
-0.08951763063669205,
0.001430904376320541,
0.008452309295535088,
0.042161352932453156,
-0.002625060500577092,
-0.0030723479576408863,
0.060696639120578766,
0.05413331091403961,
-0.004824304487556219,
0.0624888651072979,
-0.008099900558590889,
-0.003447270952165127,
0.0007319748401641846,
0.04365351423621178,
-0.0012247145641595125,
-0.022181106731295586,
-0.034559398889541626,
0.03090113401412964,
0.01704837940633297,
0.009011400863528252,
0.007722274400293827,
-0.01894536055624485,
-0.004249867983162403,
0.017344798892736435,
0.060448918491601944,
0.020483393222093582,
-0.01973617821931839,
-0.011179010383784771,
0.07170557230710983,
-0.029565326869487762,
0.08252668380737305,
-0.015581703744828701,
-0.020061278715729713,
-0.017481015995144844,
-0.04642888158559799,
0.004202086012810469,
0.03898615762591362,
0.026195207610726357,
-0.002167830942198634,
-0.05538675934076309,
0.03785758838057518,
0.06675466150045395,
-0.00826826598495245,
0.008505747653543949,
0.020617052912712097,
0.016676565632224083,
0.02167511358857155,
0.0014191516675055027,
-0.04055780544877052,
0.007104717195034027,
0.003313795430585742,
-0.04402643442153931,
0.03719412907958031,
0.021728496998548508,
-0.043157778680324554,
0.007295324467122555,
-0.03242519125342369,
-0.03748076409101486,
0.056454453617334366,
-0.00357329985126853,
-0.009660003706812859,
0.0018333729822188616,
0.06061558425426483,
0.006400092970579863,
0.024352939799427986,
0.04210168495774269,
-0.08958005905151367,
0.054781071841716766,
0.0168619267642498,
-0.009693958796560764,
-0.019914569333195686,
-0.009907906875014305,
0.1044590100646019,
-0.0548764206469059,
-0.019767234101891518,
0.015130927786231041,
-0.06633447110652924,
-0.010061632841825485,
0.026042189449071884,
-0.003783217631280422,
0.07346105575561523,
-0.02750568650662899,
0.0013543153181672096,
0.05881698429584503,
0.0034951171837747097,
0.062226761132478714,
0.04655936732888222,
-0.016789445653557777,
0.03391340747475624,
-0.01609845459461212,
-0.032464902848005295,
-0.01792621612548828,
0.046171098947525024,
-0.04886902868747711,
-0.007985838688910007,
-0.0011050153989344835,
-0.0135052390396595,
-0.015470534563064575,
0.0008559819543734193,
0.005526017397642136,
0.0353095643222332,
-0.016233952715992928,
-0.004017756786197424,
0.003148878226056695,
0.013374486938118935,
-0.04764268919825554,
0.011285814456641674,
0.030947966501116753,
-0.02367374859750271,
0.007157620042562485,
-0.035335514694452286,
0.11617983132600784,
0.031697653234004974,
-0.025146465748548508,
0.0060761733911931515,
-0.013555166311562061,
0.034170567989349365,
0.028245292603969574,
0.027319325134158134,
-0.031165387481451035,
0.014889816753566265,
-0.046465255320072174,
0.016691813245415688,
-0.02108175680041313,
0.06758902221918106,
-0.038740117102861404,
-0.025214478373527527,
0.045300696045160294,
0.001155748381279409,
0.07068231701850891,
0.038378000259399414,
0.015146640129387379,
0.033440250903367996,
0.000048627851356286556,
-0.0020366916432976723,
-0.032863982021808624,
0.0037294188514351845,
-0.0009456182015128434,
-0.014105153270065784,
-0.02703974023461342,
-0.0028056895826011896,
-0.04453977569937706,
-0.03182937204837799,
-0.04449685290455818,
0.06612055003643036,
0.04697605222463608,
-0.008059998974204063,
0.02175821363925934,
-0.0020468994043767452,
-0.028241625055670738,
0.006125596351921558,
-0.1225019246339798,
-0.037272680550813675,
-0.03441557288169861,
0.0767596960067749,
0.0014182088198140264,
0.04947441816329956,
-0.013526545837521553,
-0.005587661173194647,
-0.016032038256525993,
-0.028735697269439697,
-0.0032776850275695324,
0.03259064629673958,
-0.008596662431955338,
-0.04966588318347931,
-0.029478691518306732,
-0.007559690158814192,
0.04744290933012962,
0.010196182876825333,
0.0012433044612407684,
-0.024698063731193542,
-0.051316943019628525,
-0.03199491649866104,
-0.06708252429962158,
0.002376105170696974,
0.009071377106010914,
0.043620433658361435,
0.03881620243191719,
-0.02849794365465641,
-0.004064604174345732,
0.022336501628160477,
0.08650850504636765,
0.03432294726371765,
-0.020438190549612045,
-0.027664752677083015,
0.03505559265613556,
-0.012765578925609589,
0.006615546531975269,
0.013155787251889706,
-0.002290068194270134,
-0.0021809597965329885,
-0.016888754442334175,
0.03898919001221657,
-0.005616829264909029,
-0.25528252124786377,
-0.030245250090956688,
0.011936782859265804,
-0.0278237946331501,
0.033374667167663574,
-0.03145011141896248,
0.0430140420794487,
-0.012754569761455059,
-0.008439162746071815,
-0.024716276675462723,
0.004540887661278248,
0.031847864389419556,
0.015154751017689705,
0.02143433690071106,
0.0676666647195816,
0.0102791553363204,
0.005126377567648888,
-0.03962559998035431,
0.03334624320268631,
0.05997387692332268,
-0.004807869903743267,
-0.10115144401788712,
-0.024852560833096504,
0.058423854410648346,
-0.007580306380987167,
0.04902845621109009,
-0.08278902620077133,
-0.02952742949128151,
-0.03702077269554138,
-0.015400290489196777,
-0.011061804369091988,
-0.02636464312672615,
-0.011741002090275288,
0.02604646235704422,
-0.015723370015621185,
0.014081194996833801,
0.04835573583841324,
-0.004652661271393299,
0.0638207271695137,
0.0060843126848340034,
0.02184142917394638,
-0.008445337414741516,
-0.012477007694542408,
0.015014576725661755,
0.06960427761077881,
0.01161910779774189,
-0.06715530157089233,
-0.02426506020128727,
-0.022832127287983894,
-0.007858450524508953,
-0.01182181853801012,
-0.024173205718398094,
-0.01336978655308485,
0.01861611381173134,
-0.0025603685062378645,
-0.01146954856812954,
-0.0011071928311139345,
0.005898684728890657,
-0.0011163681047037244,
0.008251747116446495,
0.005721243564039469,
-0.053018052130937576,
-0.018962332978844643,
-0.037633493542671204,
-0.014840061776340008,
-0.04068370163440704,
-0.04608755186200142,
-0.04339362680912018,
0.041193149983882904,
0.08269964903593063,
-0.009369582869112492,
-0.000522968010045588,
-0.01325207855552435,
-0.07686250656843185,
0.058502037078142166,
0.00906485877931118,
0.007555717136710882,
-0.010659471154212952,
0.011846911162137985,
0.05720467120409012,
-0.040676429867744446,
-0.051211852580308914,
0.017688360065221786,
-0.012914816848933697,
0.030673908069729805,
-0.031602200120687485,
-0.009351572953164577,
-0.015197396278381348,
-0.024231119081377983,
-0.029991095885634422,
0.028889523819088936,
-0.0027305521070957184,
0.033486269414424896,
-0.00937666930258274,
0.031078297644853592,
0.042986609041690826,
0.04626655951142311,
0.06830207258462906,
0.030132248997688293,
0.00712880352512002,
0.0006804142612963915,
-0.07414945214986801,
-0.03193366527557373,
-0.038263026624917984,
-0.04713582620024681,
0.010729528032243252,
-0.039238374680280685,
-0.030386699363589287,
0.037063829600811005,
0.022275038063526154,
-0.025103412568569183,
-0.06116502359509468,
-0.005190419964492321,
-0.03327995166182518,
-0.011319699697196484,
0.00971130095422268,
0.01454341970384121,
0.039469748735427856,
-0.008920088410377502,
-0.02019251510500908,
-0.03354029357433319,
0.03919488191604614,
-0.02660885825753212,
0.008929328992962837,
0.017398836091160774,
-0.025106407701969147,
-0.021917233243584633,
0.0005705663934350014,
0.0027255883906036615,
-0.015561629086732864,
0.030459269881248474,
0.01235994603484869,
0.002365456661209464,
-0.029648588970303535,
0.05470016971230507,
-0.006311791017651558,
-0.00647455919533968,
0.009461704641580582,
0.025099745020270348,
-0.014911257661879063,
0.04887848719954491,
-0.04299630969762802,
0.024401705712080002,
0.022779081016778946,
-0.017835184931755066,
0.027971670031547546,
-0.0011860545491799712,
0.031170465052127838,
-0.014791394583880901,
0.015514044091105461,
-0.017348233610391617,
-0.04494888335466385,
-0.015559397637844086,
-0.022248726338148117,
0.0077827367931604385,
-0.040311843156814575,
0.0008887345320545137,
-0.001853040768764913,
0.024314939975738525,
-0.07827097922563553,
0.022395890206098557,
0.034243542701005936,
-0.02492530085146427,
-0.017983734607696533,
0.011215735226869583,
0.04686126485466957,
0.002003598492592573,
-0.03552066907286644,
0.016932815313339233,
0.011669456027448177,
0.01149044744670391,
-0.000513156526722014,
-0.028759468346834183,
0.00574053730815649,
-0.03297844156622887,
0.0062134540639817715,
0.03832663595676422,
0.004018798004835844,
-0.013578726910054684,
0.019223202019929886,
0.006443982012569904,
-0.00607063714414835,
0.0030712836887687445,
0.034999243915081024,
0.07168501615524292,
0.01498701237142086,
-0.02169892191886902,
0.012906115502119064,
-0.028681235387921333,
0.03284735232591629,
-0.015133518725633621,
-0.013948173262178898,
-0.016946975141763687,
-0.042923733592033386,
-0.029124988242983818,
-0.0244971364736557,
0.0007979011861607432,
0.04277386516332626,
-0.011592588387429714,
-0.01681951992213726,
-0.0132816256955266,
-0.0008912591729313135,
-0.04937175288796425,
0.0034326445311307907,
0.03657468035817146,
-0.09326677024364471,
0.01668240875005722,
0.029753267765045166,
-0.02576977014541626,
0.016729529947042465,
0.00853751040995121,
-0.007136899512261152,
-0.0536995604634285,
-0.022337116301059723,
0.007502515334635973,
-0.00034210330341011286,
0.02154134027659893,
-0.008949873968958855,
-0.007067800033837557,
-0.011659170500934124,
0.026082534343004227,
-0.016401218250393867,
-0.005212091840803623,
-0.01704110950231552,
-0.0176257211714983,
0.0178060382604599,
-0.005891404114663601,
-0.005962741561233997,
-0.025031039491295815,
-0.008768790401518345,
0.03248078376054764,
-0.06029981002211571,
0.024036360904574394,
0.05371306836605072,
-0.02503613568842411,
0.009030718356370926,
-0.06300010532140732,
0.02864648588001728,
-0.01578652672469616,
-0.0008240467286668718,
0.0014386645052582026,
-0.007360111456364393,
-0.05524390935897827,
0.02165110968053341,
0.004011356271803379,
0.016594896093010902,
0.018431207165122032,
0.028695449233055115,
0.008362186141312122,
-0.008551294915378094,
0.05737849324941635,
-0.02666180022060871,
-0.036272432655096054,
-0.023248370736837387,
0.06437519937753677,
-0.030431367456912994,
0.005813255440443754,
-0.07028163969516754,
-0.057319525629282,
0.019488181918859482,
-0.030639121308922768,
0.01859770156443119,
-0.05769415199756622,
0.058725014328956604,
-0.007802324369549751,
0.029667427763342857,
-0.006514680106192827,
-0.024483712390065193,
0.054166533052921295,
-0.04333468899130821,
0.0008404592517763376,
-0.03516100347042084,
-0.04033567011356354,
0.04427461326122284,
-0.03290993720293045,
-0.02367551065981388,
0.028418805450201035,
-0.03891962766647339,
0.04921592026948929,
-0.02474047802388668,
-0.06808590888977051,
0.033466070890426636,
-0.012469884008169174,
0.015706103295087814,
0.01690080761909485,
-0.031046871095895767,
0.0019767042249441147,
-0.02631550282239914,
-0.04333701357245445,
-0.01772301271557808,
-0.006163411773741245,
0.04822168126702309,
-0.023489268496632576,
0.013850776478648186,
-0.020997969433665276,
-0.005230356007814407,
0.030283212661743164,
0.039441294968128204,
0.03270824998617172,
0.04441950097680092,
-0.021189548075199127,
0.07562081515789032,
0.041013725101947784,
0.00853840634226799,
-0.010603216476738453,
0.014175035990774632,
-0.01932446099817753,
-0.059373173862695694,
0.029372941702604294,
-0.0006592099671252072,
-0.01631847582757473,
-0.067751444876194,
0.07867249846458435,
-0.004013516940176487,
-0.025040343403816223,
-0.04119127616286278,
0.027077550068497658,
-0.03796904906630516,
0.005675064399838448,
-0.01771221123635769,
-0.0045175799168646336,
0.00452409777790308,
0.04811621829867363,
0.009162777103483677,
0.03705350682139397,
0.07437379658222198,
0.018896320834755898,
-0.02129995822906494,
0.013236213475465775,
0.06435032933950424,
0.06248253956437111,
0.07092462480068207,
-0.01913972571492195,
0.06526339054107666,
-0.03828749805688858,
-0.0727449357509613,
0.022582141682505608,
0.04375119134783745,
-0.005336957052350044,
-0.05348290875554085,
0.042058270424604416,
0.09377212822437286,
0.02712097391486168,
0.0552755668759346,
-0.03349795937538147,
-0.003311791690066457,
0.043412040919065475,
-0.021237805485725403,
-0.03404689207673073,
0.03563600778579712,
0.010453084483742714,
0.0020277719013392925,
-0.03129047527909279,
-0.02342480979859829,
0.008324222639203072,
-0.019532017409801483,
0.01878390647470951,
0.04825574532151222,
-0.026315344497561455,
0.018981965258717537,
-0.02954699844121933,
0.07474633306264877,
0.10895076394081116,
-0.013189764693379402,
-0.08169417083263397,
0.004801775794476271,
0.013561091385781765,
0.013437421061098576,
0.04008638113737106,
0.018426431342959404,
-0.008481195196509361,
0.01844567432999611,
-0.044991858303546906,
0.0020133466459810734,
-0.01217207033187151,
-0.005477979313582182,
0.02677706629037857,
-0.05287697911262512,
-0.014849851839244366,
0.036179885268211365,
0.037188224494457245,
-0.035323817282915115,
-0.04958094656467438,
-0.014842619188129902,
-0.04020983353257179,
-0.05703949183225632,
-0.07706405222415924,
0.03887276351451874,
-0.001785144442692399,
-0.030728301033377647,
-0.02660711295902729,
-0.0031925621442496777,
0.03201468288898468,
0.01998259872198105,
-0.045723240822553635,
0.01772530935704708,
0.019980384036898613,
0.02459040842950344,
-0.01997697912156582,
0.04183441027998924,
0.007970631122589111,
-0.002444199286401272,
-0.009979402646422386,
0.052605193108320236,
-0.0011014657793566585,
-0.003060501767322421,
-0.013432411476969719,
0.005311985965818167,
-0.10066541284322739,
-0.0010318178683519363,
0.03728232905268669,
-0.04073245823383331,
-0.08309894055128098,
0.04597402364015579,
-0.01953357644379139,
0.05028149113059044,
0.07624910771846771,
0.0037825340405106544,
0.023415999487042427,
-0.03232488036155701,
-0.027775149792432785,
0.02526707760989666,
0.0008583837188780308,
0.048673633486032486,
-0.009995568543672562,
0.07101719081401825,
0.05341006815433502,
-0.023257071152329445,
-0.014578898437321186,
-0.005380535498261452,
0.0004767258942592889,
-0.0005603665485978127,
-0.0046711633913218975,
-0.038904063403606415,
-0.029651576653122902,
-0.08819122612476349,
-0.018431371077895164,
0.025753065943717957,
-0.0031558771152049303,
-0.0336393341422081,
-0.010356566868722439,
-0.002431360771879554,
-0.027402782812714577,
-0.02095315419137478,
0.0042605893686413765,
-0.004435434006154537,
-0.03015526756644249,
-0.022892063483595848,
-0.08280598372220993,
0.04261162504553795,
-0.01092970184981823,
0.03048597276210785,
-0.022227125242352486,
-0.05484674870967865,
0.012604874558746815,
-0.018912112340331078,
0.047391392290592194,
0.02438318356871605,
0.02925947681069374,
-0.0023421102669090033
] |
219 |
Multi-Label Test-Time Adaptation with Bound Entropy Minimization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=75PhjtbBdr
|
[
"Xiangyu Wu",
"Feng Yu",
"Yang Yang",
"Qing-Guo Chen",
"Jianfeng Lu"
] |
Poster
|
Mainstream test-time adaptation (TTA) techniques endeavor to mitigate distribution shifts via entropy minimization for multi-class classification, inherently increasing the probability of the most confident class. However, when encountering multi-label instances, the primary challenge stems from the varying number of labels per image, and prioritizing only the highest probability class inevitably undermines the adaptation of other positive labels. To address this issue, we investigate TTA within multi-label scenario (ML--TTA), developing Bound Entropy Minimization (BEM) objective to simultaneously increase the confidence of multiple top predicted labels. Specifically, to determine the number of labels for each augmented view, we retrieve a paired caption with yielded textual labels for that view. These labels are allocated to both the view and caption, called weak label set and strong label set with the same size k. Following this, the proposed BEM considers the highest top-k predicted labels from view and caption as a single entity, respectively, learning both view and caption prompts concurrently. By binding top-k predicted labels, BEM overcomes the limitation of vanilla entropy minimization, which exclusively optimizes the most confident class. Across the MSCOCO, VOC, and NUSWIDE multi-label datasets, our ML--TTA framework equipped with BEM exhibits superior performance compared to the latest SOTA methods, across various model architectures, prompt initialization, and varying label scenarios. The code is available at https://github.com/Jinx630/ML-TTA.
|
Vision-Language Models, Zero-Shot Multi-Label Generalization, Test-Time Adaptation
|
A Multi-Label Test-Time Adaptation method with Bound Entropy Minimization objective.
| 14,187 |
2502.03777
|
[
0.0028729569166898727,
-0.004465380217880011,
0.004815447609871626,
0.04137752577662468,
0.03561945632100105,
0.029161032289266586,
0.01611309126019478,
-0.00674999225884676,
-0.023901542648673058,
-0.005051958374679089,
-0.03207791969180107,
0.02702346257865429,
-0.06953925639390945,
0.005760498344898224,
0.012827747501432896,
0.044807229191064835,
0.04463503509759903,
-0.021388154476881027,
0.028100870549678802,
0.018720140680670738,
0.0023018186911940575,
-0.0419539138674736,
0.014615297317504883,
0.008632889948785305,
0.019794205203652382,
-0.004832132253795862,
-0.026894506067037582,
-0.003980753943324089,
-0.05188297852873802,
0.026379985734820366,
0.03385237231850624,
-0.010383589193224907,
0.013037488795816898,
-0.01808338239789009,
0.046033624559640884,
0.008320839144289494,
-0.03811755031347275,
0.01921975053846836,
0.01668737642467022,
0.002498200163245201,
-0.04890814423561096,
0.003987324424088001,
0.0168516356498003,
-0.00017170459614135325,
-0.05831769481301308,
0.01639304682612419,
-0.08194095641374588,
-0.0027642331551760435,
-0.0063462164252996445,
-0.014451825991272926,
-0.08847349137067795,
0.027088968083262444,
-0.030399367213249207,
-0.004885534290224314,
0.011258872225880623,
0.021380411460995674,
0.029854506254196167,
-0.02965712361037731,
-0.00493358401581645,
-0.031835783272981644,
-0.012664325535297394,
-0.012667064554989338,
0.017593340948224068,
0.011133992113173008,
-0.012994551099836826,
-0.03438406437635422,
0.004789487924426794,
0.04247206822037697,
-0.060507822781801224,
-0.018516747280955315,
-0.00799966137856245,
0.0021582103800028563,
-0.015869364142417908,
0.017506740987300873,
0.001774038770236075,
-0.013546963222324848,
0.015156018547713757,
-0.014236297458410263,
0.05205335468053818,
0.001701370463706553,
0.022506292909383774,
0.017172621563076973,
0.0323127880692482,
0.026045428588986397,
0.0197374876588583,
0.016720645129680634,
-0.040648676455020905,
-0.044305525720119476,
-0.07062612473964691,
0.041861992329359055,
0.013865738175809383,
-0.04995202645659447,
0.04558870196342468,
0.026799848303198814,
0.02274157851934433,
-0.020142097026109695,
0.01784532703459263,
-0.006384201813489199,
-0.03299826383590698,
-0.035307105630636215,
-0.0019638529047369957,
-0.019933011382818222,
0.02623065747320652,
-0.0031309931073337793,
-0.08589587360620499,
-0.004432406276464462,
-0.0040968782268464565,
-0.002417890587821603,
0.007122237700968981,
0.025527874007821083,
-0.03512636572122574,
0.0007162914262153208,
0.0017066323198378086,
-0.025282178074121475,
-0.10488414019346237,
-0.016536176204681396,
-0.007148681674152613,
0.014050815254449844,
-0.042930811643600464,
0.0005378117202781141,
0.034874800592660904,
0.07145627588033676,
-0.008566584438085556,
0.0732264444231987,
0.0007686528260819614,
0.009773985482752323,
-0.018084993585944176,
0.019564466550946236,
-0.02622215449810028,
-0.010617117397487164,
-0.03764935955405235,
0.027333253994584084,
0.01625005155801773,
0.011284440755844116,
-0.009676488116383553,
0.01485090609639883,
0.019072875380516052,
-0.003137686988338828,
0.06228984147310257,
-0.02483457513153553,
0.030344214290380478,
0.006485281512141228,
0.022353200241923332,
0.030677935108542442,
0.03868243843317032,
-0.017023596912622452,
-0.06771065294742584,
0.008951360359787941,
-0.05500524118542671,
0.006034170743077993,
-0.010424415580928326,
-0.027268385514616966,
0.0002747796243056655,
-0.061101026833057404,
-0.03076246567070484,
0.06867770850658417,
-0.005890103988349438,
0.012438522651791573,
0.008794941939413548,
0.016942547634243965,
0.013151979073882103,
-0.005068036261945963,
-0.0218434426933527,
0.054557859897613525,
-0.00008262089977506548,
-0.06689279526472092,
0.03548574820160866,
0.047760266810655594,
-0.045423369854688644,
0.0003245777334086597,
-0.029213402420282364,
-0.058187276124954224,
0.015514159575104713,
-0.0037233326584100723,
-0.024922946467995644,
0.024195287376642227,
0.0793394222855568,
-0.010506310500204563,
0.04468812048435211,
0.008296359330415726,
-0.05918511375784874,
0.026496736332774162,
0.015610593371093273,
-0.008977205492556095,
0.03726649284362793,
-0.012313667684793472,
0.07768109440803528,
-0.038212068378925323,
0.006355166435241699,
0.005334157031029463,
-0.06065909191966057,
0.011253202334046364,
0.02336505800485611,
-0.01991247572004795,
0.06905090063810349,
0.0049900757148861885,
0.0013764901086688042,
0.05780841410160065,
0.031911082565784454,
0.04307420551776886,
0.05854315683245659,
-0.021958066150546074,
0.04751351475715637,
-0.029867593199014664,
-0.037276871502399445,
-0.0052916668355464935,
0.023014254868030548,
-0.07255221158266068,
-0.027301574125885963,
0.014755056239664555,
-0.05253865197300911,
0.028108183294534683,
0.011316202580928802,
0.03910362720489502,
-0.0036948134656995535,
0.034058794379234314,
0.010027337819337845,
0.03292669355869293,
0.043393950909376144,
-0.09339325875043869,
0.02198861353099346,
0.01966301165521145,
-0.03742118552327156,
0.007546545006334782,
-0.03725750744342804,
0.0965811163187027,
0.05028381571173668,
-0.026116864755749702,
0.012176722288131714,
0.009911073371767998,
0.034854304045438766,
-0.05201031640172005,
0.005670896731317043,
-0.029797177761793137,
0.0001135911516030319,
-0.039428386837244034,
0.01255672238767147,
-0.01019988115876913,
0.05487295985221863,
-0.038747482001781464,
0.004499480128288269,
0.05493411049246788,
-0.04934763163328171,
0.04715642333030701,
0.03582919389009476,
-0.0060815708711743355,
0.03482038527727127,
-0.003782851854339242,
-0.03941408917307854,
0.008192680776119232,
-0.00985707063227892,
0.013204672373831272,
-0.02650187350809574,
-0.022561876103281975,
-0.0011172641534358263,
-0.04957862198352814,
-0.029152069240808487,
-0.02561456710100174,
0.07498501986265182,
0.022837186232209206,
0.011221093125641346,
0.019949855282902718,
0.0082582738250494,
-0.014079967513680458,
-0.027816791087388992,
-0.1235342025756836,
-0.062490109354257584,
0.006461606826633215,
0.012307149358093739,
0.013263716362416744,
0.04445020854473114,
0.0011167385382577777,
0.01551884040236473,
-0.03332962095737457,
-0.037489891052246094,
0.004684328101575375,
0.06864980608224869,
0.03287406265735626,
-0.035192858427762985,
0.0032955484930425882,
0.03350343555212021,
0.0328219011425972,
-0.00857609324157238,
-0.05699454993009567,
-0.011814999394118786,
-0.05793245881795883,
-0.015988992527127266,
-0.05690713971853256,
-0.008420730009675026,
-0.0015768700977787375,
0.02200140804052353,
0.01161679532378912,
-0.031496789306402206,
0.0004973629838787019,
0.02992294915020466,
0.008961674757301807,
0.0357750728726387,
0.006675087846815586,
-0.02162564918398857,
0.0297390203922987,
0.019190451130270958,
0.04849986359477043,
0.00030407364829443395,
0.007185078226029873,
0.004500150680541992,
-0.022249950096011162,
0.008262335322797298,
-0.016111982986330986,
-0.2807183861732483,
0.0010376503923907876,
0.0037169524002820253,
-0.03242173045873642,
0.016293687745928764,
-0.06316906958818436,
0.05231913924217224,
-0.043194156140089035,
-0.021632391959428787,
0.033951535820961,
0.012952081859111786,
0.04639129340648651,
0.025666747242212296,
0.09086959809064865,
0.04136434569954872,
0.023849043995141983,
0.017432456836104393,
-0.031972888857126236,
0.02034355327486992,
0.06127827987074852,
-0.019392238929867744,
-0.060939110815525055,
-0.012547699734568596,
0.04440934956073761,
-0.016015993431210518,
0.040935296565294266,
-0.09984146803617477,
0.014471377246081829,
-0.020542481914162636,
-0.012216140516102314,
-0.012797102332115173,
-0.0061551593244075775,
-0.006869136821478605,
0.010543221607804298,
0.0383116714656353,
0.0028815658297389746,
0.025872545316815376,
-0.00707966648042202,
-0.02481362782418728,
-0.013657061383128166,
0.009474084712564945,
-0.013699967414140701,
-0.016263095661997795,
-0.015365884639322758,
0.04387230426073074,
0.002613126067444682,
-0.01783932000398636,
-0.03438881039619446,
-0.024791833013296127,
0.05722948536276817,
-0.0036144480109214783,
-0.014368940144777298,
-0.037226490676403046,
0.01174159161746502,
0.003098999848589301,
-0.050751227885484695,
0.031173991039395332,
-0.026524346321821213,
-0.022118445485830307,
-0.01403775718063116,
-0.04658040404319763,
-0.05610844865441322,
-0.023404309526085854,
-0.01774451695382595,
-0.015971394255757332,
-0.030273808166384697,
-0.06700941175222397,
-0.05229606851935387,
0.03676396980881691,
0.026952050626277924,
-0.03790207579731941,
0.006153627764433622,
-0.025539478287100792,
-0.0897422507405281,
0.024681512266397476,
-0.024775683879852295,
0.012832232750952244,
-0.018504789099097252,
-0.027462385594844818,
0.048406071960926056,
-0.022444145753979683,
-0.05686092749238014,
0.035877712070941925,
0.006599836517125368,
0.03132312744855881,
-0.044675204902887344,
-0.0005712514976039529,
-0.012458186596632004,
-0.004606095142662525,
-0.019747793674468994,
0.031168727204203606,
-0.0034908100496977568,
0.02140071801841259,
0.011408301070332527,
0.02254032902419567,
0.032012294977903366,
0.009815803728997707,
0.04174801707267761,
0.005099426954984665,
-0.0076967389322817326,
-0.008381089195609093,
-0.05628243833780289,
-0.02523721195757389,
-0.022240206599235535,
0.008127296343445778,
0.03656499460339546,
-0.027076859027147293,
-0.03802160546183586,
0.03733939677476883,
-0.002663396066054702,
-0.004239803180098534,
-0.011912507936358452,
-0.0191649179905653,
0.00147641368675977,
0.007103094831109047,
-0.022953618317842484,
-0.004173675552010536,
0.019211338832974434,
0.019270574674010277,
-0.0026495589409023523,
0.044753916561603546,
0.04963519796729088,
-0.02669391594827175,
0.011538594961166382,
-0.005179638508707285,
-0.04090132936835289,
-0.015616667456924915,
-0.024682430550456047,
-0.009199641644954681,
-0.021338392049074173,
0.06577514857053757,
0.053357336670160294,
0.02970726229250431,
0.0013172025792300701,
0.04316728934645653,
-0.02871617302298546,
-0.00517093762755394,
-0.0038223981391638517,
0.04219438508152962,
-0.048885151743888855,
0.019207630306482315,
-0.029520142823457718,
0.048171836882829666,
0.02771942690014839,
0.04935550317168236,
0.004223093390464783,
0.01897921785712242,
-0.0046318816021084785,
-0.014124647714197636,
-0.004454024136066437,
0.05089138075709343,
-0.03735838085412979,
-0.030553434044122696,
-0.027818433940410614,
0.03919204697012901,
-0.014478434808552265,
0.025045352056622505,
0.007360939867794514,
0.06009473651647568,
-0.05567692592740059,
0.04278316721320152,
-0.008581481873989105,
0.004259532317519188,
-0.007694688159972429,
0.07916039973497391,
0.019961891695857048,
0.028556620702147484,
0.016788167878985405,
0.003428693162277341,
-0.008412226103246212,
-0.012260577641427517,
-0.03529691696166992,
-0.028203381225466728,
-0.003755655139684677,
-0.05466165021061897,
-0.008959881030023098,
0.017232250422239304,
0.0018208179390057921,
-0.019526781514286995,
0.04422557353973389,
0.009780527092516422,
-0.01986117474734783,
0.024124503135681152,
-0.010768476873636246,
0.06420876085758209,
-0.0006388233741745353,
-0.022835401818156242,
-0.028712108731269836,
-0.016918044537305832,
0.05145207419991493,
0.027725225314497948,
-0.0033540993463248014,
-0.01889686845242977,
-0.031183753162622452,
-0.020397938787937164,
-0.04384661093354225,
-0.027535783126950264,
0.02886372245848179,
0.03529764339327812,
0.008086970075964928,
-0.04261685162782669,
0.02421111799776554,
-0.02766246162354946,
-0.03528905287384987,
0.032701604068279266,
-0.06624201685190201,
0.019916843622922897,
0.02821352146565914,
-0.03483813628554344,
0.006746581755578518,
-0.00468766363337636,
-0.063285231590271,
-0.05820233374834061,
0.015777751803398132,
-0.014563742093741894,
-0.038398392498493195,
-0.05971534177660942,
-0.02766960859298706,
0.03423583507537842,
-0.03870007023215294,
0.0210576094686985,
0.023280177265405655,
-0.013143192045390606,
-0.010401123203337193,
0.024604860693216324,
0.07695138454437256,
0.012047789990901947,
0.042228784412145615,
-0.005525975953787565,
-0.020478839054703712,
0.006396431941539049,
-0.03413037955760956,
0.02674400433897972,
0.06525782495737076,
-0.008995468728244305,
-0.009885702282190323,
-0.03790494427084923,
0.031262122094631195,
0.03441879153251648,
-0.0049128043465316296,
-0.016226770356297493,
-0.01277309749275446,
-0.01551297027617693,
0.01981694996356964,
-0.004397785756736994,
0.049617014825344086,
0.04388943314552307,
0.023302853107452393,
-0.022492587566375732,
0.02032301016151905,
0.041786178946495056,
0.013785813935101032,
-0.054313670843839645,
-0.03533690795302391,
0.07847927510738373,
-0.03952126204967499,
-0.013980374671518803,
-0.05912182107567787,
-0.04219823703169823,
0.04626593366265297,
0.0007157700601965189,
0.02939632534980774,
-0.018461503088474274,
0.030166614800691605,
0.0165978092700243,
0.04455769434571266,
-0.013500465080142021,
-0.058795347809791565,
0.01152298878878355,
-0.05920463427901268,
-0.006832404062151909,
-0.037980686873197556,
0.016451548784971237,
0.09520095586776733,
-0.027280624955892563,
-0.017748739570379257,
-0.03182275965809822,
-0.05684049054980278,
0.049994539469480515,
-0.009516596794128418,
-0.03341541066765785,
-0.004708884749561548,
-0.01630321331322193,
0.0143429609015584,
0.048054710030555725,
-0.037843137979507446,
0.004325975198298693,
-0.027587810531258583,
-0.031089410185813904,
0.022379867732524872,
-0.0017217440763488412,
0.05639748275279999,
-0.0272073857486248,
0.011717606335878372,
-0.04976826161146164,
0.01794864796102047,
0.03119060769677162,
0.048957254737615585,
0.030597146600484848,
0.02041478268802166,
-0.03877472132444382,
0.07793428003787994,
0.05016215890645981,
-0.008924530819058418,
-0.02800193428993225,
0.004145656246691942,
-0.015388653613626957,
-0.03639371320605278,
0.05760859325528145,
0.005617345683276653,
-0.012622535228729248,
-0.08082029223442078,
0.05962759256362915,
0.023888885974884033,
-0.03520572558045387,
-0.011250661686062813,
0.02396264858543873,
-0.06842099130153656,
-0.013347637839615345,
-0.010521859861910343,
0.010562006384134293,
-0.01822086051106453,
0.05002592131495476,
0.021511685103178024,
0.05332530662417412,
0.062227558344602585,
0.01344708725810051,
-0.008515005931258202,
-0.016834627836942673,
0.06760954856872559,
0.0879688486456871,
0.033697985112667084,
-0.019833898171782494,
0.04370543360710144,
-0.04765693098306656,
-0.04705825075507164,
0.059158820658922195,
0.04494571313261986,
-0.01151198334991932,
-0.04632215574383736,
-0.006967330817133188,
0.06700601428747177,
0.023363975808024406,
0.06460221856832504,
-0.044678762555122375,
0.01244655903428793,
0.030232081189751625,
0.007309691980481148,
-0.02256203629076481,
0.01117534376680851,
0.005101147573441267,
0.002922456944361329,
-0.014246179722249508,
-0.017697041854262352,
0.015187947079539299,
-0.000022692573111271486,
0.013696846552193165,
-0.0039960481226444244,
-0.07775909453630447,
0.003074031788855791,
-0.019047964364290237,
0.04676491394639015,
0.09721830487251282,
-0.023205438628792763,
-0.03282821178436279,
0.01037574652582407,
0.026742247864603996,
-0.00648452527821064,
0.0351039320230484,
0.01683984510600567,
0.007292071357369423,
-0.03440850228071213,
-0.04754464700818062,
0.03496858850121498,
0.027772611007094383,
0.015533218160271645,
0.03883853927254677,
-0.01905619539320469,
-0.041504841297864914,
0.005908169783651829,
0.021650923416018486,
-0.04526485875248909,
-0.04983881860971451,
-0.06514346599578857,
-0.03840412199497223,
-0.03139057010412216,
-0.06838513910770416,
0.029455868527293205,
0.052276600152254105,
-0.03195082023739815,
-0.03579602390527725,
-0.0347241647541523,
0.041882675141096115,
0.0392988957464695,
-0.052518200129270554,
0.016841288655996323,
0.05442160740494728,
-0.01868293061852455,
-0.03166566044092178,
0.02632891945540905,
0.024851640686392784,
0.01910109631717205,
0.0015145399374887347,
0.030812455341219902,
0.018809527158737183,
0.007489590439945459,
-0.02490892820060253,
0.05316022038459778,
-0.08327411115169525,
-0.016703231260180473,
0.01626484841108322,
-0.035041410475969315,
-0.07476875931024551,
0.04405846446752548,
-0.05989893525838852,
0.029397746548056602,
0.06355120241641998,
-0.014866472221910954,
0.02354053407907486,
-0.011282341554760933,
-0.01630311831831932,
-0.023734336718916893,
0.03953376039862633,
0.011342635378241539,
-0.015853559598326683,
0.07662662118673325,
0.031724050641059875,
-0.01881452091038227,
-0.036070313304662704,
0.030535796657204628,
0.02285074070096016,
0.022492965683341026,
-0.01680951565504074,
-0.06116883456707001,
-0.07085534930229187,
-0.06423575431108475,
-0.01689484901726246,
0.04811115935444832,
0.013523341156542301,
-0.02770666405558586,
-0.0074708848260343075,
0.005440757609903812,
-0.005167135037481785,
0.0040107956156134605,
0.01151065994054079,
-0.04397887736558914,
-0.03315328434109688,
-0.045191939920186996,
-0.061883945018053055,
-0.005852051544934511,
-0.059244971722364426,
-0.015639914199709892,
-0.0011827938724309206,
-0.04225017502903938,
-0.026113756000995636,
-0.03984509035944939,
0.04909602925181389,
0.0385870523750782,
0.009296772070229053,
0.0005649040103890002
] |
220 |
ToolGen: Unified Tool Retrieval and Calling via Generation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=XLMAMmowdY
|
[
"Renxi Wang",
"Xudong Han",
"Lei Ji",
"Shu Wang",
"Timothy Baldwin",
"Haonan Li"
] |
Poster
|
As large language models (LLMs) advance, their inability to autonomously execute tasks by directly interacting with external tools remains a critical limitation. Traditional methods rely on inputting tool descriptions as context, which is constrained by context length and requires separate, often inefficient, retrieval mechanisms. We introduce ToolGen, a paradigm shift that integrates tool knowledge directly into the LLM’s parameters by representing each tool as a unique token. This enables the LLM to generate tool calls and arguments as part of its next token prediction capabilities, seamlessly blending tool invocation with language generation. Our framework allows the LLM to access and utilize a vast amount of tools with no additional retrieval step, significantly enhancing both performance and scalability. Experimental results with over 47,000 tools show that ToolGen not only achieves superior results in both tool retrieval and autonomous task completion but also sets the stage for a new era of AI agents that can adapt to tools across diverse domains. By fundamentally transforming tool retrieval into a generative process, ToolGen paves the way for more versatile, efficient, and autonomous AI systems. ToolGen enables end-to-end tool learning and opens opportunities for integration with other advanced techniques such as chain-of-thought and reinforcement learning, thereby expanding the practical capabilities of LLMs
|
Agent, Tool Learning, Virtual Token
|
Unified tool retrieval and calling by transforming tools into virtual tokens
| 14,183 |
2410.03439
|
[
-0.03235570341348648,
-0.02581068128347397,
-0.043578993529081345,
0.028929613530635834,
0.03073805943131447,
0.05146407335996628,
0.010168371722102165,
0.010103493928909302,
-0.013891384936869144,
-0.01531835738569498,
-0.03404594212770462,
0.05189722031354904,
-0.04716920480132103,
-0.01202340330928564,
-0.0025902630295604467,
0.05373194068670273,
0.001924295793287456,
-0.009488089010119438,
0.03075431101024151,
0.01454766746610403,
0.005368689075112343,
-0.009026852436363697,
0.05135049298405647,
0.004479933064430952,
0.04221712425351143,
0.04408765584230423,
0.0060996972024440765,
-0.022946808487176895,
-0.051286738365888596,
-0.01103234849870205,
0.0202380008995533,
-0.023534175008535385,
0.017816394567489624,
-0.04188516363501549,
-0.026587223634123802,
-0.047272488474845886,
-0.06636977195739746,
0.004797126166522503,
0.01314801350235939,
0.00932914949953556,
-0.019856732338666916,
0.03128994628787041,
-0.0031890496611595154,
0.026976199820637703,
-0.035048581659793854,
0.030192064121365547,
-0.1089007630944252,
0.021745776757597923,
0.007882192730903625,
-0.03777461126446724,
-0.12108058482408524,
0.003460833104327321,
-0.005273846909403801,
-0.037645407021045685,
0.006903574801981449,
0.026862604543566704,
0.07314503192901611,
-0.11027227342128754,
-0.010856157168745995,
-0.016618747264146805,
-0.04956277087330818,
0.02788924239575863,
0.02537829801440239,
0.024043871089816093,
0.015357965603470802,
-0.0022425486240535975,
0.014537646435201168,
0.024812757968902588,
-0.06944812089204788,
-0.059129539877176285,
-0.04241689667105675,
-0.0005409942241385579,
-0.04219439998269081,
0.030248768627643585,
0.02704516425728798,
-0.04923567920923233,
0.015990156680345535,
0.06092405691742897,
0.041230618953704834,
0.010804274119436741,
-0.020237943157553673,
0.025592902675271034,
0.040900781750679016,
0.02919490449130535,
0.0146210677921772,
0.02740614116191864,
-0.062303200364112854,
0.007494747173041105,
-0.06813131272792816,
0.013091817498207092,
-0.00517958914861083,
-0.08635953813791275,
0.017129216343164444,
0.026382409036159515,
0.021200038492679596,
0.03598497435450554,
0.019429951906204224,
0.03285340964794159,
0.014797036536037922,
0.026591036468744278,
-0.011143242008984089,
-0.04336145520210266,
0.025011269375681877,
0.0017107267631217837,
-0.11239194869995117,
-0.009780436754226685,
-0.01319776102900505,
-0.030134890228509903,
-0.005138242617249489,
-0.04390702769160271,
-0.011591826565563679,
-0.00653843441978097,
-0.0023399381898343563,
0.0011910240864381194,
-0.04732194170355797,
0.030305206775665283,
0.011023152619600296,
0.01963048055768013,
0.028155773878097534,
0.022302525117993355,
0.05588379129767418,
0.025031790137290955,
0.01908303052186966,
0.07693268358707428,
-0.028421081602573395,
0.025894125923514366,
0.026830345392227173,
0.020844697952270508,
-0.02546769380569458,
-0.05153706297278404,
-0.0018038800917565823,
0.032192450016736984,
0.0008750116685405374,
0.006346072070300579,
-0.01636139489710331,
0.03542279452085495,
0.01339478138834238,
0.015551235526800156,
0.03981857746839523,
0.005990561097860336,
0.005429295357316732,
-0.003196409670636058,
0.04125877469778061,
-0.04763588309288025,
0.05942036584019661,
0.03384460508823395,
-0.04857245832681656,
-0.023645006120204926,
-0.02760511450469494,
0.02945576049387455,
0.0016699873376637697,
0.021686656400561333,
0.010752160102128983,
-0.05286666378378868,
0.030590340495109558,
0.07666759938001633,
0.018945403397083282,
-0.004352086689323187,
-0.00450535025447607,
0.013294083997607231,
0.002015789272263646,
-0.0044797626323997974,
-0.07287391275167465,
0.01942015439271927,
-0.006824884098023176,
-0.04551338031888008,
0.018694031983613968,
-0.013110705651342869,
-0.030824149027466774,
-0.009988020174205303,
-0.03421090170741081,
-0.028306489810347557,
0.05181906744837761,
-0.027896596118807793,
-0.021587517112493515,
-0.030891522765159607,
0.07283388078212738,
0.015381846576929092,
0.04973508417606354,
0.03800530731678009,
-0.0694083496928215,
0.004105785861611366,
0.014334208332002163,
-0.015136688947677612,
0.038516078144311905,
-0.028419654816389084,
0.0920080840587616,
-0.019147397950291634,
0.01127718947827816,
0.02751128003001213,
-0.09169702231884003,
-0.06215105578303337,
0.025194542482495308,
0.011188948526978493,
0.048731762915849686,
-0.024006467312574387,
-0.012716465629637241,
0.09291946142911911,
0.014773134142160416,
0.04997647553682327,
0.05972197651863098,
-0.019983647391200066,
0.04223301634192467,
-0.019700758159160614,
-0.012780810706317425,
-0.02059195190668106,
-0.007902209646999836,
-0.06404217332601547,
-0.053937412798404694,
0.023983219638466835,
-0.015304840169847012,
0.027442652732133865,
0.016163846477866173,
-0.025734078139066696,
0.01077056024223566,
0.018023470416665077,
-0.003505751956254244,
0.017875904217362404,
-0.004934485070407391,
-0.043533094227313995,
0.06277239322662354,
0.01841689832508564,
-0.009750052355229855,
-0.016316426917910576,
-0.027562374249100685,
0.09805037081241608,
0.04867574945092201,
-0.03276246786117554,
-0.014759049750864506,
0.0073570930399000645,
0.020187649875879288,
-0.00985313393175602,
-0.02397083304822445,
-0.038146067410707474,
0.001597563736140728,
-0.005999998189508915,
-0.008225174620747566,
-0.028288129717111588,
0.023636482656002045,
-0.0369437150657177,
0.016415052115917206,
0.05332689359784126,
-0.046690043061971664,
0.057517196983098984,
0.022779926657676697,
0.028199972584843636,
0.020468108355998993,
-0.02661273628473282,
-0.012695936486124992,
-0.035553280264139175,
-0.02438647486269474,
-0.0157488863915205,
0.0033004821743816137,
-0.033790674060583115,
-0.030417926609516144,
-0.01618080958724022,
-0.002985531697049737,
-0.009122856892645359,
0.050255026668310165,
0.07478552311658859,
0.016321204602718353,
-0.020703524351119995,
-0.013720168732106686,
-0.02470068447291851,
0.021627124398946762,
-0.11870995908975601,
0.005383927375078201,
-0.02537873201072216,
0.031124334782361984,
-0.00310248089954257,
0.024996468797326088,
0.02666964754462242,
0.02738463319838047,
-0.030534837394952774,
-0.029247071593999863,
0.0227389857172966,
0.000008842116585583426,
0.001968098571524024,
-0.049806490540504456,
-0.044297441840171814,
-0.011018543504178524,
0.026318708434700966,
-0.03330172598361969,
0.013733023777604103,
-0.04981515184044838,
-0.05885767564177513,
-0.008265944197773933,
-0.09182874113321304,
-0.00312233273871243,
0.009585805237293243,
0.006513231433928013,
-0.004069113172590733,
-0.028035307303071022,
0.019872799515724182,
0.04530588164925575,
0.02433224581182003,
0.033624712377786636,
0.002500608330592513,
-0.029766254127025604,
-0.014992681331932545,
-0.012713275849819183,
0.024479849264025688,
-0.013571520335972309,
0.037344660609960556,
-0.01932431198656559,
0.009945884346961975,
0.004499753005802631,
-0.02633001282811165,
-0.23103968799114227,
-0.02434484288096428,
-0.017079679295420647,
-0.011633682996034622,
0.039994169026613235,
-0.00021465489408001304,
0.05982302129268646,
-0.05689093843102455,
-0.011213515885174274,
-0.010850371792912483,
-0.0019440375035628676,
0.032483648508787155,
0.02943975292146206,
0.05745672434568405,
0.02944670431315899,
0.049698568880558014,
-0.013773552142083645,
-0.028292430564761162,
0.02966972254216671,
0.041375212371349335,
-0.003007270395755768,
-0.06976127624511719,
-0.014153107069432735,
0.059818949550390244,
-0.0037811242509633303,
0.031189244240522385,
-0.08675572276115417,
-0.011043880134820938,
-0.027111578732728958,
0.007555542513728142,
-0.026389580219984055,
-0.029215317219495773,
-0.022232476621866226,
0.02428424172103405,
-0.011328073218464851,
0.023408476263284683,
0.06447361409664154,
0.011283420957624912,
0.05173778161406517,
-0.004126863554120064,
0.020509647205471992,
-0.024555761367082596,
-0.013020088896155357,
0.0068643055856227875,
0.05613917484879494,
0.01180484239012003,
-0.05765693634748459,
-0.03868137300014496,
-0.017890548333525658,
0.042621951550245285,
-0.008780723437666893,
-0.030461689457297325,
-0.007162386551499367,
0.016797471791505814,
0.07665672898292542,
-0.030546607449650764,
0.02126450277864933,
-0.015537401661276817,
-0.028959544375538826,
0.000719483126886189,
0.021693993359804153,
-0.04310159385204315,
-0.016836997121572495,
-0.04600813239812851,
-0.03510141372680664,
-0.03441040590405464,
-0.05962621420621872,
-0.0776197612285614,
0.01380346342921257,
0.05312182754278183,
-0.02419210597872734,
0.015277075581252575,
0.021599017083644867,
-0.08236746490001678,
0.0012525044148787856,
-0.014106089249253273,
-0.019614001736044884,
-0.0171416774392128,
0.01070276740938425,
0.051907218992710114,
-0.05676842853426933,
-0.03555772453546524,
-0.013350850902497768,
0.007288106717169285,
0.010556692257523537,
-0.006874493323266506,
-0.011362319812178612,
-0.07853035628795624,
-0.013366960920393467,
-0.019744420424103737,
0.014771655201911926,
0.0008964416920207441,
0.0013248997274786234,
0.01656445860862732,
0.07552788406610489,
0.017427900806069374,
0.057621151208877563,
0.06958970427513123,
0.05446688458323479,
-0.0008580979192629457,
0.01566305011510849,
-0.08609887212514877,
-0.015109592117369175,
-0.024928128346800804,
-0.028227832168340683,
0.02759362943470478,
-0.04857597127556801,
-0.011850387789309025,
0.04578705504536629,
-0.0008349164854735136,
-0.03167944401502609,
-0.036585815250873566,
-0.008128133602440357,
-0.01335669495165348,
-0.035914380103349686,
0.007878703065216541,
-0.003677308326587081,
0.02076607197523117,
0.05877881124615669,
-0.024592474102973938,
-0.050205573439598083,
0.025617271661758423,
-0.006908937823027372,
-0.002691591391339898,
0.0032116619404405355,
-0.03234092891216278,
0.01520336139947176,
0.008319293148815632,
0.03132353723049164,
0.012968220748007298,
0.019300302490592003,
0.019295329228043556,
-0.01876235008239746,
-0.0002875267527997494,
0.03320910036563873,
0.012542023323476315,
0.026706472039222717,
-0.013277067802846432,
0.014001292176544666,
0.03546857833862305,
-0.03786744549870491,
-0.009257426485419273,
0.01344911940395832,
-0.011202371679246426,
0.0426059253513813,
0.022706883028149605,
0.03295726329088211,
0.011207038536667824,
0.0017579325940459967,
0.013844956643879414,
0.027931658551096916,
-0.0414542630314827,
0.018382998183369637,
-0.047475285828113556,
0.048898257315158844,
-0.036349836736917496,
0.021970689296722412,
-0.015959549695253372,
0.03897777199745178,
-0.06134737282991409,
0.04024689644575119,
-0.027223754674196243,
0.0139077203348279,
-0.00141570542473346,
0.00502382218837738,
0.0348396934568882,
-0.014701815322041512,
0.018999258056282997,
0.02646941877901554,
0.022506853565573692,
0.004529269877821207,
-0.012466667219996452,
-0.04697272554039955,
0.0024187888484448195,
-0.02488025464117527,
0.008370485156774521,
-0.005423433147370815,
-0.0016347219934687018,
-0.022567162290215492,
0.03442804887890816,
0.004678829573094845,
-0.010056618601083755,
0.010771875269711018,
0.006622526794672012,
0.08281251043081284,
-0.025099875405430794,
0.023293964564800262,
0.032196044921875,
-0.04705455154180527,
-0.032859623432159424,
-0.02591587044298649,
0.009603507816791534,
-0.010177318006753922,
-0.06359166651964188,
-0.05510179325938225,
-0.049346476793289185,
0.03484577685594559,
0.01570824161171913,
-0.01047421433031559,
-0.003602619981393218,
0.001976980362087488,
-0.00449992623180151,
-0.05774408578872681,
-0.011520395055413246,
0.014704309403896332,
-0.08097905665636063,
-0.006315633654594421,
0.0013416485162451863,
-0.007284059189260006,
0.018687866628170013,
-0.010800029151141644,
-0.026770537719130516,
-0.051921546459198,
0.00966605544090271,
0.031913552433252335,
-0.01294359378516674,
-0.0027149177622050047,
-0.030199546366930008,
0.0077703846618533134,
-0.02339034713804722,
0.008072691969573498,
0.014855187386274338,
-0.014217093586921692,
0.008000347763299942,
0.015312452800571918,
0.04700235277414322,
-0.06169746071100235,
-0.03180726245045662,
-0.005239774473011494,
-0.02335858717560768,
0.05367907136678696,
-0.05940169095993042,
0.03469154238700867,
0.058922670781612396,
0.017424261197447777,
0.00925095658749342,
-0.020280584692955017,
0.03142649307847023,
0.008837324567139149,
-0.01682237721979618,
0.029795892536640167,
-0.004947612062096596,
-0.022191155701875687,
0.02359183505177498,
0.010698305442929268,
0.017385326325893402,
-0.01623537577688694,
-0.0067861489951610565,
0.01843157410621643,
0.020613377913832664,
-0.004651329480111599,
0.02835654653608799,
-0.05171791836619377,
-0.0077744643203914165,
0.0614507831633091,
-0.06135354936122894,
-0.04312809184193611,
-0.07448673993349075,
-0.023364771157503128,
0.038790445774793625,
-0.009884989820420742,
0.046182774007320404,
-0.054803840816020966,
0.07351019233465195,
-0.01629544049501419,
0.00927687343209982,
-0.013314925134181976,
-0.017403919249773026,
0.02865590527653694,
-0.04946615919470787,
-0.03289344906806946,
-0.06187284365296364,
-0.03878054767847061,
0.07312390208244324,
-0.05103630572557449,
-0.04425070062279701,
0.012464430183172226,
-0.03138954937458038,
0.033808037638664246,
-0.001934173982590437,
-0.04487178847193718,
0.04414426162838936,
-0.008911864832043648,
0.00016186258289963007,
0.04230479896068573,
-0.0324639193713665,
-0.019455883651971817,
0.003226703032851219,
-0.028359854593873024,
-0.008228241465985775,
-0.008810015395283699,
0.06206410378217697,
-0.03589850664138794,
0.018053188920021057,
-0.022200874984264374,
0.015554539859294891,
0.021730951964855194,
0.05193277448415756,
0.011300608515739441,
0.05477827042341232,
-0.012594213709235191,
0.04570350795984268,
0.03980832174420357,
-0.0008426063577644527,
0.03196793794631958,
-0.0012435817625373602,
-0.015203315764665604,
-0.0313710980117321,
0.037973400205373764,
0.0035250522196292877,
-0.007060282398015261,
-0.055141061544418335,
0.09509044885635376,
0.01981123350560665,
-0.060847483575344086,
-0.019519835710525513,
0.017303328961133957,
-0.053697116672992706,
-0.0025221509858965874,
-0.019730161875486374,
-0.011479572393000126,
-0.00907077919691801,
0.06371019780635834,
0.030904855579137802,
0.036446403712034225,
0.076723612844944,
0.009877484291791916,
-0.027617160230875015,
-0.03614906221628189,
0.049782395362854004,
0.05105259642004967,
0.050613563507795334,
0.00718199135735631,
0.048525623977184296,
-0.04011233150959015,
-0.047528985887765884,
0.028151968494057655,
0.06176185607910156,
0.005709547083824873,
-0.038224365562200546,
0.01905885525047779,
0.08931997418403625,
0.0027373686898499727,
0.042151253670454025,
-0.014888152480125427,
-0.009306703694164753,
0.01313085202127695,
0.024790192022919655,
0.023751486092805862,
0.04965968802571297,
0.03206872195005417,
0.01676943339407444,
-0.028880298137664795,
-0.0249907448887825,
0.0027207250241190195,
-0.04983195289969444,
-0.00614149309694767,
0.033410411328077316,
0.004613823257386684,
0.016147730872035027,
-0.0185922309756279,
0.047008614987134933,
0.10593743622303009,
-0.04674362763762474,
-0.01985432393848896,
0.027591295540332794,
0.029758017510175705,
0.013884435407817364,
0.03316090255975723,
-0.03415016829967499,
0.007517082151025534,
0.008306670933961868,
-0.036895718425512314,
0.005007445812225342,
0.010639868676662445,
0.004646932240575552,
0.046336740255355835,
-0.013029822148382664,
-0.021025121212005615,
-0.012297951616346836,
0.03536241501569748,
-0.05185144394636154,
-0.04865223914384842,
-0.03387606889009476,
-0.03099953942000866,
-0.0475323311984539,
-0.014089960604906082,
0.04217683523893356,
0.022012881934642792,
-0.03726518154144287,
0.03752054274082184,
-0.042764030396938324,
0.007084246259182692,
0.011590158566832542,
-0.056706156581640244,
0.01502335723489523,
0.018361546099185944,
0.0012728865258395672,
-0.02082098089158535,
0.038056064397096634,
0.02889549918472767,
0.0121286790817976,
-0.017875589430332184,
0.007475935388356447,
0.06467238813638687,
0.007692440878599882,
0.009490134194493294,
-0.012878104113042355,
-0.08161869645118713,
0.022524476051330566,
0.02318211831152439,
-0.021061263978481293,
-0.07875736802816391,
0.013875013217329979,
-0.01568685658276081,
0.04381117969751358,
0.07328854501247406,
0.040605731308460236,
0.03491562604904175,
-0.015826484188437462,
0.021830152720212936,
0.03498522564768791,
0.010379812680184841,
0.0215719286352396,
-0.026545092463493347,
0.07476810365915298,
0.03487711399793625,
-0.008412138558924198,
-0.04393226280808449,
0.028551243245601654,
0.01133333146572113,
-0.032331082969903946,
-0.030119948089122772,
-0.033063650131225586,
-0.006716351490467787,
-0.09282991290092468,
-0.020176276564598083,
0.029936721548438072,
0.007842992432415485,
-0.03318719193339348,
-0.006928564514964819,
-0.018399322405457497,
-0.024344980716705322,
-0.003834046656265855,
-0.03385436162352562,
-0.014052405022084713,
-0.013571005314588547,
-0.03529173508286476,
-0.0637231171131134,
0.014415698125958443,
-0.016068900004029274,
0.035586822777986526,
-0.03928055986762047,
-0.039799951016902924,
0.004423277452588081,
-0.01289783138781786,
0.029840679839253426,
-0.009878681972622871,
0.01999087631702423,
-0.023917395621538162
] |
221 |
Activation Gradient based Poisoned Sample Detection Against Backdoor Attacks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=VNMJfBBUd5
|
[
"Danni Yuan",
"Mingda Zhang",
"Shaokui Wei",
"Li Liu",
"Baoyuan Wu"
] |
Poster
|
This work studies the task of poisoned sample detection for defending against data poisoning based backdoor attacks. Its core challenge is finding a generalizable and discriminative metric to distinguish between clean and various types of poisoned samples (e.g., various triggers, various poisoning ratios). Inspired by a common phenomenon in backdoor attacks that the backdoored model tend to map significantly different poisoned and clean samples within the target class to similar activation areas, we introduce a novel perspective of the circular distribution of the gradients w.r.t. sample activation, dubbed gradient circular distribution (GCD). And, we find two interesting observations based on GCD. One is that the GCD of samples in the target class is much more dispersed than that in the clean class. The other is that in the GCD of target class, poisoned and clean samples are clearly separated. Inspired by above two observations, we develop an innovative three-stage poisoned sample detection approach, called Activation Gradient based Poisoned sample Detection (AGPD). First, we calculate GCDs of all classes from the model trained on the untrustworthy dataset. Then, we identify the target class(es) based on the difference on GCD dispersion between target and clean classes. Last, we filter out poisoned samples within the identified target class(es) based on the clear separation between poisoned and clean samples. Extensive experiments under various settings of backdoor attacks demonstrate the superior detection performance of the proposed method to existing poisoned detection approaches according to sample activation-based metrics.
|
Backdoor Defense, Poisoned Sample Detection, AI security
| null | 14,155 |
2312.06230
|
[
-0.007540267426520586,
-0.005000596400350332,
0.0064361076802015305,
0.05138885974884033,
0.05111617222428322,
-0.011507363058626652,
0.04682203009724617,
-0.018346283584833145,
-0.01572415605187416,
-0.030576951801776886,
0.0036095755640417337,
-0.029366236180067062,
-0.06591182947158813,
0.007625615689903498,
0.003569260938093066,
0.044443078339099884,
0.037620533257722855,
-0.027405982837080956,
0.026102669537067413,
0.018087347969412804,
0.008695650845766068,
-0.02686036005616188,
0.008671991527080536,
0.04647964611649513,
0.03651268780231476,
0.014449242502450943,
0.014119578525424004,
0.009982404299080372,
-0.04157046973705292,
0.0071398536674678326,
0.069265216588974,
0.01952284574508667,
0.02349029667675495,
-0.05558095499873161,
0.04142909497022629,
0.060131486505270004,
-0.04289958253502846,
0.029835041612386703,
0.016411740332841873,
0.013733305037021637,
-0.04047784581780434,
0.014751349575817585,
-0.01174837350845337,
0.015922747552394867,
-0.06586690247058868,
0.026042606681585312,
-0.09985796362161636,
0.052009716629981995,
0.01943853124976158,
0.004382900893688202,
-0.0774897038936615,
0.017059653997421265,
-0.01889495737850666,
-0.03639935329556465,
0.012525229714810848,
0.02899872325360775,
0.03211153298616409,
-0.06252753734588623,
0.01763293333351612,
-0.04981790482997894,
-0.0390717014670372,
0.008839040994644165,
-0.011040414683520794,
0.012926542200148106,
0.014348640106618404,
-0.0022379106376320124,
0.05274192616343498,
0.02530697174370289,
-0.02875179424881935,
-0.007945436984300613,
-0.006569168996065855,
-0.024702947586774826,
0.0037360568530857563,
0.0005219458253122866,
-0.039116449654102325,
-0.014569681137800217,
0.004037356469780207,
-0.008005604147911072,
0.04061261564493179,
0.004087634384632111,
0.028397098183631897,
0.0013435478322207928,
0.011086815968155861,
0.02058100327849388,
-0.00026219888241030276,
-0.010096990503370762,
-0.041155796498060226,
-0.009079947136342525,
-0.03804532065987587,
0.0436338447034359,
-0.02520219422876835,
-0.03473329171538353,
0.04361990466713905,
0.034705810248851776,
0.009257126599550247,
-0.009548497386276722,
0.04059330001473427,
0.004528129938989878,
0.025509893894195557,
-0.007990553975105286,
0.0034169552382081747,
-0.008878094144165516,
-0.021710004657506943,
0.01630716398358345,
-0.08542763441801071,
-0.01800665818154812,
-0.02561025321483612,
-0.05580618605017662,
-0.021566888317465782,
-0.0005955520318821073,
0.0019649770110845566,
0.0029771800618618727,
0.003635564586147666,
-0.013970065861940384,
-0.10518405586481094,
0.04602651670575142,
-0.007239737547934055,
0.021479519084095955,
0.05603572726249695,
0.0037826993502676487,
0.06406499445438385,
0.06942131370306015,
-0.013185900636017323,
0.07011707872152328,
0.053253062069416046,
-0.029032355174422264,
0.021385669708251953,
0.04115866497159004,
0.014859385788440704,
-0.04507084935903549,
0.008068172261118889,
0.025478864088654518,
0.031152497977018356,
-0.008755523711442947,
-0.006507738959044218,
-0.014114819467067719,
-0.030259938910603523,
0.01805940270423889,
0.04331305995583534,
-0.012395246885716915,
0.04001468047499657,
-0.021553266793489456,
0.023834936320781708,
-0.056997690349817276,
0.047938138246536255,
-0.010384681634604931,
-0.018173059448599815,
-0.02186296507716179,
-0.025630371645092964,
-0.0002148014900740236,
0.013382278382778168,
0.01306887622922659,
-0.005713779013603926,
-0.06280218064785004,
-0.021717026829719543,
0.05428491160273552,
0.025531502440571785,
0.024100232869386673,
-0.04724105820059776,
-0.04686297848820686,
0.011190253309905529,
-0.0022722803987562656,
-0.024203475564718246,
0.015785101801156998,
-0.02006303146481514,
-0.030077887699007988,
0.04449613392353058,
0.042506564408540726,
-0.03388834372162819,
0.030204536393284798,
-0.05534030869603157,
-0.020748397335410118,
0.05014332756400108,
0.013266142457723618,
-0.01255482155829668,
0.015894809737801552,
-0.0003551067493390292,
-0.017222492024302483,
0.045444224029779434,
0.013784545473754406,
-0.07745823264122009,
0.030790206044912338,
0.016118815168738365,
0.01617688313126564,
-0.004272582940757275,
0.016197770833969116,
0.08705843240022659,
-0.036452170461416245,
0.019471557810902596,
0.07656285911798477,
-0.08371533453464508,
0.015036317519843578,
0.04926207661628723,
-0.0002689245739020407,
0.049000274389982224,
0.026791218668222427,
0.018762502819299698,
0.01240262109786272,
0.019879555329680443,
0.023403072729706764,
0.025518734008073807,
-0.01669335924088955,
0.03969437628984451,
-0.03195789456367493,
-0.025153513997793198,
-0.005139782093465328,
0.03851165995001793,
-0.07049191743135452,
-0.008930143900215626,
-0.010325182229280472,
-0.013029533438384533,
0.018903646618127823,
-0.00758343655616045,
-0.01212835218757391,
0.013166636228561401,
0.016484228894114494,
-0.033373162150382996,
0.002495198044925928,
0.03349735215306282,
-0.061787594109773636,
0.024157967418432236,
0.0027857590466737747,
-0.018205588683485985,
0.061650872230529785,
-0.016015835106372833,
0.09971999377012253,
0.07927986979484558,
-0.024657268077135086,
0.017439676448702812,
0.021307658404111862,
0.0043697357177734375,
-0.00944999698549509,
0.01841179095208645,
-0.020739290863275528,
0.002904591616243124,
-0.0018098534783348441,
-0.008030706085264683,
-0.014364331029355526,
0.08857661485671997,
-0.04840519651770592,
0.024924805387854576,
0.06622690707445145,
-0.018216228112578392,
0.06257392466068268,
-0.03029707260429859,
0.009842796251177788,
0.022520218044519424,
0.03443266078829765,
-0.005166260991245508,
-0.03178425505757332,
-0.0017687154468148947,
0.010805816389620304,
0.009007059969007969,
-0.04168660566210747,
0.04159633815288544,
-0.05056595802307129,
-0.000691621913574636,
0.007619422394782305,
0.037320639938116074,
0.04892171174287796,
0.012050073593854904,
-0.006339269690215588,
0.022147174924612045,
-0.025674806907773018,
0.019531434401869774,
-0.09764812886714935,
-0.053375568240880966,
0.018128570169210434,
0.06364064663648605,
-0.015413451939821243,
-0.0057268813252449036,
-0.005816867109388113,
-0.006358396261930466,
0.0011734639992937446,
-0.020925719290971756,
0.012330548837780952,
-0.009876027703285217,
0.03747037425637245,
-0.04356568679213524,
-0.010234312154352665,
-0.02385132946074009,
0.07180730998516083,
-0.020967038348317146,
0.007494715973734856,
-0.022971369326114655,
-0.03834293410181999,
-0.010999735444784164,
-0.05352151393890381,
-0.05317544564604759,
0.0459156408905983,
-0.012112005613744259,
0.016721706837415695,
-0.0187815111130476,
0.030355552211403847,
0.04681007191538811,
0.04051653668284416,
0.005714502651244402,
0.013943258672952652,
0.03155327960848808,
0.023580113425850868,
0.019001949578523636,
0.034668367356061935,
-0.042376212775707245,
0.00822733249515295,
-0.025686392560601234,
-0.0173033457249403,
0.012522113509476185,
0.025694826617836952,
-0.29093408584594727,
0.010464996099472046,
0.0479300431907177,
0.0028280201368033886,
-0.008171328343451023,
-0.022965293377637863,
0.04363429918885231,
-0.032757535576820374,
-0.019384507089853287,
0.011116895824670792,
-0.0032111038453876972,
-0.027646906673908234,
0.05119858682155609,
0.03905971348285675,
0.005569273140281439,
0.028912996873259544,
-0.021342718973755836,
-0.037067826837301254,
0.02062397263944149,
0.0027400313410907984,
-0.017076510936021805,
-0.06704799085855484,
0.010464423336088657,
0.02217210829257965,
-0.035024210810661316,
0.005646503996104002,
-0.07298699766397476,
-0.0035056350752711296,
-0.03866569325327873,
0.0013490767451003194,
0.0145213408395648,
-0.030510393902659416,
-0.048669952899217606,
0.037128105759620667,
0.004701848607510328,
-0.01384671963751316,
0.0316925123333931,
0.012369819916784763,
-0.020887326449155807,
0.020458431914448738,
0.03173127397894859,
0.008399792946875095,
0.0054084365256130695,
0.03520394489169121,
0.0791344940662384,
0.023541182279586792,
-0.015935970470309258,
-0.03432982787489891,
-0.025018911808729172,
0.03778577968478203,
-0.029682090505957603,
-0.03229083865880966,
-0.0614788755774498,
-0.004364433698356152,
-0.03047347441315651,
-0.010599354282021523,
-0.0059888907708227634,
-0.029557669535279274,
-0.00971413217484951,
0.04970866069197655,
0.016792185604572296,
-0.022712809965014458,
-0.0014817973133176565,
0.0010644581634551287,
-0.013749824836850166,
-0.029218599200248718,
-0.058766625821590424,
-0.08696263283491135,
0.04850725084543228,
0.018846780061721802,
0.0019184134434908628,
0.0501873604953289,
-0.022275960072875023,
-0.10348716378211975,
0.006811895873397589,
-0.017065618187189102,
0.0026866740081459284,
-0.021150294691324234,
0.016043314710259438,
0.050941918045282364,
-0.0391862615942955,
-0.023375477641820908,
0.016400571912527084,
-0.0016532574081793427,
-0.0005000195233151317,
-0.020781300961971283,
-0.0011589309433475137,
0.01407886203378439,
-0.02473483607172966,
-0.02275238372385502,
0.05807371065020561,
0.0033792254980653524,
0.020725706592202187,
-0.012353630736470222,
0.0412973128259182,
0.07677163183689117,
0.03663880005478859,
0.048094265162944794,
0.03263826295733452,
0.018097147345542908,
0.03802971914410591,
-0.051344987004995346,
-0.008755913935601711,
-0.06781865656375885,
-0.015441497787833214,
0.022464057430624962,
-0.03727239742875099,
-0.024157537147402763,
0.01526013482362032,
-0.03275412693619728,
-0.0030067504849284887,
-0.03153315931558609,
-0.01720578782260418,
-0.002047054236754775,
0.01238443236798048,
-0.027919409796595573,
-0.014105207286775112,
0.021421723067760468,
0.04093022644519806,
-0.051583945751190186,
-0.026613665744662285,
0.04518996924161911,
-0.03231162950396538,
0.021971197798848152,
-0.0035400178749114275,
-0.01407251413911581,
-0.02793012000620365,
0.04485461115837097,
0.03075065277516842,
-0.022600287571549416,
0.029177598655223846,
0.055987484753131866,
0.015658443793654442,
0.008208628743886948,
0.058516524732112885,
0.01963852345943451,
-0.009200077503919601,
-0.012832248583436012,
0.01657673716545105,
-0.01892169751226902,
0.007891537621617317,
-0.009499684907495975,
0.049807507544755936,
0.04388865828514099,
0.06015242636203766,
0.005432452540844679,
0.03691361844539642,
-0.031504854559898376,
-0.011465122923254967,
-0.03763558343052864,
0.05237645283341408,
-0.0464114174246788,
0.018475327640771866,
-0.013425489887595177,
0.03458858281373978,
-0.006646203342825174,
0.01769939437508583,
0.04883436858654022,
-0.02556232362985611,
-0.08064593374729156,
0.04077983275055885,
0.008839808404445648,
0.022596506401896477,
-0.023643286898732185,
0.039266813546419144,
0.08201227337121964,
-0.04057314991950989,
-0.012905506417155266,
0.01925336942076683,
0.04189641401171684,
-0.0012524968478828669,
-0.013993178494274616,
-0.0016659238608554006,
0.0053460728377103806,
-0.02808031067252159,
0.037932075560092926,
0.014918600209057331,
-0.01443157996982336,
-0.03781537711620331,
-0.019939875230193138,
-0.01103705633431673,
-0.0505332350730896,
-0.0018549662781879306,
0.008246442303061485,
0.07058989256620407,
0.010582535527646542,
-0.026018017902970314,
-0.024532105773687363,
-0.03220165893435478,
0.032171186059713364,
-0.04291462525725365,
0.012195542454719543,
-0.027974624186754227,
-0.03483434394001961,
0.008475457318127155,
-0.06788884848356247,
-0.018130654469132423,
0.052055083215236664,
-0.04017879068851471,
-0.026395954191684723,
0.006251904182136059,
0.029590843245387077,
-0.00739737693220377,
0.0008714701398275793,
-0.007683217525482178,
-0.05591218173503876,
0.04825149476528168,
0.062410756945610046,
-0.0357612781226635,
0.02622239664196968,
-0.01862255297601223,
-0.054502926766872406,
-0.09165160357952118,
-0.011011109687387943,
0.004903660621494055,
-0.05081449821591377,
-0.028788557276129723,
-0.024196142330765724,
-0.01836787723004818,
0.01265800278633833,
0.011395476758480072,
0.03918786346912384,
-0.0028710404876619577,
0.002323761349543929,
0.018175842240452766,
0.03004607744514942,
-0.02657359652221203,
-0.016448937356472015,
0.024235550314188004,
-0.010231995955109596,
-0.00889046210795641,
-0.000924274732824415,
0.04862843081355095,
0.022580673918128014,
-0.015772107988595963,
0.011581098660826683,
-0.025434939190745354,
0.009789329953491688,
-0.04976373538374901,
-0.016450583934783936,
-0.04757579788565636,
-0.027554869651794434,
-0.017916714772582054,
-0.0042492360807955265,
0.009609049186110497,
0.022811491042375565,
-0.014957512728869915,
0.013246188871562481,
-0.007862715050578117,
0.02556546777486801,
0.035022251307964325,
0.05447667837142944,
-0.0254194512963295,
-0.030592162162065506,
0.05921614542603493,
-0.08187755197286606,
0.008664645254611969,
-0.08551298826932907,
-0.03891991451382637,
0.023360509425401688,
-0.015402145683765411,
0.019791731610894203,
-0.023028362542390823,
0.026057498529553413,
0.009528281167149544,
0.020857837051153183,
-0.015111876651644707,
-0.03857841342687607,
0.03033534809947014,
-0.05521007254719734,
-0.0015436626272276044,
-0.04664091020822525,
0.03955388441681862,
0.07797812670469284,
-0.03800101950764656,
0.019681723788380623,
0.010509059764444828,
-0.05845702439546585,
0.0060426658019423485,
-0.03537760674953461,
-0.052078571170568466,
0.008242159150540829,
-0.010962357744574547,
-0.042194727808237076,
0.0026731041725724936,
-0.06497658789157867,
-0.022396979853510857,
-0.02233317494392395,
-0.048851121217012405,
-0.017842508852481842,
0.010669860988855362,
0.04228918254375458,
-0.009172340855002403,
-0.014069698750972748,
-0.02351408638060093,
0.01894363760948181,
0.023606475442647934,
0.025947051122784615,
0.02977258712053299,
0.019564345479011536,
-0.014012208208441734,
0.04017317295074463,
0.010476615279912949,
0.0008590052020736039,
-0.008126393891870975,
0.010586855001747608,
-0.000327552406815812,
-0.05031793937087059,
0.05648725479841232,
-0.03748505935072899,
-0.024131596088409424,
-0.050658680498600006,
0.06305103003978729,
0.010904191993176937,
-0.0745398998260498,
-0.0686122477054596,
0.023448467254638672,
-0.03371884301304817,
-0.019631002098321915,
-0.0009649047278799117,
0.002448280341923237,
0.022861182689666748,
0.06630463898181915,
0.0035937156062573195,
0.025088781490921974,
0.0452955961227417,
0.012496354058384895,
0.007046910934150219,
0.00145472283475101,
0.035751670598983765,
0.05440058186650276,
0.00009617840260034427,
-0.01349792629480362,
0.05586206540465355,
-0.03695263713598251,
-0.020971685647964478,
-0.008430438116192818,
-0.015081703662872314,
-0.009633232839405537,
-0.04176323860883713,
0.031131591647863388,
0.06634323298931122,
-0.0028384446632117033,
0.09811803698539734,
-0.030816512182354927,
0.00180728395935148,
0.05752135068178177,
0.018663164228200912,
-0.011787941679358482,
0.07280890643596649,
-0.028052030131220818,
0.003657659748569131,
-0.020767273381352425,
-0.0027692706789821386,
0.0031166148837655783,
-0.035589903593063354,
0.01431202981621027,
0.016098573803901672,
-0.04481597617268562,
0.0028219500090926886,
-0.003987544681876898,
0.008076315745711327,
0.07939836382865906,
-0.036226823925971985,
-0.03272327780723572,
0.005463601090013981,
0.01568024978041649,
0.012476922944188118,
0.024471063166856766,
-0.010280507616698742,
-0.017645133659243584,
-0.025122202932834625,
-0.07251538336277008,
-0.01725241169333458,
0.012651834636926651,
-0.019675245508551598,
0.010737013071775436,
0.00032505582203157246,
-0.027118900790810585,
0.021148916333913803,
0.01774236001074314,
-0.0035032641608268023,
-0.05003336817026138,
-0.03655709698796272,
-0.034053169190883636,
-0.026850271970033646,
-0.07166416943073273,
0.04444005712866783,
-0.016321131959557533,
-0.02333100140094757,
0.020827844738960266,
-0.004660382401198149,
0.008072168566286564,
-0.007328455336391926,
-0.04236644506454468,
-0.010711184702813625,
0.05218714475631714,
0.013151334598660469,
0.009856660850346088,
-0.000548911455553025,
-0.000735014327801764,
0.009412935003638268,
-0.046034444123506546,
0.018839256837964058,
-0.007345379795879126,
0.022673476487398148,
-0.04497472196817398,
-0.0017387308180332184,
-0.09767038375139236,
-0.0012952217366546392,
0.01999872922897339,
-0.035073988139629364,
-0.0696219652891159,
0.029273757711052895,
-0.01936904527246952,
0.009702514857053757,
0.09228760004043579,
0.002621263265609741,
-0.015689874067902565,
-0.026978446170687675,
-0.050932593643665314,
0.007117873523384333,
-0.0014844798715785146,
0.07056533545255661,
0.0025958034675568342,
0.06762753427028656,
0.06139293685555458,
-0.03487877920269966,
-0.05786248296499252,
0.06343676149845123,
-0.03452195227146149,
-0.004480651579797268,
-0.04199244827032089,
-0.02636619843542576,
-0.0003520555328577757,
-0.09497642517089844,
0.012121410109102726,
0.021048368886113167,
-0.018120206892490387,
-0.027460938319563866,
-0.017697937786579132,
0.0004445925878826529,
0.02908593975007534,
-0.05570511147379875,
-0.03840191662311554,
0.001519181183539331,
-0.0630481019616127,
-0.041791658848524094,
-0.03399472311139107,
0.01638655923306942,
-0.056763261556625366,
0.0342598482966423,
0.003021027659997344,
-0.026446545496582985,
-0.04905166104435921,
0.021899856626987457,
0.06384677439928055,
0.022034678608179092,
-0.008430891670286655,
-0.00491474661976099
] |
222 |
Causally Motivated Sycophancy Mitigation for Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=yRKelogz5i
|
[
"Haoxi Li",
"Xueyang Tang",
"Jie ZHANG",
"Song Guo",
"Sikai Bai",
"Peiran Dong",
"Yue Yu"
] |
Poster
|
Incorporating user preferences into large language models (LLMs) can enhance the personalization and reliability of model outputs and facilitate the application of LLMs to real-world scenarios. However, leveraging user preferences can be a double-edged sword. Recent studies have found that improper utilization can incur sycophancy, where LLMs prioritize alignment with user preferences over the correctness of their outputs. To address sycophancy in LLMs, we analyze and model the problem through the lens of structured causal models (SCMs). We attribute sycophancy to LLMs' reliance on spurious correlations between user preferences and model outputs in this paper. Based on the proposed SCMs, we develop a novel framework, termed **CAUSM**, to mitigate sycophancy in LLMs by exploiting a significant causal signature. Specifically, we eliminate the spurious correlations embedded in the intermediate layers of LLMs through causally motivated head reweighting, and then calibrate the intra-head knowledge along the causal representation direction. Extensive experiments are conducted across diverse language tasks to demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art competitors in mitigating sycophancy in LLMs.
|
Large Language Model; Sycophancy; Causal Modeling
| null | 14,154 | null |
[
-0.010289282537996769,
-0.029992947354912758,
0.0052740625105798244,
0.02476843073964119,
0.04595395550131798,
0.03247210383415222,
0.02980257384479046,
0.028530556708574295,
-0.015506631694734097,
-0.01132648903876543,
-0.010295414365828037,
0.04475086182355881,
-0.060737740248441696,
0.004111479967832565,
-0.027014747262001038,
0.0485636331140995,
0.02963176742196083,
-0.009998844936490059,
0.014980343170464039,
0.022338131442666054,
0.012142034247517586,
-0.026491239666938782,
0.02259530872106552,
0.007285257801413536,
0.043301742523908615,
0.03540382161736488,
0.02287079393863678,
-0.014168624766170979,
-0.03365715965628624,
-0.0008090853807516396,
0.06322094053030014,
0.0178030077368021,
0.004785329103469849,
-0.005252195987850428,
0.004336627200245857,
0.0247361920773983,
-0.04361259192228317,
0.04163964092731476,
0.0015656541800126433,
0.007361292373389006,
-0.04667546972632408,
0.0031037316657602787,
-0.01256625261157751,
-0.009405185468494892,
-0.041574522852897644,
-0.014582034200429916,
-0.104340098798275,
0.03982694819569588,
0.015937235206365585,
-0.053886592388153076,
-0.11446390300989151,
0.022801022976636887,
0.003970106597989798,
0.0009741209214553237,
0.0010292966617271304,
0.027910932898521423,
0.04715544730424881,
-0.10710308700799942,
-0.006880339700728655,
-0.020326290279626846,
-0.06565121561288834,
0.022270256653428078,
0.0031266743317246437,
0.010905676521360874,
0.012435046024620533,
-0.005306363105773926,
-0.020543739199638367,
0.019187770783901215,
-0.0663185864686966,
-0.037125226110219955,
-0.03402285277843475,
-0.007441715802997351,
-0.014077022671699524,
0.008938735350966454,
0.003466005902737379,
-0.022557539865374565,
0.020307084545493126,
0.022484583780169487,
0.06467066705226898,
0.0014891093596816063,
-0.01792016066610813,
0.04173609986901283,
0.010498309507966042,
0.03219641372561455,
0.02636837773025036,
-0.007161884102970362,
-0.023098282516002655,
-0.02680688165128231,
-0.07180573046207428,
0.03294537588953972,
0.0012452614028006792,
-0.05929075554013252,
0.02004409395158291,
0.020449593663215637,
-0.0039030639454722404,
-0.007882335223257542,
0.041244134306907654,
0.02338697388768196,
-0.027467044070363045,
-0.01816851645708084,
-0.016829248517751694,
-0.024322938174009323,
0.0006791559280827641,
0.02992422878742218,
-0.09905081987380981,
-0.03353463113307953,
-0.03358545899391174,
-0.007964462041854858,
-0.007558261044323444,
0.0006886161863803864,
-0.03924942389130592,
0.0044603426940739155,
0.03791632503271103,
0.01747344434261322,
-0.07317864149808884,
0.02318500727415085,
-0.005771473050117493,
0.0252977441996336,
0.0037235349882394075,
0.015402239747345448,
0.07463648170232773,
0.03879282623529434,
0.00454694963991642,
0.07685146480798721,
-0.03400473669171333,
0.027904583141207695,
0.03343859687447548,
0.03456474840641022,
-0.012896973639726639,
-0.05040103197097778,
0.023166367784142494,
0.030368799343705177,
-0.008048522286117077,
-0.01727837696671486,
-0.001254927832633257,
0.020204277709126472,
0.03453240171074867,
0.03855741769075394,
0.04566018283367157,
0.007989956066012383,
0.022331558167934418,
-0.003501339815557003,
0.06056509539484978,
-0.030546367168426514,
0.06519468128681183,
-0.016499631106853485,
-0.02129816822707653,
0.0029717814177274704,
-0.03320379927754402,
0.002650093287229538,
0.014317804016172886,
0.010908624157309532,
0.0015187736134976149,
-0.054471828043460846,
0.038559988141059875,
0.06604660302400589,
0.013618123717606068,
-0.026939112693071365,
0.014398212544620037,
0.028798513114452362,
0.00934241060167551,
0.013631151057779789,
-0.07654505968093872,
-0.011882530525326729,
0.008022981695830822,
-0.06258203834295273,
0.01422957330942154,
-0.011274426244199276,
-0.03484237566590309,
0.021957749500870705,
-0.06450097262859344,
-0.049072619527578354,
0.06925520300865173,
-0.029460124671459198,
-0.018370596691966057,
-0.016484953463077545,
0.05172533541917801,
0.022574955597519875,
0.02423456311225891,
0.043903857469558716,
-0.059759631752967834,
0.01706869527697563,
-0.01461045816540718,
-0.016211630776524544,
0.02521500363945961,
-0.009962569922208786,
0.06733673810958862,
-0.03714519366621971,
0.012140288949012756,
0.02906792238354683,
-0.08303682506084442,
-0.0015964135527610779,
0.023215437307953835,
0.0137659115716815,
0.055988263338804245,
0.008484086021780968,
-0.001055551809258759,
0.07588905096054077,
0.019891293719410896,
0.04606650769710541,
0.06219926103949547,
-0.0015562946209684014,
0.029732972383499146,
0.002620490500703454,
-0.03320784866809845,
-0.002418289426714182,
0.03430413082242012,
-0.03649599850177765,
-0.0757037028670311,
0.029036380350589752,
-0.035083770751953125,
-0.015161336399614811,
0.01168954186141491,
0.001672418205998838,
0.006965024396777153,
-0.030003942549228668,
-0.007212215568870306,
-0.014446896500885487,
-0.023049598559737206,
-0.03668101504445076,
0.050507303327322006,
0.01867205649614334,
-0.0071941581554710865,
0.013238503597676754,
-0.021864380687475204,
0.0766245499253273,
0.04700860008597374,
0.009413436986505985,
-0.003547708736732602,
0.055729418992996216,
0.02323511615395546,
0.012233283370733261,
0.020029768347740173,
-0.03233637660741806,
0.021667728200554848,
-0.02509046532213688,
-0.0172010138630867,
-0.036412641406059265,
0.05701923370361328,
-0.025197599083185196,
0.023750940337777138,
0.058194346725940704,
-0.03871595114469528,
0.07062529027462006,
-0.01788381300866604,
0.03335127234458923,
-0.0012816500384360552,
0.012966183945536613,
-0.032219331711530685,
-0.014868046157062054,
-0.029621019959449768,
0.025585848838090897,
0.02149270661175251,
-0.01638028770685196,
0.025571495294570923,
-0.024969980120658875,
-0.00792224146425724,
-0.009515073150396347,
0.0482172816991806,
0.05136800557374954,
-0.008035873994231224,
0.031492218375205994,
-0.013239268213510513,
-0.057485923171043396,
0.011775679886341095,
-0.08444205671548843,
-0.005167676601558924,
-0.011335138231515884,
0.0047807698138058186,
-0.009584988467395306,
0.020742040127515793,
-0.045985184609889984,
0.007670111022889614,
-0.027875281870365143,
-0.008524131961166859,
0.03511391580104828,
0.031690701842308044,
-0.019172554835677147,
-0.0443013496696949,
-0.015621938742697239,
-0.021666957065463066,
0.035967305302619934,
-0.024783920496702194,
-0.0040781195275485516,
-0.04889419674873352,
-0.04724569246172905,
-0.009145824238657951,
-0.022783512249588966,
0.008198718540370464,
0.03798820450901985,
0.013684728182852268,
0.0021782589610666037,
0.014068485237658024,
0.017496084794402122,
0.03904835134744644,
0.052234165370464325,
0.03539959341287613,
-0.0059886048547923565,
-0.008419488556683064,
0.04057467728853226,
-0.025722255930304527,
0.0355791375041008,
0.052918851375579834,
0.04535968601703644,
-0.015132846310734749,
-0.0013221453409641981,
0.007061962503939867,
0.01127909030765295,
-0.29057517647743225,
-0.017391420900821686,
0.028445279225707054,
-0.02975035272538662,
0.025152957066893578,
0.01922229304909706,
0.060818299651145935,
-0.036193784326314926,
-0.044469092041254044,
0.010395325720310211,
0.02875080145895481,
0.03846722096204758,
0.0165866632014513,
0.035632286220788956,
0.04323195666074753,
0.03591708466410637,
-0.01362549141049385,
-0.03405739739537239,
-0.015544114634394646,
0.03824811428785324,
-0.00702845212072134,
-0.04753049463033676,
-0.007965169847011566,
0.049124639481306076,
0.0006443617166951299,
0.05054463446140289,
-0.07321527600288391,
0.005346840247511864,
-0.03123188205063343,
-0.015336276963353157,
-0.00945666991174221,
-0.007060644682496786,
-0.026484573259949684,
0.02932615578174591,
-0.015465820208191872,
0.0007493662415072322,
0.04287482798099518,
0.0005319086485542357,
0.04536425694823265,
0.02915334887802601,
0.011484884656965733,
-0.028612596914172173,
-0.023464100435376167,
0.0007093586027622223,
0.04784241318702698,
0.008561782538890839,
-0.04837871342897415,
-0.01631563901901245,
-0.008157511241734028,
0.036851394921541214,
-0.007310620043426752,
-0.04583033546805382,
-0.012498408555984497,
0.0325612910091877,
0.007110583130270243,
-0.009752863086760044,
0.02584744244813919,
-0.027603596448898315,
-0.028634147718548775,
-0.008133885450661182,
0.01053660735487938,
-0.03444143012166023,
0.0027512377128005028,
-0.04773346707224846,
-0.02535606361925602,
-0.028458742424845695,
-0.06055055186152458,
-0.05057784914970398,
0.05815832316875458,
0.035562120378017426,
-0.029833966866135597,
0.020398788154125214,
0.019981490448117256,
-0.10435691475868225,
-0.01822100766003132,
0.020409826189279556,
-0.021468857303261757,
-0.0017816058825701475,
-0.020869264379143715,
0.0133673632517457,
-0.019228706136345863,
-0.013768122531473637,
-0.014201467856764793,
0.02602146752178669,
0.03731081262230873,
-0.025131462141871452,
0.042633041739463806,
-0.022623756900429726,
-0.04723590984940529,
-0.026363089680671692,
0.03609075769782066,
0.005577484145760536,
0.02778257615864277,
0.026901820674538612,
0.06928227096796036,
0.021915648132562637,
0.019811483100056648,
0.0563708133995533,
0.04063138738274574,
0.004030054900795221,
0.028597887605428696,
-0.09234616160392761,
-0.0019506558310240507,
-0.020056357607245445,
-0.03978843241930008,
0.02715991996228695,
-0.0687604770064354,
-0.026163680478930473,
0.010360007174313068,
-0.01014719158411026,
-0.034021176397800446,
-0.03312224522233009,
-0.017448510974645615,
0.023741355165839195,
-0.022325996309518814,
-0.002560493303462863,
-0.0009009746718220413,
0.03822952136397362,
0.018917491659522057,
0.007484209258109331,
-0.03209399804472923,
0.02221829816699028,
-0.03566545620560646,
0.015388896688818932,
-0.0022683648858219385,
-0.004252821207046509,
-0.03083312138915062,
-0.03281809762120247,
-0.005797447171062231,
0.006817413493990898,
-0.000643902225419879,
0.009736261330544949,
0.023096885532140732,
0.019676728174090385,
0.053915705531835556,
-0.0174928717315197,
0.019230877980589867,
-0.015340679325163364,
0.013595335185527802,
-0.02506919391453266,
0.025996562093496323,
-0.02325156331062317,
0.005794497672468424,
0.022281531244516373,
0.03705162927508354,
-0.006396538577973843,
0.035543862730264664,
-0.0009467994095757604,
0.0028485001530498266,
0.024985486641526222,
0.053983014076948166,
-0.047831010073423386,
-0.01991267502307892,
-0.009655451402068138,
0.019071627408266068,
0.016881056129932404,
-0.0011242176406085491,
-0.0053597912192344666,
0.014441329054534435,
-0.06407475471496582,
0.03876331448554993,
-0.014113064855337143,
-0.011291742324829102,
-0.008974149823188782,
0.019175704568624496,
0.029306728392839432,
-0.06366007030010223,
0.008451098576188087,
0.01755537837743759,
0.028454585000872612,
-0.006447521038353443,
-0.009166279807686806,
-0.04499928653240204,
-0.013391158543527126,
-0.018280796706676483,
0.00921007338911295,
0.014151323586702347,
-0.044798146933317184,
-0.0054556927643716335,
0.04295748099684715,
-0.02092641219496727,
-0.046306297183036804,
-0.001298241433687508,
0.014016571454703808,
0.08618669956922531,
0.009289479814469814,
-0.0003239994402974844,
0.0035003286320716143,
-0.04082581773400307,
0.015472476370632648,
-0.008617307059466839,
0.015585433691740036,
-0.030742641538381577,
-0.037442680448293686,
-0.03729380667209625,
-0.03534266725182533,
0.002662620274350047,
-0.0047170547768473625,
-0.027309728786349297,
-0.012020573019981384,
-0.015362021513283253,
0.001316217239946127,
-0.05799420550465584,
-0.044631484895944595,
0.019414491951465607,
-0.08717939257621765,
0.009015880525112152,
0.01497027650475502,
-0.01146593689918518,
0.017913183197379112,
-0.04446209594607353,
-0.042033832520246506,
-0.06763754785060883,
-0.011675423011183739,
0.03149024024605751,
-0.037593774497509,
-0.024709681048989296,
-0.0207261573523283,
-0.01617547869682312,
-0.0025410139933228493,
0.025036286562681198,
-0.03853040188550949,
0.009035535156726837,
-0.016493335366249084,
-0.010467082262039185,
0.037581708282232285,
-0.05446739122271538,
-0.02143952064216137,
0.020345764234662056,
-0.0336238369345665,
0.04188467189669609,
-0.06448780000209808,
0.034723859280347824,
0.03948912024497986,
0.01652229018509388,
-0.0005004986887797713,
-0.03383949398994446,
0.053602688014507294,
0.013810167089104652,
-0.019438238814473152,
0.016208916902542114,
-0.0035849111154675484,
-0.022476190701127052,
-0.01843268610537052,
-0.011274067685008049,
0.04909146949648857,
-0.0020558240357786417,
0.014920785091817379,
0.0030940433498471975,
0.013117591850459576,
-0.0017826592084020376,
0.02625858411192894,
-0.044889673590660095,
0.004017462022602558,
0.06425737589597702,
-0.03661499544978142,
-0.03657250478863716,
-0.10490602999925613,
-0.026044422760605812,
0.0012876078253611922,
0.014631347730755806,
0.04602678492665291,
-0.02697693184018135,
0.06992679834365845,
0.0045979139395058155,
0.05272103473544121,
0.01966547593474388,
-0.016482552513480186,
0.04114392399787903,
-0.05112433806061745,
-0.012337121181190014,
-0.06469795107841492,
0.0038378171157091856,
0.03571370989084244,
-0.033622756600379944,
-0.010811631567776203,
-0.002024543471634388,
-0.03330336511135101,
0.033830586820840836,
0.005824505351483822,
-0.03275509178638458,
-0.03012026846408844,
-0.041492760181427,
0.009032484143972397,
0.06289631128311157,
-0.0475638173520565,
-0.015786707401275635,
-0.015205780044198036,
-0.030057430267333984,
-0.008770296350121498,
-0.011124229058623314,
0.07242415100336075,
-0.005762862041592598,
0.02767300233244896,
-0.017957286909222603,
-0.0067555541172623634,
0.010400600731372833,
0.06087115406990051,
0.011437216773629189,
0.030738769099116325,
-0.011818300932645798,
0.04366833716630936,
0.05608339607715607,
0.01530203502625227,
-0.014635203406214714,
0.024836696684360504,
-0.04081461951136589,
-0.07675126194953918,
0.05679044872522354,
0.018586449325084686,
0.006985184270888567,
-0.05760330706834793,
0.06017882749438286,
0.03302602842450142,
-0.06172284856438637,
-0.029040250927209854,
0.018192578107118607,
-0.02814556285738945,
-0.0021255100145936012,
-0.01787330023944378,
0.0023279974702745676,
0.006171104498207569,
0.09038696438074112,
0.022193823009729385,
0.06738094240427017,
0.07970159500837326,
0.016895964741706848,
0.007718255277723074,
-0.01608514040708542,
0.05183262750506401,
0.058653999119997025,
0.07684307545423508,
0.01838746666908264,
0.0803302675485611,
-0.03699176013469696,
-0.023801419883966446,
0.0011652373941615224,
0.023422667756676674,
-0.031072307378053665,
-0.046609677374362946,
0.015652090311050415,
0.06820762902498245,
0.01085702795535326,
0.07064924389123917,
-0.029323220252990723,
-0.012622631154954433,
0.04229326918721199,
0.022039534524083138,
0.014998644590377808,
0.03732766583561897,
0.00993433129042387,
0.04133354499936104,
-0.028025873005390167,
-0.017397040501236916,
-0.0011917464435100555,
-0.026676522567868233,
0.0018084447365254164,
-0.004191005602478981,
-0.0219968780875206,
0.0069902255199849606,
-0.0023681416641920805,
0.056903157383203506,
0.09171870350837708,
-0.039038583636283875,
-0.01887085661292076,
0.017921170219779015,
0.010414746589958668,
-0.0010801812168210745,
0.07514907419681549,
-0.006638015620410442,
-0.010522152297198772,
-0.0064621372148394585,
-0.07221681624650955,
-0.005774963181465864,
0.023498322814702988,
-0.014554021880030632,
0.030513495206832886,
-0.03884051367640495,
-0.01873740926384926,
-0.0036334353499114513,
0.03391795977950096,
-0.08167638629674911,
-0.04428545758128166,
-0.020870687440037727,
-0.05960061401128769,
-0.038196466863155365,
-0.0523449070751667,
0.020008310675621033,
0.009947012178599834,
-0.030272407457232475,
0.011398778297007084,
-0.04407743364572525,
0.014558826573193073,
-0.013832921162247658,
-0.052218906581401825,
0.004531841725111008,
0.029097726568579674,
-0.008070122450590134,
-0.034252796322107315,
0.01709342747926712,
0.015190212056040764,
-0.03726247698068619,
-0.011391892097890377,
0.021582087501883507,
0.04089498519897461,
0.009222853928804398,
-0.01727643795311451,
-0.027070721611380577,
-0.10303176939487457,
-0.008635050617158413,
-0.01260567456483841,
-0.0509624183177948,
-0.08013403415679932,
0.02386796474456787,
0.012749062851071358,
0.017964228987693787,
0.05758512392640114,
0.02606835775077343,
0.012012331746518612,
-0.006769327446818352,
0.008685900829732418,
0.04217316955327988,
0.043670691549777985,
0.04499803110957146,
-0.02668636664748192,
0.07450516521930695,
0.05491753667593002,
-0.03083052858710289,
-0.05795785039663315,
0.015386069193482399,
-0.03024549037218094,
-0.06099031865596771,
-0.022815482690930367,
-0.04076310992240906,
-0.036390144377946854,
-0.0876263678073883,
0.005285261664539576,
0.013479195535182953,
-0.04308771342039108,
-0.006473831366747618,
-0.005852910224348307,
-0.031004220247268677,
-0.03700421005487442,
-0.032408732920885086,
-0.01681993529200554,
-0.011384544894099236,
-0.04008733853697777,
-0.025760671123862267,
-0.05436388775706291,
0.012389668263494968,
-0.01217093039304018,
-0.01200125738978386,
-0.05802978202700615,
-0.02920600399374962,
0.01482052356004715,
0.032319486141204834,
0.04440223425626755,
-0.010688114911317825,
0.051351822912693024,
-0.025609025731682777
] |
223 |
Compositional simulation-based inference for time series
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=uClUUJk05H
|
[
"Manuel Gloeckler",
"Shoji Toyota",
"Kenji Fukumizu",
"Jakob H. Macke"
] |
Poster
|
Amortized simulation-based inference (SBI) methods train neural networks on simulated data to perform Bayesian inference. While this strategy avoids the need for tractable likelihoods, it often requires a large number of simulations and has been challenging to scale to time series data. Scientific simulators frequently emulate real-world dynamics through thousands of single-state transitions over time. We propose an SBI approach that can exploit such Markovian simulators by locally identifying parameters consistent with individual state transitions. We then compose these local results to obtain a posterior over parameters that align with the entire time series observation. We focus on applying this approach to neural posterior score estimation but also show how it can be applied, e.g., to neural likelihood (ratio) estimation. We demonstrate that our approach is more simulation-efficient than directly estimating the global posterior on several synthetic benchmark tasks and simulators used in ecology and epidemiology. Finally, we validate scalability and simulation efficiency of our approach by applying it to a high-dimensional Kolmogorov flow simulator with around one million data dimensions.
|
Simulation-based inference, Bayesian inference, time series, markovian simulators, Amortized Bayesian inference
|
Simulation-based inference for Markovian simulators leveraging the factorization
| 14,141 |
2411.02728
|
[
-0.02133449912071228,
0.004771067760884762,
-0.02172723039984703,
0.023930346593260765,
0.043997447937726974,
0.065191350877285,
0.048726245760917664,
0.0037893904373049736,
-0.03150233253836632,
-0.03204811364412308,
0.045606158673763275,
0.0028499013278633356,
-0.0710829570889473,
0.011398736387491226,
0.0038300713058561087,
0.05463855713605881,
0.029872702434659004,
-0.039673514664173126,
0.024933388456702232,
-0.00524792168289423,
-0.017587488517165184,
-0.00014979185652919114,
0.02530224248766899,
0.02787427045404911,
0.01988176628947258,
-0.014757353812456131,
0.019763289019465446,
-0.004465717356652021,
-0.021960686892271042,
-0.005488198716193438,
-0.0050697787664830685,
0.01317532081156969,
-0.00729443458840251,
-0.011883868835866451,
0.006478011608123779,
-0.005121713969856501,
-0.06220844388008118,
-0.014929707162082195,
-0.028062842786312103,
-0.005790269933640957,
-0.06307011842727661,
0.003565626684576273,
-0.02173885703086853,
0.015400703996419907,
-0.02829492837190628,
0.015481753274798393,
-0.061312485486269,
0.047426752746105194,
0.01774357259273529,
-0.012969066388905048,
-0.08157812803983688,
0.010891566053032875,
0.005792243406176567,
-0.0005659139715135098,
-0.007512775249779224,
0.021862709894776344,
0.047071803361177444,
-0.07955699414014816,
-0.005735163111239672,
-0.050359804183244705,
0.012388811446726322,
0.0024287626147270203,
0.009199028834700584,
-0.006278371438384056,
0.0043176705949008465,
-0.010185915045440197,
0.041106004267930984,
0.055817339569330215,
-0.020521720871329308,
0.0024331253953278065,
-0.022508597001433372,
0.003688341937959194,
-0.011399228125810623,
0.0236663855612278,
-0.005314267706125975,
-0.07424821704626083,
0.031676214188337326,
0.034224867820739746,
0.04680608585476875,
0.008391079492866993,
0.01624157279729843,
0.024774843826889992,
0.02046290785074234,
0.015849735587835312,
0.0062540690414607525,
0.008270812220871449,
-0.03930821642279625,
-0.027905626222491264,
-0.07276540249586105,
0.044638071209192276,
-0.04185616597533226,
-0.0280986987054348,
0.009301445446908474,
0.04140530899167061,
-0.027084840461611748,
-0.00880514644086361,
0.005166707560420036,
0.02104547619819641,
0.01312293205410242,
-0.01693994365632534,
-0.05146463215351105,
-0.014810506254434586,
0.038606055080890656,
0.013257748447358608,
-0.09416793286800385,
-0.03228967264294624,
-0.046323664486408234,
-0.018259799107909203,
0.0012397452956065536,
0.007837088778614998,
-0.027113188058137894,
0.008571126498281956,
0.01283703651279211,
-0.014056501910090446,
-0.0986822322010994,
0.037053219974040985,
-0.016428209841251373,
0.028567073866724968,
-0.025413045659661293,
-0.02539571188390255,
0.040863703936338425,
0.041209157556295395,
-0.017589107155799866,
0.042571116238832474,
-0.011017204262316227,
0.034982167184352875,
0.0079991789534688,
0.0013248058967292309,
-0.04274558275938034,
-0.03367290645837784,
0.0038363803178071976,
0.033353667706251144,
0.010364796034991741,
-0.0046426584012806416,
0.0055174799636006355,
-0.02274574711918831,
-0.013899620622396469,
0.021694574505090714,
0.02540159597992897,
0.01191074587404728,
0.022854993119835854,
-0.015537291765213013,
0.04606238380074501,
-0.015517208725214005,
0.05855170264840126,
-0.009363965131342411,
0.005728139076381922,
-0.036229610443115234,
-0.0273350290954113,
0.004286611452698708,
-0.0009785263100638986,
0.007433364167809486,
0.008610617369413376,
-0.06341549754142761,
0.029331432655453682,
0.02993066981434822,
-0.0026718820445239544,
-0.00034530655830167234,
0.01972278393805027,
-0.004269217606633902,
0.030725767835974693,
0.03564310818910599,
0.018103262409567833,
0.016461269930005074,
-0.004743670113384724,
-0.056852273643016815,
0.05306435748934746,
0.012131690047681332,
-0.02193523570895195,
-0.023140430450439453,
-0.04686350002884865,
-0.02188696898519993,
0.05798483267426491,
0.016040978953242302,
0.015332764945924282,
-0.009677738882601261,
0.06118644028902054,
-0.01596665568649769,
0.039770565927028656,
0.0002450336760375649,
-0.06845423579216003,
0.009589653462171555,
0.01378011703491211,
0.018212439492344856,
0.012226907536387444,
-0.053456369787454605,
0.09635079652070999,
-0.021389828994870186,
0.016131052747368813,
-0.009194983169436455,
-0.07708083093166351,
-0.01632869802415371,
0.029272034764289856,
0.0021190824918448925,
0.04933781921863556,
0.01484999805688858,
-0.023265965282917023,
0.004219536669552326,
0.04254511371254921,
0.012261051684617996,
0.04299551248550415,
-0.019718414172530174,
0.024262288585305214,
-0.02056826464831829,
-0.03511354327201843,
-0.01958296075463295,
0.05580128729343414,
-0.07808873057365417,
-0.02153513766825199,
0.036118052899837494,
-0.04265158623456955,
0.011086915619671345,
-0.006042707245796919,
-0.015289915725588799,
0.03239774331450462,
0.021688181906938553,
-0.006892063654959202,
0.00721327867358923,
0.006632865872234106,
-0.042287375777959824,
0.01808886043727398,
-0.014115743339061737,
-0.023951180279254913,
-0.008416946977376938,
-0.006928673014044762,
0.10363996773958206,
0.10976444184780121,
-0.025748280808329582,
0.013770178891718388,
0.005231196526437998,
0.03612182289361954,
-0.022945275530219078,
0.010189786553382874,
-0.019207950681447983,
0.022425521165132523,
0.04529545083642006,
-0.008458905853331089,
-0.013002494350075722,
0.04024871438741684,
-0.05808097496628761,
0.014777179807424545,
0.020598579198122025,
0.0006897144485265017,
0.05474633723497391,
-0.014991306699812412,
0.010479457676410675,
0.05145173519849777,
-0.008816451765596867,
-0.06809402257204056,
-0.03307070583105087,
-0.05106818303465843,
0.005762842483818531,
0.0430537685751915,
-0.007491322234272957,
-0.022288739681243896,
-0.058277763426303864,
-0.006876951549202204,
0.013647462241351604,
0.06630727648735046,
0.044583484530448914,
0.022342756390571594,
-0.005916013848036528,
0.012305611744523048,
-0.030504748225212097,
-0.010019439272582531,
-0.13300500810146332,
-0.07404913008213043,
-0.007681733928620815,
0.01290574949234724,
-0.004232651554048061,
0.02929449826478958,
-0.04805193096399307,
0.04590984433889389,
0.024024534970521927,
-0.014792940579354763,
0.0018352054757997394,
0.01580720581114292,
0.008190426044166088,
-0.03354013338685036,
-0.006011830642819405,
0.015106500126421452,
0.07054977118968964,
-0.009784050285816193,
-0.04891330376267433,
-0.01943649724125862,
-0.07682807743549347,
-0.01343462709337473,
-0.0007018312462605536,
0.018272342160344124,
0.021764742210507393,
0.017807628959417343,
0.020559770986437798,
-0.042574286460876465,
0.0245287474244833,
0.01063157245516777,
0.07250013202428818,
0.031676679849624634,
0.013482904992997646,
-0.011767571792006493,
0.0213853158056736,
-0.01758282072842121,
-0.013747218996286392,
-0.012010755017399788,
0.022901831194758415,
-0.025290880352258682,
0.006856495514512062,
0.006211448926478624,
-0.00655691884458065,
-0.2723379135131836,
0.024572689086198807,
-0.017420902848243713,
-0.007980350404977798,
0.06581820547580719,
0.004211086314171553,
0.07279755920171738,
-0.03784710168838501,
-0.03775492683053017,
0.061899956315755844,
0.005718542728573084,
0.022343605756759644,
-0.01174133364111185,
0.11283666640520096,
0.05327979475259781,
0.002963356440886855,
-0.010017490945756435,
-0.0271258894354105,
0.011577929370105267,
0.021603155881166458,
0.004741131793707609,
-0.035307418555021286,
-0.02334323339164257,
0.013556277379393578,
0.002830781042575836,
0.06236715242266655,
-0.06173168495297432,
0.02061196230351925,
-0.029813731089234352,
0.018452981486916542,
-0.026029083877801895,
-0.06800751388072968,
0.011449553072452545,
0.019127799198031425,
0.0047761863097548485,
0.0045432341285049915,
-0.004931735340505838,
0.012972002848982811,
0.028153853490948677,
0.010234571062028408,
-0.015268422663211823,
-0.03134613856673241,
-0.046058058738708496,
-0.011077984236180782,
0.06287531554698944,
0.032194796949625015,
0.007283142767846584,
0.010570882819592953,
-0.017941201105713844,
0.03668665513396263,
-0.02560136280953884,
-0.01560448482632637,
-0.01477823406457901,
-0.01635228656232357,
-0.03393451124429703,
-0.05534695088863373,
-0.00005481656626216136,
-0.023367363959550858,
0.00649372860789299,
0.01968059130012989,
-0.007221626117825508,
-0.04178285971283913,
-0.011344308964908123,
-0.03234884887933731,
0.02321169152855873,
-0.019354715943336487,
-0.08053555339574814,
-0.03647845238447189,
0.024032671004533768,
0.02287181280553341,
-0.018971120938658714,
-0.02900056168437004,
-0.005298664327710867,
-0.10448526591062546,
0.023332545533776283,
-0.014261980541050434,
-0.010167517699301243,
-0.04171697050333023,
-0.023817213252186775,
0.015669187530875206,
-0.019872605800628662,
-0.029884863644838333,
-0.012216233648359776,
0.016601989045739174,
0.07154995948076248,
-0.012959077022969723,
0.000712811597622931,
-0.022759897634387016,
-0.03445274382829666,
-0.04659838601946831,
0.03145105764269829,
0.020491963252425194,
0.07701436430215836,
-0.0012753707123920321,
0.06492642313241959,
0.053754616528749466,
0.026484813541173935,
0.06044304370880127,
0.031763505190610886,
-0.023819977417588234,
0.06589403003454208,
-0.07133559137582779,
-0.013654788956046104,
-0.043169233947992325,
-0.021231023594737053,
0.018797969445586205,
-0.03279488906264305,
-0.023995190858840942,
-0.004864505957812071,
-0.02166575752198696,
-0.01980876550078392,
-0.02922019176185131,
-0.012565773911774158,
-0.0033294297754764557,
-0.003789406269788742,
-0.015145975165069103,
0.016475455835461617,
0.03522240370512009,
0.04975058510899544,
0.010672789067029953,
-0.04120219126343727,
0.0187433660030365,
-0.026025623083114624,
0.004251550417393446,
0.010853019542992115,
-0.03668886050581932,
0.014863100834190845,
-0.0031568966805934906,
0.02553376369178295,
0.0011045974679291248,
0.028024617582559586,
0.02622627653181553,
-0.010484949685633183,
0.026253467425704002,
0.057013195008039474,
0.014391626231372356,
-0.002084280364215374,
-0.009522655047476292,
0.016990453004837036,
-0.024231931194663048,
0.02577555924654007,
-0.02228493243455887,
0.030528223142027855,
0.027692556381225586,
-0.008660041727125645,
0.007064471486955881,
-0.0008292126003652811,
-0.012499467469751835,
0.01732781156897545,
-0.03402762860059738,
0.023173730820417404,
-0.04258989170193672,
-0.04502572864294052,
-0.011872812174260616,
-0.017350751906633377,
-0.019586805254220963,
0.08302446454763412,
-0.02082892134785652,
0.027142543345689774,
-0.06124981865286827,
0.0635710060596466,
-0.0013179536908864975,
-0.04356749355792999,
-0.011582814157009125,
0.012895121239125729,
0.08353808522224426,
-0.05806976556777954,
0.03046518750488758,
0.05121418833732605,
0.0052385698072612286,
0.0009114922722801566,
-0.05517788603901863,
0.004964972380548716,
0.0031761496793478727,
-0.007304462604224682,
0.00004406865264172666,
0.00748897111043334,
-0.025260964408516884,
-0.06520489603281021,
0.03652594983577728,
0.02238689735531807,
-0.04495583102107048,
-0.025109319016337395,
-0.00932344701141119,
0.08779489994049072,
0.01104624755680561,
0.0037821882870048285,
-0.008487341925501823,
-0.027435217052698135,
0.04807649925351143,
-0.005110645666718483,
0.004109476692974567,
0.005347466561943293,
-0.04725361615419388,
-0.02162027731537819,
-0.062169115990400314,
0.024507079273462296,
0.03881300985813141,
-0.025488974526524544,
-0.021145528182387352,
0.04183569550514221,
-0.020470865070819855,
-0.0197749063372612,
-0.002073404612019658,
0.012666326016187668,
-0.06493289023637772,
-0.030917279422283173,
0.028669215738773346,
-0.024674147367477417,
0.00022691946651320904,
-0.033842455595731735,
0.0014190457295626402,
-0.0654028132557869,
-0.003410640172660351,
0.013423585332930088,
0.01483826246112585,
-0.040966179221868515,
-0.028130969032645226,
0.00033243035431951284,
0.03445622697472572,
-0.00021320843370631337,
-0.0023722725454717875,
0.026039043441414833,
-0.060662731528282166,
-0.005714815109968185,
0.04452862963080406,
-0.015139159746468067,
-0.01070389710366726,
-0.0006491743260994554,
-0.014619476161897182,
0.01806456595659256,
-0.05386681482195854,
-0.01855187676846981,
0.03687332198023796,
-0.019615374505519867,
-0.02457662671804428,
-0.008520414121448994,
0.05044805258512497,
0.043348994106054306,
-0.012079871259629726,
0.003040239680558443,
0.013730870559811592,
-0.034768927842378616,
-0.00303623266518116,
0.0043981014750897884,
0.011728125624358654,
0.011832772754132748,
0.01798330806195736,
0.016348030418157578,
0.037744585424661636,
-0.00802875217050314,
0.0195742417126894,
-0.05812915042042732,
0.0009263821411877871,
0.04807957634329796,
-0.029323382303118706,
-0.03667013719677925,
-0.08833757042884827,
-0.03762268275022507,
0.004788360558450222,
-0.016347389668226242,
0.0057607186026871204,
-0.0068613337352871895,
0.037521760910749435,
0.026855768635869026,
0.03287916257977486,
0.03944642096757889,
-0.004627111367881298,
0.05098406597971916,
-0.05285801365971565,
0.04561562463641167,
-0.07548542320728302,
-0.03313899040222168,
0.06278590857982635,
0.0031446213833987713,
0.0036341187078505754,
0.04560276120901108,
-0.02342071942985058,
0.0510408990085125,
-0.024081237614154816,
-0.043183717876672745,
0.029918678104877472,
-0.054652485996484756,
-0.020468521863222122,
0.03137976676225662,
-0.07338014245033264,
-0.003923032898455858,
-0.030842972919344902,
-0.04507950320839882,
0.021523533388972282,
0.03341952711343765,
0.04836764931678772,
-0.01650104857981205,
0.02614521235227585,
-0.03211532533168793,
0.050400763750076294,
0.014074238948523998,
0.06490620970726013,
0.0122144166380167,
0.018579140305519104,
-0.04755304008722305,
0.08046996593475342,
0.04619775339961052,
0.05486808344721794,
0.0025348064955323935,
-0.020535096526145935,
-0.01712656579911709,
-0.0670413225889206,
0.006753907073289156,
-0.011528098955750465,
0.007515517994761467,
-0.048634517937898636,
0.04328497126698494,
0.01379748247563839,
-0.07593158632516861,
-0.0223435927182436,
-0.00646706810221076,
-0.04277300462126732,
-0.0038846873212605715,
0.008062060922384262,
0.022344276309013367,
-0.016373226419091225,
0.07489153742790222,
0.017621999606490135,
0.05927016958594322,
0.06969982385635376,
0.005991945043206215,
0.00892232358455658,
-0.020347652956843376,
0.06732993572950363,
0.0601242259144783,
0.0217721089720726,
0.0033349012956023216,
0.05501088872551918,
-0.05445190891623497,
-0.03469601273536682,
-0.015503901056945324,
0.01268482580780983,
-0.00497336545959115,
-0.004187425598502159,
0.04142432287335396,
0.07863805443048477,
-0.010504177771508694,
0.09030386805534363,
-0.06185435503721237,
-0.01709999516606331,
0.033902015537023544,
0.033900342881679535,
-0.009795213118195534,
0.008655562065541744,
0.0060172369703650475,
0.009264404885470867,
-0.016130976378917694,
-0.03985905274748802,
-0.021797623485326767,
-0.03600793331861496,
0.01872895285487175,
0.01164243184030056,
-0.014400114305317402,
0.011085771955549717,
0.00836256705224514,
0.012061050161719322,
0.10194943100214005,
-0.024926427751779556,
-0.012390967458486557,
0.018206432461738586,
-0.005634460598230362,
0.01473794411867857,
0.03253750875592232,
0.0051583233289420605,
-0.010514037683606148,
0.003826909465715289,
-0.04091522470116615,
0.017860127612948418,
0.04565468057990074,
0.00017517482046969235,
-0.025320889428257942,
-0.02986021898686886,
-0.019201958552002907,
-0.011212633922696114,
-0.0215604230761528,
-0.08022066950798035,
-0.0361785814166069,
-0.03147337585687637,
-0.028458060696721077,
-0.04935565963387489,
-0.025993604212999344,
0.01908184215426445,
-0.017725035548210144,
-0.03237098455429077,
0.001466389512643218,
-0.022638525813817978,
0.014711983501911163,
0.046528883278369904,
-0.04256460815668106,
-0.013897684402763844,
0.08044971525669098,
0.01686062477529049,
-0.009958912618458271,
0.015803486108779907,
0.04822574555873871,
0.009644167497754097,
-0.01330786943435669,
0.04513462632894516,
-0.015153205022215843,
0.04595475643873215,
-0.023721350356936455,
0.010918475687503815,
-0.086630679666996,
0.03291746601462364,
0.016589131206274033,
-0.016682183369994164,
-0.09119347482919693,
0.01686255633831024,
-0.025861287489533424,
0.010708168148994446,
0.04558341205120087,
-0.015121451579034328,
0.017764698714017868,
-0.03083953820168972,
-0.0017392176669090986,
0.006945489440113306,
0.02582365833222866,
0.04802645742893219,
-0.043350670486688614,
0.054614920169115067,
0.025758644565939903,
-0.02343662828207016,
-0.021556159481406212,
0.07261953502893448,
-0.023663736879825592,
-0.008233681321144104,
0.005596407689154148,
-0.029028767719864845,
-0.0330439992249012,
-0.12988461554050446,
-0.003213925752788782,
0.008652166463434696,
-0.001540948636829853,
-0.02685428224503994,
0.011449674144387245,
-0.00019835392595268786,
0.005586420651525259,
-0.02165108360350132,
-0.019691525027155876,
0.0010858895257115364,
-0.03256658837199211,
-0.052680015563964844,
-0.05595235899090767,
0.0036389175802469254,
0.001766225672326982,
0.011472422629594803,
-0.05422385409474373,
-0.024081936106085777,
-0.02339138090610504,
0.023454798385500908,
0.03446582332253456,
0.012426348403096199,
0.024990705773234367,
-0.025639379397034645
] |
224 |
Bayesian Treatment of the Spectrum of the Empirical Kernel in (Sub)Linear-Width Neural Networks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=O6znYvxC1U
|
[
"Ouns El Harzli",
"Bernardo Cuenca Grau"
] |
Poster
|
We study Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) in the theoretical limits of infinitely increasing number of training examples, network width and input space dimension. Our findings establish new bridges between kernel-theoretic approaches and techniques derived from statistical mechanics through the correspondence between Mercer's eigenvalues and limiting spectral distributions of covariance matrices studied in random matrix theory.
Our theoretical contributions first consist in novel integral formulas that accurately describe the predictors of BNNs in the asymptotic linear-width and sublinear-width regimes. Moreover, we extend the recently developed renormalisation theory of deep linear neural networks, enabling a rigorous explanation of the mounting empirical evidence that hints at the theory's applicability to nonlinear BNNs with ReLU activations in the linear-width regime.
From a practical standpoint, our results introduce a novel technique for estimating the predictor statistics of a trained BNN that is applicable to the sublinear-width regime where the predictions of the renormalisation theory are inaccurate.
|
infinite bayesian neural networks, kernel theory, random matrix theory
| null | 14,113 | null |
[
-0.02618899568915367,
0.00916858296841383,
0.01953289285302162,
0.010397182777523994,
0.03277525305747986,
0.04294588416814804,
0.019940465688705444,
-0.003762507112696767,
-0.027193499729037285,
-0.040639523416757584,
-0.009634782560169697,
0.030568523332476616,
-0.051480695605278015,
0.001060589449480176,
0.02908492088317871,
0.06460568308830261,
0.04501905292272568,
0.0015314322663471103,
-0.006321777123957872,
0.023378746584057808,
0.010319860652089119,
0.0050577884539961815,
0.01495437417179346,
0.01763409934937954,
0.041727446019649506,
-0.031393516808748245,
0.05408603698015213,
0.02044769562780857,
0.002537724794819951,
0.0064176213927567005,
0.03976171463727951,
-0.0015883203595876694,
-0.00387195055373013,
-0.017284423112869263,
0.031641099601984024,
0.04678599163889885,
-0.043497513979673386,
-0.004752232693135738,
-0.042120885103940964,
0.030895547941327095,
-0.05005630850791931,
0.0075409552082419395,
-0.008027848787605762,
0.03401092067360878,
-0.05605277791619301,
0.009677747264504433,
-0.09793389588594437,
0.0444319061934948,
0.02807951718568802,
-0.032380543649196625,
-0.07676456868648529,
0.03913530334830284,
-0.019550573080778122,
0.008044717833399773,
0.0033520564902573824,
0.016614245250821114,
0.028606224805116653,
-0.04723377898335457,
0.007054469548165798,
-0.05535032972693443,
-0.003678707405924797,
-0.0009797026868909597,
0.013090313412249088,
0.017507722601294518,
-0.011265361681580544,
-0.004814439918845892,
0.01930181495845318,
0.06730762124061584,
-0.040882740169763565,
-0.01662847027182579,
-0.03578914701938629,
-0.002725536935031414,
-0.012760926969349384,
0.0013929547276347876,
0.006298435851931572,
-0.05376559868454933,
0.03522311523556709,
0.011992492713034153,
0.06954105943441391,
-0.018641144037246704,
0.030009832233190536,
0.025187555700540543,
0.02014470286667347,
0.02366342581808567,
-0.01516023650765419,
0.004228873178362846,
-0.03197557106614113,
-0.04997215420007706,
-0.09397280216217041,
0.07109083980321884,
-0.014861256815493107,
-0.029942674562335014,
0.016914868727326393,
0.037034086883068085,
-0.013384556397795677,
-0.007843414321541786,
0.023403165861964226,
0.013954139314591885,
0.012489953078329563,
-0.0296627264469862,
-0.016239123418927193,
-0.029449505731463432,
0.02374001033604145,
-0.01551014743745327,
-0.10365860909223557,
-0.04403882101178169,
-0.01710292138159275,
-0.0020695815328508615,
-0.027841053903102875,
0.00694053852930665,
-0.048752687871456146,
0.02157425321638584,
0.03472479060292244,
0.0005868259468115866,
-0.06965673714876175,
-0.00488804979249835,
-0.035969674587249756,
0.006188950967043638,
-0.00990001205354929,
-0.008006738498806953,
0.05464523285627365,
0.06522683799266815,
-0.017627155408263206,
0.05955751985311508,
-0.014211301691830158,
-0.013549624010920525,
0.003275178838521242,
0.030887020751833916,
-0.03942954167723656,
-0.030283711850643158,
0.018119709566235542,
0.034367796033620834,
0.029524587094783783,
0.013795211911201477,
0.01002964936196804,
-0.012570052407681942,
0.004463649354875088,
0.02519046887755394,
0.012773994356393814,
0.005700799636542797,
0.04084015265107155,
-0.03991621360182762,
0.04139577969908714,
0.006057041697204113,
0.08939604461193085,
-0.025968866422772408,
-0.004037435632199049,
-0.03593169525265694,
-0.03185033053159714,
-0.023623626679182053,
0.007316741161048412,
-0.012499756179749966,
0.01572513021528721,
-0.06458305567502975,
0.004924349952489138,
0.006679660640656948,
-0.0023349605035036802,
0.02023702673614025,
-0.000995478592813015,
0.00515895476564765,
0.01603090763092041,
-0.0011858975049108267,
0.00035656645195558667,
0.044237591326236725,
0.026347782462835312,
-0.06652478873729706,
0.06075982376933098,
0.04700092598795891,
-0.039894286543130875,
0.008194535970687866,
-0.02244621329009533,
-0.06592513620853424,
0.051455847918987274,
0.015860941261053085,
-0.04211738333106041,
-0.015803221613168716,
0.07822223007678986,
0.006105653941631317,
0.029685242101550102,
-0.011151837185025215,
-0.08552545309066772,
0.03153708577156067,
0.021807581186294556,
0.010987043380737305,
-0.015149003826081753,
-0.021887576207518578,
0.06854453682899475,
-0.04518289864063263,
0.004762501921504736,
0.005327924620360136,
-0.05054944008588791,
0.003852864494547248,
0.03821301832795143,
-0.010554442182183266,
0.06802652031183243,
0.003678785404190421,
-0.01311231404542923,
0.010411441326141357,
0.024613147601485252,
0.027408447116613388,
0.03656017780303955,
-0.009197493083775043,
0.05526380240917206,
-0.02057809568941593,
-0.041082557290792465,
-0.013676105998456478,
0.06628406792879105,
-0.04483973607420921,
-0.02175266295671463,
0.032200541347265244,
-0.023085996508598328,
-0.04521351307630539,
0.00020082179980818182,
-0.014951147139072418,
0.05061067268252373,
0.006215230096131563,
-0.022365503013134003,
-0.006703416351228952,
0.026193758472800255,
-0.019124343991279602,
-0.0005467565497383475,
0.028544792905449867,
0.0010408216621726751,
0.014101938344538212,
0.017292814329266548,
0.09654734283685684,
0.10156989842653275,
-0.010168349370360374,
0.0011894934577867389,
0.008527304977178574,
0.04390884190797806,
0.023911742493510246,
0.027566254138946533,
0.02118280716240406,
0.02649465948343277,
-0.015456047840416431,
-0.024100231006741524,
-0.06480126082897186,
0.05303872376680374,
-0.035678680986166,
-0.0077408691868186,
0.05219113081693649,
-0.02320208214223385,
0.050371669232845306,
-0.009639282710850239,
-0.0121613759547472,
0.045100241899490356,
-0.020717883482575417,
-0.031186332926154137,
0.0013373931869864464,
-0.018552256748080254,
0.0004215994558762759,
0.0003417758271098137,
-0.008059775456786156,
0.022631973028182983,
-0.060416802763938904,
-0.003861672943457961,
0.0035399345215409994,
0.07871083170175552,
0.06223691999912262,
0.023175150156021118,
-0.004501991905272007,
0.00591953145340085,
-0.045497070997953415,
-0.03367900848388672,
-0.12373603880405426,
-0.053728338330984116,
-0.01822918839752674,
0.046772174537181854,
0.028269177302718163,
0.03204865753650665,
0.0003440475556999445,
0.01931634731590748,
-0.004684222862124443,
-0.0051582688465714455,
-0.008324128575623035,
0.033141154795885086,
-0.013871517963707447,
-0.041407931596040726,
-0.02455616369843483,
0.014497616328299046,
0.059687159955501556,
-0.009818901307880878,
-0.054422855377197266,
0.0016061565838754177,
-0.04967260733246803,
-0.023632289841771126,
-0.014379961416125298,
0.007342164870351553,
0.005682099144905806,
-0.02165304683148861,
0.02889375016093254,
0.02092530019581318,
0.022380953654646873,
0.03433717042207718,
0.062004126608371735,
0.06605714559555054,
0.015619968995451927,
-0.023865938186645508,
0.022467592731118202,
-0.024068595841526985,
0.04460334777832031,
-0.013660794124007225,
-0.0024398586247116327,
-0.011522788554430008,
-0.00463390676304698,
0.015526380389928818,
0.006446673534810543,
-0.28372058272361755,
0.01734931394457817,
0.024905836209654808,
-0.05454069748520851,
0.032303277403116226,
-0.02627316489815712,
0.03729742392897606,
-0.03679990395903587,
-0.015361223369836807,
0.022313622757792473,
-0.0013722693547606468,
0.007026496343314648,
-0.01727418228983879,
0.055109795182943344,
0.0382138155400753,
-0.01154256984591484,
0.0009480456355959177,
-0.005355870351195335,
0.0386948361992836,
0.037470828741788864,
-0.010483930818736553,
-0.0705009251832962,
-0.04774675518274307,
0.019185665994882584,
-0.04698850214481354,
0.04429205134510994,
-0.023184768855571747,
0.002751570660620928,
-0.05637173354625702,
0.010926700197160244,
-0.03817342221736908,
-0.04386582225561142,
-0.02065705880522728,
0.050031524151563644,
0.0031058716122061014,
0.01259558368474245,
0.004152162000536919,
-0.03727884963154793,
-0.001848874380812049,
0.030427198857069016,
0.016070231795310974,
0.03864624723792076,
-0.004274171777069569,
0.005097865592688322,
0.069016233086586,
0.01765665039420128,
-0.029690776020288467,
-0.00836101546883583,
-0.019023548811674118,
0.022227564826607704,
-0.040617842227220535,
-0.011378495953977108,
0.0052429367788136005,
-0.028686903417110443,
-0.022904671728610992,
-0.023509807884693146,
-0.01569744385778904,
-0.036395519971847534,
-0.018948925659060478,
0.00031655150814913213,
0.002459966577589512,
-0.053554631769657135,
-0.01990157552063465,
-0.03697696328163147,
-0.002045410219579935,
-0.017848359420895576,
-0.06767984479665756,
-0.07253605872392654,
0.0492178350687027,
0.021760765463113785,
-0.006389796733856201,
-0.00420311838388443,
-0.03269226476550102,
-0.09432916343212128,
0.02910543419420719,
0.008933048695325851,
0.009209778159856796,
-0.007839578203856945,
0.01260337047278881,
0.0382913276553154,
-0.0027117400895804167,
-0.05240723490715027,
-0.007531326729804277,
0.024367697536945343,
0.013565686531364918,
-0.00045826411223970354,
-0.018653027713298798,
0.00749176973477006,
-0.03728967905044556,
-0.04933495819568634,
0.026540689170360565,
0.014699776656925678,
0.05206052213907242,
-0.0036243980284780264,
0.035443488508462906,
0.06946282088756561,
-0.006337722297757864,
0.0425763837993145,
0.04492240399122238,
0.009778718464076519,
0.05173615366220474,
-0.07906362414360046,
-0.04191784933209419,
-0.029426870867609978,
-0.041611988097429276,
0.06118502467870712,
-0.04318704083561897,
-0.005301330704241991,
0.0040639047510921955,
-0.02003292925655842,
-0.032477352768182755,
-0.04527254030108452,
-0.015397559851408005,
0.015345696359872818,
-0.011834437027573586,
-0.027153203263878822,
-0.009031033143401146,
0.012162874452769756,
0.01616894267499447,
-0.0007513638120144606,
-0.034633930772542953,
0.02317199856042862,
-0.045516207814216614,
0.00011725889635272324,
-0.006401481572538614,
-0.020334815606474876,
0.015240739099681377,
-0.026200847700238228,
0.01795145682990551,
-0.03947499021887779,
0.025257840752601624,
0.014484880492091179,
0.024789519608020782,
0.033826395869255066,
0.05065586045384407,
0.026190273463726044,
-0.01873515360057354,
-0.0034450641833245754,
0.03150665760040283,
-0.020572321489453316,
0.0275842547416687,
-0.004084402229636908,
0.04715488478541374,
0.02058788388967514,
0.020641474053263664,
0.0330464243888855,
0.013477658852934837,
-0.012456495314836502,
0.004731934983283281,
-0.021694494411349297,
0.007053298410028219,
-0.03523513302206993,
-0.02568996138870716,
0.002869128715246916,
-0.0012183480430394411,
-0.0001855774607975036,
0.06971728801727295,
0.008314146660268307,
0.012320081703364849,
-0.08167416602373123,
0.06333819776773453,
0.015100688673555851,
-0.03977947682142258,
0.013193835504353046,
0.01973823271691799,
0.061766862869262695,
-0.04675706475973129,
0.004758796654641628,
0.04617704823613167,
0.024505890905857086,
-0.005473264493048191,
-0.021759944036602974,
-0.028237437829375267,
0.011919853277504444,
-0.004860794637352228,
0.04742370918393135,
-0.013788796961307526,
-0.030723873525857925,
-0.05107608810067177,
0.0025029638782143593,
0.04354972764849663,
-0.0014710254035890102,
-0.0312491524964571,
0.04409829527139664,
0.0680224820971489,
0.054026197642087936,
-0.03054048866033554,
-0.0006774769863113761,
-0.05377289280295372,
0.039287809282541275,
-0.0013904419029131532,
0.02189510688185692,
-0.020496683195233345,
-0.05009037256240845,
-0.02680533193051815,
-0.034163948148489,
0.01529625803232193,
0.014447321183979511,
-0.0150504931807518,
-0.01643238589167595,
-0.002690028864890337,
0.015965484082698822,
-0.05366485193371773,
-0.00554885296151042,
0.026308206841349602,
-0.05941089987754822,
0.029059402644634247,
0.026953620836138725,
-0.06386525183916092,
0.018538422882556915,
-0.03393989056348801,
-0.02723168209195137,
-0.041410353034734726,
-0.01388110127300024,
-0.0037529566325247288,
-0.0038476106710731983,
-0.014610858634114265,
0.010105209425091743,
0.029294628649950027,
-0.00588118564337492,
0.004839080851525068,
-0.02358316071331501,
0.017274698242545128,
-0.004697645083069801,
-0.01456140261143446,
0.05242130532860756,
0.020180510357022285,
0.00009564935317030177,
-0.0027952080126851797,
-0.044816188514232635,
0.007034030742943287,
-0.06581796705722809,
-0.0035204472951591015,
0.0679834634065628,
-0.02743542194366455,
0.011382370255887508,
-0.04230676591396332,
0.02468750812113285,
-0.007376571651548147,
-0.014545749872922897,
-0.020842978730797768,
0.0255110040307045,
-0.027779394760727882,
0.0213463231921196,
-0.0016615473432466388,
0.01302120741456747,
0.0362817645072937,
0.02579362504184246,
0.006664103828370571,
-0.010358195751905441,
-0.02559041790664196,
0.01657717488706112,
-0.07856900244951248,
0.004324470181018114,
0.04387575760483742,
-0.008889791555702686,
-0.018581924960017204,
-0.07347498089075089,
-0.0033633881248533726,
0.011650659143924713,
-0.02008896879851818,
-0.012926178984344006,
-0.015829574316740036,
0.019700994715094566,
0.018900712952017784,
0.034953054040670395,
-0.017307104542851448,
-0.023196037858724594,
0.04977200925350189,
-0.04891113564372063,
0.012674794532358646,
-0.04210125654935837,
-0.03354136645793915,
0.052876997739076614,
-0.002664289204403758,
0.031926609575748444,
-0.003294327761977911,
-0.03595833107829094,
0.03818000853061676,
-0.03468910604715347,
-0.06571075320243835,
0.002262367634102702,
-0.033381927758455276,
-0.0255686454474926,
0.028641190379858017,
-0.06822504103183746,
-0.019181519746780396,
-0.021297551691532135,
-0.06203325092792511,
0.020822245627641678,
0.030863476917147636,
0.06769402325153351,
-0.023553190752863884,
0.01629721373319626,
-0.019920922815799713,
0.02748481184244156,
0.03650170564651489,
0.07420974969863892,
0.04069597274065018,
0.021776672452688217,
-0.0473770909011364,
0.09119515120983124,
0.020664360374212265,
0.03518794849514961,
0.02466212585568428,
0.02522200532257557,
0.003723990172147751,
-0.07108478248119354,
0.03343841806054115,
0.022369880229234695,
-0.007109400816261768,
-0.05224453657865524,
0.035048797726631165,
0.025140097364783287,
-0.05167614668607712,
-0.01872008480131626,
0.027316493913531303,
-0.031662628054618835,
-0.002752549946308136,
0.00660368800163269,
-0.01241164468228817,
0.02458750270307064,
0.06251081079244614,
0.009803135879337788,
0.01469182875007391,
0.06696907430887222,
0.0004933209274895489,
0.0000633246309007518,
-0.019598452374339104,
0.07022809982299805,
0.04144357889890671,
0.03847312927246094,
0.0007371559040620923,
0.06872821599245071,
-0.05433868244290352,
-0.060173675417900085,
0.0038147084414958954,
0.0205292459577322,
0.001262238947674632,
-0.023204220458865166,
0.012445980682969093,
0.07526102662086487,
0.005083070602267981,
0.08429082483053207,
-0.04269269481301308,
0.027695266529917717,
0.024294696748256683,
0.0023609711788594723,
-0.02222723700106144,
0.02740761823952198,
0.007478563580662012,
0.001985300565138459,
-0.005129464901983738,
-0.04439947381615639,
-0.025345994159579277,
-0.01960114948451519,
0.00395845714956522,
0.01808963343501091,
-0.014896840788424015,
-0.01646946556866169,
0.02058645896613598,
0.0448652058839798,
0.10792861133813858,
-0.03188662603497505,
-0.06581486761569977,
0.0014601481379941106,
0.014451520517468452,
-0.002300805877894163,
0.030584221705794334,
0.02187911979854107,
-0.020740317180752754,
0.005557572934776545,
-0.030911294743418694,
0.02487347647547722,
-0.0203393641859293,
-0.009479624219238758,
-0.02601049095392227,
-0.008816174231469631,
-0.06073091924190521,
0.005549977533519268,
0.02691483683884144,
-0.029300257563591003,
-0.06325341016054153,
-0.034090764820575714,
-0.05135031417012215,
-0.07697731256484985,
-0.05183307081460953,
0.03328051418066025,
-0.027633976191282272,
-0.010364923626184464,
0.010474830865859985,
-0.015893224626779556,
0.004377448000013828,
0.0074328044429421425,
-0.06812768429517746,
-0.0013897375902161002,
0.046570055186748505,
0.01156649924814701,
0.007992900907993317,
0.026107482612133026,
0.0311912652105093,
-0.008246060460805893,
-0.029032742604613304,
0.08333002775907516,
-0.001505692838691175,
0.022671815007925034,
-0.03574838861823082,
0.027816127985715866,
-0.09100145846605301,
0.01234747376292944,
0.007364077027887106,
-0.04201225936412811,
-0.08201327174901962,
0.04737212508916855,
-0.024361664429306984,
0.02461935579776764,
0.04926318675279617,
-0.010111561976373196,
0.03926127031445503,
-0.030017932876944542,
0.002161771757528186,
-0.03205152228474617,
0.010299619287252426,
0.03632935509085655,
-0.01352898869663477,
0.060625966638326645,
0.04581785574555397,
-0.03407898172736168,
-0.032395921647548676,
0.014233255758881569,
-0.02458193711936474,
0.009309918619692326,
-0.022102342918515205,
-0.011735497042536736,
-0.02743559516966343,
-0.11708666384220123,
-0.010168621316552162,
-0.005563582759350538,
-0.0011664836201816797,
-0.026884471997618675,
-0.007192982826381922,
-0.013524559326469898,
0.030504722148180008,
-0.01213894970715046,
-0.020229671150445938,
-0.013236293569207191,
-0.03151300922036171,
-0.05317008122801781,
-0.053599707782268524,
0.045391060411930084,
-0.003060272429138422,
0.012810267508029938,
-0.04909317195415497,
-0.04294455051422119,
-0.04642543941736221,
-0.03311809524893761,
0.020603524520993233,
-0.00411116611212492,
0.014166264794766903,
-0.03651755675673485
] |
225 |
When GNNs meet symmetry in ILPs: an orbit-based feature augmentation approach
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=wVTJRnZ11Z
|
[
"Qian Chen",
"Lei Li",
"Qian Li",
"Jianghua Wu",
"Akang Wang",
"Ruoyu Sun",
"Xiaodong Luo",
"Tsung-Hui Chang",
"Qingjiang Shi"
] |
Poster
|
A common characteristic in integer linear programs (ILPs) is symmetry, allowing variables to be permuted without altering the underlying problem structure. Recently, GNNs have emerged as a promising approach for solving ILPs.
However, a significant challenge arises when applying GNNs to ILPs with symmetry: classic GNN architectures struggle to differentiate between symmetric variables, which limits their predictive accuracy. In this work, we investigate the properties of permutation equivalence and invariance in GNNs, particularly in relation to the inherent symmetry of ILP formulations. We reveal that the interaction between these two factors contributes to the difficulty of distinguishing between symmetric variables.
To address this challenge, we explore the potential of feature augmentation and propose several guiding principles for constructing augmented features. Building on these principles, we develop an orbit-based augmentation scheme that first groups symmetric variables and then samples augmented features for each group from a discrete uniform distribution. Empirical results demonstrate that our proposed approach significantly enhances both training efficiency and predictive performance.
|
integer linear programming, symmetry, machine learning, graph neural networks
| null | 14,111 |
2501.14211
|
[
-0.011204924434423447,
-0.010089682415127754,
-0.005827825516462326,
0.03448135778307915,
0.025074027478694916,
0.05380380526185036,
0.0365140475332737,
-0.0018691670848056674,
-0.03907213732600212,
-0.039444196969270706,
-0.0034992252476513386,
-0.0441298633813858,
-0.09770680218935013,
-0.010356223210692406,
-0.006607030052691698,
0.03997597098350525,
0.022639337927103043,
-0.00037816911935806274,
-0.031266674399375916,
0.07009220868349075,
0.0015792384510859847,
-0.013373542577028275,
0.03906143829226494,
0.01916554570198059,
0.010759457014501095,
-0.012829405255615711,
0.03359464183449745,
-0.02150053344666958,
-0.03553134202957153,
0.00005105224045109935,
0.034029506146907806,
-0.012006271630525589,
0.021842390298843384,
-0.03770408779382706,
0.010037599131464958,
0.021901898086071014,
-0.04110734909772873,
0.0003358814283274114,
0.006699074991047382,
0.008184662088751793,
-0.04485374689102173,
-0.018110917881131172,
-0.02400537207722664,
-0.0012415543897077441,
-0.07896073907613754,
0.006939804647117853,
-0.11333347856998444,
0.03507869318127632,
-0.00956379622220993,
-0.028050100430846214,
-0.09539156407117844,
0.050880301743745804,
-0.02092362567782402,
-0.020502667874097824,
0.02872597426176071,
0.042935293167829514,
0.03555376082658768,
-0.06473727524280548,
-0.01626637578010559,
-0.05173882469534874,
-0.04326699301600456,
0.031664296984672546,
0.030000485479831696,
-0.000026821644496521913,
-0.015131957828998566,
-0.015998097136616707,
0.019331803545355797,
0.030236493796110153,
-0.07211910933256149,
-0.04395771771669388,
-0.04395589604973793,
-0.002886686474084854,
0.027677157893776894,
0.0026974554639309645,
0.010788805782794952,
-0.03652277961373329,
-0.011395340785384178,
0.018043139949440956,
0.08332693576812744,
-0.015869613736867905,
0.005593478679656982,
0.04999052733182907,
0.02115650288760662,
0.039481617510318756,
0.023924004286527634,
0.014701825566589832,
-0.04770869389176369,
-0.058359865099191666,
-0.0712481439113617,
0.04341927170753479,
-0.024682002142071724,
-0.0735723227262497,
0.01424754410982132,
0.06094593182206154,
0.024045847356319427,
-0.008111468516290188,
0.026023244485259056,
-0.029488371685147285,
0.03624971956014633,
0.016095401719212532,
0.013318885117769241,
-0.04936740919947624,
-0.021308423951268196,
0.005359222646802664,
-0.09641673415899277,
-0.03594912588596344,
0.0024670902639627457,
-0.03102843277156353,
-0.017768535763025284,
-0.005691484082490206,
-0.07198809087276459,
-0.0047850278206169605,
0.02927839197218418,
-0.010811768472194672,
-0.08089229464530945,
0.04803873598575592,
-0.03258670121431351,
0.018081435933709145,
0.0030385255813598633,
0.008181249722838402,
0.03594807907938957,
0.05054376274347305,
-0.034347038716077805,
0.07978060096502304,
-0.006895201280713081,
0.04800163954496384,
0.0004343432083260268,
0.057306114584207535,
-0.04204932972788811,
-0.04831228405237198,
-0.022105390205979347,
0.017050672322511673,
-0.015124752186238766,
0.007213829550892115,
0.015604818239808083,
-0.0353555753827095,
-0.04014576971530914,
0.03588373586535454,
0.025929898023605347,
-0.027499038726091385,
-0.030315855517983437,
-0.004388768691569567,
0.06848406046628952,
-0.032276883721351624,
0.08949819952249527,
-0.030544454231858253,
0.025142712518572807,
-0.011534846387803555,
-0.007435206323862076,
0.0008632055250927806,
0.011054853908717632,
-0.003807932138442993,
0.0036767004057765007,
-0.05819978564977646,
0.02358032576739788,
0.05607752129435539,
0.00019594712648540735,
0.03790788725018501,
-0.004633097443729639,
-0.034250859171152115,
0.01319070439785719,
0.012966662645339966,
-0.030052388086915016,
-0.02655038610100746,
-0.012087294831871986,
-0.039184972643852234,
0.035556599497795105,
0.02113776095211506,
-0.03836142271757126,
0.010270938277244568,
-0.01177256554365158,
-0.023545842617750168,
0.043977104127407074,
0.03218189254403114,
-0.00006357180245686322,
-0.03845849633216858,
0.06859803199768066,
0.014625291340053082,
0.03973091021180153,
-0.010868196375668049,
-0.08214510977268219,
0.010817729867994785,
0.011921637691557407,
-0.0013750054640695453,
-0.007511116098612547,
0.003944783005863428,
0.049665965139865875,
-0.027093147858977318,
0.021376313641667366,
-0.0023009274154901505,
-0.056542519479990005,
0.00325050693936646,
0.03485610708594322,
-0.016008343547582626,
0.06803786009550095,
0.02666008099913597,
-0.013380805030465126,
0.0028541088104248047,
-0.05036480352282524,
0.02333281934261322,
0.0799684226512909,
-0.016909152269363403,
0.03189804032444954,
-0.015745609998703003,
-0.015158559195697308,
0.011952708475291729,
0.032075025141239166,
-0.02651759423315525,
-0.04405564069747925,
-0.0015854882076382637,
0.018284140154719353,
-0.035466331988573074,
0.020084761083126068,
0.014262417331337929,
0.02939389832317829,
0.023744212463498116,
-0.033175960183143616,
0.01837468147277832,
0.04156389832496643,
-0.0066587962210178375,
0.03251938149333,
0.041875384747982025,
-0.016494525596499443,
0.011647650972008705,
-0.02070225588977337,
0.06913121044635773,
0.057287003844976425,
-0.06444402039051056,
-0.0019726238679140806,
0.02710847742855549,
0.020366080105304718,
-0.0008610704098828137,
-0.0048913536593317986,
-0.0009197336039505899,
0.006657047662883997,
-0.015843912959098816,
0.012411879375576973,
-0.026813078671693802,
0.08116975426673889,
-0.044978655874729156,
-0.02905457094311714,
0.06960807740688324,
-0.03160716965794563,
0.03866085037589073,
-0.012025385163724422,
0.023202765733003616,
0.017263876274228096,
-0.000011985261153313331,
-0.025044621899724007,
-0.029839957132935524,
-0.026177261024713516,
0.012311555445194244,
0.04004016891121864,
-0.015540237538516521,
0.003173367353156209,
-0.06447728723287582,
-0.008664393797516823,
-0.014614797197282314,
0.07098361849784851,
0.038070790469646454,
0.01722593978047371,
0.006392314564436674,
-0.01612689532339573,
-0.04388665407896042,
-0.02420215681195259,
-0.10226481407880783,
-0.0402255617082119,
0.020317433401942253,
0.05321802943944931,
0.012604596093297005,
0.07298367470502853,
0.019963601604104042,
0.022341148927807808,
-0.04549799859523773,
-0.016225121915340424,
0.011250217445194721,
0.003882007673382759,
0.04811893776059151,
-0.047153037041425705,
-0.012974489480257034,
-0.015274262987077236,
0.04322351515293121,
-0.0004962888197042048,
0.004607553128153086,
-0.03708852082490921,
-0.00816523190587759,
0.007457783445715904,
-0.0640108659863472,
-0.0007981727248989046,
0.017614280804991722,
0.008564614690840244,
0.01438384223729372,
-0.029055632650852203,
0.01413768995553255,
0.05760497972369194,
0.04752304032444954,
0.03692205250263214,
-0.003995679318904877,
-0.008297745138406754,
0.005653964821249247,
0.01927790232002735,
0.03798457607626915,
0.010725599713623524,
-0.016042470932006836,
-0.02777809090912342,
0.0019049394177272916,
0.016801942139863968,
-0.008497657254338264,
-0.2921714782714844,
-0.02799762785434723,
0.0034316456876695156,
-0.017488298937678337,
0.00939729530364275,
-0.01912529394030571,
0.04568707197904587,
-0.030467264354228973,
-0.033674079924821854,
0.01624831184744835,
0.02285657823085785,
-0.010733787901699543,
0.0008118306868709624,
0.0378846675157547,
0.022761275991797447,
0.03987567871809006,
-0.003562627825886011,
-0.023906610906124115,
0.007831627503037453,
0.041186220943927765,
-0.02180359698832035,
-0.07841067016124725,
-0.02343321591615677,
0.0314437635242939,
-0.04323260858654976,
0.041878215968608856,
-0.0664190948009491,
-0.012852897867560387,
-0.0489833764731884,
-0.0018290973966941237,
-0.04666934534907341,
0.005314858164638281,
-0.001499719568528235,
0.03219905495643616,
0.006216217763721943,
0.014354356564581394,
0.012640752829611301,
-0.01761147938668728,
0.03315429762005806,
0.04743633419275284,
0.010090981610119343,
-0.013137994334101677,
-0.013339947909116745,
0.007441194262355566,
0.07131201028823853,
0.00686719361692667,
-0.049107592552900314,
-0.025293854996562004,
-0.03453284129500389,
0.012313765473663807,
0.011156708933413029,
0.018999844789505005,
0.012089092284440994,
0.01791704073548317,
-0.040902964770793915,
-0.018536556512117386,
-0.01100127212703228,
-0.007740892004221678,
-0.0012934684054926038,
0.028269072994589806,
0.028013106435537338,
-0.054621752351522446,
-0.020727533847093582,
-0.018747806549072266,
-0.04242956265807152,
-0.0384603776037693,
-0.051071055233478546,
-0.07823970168828964,
0.029086755588650703,
0.05278656631708145,
0.015479164198040962,
0.04813886433839798,
0.0017274883575737476,
-0.0806942880153656,
-0.012613179162144661,
-0.002182448748499155,
-0.014884673990309238,
-0.00517952349036932,
-0.007169065531343222,
0.04967286437749863,
-0.032697148621082306,
-0.04052635654807091,
0.05590621381998062,
0.03512217476963997,
0.026981206610798836,
0.005944021977484226,
-0.001662472146563232,
-0.023006947711110115,
-0.04120437800884247,
0.010797726921737194,
0.04029439762234688,
-0.011342320591211319,
0.05404070392251015,
0.0021453273948282003,
0.041266068816185,
0.037378184497356415,
0.04740947484970093,
0.03362105041742325,
0.031093938276171684,
0.029443059116601944,
0.0072822412475943565,
-0.06679215282201767,
-0.021688085049390793,
-0.036543961614370346,
-0.062425315380096436,
0.023998592048883438,
-0.044961318373680115,
-0.017660077661275864,
0.05506451800465584,
0.006322587840259075,
-0.027107801288366318,
-0.07442134618759155,
0.006785113830119371,
-0.016344375908374786,
-0.020389534533023834,
-0.02740556374192238,
0.008495749905705452,
0.05365932732820511,
0.018428195267915726,
0.011645231395959854,
-0.05118640139698982,
0.03910253196954727,
-0.018099648877978325,
0.004924421198666096,
-0.04142865538597107,
-0.03837427496910095,
-0.03386499732732773,
-0.019070034846663475,
-0.0242789126932621,
0.007959119975566864,
0.01512192189693451,
0.0402955524623394,
0.007729453034698963,
0.003120349021628499,
0.02236800082027912,
0.02518913894891739,
-0.0046309009194374084,
-0.043289415538311005,
0.060015492141246796,
0.015323033556342125,
0.03986431285738945,
0.03221211954951286,
0.011066948994994164,
0.020481454208493233,
0.049406856298446655,
0.04812952131032944,
0.035720642656087875,
-0.01043783687055111,
-0.02712504006922245,
-0.016812052577733994,
0.026141375303268433,
-0.029780570417642593,
-0.010717317461967468,
-0.00873007345944643,
0.030149584636092186,
-0.00020578177645802498,
0.014108371920883656,
-0.032117340713739395,
0.04098798707127571,
-0.052919138222932816,
0.08099623769521713,
0.02110796980559826,
-0.014344502240419388,
-0.024543510749936104,
0.0066887387074530125,
0.06618648767471313,
-0.020195314660668373,
-0.036497410386800766,
-0.0013987220590934157,
0.015391722321510315,
-0.007530174218118191,
-0.026883358135819435,
-0.0321355015039444,
0.0024131922982633114,
-0.010691219940781593,
0.004219840746372938,
0.006394282914698124,
-0.02316650189459324,
-0.026485992595553398,
0.0013236571103334427,
-0.016632435843348503,
-0.021780144423246384,
-0.023969950154423714,
0.01862683705985546,
0.06534523516893387,
-0.0048655676655471325,
0.006539553869515657,
-0.006448797415941954,
-0.012118552811443806,
0.01210764516144991,
0.004783020354807377,
0.012944760732352734,
-0.03234526887536049,
-0.02118767984211445,
-0.03843476250767708,
-0.02914779633283615,
0.0002742884971667081,
0.015484149567782879,
-0.009344921447336674,
-0.04846373200416565,
-0.04940102621912956,
0.004971520975232124,
-0.045712582767009735,
-0.019191142171621323,
0.025442957878112793,
-0.08048907667398453,
-0.0015125059289857745,
0.023481052368879318,
-0.004289879463613033,
0.011320965364575386,
-0.031486786901950836,
-0.04241473600268364,
-0.054452601820230484,
-0.009955274872481823,
0.013980734162032604,
-0.004174778237938881,
-0.025224898010492325,
-0.0020155319944024086,
-0.027115436270833015,
-0.013413479551672935,
0.02007218822836876,
-0.026852063834667206,
0.015035996213555336,
-0.02092980407178402,
0.019264787435531616,
0.06632126867771149,
0.003923855256289244,
0.01633657142519951,
0.009162234142422676,
-0.003581732977181673,
0.010537712834775448,
-0.05176674947142601,
0.035246990621089935,
0.03245042264461517,
-0.023515354841947556,
0.020787052810192108,
-0.029386373236775398,
0.04133591428399086,
-0.00975496880710125,
-0.0010487026302143931,
-0.015439879149198532,
-0.019580774009227753,
-0.029690930619835854,
-0.011222898960113525,
0.0004816403379663825,
0.02167472615838051,
0.0376715250313282,
-0.023816600441932678,
-0.03606099635362625,
0.00012618686014320701,
-0.010403158143162727,
0.010028664954006672,
-0.06789079308509827,
-0.03222829848527908,
0.04899253696203232,
-0.04045741632580757,
-0.037279825657606125,
-0.052836861461400986,
0.01280547771602869,
0.005129719153046608,
-0.02906556986272335,
0.03370668366551399,
-0.002308688824996352,
0.006880200933665037,
0.06844925880432129,
0.048690054565668106,
-0.007644295692443848,
-0.027155213057994843,
0.030699312686920166,
-0.03865139186382294,
0.015147007070481777,
-0.05781117081642151,
0.00019671204790938646,
0.0462045781314373,
-0.014521114528179169,
-0.010720637626945972,
-0.0020758092869073153,
-0.020450474694371223,
0.03849080950021744,
-0.020438682287931442,
-0.06461934745311737,
-0.011000611819326878,
-0.01260102167725563,
0.013653697445988655,
0.04745671898126602,
-0.031997472047805786,
-0.03792117163538933,
0.004377631936222315,
-0.021135957911610603,
-0.000003340715920785442,
0.0000896991477929987,
0.04482255131006241,
-0.03329034149646759,
0.01604563184082508,
-0.01881079189479351,
-0.002241105306893587,
0.014938659965991974,
0.07745309174060822,
0.011751076206564903,
0.02388112246990204,
-0.028163958340883255,
0.055560071021318436,
0.018418556079268456,
0.006259039510041475,
-0.01736719347536564,
0.04261061176657677,
0.017003340646624565,
-0.06924184411764145,
0.04005119577050209,
-0.00653943233191967,
-0.01775212027132511,
-0.05971274524927139,
0.06388059258460999,
0.017708715051412582,
-0.05571793392300606,
-0.02815980650484562,
0.045065250247716904,
-0.044450853019952774,
0.022052982822060585,
0.03653841093182564,
-0.00692254351451993,
0.020026301965117455,
0.060599297285079956,
-0.01043768972158432,
0.052473705261945724,
0.084026999771595,
0.03823486715555191,
0.006159939803183079,
-0.01632436364889145,
0.07352837920188904,
0.03108181245625019,
0.02002895250916481,
0.02390534058213234,
0.05827483907341957,
-0.05362555384635925,
-0.05896297097206116,
0.024444909766316414,
-0.013441572897136211,
-0.04920748993754387,
-0.018382854759693146,
0.03144936263561249,
0.0889362096786499,
0.018653148785233498,
0.06057928502559662,
-0.03800027072429657,
0.01109034102410078,
0.013764165341854095,
0.02894567884504795,
-0.011174731887876987,
0.061014045029878616,
0.016364887356758118,
0.02539067529141903,
-0.04359688609838486,
-0.03700155019760132,
-0.0021715196780860424,
-0.022265180945396423,
0.01063606608659029,
-0.019809449091553688,
-0.00560994865372777,
0.019112426787614822,
-0.010859895497560501,
0.03685009479522705,
0.09660135954618454,
-0.04038466140627861,
-0.06046297401189804,
0.003403678070753813,
0.035412468016147614,
0.014670463278889656,
0.04712194949388504,
0.014696655794978142,
-0.03555956855416298,
0.0008352902950718999,
-0.0353788398206234,
0.0030371167231351137,
0.03970278427004814,
0.023940393701195717,
0.003067207522690296,
0.0002804594114422798,
-0.013843026012182236,
0.028490247204899788,
0.04460417479276657,
0.008592354133725166,
-0.07600945979356766,
-0.01009349338710308,
-0.06666409224271774,
-0.035502996295690536,
-0.033180005848407745,
-0.0029442347586154938,
0.014017647132277489,
-0.03135472536087036,
-0.007283901795744896,
0.0013308493653312325,
0.02316151186823845,
0.07054362446069717,
-0.03227027878165245,
-0.0032072337344288826,
0.05098050460219383,
0.06194179505109787,
0.014479335397481918,
0.01843821071088314,
0.005954655818641186,
-0.026143956929445267,
0.006416604854166508,
0.02779470942914486,
0.03984929621219635,
0.018980054184794426,
-0.016331885010004044,
-0.011871425434947014,
-0.10163812339305878,
-0.0118253780528903,
0.014540997333824635,
-0.03403369337320328,
-0.07837124168872833,
0.031173843890428543,
0.018469808623194695,
0.027262357994914055,
0.06353791058063507,
0.006568009499460459,
-0.024781549349427223,
-0.02328622154891491,
0.041816603392362595,
0.006190911866724491,
-0.0069779297336936,
0.0412796214222908,
-0.046191178262233734,
0.04915167763829231,
0.03632307052612305,
-0.04702591150999069,
-0.015753718093037605,
0.04989437013864517,
0.006973972078412771,
-0.02260112762451172,
-0.027151603251695633,
-0.04302412271499634,
-0.022121725603938103,
-0.09667712450027466,
-0.00300575396977365,
0.006447332911193371,
-0.0004664436564780772,
-0.033112410455942154,
0.014494286850094795,
0.01966474950313568,
-0.02563091740012169,
-0.019256042316555977,
-0.0332287959754467,
0.003724380163475871,
-0.008838551118969917,
0.013664592057466507,
-0.06347117573022842,
0.025631383061408997,
-0.019705437123775482,
0.025290966033935547,
-0.035927630960941315,
-0.042145293205976486,
0.004478922113776207,
-0.023169541731476784,
0.04385771602392197,
-0.007691447623074055,
0.023538313806056976,
0.019962061196565628
] |
226 |
Optimal Transport for Time Series Imputation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=xPTzjpIQNp
|
[
"Hao Wang",
"zhengnan li",
"Haoxuan Li",
"Xu Chen",
"Mingming Gong",
"BinChen",
"Zhichao Chen"
] |
Poster
|
Missing data imputation through distribution alignment has demonstrated advantages for non-temporal datasets but exhibits suboptimal performance in time-series applications. The primary obstacle is crafting a discrepancy measure that simultaneously (1) captures temporal patterns—accounting for periodicity and temporal dependencies inherent in time-series—and (2) accommodates non-stationarity, ensuring robustness amidst multiple coexisting temporal patterns. In response to these challenges, we introduce the Proximal Spectrum Wasserstein (PSW) discrepancy, a novel discrepancy tailored for comparing two \textit{sets} of time-series based on optimal transport. It incorporates a pairwise spectral distance to encapsulate temporal patterns, and a selective matching regularization to accommodate non-stationarity. Subsequently, we develop the PSW for Imputation (PSW-I) framework, which iteratively refines imputation results by minimizing the PSW discrepancy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PSW-I effectively accommodates temporal patterns and non-stationarity, outperforming prevailing time-series imputation methods. Code is available at https://github.com/FMLYD/PSW-I.
|
Time series, Imputation
| null | 14,099 | null |
[
-0.03956788033246994,
-0.03762475401163101,
-0.01659982278943062,
0.0668872594833374,
0.04927117004990578,
0.035814639180898666,
0.05502963438630104,
-0.0002836193307302892,
-0.029632965102791786,
-0.08799649029970169,
0.012085947208106518,
0.0004971273010596633,
-0.05204489454627037,
-0.0019280753331258893,
-0.0004739488649647683,
0.06410882622003555,
0.0631432980298996,
-0.010813793167471886,
0.006075686309486628,
-0.00672105373814702,
-0.020036892965435982,
-0.011565062217414379,
0.018799038603901863,
0.012704850174486637,
0.012767127715051174,
-0.0028171364683657885,
-0.0017132096691057086,
0.007894042879343033,
-0.030966121703386307,
0.019051140174269676,
0.012793418020009995,
0.0067285578697919846,
-0.024954097345471382,
-0.0039038790855556726,
0.007833905518054962,
-0.0009510105010122061,
-0.018742254003882408,
-0.013609341345727444,
0.007802559994161129,
0.02055111713707447,
-0.013521165587008,
-0.01280447281897068,
-0.04060078039765358,
0.017024174332618713,
-0.045560210943222046,
0.03292485699057579,
-0.06352690607309341,
0.004273479338735342,
-0.02603165991604328,
-0.06407003849744797,
-0.07412279397249222,
0.03983669728040695,
0.03355906903743744,
0.005269166082143784,
0.0007850119727663696,
0.015174665488302708,
0.009791702032089233,
-0.06392842531204224,
-0.037789516150951385,
-0.027603754773736,
-0.01204287726432085,
-0.0019880144391208887,
0.009472852572798729,
-0.015270006842911243,
-0.0044546364806592464,
-0.0487569198012352,
0.024544067680835724,
0.055518440902233124,
0.0064329830929636955,
-0.034391604363918304,
-0.01805858127772808,
0.004446831997483969,
0.013500956818461418,
0.001951382146216929,
-0.009842530824244022,
-0.02183586172759533,
0.004013850819319487,
0.005536986514925957,
0.064425989985466,
-0.00821206159889698,
0.027395179495215416,
0.008744321763515472,
0.03687945380806923,
0.0283394455909729,
0.018430108204483986,
0.009389124810695648,
-0.0459098182618618,
-0.04915064573287964,
-0.08118197321891785,
0.053760118782520294,
-0.03522387519478798,
-0.009784577414393425,
0.04854214936494827,
0.029399439692497253,
0.021744150668382645,
0.008585721254348755,
0.017115294933319092,
0.00687369704246521,
0.006273668259382248,
-0.002721661003306508,
-0.06877348572015762,
-0.015643948689103127,
0.026312384754419327,
0.0351552739739418,
-0.08200059831142426,
-0.03551099821925163,
-0.025552039965987206,
-0.025249289348721504,
0.0064657824113965034,
0.022740602493286133,
-0.05699629709124565,
0.0042571984231472015,
0.023098615929484367,
0.01532687433063984,
-0.07667998969554901,
0.0405799001455307,
0.00282583711668849,
-0.010343319736421108,
-0.012726892717182636,
-0.043752457946538925,
0.04464275389909744,
0.031980037689208984,
-0.00897976290434599,
0.058672137558460236,
-0.023792991414666176,
0.019222470000386238,
0.05107654258608818,
0.021319422870874405,
-0.038915686309337616,
-0.025555487722158432,
-0.011969434097409248,
0.05048796534538269,
-0.012323259375989437,
0.006914268247783184,
-0.0005077723180875182,
-0.007751418277621269,
-0.0018077623099088669,
0.016835538670420647,
0.04989931732416153,
-0.03313817083835602,
-0.0009696994675323367,
-0.013186394236981869,
0.03754692152142525,
-0.03272773697972298,
0.030364548787474632,
-0.008854959160089493,
-0.005596421658992767,
-0.038555070757865906,
-0.012194490991532803,
-0.03317069634795189,
-0.009419134818017483,
0.006951203104108572,
0.015319028869271278,
-0.04624363034963608,
-0.028061656281352043,
-0.0010710253845900297,
-0.021325988695025444,
-0.0004818598972633481,
-0.0031955998856574297,
-0.01461176760494709,
-0.013032595627009869,
0.05420989915728569,
-0.034817613661289215,
0.027923667803406715,
-0.028102969750761986,
-0.04696327820420265,
0.05175730958580971,
0.029470471665263176,
-0.041109565645456314,
-0.013564161024987698,
-0.03538331016898155,
-0.035510893911123276,
0.06821761280298233,
0.034260716289281845,
0.013412666507065296,
-0.002531282836571336,
0.08033769577741623,
0.028314681723713875,
0.0008217997965402901,
0.01006128080189228,
-0.08445388078689575,
0.054401326924562454,
-0.007221601903438568,
-0.006024731323122978,
0.031186362728476524,
0.00521777244284749,
0.09130242466926575,
-0.024553857743740082,
0.01042198110371828,
0.023227473720908165,
-0.087044358253479,
-0.024322470650076866,
0.03716135397553444,
-0.04924079775810242,
0.041138630360364914,
-0.008386611007153988,
-0.017695972695946693,
-0.008688969537615776,
-0.010558359324932098,
0.02422381192445755,
0.03730626404285431,
-0.04224751517176628,
0.036828141659498215,
-0.03811004012823105,
-0.03718459606170654,
0.020250247791409492,
0.06652228534221649,
-0.030864529311656952,
-0.037317581474781036,
0.012474453076720238,
0.015791360288858414,
-0.008822198957204819,
-0.0016874597640708089,
0.011297541670501232,
0.034064970910549164,
0.030733425170183182,
0.01954798959195614,
-0.015100784599781036,
-0.00570842158049345,
-0.04630689695477486,
0.04847148433327675,
0.02480292320251465,
-0.03849725425243378,
0.008955074474215508,
-0.029136378318071365,
0.08174506574869156,
0.09719042479991913,
-0.016939859837293625,
0.03774573653936386,
0.0055545540526509285,
0.012713329866528511,
0.01378693152219057,
-0.012839073315262794,
-0.031107082962989807,
0.028357097879052162,
-0.016190877184271812,
-0.014506615698337555,
-0.029040995985269547,
0.04088550806045532,
-0.04173176363110542,
0.027102278545498848,
0.07192610949277878,
-0.011731776408851147,
0.05769650265574455,
0.006611151155084372,
-0.0016840604366734624,
0.04846502095460892,
0.008291222155094147,
-0.06714796274900436,
-0.023084186017513275,
-0.010203074663877487,
0.03112945891916752,
0.05179012566804886,
-0.01678186096251011,
-0.0019103005761280656,
-0.0547654926776886,
-0.030278334394097328,
-0.01328401081264019,
0.08694738894701004,
0.042153798043727875,
0.03201313689351082,
0.016710495576262474,
-0.014220617711544037,
-0.05588154494762421,
0.008562915958464146,
-0.12341330200433731,
-0.07335112988948822,
0.0014032168546691537,
0.050960276275873184,
-0.019042689353227615,
0.06124066561460495,
-0.02432757429778576,
0.02243528515100479,
-0.015963757410645485,
0.006658168975263834,
0.002163102151826024,
0.034565359354019165,
0.010556144639849663,
-0.05234595388174057,
-0.011283686384558678,
0.055222637951374054,
0.07731322199106216,
-0.0028731892816722393,
-0.0232844315469265,
-0.031888850033283234,
-0.05067380890250206,
-0.008114191703498363,
0.03049534559249878,
0.025777220726013184,
0.04179567098617554,
0.0008367637638002634,
0.020416948944330215,
-0.014404271729290485,
-0.037037745118141174,
0.030343202874064445,
0.06587415188550949,
0.04649361968040466,
0.0066640544682741165,
0.011215980164706707,
0.024028003215789795,
0.020857544615864754,
0.0067639038898050785,
0.02279014326632023,
0.04471798613667488,
0.0004469637933652848,
-0.025601103901863098,
-0.011123857460916042,
-0.02211698517203331,
-0.28731781244277954,
0.04125325381755829,
-0.017980674281716347,
-0.04091937094926834,
0.04535502940416336,
-0.0060186563059687614,
0.0571407675743103,
-0.0017547683091834188,
-0.03662380948662758,
0.028684332966804504,
0.03576970845460892,
0.045817937701940536,
-0.01110418513417244,
0.0622122548520565,
0.053961120545864105,
0.015420974232256413,
0.001338478527031839,
-0.025416560471057892,
0.04103090986609459,
0.025728357955813408,
-0.0026368675753474236,
-0.044656623154878616,
-0.011919638141989708,
0.032923538237810135,
-0.018698038533329964,
0.047002654522657394,
-0.08616681396961212,
-0.005768174771219492,
-0.062168143689632416,
-0.035918135195970535,
-0.006443866528570652,
-0.048784416168928146,
-0.00889592058956623,
0.015527927316725254,
0.01117562223225832,
-0.03773310035467148,
-0.009052646346390247,
0.03812524676322937,
0.05979910492897034,
0.006417559459805489,
-0.018016381189227104,
-0.002432987792417407,
-0.029653534293174744,
-0.00533763924613595,
0.046971384435892105,
0.0517340749502182,
-0.015248295851051807,
0.003211954841390252,
0.01228826679289341,
0.03375949710607529,
-0.023677844554185867,
-0.020120348781347275,
-0.04876774176955223,
-0.02799329161643982,
-0.041533347219228745,
-0.05976414680480957,
-0.03705727308988571,
-0.004428769461810589,
-0.025333750993013382,
0.03466934338212013,
0.011454440653324127,
-0.016308320686221123,
0.011109992861747742,
-0.03594273328781128,
-0.046403251588344574,
-0.023398471996188164,
-0.07293137907981873,
-0.044046297669410706,
0.04836917296051979,
0.030184341594576836,
0.015228497795760632,
-0.009621568955481052,
0.013856367208063602,
-0.08900120109319687,
0.07218778133392334,
-0.0055601950734853745,
-0.024161716923117638,
-0.004734063055366278,
-0.018862444907426834,
0.022271251305937767,
-0.022576596587896347,
-0.0400179885327816,
0.01945364847779274,
0.0422399528324604,
0.01755616068840027,
-0.026151025667786598,
0.00748516945168376,
-0.0305501576513052,
-0.027254587039351463,
-0.05321739986538887,
0.04183989018201828,
-0.03797848895192146,
0.049390923231840134,
0.041431915014982224,
0.010472136549651623,
0.0804222822189331,
0.026062211021780968,
0.07203022390604019,
0.011190020479261875,
-0.009549660608172417,
0.009137310087680817,
-0.08489552140235901,
-0.015455161221325397,
-0.07358357310295105,
0.017793338745832443,
0.042589686810970306,
-0.037706516683101654,
-0.003014068119227886,
0.04511657729744911,
-0.018555207177996635,
0.011772886849939823,
-0.012106772512197495,
0.01995386928319931,
-0.04672810807824135,
0.02718345820903778,
0.00657110009342432,
-0.006182644050568342,
0.02927364595234394,
0.025380814447999,
-0.0031273907516151667,
0.012087435461580753,
0.006916393525898457,
-0.031075702980160713,
0.0010388083755970001,
0.0016170911258086562,
-0.010468070395290852,
-0.009092322550714016,
-0.004491759464144707,
0.0033537636045366526,
-0.008377676829695702,
0.03982225060462952,
0.036804892122745514,
0.006120056379586458,
0.0056533487513661385,
0.046065621078014374,
-0.01123328972607851,
-0.023043252527713776,
-0.019172823056578636,
0.039915427565574646,
-0.03394016623497009,
0.03376251831650734,
0.0008837844361551106,
0.00133062107488513,
0.01795659214258194,
0.015796566382050514,
0.01793707348406315,
-0.014801167882978916,
0.011168931610882282,
0.00188002351205796,
-0.011008717119693756,
0.013340162113308907,
-0.04273097962141037,
-0.01938108168542385,
-0.022110356017947197,
-0.017767472192645073,
0.02594768814742565,
0.025730041787028313,
-0.017938485369086266,
0.01738070882856846,
-0.06750822067260742,
0.03878925368189812,
0.004108502063900232,
-0.044295068830251694,
-0.008863681927323341,
0.008510204032063484,
0.049994904547929764,
-0.02208729460835457,
-0.03216632455587387,
0.04514626786112785,
0.028744567185640335,
0.022086292505264282,
-0.0285960603505373,
0.00448064599186182,
-0.00024248803674709052,
-0.010761117562651634,
-0.004763639532029629,
0.03176558017730713,
-0.009126683697104454,
-0.052563585340976715,
0.015752097591757774,
0.014838761650025845,
0.024352403357625008,
-0.06510954350233078,
0.01789523847401142,
0.06326336413621902,
0.012195521034300327,
0.0144778061658144,
-0.007894438691437244,
-0.022516120225191116,
0.04258221760392189,
0.0006095942226238549,
0.002425877843052149,
-0.020183563232421875,
-0.05318327248096466,
-0.010988893918693066,
-0.03981443867087364,
0.010806292295455933,
0.008490600623190403,
-0.01728605292737484,
-0.015591024421155453,
-0.035039789974689484,
0.0007988877478055656,
-0.014012065716087818,
-0.032987289130687714,
0.009939960204064846,
-0.06814362853765488,
-0.007962502539157867,
0.005745334550738335,
-0.05437542125582695,
0.021178582683205605,
-0.02019447647035122,
-0.011304996907711029,
-0.07187934964895248,
0.04249308630824089,
0.029683344066143036,
-0.012766454368829727,
-0.023472167551517487,
-0.005367848090827465,
0.008615340106189251,
0.00895925797522068,
0.017153320834040642,
0.013943072408437729,
0.01645137555897236,
0.010483650490641594,
0.013831110671162605,
0.04299665614962578,
-0.02211816981434822,
-0.03724466264247894,
0.006997751537710428,
-0.010234573855996132,
-0.012183859944343567,
-0.07227951288223267,
0.0065635438077151775,
0.06946172565221786,
0.0047724610194563866,
-0.0003646689874585718,
-0.025718292221426964,
0.027116425335407257,
-0.003959546331316233,
0.005666291806846857,
-0.00008679338498041034,
-0.04168283939361572,
-0.013706140220165253,
-0.06336602568626404,
0.026035161688923836,
0.006806899327784777,
0.03572900965809822,
-0.010694465599954128,
0.005271716509014368,
0.027249226346611977,
-0.0016822218894958496,
0.004637190140783787,
-0.03175913169980049,
-0.024950025603175163,
0.03540391847491264,
-0.03957121819257736,
-0.07415739446878433,
-0.10226280242204666,
-0.013190284371376038,
0.018944909796118736,
-0.022832922637462616,
0.009671475738286972,
0.03654459863901138,
0.03800439089536667,
0.019563287496566772,
0.03556147590279579,
0.06944975256919861,
-0.019557811319828033,
0.047925256192684174,
-0.05977962911128998,
-0.02275555580854416,
-0.06440474092960358,
0.005683457478880882,
0.029047410935163498,
-0.015444222837686539,
-0.005686610471457243,
0.03479928523302078,
0.02287323772907257,
0.035353220999240875,
-0.020466653630137444,
-0.05755574628710747,
-0.027236253023147583,
0.003405605908483267,
-0.01586654596030712,
0.03596361353993416,
-0.001833365997299552,
0.012907225638628006,
-0.04475665092468262,
-0.04097386449575424,
0.004687261767685413,
0.03619440272450447,
0.021159805357456207,
-0.01976078562438488,
0.01939411647617817,
-0.052201032638549805,
0.009189985692501068,
0.021089540794491768,
0.05927334725856781,
-0.006860260386019945,
0.014914514496922493,
-0.05037958174943924,
0.07659835368394852,
0.04034332558512688,
-0.019308729097247124,
-0.02559547685086727,
0.02053515799343586,
0.02789507806301117,
-0.05098331347107887,
0.03894371911883354,
0.010055125690996647,
-0.031663332134485245,
-0.0659903958439827,
0.05167749151587486,
0.027230460196733475,
-0.03862308710813522,
-0.04334389045834541,
0.022700235247612,
0.004335413221269846,
0.03140205889940262,
0.022402433678507805,
-0.008272483013570309,
-0.009446787647902966,
0.07201442122459412,
-0.0004202270065434277,
0.025633038952946663,
0.058951497077941895,
0.03305717185139656,
0.02199271135032177,
-0.005389007274061441,
0.05561552196741104,
0.08872957527637482,
0.032419297844171524,
0.000944641069509089,
0.06930456310510635,
-0.04271383956074715,
-0.008592718280851841,
0.01816292107105255,
0.004422157537192106,
-0.00988694280385971,
0.0007360180607065558,
0.025625189766287804,
0.04686560109257698,
0.02657710202038288,
0.06874954700469971,
-0.0327911339700222,
0.014297343790531158,
0.02437821961939335,
0.010063203983008862,
0.0158657468855381,
0.009028363041579723,
0.017686039209365845,
0.03408928960561752,
-0.02490425854921341,
-0.004142702557146549,
0.003350134240463376,
0.015965670347213745,
0.05328529700636864,
0.015007998794317245,
-0.02156279981136322,
0.0016662629786878824,
-0.03718404099345207,
-0.02112162858247757,
0.05074860528111458,
-0.04916192963719368,
-0.047858644276857376,
-0.028706295415759087,
0.012770065106451511,
-0.0176638625562191,
0.06208436191082001,
0.007158548105508089,
-0.0016558016650378704,
0.010136882774531841,
-0.0502922423183918,
0.03449767827987671,
0.06293241679668427,
0.030543791130185127,
0.052795834839344025,
-0.05149996653199196,
0.024985700845718384,
0.04036130756139755,
-0.033971626311540604,
-0.05199332535266876,
-0.058326877653598785,
-0.03640235587954521,
-0.019248398020863533,
-0.0655430257320404,
-0.05917651578783989,
0.005777962505817413,
-0.007163959089666605,
-0.009006345644593239,
0.014692077413201332,
-0.05064462497830391,
-0.012572151608765125,
0.0015158011810854077,
-0.0821613296866417,
-0.03703828155994415,
0.0557006411254406,
-0.010359125211834908,
0.01147805992513895,
0.012200776487588882,
0.03587759658694267,
-0.03677688539028168,
0.006867817137390375,
0.017506124451756477,
0.009359510615468025,
0.03335167095065117,
-0.029952844604849815,
0.00005159965076018125,
-0.06320472061634064,
0.017497600987553596,
0.010237723588943481,
-0.035439688712358475,
-0.09599605202674866,
0.03453361988067627,
-0.029104147106409073,
0.009668435901403427,
0.029321620240807533,
-0.012091312557458878,
-0.010902730748057365,
-0.04447244480252266,
-0.005480464082211256,
-0.036971546709537506,
0.04468615725636482,
0.011289718560874462,
-0.040811989456415176,
0.02974514849483967,
0.02298390120267868,
0.009231837466359138,
-0.04021840542554855,
0.04742792621254921,
-0.009345761500298977,
-0.009235233068466187,
-0.035424284636974335,
-0.029545338824391365,
-0.04946661368012428,
-0.09140085428953171,
-0.03414751961827278,
-0.015306206420063972,
0.006499526556581259,
-0.04325544089078903,
0.011291851289570332,
0.013269827701151371,
-0.016906144097447395,
-0.0007560373633168638,
-0.013199031352996826,
-0.013852451927959919,
-0.04493255913257599,
-0.0029201179277151823,
-0.062277600169181824,
0.023657867684960365,
-0.0066588269546628,
0.008882187306880951,
-0.030225083231925964,
-0.028297841548919678,
0.04958619549870491,
-0.023584354668855667,
0.017243411391973495,
0.0584697425365448,
0.02265733666718006,
-0.04732133448123932
] |
227 |
Video Action Differencing
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=3bcN6xlO6f
|
[
"James Burgess",
"Xiaohan Wang",
"Yuhui Zhang",
"Anita Rau",
"Alejandro Lozano",
"Lisa Dunlap",
"Trevor Darrell",
"Serena Yeung-Levy"
] |
Poster
|
How do two individuals differ when performing the same action? In this work, we introduce Video Action Differencing (VidDiff), the novel task of identifying subtle differences between videos of the same action, which has numerous applications, such as coaching and skill learning. To enable development on this new task, we first create VidDiffBench, a benchmark dataset containing 549 video pairs, with human annotations of 4,469 fine-grained action differences and 2,075 timestamps indicating where these differences occur. Our experiments demonstrate that VidDiffBench poses a significant challenge for state-of-the-art large multimodal models (LMMs), such as GPT-4o and Qwen2-VL. By analyzing the failure cases of LMMs on VidDiffBench, we highlight two key challenges for this task: localizing relevant sub-actions over two videos and fine-grained frame comparison. To overcome these, we propose the VidDiff method, an agentic workflow that breaks the task into three stages: action difference proposal, keyframe localization, and frame differencing, each stage utilizing specialized foundation models. To encourage future research in this new task, we release the benchmark and code.
|
Video, Actions, Differencing, Zero-shot, benchmark, multimodal, lmm, llm
|
A new task and benchmark for comparing how an action is performed between two videos, with a zero-shot method
| 14,085 |
2503.07860
|
[
0.05496681481599808,
-0.0354589968919754,
-0.007651247084140778,
0.03564087301492691,
0.035685066133737564,
0.01603872701525688,
0.054755572229623795,
0.003912143409252167,
-0.038330819457769394,
-0.04975830763578415,
-0.013582218438386917,
-0.005284919403493404,
-0.062039561569690704,
-0.009592990390956402,
-0.016751056537032127,
0.06767038255929947,
0.037731047719717026,
0.0037151724100112915,
0.04030146822333336,
0.01138028223067522,
-0.018976984545588493,
0.01724103093147278,
0.05467509850859642,
0.021317504346370697,
0.01990903913974762,
0.004222773015499115,
0.0334218330681324,
-0.0027492509689182043,
-0.06423483043909073,
-0.02662290260195732,
0.012953320518136024,
-0.01874549128115177,
0.013743218034505844,
-0.03629208356142044,
0.04513033106923103,
-0.04402036592364311,
-0.040530912578105927,
0.02236425131559372,
0.039579376578330994,
0.01594395563006401,
-0.031012337654829025,
0.01758500561118126,
-0.027348661795258522,
-0.026009101420640945,
-0.04603152349591255,
0.015993744134902954,
-0.06086047738790512,
0.021015817299485207,
0.024202996864914894,
-0.011302737519145012,
-0.07077656686306,
0.04694072902202606,
0.019837263971567154,
-0.008412041701376438,
-0.004705153871327639,
0.04363194853067398,
0.061842259019613266,
-0.0931149274110794,
0.0025313966907560825,
-0.0320197232067585,
0.006183217745274305,
0.025967996567487717,
0.052258189767599106,
-0.0032389734406024218,
0.016538428142666817,
-0.03015945479273796,
0.007355512585490942,
0.07350706309080124,
-0.007351687178015709,
-0.019290251657366753,
-0.0010161291575059295,
-0.025247342884540558,
0.005768961273133755,
-0.004890678450465202,
0.006771408021450043,
0.008371504954993725,
0.021333156153559685,
0.010561094619333744,
0.06773146986961365,
-0.04508480057120323,
0.03166510909795761,
0.0387803353369236,
-0.01532861590385437,
0.037040628492832184,
0.017321838065981865,
0.042759865522384644,
-0.00897302944213152,
-0.01595183275640011,
-0.0472748763859272,
0.015814147889614105,
-0.019328661262989044,
-0.03779040649533272,
0.03149423375725746,
0.04928767308592796,
0.030253905802965164,
0.0005976891843602061,
0.03056623972952366,
-0.03132002055644989,
0.03576403483748436,
-0.015201590955257416,
-0.039758969098329544,
-0.025920063257217407,
0.024162568151950836,
0.01845451444387436,
-0.07635679841041565,
-0.02366018109023571,
-0.011491123586893082,
-0.03496548533439636,
0.03064078278839588,
0.037139732390642166,
-0.03252284601330757,
0.005417033564299345,
0.023506995290517807,
-0.012817037291824818,
-0.0682351142168045,
0.03151752054691315,
-0.0071030533872544765,
0.008485744707286358,
-0.008115440607070923,
0.03947104141116142,
0.0574483796954155,
0.05224572867155075,
0.016047483310103416,
0.07747994363307953,
-0.001423397334292531,
0.0025315829552710056,
0.0061803520657122135,
0.016479596495628357,
-0.016600755974650383,
-0.03153374046087265,
0.037123147398233414,
0.013655420392751694,
-0.0005228110821917653,
-0.01627846248447895,
-0.0007059269701130688,
-0.0265219584107399,
0.01928584836423397,
-0.011616870760917664,
0.008806116878986359,
-0.020629290491342545,
0.012763210572302341,
-0.04283854737877846,
0.030207689851522446,
-0.04827328398823738,
0.059370122849941254,
-0.007259913254529238,
-0.018785029649734497,
-0.0007166416035033762,
-0.039355598390102386,
0.0027307397685945034,
0.006736228708177805,
-0.003027667524293065,
0.036169473081827164,
-0.05018070340156555,
0.015898708254098892,
0.06365889310836792,
0.019659927114844322,
0.009724960662424564,
-0.003277570242062211,
-0.012809786014258862,
-0.031078476458787918,
-0.01747204177081585,
-0.057546548545360565,
0.00021328480215743184,
-0.026178017258644104,
-0.047948118299245834,
-0.000744768010918051,
-0.00377982878126204,
-0.04399412125349045,
0.03304525837302208,
-0.05414673686027527,
-0.0036729343701153994,
0.059062659740448,
-0.0014732681447640061,
-0.03459075465798378,
0.014063426293432713,
0.0480254702270031,
0.03459906950592995,
0.015022487379610538,
0.036994028836488724,
-0.080531544983387,
0.032736774533987045,
-0.003992464393377304,
-0.004116675816476345,
0.03118440881371498,
0.003903041360899806,
0.06829822063446045,
-0.026257507503032684,
-0.03942790627479553,
0.02227933704853058,
-0.0629042312502861,
-0.03726359084248543,
0.0259274672716856,
0.0003492808900773525,
0.036482565104961395,
0.008970803581178188,
-0.0026815300807356834,
-0.005075784865766764,
0.04802011325955391,
0.04405214637517929,
-0.013078151270747185,
-0.0700652152299881,
0.052538543939590454,
0.023225417360663414,
-0.011689482256770134,
0.007147370837628841,
0.025262674316763878,
-0.03377335146069527,
-0.03442195802927017,
0.0015856605023145676,
-0.02064819447696209,
0.00601026089861989,
0.017934424802660942,
0.045275527983903885,
0.033935464918613434,
0.08155806362628937,
0.02174578234553337,
-0.00839392188936472,
0.0036246455274522305,
-0.037038180977106094,
0.020533118396997452,
-0.004119049292057753,
-0.03902922198176384,
-0.028440319001674652,
-0.03341151773929596,
0.08088922500610352,
0.044304247945547104,
-0.05404182896018028,
0.02162548154592514,
-0.0127715440467,
-0.037562914192676544,
0.03734630346298218,
0.021051261574029922,
-0.03115597739815712,
-0.006119459867477417,
-0.050711408257484436,
0.017795121297240257,
-0.015126344747841358,
0.039222605526447296,
-0.05791556462645531,
0.00180603819899261,
0.05763804912567139,
0.01984691247344017,
0.046259477734565735,
-0.03855030983686447,
0.02479899860918522,
0.04147946089506149,
0.024764779955148697,
-0.010494429618120193,
-0.020479386672377586,
0.0013058469630777836,
0.004905672278255224,
0.016981221735477448,
-0.04886395484209061,
-0.0012737534707412124,
-0.05401420220732689,
0.03132538124918938,
-0.037632931023836136,
0.05109958350658417,
0.03948168456554413,
0.050929196178913116,
0.024050593376159668,
-0.0029410598799586296,
-0.016766157001256943,
-0.020837673917412758,
-0.10064222663640976,
-0.044318340718746185,
-0.010288833640515804,
0.01097211241722107,
0.0055023194290697575,
0.031890638172626495,
0.01596979796886444,
-0.005714186001569033,
-0.03635441139340401,
0.02595309354364872,
0.03351805731654167,
0.02809934876859188,
0.025729071348905563,
-0.016694240272045135,
-0.02949192374944687,
0.00009207607945427299,
0.03880806639790535,
0.02138606831431389,
-0.03884356841444969,
0.005557863973081112,
-0.0037374275270849466,
-0.017556730657815933,
-0.02678675390779972,
-0.024754449725151062,
0.026231858879327774,
0.03367546573281288,
0.021106285974383354,
-0.009581736288964748,
0.014615947380661964,
0.03788610175251961,
0.0809231624007225,
0.028568247333168983,
0.021720636636018753,
-0.03316314518451691,
0.060628410428762436,
0.00952022336423397,
0.039187416434288025,
0.00266570714302361,
-0.0162808857858181,
-0.022523539140820503,
0.009548633359372616,
-0.01402822695672512,
-0.0015789609169587493,
-0.26425597071647644,
-0.03288434445858002,
0.04833468422293663,
0.006242081057280302,
0.04354700818657875,
-0.06468366831541061,
0.03202475607395172,
-0.0460016094148159,
-0.02126852236688137,
0.03444857522845268,
-0.005771358031779528,
0.023896314203739166,
-0.014330955222249031,
0.04605709761381149,
0.03474321961402893,
0.04207323491573334,
-0.00009018557466333732,
-0.02886665053665638,
0.007701399736106396,
0.03599010780453682,
-0.030380794778466225,
-0.043649379163980484,
-0.016288917511701584,
0.00036582181928679347,
-0.018570126965641975,
0.027902817353606224,
-0.07028535008430481,
-0.029276246204972267,
-0.03172460198402405,
-0.025333547964692116,
0.029393617063760757,
0.019612761214375496,
-0.06143375113606453,
0.03780543804168701,
0.005269634071737528,
-0.0025290183257311583,
0.05308352783322334,
-0.029780181124806404,
0.0527399480342865,
-0.016611533239483833,
0.010197032243013382,
-0.02540653385221958,
-0.010595244355499744,
0.0056512863375246525,
0.07163912802934647,
0.03623928502202034,
-0.053375326097011566,
-0.004711909219622612,
-0.04702167212963104,
0.03800901025533676,
0.04541216418147087,
-0.02745075151324272,
-0.03211766108870506,
0.01029224880039692,
0.01790425553917885,
-0.045265618711709976,
0.03430624306201935,
-0.0038993412163108587,
0.03489813208580017,
-0.02725982666015625,
0.008938275277614594,
-0.0416228249669075,
-0.03897470608353615,
-0.023833220824599266,
-0.004427463747560978,
-0.05073922500014305,
-0.03818138316273689,
-0.057180725038051605,
0.040323276072740555,
0.00933597981929779,
-0.010004325769841671,
-0.00018399137479718775,
-0.019016878679394722,
-0.1067231222987175,
0.015155472792685032,
0.01883201114833355,
0.007906260900199413,
-0.019934603944420815,
0.006457665469497442,
0.033588707447052,
-0.016110418364405632,
-0.029122577980160713,
0.03292998671531677,
-0.010611194185912609,
0.042808689177036285,
-0.0031978858169168234,
0.029003052040934563,
-0.01324982289224863,
0.019873052835464478,
-0.012947027571499348,
0.06742826104164124,
-0.0321405827999115,
-0.010129960253834724,
0.03894578665494919,
0.02758539654314518,
0.05435610190033913,
0.016107726842164993,
0.04023332893848419,
0.021053005009889603,
-0.00531085254624486,
0.014399902895092964,
-0.08938407897949219,
-0.019379854202270508,
-0.07500796020030975,
-0.006891841068863869,
0.046060435473918915,
-0.022334719076752663,
0.0037469188682734966,
0.06426713615655899,
0.009626430459320545,
-0.025221433490514755,
-0.03797779977321625,
0.00028344683232717216,
0.009470883756875992,
0.0028231702744960785,
-0.011975197121500969,
-0.007014466915279627,
0.02439006231725216,
0.03376849368214607,
-0.01572047732770443,
-0.0396045446395874,
0.035289399325847626,
-0.0508214496076107,
0.017044680193066597,
-0.020213641226291656,
0.0007716657710261643,
-0.05279259383678436,
0.0017628854839131236,
0.0008927687886171043,
0.002814454259350896,
0.02618194930255413,
0.02611980028450489,
-0.007676765788346529,
0.043027155101299286,
0.05314057692885399,
-0.02702351287007332,
0.012056869454681873,
0.019650205969810486,
0.013530432246625423,
-0.03758450597524643,
0.007029362488538027,
-0.000981249031610787,
0.029224205762147903,
0.05509685352444649,
0.036541648209095,
-0.009493204765021801,
0.024017279967665672,
0.01833515800535679,
-0.0193720031529665,
0.0008703145431354642,
0.07176506519317627,
-0.06332127749919891,
-0.059984564781188965,
-0.005874569993466139,
-0.006277165375649929,
-0.02300913631916046,
-0.000278265040833503,
-0.02593323402106762,
0.01833242177963257,
-0.0472676083445549,
0.04969724267721176,
0.01944144442677498,
-0.01302892155945301,
-0.022095205262303352,
0.03858375921845436,
0.022110208868980408,
0.03364935889840126,
-0.030700664967298508,
-0.0005305760423652828,
-0.0071570491418242455,
-0.02654685266315937,
-0.034033000469207764,
-0.03578455001115799,
0.004009130410850048,
-0.0011112078791484237,
0.023229176178574562,
-0.0013632201589643955,
-0.023115839809179306,
-0.033909525722265244,
0.04522451385855675,
0.02063930407166481,
-0.038123998790979385,
0.0033543838653713465,
-0.0398782379925251,
0.06605799496173859,
-0.002215490909293294,
-0.0029824492521584034,
-0.018610509112477303,
-0.002756745321676135,
-0.002177633112296462,
-0.01396255288273096,
0.04812424257397652,
-0.03194248676300049,
-0.051365483552217484,
-0.024005653336644173,
-0.04979526996612549,
0.03134528547525406,
0.0011389247374609113,
-0.028987806290388107,
-0.05078441649675369,
-0.028010571375489235,
0.04831122234463692,
-0.018792614340782166,
0.0160994715988636,
0.035850416868925095,
-0.05432181805372238,
0.01409341674298048,
0.022062664851546288,
-0.03456827998161316,
-0.0027469811029732227,
-0.04728585109114647,
-0.057344626635313034,
-0.06739538162946701,
-0.057793281972408295,
-0.02912704274058342,
-0.02177445776760578,
-0.0036903133150190115,
-0.040103308856487274,
-0.006647452712059021,
-0.024374229833483696,
0.02101544477045536,
0.008007455617189407,
-0.022484583780169487,
0.016008149832487106,
-0.01564069651067257,
0.0036240522749722004,
-0.04412979260087013,
0.0014567433390766382,
0.0488789863884449,
-0.007850044406950474,
0.027287838980555534,
-0.03652249276638031,
0.017794134095311165,
0.05878206342458725,
0.0007278813282027841,
-0.039003677666187286,
-0.06379817426204681,
0.033275581896305084,
-0.0007546072010882199,
-0.05682646483182907,
-0.015867991372942924,
0.02745192125439644,
-0.012157061137259007,
0.027655286714434624,
0.013327731750905514,
0.02160666696727276,
-0.006643788423389196,
-0.022687673568725586,
0.02685382030904293,
0.01661609672009945,
-0.002728607738390565,
0.0017925782594829798,
-0.0282121729105711,
-0.01753963902592659,
0.055445440113544464,
-0.06555228680372238,
-0.00923007819801569,
-0.059712003916502,
-0.014721573330461979,
0.038717206567525864,
0.010299494490027428,
0.003648072946816683,
-0.043905746191740036,
0.004643859341740608,
-0.0011245025089010596,
0.03239946439862251,
0.054989635944366455,
-0.02546393871307373,
0.01630476303398609,
-0.056739114224910736,
0.01971416547894478,
-0.05172092095017433,
-0.022875569760799408,
0.0650777518749237,
-0.019476331770420074,
-0.013624337501823902,
-0.01417367160320282,
-0.03568560630083084,
0.06202198565006256,
-0.019516531378030777,
-0.05552685260772705,
0.028588518500328064,
-0.029946262016892433,
-0.0008777989423833787,
-0.0008485193247906864,
-0.041774775832891464,
-0.012301385402679443,
-0.01717607118189335,
-0.04421668127179146,
0.010075039230287075,
-0.03251213580369949,
0.027106601744890213,
-0.02751331590116024,
0.0301006268709898,
-0.033466920256614685,
-0.0005790831055492163,
0.025335047394037247,
0.042177964001894,
0.016929324716329575,
0.006904952228069305,
-0.0038195913657546043,
0.05775941535830498,
0.03269597142934799,
-0.031827349215745926,
0.004973447881639004,
0.011441833339631557,
-0.006278523243963718,
-0.037248365581035614,
0.06192227080464363,
0.042339857667684555,
-0.07179565727710724,
-0.06936841458082199,
0.06085635721683502,
0.04312155395746231,
-0.02712508849799633,
-0.005871658679097891,
0.03873830288648605,
-0.04591920226812363,
0.005056494846940041,
-0.005781461484730244,
0.0011899634264409542,
-0.020015304908156395,
0.070158950984478,
0.0024203509092330933,
0.06183253228664398,
0.05926598608493805,
0.047373879700899124,
-0.00037196034099906683,
-0.0024180172476917505,
0.05759764090180397,
0.041193488985300064,
0.047303974628448486,
-0.003519500372931361,
0.08068127185106277,
0.0038942869286984205,
-0.016972778365015984,
0.06370291113853455,
0.0351826548576355,
-0.0420914925634861,
0.0018655086169019341,
0.007312568370252848,
0.09260694682598114,
0.008095483295619488,
0.03940795734524727,
-0.035502996295690536,
-0.05435420945286751,
0.04491403326392174,
-0.004661080427467823,
-0.004876284394413233,
0.004540988709777594,
0.02709009498357773,
0.01368641760200262,
0.01964760571718216,
0.005593121517449617,
0.013838534243404865,
-0.04881025105714798,
0.04647413641214371,
0.015419079922139645,
-0.021988926455378532,
0.004300439264625311,
-0.005575036164373159,
0.0356411337852478,
0.11177768558263779,
-0.024591872468590736,
-0.05055404454469681,
-0.01911274716258049,
0.02742069587111473,
0.012152256444096565,
0.03723808377981186,
-0.020325100049376488,
0.0049966806545853615,
0.023184115067124367,
-0.07852539420127869,
0.018240466713905334,
0.059104181826114655,
-0.01705971360206604,
0.011218598112463951,
-0.060749951750040054,
-0.029249440878629684,
0.021719790995121002,
0.030229192227125168,
-0.014785220846533775,
-0.0210528876632452,
-0.049521151930093765,
-0.05118316411972046,
-0.053735993802547455,
-0.02199002169072628,
0.03819321095943451,
0.001009685336612165,
-0.05912032723426819,
-0.03055771067738533,
-0.041498828679323196,
0.05296986177563667,
0.01173388957977295,
-0.09050366282463074,
-0.008524246513843536,
0.017758119851350784,
-0.0033901401329785585,
0.015167695470154285,
0.021581126376986504,
0.016684960573911667,
-0.04180331900715828,
-0.022248975932598114,
0.00035102327819913626,
0.030714215710759163,
0.007830255664885044,
-0.02880134992301464,
-0.03791885823011398,
-0.10075988620519638,
-0.0000916033168323338,
0.011427292600274086,
0.0015709396684542298,
-0.06644728779792786,
0.02109936997294426,
-0.05150914564728737,
0.022030185908079147,
0.09407206624746323,
-0.003107561031356454,
0.01317637600004673,
-0.050042618066072464,
0.016288362443447113,
-0.004917552229017019,
-0.0005335278110578656,
0.059225793927907944,
-0.02852814272046089,
0.03784904628992081,
0.005637908820062876,
0.00022884750796947628,
-0.058483511209487915,
0.03143854811787605,
-0.023358521983027458,
-0.019211797043681145,
-0.009229139424860477,
-0.051137775182724,
-0.03514579311013222,
-0.1454102247953415,
-0.020408937707543373,
0.063148632645607,
0.02398557960987091,
-0.04784724861383438,
-0.01731596700847149,
0.017170436680316925,
-0.024153295904397964,
-0.0347931906580925,
-0.023943427950143814,
-0.048120979219675064,
-0.03526535630226135,
-0.020009281113743782,
-0.04153827577829361,
0.004861466120928526,
-0.045750293880701065,
0.007841046899557114,
-0.016224222257733345,
-0.028904423117637634,
-0.0019440922187641263,
0.00143611419480294,
0.006265008356422186,
0.0013777177082374692,
0.03109663352370262,
-0.04383738338947296
] |
228 |
GANDALF: Generative AttentioN based Data Augmentation and predictive modeLing Framework for personalized cancer treatment
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=WwmtcGr4lP
|
[
"Aishwarya Jayagopal",
"Yanrong Zhang",
"Robert John Walsh",
"Tuan Zea Tan",
"Anand D Jeyasekharan",
"Vaibhav Rajan"
] |
Poster
|
Effective treatment of cancer is a major challenge faced by healthcare providers, due to the highly individualized nature of patient responses to treatment. This is caused by the heterogeneity seen in cancer-causing alterations (mutations) across patient genomes. Limited availability of response data in patients makes it difficult to train personalized treatment recommendation models on mutations from clinical genomic sequencing reports. Prior methods tackle this by utilising larger, labelled pre-clinical laboratory datasets (‘cell lines’), via transfer learning. These methods augment patient data by learning a shared, domain-invariant representation, between the cell line and patient domains, which is then used to train a downstream drug response prediction (DRP) model. This approach augments data in the shared space but fails to model patient-specific characteristics, which have a strong influence on their drug response. We propose a novel generative attention-based data augmentation and predictive modeling framework, GANDALF, to tackle this crucial shortcoming of prior methods. GANDALF not only augments patient genomic data directly, but also accounts for its domain-specific characteristics. GANDALF outperforms state-of-the-art DRP models on publicly available patient datasets and emerges as the front-runner amongst SOTA cancer DRP models.
|
personalized drug response prediction, cancer, genomic data augmentation, diffusion model, pseudolabelling
|
A cancer drug response prediction model that addresses the problem of limited labelled data through a novel genomic data augmentation technique.
| 14,072 | null |
[
-0.010760142467916012,
-0.04536585509777069,
-0.006003966089338064,
0.021872228011488914,
0.04039048030972481,
-0.012328589335083961,
0.03886822983622551,
-0.007235242053866386,
0.02434036135673523,
-0.03292790427803993,
-0.012589268386363983,
0.020535588264465332,
-0.08667212724685669,
0.03870609775185585,
0.009902840480208397,
0.052757229655981064,
0.03316560387611389,
-0.009084642864763737,
0.007730180397629738,
0.038922302424907684,
-0.009535688906908035,
-0.05063865706324577,
0.01048852689564228,
0.036623764783144,
0.008312102407217026,
-0.005095110274851322,
0.012299099005758762,
-0.021944770589470863,
-0.031612128019332886,
0.017056908458471298,
0.013350986875593662,
0.006362303625792265,
-0.0006547282682731748,
-0.03205283358693123,
0.0004934919998049736,
-0.0015632727881893516,
-0.03365509212017059,
0.04264006018638611,
0.0129294004291296,
-0.009683923795819283,
-0.06259912252426147,
-0.00971823651343584,
-0.036225710064172745,
0.041706785559654236,
-0.06015213951468468,
0.013061483390629292,
-0.11886465549468994,
0.05302310734987259,
0.03767930716276169,
0.016062166541814804,
-0.06191655248403549,
0.014723740518093109,
0.023611081764101982,
-0.04624851420521736,
0.01702868565917015,
0.05514906719326973,
0.036515019834041595,
-0.036993540823459625,
-0.03293055668473244,
-0.05204396694898605,
-0.04415109008550644,
0.012478139251470566,
0.0090595418587327,
0.004383111372590065,
0.01219084020704031,
0.0046026743948459625,
-0.00010823489719768986,
0.028281046077609062,
-0.03446286916732788,
-0.03852086141705513,
-0.024779807776212692,
-0.011001085862517357,
0.014277859590947628,
0.0016008751699700952,
0.011865746229887009,
-0.023049352690577507,
0.025902125984430313,
-0.008271907456219196,
0.04574063420295715,
-0.0021110360976308584,
0.03189912810921669,
0.02171969972550869,
0.029848475009202957,
0.04280437156558037,
-0.02615520916879177,
-0.0018420920241624117,
-0.029239922761917114,
-0.03512430191040039,
-0.07390319555997849,
0.0454232320189476,
0.008022786118090153,
-0.052401863038539886,
0.019021879881620407,
0.01801266521215439,
0.033348001539707184,
0.01390055101364851,
0.045267872512340546,
-0.05172741040587425,
-0.029102439060807228,
-0.007457952946424484,
-0.03006879985332489,
-0.02182132564485073,
-0.004126743413507938,
-0.053570706397295,
-0.11483891308307648,
0.015345960855484009,
-0.01721051335334778,
-0.0219719260931015,
-0.03967289999127388,
-0.01264169067144394,
-0.04754537343978882,
0.004073413088917732,
0.01704738289117813,
-0.0029294099658727646,
-0.06757350265979767,
0.0444803349673748,
0.0032570946495980024,
0.0045882477425038815,
0.008536329492926598,
-0.001664830488152802,
0.04706590995192528,
0.043279580771923065,
-0.03321801871061325,
0.08406398445367813,
0.0008357745828106999,
0.01789919100701809,
0.030910175293684006,
0.02785462699830532,
-0.02941076271235943,
-0.021616708487272263,
0.008843254297971725,
0.036379002034664154,
-0.04032279551029205,
-0.004771859850734472,
-0.00867665559053421,
-0.003535258350893855,
-0.023371299728751183,
0.011768992990255356,
0.02450256235897541,
-0.020035548135638237,
0.022780438885092735,
-0.0075747668743133545,
0.014880371280014515,
0.003738204948604107,
0.08839401602745056,
-0.030473493039608,
0.002302048495039344,
-0.016913089901208878,
-0.025977885350584984,
0.0268547460436821,
0.011259481310844421,
0.03407742828130722,
0.01915646716952324,
-0.04442131519317627,
0.01788942702114582,
0.10148971527814865,
0.002803862327709794,
-0.01033154409378767,
-0.009898646734654903,
-0.02328997664153576,
0.0012341924011707306,
-0.02320694923400879,
-0.010386578738689423,
0.005572616122663021,
0.01683581992983818,
-0.025372149422764778,
0.0720633789896965,
0.007497995160520077,
-0.030031900852918625,
-0.03512166813015938,
-0.04638240113854408,
-0.03074743039906025,
0.032263319939374924,
-0.006624438799917698,
0.027843156829476357,
0.009109694510698318,
0.026848070323467255,
0.012546633370220661,
0.05793808773159981,
-0.007016523275524378,
-0.08469628542661667,
0.024908268824219704,
0.021758638322353363,
-0.035980887711048126,
0.023618901148438454,
-0.022040430456399918,
0.07844420522451401,
-0.00554584339261055,
0.025602156296372414,
0.04596993327140808,
-0.06446142494678497,
-0.02313779480755329,
0.02783377654850483,
0.016696035861968994,
0.0499785877764225,
0.0262832660228014,
-0.007704080548137426,
0.08739157021045685,
0.018131522461771965,
0.03278156742453575,
0.050527527928352356,
-0.01182627771049738,
0.03925178945064545,
-0.045659855008125305,
-0.04776695370674133,
-0.016001559793949127,
0.027810027822852135,
-0.035481709986925125,
-0.04925122112035751,
0.0388893224298954,
-0.030100902542471886,
0.013087457977235317,
0.009102603420615196,
0.012088061310350895,
0.007406711112707853,
0.02385532855987549,
0.008473648689687252,
0.006762021221220493,
-0.028097253292798996,
-0.039237163960933685,
0.030313588678836823,
0.006496741436421871,
-0.026630409061908722,
0.0039054835215210915,
0.03197088837623596,
0.1291947215795517,
0.042576778680086136,
-0.006069441791623831,
-0.017883243039250374,
0.015090464614331722,
0.0050394306890666485,
-0.020809832960367203,
-0.00033028514008037746,
0.02793136239051819,
0.017051290720701218,
-0.005910549778491259,
-0.024802841246128082,
0.008606171235442162,
0.05311465635895729,
-0.06436522305011749,
-0.004746584687381983,
0.04565751552581787,
-0.057284340262413025,
0.052730344235897064,
0.025467446073889732,
0.04271433874964714,
0.011807729490101337,
-0.03580277040600777,
-0.07422216236591339,
-0.026251181960105896,
-0.02343486063182354,
0.015384677797555923,
-0.0023381859064102173,
0.04081707447767258,
-0.0029655764810740948,
-0.045274265110492706,
-0.007735116872936487,
0.014613489620387554,
0.04917697235941887,
0.04640531539916992,
-0.012801550328731537,
0.015590628609061241,
0.03167141228914261,
-0.011217468418180943,
-0.030570704489946365,
-0.1038060188293457,
-0.06536019593477249,
-0.03904389962553978,
0.022305507212877274,
0.027388136833906174,
0.05776030570268631,
-0.012450563721358776,
-0.01882951520383358,
-0.02848641574382782,
-0.052675697952508926,
0.013391846790909767,
0.028646336868405342,
0.025338176637887955,
-0.035332463681697845,
0.008848183788359165,
-0.011227672919631004,
0.04803331196308136,
-0.027409758418798447,
-0.009386512450873852,
-0.013098995201289654,
-0.05277138948440552,
-0.028502991423010826,
-0.03069305419921875,
-0.008090684190392494,
0.033748459070920944,
0.011422711424529552,
-0.0014674088452011347,
-0.03844662383198738,
-0.008407320827245712,
0.04253363609313965,
0.007659565191715956,
0.02580592781305313,
0.02774731069803238,
-0.03671598061919212,
-0.0019936379976570606,
-0.004488815553486347,
0.04506055638194084,
0.03393545746803284,
-0.005608849227428436,
-0.006330552976578474,
0.007762326393276453,
0.008722973987460136,
-0.014117708429694176,
-0.27930817008018494,
-0.022057877853512764,
0.0016512870788574219,
-0.0077696628868579865,
0.05111527815461159,
-0.03053702786564827,
0.013057217933237553,
-0.042473938316106796,
-0.020705483853816986,
0.01544512901455164,
-0.013509404845535755,
0.03666209429502487,
0.014594754204154015,
0.05998288840055466,
0.061025965958833694,
0.039099570363759995,
-0.0006923436303623021,
-0.016715172678232193,
0.028837181627750397,
0.00514381006360054,
0.025530189275741577,
-0.058768898248672485,
-0.032425083220005035,
0.08641009777784348,
-0.01775198057293892,
0.041959166526794434,
-0.03146016597747803,
-0.005247741937637329,
-0.03699206933379173,
0.0032981885597109795,
0.012515108101069927,
-0.0026971506886184216,
-0.011724071577191353,
0.024379510432481766,
0.014141214080154896,
0.01835586503148079,
0.025627218186855316,
0.010117067955434322,
0.04928036406636238,
-0.017479779198765755,
0.02254442125558853,
-0.041016362607479095,
-0.06918201595544815,
-0.010037767700850964,
0.09052474796772003,
0.006627820897847414,
-0.052861180156469345,
0.023062609136104584,
-0.010906139388680458,
0.04305023327469826,
0.0433296263217926,
-0.04802079498767853,
-0.009873686358332634,
0.047821301966905594,
0.00868262816220522,
-0.02096053771674633,
-0.0038895143661648035,
-0.011455842293798923,
-0.02916681580245495,
-0.003924029879271984,
-0.0064729382283985615,
-0.04952184110879898,
-0.033413711935281754,
-0.03431062027812004,
-0.03371668606996536,
-0.035303764045238495,
-0.055443089455366135,
-0.1119464561343193,
0.0555759072303772,
0.02958816848695278,
-0.04308919236063957,
-0.0012018739944323897,
-0.01227312907576561,
-0.09095462411642075,
-0.0011757852043956518,
-0.04508104920387268,
-0.02879609912633896,
0.0044283452443778515,
-0.021512625738978386,
-0.0019164112163707614,
-0.014761951752007008,
-0.06896457076072693,
0.009489195421338081,
0.018345050513744354,
0.009544622153043747,
-0.04343726858496666,
0.00957879051566124,
-0.05863477662205696,
-0.015380625613033772,
-0.019120223820209503,
0.024310601875185966,
-0.027812331914901733,
0.011256600730121136,
0.005439916159957647,
0.02999565191566944,
0.0382249690592289,
0.007692615035921335,
0.06975158303976059,
0.02605547197163105,
-0.011689359322190285,
0.03775912523269653,
-0.05229371041059494,
-0.011243530549108982,
-0.06846258044242859,
-0.033216241747140884,
0.015452828258275986,
-0.06861764192581177,
0.0033268483821302652,
0.010443148203194141,
-0.008906012400984764,
-0.008722230792045593,
-0.022959036752581596,
0.027018824592232704,
-0.01871243678033352,
-0.020584236830472946,
-0.05159720405936241,
0.0030833317432552576,
0.025765174999833107,
0.09129584580659866,
0.025617137551307678,
-0.01603568159043789,
0.04969344660639763,
-0.003932285588234663,
-0.0033441081177443266,
-0.004839164204895496,
-0.06063057482242584,
0.02802608162164688,
-0.008206982165575027,
0.019341686740517616,
-0.0007548887515440583,
0.035492587834596634,
0.025329051539301872,
-0.004692364018410444,
0.017268864437937737,
0.027646668255329132,
-0.012179788202047348,
-0.03554243594408035,
-0.018396848812699318,
0.001018606941215694,
-0.001028181053698063,
-0.0019368930952623487,
-0.02293928526341915,
0.022885719314217567,
-0.01962413638830185,
0.048742473125457764,
-0.003840317716822028,
0.03925557807087898,
0.06783655285835266,
0.024884561076760292,
-0.020760394632816315,
0.015588968992233276,
0.0070524862967431545,
0.0033685665111988783,
-0.02969171851873398,
0.030359802767634392,
-0.01894523575901985,
0.0251478124409914,
-0.0012340596877038479,
0.020023474469780922,
-0.06089987978339195,
0.0019544893875718117,
-0.022473327815532684,
-0.016085080802440643,
-0.02674742415547371,
0.01235935278236866,
0.04670180007815361,
-0.05656585097312927,
0.00916462205350399,
0.010930708609521389,
0.037440236657857895,
0.010115791112184525,
-0.0033386514987796545,
-0.017121121287345886,
0.010692195035517216,
-0.04044277220964432,
-0.010042276233434677,
-0.024342108517885208,
-0.003427541349083185,
0.009119199588894844,
0.07716712355613708,
-0.010118125937879086,
-0.06132370978593826,
0.004616762511432171,
0.03110707923769951,
0.08627650886774063,
0.023618651553988457,
-0.008635745383799076,
-0.03524010255932808,
-0.05048667639493942,
0.022959617897868156,
-0.009869497269392014,
0.017072824761271477,
-0.008630163036286831,
-0.041909847408533096,
-0.0036752389278262854,
-0.06151808425784111,
0.007957578636705875,
0.020310118794441223,
0.01317606121301651,
-0.022207537665963173,
-0.027157871052622795,
0.04699008911848068,
-0.03669131174683571,
-0.01964767836034298,
0.014150761067867279,
-0.09204725921154022,
-0.027384499087929726,
0.0110196303576231,
-0.03241685777902603,
0.05282563343644142,
-0.019974233582615852,
-0.04496540501713753,
-0.021061206236481667,
-0.03234303370118141,
-0.04909802973270416,
-0.027900759130716324,
-0.015532854944467545,
-0.016750536859035492,
-0.006995959673076868,
-0.019135313108563423,
-0.002854852471500635,
-0.03707670047879219,
0.030063915997743607,
-0.010638996958732605,
-0.027474522590637207,
0.009253407828509808,
-0.028379259631037712,
-0.010670194402337074,
0.01271413266658783,
-0.0027763070538640022,
0.030088096857070923,
-0.021042177453637123,
0.0036129793152213097,
0.035635437816381454,
0.006284222472459078,
-0.0061418721452355385,
-0.015512237325310707,
0.048781584948301315,
0.03740290552377701,
0.0023778025060892105,
0.013040886260569096,
-0.01408423949033022,
-0.026855912059545517,
0.020108403638005257,
0.015547458082437515,
0.030396871268749237,
-0.019703421741724014,
0.0015205844538286328,
0.02416183613240719,
0.01955035887658596,
0.0195597093552351,
0.013862984254956245,
-0.019527191296219826,
-0.033379700034856796,
0.03804802894592285,
-0.039571285247802734,
-0.03043743036687374,
-0.0793587788939476,
-0.04566502571105957,
0.012367227114737034,
0.024011461064219475,
0.04073750600218773,
-0.01932419463992119,
0.05881209671497345,
0.07457666844129562,
0.016207903623580933,
-0.011311465874314308,
-0.05076140537858009,
0.02879290282726288,
-0.03030126914381981,
0.012791852466762066,
-0.05112558230757713,
-0.005460420623421669,
0.06783539801836014,
-0.009162109345197678,
0.0017769366968423128,
-0.005464391317218542,
-0.0338057316839695,
0.05644930526614189,
-0.011467265896499157,
-0.05829540267586708,
0.015027311630547047,
-0.012985472567379475,
-0.008808099664747715,
-0.0020223306491971016,
-0.04264451935887337,
0.01601482927799225,
-0.003173135221004486,
-0.03004673682153225,
-0.023162290453910828,
0.02909700945019722,
0.04814660921692848,
-0.04351501166820526,
0.014212319627404213,
-0.021586909890174866,
0.02364170178771019,
0.034459251910448074,
0.07751160115003586,
0.03508727252483368,
0.0009008012129925191,
-0.03773035854101181,
0.08049701899290085,
0.016935350373387337,
-0.016401447355747223,
0.011165227741003036,
0.037237364798784256,
0.014899805188179016,
-0.01809532195329666,
0.0017409134889021516,
-0.0022241706028580666,
-0.01997782662510872,
-0.05853120610117912,
0.08764095604419708,
0.031146790832281113,
-0.07196322083473206,
0.016073888167738914,
0.01586310938000679,
-0.06065342575311661,
0.0196512583643198,
0.005070211365818977,
0.03674539923667908,
-0.0023105894215404987,
0.06068717688322067,
0.012985937297344208,
0.024531962350010872,
0.06208338588476181,
0.01561001967638731,
0.007557877339422703,
0.016512036323547363,
0.09556439518928528,
0.070533886551857,
0.02651818096637726,
0.0032633705995976925,
0.06540278345346451,
-0.023624030873179436,
-0.05670576170086861,
0.010497248731553555,
0.028475463390350342,
-0.026095164939761162,
-0.01872778870165348,
0.047901663929224014,
0.05269079655408859,
0.019241418689489365,
0.06444575637578964,
-0.028950856998562813,
0.015712251886725426,
0.030939705669879913,
0.02985805831849575,
0.02584705501794815,
0.008610346354544163,
0.015984052792191505,
0.021879373118281364,
-0.05226706340909004,
-0.0004936809418722987,
-0.041534602642059326,
-0.007024263497442007,
0.01000950951129198,
0.0014796716859564185,
-0.006817168090492487,
-0.012733802199363708,
-0.004060249775648117,
-0.004310982301831245,
0.05375654995441437,
0.0027539459988474846,
-0.010232080705463886,
0.014558859169483185,
0.045640282332897186,
0.019418351352214813,
0.055379193276166916,
0.0032651398796588182,
-0.00628315657377243,
-0.01962152123451233,
-0.03343263640999794,
0.029269369319081306,
0.012029682286083698,
-0.014230539090931416,
0.039265140891075134,
-0.04998057335615158,
-0.024532010778784752,
0.026346933096647263,
0.0005008304142393172,
-0.0288352333009243,
-0.042086392641067505,
-0.03818664327263832,
-0.05008813738822937,
-0.06560850143432617,
-0.04147684946656227,
0.0506061390042305,
0.01134843472391367,
-0.016034938395023346,
-0.0029694736003875732,
0.0031303230207413435,
0.018036236986517906,
0.047355812042951584,
-0.03692982345819473,
-0.001150772674009204,
0.04299771040678024,
0.010316028259694576,
0.00931527093052864,
-0.0016624433919787407,
-0.00011164764873683453,
0.004960622172802687,
0.009804093278944492,
0.0334647074341774,
0.026059405878186226,
-0.002705605002120137,
-0.04000592231750488,
-0.017717091366648674,
-0.10496836155653,
0.007452829275280237,
0.05497938394546509,
-0.05450240522623062,
-0.0874166488647461,
0.023082375526428223,
-0.017405686900019646,
0.036670755594968796,
0.058546461164951324,
0.03307415544986725,
-0.017745058983564377,
-0.0260601956397295,
-0.016626155003905296,
-0.0037689912132918835,
0.010709370486438274,
0.04471661150455475,
-0.0354742705821991,
0.06556618213653564,
0.05124339833855629,
-0.01970509998500347,
-0.029700029641389847,
0.05023365840315819,
0.006233598571270704,
-0.015025544911623001,
-0.013528088107705116,
-0.04835320636630058,
-0.036253463476896286,
-0.06817527860403061,
-0.02547656185925007,
0.002046450972557068,
-0.05301778018474579,
-0.031077144667506218,
-0.02180398441851139,
-0.0034869818482548,
0.03981093689799309,
0.00004971712041879073,
-0.00692913681268692,
-0.0346003882586956,
-0.013879012316465378,
-0.06596438586711884,
-0.0936637744307518,
-0.010218954645097256,
-0.023379985243082047,
0.017883487045764923,
-0.009825662709772587,
-0.034773919731378555,
0.006067628972232342,
0.0042939502745866776,
0.022137217223644257,
-0.0008747823303565383,
0.002458208939060569,
-0.0035293924156576395
] |
229 |
RaSA: Rank-Sharing Low-Rank Adaptation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=GdXI5zCoAt
|
[
"Zhiwei He",
"Zhaopeng Tu",
"Xing Wang",
"Xingyu Chen",
"Zhijie Wang",
"Jiahao Xu",
"Tian Liang",
"Wenxiang Jiao",
"Zhuosheng Zhang",
"Rui Wang"
] |
Poster
|
Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has been prominently employed for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs). However, the limited expressive capacity of LoRA, stemming from the low-rank constraint, has been recognized as a bottleneck, particularly in rigorous tasks like code generation and mathematical reasoning. To address this limitation, we introduce Rank-Sharing Low-Rank Adaptation (RaSA), an innovative extension that enhances the expressive capacity of LoRA by leveraging partial rank sharing across layers. By forming a shared rank pool and applying layer-specific weighting, RaSA effectively increases the number of ranks without augmenting parameter overhead. Our theoretically grounded and empirically validated approach demonstrates that RaSA not only maintains the core advantages of LoRA but also significantly boosts performance in challenging code and math tasks. Code, data and scripts are available at: https://github.com/zwhe99/RaSA.
|
parameter-efficient fine-tuning, large language model, low-rank adaptation
| null | 14,067 |
2503.12576
|
[
-0.021881744265556335,
-0.03638816997408867,
-0.01421371940523386,
0.03938974067568779,
0.01645098254084587,
0.042464401572942734,
0.036210834980010986,
-0.01140164490789175,
-0.03617778420448303,
-0.016065480187535286,
-0.01685553416609764,
0.010959407314658165,
-0.06536273658275604,
-0.01404079981148243,
0.004074619151651859,
0.04500466212630272,
0.03620736673474312,
-0.011360582895576954,
-0.0025959420017898083,
0.009293281473219395,
-0.007565605919808149,
-0.010387362912297249,
0.015839625149965286,
0.006585125811398029,
0.013394229114055634,
0.028690563514828682,
0.051616959273815155,
0.01805119588971138,
-0.055442702025175095,
0.012686925940215588,
0.04999717324972153,
0.0027427671011537313,
0.024785082787275314,
0.003815628355368972,
0.024087898433208466,
-0.04494640603661537,
-0.020588701590895653,
0.03628223016858101,
0.028979165479540825,
0.01767071709036827,
-0.005608673673123121,
0.023680930957198143,
-0.025412041693925858,
0.035403892397880554,
-0.031736478209495544,
0.02041230909526348,
-0.125398188829422,
0.021165454760193825,
0.0007052345317788422,
-0.023555230349302292,
-0.10469008982181549,
0.030519522726535797,
-0.002994760638102889,
-0.040067944675683975,
0.035142529755830765,
0.046036671847105026,
0.03048356994986534,
-0.07132808119058609,
-0.013241967186331749,
-0.02917494624853134,
-0.04928021505475044,
0.024253742769360542,
0.02601184882223606,
-0.005006211344152689,
0.009027235209941864,
-0.012531736865639687,
-0.01624109223484993,
0.027884144335985184,
-0.0791473239660263,
-0.03744164854288101,
0.008910195901989937,
0.007564116269350052,
-0.019087571650743484,
0.005231293383985758,
-0.012362774461507797,
-0.041808485984802246,
0.04397554323077202,
0.0579746849834919,
0.06753913313150406,
-0.007304204627871513,
-0.0004245172312948853,
0.009783645160496235,
0.01835772767663002,
0.04874010756611824,
0.01595972664654255,
0.004356729798018932,
-0.0408567450940609,
-0.05481346696615219,
-0.06607622653245926,
0.007272815797477961,
-0.02754138968884945,
-0.05607425048947334,
0.007283688057214022,
0.03898223116993904,
0.00547083280980587,
0.03322232887148857,
0.0319804884493351,
0.004150189459323883,
0.006049958989024162,
0.004345019813627005,
-0.04706377163529396,
-0.010989503003656864,
0.04652949422597885,
-0.022694041952490807,
-0.13002312183380127,
0.011155219748616219,
-0.005808535031974316,
0.0038540097884833813,
-0.029348837211728096,
-0.007904191501438618,
0.00863377284258604,
0.0025246243458241224,
0.014141455292701721,
-0.03380916267633438,
-0.09151437878608704,
0.01164439506828785,
-0.005650256760418415,
0.03259968385100365,
-0.029094785451889038,
-0.022107398137450218,
0.0475165881216526,
0.03480299934744835,
-0.010383011773228645,
0.10418975353240967,
0.0009032884263433516,
0.015558099374175072,
0.018814578652381897,
0.023050246760249138,
-0.06571726500988007,
-0.0166444331407547,
-0.0006951640825718641,
0.04137801006436348,
0.007029300555586815,
0.021768765524029732,
-0.002983257407322526,
-0.030155453830957413,
-0.02594914101064205,
0.027317801490426064,
0.0765598863363266,
0.0013083021622151136,
-0.022998826578259468,
-0.015286261215806007,
0.0756012573838234,
-0.026142271235585213,
0.05415148288011551,
0.001724045374430716,
0.017461612820625305,
-0.012826523743569851,
-0.029965808615088463,
-0.008971921168267727,
0.04087764397263527,
0.01731199026107788,
0.01735810749232769,
-0.08026905357837677,
-0.001751492964103818,
0.05468222126364708,
0.011797655373811722,
0.009200784377753735,
0.026763468980789185,
0.01192362979054451,
-0.008106205612421036,
-0.03685832768678665,
-0.056157611310482025,
0.0012332359328866005,
0.006919547915458679,
-0.04711005836725235,
0.016157323494553566,
0.013515416532754898,
-0.03771272674202919,
0.022861069068312645,
-0.012504620477557182,
0.0056718746200203896,
0.04882970452308655,
-0.0304261427372694,
-0.045039135962724686,
-0.009332325309515,
0.06018456816673279,
0.020803606137633324,
0.07517366856336594,
0.0032701478339731693,
-0.06820854544639587,
-0.00475525576621294,
-0.0039935945533216,
-0.01563555933535099,
0.016389546915888786,
-0.002544807270169258,
0.10427584499120712,
-0.042349923402071,
0.01974593847990036,
0.03519417345523834,
-0.09971808642148972,
0.004872497171163559,
0.024325206875801086,
0.005779165308922529,
0.0538979098200798,
0.02188861183822155,
-0.03820120170712471,
0.07116273045539856,
0.0150691457092762,
0.04648745432496071,
0.05675554648041725,
-0.024165190756320953,
0.0555192194879055,
0.019670629873871803,
-0.04740934818983078,
0.0074791815131902695,
0.016219666227698326,
-0.05038964003324509,
-0.05697789788246155,
0.034420814365148544,
-0.02632545307278633,
0.02841380052268505,
0.0031693887431174517,
0.0116814486682415,
-0.021498119458556175,
0.020838279277086258,
-0.006993963848799467,
-0.005587352439761162,
0.01362271886318922,
-0.0519244484603405,
0.02149139903485775,
-0.015327095054090023,
0.0006536596920341253,
0.0075288875959813595,
-0.03917406499385834,
0.08246813714504242,
0.023698901757597923,
-0.01857266016304493,
-0.0039931959472596645,
0.03975536674261093,
0.02546769008040428,
-0.011990890838205814,
0.022217266261577606,
-0.023888980969786644,
0.010730238631367683,
-0.016999322921037674,
-0.006034964695572853,
-0.05166451632976532,
0.044518597424030304,
-0.04174334555864334,
-0.03026895597577095,
0.05843478813767433,
-0.01383069809526205,
0.04938999190926552,
-0.00046442257007583976,
-0.0022005345672369003,
0.04267514497041702,
-0.04606204852461815,
0.024970587342977524,
-0.03285042941570282,
0.0022868094965815544,
-0.01604817807674408,
-0.008947164751589298,
-0.03084864653646946,
0.007830849848687649,
-0.03704464063048363,
0.004324066918343306,
-0.03388875350356102,
0.045547518879175186,
0.015224429778754711,
0.024139447137713432,
0.012910325080156326,
-0.011720705777406693,
-0.06502452492713928,
0.008540049195289612,
-0.09579135477542877,
-0.03126566857099533,
-0.04338456317782402,
0.06595990806818008,
-0.00730409100651741,
0.04599049687385559,
0.00897490419447422,
0.004643305670469999,
-0.05304596573114395,
-0.02020290493965149,
-0.0028257365338504314,
0.008004708215594292,
-0.0011320214252918959,
-0.047751784324645996,
-0.05347999185323715,
0.024784408509731293,
0.048363540321588516,
-0.01762012392282486,
-0.006020796485245228,
-0.039039600640535355,
-0.025415616109967232,
0.010201003402471542,
-0.055676575750112534,
0.04265790432691574,
0.028098205104470253,
0.005972885061055422,
0.02951151877641678,
-0.057314593344926834,
-0.00231659272685647,
0.04314825311303139,
0.015074064955115318,
0.0502617172896862,
0.014580225571990013,
-0.023115886375308037,
0.022677773609757423,
-0.0003591312561184168,
0.015634547919034958,
0.022123459726572037,
0.043596360832452774,
-0.02878662385046482,
0.0017942875856533647,
-0.008450469002127647,
-0.00837914552539587,
-0.24445152282714844,
-0.0262790247797966,
-0.013093546964228153,
-0.028789032250642776,
0.04717975854873657,
0.015194768086075783,
0.035672612488269806,
-0.01996701955795288,
-0.006727272644639015,
0.0225055068731308,
-0.012535844929516315,
0.05100149288773537,
0.013262185268104076,
0.05016721412539482,
0.05329488590359688,
0.046360280364751816,
-0.048386815935373306,
-0.009544048458337784,
0.005142313428223133,
0.03957747295498848,
-0.012405246496200562,
-0.03290294110774994,
-0.01092319842427969,
0.04685616493225098,
-0.008570220321416855,
0.06855733692646027,
-0.09080394357442856,
-0.005261105950921774,
-0.03514999523758888,
-0.0473141185939312,
0.01084817387163639,
-0.01987144723534584,
0.009317498654127121,
0.025122813880443573,
-0.016624024137854576,
0.01066384557634592,
0.010117200203239918,
0.008297504857182503,
0.03747759386897087,
0.03184809535741806,
0.0002891743497457355,
-0.04361889883875847,
-0.002980521647259593,
0.00379582098685205,
0.07802487909793854,
0.02835453674197197,
-0.053135957568883896,
-0.001748357550241053,
-0.01516371313482523,
0.040882088243961334,
0.00035822042264044285,
-0.026478027924895287,
-0.007521370891481638,
0.02938077040016651,
-0.026246415451169014,
-0.01865682378411293,
0.0021244001109153032,
-0.004501399118453264,
0.017450615763664246,
0.0039362236857414246,
-0.0022641904652118683,
-0.05637989565730095,
-0.002167909871786833,
-0.07509227097034454,
-0.02184862084686756,
-0.03839373588562012,
-0.07015776634216309,
-0.031970828771591187,
0.024582723155617714,
0.030001644045114517,
-0.03260752931237221,
0.03127661347389221,
0.0006455061957240105,
-0.07900287210941315,
-0.002280322602018714,
-0.014110439456999302,
-0.00786842592060566,
-0.006746094673871994,
-0.005238538142293692,
0.06904283910989761,
-0.03784051537513733,
-0.07636711746454239,
0.010276619344949722,
-0.02800043486058712,
0.04209732636809349,
-0.014331049285829067,
0.00561107462272048,
-0.016289252787828445,
-0.010700886137783527,
-0.04220972955226898,
0.04777346923947334,
0.010979916900396347,
0.013385707512497902,
0.03163106366991997,
0.07483752071857452,
0.027007166296243668,
0.02367292530834675,
0.06235818937420845,
0.03875863924622536,
0.010046549141407013,
-0.009818942286074162,
-0.07359043508768082,
-0.01817486435174942,
-0.036073215305805206,
-0.002076012548059225,
0.04185876622796059,
-0.06250594556331635,
-0.02950182370841503,
0.012229526415467262,
-0.021527282893657684,
-0.02131670154631138,
-0.05021398514509201,
0.0015891420189291239,
-0.036741338670253754,
-0.004301636945456266,
0.03371727839112282,
0.016966406255960464,
0.036625564098358154,
0.012378409504890442,
0.01603679358959198,
-0.023862892761826515,
0.025968920439481735,
0.004150955937802792,
0.002480575582012534,
-0.025167889893054962,
-0.014294551685452461,
0.0017400803044438362,
-0.03727247938513756,
-0.026390310376882553,
-0.013399098068475723,
0.03977670520544052,
0.03226058930158615,
-0.02018902078270912,
-0.04048200696706772,
0.03885636851191521,
0.005442768335342407,
-0.002166586695238948,
-0.0018593845888972282,
0.03340897336602211,
-0.011569701135158539,
-0.02323540858924389,
-0.02106732502579689,
0.014817929826676846,
0.021963724866509438,
0.0045509934425354,
0.012582842260599136,
0.02715340070426464,
-0.004399328958243132,
0.03432173281908035,
0.007942956872284412,
0.002302988665178418,
-0.04010146111249924,
-0.0033176466822624207,
-0.04817967116832733,
0.005631342064589262,
-0.0018719175131991506,
0.005167058669030666,
-0.02737032063305378,
-0.017239436507225037,
-0.06698731333017349,
0.025754503905773163,
-0.005127488635480404,
-0.013440289534628391,
0.0011522119166329503,
0.02952483482658863,
0.0434185266494751,
-0.018067603930830956,
-0.02756967581808567,
-0.002382138278335333,
-0.003472207812592387,
-0.02049192786216736,
-0.031611956655979156,
-0.02712937258183956,
-0.04055709019303322,
-0.01874569058418274,
0.0051249428652226925,
0.016921184957027435,
0.021426931023597717,
-0.01734801009297371,
0.0599963404238224,
0.010469256900250912,
-0.007444165647029877,
-0.0361420102417469,
0.011204442009329796,
0.08364562690258026,
0.0227766502648592,
0.004603252280503511,
0.025770150125026703,
-0.010905583389103413,
0.020901381969451904,
-0.0004814949061255902,
0.009649880230426788,
-0.03571716696023941,
-0.018091775476932526,
-0.0257717352360487,
-0.0576961450278759,
-0.0025580991059541702,
0.027582542970776558,
-0.0028622832614928484,
0.0017973516369238496,
-0.05154315009713173,
-0.01273838896304369,
-0.04737965390086174,
-0.03468480706214905,
0.031281571835279465,
-0.08127511292695999,
0.0027881935238838196,
0.03346818685531616,
-0.024172933772206306,
0.017713118344545364,
-0.027754787355661392,
-0.0951288491487503,
-0.05870493873953819,
-0.004087475594133139,
0.048988569527864456,
-0.020573696121573448,
-0.05465269088745117,
-0.00861840695142746,
-0.015392628498375416,
-0.033917419612407684,
0.03384201601147652,
-0.03349219635128975,
0.04236595705151558,
-0.014638261869549751,
0.013422276824712753,
0.05309988558292389,
-0.045366786420345306,
-0.0005740105407312512,
-0.040292877703905106,
-0.02988925576210022,
0.027428414672613144,
-0.017635153606534004,
0.04856700450181961,
0.04763944819569588,
0.01198938675224781,
0.0214859526604414,
-0.06876754760742188,
0.004950482863932848,
0.01652754470705986,
-0.021580547094345093,
0.019562631845474243,
-0.008014279417693615,
-0.013933775015175343,
0.0077050430700182915,
-0.03459162265062332,
0.01909218169748783,
-0.015815040096640587,
-0.0039420961402356625,
-0.013740015216171741,
-0.0012802156852558255,
0.05436009168624878,
0.0019777703564614058,
-0.03352217748761177,
-0.03197691962122917,
0.09014344960451126,
-0.028256019577383995,
-0.04136505350470543,
-0.074970543384552,
-0.05056852102279663,
0.0069953021593391895,
0.00480076065286994,
0.03282136842608452,
-0.022003009915351868,
0.046917080879211426,
0.040320318192243576,
0.04334694519639015,
0.03134732320904732,
-0.03264688700437546,
0.04014669731259346,
-0.028862856328487396,
-0.01307175774127245,
-0.07158143818378448,
-0.020729951560497284,
0.05868563801050186,
-0.027651576325297356,
0.02314031682908535,
-0.0006076751742511988,
-0.03355978801846504,
0.016336778178811073,
-0.010062809102237225,
-0.03337351605296135,
0.007880172692239285,
-0.00017901546380016953,
-0.03281594067811966,
0.034801896661520004,
-0.035087455064058304,
0.0076288627460598946,
-0.01755591295659542,
-0.02939019165933132,
0.03367987647652626,
-0.013277827762067318,
0.0655394196510315,
-0.01520809717476368,
0.032386865466833115,
-0.04170817881822586,
-0.018861213698983192,
0.03926192596554756,
0.05080695077776909,
0.0367986299097538,
0.03304486349225044,
-0.005751002114266157,
0.06007920950651169,
0.04372144117951393,
0.02580479346215725,
-0.014423348940908909,
0.018621321767568588,
-0.0030737740453332663,
-0.043109551072120667,
0.06000654026865959,
0.01262968871742487,
-0.04142694175243378,
-0.06129760667681694,
0.07606056332588196,
0.04972095787525177,
-0.08224419504404068,
-0.027407385408878326,
0.018216753378510475,
-0.04846276342868805,
0.02450758032500744,
-0.02448783442378044,
0.01964094117283821,
-0.021050071343779564,
0.059613704681396484,
0.024950223043560982,
0.0386967808008194,
0.07029630243778229,
0.005303519312292337,
-0.043587978929281235,
-0.016446784138679504,
0.07128873467445374,
0.05652562901377678,
0.05666026845574379,
-0.038849812000989914,
0.0672687515616417,
-0.03899363428354263,
-0.05668260529637337,
0.06098584830760956,
0.017271727323532104,
-0.0005466612637974322,
-0.05217915400862694,
0.011228476651012897,
0.0750260055065155,
0.0033480306155979633,
0.06468170881271362,
-0.045949772000312805,
-0.006736460607498884,
0.002379894722253084,
-0.007779678795486689,
0.007415356580168009,
0.03224550187587738,
0.02994823455810547,
0.03385248780250549,
-0.03566591814160347,
-0.019794844090938568,
0.0017273796256631613,
-0.041042160242795944,
0.012703086249530315,
0.003615161869674921,
-0.010990437120199203,
0.011613748967647552,
-0.01466288324445486,
0.034657057374715805,
0.07666125893592834,
-0.02971392124891281,
-0.016623109579086304,
-0.018142592161893845,
0.045230306684970856,
-0.004138622898608446,
0.029915545135736465,
-0.0008286758093163371,
-0.01976795680820942,
0.009187913499772549,
-0.0524180643260479,
0.013305294327437878,
0.03688926622271538,
0.012506664730608463,
0.014903802424669266,
-0.02378837577998638,
0.005778966471552849,
0.0077679334208369255,
0.0518626905977726,
-0.012215293012559414,
-0.049784284085035324,
-0.036347970366477966,
-0.05725884810090065,
-0.024488629773259163,
-0.056856974959373474,
-0.0009955541463568807,
0.03653184697031975,
-0.017009910196065903,
-0.004477227572351694,
-0.05870946869254112,
-0.0040017543360590935,
0.051454197615385056,
-0.07758638262748718,
0.018870845437049866,
0.027926888316869736,
0.0050048548728227615,
-0.02644200809299946,
0.057787712663412094,
0.019017904996871948,
0.007255681324750185,
0.01697697676718235,
0.017858166247606277,
0.03563897684216499,
0.0007775186095386744,
0.026584962382912636,
-0.032293789088726044,
-0.057984136044979095,
0.0011535354424268007,
0.007177955470979214,
-0.04036490246653557,
-0.07938443124294281,
0.028060365468263626,
-0.011707100085914135,
0.05345582589507103,
0.05947144702076912,
0.04945521056652069,
0.009488747455179691,
0.022311609238386154,
-0.0012932703830301762,
-0.000830202188808471,
0.025860315188765526,
0.014344573952257633,
-0.010991194285452366,
0.06502746045589447,
0.02908029593527317,
0.009148984216153622,
-0.037722259759902954,
0.042596738785505295,
-0.014183779247105122,
-0.004429512191563845,
-0.03711120784282684,
-0.052088622003793716,
-0.020319141447544098,
-0.08549492061138153,
-0.02281482145190239,
0.022860705852508545,
-0.007564635016024113,
-0.031538818031549454,
-0.014213868416845798,
-0.004893017467111349,
-0.02180643379688263,
-0.016056228429079056,
0.008867642842233181,
0.004803793970495462,
-0.04240841045975685,
-0.02205241471529007,
-0.040062546730041504,
0.027795059606432915,
-0.022248929366469383,
-0.005346137098968029,
-0.02966534160077572,
-0.02599906176328659,
0.014107704162597656,
0.0195668525993824,
0.049976639449596405,
-0.026042914018034935,
0.010555588640272617,
-0.005714127328246832
] |
230 |
Scaling Speech-Text Pre-training with Synthetic Interleaved Data
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=3tukjsVyrE
|
[
"Aohan Zeng",
"Zhengxiao Du",
"Mingdao Liu",
"Lei Zhang",
"shengmin jiang",
"Yuxiao Dong",
"Jie Tang"
] |
Poster
|
Speech language models (SpeechLMs) accept speech input and produce speech output, allowing for more natural human-computer interaction compared to text-based large language models (LLMs).
Traditional approaches for developing SpeechLMs are constrained by the limited availability of unsupervised speech data and parallel speech-text data, which are significantly less abundant compared to text pre-training data, thereby limiting their scalability as LLMs.
We propose a novel approach to scaling speech-text pre-training by leveraging large-scale synthetic interleaved data derived from text corpora, eliminating the need for parallel speech-text datasets.
Our method efficiently constructs speech-text interleaved data by sampling text spans from existing text corpora and synthesizing corresponding speech spans using a text-to-token model, bypassing the need to generate actual speech.
We also employ a supervised speech tokenizer derived from an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model by incorporating a vector-quantized bottleneck into the encoder. This supervised training approach results in discrete speech tokens with strong semantic preservation even at lower sampling rates (e.g. 12.5Hz), while still maintaining speech reconstruction quality.
Starting from a pre-trained language model and scaling our pre-training to 1 trillion tokens (with 600B synthetic interleaved speech-text data), we achieve state-of-the-art performance in both speech language modeling and spoken question answering, improving performance on spoken questions tasks from the previous SOTA of 13\% (Moshi) to 31\%.
We further demonstrate that by fine-tuning the pre-trained model with speech dialogue data, we can develop an end-to-end spoken chatbot that achieves competitive performance comparable to existing baselines in both conversational abilities and speech quality, even operating exclusively in the speech domain.
|
large language models; speech language model; spoken chatbots
| null | 14,059 |
2411.17607
|
[
-0.015823401510715485,
-0.04168417304754257,
-0.001606013742275536,
0.03812757879495621,
0.03199320286512375,
0.04048767313361168,
0.02939748577773571,
0.007209255360066891,
-0.02220243401825428,
0.005558257922530174,
-0.026339048519730568,
0.040985602885484695,
-0.060000911355018616,
-0.010728860273957253,
-0.02684674598276615,
0.027972985059022903,
0.03408098593354225,
-0.025006162002682686,
0.043119851499795914,
0.03025355190038681,
-0.0038715419359505177,
-0.004707454703748226,
0.0644804835319519,
0.020218349993228912,
0.02177612856030464,
0.011774566024541855,
0.03525353595614433,
0.03550532087683678,
-0.02849908359348774,
0.014765812084078789,
0.031181052327156067,
-0.012234864756464958,
0.0192905031144619,
-0.02079053223133087,
0.059630271047353745,
-0.015725405886769295,
-0.05183717608451843,
0.018643246963620186,
0.010837622918188572,
0.020526263862848282,
-0.045262351632118225,
0.02552100643515587,
-0.003826071508228779,
-0.0009160958579741418,
-0.06301287561655045,
-0.004488358274102211,
-0.10056139528751373,
0.03899965435266495,
0.006380765233188868,
-0.025959983468055725,
-0.12818588316440582,
0.012815185822546482,
-0.01735098473727703,
-0.004805698525160551,
0.02260877750813961,
0.025439493358135223,
0.029398441314697266,
-0.12521740794181824,
0.002219876041635871,
-0.023917336016893387,
-0.011463704518973827,
-0.01115107536315918,
0.005673205479979515,
-0.009387933649122715,
0.0068674879148602486,
-0.0339534766972065,
0.00801506545394659,
0.01883666403591633,
-0.04631951451301575,
-0.03440440073609352,
0.0064959474839270115,
0.02771485224366188,
-0.03780856728553772,
0.03138088434934616,
0.017305104061961174,
-0.04920297488570213,
0.02898074872791767,
0.030108783394098282,
0.06974129378795624,
0.005448868498206139,
-0.006742323748767376,
0.002207312500104308,
0.03687319532036781,
0.03572196513414383,
-0.023598143830895424,
0.013756772503256798,
-0.044693298637866974,
-0.0208235252648592,
-0.08693201839923859,
0.024013370275497437,
-0.0056348564103245735,
-0.02898404374718666,
0.0017523346468806267,
0.02097579464316368,
0.027377046644687653,
0.023687278851866722,
0.021026818081736565,
0.020795008167624474,
-0.022282984107732773,
0.017092281952500343,
-0.05150962993502617,
-0.009524627588689327,
0.037446435540914536,
0.021532928571105003,
-0.10161564499139786,
-0.020026957616209984,
-0.0350382998585701,
0.007246239576488733,
-0.0008242466137744486,
0.0005381235387176275,
-0.02364484779536724,
-0.044437866657972336,
0.03468575328588486,
-0.025278061628341675,
-0.08414646983146667,
0.01396246813237667,
0.023816395550966263,
0.04165273904800415,
-0.02113061025738716,
0.0007090753060765564,
0.056975092738866806,
0.030113155022263527,
0.028776757419109344,
0.06537969410419464,
-0.04126551374793053,
0.012113211676478386,
0.02425876446068287,
0.027735603973269463,
-0.018907928839325905,
-0.009384974837303162,
0.013756101951003075,
0.03532197326421738,
0.00754938181489706,
0.036968350410461426,
0.003796615870669484,
0.014848665334284306,
0.014394586905837059,
0.0065708342008292675,
0.06940053403377533,
-0.007071302272379398,
0.020480234175920486,
-0.006785629317164421,
0.04172733053565025,
-0.0020796749740839005,
0.04538651555776596,
0.018179817125201225,
-0.056662220507860184,
-0.023781051859259605,
-0.05899939313530922,
0.007878081873059273,
0.0022798527497798204,
-0.006095975637435913,
0.02408890798687935,
-0.05988100543618202,
0.03255559504032135,
0.04967181757092476,
0.026168376207351685,
-0.009902694262564182,
0.00465362798422575,
0.04288835823535919,
-0.014998790808022022,
0.023639347404241562,
-0.059726882725954056,
0.004014564678072929,
-0.02042863517999649,
-0.053641870617866516,
0.011660367250442505,
-0.02097882516682148,
-0.03268734738230705,
0.025011280551552773,
-0.03067677468061447,
-0.018085472285747528,
0.05845394358038902,
-0.03619968518614769,
-0.03964429721236229,
-0.02172625996172428,
0.05161409080028534,
0.020006919279694557,
0.03606519103050232,
0.018528468906879425,
-0.09028653800487518,
0.02674218825995922,
0.03284969553351402,
0.018497271463274956,
0.028934072703123093,
-0.023261982947587967,
0.08419343084096909,
-0.04521577060222626,
-0.02710183709859848,
0.02294999733567238,
-0.06890111416578293,
0.000967178086284548,
0.03767942637205124,
-0.009013955481350422,
0.050250012427568436,
-0.02750917710363865,
0.01904401369392872,
0.023189565166831017,
0.0341317392885685,
0.041308071464300156,
0.04224209859967232,
-0.0063774921000003815,
0.0585450604557991,
0.007691581267863512,
-0.029427621513605118,
-0.0013283255975693464,
0.005726275034248829,
-0.06866921484470367,
-0.04510915279388428,
-0.003035015892237425,
-0.009895755909383297,
-0.006498013623058796,
0.022347858175635338,
-0.013160435482859612,
0.014344819821417332,
0.005428597796708345,
-0.02275414764881134,
-0.003758809994906187,
-0.017044102773070335,
-0.049030281603336334,
0.0421789325773716,
0.009266681037843227,
-0.0075919232331216335,
-0.01088710967451334,
-0.044938426464796066,
0.0736493468284607,
0.06645124405622482,
-0.011066886596381664,
-0.0471012219786644,
0.005344582721590996,
0.00009525042696623132,
-0.008028331212699413,
-0.022421345114707947,
-0.030145667493343353,
0.012693170458078384,
-0.03508623689413071,
0.00027800328098237514,
-0.025719191879034042,
0.020982258021831512,
-0.024069158360362053,
-0.017193634063005447,
0.05893104895949364,
-0.01919863373041153,
0.06099966540932655,
0.0039194547571241856,
0.011547363363206387,
0.03983889892697334,
-0.02487376146018505,
-0.0005836877389810979,
-0.08024100214242935,
0.005002159625291824,
-0.003140987129881978,
0.020040879026055336,
-0.015979889780282974,
0.008279725909233093,
-0.02004832588136196,
-0.019664689898490906,
-0.016888068988919258,
0.04482351243495941,
0.054364223033189774,
0.031085168942809105,
0.03188721835613251,
0.017041590064764023,
-0.05230534449219704,
0.004333000164479017,
-0.09939617663621902,
-0.03426511958241463,
-0.038688670843839645,
0.04636630415916443,
0.0006262738606892526,
0.040475793182849884,
-0.002140253782272339,
0.015661466866731644,
-0.019704168662428856,
-0.029687846079468727,
0.013700074516236782,
0.023963293060660362,
-0.019415101036429405,
-0.0509779155254364,
-0.04263458028435707,
-0.011240680702030659,
0.05116559937596321,
-0.024802107363939285,
-0.035241223871707916,
-0.04998805373907089,
-0.04689483344554901,
-0.03979203477501869,
-0.050176627933979034,
0.042889829725027084,
-0.00961341056972742,
-0.00505482405424118,
0.0069065033458173275,
-0.012044548988342285,
0.005929962731897831,
0.05762714892625809,
0.06354931741952896,
0.06108276546001434,
0.01715543493628502,
-0.024607324972748756,
0.03748180717229843,
-0.044876739382743835,
0.010976766236126423,
-0.0052698878571391106,
0.03956708684563637,
-0.01662774570286274,
-0.013400116935372353,
0.009987282566726208,
0.009717384353280067,
-0.27827346324920654,
-0.011408747173845768,
-0.0015891391085460782,
-0.0014529916225001216,
0.054276131093502045,
-0.03077538125216961,
0.029481252655386925,
-0.045569274574518204,
-0.0224708653986454,
0.0034021842293441296,
0.005785507149994373,
0.04879167675971985,
-0.006315740291029215,
0.021907750517129898,
0.05502045527100563,
0.03841643035411835,
-0.015575611032545567,
-0.031499795615673065,
0.02111874520778656,
0.060578882694244385,
0.005178138148039579,
-0.04529500752687454,
-0.01293131709098816,
0.09916603565216064,
-0.005505060311406851,
0.06197083368897438,
-0.08683246374130249,
0.0111796660348773,
-0.01016976684331894,
-0.001042389776557684,
0.018110165372490883,
-0.03868991136550903,
0.010858078487217426,
0.04309793934226036,
0.0030849212780594826,
0.013357092626392841,
0.06421966105699539,
0.047097474336624146,
0.058335017412900925,
0.015869922935962677,
0.004634952638298273,
-0.023455645889043808,
-0.011731942184269428,
-0.004248310811817646,
0.05748733878135681,
0.021155264228582382,
-0.058083273470401764,
-0.002903768327087164,
-0.00506453076377511,
0.048653744161129,
-0.022896872833371162,
-0.055499736219644547,
-0.017031565308570862,
0.0020711678080260754,
0.02716277912259102,
-0.020009713247418404,
0.004213219974189997,
-0.005682009272277355,
-0.006212524604052305,
0.016614660620689392,
-0.006507734768092632,
-0.04197956621646881,
-0.06478468328714371,
-0.05610029026865959,
-0.0034791904035955667,
-0.04811622202396393,
-0.05352950468659401,
-0.05556200072169304,
0.02266336977481842,
0.05352291092276573,
-0.02112312614917755,
0.036935046315193176,
-0.004589168820530176,
-0.08814190328121185,
0.01283442322164774,
0.009143728762865067,
-0.027326853945851326,
-0.031223030760884285,
-0.02854316122829914,
0.05244707688689232,
-0.042402226477861404,
-0.050574228167533875,
-0.004826175980269909,
-0.007007916457951069,
0.03191351145505905,
-0.015416835434734821,
-0.004555660765618086,
-0.034171104431152344,
0.011251061223447323,
-0.04818474128842354,
0.010532913729548454,
-0.03265189006924629,
-0.02530527114868164,
0.010837269946932793,
0.06373125314712524,
0.0023543275892734528,
0.011664772406220436,
0.08171842992305756,
0.03147535398602486,
-0.008714470081031322,
0.01056559570133686,
-0.04484869912266731,
-0.04192682355642319,
-0.028748653829097748,
-0.014682433567941189,
0.014888993464410305,
-0.06530852615833282,
-0.03229571506381035,
0.017775528132915497,
-0.004253220744431019,
-0.057480212301015854,
-0.03942035883665085,
-0.025289610028266907,
0.0005505674635060132,
-0.01410883292555809,
-0.009820397011935711,
0.01225257571786642,
0.03706251084804535,
0.029644571244716644,
-0.028849929571151733,
-0.02365940436720848,
0.018755285069346428,
-0.006660869810730219,
0.0032652858644723892,
0.018178187310695648,
-0.016737375408411026,
0.02632463350892067,
0.0051245782524347305,
-0.04263969883322716,
-0.03407894819974899,
0.006912257056683302,
0.014335116371512413,
-0.006171100772917271,
0.013517383486032486,
0.05965905264019966,
0.006616045720875263,
0.011068419553339481,
-0.011874867603182793,
0.04259323701262474,
0.014246336184442043,
0.007282789796590805,
-0.030660297721624374,
0.009437011554837227,
0.03963293880224228,
0.046856120228767395,
0.01584763452410698,
0.0011857420904561877,
-0.018630459904670715,
0.01895667426288128,
0.004001871217042208,
0.04168762266635895,
-0.049976248294115067,
-0.02992289699614048,
-0.019326096400618553,
0.018642399460077286,
-0.00535278394818306,
0.025627698749303818,
-0.00731020187959075,
0.02110867388546467,
-0.06915536522865295,
0.041034214198589325,
0.013024812564253807,
-0.03803009167313576,
0.018003109842538834,
0.034594614058732986,
0.015119421295821667,
-0.02506215125322342,
0.02037336491048336,
0.05284366384148598,
0.010665464214980602,
0.028130020946264267,
-0.0503494068980217,
-0.021032141521573067,
-0.026501547545194626,
-0.009857147932052612,
0.024779703468084335,
0.006678622215986252,
0.01833871565759182,
-0.026092173531651497,
0.04489535838365555,
0.031139029189944267,
-0.008998370729386806,
-0.010296410880982876,
0.00680924579501152,
0.08599826693534851,
0.01666351594030857,
0.015197033062577248,
0.0030943378806114197,
-0.026860618963837624,
0.009149114601314068,
-0.04489961639046669,
-0.014049161225557327,
-0.0027975698467344046,
-0.05392938107252121,
-0.027739563956856728,
-0.02712346240878105,
0.01919071562588215,
0.0006060908199287951,
-0.007590623572468758,
0.00031893487903289497,
-0.006504008546471596,
-0.01724083535373211,
-0.01792914792895317,
-0.037151627242565155,
0.028861964121460915,
-0.07137390226125717,
-0.021096348762512207,
-0.00661695608869195,
-0.03027479350566864,
0.023051105439662933,
-0.033732376992702484,
-0.020028334110975266,
-0.035426974296569824,
-0.0000410008397011552,
-0.011913031339645386,
-0.02969612181186676,
-0.036133456975221634,
-0.0067872945219278336,
0.009357956238090992,
-0.04346933960914612,
0.02696678228676319,
-0.0007688865880481899,
0.01514350064098835,
-0.006293491460382938,
-0.014218531548976898,
0.024190358817577362,
-0.04255501180887222,
0.025281788781285286,
0.01319788210093975,
-0.05089825391769409,
0.023080138489603996,
-0.03871847689151764,
0.05542924627661705,
0.06626281142234802,
-0.010427757166326046,
0.006792543455958366,
-0.07217130064964294,
0.04606233537197113,
0.018568692728877068,
0.011978200636804104,
0.01952776312828064,
0.008561606518924236,
-0.035800717771053314,
0.051083967089653015,
-0.022491715848445892,
0.027960235252976418,
0.0027715389151126146,
0.0198273453861475,
-0.012013327330350876,
0.005683761555701494,
0.010519768111407757,
0.0306567195802927,
-0.06421444565057755,
-0.01189832016825676,
0.02575509436428547,
-0.026120588183403015,
-0.057450395077466965,
-0.07298175245523453,
-0.07075497508049011,
0.015363684855401516,
-0.004830455873161554,
0.02258898690342903,
-0.05793914571404457,
0.0530848354101181,
0.044476404786109924,
0.03686968982219696,
0.01783551089465618,
-0.024726221337914467,
0.054889146238565445,
-0.03589429333806038,
0.014768281951546669,
-0.05595937743782997,
-0.04784305766224861,
0.0800652951002121,
-0.009152884595096111,
0.014481057412922382,
0.002389370696619153,
-0.035512398928403854,
0.014856415800750256,
0.02417764998972416,
-0.046563249081373215,
0.02112230658531189,
-0.025127554312348366,
-0.010561283677816391,
0.04459461197257042,
-0.03855058550834656,
-0.00027048803167417645,
-0.018605614081025124,
-0.03415186330676079,
-0.02269059047102928,
0.008152259513735771,
0.07173783332109451,
-0.039051130414009094,
0.03126122057437897,
-0.03769714757800102,
-0.03246355801820755,
0.0037697816733270884,
0.04737582802772522,
0.017171328887343407,
0.016473740339279175,
0.004984523169696331,
0.04766738787293434,
0.030235014855861664,
-0.010938006453216076,
0.0035938024520874023,
-0.007802459876984358,
0.0013272017240524292,
-0.06089304760098457,
0.05701281502842903,
0.014456305652856827,
0.0007028669933788478,
-0.018438372761011124,
0.08781328052282333,
0.04751834645867348,
-0.03740677237510681,
-0.017341721802949905,
0.01886839233338833,
-0.029535604640841484,
-0.0037725837901234627,
-0.026901276782155037,
-0.0003053037798963487,
-0.029113173484802246,
0.05347416177392006,
-0.010367199778556824,
0.015064166858792305,
0.09116608649492264,
0.012408812530338764,
-0.0026409104466438293,
0.004426001571118832,
0.07267312705516815,
0.06314803659915924,
0.07855889946222305,
-0.005220743361860514,
0.052272770553827286,
-0.06316882371902466,
-0.05682915821671486,
0.019782401621341705,
0.020601898431777954,
0.00952913984656334,
-0.047646988183259964,
0.023513812571763992,
0.08046746253967285,
-0.012130782008171082,
0.07948078215122223,
-0.05065799131989479,
-0.0036135513801127672,
0.011190974153578281,
0.007600109092891216,
0.005810900125652552,
0.04640345647931099,
0.007811471354216337,
0.00855766236782074,
-0.019068827852606773,
-0.0362490639090538,
0.03329254314303398,
-0.03051024116575718,
0.024472584947943687,
0.021868379786610603,
0.022356605157256126,
0.027477355673909187,
-0.018126793205738068,
0.05774109438061714,
0.10241352766752243,
-0.04374733939766884,
-0.030625738203525543,
0.014214683324098587,
0.014889554120600224,
0.008025511167943478,
0.05087701976299286,
-0.0040459465235471725,
-0.01985824666917324,
0.02397255413234234,
-0.04003458097577095,
-0.018353614956140518,
0.012064985930919647,
-0.0047395662404596806,
0.008756211958825588,
-0.023367466405034065,
0.005079714115709066,
0.007176600396633148,
0.0076140230521559715,
-0.056194160133600235,
-0.046286676079034805,
-0.010662463493645191,
-0.045774154365062714,
-0.040387384593486786,
-0.054176248610019684,
0.027544857934117317,
0.02717052586376667,
-0.03219550848007202,
-0.014672838151454926,
-0.07246653735637665,
-0.004838971421122551,
0.004696883726865053,
-0.06124943122267723,
0.01290403213351965,
0.037674784660339355,
-0.002533508697524667,
-0.011579712852835655,
0.031090034171938896,
0.02600269764661789,
0.0054376921616494656,
-0.022323381155729294,
0.03180692717432976,
0.02073591575026512,
0.026607554405927658,
0.017741786316037178,
-0.021526824682950974,
-0.0910777598619461,
0.013738058507442474,
-0.004798166453838348,
-0.021956870332360268,
-0.06649364531040192,
0.00020038493676111102,
0.008237224072217941,
0.0681830421090126,
0.05528769642114639,
0.008447148837149143,
0.024695873260498047,
-0.027285030111670494,
-0.01891130954027176,
-0.007561973761767149,
-0.016746601089835167,
0.049104612320661545,
0.000012131677067372948,
0.05318184942007065,
0.04554097354412079,
-0.011071925982832909,
-0.027374060824513435,
0.009549994952976704,
-0.011977593414485455,
-0.01319112814962864,
-0.029803160578012466,
-0.02036181092262268,
-0.024748386815190315,
-0.0529850535094738,
-0.021601637825369835,
0.023055285215377808,
0.0013280464336276054,
-0.004306188318878412,
0.010857370682060719,
-0.03384234756231308,
-0.02675711363554001,
0.017435282468795776,
-0.01591433212161064,
-0.035079602152109146,
-0.022478744387626648,
-0.03425644338130951,
-0.06210024282336235,
0.006837273482233286,
-0.010101397521793842,
-0.020792631432414055,
-0.044587329030036926,
-0.007871591486036777,
-0.009823977947235107,
-0.0019187176367267966,
0.06642953306436539,
0.025980833917856216,
0.02625080943107605,
-0.04727474972605705
] |
231 |
Offline Model-Based Optimization by Learning to Rank
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=sb1HgVDLjN
|
[
"Rong-Xi Tan",
"Ke Xue",
"Shen-Huan Lyu",
"Haopu Shang",
"yaowang",
"Yaoyuan Wang",
"Fu Sheng",
"Chao Qian"
] |
Poster
|
Offline model-based optimization (MBO) aims to identify a design that maximizes a black-box function using only a fixed, pre-collected dataset of designs and their corresponding scores. This problem has garnered significant attention from both scientific and industrial domains. A common approach in offline MBO is to train a regression-based surrogate model by minimizing mean squared error (MSE) and then find the best design within this surrogate model by different optimizers (e.g., gradient ascent). However, a critical challenge is the risk of out-of-distribution errors, i.e., the surrogate model may typically overestimate the scores and mislead the optimizers into suboptimal regions. Prior works have attempted to address this issue in various ways, such as using regularization techniques and ensemble learning to enhance the robustness of the model, but it still remains. In this paper, we argue that regression models trained with MSE are not well-aligned with the primary goal of offline MBO, which is to \textit{select} promising designs rather than to predict their scores precisely. Notably, if a surrogate model can maintain the order of candidate designs based on their relative score relationships, it can produce the best designs even without precise predictions. To validate it, we conduct experiments to compare the relationship between the quality of the final designs and MSE, finding that the correlation is really very weak. In contrast, a metric that measures order-maintaining quality shows a significantly stronger correlation. Based on this observation, we propose learning a ranking-based model that leverages learning to rank techniques to prioritize promising designs based on their relative scores. We show that the generalization error on ranking loss can be well bounded. Empirical results across diverse tasks demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed ranking-based method than twenty existing methods. Our implementation is available at \url{https://github.com/lamda-bbo/Offline-RaM}.
|
Offline model-based optimization, black-box optimization, learning to rank, learning to optimize
| null | 14,057 |
2410.11502
|
[
-0.013380160555243492,
-0.010344978421926498,
0.02872614376246929,
0.00902353785932064,
0.052194491028785706,
0.029139826074242592,
0.012791295535862446,
-0.020415449514985085,
-0.027265073731541634,
-0.03567764163017273,
-0.020710090175271034,
0.02358461171388626,
-0.05986851081252098,
0.007487782742828131,
-0.012889661826193333,
0.04149626940488815,
0.011990724131464958,
-0.0052930740639567375,
0.0013060682686045766,
0.0399850532412529,
-0.003959581721574068,
-0.02096870355308056,
0.019821850582957268,
0.053625982254743576,
0.012149523943662643,
0.005106962751597166,
0.025169095024466515,
0.00450589694082737,
-0.036098066717386246,
0.008136092685163021,
0.032029327005147934,
-0.0342487134039402,
0.025458600372076035,
-0.048912033438682556,
-0.011085515841841698,
0.014361552894115448,
-0.0360020287334919,
0.005431534722447395,
0.0017678136937320232,
0.004597174469381571,
-0.040956322103738785,
0.010469147004187107,
-0.016112634912133217,
0.015112991444766521,
-0.035728905349969864,
0.03355676680803299,
-0.0880034789443016,
-0.00029656506376340985,
-0.006674559786915779,
-0.033791765570640564,
-0.08863743394613266,
0.06277461349964142,
-0.0005022449186071754,
-0.0030452413484454155,
0.011490670032799244,
0.06789439916610718,
0.061071623116731644,
-0.03940553590655327,
-0.02767002582550049,
-0.072328582406044,
-0.03095412068068981,
0.012938769534230232,
0.03268805891275406,
0.020302079617977142,
0.031030384823679924,
-0.01075214333832264,
0.01205909252166748,
0.04056525230407715,
-0.05093776062130928,
0.01342791598290205,
-0.03532351553440094,
-0.04122442752122879,
0.026429878547787666,
-0.02042706497013569,
-0.0189213864505291,
-0.028158189728856087,
0.022186143323779106,
0.005290650762617588,
0.05919801443815231,
0.016407450661063194,
0.002479882212355733,
-0.01765126921236515,
0.02934466116130352,
0.02715822122991085,
-0.0014166523469612002,
0.01287953183054924,
-0.03901790454983711,
-0.03444530814886093,
-0.09668636322021484,
0.05984891951084137,
-0.020732015371322632,
-0.06447938084602356,
0.033180490136146545,
0.05413487181067467,
0.011099489405751228,
0.010130024515092373,
0.041193339973688126,
0.04363304004073143,
0.008727913722395897,
-0.008363292552530766,
0.014866611920297146,
-0.037241850048303604,
0.014117351733148098,
-0.008215676061809063,
-0.10563941299915314,
-0.04313525930047035,
-0.0005510522169061005,
-0.01260528527200222,
-0.02249259315431118,
0.0024506717454642057,
-0.034544505178928375,
-0.025781819596886635,
-0.014193563722074032,
-0.01808180660009384,
-0.07107143104076385,
0.0452575758099556,
-0.0392964631319046,
0.014615129679441452,
-0.017930759117007256,
-0.0019942475482821465,
0.04741784185171127,
0.027303529903292656,
-0.046221792697906494,
0.07132488489151001,
0.024890849366784096,
0.00707622105255723,
0.027777371928095818,
0.05055836960673332,
-0.04941846802830696,
-0.04409055411815643,
0.016218695789575577,
0.04557137191295624,
-0.005069171544164419,
-0.01962265372276306,
0.0021772366017103195,
-0.006659974344074726,
-0.007503884844481945,
0.014207210391759872,
0.041555874049663544,
0.01698831096291542,
-0.015683285892009735,
-0.020635899156332016,
0.058836422860622406,
-0.0468718595802784,
0.059968531131744385,
-0.019330229610204697,
0.027731867507100105,
-0.04352930560708046,
-0.0376637801527977,
0.017194272950291634,
0.03693251311779022,
0.009324651211500168,
-0.05434431508183479,
-0.06503001600503922,
0.03695530816912651,
0.055094148963689804,
0.020886681973934174,
0.014492448419332504,
0.026988806203007698,
-0.008609326556324959,
0.020077381283044815,
0.02798260562121868,
-0.0065729557536542416,
0.008748477324843407,
-0.0047779870219528675,
-0.050465501844882965,
0.07129824161529541,
0.049312397837638855,
-0.03605052828788757,
-0.027013501152396202,
-0.03630752116441727,
-0.04829537495970726,
0.05716332793235779,
-0.0011300661135464907,
-0.019439704716205597,
0.008365325629711151,
0.10135893523693085,
-0.0020525329746305943,
0.06440752744674683,
0.014923487789928913,
-0.0891205444931984,
0.031013712286949158,
0.03191610425710678,
-0.013332483358681202,
0.01940309815108776,
-0.018025172874331474,
0.0916118323802948,
0.011752999387681484,
0.0034193655010312796,
0.015068992972373962,
-0.08915156871080399,
-0.056509360671043396,
0.036144837737083435,
-0.021814562380313873,
0.06553448736667633,
0.015431608073413372,
-0.0277171041816473,
0.07289877533912659,
0.015233637765049934,
0.018052686005830765,
0.04590080305933952,
-0.010346241295337677,
0.0307968370616436,
-0.0418703630566597,
-0.052606917917728424,
-0.024589428678154945,
0.03896716982126236,
-0.058020852506160736,
-0.026988931000232697,
0.02459319680929184,
-0.006806350313127041,
-0.029407639056444168,
-0.009943472221493721,
-0.0030470960773527622,
0.020871233195066452,
0.02294142358005047,
-0.007074800785630941,
-0.0028675836510956287,
0.020492523908615112,
-0.048158444464206696,
0.03493807092308998,
0.03089604526758194,
-0.022952331230044365,
0.005860950797796249,
-0.02925848588347435,
0.06665931642055511,
0.05745198205113411,
-0.07327695935964584,
0.03043152391910553,
0.043280236423015594,
0.03213701397180557,
0.028396572917699814,
0.02603868581354618,
-0.016140291467308998,
0.008152575232088566,
-0.004426420200616121,
-0.022520823404192924,
-0.00989338755607605,
0.08238713443279266,
-0.032572586089372635,
-0.0222554262727499,
0.05759559944272041,
-0.04850354790687561,
0.041517045348882675,
0.03274301066994667,
0.0060440353117883205,
0.03858158364892006,
0.01375422440469265,
-0.028512727469205856,
-0.01160481758415699,
-0.0128122977912426,
0.00967220589518547,
-0.003977224230766296,
-0.007991393096745014,
0.014705200679600239,
-0.04879114031791687,
0.007470602169632912,
-0.002282932633534074,
0.03925580903887749,
0.04343690350651741,
0.0018483420135453343,
0.005152699537575245,
0.0232381708920002,
-0.018263159319758415,
-0.011161908507347107,
-0.09020645171403885,
-0.04691455140709877,
-0.024306170642375946,
0.05673174932599068,
0.03324766829609871,
0.022773854434490204,
-0.006709403358399868,
0.008771114982664585,
0.00022108055418357253,
-0.03529652953147888,
0.04600546509027481,
0.020151590928435326,
0.022205103188753128,
-0.049598705023527145,
-0.021280501037836075,
0.04401955008506775,
0.04401078075170517,
0.0033568204380571842,
-0.0267620999366045,
0.00096657476387918,
-0.03886054828763008,
-0.008458234369754791,
-0.05834508314728737,
0.004606021102517843,
0.03586277365684509,
-0.005968080833554268,
0.008702312596142292,
-0.049526821821928024,
0.023579686880111694,
0.043994683772325516,
0.03863097354769707,
0.0198831707239151,
0.04853324964642525,
-0.0006075119017623365,
0.018168771639466286,
-0.0019394871778786182,
-0.00724619347602129,
-0.03751828894019127,
-0.014675476588308811,
-0.003883419092744589,
0.014913922175765038,
-0.00812764372676611,
0.016732430085539818,
-0.2650816738605499,
-0.020448556169867516,
0.033526383340358734,
0.0002552347141318023,
0.030139455571770668,
-0.04137144610285759,
-0.01475270465016365,
-0.014231627807021141,
-0.02330661378800869,
-0.008070475421845913,
0.040583692491054535,
0.045249056071043015,
0.018135910853743553,
0.06829763948917389,
0.03214548900723457,
0.042629797011613846,
-0.006803331896662712,
-0.014655498787760735,
0.01446511410176754,
0.030679555609822273,
0.014900922775268555,
-0.08819925040006638,
-0.01986263133585453,
-0.007907637394964695,
-0.002182249678298831,
0.048927344381809235,
-0.10689277201890945,
0.002025999128818512,
-0.04213280603289604,
-0.010639616288244724,
-0.004956369288265705,
-0.028647996485233307,
-0.052519381046295166,
0.02767886221408844,
0.050265755504369736,
0.01107596792280674,
0.03315329551696777,
-0.021152323111891747,
0.03391769900918007,
0.04079575091600418,
-0.02760501764714718,
-0.010993653908371925,
-0.03446381166577339,
0.006903603672981262,
0.053821224719285965,
0.042106956243515015,
-0.013513442128896713,
-0.0007947494159452617,
0.002063638996332884,
0.051748257130384445,
-0.0004230679478496313,
-0.01633046194911003,
0.005889323074370623,
0.028146227821707726,
0.005854198243469,
-0.056687939912080765,
0.019919559359550476,
-0.008310439996421337,
-0.010385901667177677,
0.006410052068531513,
-0.0009222135995514691,
-0.034331656992435455,
-0.017396098002791405,
-0.0405343659222126,
-0.01728929579257965,
-0.032933104783296585,
-0.053296372294425964,
-0.03240581601858139,
-0.0017829065909609199,
0.053008534014225006,
0.01710602268576622,
0.01410132460296154,
-0.010773232206702232,
-0.10065926611423492,
0.007649061735719442,
0.017745232209563255,
-0.0021445138845592737,
-0.011157265864312649,
-0.003576729679480195,
0.05931289121508598,
-0.02720240317285061,
-0.06462869793176651,
0.04458533227443695,
0.006499104667454958,
0.014860342256724834,
-0.022599603980779648,
-0.011877702549099922,
-0.0005882919067516923,
0.0013279763516038656,
-0.031126273795962334,
0.017832130193710327,
0.0028273751959204674,
0.04894207790493965,
-0.03059433028101921,
0.03477587550878525,
0.04203202575445175,
0.04556608945131302,
0.006287196651101112,
0.04073529317975044,
-0.006677868310362101,
-0.02514716237783432,
-0.07482655346393585,
-0.014449186623096466,
-0.028544632717967033,
-0.012496654875576496,
-0.01667477935552597,
-0.026648664847016335,
-0.034588661044836044,
0.02475922927260399,
-0.01140541210770607,
-0.026337305083870888,
-0.0620751678943634,
0.00223949714563787,
-0.04047973081469536,
-0.013681481592357159,
-0.008754665032029152,
0.0070541733875870705,
0.04406106472015381,
0.014588247053325176,
0.0023922317195683718,
-0.02167261578142643,
0.03962385654449463,
-0.007306050043553114,
-0.03352750837802887,
-0.043715186417102814,
-0.00470698531717062,
0.019206518307328224,
-0.015551996417343616,
0.0009858331177383661,
-0.03836781531572342,
0.03532262146472931,
0.09669181704521179,
-0.009405594319105148,
0.033046066761016846,
0.04806786775588989,
0.008809980936348438,
-0.02848537266254425,
-0.006269352976232767,
0.060995444655418396,
0.0017089750617742538,
0.038202881813049316,
-0.0257191713899374,
0.022377872839570045,
0.033721208572387695,
0.0268360935151577,
0.06711139529943466,
0.004569521639496088,
-0.008961865678429604,
0.030493134632706642,
0.0033694826997816563,
0.0014944259310141206,
-0.06589338183403015,
-0.009330025874078274,
-0.07007325440645218,
0.003119273576885462,
0.0025451842229813337,
0.04296206682920456,
-0.0051515777595341206,
-0.003966321237385273,
-0.07829901576042175,
0.040698304772377014,
-0.01253543607890606,
-0.040227651596069336,
0.006338107865303755,
-0.013895168900489807,
0.0693139135837555,
-0.01031592395156622,
-0.00005700873225578107,
0.02592289261519909,
-0.010592089965939522,
0.03008025325834751,
-0.026044318452477455,
-0.029447434470057487,
-0.024333706125617027,
-0.029061129316687584,
-0.006277709733694792,
0.015461420640349388,
-0.014767562970519066,
-0.03693525865674019,
0.024613231420516968,
0.0044698044657707214,
-0.031672101467847824,
-0.01576097123324871,
-0.0010103972163051367,
0.07281821221113205,
-0.012759149074554443,
0.017464572563767433,
-0.015054533258080482,
-0.01772713102400303,
0.019074255600571632,
-0.019896525889635086,
0.005825069732964039,
-0.03157196193933487,
-0.00808690208941698,
0.0019418381853029132,
-0.0451996810734272,
0.028446096926927567,
0.03092661127448082,
-0.019891779869794846,
0.01617312990128994,
-0.027776703238487244,
-0.005920745898038149,
-0.04705959931015968,
-0.008622413501143456,
0.048563599586486816,
-0.07889162003993988,
0.015960747376084328,
0.02496587485074997,
-0.01620536670088768,
0.022403793409466743,
-0.05385802686214447,
-0.054216738790273666,
-0.0528375506401062,
0.018666215240955353,
0.005329925566911697,
-0.021897850558161736,
-0.028625518083572388,
-0.0011325968662276864,
0.020953737199306488,
0.012923534028232098,
-0.02063463069498539,
0.036418452858924866,
-0.011699795722961426,
-0.04625992849469185,
0.00650482764467597,
0.0733896940946579,
0.00061624008230865,
-0.006954007316380739,
-0.002861889312043786,
-0.02764398604631424,
0.06250390410423279,
-0.04835489019751549,
-0.010654963552951813,
0.05094563588500023,
0.022160358726978302,
0.03517458215355873,
-0.04628472030162811,
0.019665634259581566,
-0.024370351806282997,
-0.02631024271249771,
-0.00370476464740932,
0.016727643087506294,
-0.024016471579670906,
0.017845438793301582,
-0.015371477231383324,
0.03921056538820267,
-0.00015338591765612364,
0.006082188803702593,
0.023742416873574257,
0.04042747616767883,
0.0020920864772051573,
-0.01791868917644024,
-0.04555686563253403,
-0.001879209652543068,
0.06307419389486313,
-0.0176511500030756,
-0.035331420600414276,
-0.0462004579603672,
-0.02639673836529255,
0.037454597651958466,
-0.049432557076215744,
0.06143084540963173,
-0.025750746950507164,
0.022652966901659966,
0.043497778475284576,
0.07114150375127792,
0.017931019887328148,
0.013776696287095547,
0.03669130429625511,
-0.06554525345563889,
0.035556670278310776,
-0.06201018765568733,
0.002909411210566759,
0.06557192653417587,
-0.005270519759505987,
0.03281532973051071,
0.0008247707737609744,
-0.03292355686426163,
0.017726654186844826,
-0.03354441374540329,
-0.06764513999223709,
0.0007581430254504085,
-0.013233828358352184,
-0.045325133949518204,
0.0319858156144619,
-0.022667264565825462,
-0.0022295613307505846,
-0.0076788985170423985,
-0.012400591745972633,
0.0076614199206233025,
-0.010427449829876423,
0.048356957733631134,
-0.00884839054197073,
0.017355946823954582,
-0.039794400334358215,
0.011786431074142456,
-0.005421208217740059,
0.04751512408256531,
0.018285265192389488,
0.008090950548648834,
-0.021436521783471107,
0.0426952950656414,
0.039057888090610504,
0.04526529088616371,
0.00126527005340904,
0.007114872802048922,
-0.010443511418998241,
-0.03265140578150749,
0.06021011248230934,
-0.003005145350471139,
-0.034197013825178146,
-0.09250068664550781,
0.03012501634657383,
0.016694435849785805,
-0.05826850235462189,
-0.020859433338046074,
0.0046097151935100555,
-0.05257035046815872,
0.034012049436569214,
-0.003957174718379974,
0.003789566457271576,
-0.01132188830524683,
0.07757855951786041,
0.02787792682647705,
0.033288031816482544,
0.07363261282444,
-0.01220705732703209,
-0.04197392240166664,
-0.0014001205563545227,
0.06341578811407089,
0.07847476005554199,
0.03605230525135994,
-0.01763209141790867,
0.05502444878220558,
-0.039520177990198135,
-0.05898481607437134,
-0.009591673500835896,
-0.015372288413345814,
-0.045947227627038956,
-0.061144694685935974,
0.0030352429021149874,
0.05556297302246094,
0.004926831927150488,
0.054683979600667953,
-0.05035888031125069,
0.019148340448737144,
0.029693715274333954,
-0.0012987744994461536,
-0.03923239931464195,
0.03820786997675896,
-0.012403073720633984,
0.03702513501048088,
-0.017955854535102844,
-0.05463790148496628,
-0.027440804988145828,
0.016165217384696007,
0.008204777725040913,
0.002010204130783677,
-0.028439298272132874,
-0.018144940957427025,
-0.008504052646458149,
0.010481179691851139,
0.08390616625547409,
-0.032851558178663254,
-0.023680763319134712,
0.01931433379650116,
0.003004496218636632,
-0.028515996411442757,
0.00331781804561615,
0.02993389032781124,
-0.021234257146716118,
-0.0038181934505701065,
-0.006237482186406851,
0.029598454013466835,
0.02058606781065464,
0.006262581795454025,
-0.0027588701341301203,
0.014450767077505589,
-0.014228815212845802,
0.01658734120428562,
0.013731065206229687,
-0.035556238144636154,
-0.05061855912208557,
-0.027319012209773064,
-0.050820738077163696,
-0.05322939530014992,
-0.05421201139688492,
-0.007531257346272469,
0.009360870346426964,
-0.01684960350394249,
0.013127489946782589,
-0.032561857253313065,
-0.007021583151072264,
0.0763481855392456,
-0.0929337665438652,
-0.011351988650858402,
0.045800212770700455,
-0.011633857153356075,
-0.00412269402295351,
0.02952665649354458,
0.02753406949341297,
-0.006140467710793018,
-0.032333578914403915,
0.04648328945040703,
-0.017855552956461906,
0.01140782330185175,
0.00977717712521553,
0.005607995670288801,
-0.07194973528385162,
0.03645401448011398,
0.017592258751392365,
-0.03129001706838608,
-0.07437413185834885,
0.0162141602486372,
0.007640104740858078,
0.02754482999444008,
0.049066152423620224,
-0.021858779713511467,
-0.0018119342857971787,
-0.05349674075841904,
0.027157340198755264,
-0.002620124025270343,
-0.006464243866503239,
0.02250366099178791,
-0.05258403345942497,
0.05782642960548401,
0.017031654715538025,
-0.01118199061602354,
-0.03796623274683952,
0.04753110185265541,
0.01055959053337574,
0.01677379198372364,
-0.0242211502045393,
-0.01016481313854456,
-0.04263382777571678,
-0.08199356496334076,
-0.0014826036058366299,
0.06222612410783768,
-0.014309639111161232,
-0.03563593700528145,
-0.01595190539956093,
-0.007899999618530273,
-0.01906825415790081,
0.0033081683795899153,
-0.034639082849025726,
-0.016751432791352272,
-0.05467565730214119,
-0.03271260857582092,
-0.07546274363994598,
0.050633274018764496,
0.0073733264580369,
-0.009245995432138443,
-0.03122943453490734,
-0.038993995636701584,
-0.017927514389157295,
-0.018414849415421486,
0.017965935170650482,
0.001587209990248084,
0.00500113470479846,
0.010046222247183323
] |
232 |
From Search to Sampling: Generative Models for Robust Algorithmic Recourse
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=NtwFghsJne
|
[
"Prateek Garg",
"Lokesh Nagalapatti",
"Sunita Sarawagi"
] |
Poster
|
Algorithmic Recourse provides recommendations to individuals who are adversely impacted by automated model decisions, on how to alter their profiles to achieve a favorable outcome. Effective recourse methods must balance three conflicting goals: proximity to the original profile to minimize cost, plausibility for realistic recourse, and validity to ensure the desired outcome. We show that existing methods train for these objectives separately and then search for recourse through a joint optimization over the recourse goals during inference, leading to poor recourse recommendations. We introduce GenRe, a generative recourse model designed to train the three recourse objectives jointly. Training such generative models is non-trivial due to lack of direct recourse supervision. We propose efficient ways to synthesize such supervision and further show that GenRe's training leads to a consistent estimator. Unlike most prior methods, that employ non-robust gradient descent based search during inference, GenRe simply performs a forward sampling over the generative model to produce minimum cost recourse, leading to superior performance across multiple metrics. We also demonstrate GenRe provides the best trade-off between cost, plausibility and validity, compared to state-of-art baselines. We release anonymized code at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/GenRe-BD71
|
Algorithmic recourse, explainability, generative modelling
|
We propose a generative model for recourse that outputs a distribution over likely recourse instances.
| 14,050 | null |
[
0.004527687095105648,
-0.015154095366597176,
-0.019548922777175903,
0.055030349642038345,
0.06069062650203705,
0.015383191406726837,
0.025636745616793633,
-0.0015046047046780586,
-0.003982247784733772,
-0.036953169852495193,
-0.023732487112283707,
0.022180533036589622,
-0.06937873363494873,
-0.009608985856175423,
-0.006898177322000265,
0.049269601702690125,
0.02144496887922287,
-0.01856117881834507,
0.009922986850142479,
0.0022270814515650272,
0.004518699366599321,
-0.013154811225831509,
0.022334784269332886,
0.008584682829678059,
0.045055534690618515,
0.030067943036556244,
0.014813034795224667,
-0.006150566972792149,
-0.050357285887002945,
-0.012915770523250103,
0.028309207409620285,
0.00037412080564536154,
0.018495917320251465,
-0.035381607711315155,
-0.004037811886519194,
-0.0025073012802749872,
-0.04812191426753998,
-0.0008195301052182913,
0.0034419011790305376,
0.02717268094420433,
-0.03676384314894676,
0.028049876913428307,
-0.047605931758880615,
0.021841559559106827,
-0.04592765495181084,
0.016095750033855438,
-0.09130658954381943,
0.0338897779583931,
0.01927269995212555,
-0.03463178873062134,
-0.07300597429275513,
0.025814365595579147,
0.03611188754439354,
-0.05701388046145439,
0.010067196562886238,
0.038420770317316055,
0.08332428336143494,
-0.07165395468473434,
-0.021454941481351852,
-0.053077101707458496,
-0.03324466943740845,
0.02057298645377159,
0.03466416522860527,
0.034453898668289185,
-0.004470694810152054,
0.0038757810834795237,
0.012112807482481003,
0.0655599907040596,
-0.029742274433374405,
-0.0377986840903759,
-0.025159217417240143,
-0.02980942465364933,
0.017262469977140427,
0.00805187039077282,
-0.025534769520163536,
-0.04012404382228851,
0.026257332414388657,
0.044130198657512665,
0.028458720073103905,
0.02898833528161049,
0.023853858932852745,
0.019230268895626068,
0.0030271830037236214,
0.020607449114322662,
-0.004627862013876438,
0.022338179871439934,
-0.0549020953476429,
-0.017720887437462807,
-0.07000519335269928,
0.03279159218072891,
0.022384023293852806,
-0.07143013924360275,
0.01251117791980505,
0.04360433295369148,
0.021542903035879135,
0.031299181282520294,
0.05927145481109619,
-0.00155493407510221,
0.015229703858494759,
-0.0095998989418149,
-0.027542460709810257,
-0.022610610350966454,
0.017466889694333076,
0.010975917801260948,
-0.10854168236255646,
0.0025805863551795483,
-0.017797017470002174,
-0.013523850589990616,
-0.009378170594573021,
-0.00046006639604456723,
-0.021852809935808182,
0.03425894305109978,
0.005902831442654133,
0.005427818279713392,
-0.062326062470674515,
0.03007565252482891,
-0.0122342798858881,
0.029816044494509697,
-0.02217826060950756,
0.012677443213760853,
0.04385337606072426,
0.022244634106755257,
0.025703923776745796,
0.07413958758115768,
0.004830596502870321,
0.02257072553038597,
0.0363037995994091,
0.03764623403549194,
-0.0357830785214901,
-0.038202278316020966,
-0.010745033621788025,
0.013849539682269096,
-0.024042464792728424,
-0.0011586769251152873,
-0.009819728322327137,
-0.004021109081804752,
-0.010644379071891308,
0.03296889737248421,
0.03576944023370743,
-0.026021059602499008,
-0.007643484510481358,
-0.020350532606244087,
0.051450446248054504,
-0.03408805653452873,
0.07235419750213623,
-0.019971296191215515,
0.006975860334932804,
-0.02378632128238678,
-0.05894003063440323,
0.02309052087366581,
0.018008071929216385,
0.0248819999396801,
0.028819695115089417,
-0.08230707794427872,
0.0144311198964715,
0.052554577589035034,
0.035859230905771255,
0.0320352241396904,
0.004170815460383892,
-0.005594652146100998,
0.03172007575631142,
0.013409153558313847,
-0.03622449189424515,
-0.012686467729508877,
0.006221357733011246,
-0.06388652324676514,
0.04499064013361931,
0.019965557381510735,
-0.03782171756029129,
-0.005995729938149452,
-0.045636773109436035,
-0.028484728187322617,
0.05826254561543465,
-0.011558358557522297,
-0.0031048080418258905,
0.01806769333779812,
0.022080330178141594,
0.010522892698645592,
0.0672449991106987,
0.026668747887015343,
-0.07810340076684952,
0.045392442494630814,
0.02402508445084095,
-0.050410304218530655,
0.0060063921846449375,
-0.03605495020747185,
0.09140652418136597,
-0.004117038566619158,
0.008959157392382622,
0.03416820615530014,
-0.08692103624343872,
-0.050542254000902176,
0.02610172890126705,
-0.02720930241048336,
0.04532714560627937,
0.03844456002116203,
-0.014460732229053974,
0.04716340824961662,
0.022670287638902664,
0.036612458527088165,
0.0800507664680481,
0.011623610742390156,
0.03553679957985878,
-0.027879182249307632,
-0.05326061323285103,
0.009715888649225235,
0.05480921268463135,
-0.06700136512517929,
-0.054641563445329666,
0.03561713173985481,
-0.028087908402085304,
0.01925053261220455,
-0.01069587655365467,
-0.03493662178516388,
0.02554100565612316,
0.020128456875681877,
-0.00702148862183094,
0.012908984906971455,
0.021761955693364143,
-0.0373552106320858,
0.029997270554304123,
0.008742333389818668,
0.007815888151526451,
0.009849702008068562,
-0.020873485133051872,
0.08706631511449814,
0.05350459739565849,
-0.01939581148326397,
-0.02002815529704094,
0.02095891535282135,
0.022580500692129135,
0.03385833650827408,
-0.003238511271774769,
-0.03192082792520523,
0.030167821794748306,
0.026369651779532433,
-0.008709752932190895,
-0.01810232177376747,
0.05315134674310684,
-0.04284481704235077,
-0.0024072329979389906,
0.06557383388280869,
-0.008085213601589203,
0.04752108454704285,
-0.0034498139284551144,
0.007749128621071577,
0.007020340301096439,
-0.01599159836769104,
-0.03469139710068703,
-0.004532203543931246,
-0.012056778185069561,
-0.003889957908540964,
-0.01648889109492302,
0.0013037307653576136,
-0.010359041392803192,
-0.049377623945474625,
-0.017506014555692673,
-0.011206751689314842,
0.05939073488116264,
0.043095752596855164,
0.019785284996032715,
0.026820750907063484,
0.010371408425271511,
-0.038082562386989594,
0.00015786447329446673,
-0.09113167226314545,
-0.044303808361291885,
-0.016469627618789673,
0.03396094962954521,
0.012074701488018036,
0.022704873234033585,
0.012783093377947807,
0.01249137707054615,
-0.008267174474895,
-0.03538700193166733,
0.026816919445991516,
0.028659045696258545,
0.05570809915661812,
-0.02736140787601471,
-0.007370155304670334,
-0.01795545592904091,
0.04096243903040886,
-0.026950910687446594,
0.0041432310827076435,
-0.04142460599541664,
-0.056182436645030975,
-0.0024446018505841494,
-0.05127063766121864,
-0.010252391919493675,
0.02947276271879673,
-0.019463367760181427,
-0.0012062714667990804,
-0.015597985126078129,
0.018462419509887695,
0.0738302618265152,
0.012197041884064674,
0.05476294830441475,
0.005446668714284897,
-0.004162618890404701,
0.011861957609653473,
-0.004499484784901142,
0.004123922437429428,
-0.002658741781488061,
0.004332336597144604,
-0.0147869773209095,
0.01024980004876852,
-0.004714712034910917,
-0.0014155952958390117,
-0.2630278170108795,
-0.031873855739831924,
-0.00874500721693039,
0.014526566490530968,
0.004626026377081871,
-0.019314320757985115,
0.05363527312874794,
-0.029819877818226814,
-0.0169947762042284,
0.018893949687480927,
0.022648749873042107,
0.023297572508454323,
0.023274831473827362,
0.08710967749357224,
0.041131265461444855,
0.01570102944970131,
-0.006902853026986122,
-0.02545759826898575,
-0.010111004114151001,
0.025885188952088356,
0.009099354036152363,
-0.07586619257926941,
-0.006844624876976013,
0.009146077558398247,
0.01258013118058443,
0.052460718899965286,
-0.08254227787256241,
0.01635340042412281,
-0.044526129961013794,
-0.02058669738471508,
-0.027035463601350784,
-0.038490887731313705,
-0.02854812890291214,
0.0008241547620855272,
0.012331079691648483,
0.008496076799929142,
0.05692429468035698,
0.007675347849726677,
0.013834444805979729,
-0.0016634248895570636,
0.0009229485876858234,
-0.01172230951488018,
-0.050086911767721176,
0.02763153612613678,
0.07927419245243073,
-0.0007901402423158288,
-0.041895344853401184,
-0.002649256493896246,
0.0021642085630446672,
0.0337597019970417,
0.006054967176169157,
-0.005686531309038401,
-0.022808052599430084,
0.025968585163354874,
0.02480999380350113,
-0.03724519908428192,
0.007603656500577927,
-0.013178049586713314,
-0.00528459157794714,
0.016944779083132744,
0.033794987946748734,
-0.04829181358218193,
0.007248652167618275,
-0.042878735810518265,
-0.02123827114701271,
-0.033181577920913696,
-0.05705744028091431,
-0.055239032953977585,
0.047503530979156494,
0.02400723285973072,
-0.023444997146725655,
0.010749599896371365,
-0.008541997522115707,
-0.09173567593097687,
0.000039966675103642046,
0.009186833165585995,
0.008621002547442913,
-0.029750367626547813,
-0.0038014627061784267,
0.009473874233663082,
-0.03947598114609718,
-0.029183167964220047,
0.0008006441057659686,
0.026399366557598114,
0.006966583430767059,
-0.029156826436519623,
-0.0010986245470121503,
-0.04943717271089554,
-0.041512761265039444,
-0.03554845601320267,
0.022489752620458603,
0.01891530118882656,
0.02094048634171486,
0.004969900939613581,
0.06622391194105148,
0.029776886105537415,
0.032990463078022,
0.035161569714546204,
0.01979052647948265,
0.005298645235598087,
0.00452075619250536,
-0.07995995879173279,
0.004539270885288715,
-0.06333057582378387,
-0.03818909823894501,
0.0036101629957556725,
-0.04544981196522713,
-0.020165111869573593,
0.029489649459719658,
-0.02668657898902893,
-0.036408454179763794,
-0.0399363748729229,
0.010677754878997803,
0.006858760491013527,
-0.010249260812997818,
-0.016499454155564308,
0.0009083060431294143,
0.010647151619195938,
0.0454275868833065,
-0.012480394914746284,
-0.05587783083319664,
0.030797699466347694,
-0.040036093443632126,
0.020331544801592827,
-0.02821938320994377,
-0.044674571603536606,
0.024493275210261345,
-0.0029763521160930395,
0.00021337679936550558,
0.0043412321247160435,
0.02315482497215271,
0.02076883055269718,
-0.031077072024345398,
0.0067923404276371,
0.04216528683900833,
-0.042522720992565155,
-0.002660519676283002,
0.0034202998504042625,
0.053279370069503784,
-0.014310939237475395,
0.014062607660889626,
-0.018453409895300865,
0.033231720328330994,
0.02147527039051056,
0.061028312891721725,
0.0033101930748671293,
0.03316523879766464,
0.03939812257885933,
0.019419746473431587,
0.018653541803359985,
0.031806882470846176,
-0.05938805267214775,
0.035758353769779205,
-0.01817520335316658,
0.05061053857207298,
-0.020533591508865356,
0.011234663426876068,
-0.04650498181581497,
-0.003996509592980146,
-0.03995327651500702,
0.05999486893415451,
-0.011379576288163662,
-0.04236488789319992,
-0.00949667114764452,
0.02806011401116848,
0.05322190746665001,
-0.05627742409706116,
0.013242439366877079,
-0.03446463868021965,
0.008917754516005516,
0.00988084264099598,
-0.05022699013352394,
-0.005699823144823313,
-0.011913971044123173,
-0.01834644190967083,
0.011354566551744938,
0.006806338205933571,
-0.011702796444296837,
-0.07701516896486282,
0.045058589428663254,
0.0014411881566047668,
-0.04048987105488777,
0.0032839984633028507,
-0.0016829625237733126,
0.07636244595050812,
-0.015037169679999352,
0.014603797346353531,
0.004279111512005329,
-0.059265896677970886,
0.01784968376159668,
-0.0300592090934515,
0.014832250773906708,
-0.018931949511170387,
-0.017687182873487473,
-0.007220110390335321,
-0.05638713762164116,
0.013707800768315792,
0.010137810371816158,
0.004070913419127464,
-0.0010396233992651105,
0.007039994467049837,
0.0007807579822838306,
-0.03330901637673378,
-0.015546890906989574,
0.011089148931205273,
-0.08089115470647812,
-0.013624248094856739,
0.02886805683374405,
-0.016734883189201355,
0.05057356134057045,
-0.04587852209806442,
-0.03803563490509987,
-0.03644513338804245,
-0.0398307628929615,
0.004193940199911594,
-0.06209702417254448,
-0.01393864955753088,
0.01514563150703907,
-0.011347603984177113,
0.003342036623507738,
0.029166633263230324,
-0.027998989447951317,
0.010281233116984367,
-0.007386940531432629,
-0.005822055973112583,
0.047958772629499435,
-0.04840102791786194,
-0.036134954541921616,
-0.009777381084859371,
-0.02092091366648674,
0.004237438086420298,
-0.06143968924880028,
-0.007407891098409891,
0.030359622091054916,
-0.018665993586182594,
0.015583151020109653,
-0.031290341168642044,
0.06053733825683594,
0.005452508106827736,
-0.016716426238417625,
0.0102602019906044,
0.013258748687803745,
-0.02290353924036026,
-0.039598025381565094,
0.014795455150306225,
0.02052815444767475,
0.03303408995270729,
0.04083064943552017,
0.022120393812656403,
0.0389070063829422,
0.03285396844148636,
0.012033021077513695,
-0.06197139993309975,
-0.013275368139147758,
0.06611994653940201,
-0.030548006296157837,
-0.005221089348196983,
-0.06134197115898132,
-0.00818139873445034,
0.04662718251347542,
0.0013086542021483183,
0.04274247959256172,
-0.023697486147284508,
0.009257808327674866,
0.021797647699713707,
0.03453230857849121,
-0.021714795380830765,
-0.03683502972126007,
0.010249605402350426,
-0.08939813822507858,
0.02998330444097519,
-0.08225956559181213,
-0.008359003812074661,
0.05687537416815758,
-0.033161334693431854,
0.025590840727090836,
0.03607697784900665,
-0.027284836396574974,
0.06264808028936386,
-0.040716011077165604,
-0.07476649433374405,
0.025454819202423096,
-0.06622510403394699,
-0.02232935093343258,
0.03588493540883064,
-0.05413796380162239,
-0.019532840698957443,
0.029159991070628166,
-0.03726447373628616,
-0.01763756386935711,
0.005710321012884378,
0.05774388089776039,
-0.004214274697005749,
0.025534410029649734,
-0.028273582458496094,
0.00463377870619297,
0.04163973405957222,
0.0469176284968853,
0.018672525882720947,
0.05122918263077736,
-0.02893044799566269,
0.026557864621281624,
0.028401857241988182,
0.006105455104261637,
0.0463375449180603,
-0.007593272719532251,
-0.01079581305384636,
-0.035247042775154114,
0.06839221715927124,
-0.01558606792241335,
-0.04569890722632408,
-0.07299287617206573,
0.04935600981116295,
0.028503436595201492,
-0.06799416244029999,
-0.01700661890208721,
0.015855684876441956,
-0.056491266936063766,
-0.012195823714137077,
-0.017176039516925812,
0.008278877474367619,
0.008626998402178288,
0.0705546885728836,
0.026825416833162308,
0.07668892294168472,
0.05815570056438446,
0.018305106088519096,
0.017347604036331177,
-0.002159060211852193,
0.04492809250950813,
0.08037982136011124,
0.05777798593044281,
-0.01043656188994646,
0.051662378013134,
-0.025112148374319077,
-0.019885316491127014,
-0.008654211647808552,
-0.008781133219599724,
-0.03161054849624634,
-0.01872980408370495,
0.008188214153051376,
0.05074308067560196,
0.02311938814818859,
0.06274016946554184,
-0.05597589537501335,
-0.012276912108063698,
0.033320002257823944,
0.0014755629235878587,
0.00033115866244770586,
0.024402078241109848,
0.03607359156012535,
-0.00719882408156991,
-0.04310734197497368,
-0.04619523137807846,
-0.002045353874564171,
-0.006993795745074749,
-0.008024470880627632,
-0.0024314438924193382,
-0.02802410162985325,
-0.0010223528370261192,
-0.014616715721786022,
0.010384486056864262,
0.11679523438215256,
-0.03778805211186409,
-0.03969190642237663,
0.015246343798935413,
0.0036401625256985426,
0.004001301247626543,
0.04447300732135773,
0.01996651478111744,
-0.013755296356976032,
0.009121391922235489,
-0.05654212087392807,
0.015599447302520275,
0.0613492913544178,
-0.046923257410526276,
0.022975925356149673,
-0.029080867767333984,
-0.010472252033650875,
0.017910925671458244,
0.04332964867353439,
-0.057495709508657455,
-0.049772389233112335,
-0.03984526917338371,
-0.028684811666607857,
-0.0497378446161747,
-0.012177271768450737,
0.022809568792581558,
0.0228568147867918,
-0.05197539180517197,
0.006410069297999144,
-0.024291902780532837,
0.014248836785554886,
0.04900579899549484,
-0.07529191672801971,
-0.0047547658905386925,
0.041249629110097885,
0.0026826229877769947,
0.002509766723960638,
0.01602669432759285,
0.019832205027341843,
-0.024809695780277252,
-0.020780766382813454,
0.03366457670927048,
0.0161860603839159,
0.014580692164599895,
-0.02139873057603836,
-0.0063155158422887325,
-0.07140862941741943,
0.0035604131408035755,
0.03115743398666382,
-0.030603690072894096,
-0.09167566150426865,
0.01840592361986637,
-0.018797539174556732,
0.04047727957367897,
0.07133632898330688,
0.04487728700041771,
0.03235568478703499,
-0.029893949627876282,
-0.012333380989730358,
0.025983134284615517,
0.01901180110871792,
0.05845548212528229,
-0.027998462319374084,
0.05102632939815521,
0.021945390850305557,
-0.022644810378551483,
-0.048864372074604034,
0.0536433570086956,
-0.010157512500882149,
-0.01873711124062538,
-0.034471720457077026,
-0.028093354776501656,
-0.024693921208381653,
-0.08956919610500336,
-0.027091633528470993,
0.036666419357061386,
-0.017904087901115417,
-0.04180498421192169,
0.009464964270591736,
-0.007437556982040405,
-0.016462383791804314,
-0.015733281150460243,
-0.029157832264900208,
0.015813041478395462,
-0.018033871427178383,
-0.004030835814774036,
-0.07756506651639938,
0.027564197778701782,
-0.014511765912175179,
0.02302013523876667,
-0.04123295843601227,
-0.05266952142119408,
-0.0567302443087101,
-0.060210078954696655,
0.03904182091355324,
0.041187506169080734,
0.007880489341914654,
-0.01418396458029747
] |
233 |
Neural Wave Equation for Irregularly Sampled Sequence Data
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=kbeX97jExm
|
[
"Arkaprava Majumdar",
"M Anand Krishna",
"P. K. Srijith"
] |
Poster
|
Sequence labeling problems arise in several real-world applications such as healthcare and robotics. In many such applications, sequence data are irregularly sampled and are of varying complexities. Recently, efforts have been made to develop neural ODE-based architectures to model the evolution of hidden states continuously in time, to address irregularly sampled sequence data. However, they assume a fixed architectural depth and limit their flexibility to adapt to data sets with varying complexities. We propose the neural wave equation, a novel deep learning method inspired by the wave equation, to address this through continuous modeling of depth. Neural Wave Equation models the evolution of hidden states continuously across time as well as depth by using a non-homogeneous wave equation parameterized by a neural network. Through d'Alembert's analytical solution of the wave equation, we also show that the neural wave equation provides denser connections across the hidden states, allowing for better modeling capability. We conduct experiments on several sequence labeling problems involving irregularly sampled sequence data and demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed neural wave equation model.
|
Wave Equation, Neural ODE, Sequence Labelling
|
Partial Differential Equations parameterised by a Neural Network (like Neural ODE) can be used to solve sequence modeling problems. We hypothesize why this might be the case and demonstrate that it outpeforms many known continuous RNN models.
| 14,044 | null |
[
-0.06306847184896469,
-0.023253059014678,
-0.02543935552239418,
0.055259015411138535,
0.04855787754058838,
0.041482504457235336,
0.007579654920846224,
0.010426468215882778,
-0.017383087426424026,
-0.06062329560518265,
0.014920146204531193,
0.02743542194366455,
-0.04577130079269409,
0.02654138207435608,
0.008004876784980297,
0.053730688989162445,
0.05187385529279709,
-0.027472252026200294,
-0.0045732418075203896,
0.03622795641422272,
-0.009162562899291515,
-0.011525939218699932,
0.014072795398533344,
0.027608633041381836,
0.00717209093272686,
-0.007493328768759966,
-0.026278233155608177,
-0.01176345907151699,
-0.031234432011842728,
0.011030271649360657,
0.009449618868529797,
-0.0076383077539503574,
-0.018878163769841194,
-0.026952650398015976,
0.0005635704146698117,
0.025823203846812248,
-0.03715109825134277,
0.01381097361445427,
-0.004595810081809759,
-0.008080928586423397,
-0.03945118561387062,
-0.007601888384670019,
-0.020601555705070496,
0.03299536556005478,
-0.043238308280706406,
0.02512601763010025,
-0.08123291283845901,
-0.0010187323205173016,
-0.005986493546515703,
0.005848155356943607,
-0.09274189919233322,
0.02539447881281376,
0.032344918698072433,
0.0019634123891592026,
0.008504476398229599,
-0.0034203925170004368,
0.028722397983074188,
-0.06100912019610405,
-0.012508722953498363,
-0.05251234024763107,
0.016758641228079796,
-0.0005951374187134206,
-0.010373149998486042,
-0.009642844088375568,
0.018726712092757225,
-0.014583633281290531,
0.02140822447836399,
0.045913565903902054,
-0.039944082498550415,
0.005253268405795097,
0.005851143971085548,
0.011033996939659119,
-0.0048865871503949165,
-0.011260936968028545,
-0.008085781708359718,
-0.06709101796150208,
0.043058156967163086,
0.020670630037784576,
0.0582222081720829,
0.03274693712592125,
0.02388402260839939,
0.04682479798793793,
0.024823840707540512,
0.030099740251898766,
-0.008566132746636868,
-0.0019372210372239351,
-0.02886836789548397,
-0.0053518544882535934,
-0.09645584970712662,
0.04944290965795517,
-0.04648037254810333,
-0.05762253329157829,
0.023217249661684036,
0.05013541132211685,
0.03127758949995041,
0.03037470392882824,
0.0282757505774498,
0.010766989551484585,
0.004580650944262743,
0.022969858720898628,
-0.03135762736201286,
-0.019235730171203613,
0.038107696920633316,
0.005409006029367447,
-0.07451803982257843,
-0.04126662015914917,
-0.025483379140496254,
-0.04135937616229057,
-0.012673985213041306,
0.00008484475256409496,
-0.04423622414469719,
0.009297380223870277,
0.022080987691879272,
-0.020794812589883804,
-0.0940614864230156,
0.009604507125914097,
0.014345834963023663,
0.03892020136117935,
0.010107477195560932,
-0.02220536209642887,
0.037549253553152084,
0.020745763555169106,
0.006023631431162357,
0.04483948275446892,
0.020903613418340683,
0.011805524118244648,
0.04009547829627991,
0.02484879270195961,
-0.03762621805071831,
-0.03204735368490219,
-0.003418001579120755,
0.024188673123717308,
0.008488105610013008,
0.028495529666543007,
0.023304415866732597,
0.008504350669682026,
0.004515994805842638,
0.020271319895982742,
0.03653028607368469,
0.011434388346970081,
0.00874097179621458,
-0.012790552340447903,
0.044226836413145065,
-0.022224316373467445,
0.049946900457143784,
-0.0021520284935832024,
-0.01837034896016121,
-0.04592082276940346,
-0.018919099122285843,
0.0028747350443154573,
-0.023788178339600563,
0.0026519044768065214,
-0.009311344474554062,
-0.07137051969766617,
0.01647036522626877,
0.023492489010095596,
0.005127738695591688,
0.03804402053356171,
0.005256111733615398,
-0.0024207723326981068,
0.016470910981297493,
-0.005561748519539833,
0.0018353585619479418,
-0.0017757288878783584,
-0.005446747876703739,
-0.06435193866491318,
0.059804290533065796,
0.038377635180950165,
-0.021902089938521385,
-0.006543132476508617,
-0.0408591702580452,
-0.029696155339479446,
0.04428983852267265,
0.010716521181166172,
0.008313823491334915,
-0.03510711342096329,
0.04002012312412262,
0.008829673752188683,
0.03507598489522934,
0.010644689202308655,
-0.08260654658079147,
0.028527026996016502,
0.005042483564466238,
0.03993317484855652,
-0.010972934775054455,
-0.06156373396515846,
0.08640652149915695,
-0.043038126081228256,
-0.005560019984841347,
0.0355621874332428,
-0.0665094405412674,
-0.014236539602279663,
0.0054190936498343945,
-0.006566161289811134,
0.04763482138514519,
-0.00006795879016863182,
-0.005484347231686115,
0.05032828822731972,
-0.01965169608592987,
0.06553692370653152,
0.057793375104665756,
-0.03452009707689285,
0.04117853567004204,
-0.0025621806271374226,
-0.04201792925596237,
-0.01604231633245945,
0.055393703281879425,
-0.07076531648635864,
-0.001530974404886365,
0.019819382578134537,
-0.035239964723587036,
-0.022305727005004883,
-0.0030553729739040136,
-0.03136822208762169,
0.025113938376307487,
-0.013512530364096165,
-0.007314502261579037,
0.0096886670216918,
-0.01167520321905613,
-0.0500335693359375,
0.015351361595094204,
0.023660527542233467,
-0.02291318215429783,
-0.01705467514693737,
-0.01555001363158226,
0.11986126005649567,
0.07301375269889832,
-0.03099740296602249,
-0.01248345710337162,
0.005191806238144636,
0.05892891436815262,
0.0015137700829654932,
0.002668946050107479,
0.006204822566360235,
0.03288394212722778,
-0.0007042435463517904,
0.0012473218375816941,
-0.033677760511636734,
0.046193044632673264,
-0.042164966464042664,
-0.01008874922990799,
0.04723519831895828,
-0.060183219611644745,
0.06920541822910309,
-0.01961350068449974,
-0.007244538515806198,
0.05362269654870033,
-0.04146656394004822,
-0.050526656210422516,
-0.02944331429898739,
-0.018733970820903778,
0.021321233361959457,
0.0027460006531327963,
-0.0033150827512145042,
0.01539232674986124,
-0.062320586293935776,
-0.06324686855077744,
-0.015873968601226807,
0.10033191740512848,
0.04513518512248993,
0.02626308985054493,
0.04313855618238449,
0.02700425684452057,
-0.04167209193110466,
-0.043906014412641525,
-0.11736972630023956,
-0.03234059736132622,
-0.020585225895047188,
0.019053354859352112,
0.01596779003739357,
0.03313624858856201,
0.016842078417539597,
0.03574755787849426,
-0.01208188571035862,
-0.0231475830078125,
0.0033257959876209497,
0.024521242827177048,
-0.018740549683570862,
-0.036221958696842194,
-0.026534264907240868,
0.023543354123830795,
0.09380853921175003,
-0.021925846114754677,
-0.008264879696071148,
0.002591646509245038,
-0.05296749621629715,
-0.029502633959054947,
0.01502569392323494,
0.026973480358719826,
0.019291957840323448,
-0.03804672509431839,
0.0024669731501489878,
-0.031298939138650894,
0.0017646788619458675,
0.03387904167175293,
0.07189125567674637,
0.05741070583462715,
0.027178823947906494,
-0.01726164110004902,
-0.005360304843634367,
-0.013844696804881096,
0.0010685683228075504,
0.01702016033232212,
0.03039761632680893,
-0.04230306297540665,
0.01997211016714573,
0.03138961270451546,
-0.0028533125296235085,
-0.259251207113266,
-0.022157102823257446,
-0.03754260763525963,
-0.032390836626291275,
0.062131110578775406,
0.02130289003252983,
0.04478297382593155,
-0.01210215874016285,
-0.01609656773507595,
0.005448949057608843,
-0.008409249596297741,
0.041058026254177094,
0.014057372696697712,
0.04098287597298622,
0.0503678172826767,
-0.03573814406991005,
-0.014669855125248432,
-0.019887976348400116,
0.013826258480548859,
0.04163193330168724,
-0.033747415989637375,
-0.06287961453199387,
0.003936361987143755,
0.045503370463848114,
-0.018475469201803207,
0.016186553984880447,
-0.0453164167702198,
0.003677775152027607,
-0.030930308625102043,
-0.016849752515554428,
-0.0171684380620718,
-0.053299471735954285,
0.024164820089936256,
0.045733287930488586,
-0.028135422617197037,
-0.02435331419110298,
0.0022331150248646736,
-0.006499026902019978,
0.026396045461297035,
0.005497990641742945,
-0.002111225388944149,
0.006330153904855251,
-0.04246005415916443,
-0.00013137937639839947,
0.06282223016023636,
-0.006491443607956171,
-0.030091648921370506,
0.036845654249191284,
-0.0014930717879906297,
0.04337232932448387,
-0.004789355210959911,
-0.028833752498030663,
0.008326522074639797,
-0.03179413080215454,
-0.024220796301960945,
-0.023075684905052185,
0.007783212698996067,
-0.016537204384803772,
-0.0002178774302592501,
0.02659280225634575,
-0.01434036809951067,
-0.04436146467924118,
-0.030956152826547623,
-0.030587242916226387,
-0.017995048314332962,
-0.02717365138232708,
-0.07250750064849854,
-0.049705326557159424,
0.041263923048973083,
0.04566424340009689,
0.005600568372756243,
-0.000564655929338187,
-0.04686874896287918,
-0.10003834217786789,
0.023581966757774353,
0.0028476181905716658,
-0.000001423996195626387,
-0.02746507339179516,
0.028682580217719078,
0.019714530557394028,
-0.0490584634244442,
-0.03669831529259682,
0.011572152376174927,
0.02845868282020092,
0.006198615301400423,
-0.021467072889208794,
0.03077748604118824,
-0.02809423767030239,
-0.04364113137125969,
-0.04621301218867302,
0.048782553523778915,
-0.0015948705840855837,
0.053704023361206055,
-0.0066713872365653515,
0.04644244909286499,
0.029864078387618065,
-0.007095969747751951,
0.055051881819963455,
0.024248966947197914,
-0.0007866662344895303,
0.05737466365098953,
-0.055331237614154816,
0.004353480413556099,
-0.07491303980350494,
0.02514120750129223,
0.023063460364937782,
-0.03874249383807182,
-0.01424866821616888,
0.012380121275782585,
0.017030298709869385,
-0.015798989683389664,
-0.04131588712334633,
0.021653519943356514,
-0.01601063460111618,
-0.016497036442160606,
-0.018211955204606056,
-0.00018187914974987507,
0.03453732654452324,
-0.0027944319881498814,
-0.021875768899917603,
-0.004239380359649658,
0.049286630004644394,
-0.02888670563697815,
0.017544090747833252,
0.02370738610625267,
-0.012028014287352562,
-0.024091282859444618,
-0.03626998886466026,
-0.018414437770843506,
-0.011391667649149895,
0.020640956237912178,
0.03383895754814148,
0.0031524142250418663,
0.0335998460650444,
0.06068645045161247,
0.014622429385781288,
-0.026882486417889595,
-0.0059571522288024426,
0.02040926180779934,
-0.01963338442146778,
0.008733551017940044,
0.0017770554404705763,
0.01806897297501564,
-0.0024172510020434856,
0.008968086913228035,
0.04032145440578461,
0.011415836401283741,
0.010013679973781109,
0.010715574957430363,
-0.04255123808979988,
0.03912018984556198,
-0.07461682707071304,
-0.01733417809009552,
-0.0418022945523262,
0.0045334049500525,
-0.004467470105737448,
0.060805775225162506,
-0.00848707277327776,
-0.007560844533145428,
-0.0441981740295887,
0.011093735694885254,
0.03850814700126648,
-0.027281632646918297,
0.010297390632331371,
-0.014579413458704948,
0.07465770840644836,
-0.038593094795942307,
0.023395439609885216,
0.04749007895588875,
0.010992513969540596,
-0.005998138803988695,
-0.030637554824352264,
-0.02214924991130829,
-0.04002749174833298,
-0.027757445350289345,
0.006298476364463568,
0.004411478526890278,
0.009533918462693691,
-0.04527318477630615,
0.010877534747123718,
0.03243492171168327,
-0.017407527193427086,
-0.005909761413931847,
0.03685849532485008,
0.090114526450634,
-0.012641937471926212,
-0.02297273650765419,
-0.008433248847723007,
-0.03720324486494064,
0.035183101892471313,
-0.012605497613549232,
0.018472755327820778,
-0.03035162389278412,
-0.03319539129734039,
-0.02648807503283024,
-0.038245100528001785,
-0.0045801508240401745,
0.0530196875333786,
-0.025390075519680977,
-0.0466652438044548,
0.022433264181017876,
-0.02096281573176384,
-0.049112413078546524,
0.009417187422513962,
0.01853395812213421,
-0.06788328289985657,
-0.001431267592124641,
0.03181472793221474,
-0.024072812870144844,
0.013292313553392887,
-0.01405903697013855,
-0.022548500448465347,
-0.07692303508520126,
-0.029095569625496864,
-0.0030099712312221527,
-0.01048241090029478,
-0.01079647708684206,
-0.01082608848810196,
0.015757370740175247,
0.00993778370320797,
0.03886568918824196,
0.018578127026557922,
0.0041470592841506,
-0.004733892157673836,
0.0011546678142622113,
0.03269774094223976,
-0.04976222291588783,
0.01576363481581211,
0.0040701692923903465,
-0.00685125682502985,
0.0036339215002954006,
-0.05529536306858063,
0.023213345557451248,
0.0425393283367157,
-0.004628063645213842,
-0.022648243233561516,
-0.07346183806657791,
0.02748442254960537,
-0.02032110095024109,
0.002787448698654771,
-0.002097345655784011,
-0.024974213913083076,
-0.055513087660074234,
0.012706689536571503,
0.002726322738453746,
0.06943986564874649,
0.006447576452046633,
0.0007549277506768703,
-0.0036839621607214212,
0.026823701336979866,
0.0334794707596302,
0.03298857435584068,
-0.07069800794124603,
-0.042481228709220886,
0.06789331883192062,
-0.00011758149048546329,
-0.031264327466487885,
-0.10881407558917999,
-0.02979576401412487,
0.021383069455623627,
-0.0491262748837471,
0.02135992981493473,
-0.023936700075864792,
0.07102080434560776,
0.047152694314718246,
0.020565124228596687,
0.0003853235102724284,
-0.029676049947738647,
0.08252707868814468,
-0.04246345907449722,
0.0004076629993505776,
-0.05448581278324127,
-0.01579955592751503,
0.06596916913986206,
0.004796822089701891,
0.03322269022464752,
-0.0174112431704998,
0.0011621463345363736,
0.053278446197509766,
-0.02924950420856476,
-0.062316976487636566,
0.014775248244404793,
-0.03920288756489754,
0.00009931094973580912,
0.034749217331409454,
-0.04978536441922188,
0.012886254116892815,
-0.016175417229533195,
-0.043795954436063766,
-0.0196536798030138,
0.009033759124577045,
0.041511062532663345,
-0.013215201906859875,
0.023921258747577667,
-0.031016668304800987,
0.007756357081234455,
0.023576488718390465,
0.054018862545490265,
0.025266719982028008,
0.0294843427836895,
-0.04684216156601906,
0.07317762821912766,
0.053744446486234665,
0.022431714460253716,
0.001652953214943409,
-0.000980788259766996,
0.011570198461413383,
-0.07561011612415314,
0.01794251799583435,
-0.005524677690118551,
-0.005265251267701387,
-0.044659052044153214,
0.04221894219517708,
0.03573982045054436,
-0.019131574779748917,
0.0023491971660405397,
0.026007315143942833,
-0.0606035441160202,
-0.003652718150988221,
0.016596050933003426,
-0.0025237416848540306,
-0.049429040402173996,
0.0640847459435463,
0.042498037219047546,
0.017732815816998482,
0.05671843886375427,
0.00803891010582447,
0.0009340187534689903,
0.0018792258342728019,
0.0690024271607399,
0.07160855829715729,
0.0469733402132988,
0.015473725274205208,
0.059210292994976044,
-0.067012719810009,
-0.046429164707660675,
0.013932277448475361,
0.028458530083298683,
-0.02950238436460495,
-0.0272153802216053,
0.007966175675392151,
0.07131900638341904,
0.0007445734227076173,
0.08485554158687592,
-0.013028453104197979,
0.03687724471092224,
0.03971423581242561,
0.019987063482403755,
-0.0015136261936277151,
0.014755371026694775,
-0.00263227429240942,
0.009338850155472755,
-0.0036111529916524887,
-0.03384014219045639,
-0.03611011803150177,
-0.018959233537316322,
0.020425651222467422,
0.021694397553801537,
0.016059139743447304,
0.006909646559506655,
-0.009706602431833744,
0.058097172528505325,
0.10306493192911148,
-0.04733341559767723,
-0.04866636544466019,
-0.0017654310213401914,
0.0005343370721675456,
0.01832822896540165,
0.0524476021528244,
0.008475848473608494,
0.004405001178383827,
-0.00023019648506306112,
-0.04710272327065468,
0.019772106781601906,
0.028401179239153862,
-0.03486387059092522,
0.013091109693050385,
-0.03916656970977783,
-0.02237934060394764,
0.023561403155326843,
0.01534387469291687,
-0.019690154120326042,
-0.04093308374285698,
-0.04140577092766762,
-0.03130892664194107,
-0.07632330060005188,
-0.05179733783006668,
0.05990808084607124,
-0.022089123725891113,
-0.03163900971412659,
0.013213838450610638,
-0.015065979212522507,
0.01853354088962078,
0.01836339756846428,
-0.06176481395959854,
0.021945161744952202,
0.03783292695879936,
0.01600594073534012,
0.030207784846425056,
0.03481036424636841,
0.03829406946897507,
0.0012280126102268696,
0.00986571330577135,
0.027115996927022934,
-0.004673368763178587,
0.01638874039053917,
-0.009672491811215878,
0.009774718433618546,
-0.07788952440023422,
0.039034295827150345,
0.03182150050997734,
-0.020786982029676437,
-0.07508004456758499,
0.0484059602022171,
-0.021569475531578064,
0.015712719410657883,
0.05081646144390106,
-0.0259637963026762,
-0.012569393031299114,
-0.0563003309071064,
-0.03562961891293526,
-0.024874867871403694,
-0.01163581945002079,
0.0630665048956871,
-0.02439258061349392,
0.03964890539646149,
0.06941898167133331,
-0.03029208816587925,
-0.018863854929804802,
-0.011561989784240723,
-0.00985010713338852,
-0.003656330518424511,
-0.009753789752721786,
-0.04889949411153793,
-0.03204420208930969,
-0.1038992628455162,
-0.018148288130760193,
0.0014795842580497265,
-0.00275857700034976,
-0.06612253189086914,
0.03008054569363594,
0.024614499881863594,
0.02312203124165535,
-0.0059252516366541386,
-0.020835263654589653,
-0.034106459468603134,
-0.03229808434844017,
-0.022121047601103783,
-0.08212438225746155,
0.01988714560866356,
0.015768982470035553,
0.011376861482858658,
-0.021718867123126984,
-0.03934508189558983,
-0.02204432152211666,
-0.014308352954685688,
0.01633555069565773,
0.014203344471752644,
0.019871074706315994,
-0.017214685678482056
] |
234 |
ComaDICE: Offline Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Stationary Distribution Shift Regularization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=5o9JJJPPm6
|
[
"The Viet Bui",
"Thanh Hong Nguyen",
"Tien Anh Mai"
] |
Poster
|
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) has garnered significant attention for its ability to learn effective policies from pre-collected datasets without the need for further environmental interactions. While promising results have been demonstrated in single-agent settings, offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) presents additional challenges due to the large joint state-action space and the complexity of multi-agent behaviors. A key issue in offline RL is the distributional shift, which arises when the target policy being optimized deviates from the behavior policy that generated the data. This problem is exacerbated in MARL due to the interdependence between agents' local policies and the expansive joint state-action space. Prior approaches have primarily addressed this challenge by incorporating regularization in the space of either Q-functions or policies. In this work, we propose a novel type of regularizer in the space of stationary distributions to address the distributional shift more effectively. Our algorithm, ComaDICE, provides a principled framework for offline cooperative MARL to correct the stationary distribution of the global policy, which is then leveraged to derive local policies for individual agents. Through extensive experiments on the offline multi-agent MuJoCo and StarCraft II benchmarks, we demonstrate that ComaDICE achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-art offline MARL methods across nearly all tasks.
|
Offline Reinforcement Learning, Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Stationary Distribution Correction Estimation
|
This paper introduces ComaDICE, a novel offline cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm that uses stationary distribution shift regularization to improve performance in complex environments like MuJoCo and StarCraft II.
| 14,042 |
2410.01954
|
[
-0.041922442615032196,
-0.04223010689020157,
-0.009166928008198738,
0.028168808668851852,
0.05508095771074295,
0.015111039392650127,
-0.012973586097359657,
0.017225084826350212,
-0.028972363099455833,
-0.04357152432203293,
-0.01606890559196472,
-0.0016329833306372166,
-0.08472442626953125,
-0.022461222484707832,
0.03466568514704704,
0.06727105379104614,
0.009206432849168777,
-0.00882881972938776,
-0.025331702083349228,
0.00009106779180001467,
-0.008778199553489685,
-0.0029205153696238995,
0.04043268412351608,
0.045606579631567,
-0.0016668514581397176,
0.005042934324592352,
0.053275588899850845,
0.02726479060947895,
-0.000009397293069923762,
-0.023017406463623047,
0.024790549650788307,
-0.017023548483848572,
0.031513478606939316,
-0.013319372199475765,
-0.0016500353813171387,
0.015137353911995888,
-0.02835795283317566,
0.026687724515795708,
0.0006063326727598906,
-0.01681683585047722,
-0.019884197041392326,
0.004393291659653187,
-0.003707971191033721,
-0.014946529641747475,
0.00394572876393795,
0.0308772511780262,
-0.06215720996260643,
0.020140130072832108,
0.0015440048882737756,
-0.06142228841781616,
-0.07530443370342255,
0.012097833678126335,
0.02292003482580185,
-0.015544832684099674,
-0.024981996044516563,
0.040806300938129425,
0.02726135402917862,
-0.07502106577157974,
-0.0006350853946059942,
-0.06085922196507454,
-0.02902773953974247,
0.018016522750258446,
0.03445417433977127,
0.004788958001881838,
-0.010106473229825497,
0.018804995343089104,
0.04516042396426201,
0.03758450970053673,
-0.022122954949736595,
-0.027148257941007614,
-0.053623612970113754,
-0.01133030280470848,
-0.02838253043591976,
-0.033233288675546646,
-0.0010906027164310217,
-0.03927990049123764,
0.02356984280049801,
0.011639622040092945,
0.050210002809762955,
-0.025526447221636772,
0.007820728234946728,
0.022809399291872978,
0.013878614641726017,
0.03503254055976868,
0.017879867926239967,
-0.011088596656918526,
-0.01973123848438263,
-0.02409699372947216,
-0.10895967483520508,
0.045070257037878036,
-0.04339949041604996,
-0.049625836312770844,
0.02173934318125248,
0.04406876862049103,
0.01217365451157093,
0.014235233888030052,
0.02667805552482605,
0.039628367871046066,
0.04003577679395676,
-0.015414780005812645,
-0.03816010430455208,
0.006253866944462061,
-0.03346259519457817,
-0.022044502198696136,
-0.10063061863183975,
0.005739791784435511,
0.010212383233010769,
-0.03764365240931511,
-0.029034318402409554,
0.0446409173309803,
-0.056007061153650284,
-0.01822676509618759,
0.007647919934242964,
-0.02405862882733345,
-0.0891464427113533,
0.04476279765367508,
0.024031490087509155,
0.04206622764468193,
0.0076688965782523155,
0.011722689494490623,
0.019027868285775185,
0.04027978703379631,
0.006381664425134659,
0.06760188937187195,
-0.016047783195972443,
-0.002689195331186056,
-0.0005774992168880999,
0.011100723408162594,
-0.017539817839860916,
-0.06127361208200455,
0.05800745263695717,
0.02251414582133293,
-0.011174826882779598,
-0.005392433609813452,
0.005818144418299198,
-0.002190492581576109,
-0.000823363836389035,
0.014888190664350986,
0.03778344765305519,
-0.004057344049215317,
-0.030833307653665543,
-0.022480254992842674,
0.07739605754613876,
-0.006352536380290985,
0.07586894184350967,
-0.022725306451320648,
-0.017241831868886948,
-0.05252859741449356,
-0.05961323529481888,
0.01162683218717575,
0.021190937608480453,
-0.0378536731004715,
-0.0008415924967266619,
-0.0426199808716774,
0.04205673933029175,
0.037550173699855804,
0.015875590965151787,
0.011751222424209118,
0.012062757275998592,
0.01713768020272255,
-0.005764455534517765,
0.033491380512714386,
-0.01186942309141159,
-0.0010218912502750754,
-0.00031117754406295717,
-0.08642228692770004,
0.0594879612326622,
0.01525068562477827,
-0.002109484514221549,
-0.021802645176649094,
-0.04939960315823555,
-0.0004707043990492821,
0.041772808879613876,
0.005734448321163654,
-0.006448629777878523,
-0.023667098954319954,
0.06687246263027191,
-0.011969797313213348,
0.019396409392356873,
-0.005638846196234226,
-0.08845742046833038,
0.028779782354831696,
-0.004309399984776974,
-0.02939329668879509,
0.0022382750175893307,
-0.019092855975031853,
0.061087775975465775,
-0.025678500533103943,
0.019238775596022606,
0.01266817282885313,
-0.05906051769852638,
0.0021899230778217316,
0.038230422884225845,
-0.0031571988947689533,
0.06379764527082443,
0.003221730701625347,
-0.027842095121741295,
0.03236649930477142,
0.026863420382142067,
0.036904048174619675,
-0.011237656697630882,
-0.018833152949810028,
0.030391709879040718,
0.0054876613430678844,
-0.01494805421680212,
0.016385894268751144,
0.039826225489377975,
-0.03772541880607605,
-0.017898062244057655,
0.014528737403452396,
-0.04933900013566017,
-0.010979211889207363,
-0.009714996442198753,
0.010940374806523323,
0.04484119638800621,
0.03405657783150673,
0.0048958794213831425,
-0.005418161861598492,
0.026179727166891098,
-0.05582623928785324,
0.025297313928604126,
0.0006406033062376082,
-0.06578390300273895,
0.013651145622134209,
-0.03199479356408119,
0.08801274001598358,
0.06996478885412216,
-0.0465676449239254,
0.0002413967449683696,
0.06882329285144806,
-0.01827985793352127,
-0.0006371782510541379,
0.03971423581242561,
-0.013888428919017315,
0.039432961493730545,
-0.032556094229221344,
-0.003419129876419902,
-0.05399712547659874,
0.058528997004032135,
-0.013308399356901646,
-0.025343704968690872,
0.06389632076025009,
0.011180282570421696,
0.06308507919311523,
0.003556618234142661,
0.01225294265896082,
0.035196930170059204,
-0.0038695831317454576,
-0.002197911264374852,
0.006176324561238289,
-0.03447399288415909,
-0.005242534447461367,
0.03555792570114136,
-0.032690081745386124,
-0.009843037463724613,
-0.06439373642206192,
-0.028102237731218338,
-0.018610656261444092,
0.057583510875701904,
0.027153896167874336,
0.03504106029868126,
0.03224268555641174,
-0.021308468654751778,
-0.021370133385062218,
-0.0072395955212414265,
-0.143947035074234,
-0.04570568725466728,
0.0373624712228775,
0.008666571229696274,
0.03484586998820305,
0.03091840259730816,
-0.027699993923306465,
0.05327453091740608,
-0.04766644909977913,
-0.042063601315021515,
0.0025529786944389343,
0.001767874462530017,
0.02774076722562313,
-0.012568438425660133,
-0.0312921367585659,
0.025251971557736397,
0.07547469437122345,
-0.0010261754505336285,
-0.02190433070063591,
0.005662606097757816,
-0.025678815320134163,
0.022176388651132584,
-0.03828124701976776,
-0.013781093992292881,
0.018869705498218536,
0.05630438029766083,
0.011197707615792751,
-0.040411803871393204,
0.011520668864250183,
0.019393594935536385,
0.049564559012651443,
0.03261672332882881,
0.040699735283851624,
0.006355095189064741,
0.03464081138372421,
-0.023675905540585518,
-0.003608978120610118,
-0.016059137880802155,
0.008410327136516571,
0.011058618314564228,
-0.0218476764857769,
0.017599528655409813,
0.026961777359247208,
-0.2577478885650635,
-0.019961023703217506,
0.00018720758089330047,
0.049147751182317734,
0.033462364226579666,
-0.01868833228945732,
0.04842868819832802,
-0.0316847525537014,
-0.0272985752671957,
-0.01170552521944046,
0.02973240055143833,
0.016075989231467247,
0.01931719295680523,
0.056071728467941284,
0.03872735798358917,
0.03117242082953453,
0.009427070617675781,
-0.002663037972524762,
0.016023900359869003,
0.024640211835503578,
-0.019256876781582832,
-0.07124713063240051,
-0.03135990351438522,
0.0022224702406674623,
0.005852281115949154,
0.04013204574584961,
-0.03576599806547165,
-0.01713520660996437,
-0.05533628538250923,
-0.01839911937713623,
-0.03657963499426842,
-0.00852192658931017,
-0.024391669780015945,
0.04521891474723816,
0.02745397575199604,
0.006304166745394468,
0.04982389509677887,
0.012026973068714142,
0.021198974922299385,
0.021237976849079132,
-0.006361968815326691,
0.0034141086507588625,
-0.0392206571996212,
0.01642768457531929,
0.036972399801015854,
0.06197346746921539,
-0.05970240756869316,
0.01420102920383215,
-0.03266539424657822,
0.04136580973863602,
0.02057550475001335,
-0.00812632404267788,
-0.0037666030693799257,
0.005146436393260956,
0.008699808269739151,
-0.05557975172996521,
-0.02225722186267376,
-0.025410417467355728,
-0.016790883615612984,
0.023559240624308586,
0.013983916491270065,
-0.04832413047552109,
-0.014048528857529163,
-0.032054077833890915,
0.035033002495765686,
-0.048106975853443146,
-0.028434904292225838,
-0.04846521466970444,
0.04312748461961746,
0.04133288562297821,
-0.011785113252699375,
-0.047060176730155945,
-0.04680829122662544,
-0.11047077924013138,
-0.013748286291956902,
-0.003235405310988426,
-0.020050590857863426,
-0.04383654519915581,
0.015460865572094917,
0.07755614072084427,
-0.03535657376050949,
-0.04688693955540657,
0.00041321548633277416,
0.011458377353847027,
0.007590554188936949,
-0.016473332419991493,
0.04908277466893196,
-0.042142268270254135,
-0.03793321177363396,
-0.0037272092886269093,
0.028903527185320854,
-0.01431333925575018,
0.022680122405290604,
0.005742124281823635,
0.0539410375058651,
0.04938884824514389,
0.01758001372218132,
0.030743641778826714,
0.011356210336089134,
0.0037064384669065475,
0.00435031671077013,
-0.08564887195825577,
-0.015341919846832752,
-0.041892167180776596,
-0.026473626494407654,
0.04310552030801773,
-0.02503100410103798,
-0.02458549477159977,
0.03589015454053879,
0.029137203469872475,
0.010491747409105301,
-0.03132481127977371,
0.005477749276906252,
0.0024860077537596226,
0.018423886969685555,
-0.020521342754364014,
-0.005757092498242855,
0.04484809935092926,
0.028831208124756813,
-0.005550256930291653,
-0.04575435072183609,
0.019252214580774307,
-0.036136776208877563,
0.003185003763064742,
-0.034492313861846924,
0.0025187921710312366,
0.008910882286727428,
-0.02304009720683098,
0.02241562120616436,
-0.036380834877491,
0.03310113400220871,
0.03722942993044853,
0.023073460906744003,
0.03878232464194298,
0.03601158782839775,
-0.013025830499827862,
-0.05274953320622444,
0.0030699518974870443,
0.0086392592638731,
-0.009403441101312637,
0.029291346669197083,
-0.016516542062163353,
0.031437382102012634,
0.041032224893569946,
0.010352284647524357,
0.00021010386990383267,
0.01752484031021595,
-0.001908596372231841,
0.02260400354862213,
-0.01778467744588852,
0.03415287286043167,
-0.0432831235229969,
0.02686840482056141,
-0.004700495395809412,
0.0006001851870678365,
-0.0733254924416542,
0.03496299684047699,
-0.018532980233430862,
0.015688683837652206,
-0.08086918294429779,
0.014422992244362831,
-0.013380036689341068,
-0.03346545994281769,
-0.00668602529913187,
0.01936875842511654,
0.07343534380197525,
-0.03627968579530716,
-0.025090619921684265,
0.01608571596443653,
0.01290135644376278,
0.00892641581594944,
-0.027720090001821518,
-0.008854980580508709,
-0.04365218058228493,
-0.057738423347473145,
-0.015637114644050598,
0.00799726601690054,
-0.06528273969888687,
-0.04344566911458969,
0.021335510537028313,
0.010160448029637337,
-0.014819354750216007,
-0.0008414427284151316,
-0.014837253838777542,
0.06683072447776794,
-0.02063240110874176,
0.025805052369832993,
-0.01227093581110239,
0.006729524582624435,
0.013835776597261429,
-0.007151555735617876,
0.06014930084347725,
-0.051845040172338486,
-0.038417086005210876,
-0.022700468078255653,
-0.02259671315550804,
0.025613225996494293,
0.017947304993867874,
-0.03622671216726303,
0.013681811280548573,
0.027224240824580193,
0.0042674425058066845,
-0.03465923294425011,
-0.020397109910845757,
0.018686728551983833,
-0.07062802463769913,
0.021951252594590187,
0.020266683772206306,
-0.017688937485218048,
0.03307927027344704,
-0.06188080459833145,
-0.036508332937955856,
-0.04448362812399864,
-0.0008206338388845325,
0.02069154754281044,
-0.028097113594412804,
-0.028338395059108734,
-0.03783761337399483,
-0.02899114228785038,
0.008017218671739101,
-0.004530586302280426,
-0.01425740122795105,
-0.004031133837997913,
-0.009693202562630177,
-0.015223889611661434,
0.06830301135778427,
-0.028674490749835968,
-0.029845131561160088,
0.04697336629033089,
0.0006008419441059232,
0.05710851401090622,
-0.03424413874745369,
0.007524901535362005,
0.007017404772341251,
-0.002473184373229742,
0.027126651257276535,
-0.02495793253183365,
0.030700530856847763,
-0.047491494566202164,
-0.03325681760907173,
-0.031522236764431,
0.02113555371761322,
-0.007573442533612251,
-0.026427941396832466,
0.005768741015344858,
0.007956241257488728,
0.01787133701145649,
0.005363532807677984,
0.034056127071380615,
0.0119303734973073,
0.027549559250473976,
-0.020321641117334366,
-0.05104117840528488,
-0.002929203910753131,
0.051352597773075104,
-0.017714066430926323,
-0.029256295412778854,
-0.03731241822242737,
-0.01050045620650053,
0.03849749267101288,
-0.03967367857694626,
-0.008785370737314224,
-0.05583817884325981,
-0.00775923952460289,
0.0069326674565672874,
-0.0059439996257424355,
0.036615896970033646,
-0.004421888384968042,
0.03642983362078667,
-0.06165354698896408,
0.022858794778585434,
-0.07170386612415314,
0.00950405839830637,
0.0821414366364479,
-0.019451849162578583,
0.032125141471624374,
0.028004538267850876,
-0.04424228519201279,
0.05317094549536705,
-0.041350215673446655,
-0.06144280731678009,
0.06203405186533928,
-0.04415329173207283,
-0.025897059589624405,
0.05452032387256622,
-0.05210059508681297,
-0.06527778506278992,
-0.004289669916033745,
-0.03146393969655037,
0.011945536360144615,
0.01593095436692238,
0.035148270428180695,
0.004038876388221979,
-0.015491127967834473,
-0.01089745108038187,
0.04498602822422981,
0.022907286882400513,
0.009513258934020996,
0.033803436905145645,
0.04080471023917198,
-0.04804601892828941,
0.06685628741979599,
0.04132750630378723,
0.018115201964974403,
-0.005259478464722633,
0.015599806793034077,
-0.02791663073003292,
-0.017461910843849182,
0.0356820710003376,
-0.0019218276720494032,
-0.001761691179126501,
-0.05858340486884117,
0.028691677376627922,
-0.003137015039101243,
-0.050650522112846375,
0.026615921407938004,
0.020596565678715706,
-0.08548153936862946,
-0.0079313600435853,
-0.0002846185234375298,
0.026419218629598618,
0.03224688768386841,
0.07469269633293152,
0.023134389892220497,
0.06559161841869354,
0.05132210999727249,
0.026130547747015953,
-0.01579037494957447,
0.025100117549300194,
0.06687357276678085,
0.0635060966014862,
0.0005936292582191527,
-0.028340674936771393,
0.05315466970205307,
-0.046381257474422455,
-0.06647594273090363,
0.06928033381700516,
0.020289532840251923,
-0.02939186617732048,
-0.059103939682245255,
0.01712520606815815,
0.07169213145971298,
0.00538336206227541,
0.0638134703040123,
-0.034309715032577515,
-0.03347382694482803,
0.05606374144554138,
-0.0018216626485809684,
-0.02499435283243656,
0.030491938814520836,
0.02191224694252014,
0.03774488717317581,
-0.017396319657564163,
-0.02301480993628502,
0.014064597897231579,
-0.01290671993046999,
0.03200085461139679,
0.00022260959667619318,
-0.012800538912415504,
0.012182618491351604,
0.020797111093997955,
0.0048035914078354836,
0.09778181463479996,
-0.047286950051784515,
-0.006433121860027313,
0.011190499179065228,
0.0009424428571946919,
0.002235080348327756,
-0.0022822662722319365,
0.00777246430516243,
-0.022380758076906204,
0.031049150973558426,
-0.02759568952023983,
0.04791664704680443,
0.02388344705104828,
0.02462823875248432,
0.022791903465986252,
-0.01605449803173542,
-0.022143300622701645,
-0.013227906078100204,
0.010541758500039577,
-0.02899155020713806,
-0.038136374205350876,
-0.02388184890151024,
-0.024892723187804222,
-0.06511354446411133,
-0.039929088205099106,
0.015682166442275047,
0.02628684602677822,
-0.0430888868868351,
0.046761173754930496,
-0.04535183683037758,
0.02078872174024582,
0.001196070108562708,
-0.060523297637701035,
-0.0017914936179295182,
0.044873788952827454,
0.0049276105128228664,
0.030702238902449608,
0.005142279900610447,
0.04779207706451416,
-0.01378694549202919,
-0.02821405977010727,
0.005842334590852261,
0.01967538893222809,
0.004605031572282314,
-0.021933065727353096,
0.002682572463527322,
-0.0833919420838356,
0.04843463376164436,
0.03369073197245598,
-0.03476519137620926,
-0.09780458360910416,
0.04868461191654205,
-0.034235015511512756,
0.019838055595755577,
0.09270576387643814,
-0.0038025111425668,
0.011488092131912708,
-0.03311358392238617,
0.03648550435900688,
0.015192174352705479,
0.009971506893634796,
0.01944238506257534,
-0.050774674862623215,
0.04034392163157463,
0.032084282487630844,
-0.045486610382795334,
-0.05589618906378746,
0.07065657526254654,
0.0023435617331415415,
-0.021765973418951035,
-0.026606006547808647,
-0.0060148355551064014,
0.014675897546112537,
-0.09100372344255447,
-0.031018055975437164,
0.07890398800373077,
-0.010640456341207027,
-0.044097982347011566,
-0.019388742744922638,
-0.01448060479015112,
0.006038402672857046,
-0.018114987760782242,
-0.04020335152745247,
-0.014785104431211948,
-0.04138358309864998,
-0.014130676165223122,
-0.03212941065430641,
0.025386374443769455,
-0.02975691482424736,
0.01899556629359722,
-0.012123147957026958,
-0.03862495720386505,
-0.007924721576273441,
-0.0117542315274477,
0.013094824738800526,
0.018887436017394066,
-0.003671032842248678,
0.003170182928442955
] |
235 |
Probabilistic Conformal Prediction with Approximate Conditional Validity
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Nfd7z9d6Bb
|
[
"Vincent Plassier",
"Alexander Fishkov",
"Mohsen Guizani",
"Maxim Panov",
"Eric Moulines"
] |
Poster
|
We develop a new method for generating prediction sets that combines the flexibility of conformal methods with an estimate of the conditional distribution $\textup{P}_{Y \mid X}$. Existing methods, such as conformalized quantile regression and probabilistic conformal prediction, usually provide only a marginal coverage guarantee. In contrast, our approach extends these frameworks to achieve approximately conditional coverage, which is crucial for many practical applications. Our prediction sets adapt to the behavior of the predictive distribution, making them effective even under high heteroscedasticity. While exact conditional guarantees are infeasible without assumptions on the underlying data distribution, we derive non-asymptotic bounds that depend on the total variation distance of the conditional distribution and its estimate. Using extensive simulations, we show that our method consistently outperforms existing approaches in terms of conditional coverage, leading to more reliable statistical inference in a variety of applications.
|
Conformal Prediction, Conditional coverage, Probabilistic method, Uncertainty Quantification
|
We introduce a method that effectively integrates conformal approaches with an estimate of the conditional distribution to ensure the approximate conditional validity.
| 14,036 |
2407.01794
|
[
-0.006372830364853144,
-0.029997168108820915,
0.017861394211649895,
0.023309020325541496,
0.06284859031438828,
0.024210773408412933,
0.007836420089006424,
-0.028079718351364136,
-0.016724135726690292,
-0.039106424897909164,
-0.0008705693762749434,
-0.005225218366831541,
-0.08656628429889679,
0.003693369450047612,
-0.01244379673153162,
0.06643016636371613,
0.041725147515535355,
-0.007540603168308735,
0.009167656302452087,
0.025823725387454033,
-0.00825207307934761,
-0.041796278208494186,
-0.001293605542741716,
0.003771541640162468,
0.045802850276231766,
-0.04262248054146767,
0.043194424360990524,
-0.004161881748586893,
-0.03050137683749199,
-0.007101221010088921,
0.008252130821347237,
0.032834336161613464,
-0.02561155892908573,
-0.024031726643443108,
-0.01409407239407301,
0.04244111850857735,
-0.0018324839184060693,
0.029282916337251663,
-0.03131411597132683,
0.010721005499362946,
-0.033661920577287674,
0.007448170334100723,
0.001344591728411615,
0.04057196155190468,
-0.05520700663328171,
-0.009559527970850468,
-0.054418422281742096,
0.043146077543497086,
0.00465447548776865,
-0.04492825269699097,
-0.06256960332393646,
0.04188637062907219,
-0.01826728880405426,
0.004390383139252663,
0.02081979811191559,
0.045277874916791916,
0.05870254337787628,
-0.04395253583788872,
-0.02353566139936447,
-0.0632687658071518,
-0.05499133840203285,
0.02075347863137722,
0.017895830795168877,
0.0013949418207630515,
-0.02195162884891033,
-0.013319502584636211,
-0.0016700687119737267,
0.038206081837415695,
-0.027649693191051483,
-0.03858969360589981,
-0.03904874995350838,
-0.008120541460812092,
0.023785874247550964,
-0.02617242932319641,
0.031920500099658966,
-0.030078886076807976,
-0.024495994672179222,
0.024854237213730812,
0.06900547444820404,
-0.033671364188194275,
0.03181469812989235,
-0.02222711779177189,
0.02834799885749817,
0.014779803343117237,
0.019564373418688774,
0.007147654425352812,
-0.023082150146365166,
-0.02209358848631382,
-0.07415855675935745,
0.07171500474214554,
-0.005791243631392717,
-0.023450041189789772,
0.022321078926324844,
0.006804738659411669,
-0.03619673475623131,
0.009722515940666199,
0.03002222441136837,
0.021579071879386902,
0.024910105392336845,
-0.029956256970763206,
-0.03495537489652634,
-0.015003172680735588,
-0.0003373133367858827,
-0.026292432099580765,
-0.11973998695611954,
-0.038618672639131546,
-0.023331090807914734,
-0.007198893930763006,
-0.01095671858638525,
-0.0034334748052060604,
-0.06109700724482536,
0.02719421684741974,
0.023878227919340134,
0.0015166380908340216,
-0.08598939329385757,
0.03210736811161041,
-0.02662087231874466,
-0.00030877513927407563,
0.009843706153333187,
-0.039838988333940506,
0.051488906145095825,
0.04069231450557709,
-0.02312304824590683,
0.0778755247592926,
-0.023170437663793564,
0.03202654793858528,
0.017665931954979897,
0.014455435797572136,
-0.022894354537129402,
-0.033680301159620285,
0.0021507390774786472,
0.03270040452480316,
0.023103779181838036,
-0.009858713485300541,
0.020033080130815506,
-0.015644995495676994,
-0.011150759644806385,
-0.004556844010949135,
0.031247807666659355,
0.01154398825019598,
0.018391098827123642,
-0.03647182509303093,
0.04510859027504921,
-0.009830373339354992,
0.06436129659414291,
-0.031195683404803276,
-0.008288757875561714,
-0.030265800654888153,
-0.058161020278930664,
0.02356768772006035,
0.026637261733412743,
0.007738665211945772,
0.0038966829888522625,
-0.05795866996049881,
0.012785338796675205,
-0.005077100358903408,
0.041354384273290634,
0.016550976783037186,
-0.01597863808274269,
-0.03519793972373009,
0.04219748452305794,
0.04401474818587303,
-0.01134024653583765,
0.0004522205563262105,
0.009532625786960125,
-0.049104783684015274,
0.08344787359237671,
0.03683101758360863,
-0.03619696944952011,
0.007333668880164623,
-0.03266119956970215,
-0.014796593226492405,
0.05343373864889145,
0.052969999611377716,
0.01741190254688263,
-0.0324319563806057,
0.06592442840337753,
-0.01556661818176508,
0.034379128366708755,
0.006800259929150343,
-0.09133409708738327,
0.025477975606918335,
0.04299774393439293,
-0.01222910825163126,
0.027427811175584793,
-0.024132927879691124,
0.08760352432727814,
-0.022101571783423424,
0.004523460753262043,
0.014497590251266956,
-0.06860387325286865,
-0.02197081968188286,
0.043006230145692825,
-0.043632373213768005,
0.06827782839536667,
0.026771998032927513,
-0.010776124894618988,
0.021438956260681152,
0.028217483311891556,
0.007058140356093645,
-0.004064834676682949,
0.0010213598143309355,
0.05011317506432533,
-0.014717081561684608,
-0.0498947948217392,
0.004194688517600298,
0.040014367550611496,
-0.035698629915714264,
-0.02096782810986042,
0.026736080646514893,
-0.00204197084531188,
0.00062214070931077,
0.0029898302163928747,
-0.013751668855547905,
0.002908073365688324,
-0.00788459274917841,
-0.0020044685807079077,
0.0006278704386204481,
0.004108424764126539,
-0.039070118218660355,
0.030469508841633797,
0.04120926931500435,
-0.012828981503844261,
0.006965313572436571,
-0.006370932329446077,
0.09884463250637054,
0.10945720225572586,
-0.02671748213469982,
-0.009522337466478348,
0.03839336708188057,
-0.0021872769575566053,
0.003257391508668661,
0.041571058332920074,
-0.029033461585640907,
0.04354405030608177,
0.0038657935801893473,
0.01351388543844223,
-0.04307029768824577,
0.042268864810466766,
-0.051862139254808426,
0.006836303975433111,
0.0700698122382164,
0.011552251875400543,
0.06645454466342926,
-0.023330286145210266,
-0.0004525466065388173,
0.047331374138593674,
-0.004068267531692982,
-0.06224801763892174,
-0.025032300502061844,
-0.05142870917916298,
-0.010396868921816349,
0.008730335161089897,
0.01507734227925539,
-0.030349239706993103,
-0.03990016132593155,
-0.002007649978622794,
0.02416655607521534,
0.05018477886915207,
0.05492962524294853,
0.019938994199037552,
-0.018096541985869408,
0.03929032385349274,
-0.04162001237273216,
-0.017065782099962234,
-0.12921729683876038,
-0.04698672518134117,
-0.017455613240599632,
0.06463996320962906,
0.037482570856809616,
0.050899382680654526,
0.007599832955747843,
0.015062721446156502,
-0.014201715588569641,
-0.013025563210248947,
-0.0008599090506322682,
0.016159966588020325,
0.03671341761946678,
-0.04004557430744171,
0.01355116255581379,
0.035013798624277115,
0.07741864025592804,
0.001406801282428205,
-0.040243182331323624,
-0.014375532045960426,
-0.03326018154621124,
-0.020936116576194763,
-0.060187846422195435,
0.007626247126609087,
0.0165871474891901,
-0.011283818632364273,
0.04206022992730141,
-0.025557348504662514,
0.004879198037087917,
0.03114200569689274,
0.03341080620884895,
0.025651751086115837,
0.007422006223350763,
-0.004180517978966236,
-0.0004133397596888244,
-0.018520699813961983,
-0.014534618705511093,
-0.00027138000587001443,
0.015344482846558094,
0.006598844658583403,
0.012961618602275848,
-0.0008006278076209128,
0.017063500359654427,
-0.26009514927864075,
-0.006020703352987766,
0.029024656862020493,
-0.025849053636193275,
0.03443541005253792,
-0.0323796272277832,
0.06496398150920868,
-0.022764472290873528,
-0.017762985080480576,
0.010349861346185207,
0.007609441876411438,
0.04128888249397278,
-0.030573610216379166,
0.06621583551168442,
0.04765389487147331,
0.016428975388407707,
0.029142845422029495,
0.02851349115371704,
0.04609847441315651,
-0.0005362313822843134,
0.021955406293272972,
-0.06479005515575409,
-0.006294241175055504,
0.0008183987811207771,
-0.014532660134136677,
0.0176981333643198,
-0.062312107533216476,
0.010263541713356972,
-0.056037429720163345,
-0.002470950596034527,
-0.02060837298631668,
-0.04741298407316208,
-0.009345363825559616,
0.05618743970990181,
0.007930057123303413,
0.02855018898844719,
0.022915450856089592,
-0.013728873804211617,
-0.005488748662173748,
0.05154690518975258,
0.024968823418021202,
0.02755626104772091,
-0.019590245559811592,
0.009624055586755276,
0.07392185181379318,
0.012860569171607494,
-0.0184894148260355,
0.0013712523505091667,
-0.010569104924798012,
0.011875906027853489,
0.012874053791165352,
0.0007642610580660403,
-0.01775183156132698,
-0.019996194168925285,
-0.036310337483882904,
-0.013052538968622684,
-0.00574621232226491,
-0.0319211520254612,
-0.054570522159338,
0.032119911164045334,
-0.01004605833441019,
-0.06250863522291183,
0.005822774022817612,
-0.016610218212008476,
-0.010960003361105919,
-0.03434329852461815,
-0.0891978070139885,
-0.07484694570302963,
0.042984116822481155,
0.02065974287688732,
0.010726206004619598,
0.0021402856800705194,
0.0037447777576744556,
-0.07912777364253998,
0.03681357577443123,
-0.0060085030272603035,
0.015263193286955357,
-0.01219556201249361,
0.01437344029545784,
0.0034306172747164965,
-0.026451662182807922,
-0.039258986711502075,
0.013859869912266731,
0.03622416406869888,
0.03125256672501564,
-0.012148645706474781,
-0.0028201350942254066,
-0.010190332308411598,
-0.05949130281805992,
-0.04790136218070984,
0.03204948827624321,
-0.024525057524442673,
0.035375721752643585,
-0.005564763676375151,
0.037960149347782135,
0.023084338754415512,
0.025806011632084846,
0.0734252780675888,
0.02379762940108776,
-0.009055876173079014,
0.005186005029827356,
-0.09775756299495697,
-0.006324586924165487,
-0.07284119725227356,
-0.03749293088912964,
0.011960698291659355,
-0.05936925858259201,
-0.01520957238972187,
0.03026791475713253,
-0.028655774891376495,
0.005217447876930237,
-0.003658770816400647,
0.0056883590295910835,
-0.005148138850927353,
0.015074202790856361,
-0.011823136359453201,
0.006192236673086882,
0.016269609332084656,
0.0478549525141716,
0.0010329848155379295,
-0.019660308957099915,
0.01134862657636404,
-0.04663696885108948,
-0.005901137366890907,
-0.029863273724913597,
-0.012208491563796997,
0.026220722123980522,
0.015097667463123798,
-0.017502594739198685,
-0.026108812540769577,
0.020228302106261253,
0.047860804945230484,
0.006440118420869112,
0.0015822721179574728,
0.05288319289684296,
0.04181262478232384,
-0.03389991447329521,
-0.021111229434609413,
0.032181039452552795,
-0.00008697459998074919,
0.008709720335900784,
0.019135035574436188,
0.03984268382191658,
0.01669342815876007,
0.004610610194504261,
-0.008803047239780426,
0.019283343106508255,
0.01258817408233881,
-0.00571453245356679,
-0.018732521682977676,
0.02479982003569603,
0.023622505366802216,
0.021192483603954315,
-0.019224992021918297,
-0.019895637407898903,
0.025498133152723312,
0.04300976172089577,
-0.011965482495725155,
0.029889658093452454,
-0.086556576192379,
0.05321803316473961,
0.008112606592476368,
-0.05500655621290207,
-0.002943208906799555,
0.04994035139679909,
0.06324797868728638,
-0.05290611833333969,
-0.0035415473394095898,
0.00723735336214304,
0.05058090761303902,
0.03627079725265503,
-0.03644956648349762,
-0.00014332392311189324,
-0.01879708468914032,
-0.02550853230059147,
0.0320308655500412,
-0.0008292322745546699,
-0.019037608057260513,
-0.021359121426939964,
0.0026667213533073664,
0.027513382956385612,
-0.015396873466670513,
-0.030352311208844185,
0.02548815868794918,
0.03155617043375969,
-0.016810856759548187,
-0.017256777733564377,
0.011606755666434765,
-0.03753535449504852,
0.05806552618741989,
-0.01298859715461731,
0.00017641841259319335,
-0.03277024254202843,
-0.055628325790166855,
-0.015197688713669777,
-0.0590306781232357,
-0.00450885808095336,
0.009631470777094364,
-0.024195006117224693,
0.00166667765006423,
-0.01096422504633665,
-0.0033811130560934544,
-0.04389243945479393,
-0.009512984193861485,
0.03254488483071327,
-0.06894040107727051,
0.021688463166356087,
0.046404145658016205,
-0.048634812235832214,
0.012780724093317986,
-0.05970052257180214,
-0.05962562561035156,
-0.036737024784088135,
0.01963576301932335,
-0.008059852756559849,
-0.04428819194436073,
-0.0215360838919878,
-0.007036034017801285,
0.018123595044016838,
-0.023660458624362946,
0.029774030670523643,
-0.015861444175243378,
0.02139205113053322,
-0.022971156984567642,
0.03322678804397583,
0.05119197815656662,
-0.02796016074717045,
-0.04609435051679611,
0.021251164376735687,
-0.040415629744529724,
0.002794309053570032,
-0.04240637645125389,
0.0010017980821430683,
0.05661380663514137,
-0.02952020801603794,
0.002926817862316966,
-0.05327730253338814,
0.014415341429412365,
0.002203797921538353,
-0.02036963775753975,
-0.01134630385786295,
-0.005502669606357813,
-0.009281666949391365,
-0.015146265737712383,
0.00018985771748702973,
0.02045508474111557,
0.01576702669262886,
0.0046835956163704395,
0.01162346825003624,
0.02094130963087082,
0.01352661568671465,
0.0073285833932459354,
-0.08010048419237137,
-0.016103819012641907,
0.047772366553545,
0.019069388508796692,
-0.014548231847584248,
-0.07312441617250443,
-0.019815700128674507,
0.02304505743086338,
-0.03208049386739731,
0.0090287234634161,
-0.006698077078908682,
0.007925291545689106,
0.03343046456575394,
0.062578946352005,
0.016834495589137077,
-0.015215559862554073,
0.0584307536482811,
-0.07065340876579285,
-0.011808162555098534,
-0.044199276715517044,
0.024269025772809982,
0.03777170926332474,
-0.0105311069637537,
-0.003307764185592532,
0.012822842225432396,
-0.02623240277171135,
0.02162645198404789,
-0.034474264830350876,
-0.04590485617518425,
0.006281550973653793,
-0.0346752293407917,
-0.013651693239808083,
0.04325549677014351,
-0.039500948041677475,
0.003187870606780052,
-0.02856403961777687,
-0.07365494221448898,
0.000971483183093369,
0.021240243688225746,
0.03476228564977646,
-0.028931502252817154,
-0.02350449375808239,
-0.026421014219522476,
0.03760839253664017,
0.05591742321848869,
0.07677854597568512,
0.03320177644491196,
0.024156183004379272,
-0.01438971795141697,
0.08018797636032104,
0.03144604712724686,
-0.0026762462221086025,
-0.015041094273328781,
0.02658722922205925,
-0.012896573171019554,
-0.07529851794242859,
0.023391956463456154,
-0.0025992337614297867,
-0.026321467012166977,
-0.04675767943263054,
0.05372761934995651,
0.030091216787695885,
-0.06254620105028152,
-0.02262606844305992,
-0.010553225874900818,
-0.04385431855916977,
0.01795852929353714,
-0.007707186043262482,
-0.002601458691060543,
0.010001013986766338,
0.08792432397603989,
-0.0058454303070902824,
0.02694018930196762,
0.05546111240983009,
0.022761614993214607,
0.016705892980098724,
-0.03864322602748871,
0.08452571928501129,
0.0780695304274559,
0.045457642525434494,
-0.005861219484359026,
0.06313598155975342,
-0.06876425445079803,
-0.05185483396053314,
-0.010370216332376003,
-0.008236339315772057,
-0.017301542684435844,
-0.026576198637485504,
0.018119778484106064,
0.059156473726034164,
0.03713399916887283,
0.07455635815858841,
-0.03350694477558136,
0.009379034861922264,
0.017756130546331406,
0.02169591747224331,
0.011122909374535084,
0.03128502517938614,
0.03051384910941124,
-0.005578444804996252,
-0.024887697771191597,
-0.008615003898739815,
0.00838030781596899,
-0.04010452330112457,
0.02925368770956993,
-0.008693329989910126,
-0.032190315425395966,
0.0024935645051300526,
-0.020090200006961823,
0.014194157905876637,
0.0779942199587822,
-0.05375932529568672,
-0.03903681039810181,
0.029147854074835777,
0.02799464575946331,
0.019464394077658653,
0.0447402261197567,
0.022981932386755943,
-0.007873911410570145,
0.002571518998593092,
-0.0435715913772583,
0.04787779971957207,
0.005119361449033022,
0.00903861504048109,
0.0013514470774680376,
-0.010660124942660332,
-0.016522446647286415,
0.0371580645442009,
-0.006533359177410603,
-0.03203292191028595,
-0.06522120535373688,
-0.004631776828318834,
-0.040054235607385635,
-0.05525221675634384,
-0.05616837739944458,
-0.03488772734999657,
-0.014334308914840221,
-0.008248173631727695,
0.02495817095041275,
-0.05164635553956032,
0.043861307203769684,
0.016045764088630676,
-0.05159764364361763,
-0.00010207157174590975,
0.04716271162033081,
-0.00877164863049984,
0.026172980666160583,
0.014243457466363907,
0.04016803950071335,
0.004706817213445902,
-0.025865016505122185,
0.03032980114221573,
0.024395652115345,
0.043995391577482224,
-0.01666385494172573,
0.016921961680054665,
-0.08871635049581528,
0.016375267878174782,
0.0027002475690096617,
-0.015078717842698097,
-0.08435385674238205,
0.04632449150085449,
-0.04873798415064812,
0.009469281882047653,
0.025001373142004013,
0.012482685968279839,
0.02243376523256302,
-0.03922818601131439,
-0.022024452686309814,
-0.027648979797959328,
-0.002334881341084838,
0.04156903550028801,
-0.020983906462788582,
0.05096307024359703,
0.03608154505491257,
-0.024613050743937492,
-0.03478225693106651,
0.06065095588564873,
-0.026581227779388428,
0.01968986727297306,
-0.04795587807893753,
-0.02466862089931965,
-0.02628893218934536,
-0.10076466202735901,
-0.005011617671698332,
0.009368482045829296,
-0.008123468607664108,
-0.03500267490744591,
-0.012559466063976288,
-0.014934149570763111,
0.016478631645441055,
-0.0007171439356170595,
0.0028890976682305336,
0.018872758373618126,
-0.07110200822353363,
-0.018491027876734734,
-0.06512171030044556,
0.026333320885896683,
-0.02381461299955845,
0.004490699619054794,
-0.0011003261897712946,
-0.06563255190849304,
-0.011694488115608692,
-0.06842022389173508,
0.026439936831593513,
0.03020208701491356,
0.026910118758678436,
-0.04770102724432945
] |
236 |
Rethinking Neural Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization via Neat Weight Embedding
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=GM7cmQfk2F
|
[
"Jinbiao Chen",
"Zhiguang Cao",
"Jiahai Wang",
"Yaoxin Wu",
"Hanzhang Qin",
"Zizhen Zhang",
"Yue-Jiao Gong"
] |
Poster
|
Recent decomposition-based neural multi-objective combinatorial optimization (MOCO) methods struggle to achieve desirable performance. Even equipped with complex learning techniques, they often suffer from significant optimality gaps in weight-specific subproblems. To address this challenge, we propose a neat weight embedding method to learn weight-specific representations, which captures weight-instance interaction for the subproblems and was overlooked by most current methods. We demonstrate the potentials of our method in two instantiations. First, we introduce a succinct addition model to learn weight-specific node embeddings, which surpassed most existing neural methods. Second, we design an enhanced conditional attention model to simultaneously learn the weight embedding and node embeddings, which yielded new state-of-the-art performance. Experimental results on classic MOCO problems verified the superiority of our method. Remarkably, our method also exhibits favorable generalization performance across problem sizes, even outperforming the neural method specialized for boosting size generalization.
|
Neural Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization, Weight Embedding, Conditional Attention
|
We propose a neat weight embedding method for neural multi-objective combinatorial optimization
| 14,028 | null |
[
-0.045013368129730225,
-0.026684828102588654,
0.025840753689408302,
0.04122033342719078,
0.03867455571889877,
0.060633666813373566,
-0.017269780859351158,
-0.02584603615105152,
-0.036729127168655396,
-0.032392360270023346,
-0.021254952996969223,
0.014004441909492016,
-0.06935051828622818,
-0.008203979581594467,
-0.03045663610100746,
0.026982693001627922,
0.05440494418144226,
0.010736898519098759,
0.0018909679492935538,
0.02034224383533001,
0.014377828687429428,
-0.0335453599691391,
0.025729911401867867,
0.019956322386860847,
0.027256065979599953,
-0.0032844748347997665,
0.027493083849549294,
-0.011140317656099796,
-0.025489889085292816,
-0.009931705892086029,
0.02000630646944046,
0.007190215867012739,
0.03438372164964676,
-0.033133599907159805,
0.010956898331642151,
0.010985435917973518,
-0.03026469610631466,
0.006166539620608091,
0.018300700932741165,
0.010684959590435028,
-0.05468978360295296,
0.010737540200352669,
0.003476511687040329,
0.03944380581378937,
-0.06039111316204071,
0.0611853189766407,
-0.09390806406736374,
-0.012141791172325611,
-0.0029821484349668026,
-0.04970452934503555,
-0.09532473236322403,
0.04683573916554451,
0.004443041514605284,
-0.017686035484075546,
0.007684615906327963,
0.04117386415600777,
0.034119900315999985,
-0.06297992169857025,
-0.019475886598229408,
-0.07015036791563034,
-0.05410965532064438,
0.0469793938100338,
-0.002953423885628581,
0.027858885005116463,
-0.010328564792871475,
0.0013079409254714847,
-0.005266996566206217,
0.03918314352631569,
-0.050231751054525375,
0.006543735042214394,
-0.022047683596611023,
-0.028760144487023354,
0.022185208275914192,
0.010116761550307274,
0.015083911828696728,
-0.040972936898469925,
0.009467272087931633,
0.022958913818001747,
0.02584708109498024,
0.01721409521996975,
0.026190679520368576,
0.027272162958979607,
0.007828583009541035,
0.03794923052191734,
0.03555307909846306,
0.006240462884306908,
-0.0549720823764801,
-0.048183221369981766,
-0.08754236996173859,
0.04593387618660927,
-0.027737073600292206,
-0.02992410585284233,
0.020908502861857414,
0.038642022758722305,
0.005211681127548218,
-0.01071750558912754,
0.02900112234055996,
-0.022207753732800484,
0.014086994342505932,
0.012182306498289108,
0.00305544794537127,
-0.01903463341295719,
0.018067656084895134,
-0.018226105719804764,
-0.10597613453865051,
-0.03849448636174202,
-0.0021538680884987116,
-0.006115273106843233,
0.01571044512093067,
-0.02449979819357395,
-0.07497674226760864,
-0.015970779582858086,
0.024867495521903038,
-0.019517483189702034,
-0.0822320207953453,
0.024615829810500145,
-0.020407993346452713,
0.009829205460846424,
-0.03691742941737175,
0.006957252509891987,
0.029669519513845444,
0.04095188155770302,
-0.003331312909722328,
0.062056850641965866,
-0.005918748211115599,
0.0040061213076114655,
0.03881935402750969,
0.07317188382148743,
-0.02124319225549698,
-0.0401621013879776,
0.0053871688432991505,
0.027124740183353424,
0.0020177464466542006,
-0.009308001026511192,
-0.004027949180454016,
-0.026810577139258385,
-0.013253544457256794,
0.004508511628955603,
0.03219654783606529,
0.00015985489881131798,
-0.03404250368475914,
-0.033124085515737534,
0.07540148496627808,
-0.019630830734968185,
0.07178046554327011,
-0.04634854570031166,
-0.010477032512426376,
-0.012034655548632145,
-0.03401613608002663,
-0.009158148430287838,
0.007267172448337078,
-0.01071613747626543,
-0.009474112652242184,
-0.06412742286920547,
0.020085107535123825,
0.07478142529726028,
0.007943167351186275,
0.015054511837661266,
-0.007581515237689018,
0.021295076236128807,
0.0068673016503453255,
-0.03105044551193714,
-0.024350272491574287,
0.014779464341700077,
-0.03959425911307335,
-0.054089128971099854,
0.06244510039687157,
0.04916423186659813,
-0.04743911698460579,
0.004256655927747488,
-0.03903571888804436,
-0.06586902588605881,
0.048884451389312744,
0.022858189418911934,
-0.027945907786488533,
-0.021257760003209114,
0.08726819604635239,
-0.006920283194631338,
0.04347905144095421,
0.036952100694179535,
-0.08037449419498444,
0.031314149498939514,
0.018127022311091423,
-0.003557315794751048,
-0.0019917285535484552,
-0.006025997921824455,
0.053755130618810654,
-0.033179644495248795,
0.026330111548304558,
0.01036901120096445,
-0.06007695943117142,
-0.01842690445482731,
0.015052936039865017,
-0.03836406394839287,
0.05586475878953934,
0.02570546418428421,
-0.033684320747852325,
0.0033107304479926825,
-0.00874004140496254,
0.03735087439417839,
0.05306384339928627,
-0.028984054923057556,
0.02324061468243599,
-0.007757924497127533,
-0.0740291178226471,
0.005875261500477791,
0.05067336931824684,
-0.031034143641591072,
-0.06288636475801468,
0.018228719010949135,
-0.011521331034600735,
-0.009290565736591816,
-0.01823858544230461,
-0.00809736829251051,
0.02201109193265438,
-0.007094651460647583,
0.018328050151467323,
0.030604133382439613,
0.024010660126805305,
-0.04660583287477493,
0.025171952322125435,
0.02708280272781849,
-0.023391548544168472,
0.019633824005723,
-0.02288188971579075,
0.09768630564212799,
0.05581694468855858,
-0.05415797606110573,
0.007492833770811558,
0.01918356865644455,
0.008583791553974152,
0.042655687779188156,
0.004371948540210724,
0.01554394792765379,
0.018798142671585083,
-0.00948554277420044,
-0.009366798214614391,
-0.01744612492620945,
0.05239121988415718,
-0.06880014389753342,
-0.01820988394320011,
0.08077996969223022,
-0.024173114448785782,
0.06632643193006516,
0.015496029518544674,
0.016864459961652756,
0.022112537175416946,
0.013853723183274269,
-0.024815648794174194,
-0.01850055158138275,
-0.013244313187897205,
0.024925824254751205,
0.009431056678295135,
0.01890779659152031,
0.020324453711509705,
-0.0638616755604744,
-0.019969027489423752,
-0.008047560229897499,
0.0860600471496582,
0.05109356343746185,
0.009361248463392258,
0.028219671919941902,
0.0008296291925944388,
-0.04442014917731285,
-0.021851472556591034,
-0.10107587277889252,
-0.04227517172694206,
0.009333091787993908,
0.07136747986078262,
-0.003414652543142438,
0.04261083900928497,
-0.0020133971702307463,
0.028094235807657242,
-0.04717215150594711,
-0.04086778685450554,
-0.009653828106820583,
0.03205958381295204,
-0.005300414282828569,
-0.012222439050674438,
-0.04804837703704834,
-0.0045364112593233585,
0.06928834319114685,
-0.018406661227345467,
-0.019229605793952942,
-0.01518065482378006,
-0.033472828567028046,
-0.012881065718829632,
-0.04728349298238754,
-0.0034158038906753063,
0.03171800822019577,
0.029309267178177834,
0.03138398006558418,
-0.03497984632849693,
0.03566376119852066,
0.03390750661492348,
0.045667681843042374,
0.060319386422634125,
0.02402261458337307,
-0.013379154726862907,
0.02005445398390293,
0.009350698441267014,
0.026217911392450333,
-0.008804314769804478,
0.00792163610458374,
-0.01518549956381321,
0.013800561428070068,
0.03251434117555618,
0.011899412609636784,
-0.282572865486145,
-0.019361238926649094,
0.016129521653056145,
0.021073786541819572,
0.022302722558379173,
-0.022226521745324135,
0.019337566569447517,
-0.016893045976758003,
-0.0102546950802207,
-0.022164497524499893,
0.0037737891543656588,
0.01995311677455902,
0.019790716469287872,
0.021364590153098106,
0.04727012291550636,
0.03256971761584282,
0.016201023012399673,
-0.020075425505638123,
-0.0028879616875201464,
0.02922280877828598,
-0.031207215040922165,
-0.07254857569932938,
-0.01158930454403162,
0.03840670362114906,
-0.016204409301280975,
0.06509732455015182,
-0.08128572255373001,
-0.008979675360023975,
-0.023906748741865158,
-0.015897946432232857,
-0.017287349328398705,
-0.02120586670935154,
-0.017338711768388748,
0.02595445141196251,
0.04141608998179436,
-0.008248447440564632,
0.029701510444283485,
-0.05699613690376282,
0.010495556518435478,
0.04421020671725273,
0.010794077068567276,
-0.023796701803803444,
-0.04485173895955086,
-0.008470126427710056,
0.06610407680273056,
0.0012850452912971377,
-0.02341422066092491,
-0.02076837047934532,
-0.007637992966920137,
0.016560863703489304,
0.04204731434583664,
-0.01493122149258852,
-0.01809644140303135,
0.0317271426320076,
-0.004970192443579435,
-0.008814476430416107,
-0.006568029057234526,
0.0021436228416860104,
0.003104541916400194,
0.01937815360724926,
-0.0005441518733277917,
-0.04027645289897919,
-0.012427045032382011,
-0.028962628915905952,
-0.023246517404913902,
-0.010013044811785221,
-0.0615558922290802,
-0.07205092161893845,
0.03807932138442993,
0.03724290430545807,
0.011533395387232304,
0.01725979894399643,
-0.012252525426447392,
-0.09369318187236786,
0.015288306400179863,
0.01766910031437874,
-0.02184099517762661,
0.007917269133031368,
-0.020776519551873207,
0.04975716769695282,
-0.02559080719947815,
-0.05749375373125076,
0.03775126859545708,
0.02658883109688759,
0.017020106315612793,
-0.01978405751287937,
0.02310139127075672,
-0.010693184100091457,
-0.011634500697255135,
-0.029248716309666634,
0.00824187882244587,
0.060322415083646774,
0.0840560793876648,
-0.016089515760540962,
0.06316766887903214,
0.03274073079228401,
0.042945243418216705,
0.03589640557765961,
0.03593569993972778,
0.01182823907583952,
0.016873447224497795,
-0.0822642371058464,
-0.02483479306101799,
-0.01377721969038248,
-0.060646988451480865,
0.010804042220115662,
-0.0448526069521904,
-0.018763167783617973,
0.06290895491838455,
-0.002594554331153631,
-0.019004426896572113,
-0.06312193721532822,
-0.0054336474277079105,
-0.020937127992510796,
-0.005604243837296963,
-0.01711518131196499,
0.0069944108836352825,
0.02583933062851429,
0.024204982444643974,
0.012737265788018703,
-0.013137992471456528,
0.06640300899744034,
-0.012539120391011238,
0.009413979016244411,
-0.024390045553445816,
-0.025364182889461517,
-0.006238348316401243,
-0.02299795113503933,
0.002450719242915511,
-0.007557441480457783,
0.03417211398482323,
0.03838706389069557,
-0.0011432553874328732,
0.01950489915907383,
0.037652309983968735,
-0.011228686198592186,
-0.016260186210274696,
-0.03564753010869026,
0.03720616549253464,
-0.03193379566073418,
0.0351860411465168,
0.013219758868217468,
0.009949215687811375,
0.02293757162988186,
0.039727941155433655,
0.03701014444231987,
-0.00881840381771326,
-0.014595831744372845,
-0.02765638753771782,
0.009187848307192326,
0.003507091663777828,
-0.07387655973434448,
-0.014912751503288746,
-0.040952540934085846,
0.019348032772541046,
0.009833729825913906,
0.03793935477733612,
-0.026581671088933945,
0.04508477821946144,
-0.05253870412707329,
0.05469070374965668,
0.007542088162153959,
-0.004946449305862188,
-0.010326788760721684,
0.019605904817581177,
0.04952725023031235,
-0.00531828822568059,
-0.01426745019853115,
-0.017661454156041145,
0.02088196575641632,
0.008876587264239788,
-0.025342512875795364,
-0.05495697259902954,
-0.02097969502210617,
-0.008917161263525486,
-0.011662434786558151,
0.0283448975533247,
-0.018026743084192276,
-0.018481750041246414,
0.03978345915675163,
-0.021468540653586388,
-0.043118916451931,
0.0009396073874086142,
-0.023582547903060913,
0.0810098871588707,
-0.015776164829730988,
-0.006307883188128471,
-0.0020346243400126696,
-0.02408357337117195,
0.03226874768733978,
-0.02218112349510193,
0.000921627099160105,
-0.03403876721858978,
-0.028174977749586105,
-0.014838330447673798,
-0.01632896065711975,
0.0023709158413112164,
0.03648047149181366,
-0.035497214645147324,
-0.026275450363755226,
-0.023199254646897316,
0.0032765676733106375,
-0.03887121379375458,
-0.009747575968503952,
0.046496156603097916,
-0.0918709933757782,
0.005202418193221092,
0.023504365235567093,
0.0006639125058427453,
0.02161772921681404,
-0.01685556210577488,
-0.04044467955827713,
-0.0432315468788147,
-0.014075357466936111,
0.0378122515976429,
-0.018213501200079918,
-0.027885740622878075,
0.012327970936894417,
-0.008725849911570549,
-0.018839895725250244,
0.012228883802890778,
-0.003341503208503127,
0.0032375541049987078,
-0.05932869762182236,
0.0010950451251119375,
0.05374283343553543,
-0.015168853104114532,
-0.041217174381017685,
-0.015573783777654171,
-0.021520111709833145,
0.013345889747142792,
-0.058865636587142944,
-0.007453938014805317,
0.060229718685150146,
0.006742643192410469,
0.017637167125940323,
-0.029422443360090256,
0.03287597373127937,
0.009389111772179604,
-0.017167240381240845,
-0.008713074959814548,
-0.00021445899619720876,
-0.043149568140506744,
0.0033604344353079796,
-0.007319544441998005,
0.05468490347266197,
0.020630940794944763,
0.015836473554372787,
-0.0015238769119605422,
-0.024144234135746956,
0.018480533733963966,
0.00021538558939937502,
-0.06244075670838356,
-0.01680096425116062,
0.07499586790800095,
-0.020827293395996094,
-0.04071813449263573,
-0.03756928816437721,
-0.011843333952128887,
-0.00319839408621192,
-0.04600859805941582,
0.08166300505399704,
-0.008778213523328304,
0.05552853271365166,
0.02834927849471569,
0.05024043098092079,
-0.0003097410954069346,
-0.024047590792179108,
0.0180839654058218,
-0.06383261829614639,
0.028734277933835983,
-0.057992979884147644,
-0.02475670725107193,
0.07133005559444427,
-0.011616958305239677,
0.029528286308050156,
-0.004858979489654303,
-0.0270526222884655,
0.023741988465189934,
-0.012624215334653854,
-0.041889023035764694,
0.006616309285163879,
-0.05223057046532631,
0.020374054089188576,
0.03374210745096207,
-0.050573933869600296,
-0.03329947218298912,
0.006684513296931982,
-0.030683906748890877,
0.003152759512886405,
-0.006905033718794584,
0.04546709731221199,
0.0045461393892765045,
-0.004341952037066221,
0.004071328788995743,
-0.0013778029242530465,
0.03558855503797531,
0.05459604784846306,
0.01003691740334034,
0.0033962768502533436,
-0.03920172527432442,
0.03590179979801178,
0.022500840947031975,
0.0071159303188323975,
-0.019209308549761772,
0.05229884386062622,
-0.014511178247630596,
-0.05564996600151062,
0.031367018818855286,
0.007427552714943886,
-0.01788773201406002,
-0.05957774072885513,
0.061555225402116776,
0.02896668203175068,
-0.03175513818860054,
-0.019623015075922012,
0.01722618192434311,
-0.06741253286600113,
0.0320952869951725,
0.014602810144424438,
-0.0030598980374634266,
-0.020544379949569702,
0.08789344131946564,
0.018093371763825417,
0.043354496359825134,
0.0715656653046608,
-0.009725932963192463,
-0.010868500918149948,
-0.0036029554903507233,
0.07011884450912476,
0.050861239433288574,
0.05180516093969345,
-0.01064852811396122,
0.050866272300481796,
-0.02599017694592476,
-0.02190825715661049,
-0.008761857636272907,
0.027305573225021362,
-0.04834001511335373,
-0.016914889216423035,
-0.005257556680589914,
0.058446865528821945,
-0.0008687807130627334,
0.0767667144536972,
-0.03021163120865822,
-0.007893698289990425,
0.04250994697213173,
-0.009370697662234306,
-0.015378300100564957,
0.04358278959989548,
0.01111835427582264,
0.059129346162080765,
-0.03859664499759674,
-0.005647641606628895,
-0.009704209864139557,
0.01761307567358017,
-0.00394557137042284,
0.024918464943766594,
-0.027834387496113777,
0.04675060510635376,
0.0167681984603405,
0.030676692724227905,
0.10658728331327438,
-0.04235611483454704,
-0.04703067988157272,
-0.0001372503611491993,
0.028795398771762848,
-0.0032942816615104675,
0.01196963619440794,
0.01207937765866518,
-0.017029570415616035,
-0.022340470924973488,
-0.014602205716073513,
0.030021019279956818,
0.021267563104629517,
0.048250604420900345,
0.01620207354426384,
-0.030239617452025414,
-0.018733231350779533,
0.002949949586763978,
0.04765130952000618,
-0.030113153159618378,
-0.03233250230550766,
-0.03029712289571762,
-0.06256259977817535,
-0.05383558198809624,
-0.06235586479306221,
0.021198678761720657,
0.02159562148153782,
-0.013012923300266266,
0.01881151832640171,
-0.004818606190383434,
0.014798198826611042,
0.044564541429281235,
-0.05453406274318695,
0.02114298567175865,
0.023825841024518013,
0.019881391897797585,
0.0075673009268939495,
0.020163655281066895,
0.021992594003677368,
-0.015086584724485874,
0.00012919683649670333,
0.07383716106414795,
0.014884215779602528,
0.009081410244107246,
-0.026287615299224854,
-0.004556443076580763,
-0.08901344984769821,
0.004036750644445419,
-0.005224205553531647,
-0.05138813704252243,
-0.08677498251199722,
0.010523868724703789,
0.004308697767555714,
0.019729269668459892,
0.06837309151887894,
-0.020840512588620186,
0.0024504936300218105,
-0.035305455327034,
-0.016933603212237358,
-0.017395788803696632,
-0.004309673793613911,
0.03611478582024574,
-0.0304852407425642,
0.04335588216781616,
0.008358224295079708,
-0.033556580543518066,
-0.03496508672833443,
0.033394139260053635,
-0.04009724780917168,
-0.013021945022046566,
-0.024230370298027992,
-0.030343949794769287,
-0.03721347823739052,
-0.10207880288362503,
-0.008541382849216461,
0.011071431450545788,
-0.0016421179752796888,
-0.042502518743276596,
-0.003196829231455922,
-0.013057098723948002,
-0.0018591367406770587,
0.00824153982102871,
-0.025725318118929863,
-0.011440838687121868,
-0.02605452947318554,
-0.014072556979954243,
-0.09181182831525803,
0.05316266417503357,
-0.023202456533908844,
0.008853976614773273,
-0.0403129868209362,
-0.05468786507844925,
0.00033082463778555393,
0.0005228599184192717,
0.0421275869011879,
0.026387860998511314,
0.036227576434612274,
0.0020300832111388445
] |
237 |
Robust Root Cause Diagnosis using In-Distribution Interventions
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=l11DZY5Nxu
|
[
"Lokesh Nagalapatti",
"Ashutosh Srivastava",
"Sunita Sarawagi",
"Amit Sharma"
] |
Poster
|
Diagnosing the root cause of an anomaly in a complex interconnected system is
a pressing problem in today’s cloud services and industrial operations. We propose In-Distribution Interventions (IDI), a novel algorithm that predicts root cause
as nodes that meet two criteria: 1) Anomaly: root cause nodes should take on
anomalous values; 2) Fix: had the root cause nodes assumed usual values, the
target node would not have been anomalous. Prior methods of assessing the fix
condition rely on counterfactuals inferred from a Structural Causal Model (SCM)
trained on historical data. But since anomalies are rare and fall outside the training distribution, the fitted SCMs yield unreliable counterfactual estimates. IDI
overcomes this by relying on interventional estimates obtained by solely probing the fitted SCM at in-distribution inputs. We present a theoretical analysis
comparing and bounding the errors in assessing the fix condition using interventional and counterfactual estimates. We then conduct experiments by systematically varying the SCM’s complexity to demonstrate the cases where IDI’s interventional approach outperforms the counterfactual approach and vice versa.
Experiments on both synthetic and PetShop RCD benchmark datasets demonstrate that IDI consistently identifies true root causes more accurately and robustly than nine existing state-of-the-art RCD baselines. Code will be released
at https://github.com/nlokeshiisc/IDI_release.
|
Root Cause Diagnosis, Causal Inference, Interventional RCD
|
Identifying root cause of anomalies using interventions rather than counterfactuals estimated from a learned SCM
| 14,022 | null |
[
-0.0266676414757967,
-0.014830606058239937,
-0.03044712170958519,
0.028775852173566818,
0.07618743926286697,
0.014779358170926571,
0.04030724987387657,
-0.013039514422416687,
-0.011979380622506142,
-0.03222421929240227,
0.02113422192633152,
-0.015481231734156609,
-0.062407877296209335,
0.013305557891726494,
-0.01697654463350773,
0.060352642089128494,
0.017821747809648514,
-0.033082522451877594,
0.010803841054439545,
0.03148701414465904,
-0.00903805810958147,
-0.04159480333328247,
0.012028771452605724,
0.029422296211123466,
0.012914740480482578,
-0.0012019339483231306,
0.0305960550904274,
-0.007586234714835882,
-0.048008352518081665,
-0.011678021401166916,
0.02279205434024334,
0.012315420433878899,
0.022954553365707397,
-0.055474601686000824,
0.0052991388365626335,
0.045250073075294495,
-0.04642590135335922,
0.0013050654670223594,
-0.032328274101018906,
-0.008510773070156574,
-0.025313762947916985,
0.004731372464448214,
-0.03915823623538017,
-0.012229026295244694,
-0.042699992656707764,
0.0011669149389490485,
-0.12065621465444565,
0.07299770414829254,
0.037020839750766754,
-0.0012628691038116813,
-0.11028002947568893,
0.022051824256777763,
-0.00653900858014822,
-0.005921920761466026,
0.0021428202744573355,
0.052760232239961624,
0.05795581266283989,
-0.06320887804031372,
-0.00576590932905674,
-0.0705476924777031,
-0.043715693056583405,
0.012733183801174164,
0.015557242557406425,
-0.006963323801755905,
0.026786325499415398,
-0.046553537249565125,
0.0018533760448917747,
0.03847145289182663,
-0.028034072369337082,
-0.04466994106769562,
-0.024130163714289665,
0.009460873901844025,
0.0045541501604020596,
0.003400604473426938,
-0.006877077743411064,
-0.037638816982507706,
0.006139135919511318,
-0.00784217193722725,
0.08016708493232727,
0.0024924755562096834,
0.008001674897968769,
-0.015729252249002457,
0.005600783042609692,
0.021992096677422523,
0.02573617920279503,
-0.03904005512595177,
-0.009939087554812431,
-0.02442326955497265,
-0.034188006073236465,
0.02668026089668274,
0.024009620770812035,
-0.04670807719230652,
0.04258429631590843,
0.0505506731569767,
0.007207383867353201,
0.0017754931468516588,
0.012630129233002663,
0.010466114617884159,
-0.007567836903035641,
-0.024188311770558357,
0.0007047625840641558,
-0.008824116550385952,
-0.03266771510243416,
0.041310396045446396,
-0.09512645751237869,
-0.029015660285949707,
-0.01790839619934559,
-0.0280293058604002,
-0.052289482206106186,
-0.013013812713325024,
-0.0619908943772316,
0.04532395675778389,
-0.005556833930313587,
-0.014074991457164288,
-0.119183249771595,
0.06194273754954338,
0.0003351193736307323,
0.016438065096735954,
0.03149394690990448,
-0.027642030268907547,
0.05338936299085617,
0.039550356566905975,
0.006795824971050024,
0.07631643861532211,
-0.008066304959356785,
0.016398955136537552,
0.010075841099023819,
0.01417098194360733,
-0.020732449367642403,
-0.0144127756357193,
0.006887288764119148,
0.03050592727959156,
0.014308670535683632,
-0.043320946395397186,
0.005143489222973585,
0.013531509786844254,
0.012292377650737762,
0.044853780418634415,
0.031519580632448196,
0.007015939336270094,
0.019772646948695183,
-0.03325945883989334,
0.03578481078147888,
-0.045852549374103546,
0.047311171889305115,
0.012634318321943283,
0.0018325508572161198,
-0.024274548515677452,
-0.01535431481897831,
0.002446321304887533,
-0.0004704896127805114,
0.017214370891451836,
0.0004552305326797068,
-0.06920483708381653,
0.037695322185754776,
0.05470576882362366,
0.01781569980084896,
-0.009940960444509983,
-0.0042777229100465775,
-0.0021202312782406807,
0.012227663770318031,
-0.00804070569574833,
-0.01064914371818304,
0.003149846103042364,
0.013474684208631516,
-0.050583574920892715,
0.03673696145415306,
0.01196061260998249,
-0.0305689238011837,
0.008569476194679737,
-0.04863028973340988,
-0.039178382605314255,
0.06259600073099136,
0.000873568351380527,
0.021627409383654594,
-0.0059610893949866295,
0.05170422047376633,
-0.015999549999833107,
0.00415513850748539,
0.03963688760995865,
-0.07839585095643997,
0.05972037836909294,
0.0005948914331384003,
-0.0053738076239824295,
-0.011080247350037098,
0.004219174850732088,
0.0813937783241272,
-0.024679701775312424,
0.048802219331264496,
0.009943132288753986,
-0.09932328760623932,
-0.04655934497714043,
0.03072934038937092,
-0.015440534800291061,
0.06039329618215561,
0.058150243014097214,
-0.027216888964176178,
0.009970002807676792,
0.008177429437637329,
0.007820376195013523,
0.026724059134721756,
-0.014075997285544872,
0.018956920132040977,
-0.016688764095306396,
-0.04023054242134094,
-0.00029992504278197885,
0.04023485258221626,
-0.046626150608062744,
-0.042773518711328506,
0.004070281516760588,
-0.0436665304005146,
-0.018046947196125984,
0.0059970710426568985,
-0.020871227607131004,
0.05149422958493233,
-0.010448804125189781,
-0.019008321687579155,
0.010348977521061897,
0.01453044731169939,
-0.026490040123462677,
0.05010325834155083,
0.0006870916113257408,
0.007691674400120974,
0.021180763840675354,
-0.013645841740071774,
0.08311500400304794,
0.07877621054649353,
-0.018202416598796844,
0.008282788097858429,
0.0475204735994339,
-0.009778367355465889,
-0.019084511324763298,
-0.001980109605938196,
-0.046283259987831116,
0.004914797376841307,
0.016198357567191124,
-0.0006826213793829083,
-0.039780184626579285,
0.0543271005153656,
-0.01849343627691269,
0.020869718864560127,
0.06374355405569077,
-0.0662112757563591,
0.07473806291818619,
0.0044737812131643295,
0.022207219153642654,
0.014047488570213318,
0.019268792122602463,
-0.048341263085603714,
-0.013966399244964123,
-0.03304746374487877,
0.015884576365351677,
0.03022918850183487,
-0.04501371830701828,
0.0033998782746493816,
-0.03210242837667465,
0.032665450125932693,
0.039905864745378494,
0.04937531054019928,
0.05649176612496376,
-0.017913836985826492,
0.01678585633635521,
-0.002429125364869833,
-0.0319472961127758,
0.020186202600598335,
-0.10727402567863464,
-0.04292191565036774,
0.04792092368006706,
0.05025067552924156,
-0.013876781798899174,
0.054271481931209564,
-0.05347760021686554,
0.01302220020443201,
-0.002748907310888171,
0.0007378212176263332,
-0.015396268106997013,
0.01779947243630886,
0.022624438628554344,
-0.039594706147909164,
0.018101640045642853,
0.011861611157655716,
0.064806267619133,
-0.02396552823483944,
-0.0014471589820459485,
-0.026736944913864136,
-0.022196078673005104,
-0.02332518994808197,
-0.02367379702627659,
-0.033192846924066544,
0.028480548411607742,
-0.004629363771528006,
-0.0058922795578837395,
-0.011972038075327873,
0.02455744333565235,
0.037828925997018814,
0.07613568007946014,
0.0016892545390874147,
0.030302276834845543,
-0.011219827458262444,
0.012789331376552582,
0.006677789613604546,
0.028430551290512085,
-0.02111092396080494,
0.02103465236723423,
-0.024797728285193443,
0.007815785706043243,
-0.005144657101482153,
-0.0031673109624534845,
-0.28779780864715576,
0.0011858349898830056,
0.014879437163472176,
0.010432449169456959,
0.032929372042417526,
-0.00640855822712183,
0.05219979211688042,
-0.024046730250120163,
-0.03525785356760025,
0.01108503621071577,
0.03392646089196205,
0.017882656306028366,
0.049121204763650894,
0.0447198711335659,
0.012975835241377354,
0.020621050149202347,
0.01445392519235611,
-0.01665407419204712,
0.005605284124612808,
0.02653871662914753,
0.0030569026712328196,
-0.05960971117019653,
-0.029840432107448578,
-0.026144910603761673,
-0.01780608668923378,
0.034394461661577225,
-0.07076943665742874,
0.061683088541030884,
-0.049965523183345795,
-0.005017529241740704,
-0.025891147553920746,
-0.02987607568502426,
-0.03351350128650665,
0.005186151247471571,
0.021670784801244736,
-0.017194710671901703,
-0.0030224653892219067,
0.0029093308839946985,
0.006501351948827505,
0.025014081969857216,
-0.0160206388682127,
-0.014953836798667908,
0.03362959995865822,
-0.003239081706851721,
0.05403642728924751,
0.007091940846294165,
-0.03221467137336731,
-0.025158336386084557,
-0.020278658717870712,
0.04616289585828781,
0.011776705272495747,
-0.007825767621397972,
-0.01783439703285694,
-0.023719949647784233,
-0.013811278156936169,
-0.01654408499598503,
-0.04551013559103012,
-0.0007622098783031106,
-0.019624002277851105,
0.02808348461985588,
0.011545010842382908,
-0.026446787640452385,
0.012956323102116585,
-0.03952788561582565,
-0.015009267255663872,
-0.02374858222901821,
-0.05886644124984741,
-0.0821911171078682,
0.04558407887816429,
0.019537631422281265,
0.0034327770117670298,
0.03547443076968193,
0.017597727477550507,
-0.10925553739070892,
0.01934579759836197,
-0.013387039303779602,
-0.01520420890301466,
-0.03235634043812752,
-0.009875457733869553,
-0.002408637199550867,
-0.034274835139513016,
-0.017821140587329865,
-0.03898332640528679,
0.00936165265738964,
-0.005209755152463913,
0.013073772192001343,
0.011042950674891472,
-0.03406175598502159,
-0.03930814191699028,
-0.006665393710136414,
0.027940062806010246,
-0.004241507034748793,
0.019969392567873,
0.02986413985490799,
0.049067795276641846,
0.06372281163930893,
0.02781965583562851,
0.05962720885872841,
0.033526234328746796,
0.029037320986390114,
0.023577766492962837,
-0.08810153603553772,
0.008095847442746162,
-0.07161562144756317,
-0.018074367195367813,
0.030709974467754364,
-0.028344716876745224,
-0.02101723849773407,
0.013869394548237324,
-0.026310289278626442,
0.0069997734390199184,
-0.05288834869861603,
0.011298238299787045,
-0.04355546459555626,
0.030755124986171722,
0.019922589883208275,
-0.009098516777157784,
0.0007749467622488737,
0.05799573287367821,
-0.03625737503170967,
0.003170325653627515,
0.025642836466431618,
-0.01787157915532589,
0.007943907752633095,
0.006699186749756336,
0.0006374511285685003,
-0.024847345426678658,
0.019276393577456474,
0.05740104988217354,
-0.034871164709329605,
0.037471652030944824,
0.017233356833457947,
0.03855554386973381,
0.047288037836551666,
0.02345045655965805,
-0.01636708900332451,
-0.024627842009067535,
-0.002012084936723113,
0.0031380360014736652,
-0.031538695096969604,
0.03425257280468941,
0.009093666449189186,
0.03324146941304207,
0.009008643217384815,
0.042598288506269455,
-0.013935789465904236,
0.0005261793849058449,
0.007459926884621382,
0.014277169480919838,
-0.04630737006664276,
0.02511618472635746,
-0.037331052124500275,
0.01780054345726967,
-0.0340893529355526,
-0.03044673055410385,
0.00009959517774404958,
0.06319864839315414,
-0.028281867504119873,
-0.029812688007950783,
-0.07020364701747894,
0.06035039201378822,
-0.025872983038425446,
-0.025916725397109985,
0.005735046695917845,
0.020940063521265984,
0.0548606775701046,
-0.009173920378088951,
-0.017731938511133194,
0.01046568714082241,
0.0029127795714884996,
-0.012809895910322666,
-0.016296761110424995,
-0.057710278779268265,
-0.007653024513274431,
-0.01735750027000904,
0.008837316185235977,
0.0064720576629042625,
-0.025835899636149406,
-0.02316826954483986,
0.01219472847878933,
0.0018347043078392744,
-0.040824465453624725,
-0.02089088037610054,
0.02509537898004055,
0.06572044640779495,
-0.014321803115308285,
0.002786007709801197,
-0.012863526120781898,
0.006155962124466896,
0.03336084261536598,
-0.004208108875900507,
0.02158038131892681,
-0.015881408005952835,
-0.0013825312489643693,
-0.005736161954700947,
-0.054723381996154785,
0.029470570385456085,
0.0011843654792755842,
0.005879739299416542,
0.0009763396810740232,
-0.024136468768119812,
0.013737417757511139,
-0.016864638775587082,
-0.008297478780150414,
0.033738747239112854,
-0.06259317696094513,
-0.01309284009039402,
0.037970513105392456,
-0.006119736470282078,
0.06457690894603729,
-0.03915339335799217,
-0.0571802593767643,
-0.0718197301030159,
0.017815278843045235,
0.03380134701728821,
-0.037705834954977036,
-0.006368768401443958,
-0.02029392309486866,
0.0010267517063766718,
0.0011703253258019686,
-0.01570638082921505,
0.01249774917960167,
0.026750031858682632,
-0.002751024905592203,
0.027050510048866272,
0.05259514972567558,
0.0022540956269949675,
-0.03628646209836006,
0.004691673442721367,
-0.003497855272144079,
-0.009966174140572548,
-0.025036901235580444,
0.020619479939341545,
0.03261740133166313,
0.0051194773986935616,
0.009428034536540508,
-0.014606867916882038,
0.02385450154542923,
-0.021517209708690643,
-0.041171595454216,
-0.04741830378770828,
-0.012414030730724335,
0.0041068485006690025,
-0.03414614498615265,
0.027369186282157898,
0.00440360838547349,
-0.008033466525375843,
-0.011014209128916264,
0.011469061486423016,
0.026730969548225403,
0.022046871483325958,
0.029189852997660637,
-0.056243542581796646,
-0.014822996221482754,
0.0727284848690033,
-0.03848828747868538,
-0.02239093743264675,
-0.09825259447097778,
-0.01594455912709236,
0.014525506645441055,
0.007760263979434967,
0.0074436357244849205,
0.0017188424244523048,
0.029867611825466156,
0.030944528058171272,
0.036684054881334305,
-0.034829359501600266,
-0.018685126677155495,
0.050445862114429474,
-0.07986185699701309,
-0.009779737330973148,
-0.06296846270561218,
0.050642117857933044,
0.01878127083182335,
-0.08396139740943909,
0.02103525586426258,
0.030650122091174126,
0.0005322126671671867,
0.013609536923468113,
-0.014784438535571098,
-0.04122994467616081,
0.0033631795085966587,
-0.021607041358947754,
-0.009662005119025707,
0.009767829440534115,
-0.01619865745306015,
-0.027960531413555145,
0.01343462523072958,
-0.013645872473716736,
0.05018920451402664,
0.008758715353906155,
0.0632764920592308,
0.00006707527791149914,
0.015211718156933784,
-0.040783707052469254,
-0.0035201464779675007,
-0.00024310949083883315,
0.06927522271871567,
0.01198724377900362,
0.03868290036916733,
-0.03794582188129425,
0.06656571477651596,
0.04707842692732811,
0.012462395243346691,
-0.0007892100838944316,
-0.0010181512916460633,
-0.03333334997296333,
-0.0488002747297287,
0.06862788647413254,
-0.03722221031785011,
-0.002196667017415166,
-0.04812011495232582,
0.055696021765470505,
0.02026829868555069,
-0.05548255890607834,
-0.004331918898969889,
0.007989334873855114,
-0.012634039856493473,
-0.0009320469689555466,
0.020880822092294693,
-0.025109658017754555,
0.02615208923816681,
0.07867296040058136,
-0.04648555815219879,
0.06835530698299408,
0.05563347786664963,
0.012254326604306698,
0.04025046154856682,
-0.011506912298500538,
0.05498277023434639,
0.09141263365745544,
0.0498625673353672,
0.018329214304685593,
0.0691220611333847,
-0.03532122075557709,
-0.01891237311065197,
-0.019459011033177376,
-0.014014843851327896,
-0.027994975447654724,
-0.021469151601195335,
0.02132389321923256,
0.09065720438957214,
0.03561379760503769,
0.09838061034679413,
-0.019598618149757385,
0.0358617790043354,
0.022114185616374016,
0.036004096269607544,
0.018049508333206177,
0.025202495977282524,
0.016761666163802147,
0.016370326280593872,
-0.02060805633664131,
-0.011799837462604046,
-0.012917873449623585,
-0.03114045411348343,
0.011111069470643997,
0.02785700000822544,
-0.003969903104007244,
0.007252211216837168,
-0.001604554825462401,
-0.0006841541617177427,
0.08551103621721268,
-0.02625279314815998,
0.008688188157975674,
0.016795137897133827,
0.04197077080607414,
-0.0035029524005949497,
0.04957010596990585,
-0.019216198474168777,
-0.006232809275388718,
-0.007353432476520538,
-0.034599464386701584,
-0.016569053754210472,
0.035947442054748535,
-0.015914930030703545,
0.02401348017156124,
-0.028815647587180138,
-0.03557845950126648,
0.03467681631445885,
0.007241508457809687,
-0.011843535117805004,
-0.05139071121811867,
-0.023795928806066513,
-0.034754328429698944,
-0.05998462811112404,
-0.040840815752744675,
0.039777301251888275,
-0.014395225793123245,
0.01331719383597374,
0.007250948343425989,
-0.017563631758093834,
0.010679628700017929,
0.013021251186728477,
-0.054518792778253555,
0.003170143812894821,
0.030263608321547508,
0.000017188294805237092,
-0.008894565515220165,
0.018938887864351273,
-0.005599592812359333,
-0.02197304368019104,
-0.02787752076983452,
0.002934432355687022,
0.013619478791952133,
0.025499816983938217,
-0.003947857767343521,
-0.014374924823641777,
-0.09708694368600845,
0.016953380778431892,
0.029809651896357536,
-0.019586555659770966,
-0.08417843282222748,
0.025321369990706444,
-0.02580835297703743,
-0.007807866670191288,
0.08390854299068451,
-0.03391866758465767,
-0.004107245244085789,
-0.004627670161426067,
-0.03500188887119293,
0.0031667558941990137,
0.026603415608406067,
0.03665006905794144,
-0.02528470940887928,
0.05181514099240303,
0.06377126276493073,
-0.026893887668848038,
-0.03272537887096405,
0.07435379922389984,
-0.028147239238023758,
-0.04518942907452583,
-0.030650323256850243,
-0.013940570876002312,
-0.01857759803533554,
-0.0913529247045517,
0.00668698875233531,
-0.012993528507649899,
-0.02076871134340763,
-0.041535377502441406,
0.0016904687508940697,
-0.029953734949231148,
-0.02451743558049202,
-0.05785464867949486,
-0.013669396750628948,
0.03286789357662201,
-0.0690663531422615,
-0.05982823297381401,
-0.05585325509309769,
-0.019837841391563416,
0.0033188241068273783,
-0.006246656179428101,
-0.047177109867334366,
-0.06711745262145996,
0.016548868268728256,
-0.030215026810765266,
0.013811344280838966,
0.0007355196867138147,
0.027666110545396805,
-0.028822055086493492
] |
238 |
Boosting Neural Combinatorial Optimization for Large-Scale Vehicle Routing Problems
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=TbTJJNjumY
|
[
"Fu Luo",
"Xi Lin",
"Yaoxin Wu",
"Zhenkun Wang",
"Tong Xialiang",
"Mingxuan Yuan",
"Qingfu Zhang"
] |
Poster
|
Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) methods have exhibited promising performance in solving Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). However, most NCO methods rely on the conventional self-attention mechanism that induces excessive computational complexity, thereby struggling to contend with large-scale VRPs and hindering their practical applicability. In this paper, we propose a lightweight cross-attention mechanism with linear complexity, by which a Transformer network is developed to learn efficient and favorable solutions for large-scale VRPs. We also propose a Self-Improved Training (SIT) algorithm that enables direct model training on large-scale VRP instances, bypassing extensive computational overhead for attaining labels. By iterating solution reconstruction, the Transformer network itself can generate improved partial solutions as pseudo-labels to guide the model training. Experimental results on the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) with up to 100K nodes indicate that our method consistently achieves superior performance for synthetic and real-world benchmarks, significantly boosting the scalability of NCO methods.
|
Neural Combinatorial Optimization, Large-Scale Vehicle Routing Problem
| null | 14,013 | null |
[
-0.018857141956686974,
-0.044361814856529236,
-0.00555088184773922,
0.05519489943981171,
0.018575366586446762,
0.0571305938065052,
-0.0016515242168679833,
0.02189459837973118,
-0.03343222662806511,
-0.037931889295578,
-0.0073438407853245735,
-0.0004524040559772402,
-0.05839028209447861,
0.01723116636276245,
-0.028110435232520103,
0.05664001405239105,
0.01745341345667839,
0.009257087484002113,
-0.00010777834540931508,
0.010641934350132942,
-0.002607569098472595,
-0.02435714192688465,
0.04826570674777031,
0.028010882437229156,
0.021973824128508568,
-0.023026060312986374,
0.006743535399436951,
0.03462652117013931,
-0.018660740926861763,
-0.014532412402331829,
0.018422754481434822,
-0.027657071128487587,
0.036348458379507065,
-0.020942119881510735,
0.026839399710297585,
-0.02643771469593048,
-0.02744227461516857,
-0.07274040579795837,
0.012231769040226936,
-0.00887273158878088,
-0.036638423800468445,
0.013394990935921669,
-0.037873003631830215,
0.004341969266533852,
-0.02511775679886341,
0.028462952002882957,
-0.06196657568216324,
0.004341174848377705,
0.007539365906268358,
-0.06336580961942673,
-0.08701777458190918,
0.037553343921899796,
0.002728947438299656,
-0.0026040133088827133,
0.005722053814679384,
0.047356344759464264,
0.03800734505057335,
-0.053010910749435425,
-0.0030787780415266752,
-0.07738808542490005,
-0.0250434260815382,
0.048932116478681564,
0.024790149182081223,
0.031085511669516563,
0.0000757540256017819,
-0.026335302740335464,
-0.009639134630560875,
0.07953442633152008,
-0.04260222986340523,
-0.009777601808309555,
-0.0501667782664299,
-0.020110413432121277,
0.030714234337210655,
0.02300966903567314,
-0.0198518019169569,
-0.02117074467241764,
-0.0007268526242114604,
0.02124779298901558,
0.023709570989012718,
0.010740932077169418,
0.01664016954600811,
0.017888987436890602,
-0.004261080641299486,
0.031260255724191666,
0.034633323550224304,
0.010905141942203045,
-0.03944006189703941,
-0.039472535252571106,
-0.0853269025683403,
0.02589694783091545,
-0.010661794804036617,
-0.02581135183572769,
-0.011871404014527798,
0.04088405892252922,
0.03693370893597603,
0.014722725376486778,
0.005167573224753141,
0.01399696059525013,
-0.00020044631673954427,
0.011369368992745876,
0.001962460810318589,
-0.023697374388575554,
0.020039847120642662,
-0.0011960540432482958,
-0.10251905024051666,
-0.025383293628692627,
0.021374216303229332,
-0.017424145713448524,
0.03067820891737938,
-0.00578483659774065,
-0.06093642860651016,
-0.02495948225259781,
-0.016860034316778183,
-0.00335845653899014,
-0.07778359204530716,
0.0412370041012764,
-0.028145501390099525,
0.010893234051764011,
-0.01339926477521658,
-0.0060682399198412895,
0.040498897433280945,
0.04613015055656433,
-0.022447582334280014,
0.05581989511847496,
-0.025041112676262856,
0.013009067624807358,
0.022572046145796776,
0.038178183138370514,
-0.01453000120818615,
-0.030531954020261765,
-0.011579195037484169,
0.03308354690670967,
-0.0025386889465153217,
-0.0028015400748699903,
-0.01250562071800232,
-0.013315724208950996,
-0.005965678486973047,
0.04358937218785286,
0.04456891492009163,
-0.03060917928814888,
-0.032933637499809265,
-0.000006417930308089126,
0.10622666031122208,
-0.013810775242745876,
0.0742977038025856,
-0.018622970208525658,
-0.0010248926701024175,
-0.027041638270020485,
-0.0677439421415329,
-0.0000643530729576014,
-0.005949448328465223,
0.0008335121092386544,
-0.013474691659212112,
-0.08016087114810944,
0.03291492164134979,
0.04925347864627838,
0.037079181522130966,
0.02891809493303299,
-0.013138232752680779,
-0.022680306807160378,
0.020739056169986725,
0.015847431495785713,
-0.049021340906620026,
0.00868482980877161,
-0.04036598280072212,
-0.04750668630003929,
0.026761002838611603,
0.04302266612648964,
-0.04508955404162407,
-0.001098206383176148,
-0.02363818883895874,
-0.0561857633292675,
0.04077829420566559,
-0.007068737875670195,
0.01284043863415718,
-0.009786690585315228,
0.07711409777402878,
-0.0316389724612236,
0.030905069783329964,
0.025145618245005608,
-0.07619470357894897,
0.06825865060091019,
0.014280430972576141,
0.003440345171838999,
-0.0016653153579682112,
-0.016314944252371788,
0.0521080456674099,
0.001061928109265864,
-0.00932446401566267,
0.017839018255472183,
-0.05639280378818512,
-0.04588601738214493,
-0.0023646880872547626,
-0.022168738767504692,
0.06532057374715805,
0.023553602397441864,
-0.024632705375552177,
0.01459327433258295,
0.014130511321127415,
0.06697648763656616,
0.05156949162483215,
-0.0033545056357979774,
0.022504519671201706,
-0.0312599316239357,
-0.06425708532333374,
0.027941523119807243,
0.03533928468823433,
-0.03357498720288277,
-0.044294893741607666,
0.011383051984012127,
-0.027402367442846298,
-0.017175959423184395,
-0.014205868355929852,
0.0072439974173903465,
0.021093294024467468,
-0.001228560577146709,
-0.0199872013181448,
0.024127744138240814,
0.03463667258620262,
-0.03932724520564079,
0.030909234657883644,
0.029194576665759087,
-0.03756953775882721,
0.009631271474063396,
-0.03989593684673309,
0.08181092143058777,
0.05095446854829788,
-0.04488728567957878,
-0.0029115823563188314,
0.008530155755579472,
0.03143211826682091,
0.035476118326187134,
0.0041202036663889885,
-0.031931646168231964,
0.013643764890730381,
-0.021221816539764404,
-0.0035534491762518883,
-0.01828814670443535,
0.043499842286109924,
-0.03747604414820671,
-0.04152606800198555,
0.06520266830921173,
-0.006525889039039612,
0.06950327008962631,
0.05338550731539726,
0.03763733431696892,
0.032236818224191666,
-0.004612548276782036,
0.007772158831357956,
-0.02371637523174286,
-0.03999028354883194,
0.009606960229575634,
0.006334684323519468,
0.0077805668115615845,
0.004884873051196337,
-0.060029949992895126,
0.0013419073075056076,
-0.024891896173357964,
0.1038009449839592,
0.06483712792396545,
0.011930876411497593,
0.058557186275720596,
-0.02692962810397148,
-0.0005126167088747025,
-0.021925805136561394,
-0.11923322081565857,
-0.04719433933496475,
-0.005346141289919615,
0.07331085950136185,
0.05358004942536354,
0.04805236682295799,
-0.023842008784413338,
0.059294916689395905,
-0.03643831983208656,
-0.03721826523542404,
0.008027153089642525,
0.025921011343598366,
0.04009142145514488,
-0.016913888975977898,
-0.021932298317551613,
0.006190461106598377,
0.06804374605417252,
0.0016420877072960138,
-0.01261543482542038,
-0.0182615015655756,
-0.03655256703495979,
-0.013969630934298038,
-0.03966929763555527,
0.015806229785084724,
0.0033314023166894913,
0.03637951239943504,
0.013291271403431892,
-0.01831587590277195,
0.02485838159918785,
0.04075462371110916,
0.05449668690562248,
0.04783472418785095,
0.009925007820129395,
0.000820107467006892,
0.01549745537340641,
-0.019046934321522713,
0.01354791596531868,
-0.05308452621102333,
-0.010898656211793423,
-0.0206048171967268,
0.00038983370177447796,
-0.008158551529049873,
0.0077866255305707455,
-0.2820049226284027,
-0.010348143056035042,
-0.011071247979998589,
-0.009266062639653683,
0.03888073191046715,
-0.014444651082158089,
0.042970336973667145,
-0.020133178681135178,
-0.023650486022233963,
0.01971219666302204,
0.002928595757111907,
0.047108110040426254,
0.011705216951668262,
0.03590055927634239,
0.0322454459965229,
0.03806136175990105,
0.01838664896786213,
-0.03952481225132942,
0.01533378567546606,
0.01812034100294113,
-0.019096573814749718,
-0.10925280302762985,
-0.02534409798681736,
0.025406289845705032,
-0.007139289285987616,
0.06376123428344727,
-0.1093200072646141,
0.00563601590692997,
-0.013037613593041897,
-0.0023720168974250555,
-0.008873749524354935,
-0.026757551357150078,
-0.020497415214776993,
0.034627560526132584,
0.01740190200507641,
-0.037298351526260376,
0.04625249654054642,
-0.03751058131456375,
0.03218424692749977,
0.010118633508682251,
-0.011793091893196106,
-0.018117671832442284,
-0.03606226295232773,
0.0063126361928880215,
0.05207215994596481,
0.010617414489388466,
-0.04747145250439644,
-0.02558000199496746,
-0.011482233181595802,
0.02334609068930149,
0.022180000320076942,
-0.023206010460853577,
0.01601547934114933,
0.0019987178966403008,
0.023991752415895462,
-0.030222643166780472,
0.007255032658576965,
-0.032188188284635544,
-0.014523032121360302,
0.011762886308133602,
0.014573835767805576,
-0.03788098692893982,
-0.0317484512925148,
-0.03485174477100372,
-0.04084582254290581,
-0.006526393350213766,
-0.034600917249917984,
-0.05395951122045517,
0.026345038786530495,
0.020571546629071236,
0.009807086549699306,
0.03588452935218811,
-0.017483172938227654,
-0.09032026678323746,
0.003425962757319212,
0.0017022598767653108,
-0.01296992227435112,
0.014177661389112473,
-0.0028437224682420492,
0.046163447201251984,
-0.05430088937282562,
-0.06762764602899551,
-0.006133805029094219,
0.017788773402571678,
0.002395937917754054,
-0.025593146681785583,
0.015951715409755707,
-0.009045159444212914,
-0.02322360686957836,
-0.03709084168076515,
0.04157152771949768,
0.023811889812350273,
0.06205736845731735,
-0.022334374487400055,
0.081943079829216,
0.04928949475288391,
0.04343995451927185,
0.04445929080247879,
0.014384379610419273,
0.0018035004613921046,
0.006089446600526571,
-0.07370481640100479,
-0.010859555564820766,
-0.019329553470015526,
-0.03639513626694679,
0.04148723557591438,
-0.028264405205845833,
-0.01257453951984644,
0.017181729897856712,
0.048819661140441895,
-0.00573731679469347,
-0.04307166486978531,
0.022293107584118843,
-0.024540619924664497,
-0.0004511734878178686,
0.027449920773506165,
0.02378884330391884,
0.04021787270903587,
0.025599125772714615,
0.012449086643755436,
-0.023093147203326225,
0.04671909660100937,
-0.049314018338918686,
0.011052807793021202,
-0.019124148413538933,
0.02424267679452896,
-0.005305215250700712,
0.017073772847652435,
0.03276604786515236,
0.008637936785817146,
0.020210936665534973,
0.048587117344141006,
0.00017558078980073333,
0.008665425702929497,
0.04003208875656128,
-0.02573501318693161,
-0.03851036727428436,
-0.030881213024258614,
0.04841529577970505,
0.025776619091629982,
0.03217942640185356,
-0.006920563988387585,
-0.0029928020667284727,
0.006784118711948395,
0.02218380942940712,
0.0426226407289505,
0.0038056536577641964,
0.019548706710338593,
-0.0022301585413515568,
-0.007815967313945293,
-0.006797988433390856,
-0.06279128044843674,
-0.013260330073535442,
-0.038031045347452164,
0.024493834003806114,
-0.006603985093533993,
0.03182271495461464,
-0.03331632539629936,
0.027574360370635986,
-0.057551879435777664,
0.04797200858592987,
-0.006627758964896202,
0.004056425765156746,
-0.00021257199114188552,
0.01919551007449627,
0.056645747274160385,
0.001238362048752606,
-0.028766069561243057,
-0.0134729640558362,
0.026471687480807304,
-0.0029090656898915768,
-0.03670511022210121,
-0.06754271686077118,
0.013804743066430092,
-0.023885630071163177,
-0.0012006935430690646,
0.0357121117413044,
-0.0143352085724473,
-0.0225828867405653,
0.018913254141807556,
-0.017658447846770287,
-0.0128589803352952,
-0.00697994465008378,
-0.01061332505196333,
0.0533536896109581,
0.009276222437620163,
-0.007803621701896191,
0.021718665957450867,
-0.012258484028279781,
0.026816636323928833,
0.027047351002693176,
0.029561607167124748,
-0.034149155020713806,
-0.043902575969696045,
-0.02103250101208687,
-0.04179796949028969,
0.012457186356186867,
0.01739519089460373,
-0.03285982087254524,
0.002461658325046301,
-0.01915060356259346,
0.012415828183293343,
-0.027476320043206215,
-0.026194628328084946,
0.010091152042150497,
-0.08105441182851791,
0.022122567519545555,
0.02407706528902054,
0.00003605394886108115,
0.03996475413441658,
-0.01149548590183258,
-0.023678630590438843,
-0.05520317330956459,
0.0005749817937612534,
-0.001118539017625153,
-0.009946820326149464,
-0.01227535493671894,
0.02183760702610016,
0.02610635943710804,
0.01371272187680006,
-0.018141556531190872,
-0.0038403260987251997,
-0.021898016333580017,
-0.06578673422336578,
0.00946506205946207,
0.08263347297906876,
-0.008194905705749989,
-0.055539172142744064,
-0.027025027200579643,
-0.04960540682077408,
0.002985674422234297,
-0.07802322506904602,
-0.0029795679729431868,
0.0396144762635231,
0.028860365971922874,
0.014827918261289597,
-0.033937666565179825,
0.021806662902235985,
0.01456635631620884,
-0.005411500111222267,
-0.00930509902536869,
-0.008862940594553947,
-0.04929507151246071,
0.0017586270114406943,
-0.00640675937756896,
0.03320908546447754,
0.029220206663012505,
0.014582380652427673,
0.018878821283578873,
0.00999472476541996,
0.03403628617525101,
-0.02293883077800274,
-0.02838783524930477,
-0.021265221759676933,
0.07218427211046219,
-0.00980568677186966,
-0.05774614214897156,
-0.041584428399801254,
-0.03653654828667641,
0.016282878816127777,
-0.06236856058239937,
0.06476806849241257,
-0.020763980224728584,
0.0300352331250906,
0.028894448652863503,
0.03598105162382126,
-0.03847420960664749,
-0.029523491859436035,
0.01013974566012621,
-0.06544315069913864,
0.03980221971869469,
-0.05380218103528023,
-0.013642428442835808,
0.05490652471780777,
-0.013505012728273869,
0.01969706453382969,
0.006352980621159077,
-0.040679022669792175,
0.02911294624209404,
-0.03555215522646904,
-0.05200950801372528,
0.03817980736494064,
-0.005496705882251263,
0.011177441105246544,
0.018040698021650314,
-0.03578340262174606,
0.0012694612378254533,
-0.014063213020563126,
-0.03955567255616188,
0.006726145278662443,
-0.010731693357229233,
0.056604526937007904,
-0.010538131929934025,
0.02215857245028019,
-0.034115053713321686,
-0.011129187420010567,
0.016418155282735825,
0.037790242582559586,
0.00027964741457253695,
0.04410688206553459,
-0.049670279026031494,
0.051341697573661804,
0.05686628445982933,
0.005071139894425869,
-0.05556938797235489,
0.052274271845817566,
-0.009799224324524403,
-0.041775695979595184,
0.06158597394824028,
0.013036313466727734,
-0.009548812173306942,
-0.07175756245851517,
0.04938972741365433,
0.008299833163619041,
-0.030137863010168076,
-0.008176468312740326,
0.01406550407409668,
-0.0884459838271141,
0.004469052888453007,
0.003439731430262327,
0.0182118508964777,
0.015220053493976593,
0.04232853278517723,
0.002420100849121809,
0.023291144520044327,
0.07713878154754639,
0.012141792103648186,
-0.03020159713923931,
-0.012133775278925896,
0.0612519308924675,
0.04228688031435013,
0.04766257479786873,
-0.028194347396492958,
0.04836571589112282,
-0.021787913516163826,
-0.03442598879337311,
0.013388262130320072,
0.0073552620597183704,
-0.03149368613958359,
-0.023576973006129265,
-0.030466469004750252,
0.0468563511967659,
0.012973252683877945,
0.0590519979596138,
-0.04071423038840294,
0.008092258125543594,
0.051018498837947845,
-0.0060222335159778595,
-0.011152096092700958,
0.06929318606853485,
0.04131549969315529,
0.02271190658211708,
-0.044031478464603424,
-0.023093925788998604,
-0.013612812384963036,
0.006510690785944462,
-0.007845060899853706,
0.035700734704732895,
-0.024422721937298775,
-0.0052084713242948055,
-0.0017783015500754118,
0.028824733570218086,
0.109146848320961,
-0.04371343553066254,
-0.020557424053549767,
-0.008826189674437046,
0.00898654479533434,
-0.027010679244995117,
0.03732920438051224,
0.016439970582723618,
-0.034620046615600586,
-0.007440119981765747,
-0.02992674708366394,
0.01940559595823288,
0.007545707747340202,
0.03368128836154938,
0.032929595559835434,
-0.00770903006196022,
-0.018929459154605865,
0.018954027444124222,
0.024037539958953857,
-0.06054849177598953,
-0.0397120825946331,
-0.03462216630578041,
-0.06722667068243027,
-0.032287076115608215,
-0.06945149600505829,
0.0005194264813326299,
-0.018531251698732376,
-0.05010126158595085,
-0.008407443761825562,
0.008749330416321754,
-0.009776374325156212,
0.03770437836647034,
-0.06482748687267303,
0.0069017354398965836,
0.035894036293029785,
0.0031992909498512745,
0.003671876387670636,
0.026179717853665352,
0.0359724685549736,
-0.0016328005585819483,
0.005083388648927212,
0.0330081582069397,
0.014128574170172215,
0.003260214813053608,
0.018356144428253174,
0.014931479468941689,
-0.08786842972040176,
-0.00874384492635727,
0.01616888865828514,
-0.04408179596066475,
-0.08234352618455887,
-0.003083290532231331,
-0.01712554320693016,
0.04542924091219902,
0.05951111763715744,
0.0071025569923222065,
0.01879366673529148,
-0.05019927769899368,
0.007630558684468269,
0.026109611615538597,
-0.007162059657275677,
0.0452873557806015,
-0.03300498053431511,
0.02388247475028038,
0.03456418588757515,
-0.013721571303904057,
-0.05395132675766945,
0.05191266909241676,
0.021691448986530304,
0.015394060872495174,
-0.03932516649365425,
-0.040522605180740356,
-0.029803605750203133,
-0.08769018948078156,
-0.011513540521264076,
0.0035840373020619154,
0.025504212826490402,
-0.032566070556640625,
0.003254820592701435,
-0.01466794591397047,
0.018999427556991577,
0.0043257493525743484,
-0.03177551180124283,
-0.023112403228878975,
-0.018795637413859367,
-0.025642195716500282,
-0.079849012196064,
0.05239763483405113,
-0.03504905477166176,
0.005921160336583853,
-0.01791066862642765,
-0.05314387381076813,
0.02064092829823494,
-0.04323452711105347,
0.03902570158243179,
0.013548890128731728,
0.022972872480750084,
-0.03374280780553818
] |
239 |
Sensitivity Verification for Additive Decision Tree Ensembles
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=h0vC0fm1q7
|
[
"Arhaan Ahmad",
"Tanay Vineet Tayal",
"Ashutosh Gupta",
"S. Akshay"
] |
Poster
|
Tree ensemble models, such as Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDTs) and random forests, are widely popular models for a variety of machine learning tasks. The power of these models comes from the ensemble of decision trees, which makes analysis of such models significantly harder than for single trees. As a result, recent work has focused on developing exact and approximate techniques for questions such as robustness verification, fairness and explainability for such models of tree ensembles.
In this paper, we focus on a specific problem of feature sensitivity for additive decision tree ensembles and build a formal verification framework for a parametrized variant of it, where we also take into account the confidence of the tree ensemble in its output. We start by showing theoretical (NP-)hardness of the problem and explain how it relates to other verification problems. Next, we provide a novel encoding of the problem using pseudo-Boolean constraints. Based on this encoding, we develop a tunable algorithm to perform sensitivity analysis, which can trade off precision for running time. We implement our algorithm and study its performance on a suite of GBDT benchmarks from the literature. Our experiments show the practical utility of our approach and its improved performance compared to existing approaches.
|
Robustness verification, Sensitivity analysis, SAT solvers, efficient encodings, NP-hardness, fairness, confidence
|
We ask if an (additive) decision tree ensemble is sensitive to (potentially small) changes to a given feature or set of features. We show theoretical NP-hardness results, and provide a pseudo-Boolean encoding to solve the problem.
| 14,006 | null |
[
-0.0425553172826767,
-0.01561669260263443,
-0.019280828535556793,
0.041299961507320404,
0.027613727375864983,
0.033635858446359634,
0.025205329060554504,
-0.034174878150224686,
-0.023757394403219223,
-0.005362027790397406,
-0.02887848950922489,
0.013116579502820969,
-0.0737963542342186,
-0.01537405513226986,
-0.01694183237850666,
0.05276711657643318,
0.024683520197868347,
-0.00325316796079278,
0.016760515049099922,
0.018022919073700905,
-0.00872326921671629,
-0.0447203665971756,
0.008647723123431206,
0.0460406169295311,
0.039713189005851746,
0.008018278516829014,
0.02508721500635147,
0.007073639892041683,
-0.042645420879125595,
0.011505934409797192,
0.036236610263586044,
0.035709816962480545,
-0.00994070339947939,
-0.04711296781897545,
-0.008991116657853127,
0.05361514538526535,
-0.0757458433508873,
0.013597407378256321,
0.01768004335463047,
0.014082377776503563,
-0.02894430421292782,
0.007774653844535351,
-0.009341243654489517,
0.048562657088041306,
-0.06486327201128006,
0.039778660982847214,
-0.08177265524864197,
0.041122108697891235,
0.0073039415292441845,
-0.041236501187086105,
-0.08516978472471237,
0.06075365096330643,
-0.04954415559768677,
0.0005841045058332384,
0.027503296732902527,
0.05837385728955269,
0.059523869305849075,
-0.047237567603588104,
0.012415713630616665,
-0.05076266825199127,
-0.04615247994661331,
0.024716099724173546,
0.025964688509702682,
-0.011493171565234661,
0.007325898390263319,
-0.01901296153664589,
-0.004075697157531977,
0.02123257704079151,
-0.017796220257878304,
-0.023889943957328796,
-0.01843923144042492,
-0.0027502269949764013,
0.010663775727152824,
0.004363262560218573,
0.019955676048994064,
-0.045354556292295456,
-0.011824100278317928,
0.00739382253959775,
0.04152271896600723,
-0.00940192211419344,
0.03482697531580925,
-0.0022370012011379004,
0.04825177788734436,
0.030017996206879616,
0.008427160792052746,
-0.005554750561714172,
-0.04285035654902458,
-0.03756844624876976,
-0.0853719487786293,
0.05825689062476158,
0.013493056409060955,
-0.021743178367614746,
0.03691597655415535,
0.012525392696261406,
0.002637662924826145,
-0.010754571296274662,
0.002746372018009424,
0.009853413328528404,
0.003761175787076354,
0.02013460546731949,
0.005380811169743538,
-0.023510245606303215,
0.008926904760301113,
-0.005256044212728739,
-0.14562174677848816,
-0.02243533730506897,
-0.03725956380367279,
-0.008318169973790646,
-0.010670043528079987,
0.009479070082306862,
-0.04448699951171875,
0.01502564363181591,
0.0024701894726604223,
-0.004039878491312265,
-0.09401849657297134,
0.029820846393704414,
-0.03204365074634552,
0.0013471656711772084,
-0.012999768368899822,
-0.01022434700280428,
0.08759954571723938,
0.07369205355644226,
-0.012033739127218723,
0.06068550422787666,
0.011989162303507328,
0.018559470772743225,
0.014731716364622116,
0.03749186545610428,
-0.028773095458745956,
-0.04288719221949577,
-0.019378533586859703,
0.024430882185697556,
0.0021014579106122255,
-0.0045697991736233234,
-0.01177254132926464,
0.0021037934347987175,
-0.06820541620254517,
0.028274696320295334,
0.04819208383560181,
-0.008102071471512318,
-0.013245653361082077,
-0.04955904930830002,
0.03592642769217491,
-0.0379728265106678,
0.028019635006785393,
-0.009870094247162342,
0.0016511210706084967,
0.0025296604726463556,
-0.03820433467626572,
0.0004903870867565274,
-0.009218533523380756,
-0.0368097759783268,
-0.007984441705048084,
-0.08506524562835693,
-0.0015094020636752248,
0.0854964554309845,
0.020340003073215485,
0.017855191603302956,
-0.014759369194507599,
0.01340026967227459,
0.02917385846376419,
0.0027271267026662827,
-0.0024707606062293053,
0.009249459952116013,
-0.009432869032025337,
-0.015133398585021496,
0.05084184184670448,
0.018210049718618393,
-0.014191295951604843,
0.04659656435251236,
-0.024916362017393112,
-0.04895713925361633,
0.05606595054268837,
-0.005134437698870897,
-0.006806918419897556,
0.02328411489725113,
0.04233638942241669,
-0.004874281119555235,
0.05150569602847099,
0.015111096203327179,
-0.08711826056241989,
0.014262089505791664,
-0.006587916053831577,
0.008066249080002308,
0.006920233368873596,
0.019798068329691887,
0.10260836780071259,
-0.03174345940351486,
0.03855102136731148,
0.015813250094652176,
-0.06156202033162117,
-0.045139554888010025,
0.03483930230140686,
-0.02932833880186081,
0.059952519834041595,
0.013933018781244755,
0.007705525029450655,
0.022834040224552155,
0.006876995321363211,
-0.008410184644162655,
0.07085941731929779,
-0.026810161769390106,
0.017457956448197365,
-0.007926889695227146,
-0.04739009961485863,
0.010900611989200115,
0.010606512427330017,
-0.05117471143603325,
-0.03660222142934799,
0.008147450163960457,
-0.010927714407444,
0.01444333791732788,
-0.01229490153491497,
-0.005082626827061176,
0.04025314003229141,
-0.0004854576545767486,
0.020905176177620888,
0.022910062223672867,
0.0290710236877203,
-0.05559782683849335,
0.024902381002902985,
0.007259813603013754,
-0.0074605862610042095,
0.01600402407348156,
0.0016628520097583532,
0.08356775343418121,
0.08806373178958893,
0.005401564761996269,
0.03392067551612854,
-0.005723165348172188,
-0.013683868572115898,
-0.006899643689393997,
0.002233253326267004,
-0.037929341197013855,
-0.0018957826541736722,
0.009116758592426777,
-0.020818065851926804,
-0.028905445709824562,
0.05942279472947121,
-0.04651404172182083,
0.0036551838275045156,
0.06087034195661545,
-0.04767625778913498,
0.04076899588108063,
-0.0011933313217014074,
-0.006372438278049231,
0.04012152552604675,
0.033490974456071854,
-0.06172237917780876,
-0.028535550460219383,
-0.0013361253077164292,
0.009360453113913536,
-0.012922840192914009,
-0.034232694655656815,
-0.013939288444817066,
-0.03325899317860603,
0.03260159119963646,
0.003088048193603754,
0.07571754604578018,
0.041564688086509705,
0.019126079976558685,
-0.023459354415535927,
0.00801263377070427,
-0.029797006398439407,
0.0028601456433534622,
-0.097292959690094,
-0.04515290632843971,
0.03282514587044716,
0.04307049885392189,
-0.006284004542976618,
0.035303130745887756,
-0.025654973462224007,
0.037904445081949234,
-0.011086525395512581,
-0.0387919656932354,
0.025249669328331947,
0.033772874623537064,
0.058083225041627884,
-0.052601564675569534,
-0.014223700389266014,
0.017453622072935104,
0.0337090790271759,
-0.024188121780753136,
-0.004339372739195824,
-0.04531501233577728,
-0.0651528462767601,
-0.012621005065739155,
-0.0707596093416214,
-0.044721342623233795,
0.03795763850212097,
0.015576181001961231,
0.03162384033203125,
-0.03433912247419357,
-0.0025785095058381557,
0.046290088444948196,
0.041212569922208786,
0.011113897897303104,
0.01664087362587452,
-0.002028778428211808,
0.004687640815973282,
0.013711589388549328,
0.045667048543691635,
-0.02323881909251213,
-0.011889412067830563,
-0.009351269342005253,
0.02047344669699669,
0.014432685449719429,
-0.007280228193849325,
-0.27552273869514465,
0.004976130556315184,
0.0454041063785553,
-0.014215672388672829,
0.00166568742133677,
-0.02979983389377594,
0.05129248648881912,
-0.015248979441821575,
-0.04365631565451622,
0.007962401024997234,
0.013890578411519527,
-0.011709018610417843,
-0.0027490765787661076,
0.06996387988328934,
0.0400177501142025,
0.044084858149290085,
0.003118558321148157,
-0.027403419837355614,
0.04342477023601532,
0.025184309110045433,
-0.006487604230642319,
-0.058050598949193954,
-0.002079044235870242,
0.0010902929352596402,
-0.010823821648955345,
0.030736034736037254,
-0.04461226239800453,
0.0020565884187817574,
-0.05577968433499336,
-0.036034949123859406,
0.03262213617563248,
-0.028229448944330215,
-0.028795462101697922,
0.007562341634184122,
0.02652282454073429,
-0.012927629053592682,
0.01890585944056511,
0.026086581870913506,
-0.017374027520418167,
0.022530296817421913,
0.022626690566539764,
-0.025922074913978577,
-0.01610179990530014,
0.012176275253295898,
0.07524126023054123,
0.03220019116997719,
-0.007915068417787552,
0.007012755610048771,
-0.027582483366131783,
0.039366018027067184,
0.004860942717641592,
-0.023702304810285568,
-0.028300799429416656,
0.007414753083139658,
-0.020688774064183235,
-0.030129775404930115,
0.009471765719354153,
-0.0037868027575314045,
-0.042145609855651855,
0.041407931596040726,
-0.013717543333768845,
-0.0434735082089901,
0.012552973814308643,
-0.02538972720503807,
-0.03222903236746788,
-0.021110899746418,
-0.06145015358924866,
-0.07492153346538544,
0.0358281247317791,
0.03385509178042412,
-0.0021863975562155247,
0.029621511697769165,
-0.017895279452204704,
-0.08926868438720703,
0.00226311176083982,
-0.022610431537032127,
-0.0003313622728455812,
-0.02546197548508644,
0.02393457293510437,
0.06828978657722473,
-0.031280722469091415,
-0.04476950317621231,
0.012621753849089146,
0.0018972570542246103,
0.03530367091298103,
-0.015298898331820965,
-0.016029013320803642,
0.0013739799614995718,
-0.019874082878232002,
0.00292636314406991,
0.012670289725065231,
0.011205391027033329,
0.017580561339855194,
0.019032398238778114,
0.0490020215511322,
0.023002447560429573,
0.0404503270983696,
0.03486751765012741,
0.045578666031360626,
-0.0013604467967525125,
-0.007214750163257122,
-0.05416511371731758,
0.0045641460455954075,
-0.029524393379688263,
-0.04100147634744644,
-0.02250957116484642,
-0.042905043810606,
-0.013299248181283474,
0.02686350606381893,
-0.02419617399573326,
-0.005153675097972155,
-0.024025404825806618,
-0.000057271703553851694,
-0.019299594685435295,
0.013701410964131355,
-0.02187090739607811,
0.0037152229342609644,
0.021672388538718224,
0.04920734837651253,
-0.015131629072129726,
-0.0012817269889637828,
0.02851768583059311,
-0.004809782840311527,
-0.030759384855628014,
-0.016251329332590103,
0.008722931146621704,
-0.023835929110646248,
-0.01911259815096855,
-0.0379585400223732,
-0.043420981615781784,
0.025740576907992363,
0.045546505600214005,
0.0060511259362101555,
0.014102163724601269,
0.04835274815559387,
0.011723430827260017,
-0.02542383223772049,
-0.0032456526532769203,
0.025407206267118454,
-0.020156387239694595,
-0.006854649633169174,
-0.012099385261535645,
0.041850797832012177,
0.023303214460611343,
0.0616057887673378,
-0.0031447624787688255,
0.009413524530827999,
-0.0018999705789610744,
0.011910509318113327,
-0.05504930019378662,
0.02249705232679844,
-0.014361306093633175,
-0.009304377250373363,
-0.041922301054000854,
-0.024348564445972443,
0.006912149954587221,
0.06601808220148087,
0.04016432166099548,
0.04742814600467682,
-0.1028038039803505,
0.0674700140953064,
0.007856899872422218,
0.023504015058279037,
-0.007301165256649256,
0.05714969336986542,
0.07057231664657593,
-0.01994697004556656,
-0.02019544690847397,
-0.007377102039754391,
0.03768666088581085,
0.024105435237288475,
-0.018753543496131897,
-0.0503864511847496,
0.0011531403288245201,
-0.028703927993774414,
-0.016888421028852463,
0.0168988648802042,
-0.014561126008629799,
-0.05612294748425484,
0.010014194063842297,
-0.03523225337266922,
0.005360248498618603,
-0.02438763715326786,
-0.009491954930126667,
0.09831557422876358,
0.010912463068962097,
0.006528966128826141,
-0.01705327257514,
-0.023976441472768784,
0.029046157374978065,
-0.03218340873718262,
0.002723630517721176,
0.024470459669828415,
-0.020903123542666435,
-0.02918732725083828,
-0.0663185641169548,
0.004749327432364225,
0.004133804701268673,
-0.00336284888908267,
-0.03912276774644852,
-0.017144039273262024,
0.0016492113936692476,
-0.03968248516321182,
0.01376921683549881,
0.050477880984544754,
-0.0742131769657135,
-0.0077508604153990746,
0.025830792263150215,
-0.04472420737147331,
0.017163626849651337,
-0.028404908254742622,
-0.07652322947978973,
-0.03751780837774277,
-0.001637316308915615,
0.022447995841503143,
-0.019892029464244843,
-0.03788123279809952,
-0.002530761295929551,
0.012243146076798439,
-0.04538063332438469,
-0.013288410380482674,
-0.0008920394466258585,
0.02466163970530033,
-0.012753268703818321,
0.02815476804971695,
0.06492974609136581,
0.015105955302715302,
0.0127516258507967,
0.0034659607335925102,
-0.03383036330342293,
0.0016362388851121068,
-0.04676278308033943,
-0.0265648290514946,
0.03437976911664009,
-0.007887347601354122,
0.010796501301229,
-0.036503758281469345,
0.03788810223340988,
-0.024112891405820847,
-0.009477698244154453,
-0.027145616710186005,
0.009902853518724442,
-0.004039157647639513,
0.002940207486972213,
0.009378028102219105,
0.015532160177826881,
0.00921417586505413,
-0.007037932984530926,
-0.025483746081590652,
0.011005176231265068,
-0.01908882148563862,
0.0454472117125988,
-0.055509209632873535,
0.01746785081923008,
0.055023010820150375,
-0.0378585010766983,
-0.03373181074857712,
-0.06055718660354614,
-0.003443215973675251,
0.004123147577047348,
-0.016218578442931175,
0.04183667525649071,
0.05937742814421654,
0.006492867134511471,
0.017466075718402863,
0.04271567985415459,
-0.010384568013250828,
-0.012707646936178207,
0.015677543357014656,
-0.06589142978191376,
-0.020324815064668655,
-0.059229303151369095,
0.011047511361539364,
0.04301764443516731,
-0.07571259886026382,
-0.03437734395265579,
0.009098654612898827,
-0.0464702732861042,
0.024890927597880363,
-0.013399862684309483,
-0.03464594855904579,
0.0013174201594665647,
-0.0198789294809103,
-0.01805887371301651,
0.01493773888796568,
-0.03665049374103546,
0.007853186689317226,
0.006098486948758364,
-0.030424287542700768,
-0.007993854582309723,
0.014854218810796738,
0.06827346980571747,
-0.04181034862995148,
-0.015789596363902092,
-0.02570297382771969,
0.00468882592394948,
0.021260134875774384,
0.02939336933195591,
0.029258759692311287,
0.011535942554473877,
-0.05132666602730751,
0.07288160175085068,
0.05333322659134865,
-0.0036665224470198154,
-0.03293061628937721,
0.039908990263938904,
0.009356754831969738,
-0.062101464718580246,
0.05789712816476822,
-0.01518935989588499,
-0.012207177467644215,
-0.041929252445697784,
0.059663042426109314,
0.04298656806349754,
-0.06357329338788986,
-0.01657932437956333,
0.028666431084275246,
-0.03552468121051788,
0.04066179320216179,
-0.01230672374367714,
-0.0057028066366910934,
-0.02679419331252575,
0.06018194183707237,
0.013490262441337109,
0.013480732217431068,
0.07243923097848892,
-0.016875509172677994,
-0.02633429318666458,
-0.008289718069136143,
0.06731526553630829,
0.054890602827072144,
0.018773214891552925,
0.04641123116016388,
0.054467882961034775,
-0.0446259044110775,
-0.05139825865626335,
0.007927631959319115,
0.02195916511118412,
-0.015701748430728912,
0.0031250386964529753,
0.030239246785640717,
0.07599576562643051,
0.027839578688144684,
0.08740908652544022,
-0.05650016665458679,
0.01947394572198391,
0.04724664241075516,
0.022097725421190262,
-0.020608369261026382,
0.06773271411657333,
0.01565087027847767,
0.025439254939556122,
-0.026465829461812973,
-0.010451716370880604,
0.0026115463115274906,
-0.00039267822285182774,
0.018260840326547623,
0.027671566233038902,
-0.042962029576301575,
-0.0006110204849392176,
0.0018160046311095357,
0.03814897686243057,
0.09041661024093628,
-0.005711554083973169,
-0.05763830244541168,
-0.0009665796533226967,
0.06881597638130188,
0.025135083124041557,
0.06885507702827454,
0.004568303469568491,
-0.004345175344496965,
-0.024553274735808372,
-0.029711375012993813,
0.022003235295414925,
-0.004241687711328268,
-0.020612068474292755,
0.004340587183833122,
-0.01441686600446701,
-0.045020826160907745,
0.04988493770360947,
0.04224611073732376,
0.00007236999226734042,
-0.04245716705918312,
-0.02438809536397457,
-0.04556445777416229,
-0.05767231807112694,
-0.07157821208238602,
-0.009389715269207954,
0.008510196581482887,
-0.0063246251083910465,
0.017019936814904213,
-0.004924474749714136,
0.0016127383569255471,
0.04441498965024948,
-0.03267141431570053,
-0.006775462534278631,
0.040496669709682465,
0.029145637527108192,
0.02110929600894451,
0.029192212969064713,
0.02571209706366062,
-0.007002649363130331,
-0.02506440505385399,
0.009858001954853535,
0.026715891435742378,
0.048228636384010315,
-0.0060256184078752995,
-0.0059241922572255135,
-0.07844038307666779,
-0.020835550501942635,
0.008283144794404507,
-0.025495149195194244,
-0.0772043764591217,
0.024240275844931602,
-0.013280822895467281,
0.0096896318718791,
0.04189383238554001,
0.02547771856188774,
-0.027451250702142715,
-0.006112176459282637,
-0.0116384606808424,
-0.02840583585202694,
0.00612227339297533,
0.04151182249188423,
-0.029461994767189026,
0.03762204572558403,
0.01647765561938286,
-0.0512281209230423,
-0.03872133791446686,
0.04143400490283966,
-0.022282451391220093,
-0.003267834661528468,
-0.03380235657095909,
-0.04133027791976929,
-0.021363193169236183,
-0.11337462067604065,
0.020432118326425552,
0.02311103604733944,
0.004861530382186174,
-0.02416161075234413,
-0.020186150446534157,
-0.011911219917237759,
-0.0016927403630688787,
-0.008409382775425911,
-0.025550682097673416,
-0.012985283508896828,
-0.04182200878858566,
-0.012719484977424145,
-0.08969263732433319,
0.009092245250940323,
-0.05757620185613632,
0.03574887290596962,
-0.011198338121175766,
-0.06134980544447899,
-0.04183831065893173,
-0.0027643709909170866,
0.009128790348768234,
0.04266715049743652,
0.03411845117807388,
0.0032409189734607935
] |
240 |
Monte Carlo Planning with Large Language Model for Text-Based Game Agents
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=r1KcapkzCt
|
[
"Zijing Shi",
"Meng Fang",
"Ling Chen"
] |
Poster
|
Text-based games provide valuable environments for language-based autonomous agents. However, planning-then-learning paradigms, such as those combining Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and reinforcement learning (RL), are notably time-consuming due to extensive iterations. Additionally, these algorithms perform uncertainty-driven exploration but lack language understanding and reasoning abilities.
In this paper, we introduce the Monte Carlo planning with Dynamic Memory-guided Large language model (MC-DML) algorithm. MC-DML leverages the language understanding and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) alongside the exploratory advantages of tree search algorithms. Specifically, we enhance LLMs with in-trial and cross-trial memory mechanisms, enabling them to learn from past experiences and dynamically adjust action evaluations during planning. We conduct experiments on a series of text-based games from the Jericho benchmark. Our results demonstrate that the MC-DML algorithm significantly enhances performance across various games at the initial planning phase, outperforming strong contemporary methods that require multiple iterations. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithm, paving the way for more efficient language-grounded planning in complex environments.
|
Large language model, Monte Carlo tree search, Text-based games
| null | 14,005 | null |
[
-0.04841667786240578,
-0.0019452822161838412,
-0.0152497673407197,
0.04409981146454811,
0.04238694906234741,
0.0220335740596056,
0.02367388643324375,
0.0038568356540054083,
-0.038156650960445404,
-0.019347570836544037,
-0.03836854174733162,
0.0484592467546463,
-0.047970376908779144,
-0.011616691015660763,
0.012739451602101326,
0.06388941407203674,
0.015162568539381027,
-0.008042644709348679,
0.0012437275145202875,
0.0015902159502729774,
-0.006260490044951439,
0.0043649529106915,
0.05160083249211311,
0.04230770841240883,
0.022707372903823853,
0.014822862111032009,
0.05379544571042061,
0.0187371876090765,
-0.02136821113526821,
-0.02057899534702301,
0.0026139328256249428,
-0.04204167053103447,
0.006013813428580761,
-0.016263384371995926,
-0.025230176746845245,
0.0026011813897639513,
-0.04045986756682396,
0.012015776708722115,
-0.00048661662731319666,
0.009467605501413345,
-0.031805481761693954,
0.03875002637505531,
-0.01342290174216032,
0.00109080970287323,
-0.036756884306669235,
0.019275719299912453,
-0.07535441964864731,
0.028316330164670944,
0.014604717493057251,
-0.04164145886898041,
-0.10207423567771912,
0.025113314390182495,
0.011615434661507607,
-0.016112947836518288,
-0.00465552369132638,
0.03439588472247124,
0.05165284499526024,
-0.11873245239257812,
0.0016576031921431422,
-0.061752140522003174,
-0.012516399845480919,
0.0014990102499723434,
0.007502974011003971,
0.0015008351765573025,
-0.016093697398900986,
-0.026577100157737732,
0.008626900613307953,
0.03798085078597069,
-0.03766326606273651,
-0.036980994045734406,
-0.04150654003024101,
0.007775358855724335,
-0.01977650634944439,
-0.016345752403140068,
0.012152940966188908,
-0.04310178756713867,
0.014609643258154392,
0.0450572669506073,
0.03393084928393364,
0.006743187550455332,
-0.012066862545907497,
0.030477775260806084,
0.034703757613897324,
0.04743284359574318,
0.010656286031007767,
0.021616138517856598,
-0.017515428364276886,
-0.033683959394693375,
-0.09008314460515976,
0.01840413548052311,
-0.013860009610652924,
-0.06653683632612228,
-0.003060695016756654,
0.029728801921010017,
0.02134961076080799,
0.014688788913190365,
0.01645856536924839,
0.027943123131990433,
-0.029215015470981598,
0.002989637665450573,
-0.011266638524830341,
-0.03531200438737869,
0.013490436598658562,
-0.01845289207994938,
-0.12231648713350296,
-0.01626688428223133,
0.008273705840110779,
0.006810474209487438,
-0.007712079677730799,
0.01447543315589428,
-0.02957358956336975,
-0.03752223402261734,
0.034326016902923584,
-0.03374103084206581,
-0.06750739365816116,
0.034804970026016235,
0.02337978035211563,
0.03915395960211754,
0.006866945885121822,
0.022889183834195137,
0.05481238290667534,
0.01701660454273224,
-0.0016824043123051524,
0.06686629354953766,
-0.03583671897649765,
0.0015467265620827675,
0.043100129812955856,
0.02135431207716465,
-0.015439658425748348,
-0.06003326177597046,
0.04048788174986839,
0.031917210668325424,
-0.004833421669900417,
-0.0035220389254391193,
-0.01141984760761261,
-0.01982303522527218,
-0.01235063187777996,
0.004649309907108545,
0.019809523597359657,
0.0018134412821382284,
-0.029184894636273384,
-0.017371973022818565,
0.09131532162427902,
0.014492720365524292,
0.05729685723781586,
0.01754702627658844,
-0.030970320105552673,
-0.03128991648554802,
-0.06409596651792526,
0.010855336673557758,
-0.0006702969549223781,
-0.017351724207401276,
0.006202072370797396,
-0.05252432823181152,
0.028287790715694427,
0.04699351266026497,
0.024916406720876694,
0.019997363910079002,
-0.009400659240782261,
0.034284669905900955,
0.009680645540356636,
0.007168273441493511,
-0.0614955835044384,
-0.016731150448322296,
-0.003033611224964261,
-0.06904231756925583,
0.04463730379939079,
0.01539040170609951,
-0.017334233969449997,
-0.01083326991647482,
-0.03016170673072338,
-0.029218116775155067,
0.05477274954319,
-0.027431562542915344,
-0.01862618885934353,
-0.007253560703247786,
0.04986995458602905,
-0.008971653878688812,
0.03577975183725357,
0.016066666692495346,
-0.06907381862401962,
0.0009572150302119553,
0.0060093579813838005,
-0.0030258530750870705,
0.013214867562055588,
-0.031292594969272614,
0.04922724515199661,
-0.03720153495669365,
-0.02442464791238308,
0.017205648124217987,
-0.06766485422849655,
-0.021010352298617363,
0.051819708198308945,
0.022421948611736298,
0.07925906777381897,
-0.007294444367289543,
-0.021401531994342804,
0.04852854833006859,
0.02401697263121605,
0.05446575954556465,
0.04166625812649727,
0.0006214850582182407,
0.03745395317673683,
-0.015154221095144749,
-0.017792169004678726,
-0.009016525000333786,
0.031173789873719215,
-0.03586404770612717,
-0.016380148008465767,
0.018675778061151505,
-0.018740428611636162,
0.017347360029816628,
0.0254946518689394,
0.008125228807330132,
0.028779221698641777,
-0.003282529301941395,
-0.014656073413789272,
0.000535112340003252,
0.035438746213912964,
-0.06799167394638062,
0.020358426496386528,
-0.005090205930173397,
-0.019428828731179237,
-0.008396931923925877,
-0.023706700652837753,
0.10944335907697678,
0.039743226021528244,
-0.04469685256481171,
-0.01920008473098278,
0.019043730571866035,
-0.012014339677989483,
0.02933327667415142,
0.01387594174593687,
-0.014571222476661205,
0.018513476476073265,
-0.052449144423007965,
-0.0026358235627412796,
-0.0326790027320385,
0.02426101826131344,
-0.013868167996406555,
-0.04191107675433159,
0.07517748326063156,
-0.0009285107953473926,
0.0713547095656395,
0.0034221881069242954,
0.0298979002982378,
0.03637011721730232,
0.0006447553751058877,
0.0067702098749578,
-0.016634158790111542,
-0.038678232580423355,
-0.007147405296564102,
0.030951928347349167,
0.003697669366374612,
-0.016887737438082695,
-0.033758942037820816,
-0.009376222267746925,
-0.018339671194553375,
0.08826328068971634,
0.04047735780477524,
-0.000689363107085228,
0.03847600892186165,
-0.005169788375496864,
-0.015771547332406044,
-0.010248751379549503,
-0.1216864213347435,
-0.007405143231153488,
-0.018695678561925888,
-0.008911166340112686,
0.0473322868347168,
0.024999063462018967,
-0.030958132818341255,
0.037703175097703934,
-0.040229421108961105,
-0.02902364358305931,
-0.004466045647859573,
0.009198309853672981,
0.019712725654244423,
-0.01554668229073286,
-0.0015241774963214993,
0.007982160896062851,
0.06160661578178406,
-0.021587520837783813,
-0.005759464576840401,
-0.007349079474806786,
-0.015264715068042278,
-0.010170189663767815,
-0.05973372608423233,
0.0013819376472383738,
0.018136585131287575,
0.029552128165960312,
0.021342849358916283,
-0.050038449466228485,
0.012175469659268856,
0.053749118000268936,
0.05250094458460808,
0.04060636833310127,
-0.0024275449104607105,
-0.0031805033795535564,
0.02067832462489605,
-0.04033598676323891,
-0.0006788995233364403,
-0.04423925280570984,
0.004984851460903883,
0.0048375739715993404,
0.0007808830123394728,
0.010657258331775665,
0.02386639639735222,
-0.25650709867477417,
-0.04395522177219391,
0.010873914696276188,
-0.014571628533303738,
0.02658027783036232,
0.032844625413417816,
0.05693034455180168,
-0.036508798599243164,
-0.041708387434482574,
0.010849431157112122,
0.004288183059543371,
0.023221652954816818,
-0.00809777993708849,
0.06688947230577469,
0.0858420729637146,
0.034363675862550735,
-0.00772522110491991,
-0.020306173712015152,
0.00030242642969824374,
0.024875707924365997,
-0.008783427067101002,
-0.07163194566965103,
-0.03407864645123482,
0.04836786165833473,
0.013624364510178566,
0.0729544386267662,
-0.0634646937251091,
0.008947598747909069,
-0.005862737074494362,
0.019571226090192795,
-0.024568656459450722,
-0.012903885915875435,
-0.010705447755753994,
0.00980718620121479,
0.003658863017335534,
0.01067157182842493,
0.06453806906938553,
-0.0065573942847549915,
0.012133537791669369,
0.007484581787139177,
0.0008021555258892477,
-0.02241150289773941,
-0.029139066115021706,
-0.0021766501013189554,
0.043234944343566895,
-0.018271295353770256,
-0.08640814572572708,
-0.010095937177538872,
-0.00873162504285574,
0.02944290079176426,
0.030447326600551605,
-0.013679143972694874,
0.014286342076957226,
-0.007422779221087694,
0.03601542115211487,
-0.017325440421700478,
0.008477525785565376,
-0.022244881838560104,
-0.021641675382852554,
0.018051322549581528,
0.00867225881665945,
-0.02328892983496189,
-0.04397112503647804,
-0.018037665635347366,
0.017066223546862602,
-0.041659269481897354,
-0.027205072343349457,
-0.04804893210530281,
0.011995102278888226,
0.01638009399175644,
-0.03430085629224777,
-0.021823465824127197,
-0.043341729789972305,
-0.10206091403961182,
-0.017682312056422234,
0.01614326424896717,
-0.010247844271361828,
-0.04376174509525299,
0.03155725449323654,
0.030549965798854828,
-0.04837828874588013,
-0.052952684462070465,
-0.03691999614238739,
0.014192230068147182,
0.01989179290831089,
-0.02878863923251629,
0.01602174900472164,
-0.033019058406353,
-0.02612096630036831,
-0.05102609470486641,
0.0336189903318882,
0.005566670559346676,
0.030447879806160927,
0.0025316723622381687,
0.07340576499700546,
0.01843879744410515,
0.023261627182364464,
0.0193115696310997,
0.021310824900865555,
0.010934515856206417,
-0.00005782511652796529,
-0.10241508483886719,
0.004316325765103102,
-0.014166981913149357,
-0.03967283293604851,
0.03225100412964821,
-0.06847050040960312,
-0.03103521838784218,
0.04099934548139572,
0.023960351943969727,
-0.015046621672809124,
0.00128248892724514,
0.0416225865483284,
0.01112520880997181,
-0.018645232543349266,
-0.01228485256433487,
0.019524259492754936,
0.051037613302469254,
0.02784029021859169,
-0.025781262665987015,
-0.05847278609871864,
0.020748909562826157,
-0.06213163956999779,
-0.010285778902471066,
0.01470507774502039,
-0.014679375104606152,
0.03412427008152008,
0.007274966221302748,
0.012777880765497684,
-0.009082641452550888,
0.01874237135052681,
0.03160524740815163,
0.010572540573775768,
0.03603547438979149,
0.050373781472444534,
-0.017045725136995316,
-0.027810677886009216,
-0.0032429476268589497,
0.03217300772666931,
-0.00854419358074665,
0.008264029398560524,
-0.0259641595184803,
0.006719086319208145,
0.010102907195687294,
-0.006254273466765881,
-0.002544721821323037,
0.011202588677406311,
0.02371237613260746,
0.023851141333580017,
0.00666226027533412,
0.04408375546336174,
-0.04896321892738342,
0.04783890023827553,
-0.013173872604966164,
0.012355859391391277,
-0.048664987087249756,
0.045117467641830444,
-0.03387950733304024,
0.05258547142148018,
-0.0843561589717865,
0.024761522188782692,
0.004996547941118479,
-0.0020118497777730227,
0.007147423457354307,
0.01982739008963108,
0.03846445307135582,
-0.041114963591098785,
0.007430519443005323,
0.013722022995352745,
0.020228475332260132,
0.017674565315246582,
-0.06544166058301926,
-0.06040685623884201,
-0.006062360946089029,
-0.010676023550331593,
-0.004132389556616545,
0.028329625725746155,
-0.04150882735848427,
-0.04811352118849754,
0.01945406198501587,
0.0097095537930727,
-0.032382480800151825,
-0.013495056889951229,
-0.008927205577492714,
0.059226181358098984,
-0.00899341981858015,
0.0293776486068964,
0.017972299829125404,
-0.04184262081980705,
0.007011364679783583,
-0.0030768143478780985,
0.019840920343995094,
-0.011849401518702507,
-0.053879283368587494,
-0.05879535898566246,
-0.04248153045773506,
0.020114464685320854,
-0.00275768106803298,
0.013148273341357708,
0.013185295276343822,
0.007890718057751656,
-0.019709521904587746,
-0.044932108372449875,
-0.024085430428385735,
0.04212549701333046,
-0.06963535398244858,
-0.0044947536662220955,
0.035178292542696,
0.03359511122107506,
0.05382398143410683,
-0.0655878484249115,
-0.005195626523345709,
-0.034985776990652084,
-0.03304114192724228,
-0.007396840490400791,
-0.01175517775118351,
-0.009299018420279026,
-0.03229079395532608,
-0.00911850668489933,
0.021093104034662247,
0.03176778554916382,
-0.001373971812427044,
-0.005326064769178629,
-0.029407015070319176,
-0.010482795536518097,
0.04047372564673424,
-0.03165344148874283,
-0.030497057363390923,
0.019782064482569695,
-0.038273703306913376,
0.03508513420820236,
-0.05270329862833023,
-0.0007208779570646584,
0.012610739096999168,
0.001490650000050664,
0.004162992816418409,
-0.04104786366224289,
0.05659276247024536,
0.014307917095720768,
-0.009974611923098564,
0.00043761878623627126,
0.003890649415552616,
-0.023033156991004944,
-0.003018961986526847,
0.009901033714413643,
0.037694718688726425,
0.015601549297571182,
-0.01062509324401617,
0.012392427772283554,
0.025717660784721375,
-0.0030377302318811417,
0.0075264316983520985,
-0.054694317281246185,
0.031120605766773224,
0.04988979175686836,
0.005932202562689781,
-0.03672483563423157,
-0.032458845525979996,
-0.04878642410039902,
0.009649606421589851,
-0.03918560594320297,
0.016991809010505676,
-0.07469189912080765,
0.023765554651618004,
0.016918575391173363,
0.04719725251197815,
-0.0030457070097327232,
-0.008362097665667534,
0.013518008403480053,
-0.0644669458270073,
0.03638913482427597,
-0.0881669670343399,
0.010480864904820919,
0.051767826080322266,
-0.047817520797252655,
-0.01649365946650505,
0.02279522456228733,
-0.048768095672130585,
0.039891645312309265,
-0.0009329980239272118,
-0.04283122345805168,
0.06972205638885498,
-0.009224762208759785,
-0.010385236702859402,
0.052565623074769974,
-0.055831409990787506,
-0.039756882935762405,
-0.01945367269217968,
-0.03230748325586319,
0.0020944320131093264,
0.020004261285066605,
0.04776006191968918,
-0.034247271716594696,
-0.007974558509886265,
-0.01740199699997902,
0.0016104952665045857,
0.01029127836227417,
0.03407634422183037,
0.034561339765787125,
0.0582270547747612,
-0.029142336919903755,
0.07091134041547775,
0.06259463727474213,
0.04937565699219704,
0.008488821797072887,
-0.008612650446593761,
-0.026264332234859467,
-0.028965206816792488,
0.03146848455071449,
-0.000453574291896075,
-0.009994115680456161,
-0.04287849739193916,
0.06662420183420181,
0.03787115588784218,
-0.05178362876176834,
0.0009842509170994163,
0.01369720883667469,
-0.08373349159955978,
0.009188110008835793,
-0.024348068982362747,
0.024230601266026497,
0.006516949739307165,
0.07091500610113144,
0.05723057687282562,
0.06412234902381897,
0.06545098125934601,
0.0032009868882596493,
-0.03668921813368797,
0.01413077674806118,
0.06362483650445938,
0.05874258279800415,
0.07944510132074356,
-0.013342859223484993,
0.06790851801633835,
-0.06263425201177597,
-0.047788817435503006,
0.028349442407488823,
0.017715422436594963,
-0.006113921292126179,
-0.05006904900074005,
0.0295510683208704,
0.05332130566239357,
-0.03121226280927658,
0.05264328420162201,
-0.03193182870745659,
-0.028930233791470528,
0.07090672850608826,
-0.008517544716596603,
-0.011696788482367992,
0.045760560780763626,
0.05358174070715904,
0.030533567070961,
-0.03888086974620819,
-0.031795743852853775,
0.037265557795763016,
-0.023620493710041046,
-0.00983452145010233,
-0.007519816048443317,
-0.02234926074743271,
-0.015450378879904747,
-0.013157470151782036,
0.04103909060359001,
0.13199175894260406,
-0.034220512956380844,
0.007512493059039116,
0.005211378447711468,
-0.0033049050252884626,
0.01035655289888382,
0.05145927518606186,
0.031909551471471786,
0.016712453216314316,
-0.0007144946721382439,
-0.0271102637052536,
0.016342323273420334,
0.037742793560028076,
-0.00672554038465023,
0.03885456919670105,
-0.021677229553461075,
-0.031019315123558044,
0.001981556648388505,
0.02632829174399376,
-0.041576873511075974,
-0.02831016108393669,
-0.02282923460006714,
-0.044157128781080246,
-0.0380239300429821,
-0.027002621442079544,
0.04396869242191315,
-0.0003773932985495776,
-0.03112052008509636,
0.03220030665397644,
-0.0026033855974674225,
0.0027165699284523726,
-0.025208158418536186,
-0.043253470212221146,
-0.006431089714169502,
0.05072581022977829,
-0.00888699572533369,
0.005647500045597553,
0.05998007953166962,
0.024752890691161156,
-0.010499388910830021,
-0.0356111042201519,
0.02428453043103218,
0.017340177670121193,
0.02305333875119686,
-0.03747960180044174,
-0.0018678555497899652,
-0.08366803824901581,
-0.015319546684622765,
0.05642475187778473,
-0.02949577569961548,
-0.06257285922765732,
0.005054476670920849,
-0.024034082889556885,
0.02718331664800644,
0.06736847013235092,
0.022435283288359642,
0.04365219175815582,
-0.03362054377794266,
0.0063729193061590195,
0.026350121945142746,
0.00825588684529066,
0.03058522939682007,
-0.049580831080675125,
0.05880127474665642,
0.023738279938697815,
-0.07233500480651855,
-0.07013987004756927,
0.024423234164714813,
0.011265253648161888,
-0.014578491449356079,
-0.0061073810793459415,
-0.006112986709922552,
-0.026430193334817886,
-0.0940951481461525,
-0.006067718844860792,
0.03554578498005867,
0.015452547930181026,
-0.03679526597261429,
0.002050543436780572,
-0.02269679866731167,
-0.007060089148581028,
0.004364917986094952,
-0.05498591437935829,
-0.02319003827869892,
-0.026236873120069504,
-0.013707510195672512,
-0.05937943235039711,
0.008507364429533482,
-0.04262727499008179,
-0.00753884157165885,
-0.027042195200920105,
-0.0475551001727581,
0.0027970275841653347,
0.02561027929186821,
0.019717413932085037,
-0.014484708197414875,
0.008472233079373837,
-0.021396571770310402
] |
241 |
Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Rate-Reward Trade-off in Markov Decision Processes
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Za3M6OZuCU
|
[
"Haotian Wu",
"Gongpu Chen",
"Deniz Gunduz"
] |
Poster
|
The impact of communication on decision-making systems has been extensively studied under the assumption of dedicated communication channels. We instead consider communicating through actions, where the message is embedded into the actions of an agent which interacts with the environment in a Markov decision process (MDP) framework. We conceptualize the MDP environment as a finite-state channel (FSC), where the actions of the agent serve as the channel input, while the states of the MDP observed by another agent (i.e., receiver) serve as the channel output. Here, we treat the environment as a communication channel over which the agent communicates through its actions, while at the same time, trying to maximize its reward. We first characterize the optimal information theoretic trade-off between the average reward and the rate of reliable communication in the infinite-horizon regime. Then, we propose a novel framework to design a joint control/coding policy, termed Act2Comm, which seamlessly embeds messages into actions. From a communication perspective, Act2Comm functions as a learning-based channel coding scheme for non-differentiable FSCs under input-output constraints. From a control standpoint, Act2Comm learns an MDP policy that incorporates communication capabilities, though at the cost of some control performance. Overall, Act2Comm effectively balances the dual objectives of control and communication in this environment. Experimental results validate Act2Comm's capability to enable reliable communication while maintaining a certain level of control performance.
|
Markov Decision Process, Channel coding, Rate-Reward Trade-off, Finite state channel
| null | 13,994 |
2502.03335
|
[
-0.06676633656024933,
-0.0322052463889122,
-0.029687991365790367,
0.028242764994502068,
0.04607037082314491,
0.021541433408856392,
0.024706106632947922,
0.012431968003511429,
0.006968988571316004,
-0.07369699329137802,
-0.007851642556488514,
0.03450726717710495,
-0.0740128755569458,
-0.017228513956069946,
0.021192515268921852,
0.06931284815073013,
0.01532122865319252,
-0.0020840843208134174,
0.03752451390028,
0.0112881138920784,
-0.05317092314362526,
0.030025852844119072,
0.05838795006275177,
0.01667192578315735,
0.07844074070453644,
0.030919698998332024,
0.025793591514229774,
0.01809132657945156,
-0.001918311812914908,
-0.007125689648091793,
0.01642797701060772,
-0.012227552011609077,
0.013234589248895645,
0.0001830664841691032,
-0.0024728605058044195,
0.01245043147355318,
-0.009077067486941814,
0.03989231213927269,
0.025248510763049126,
-0.00033721147337928414,
-0.06700697541236877,
0.018095223233103752,
-0.032221537083387375,
0.0038295418489724398,
-0.02917581982910633,
0.02896052971482277,
-0.06172097846865654,
0.017002282664179802,
0.04243355989456177,
-0.036329708993434906,
-0.08710207045078278,
0.01080492977052927,
0.02260671555995941,
0.014044489711523056,
0.011469372548162937,
0.043107226490974426,
0.018574919551610947,
-0.07500022649765015,
-0.010454146191477776,
-0.07131994515657425,
-0.012358815409243107,
0.0038047682028263807,
0.01227389182895422,
-0.005585838574916124,
-0.009740817360579967,
-0.0008813451277092099,
0.027974525466561317,
0.038872674107551575,
-0.030553197488188744,
-0.024456767365336418,
-0.0679730772972107,
0.006107809022068977,
-0.010762943886220455,
0.005934522952884436,
-0.000855669321026653,
-0.07887069880962372,
0.022038761526346207,
0.02589520998299122,
0.03773310035467148,
-0.005199550651013851,
-0.024252664297819138,
0.0410456657409668,
0.01893232762813568,
0.03950143977999687,
0.01464968640357256,
0.017498930916190147,
0.013264301232993603,
-0.0004584895505104214,
-0.08464030176401138,
0.030142327770590782,
-0.05410473048686981,
-0.051758188754320145,
0.006660514511168003,
0.026927167549729347,
-0.0012721954844892025,
-0.000837052590213716,
-0.005348826292902231,
0.035178836435079575,
0.010929013602435589,
-0.0066114128567278385,
-0.04406518489122391,
-0.018252667039632797,
0.0024321891833096743,
-0.0021557467989623547,
-0.11166716367006302,
-0.01008834969252348,
-0.01755441352725029,
-0.018309425562620163,
0.0038228014018386602,
0.05390379577875137,
-0.020009202882647514,
-0.027877602726221085,
0.012831715866923332,
-0.028797943145036697,
-0.08605564385652542,
0.047505058348178864,
0.03445082902908325,
0.04364260286092758,
0.024023914709687233,
-0.005784531123936176,
0.05340082570910454,
0.03496961668133736,
0.0003828182816505432,
0.06815546005964279,
0.0060209552757442,
-0.02111765369772911,
0.0215284563601017,
0.002804897027090192,
-0.0339161679148674,
-0.05604900047183037,
0.03004983812570572,
0.0365731343626976,
-0.027281884104013443,
-0.0021973184775561094,
-0.024252520874142647,
0.0370083749294281,
0.022322814911603928,
0.02643822506070137,
-0.020927954465150833,
-0.004407934844493866,
-0.017098862677812576,
-0.01077673863619566,
0.05592169985175133,
0.019451046362519264,
0.07801055908203125,
-0.00213579717092216,
0.0041000014171004295,
-0.044641707092523575,
-0.05050968751311302,
-0.007172796409577131,
0.00047845218796283007,
-0.04094580560922623,
0.028103940188884735,
-0.03433072194457054,
0.005245570093393326,
0.03347054496407509,
0.030566871166229248,
0.019475756213068962,
-0.005256266333162785,
0.041171107441186905,
0.008163496851921082,
-0.016449501737952232,
-0.024361155927181244,
-0.02472591958940029,
-0.0037164189852774143,
-0.03270706534385681,
0.06686236709356308,
0.011737881228327751,
-0.03577057644724846,
-0.008504044264554977,
-0.023977192118763924,
-0.012149462476372719,
0.030312569811940193,
0.009030655957758427,
0.0031303397845476866,
-0.0016236205119639635,
0.06079285219311714,
-0.004534801468253136,
0.022171808406710625,
0.013497667387127876,
-0.0879586860537529,
0.043486181646585464,
0.009159219451248646,
-0.005920912139117718,
0.01579698920249939,
-0.013899284414947033,
0.0706232488155365,
-0.022497285157442093,
-0.002124988241121173,
-0.0010098482016474009,
-0.07667959481477737,
-0.022358305752277374,
0.04327453300356865,
0.005231977440416813,
0.048864178359508514,
-0.017475582659244537,
-0.03865288943052292,
0.027318576350808144,
0.04857544228434563,
0.03229662403464317,
0.007346041034907103,
-0.04571523517370224,
0.04438524693250656,
0.021078895777463913,
-0.023339174687862396,
0.016306322067975998,
0.06071444973349571,
-0.05655621737241745,
-0.02101271227002144,
0.05442872643470764,
-0.011183468624949455,
-0.005725741386413574,
0.007467065006494522,
-0.0037564069498330355,
0.060610052198171616,
-0.026353344321250916,
0.01079651154577732,
-0.014865719713270664,
0.03190290555357933,
-0.0495496466755867,
0.01907481625676155,
0.0031915458384901285,
-0.03207213804125786,
0.03821635618805885,
-0.022691691294312477,
0.08053084462881088,
0.0900241956114769,
-0.012645046226680279,
-0.015683766454458237,
0.042541176080703735,
-0.01038773637264967,
-0.009524970315396786,
0.009070614352822304,
-0.009279998019337654,
0.05194475129246712,
-0.0032262823078781366,
-0.02826303243637085,
-0.008875791914761066,
0.03153777867555618,
-0.03530324250459671,
-0.001609286293387413,
0.06448646634817123,
-0.006486946251243353,
0.042507052421569824,
-0.029234202578663826,
0.0020376620814204216,
0.03371606394648552,
0.013161351904273033,
0.009317026473581791,
-0.004115795250982046,
-0.05878898501396179,
0.0019719426054507494,
0.05397573858499527,
-0.023947974666953087,
-0.011969341896474361,
-0.054490603506565094,
0.027887511998414993,
-0.014044534415006638,
0.06844297796487808,
0.040197327733039856,
0.06262795627117157,
0.03485514596104622,
-0.016497837379574776,
-0.026643145829439163,
-0.017871828749775887,
-0.1205114871263504,
-0.023308753967285156,
0.008326699957251549,
0.03126129135489464,
0.04432395100593567,
0.03190978616476059,
-0.03508634492754936,
0.031517550349235535,
-0.0447622574865818,
-0.014625873416662216,
0.019871529191732407,
0.022359712049365044,
0.007627516984939575,
-0.0021867554169148207,
0.006364444270730019,
-0.0002349306596443057,
0.06806185841560364,
0.0003409244236536324,
-0.029580144211649895,
0.004777425434440374,
-0.01961407996714115,
0.0012830881169065833,
-0.05158086493611336,
-0.012426473200321198,
0.033397577702999115,
0.0034511026460677385,
0.004873667843639851,
-0.03923379257321358,
0.05129096657037735,
0.04388544335961342,
0.04177657142281532,
0.03697716444730759,
0.013960874639451504,
-0.020071275532245636,
0.010380485095083714,
-0.0008111995412036777,
-0.010157314129173756,
-0.01776227168738842,
0.0038441712968051434,
-0.004224465694278479,
-0.04407840222120285,
0.01837754435837269,
0.008262334391474724,
-0.2761932909488678,
-0.027120089158415794,
0.026923945173621178,
0.02564917877316475,
0.03308109939098358,
-0.0101652592420578,
0.054597288370132446,
-0.04440919682383537,
-0.041736554354429245,
0.02210923470556736,
0.005869750399142504,
-0.004654565826058388,
-0.0025855330750346184,
0.052357837557792664,
0.055801887065172195,
0.023860102519392967,
-0.011239728890359402,
-0.02039865218102932,
-0.004256756976246834,
0.015079952776432037,
-0.015125351957976818,
-0.06771128624677658,
-0.03276948630809784,
-0.004068752285093069,
0.009668263606727123,
0.016389591619372368,
-0.0559549480676651,
-0.012943665497004986,
-0.01576448231935501,
-0.000931199116166681,
-0.02836017869412899,
-0.007866865955293179,
-0.005738961044698954,
0.011472431942820549,
0.05178666487336159,
-0.018024036660790443,
0.04149427264928818,
0.008710087276995182,
-0.010801052674651146,
0.0064725750125944614,
0.020377343520522118,
0.006442380137741566,
-0.02815782092511654,
0.002311237622052431,
0.037707190960645676,
0.0652218610048294,
-0.01939750835299492,
0.011913171038031578,
0.006074103061109781,
0.050358645617961884,
0.02911280281841755,
-0.025369767099618912,
-0.017285535112023354,
0.004930378403514624,
0.012974708341062069,
-0.03977549448609352,
-0.023246781900525093,
-0.03197876363992691,
0.00923933181911707,
0.04202523082494736,
0.007201544474810362,
-0.04605616629123688,
-0.011984460987150669,
-0.030783697962760925,
0.014747071079909801,
-0.042399391531944275,
-0.07236948609352112,
-0.037361305207014084,
0.0393853485584259,
-0.003411986632272601,
-0.013316940516233444,
-0.027946870774030685,
0.00017243310867343098,
-0.10735683888196945,
0.02818186581134796,
-0.019765669479966164,
-0.03615102544426918,
-0.012948142364621162,
0.02731289155781269,
0.051598791033029556,
-0.022981425747275352,
-0.036268338561058044,
-0.02180991694331169,
-0.0002486404846422374,
0.028574803844094276,
-0.0066427565179765224,
0.04164533317089081,
-0.0177284087985754,
-0.028612323105335236,
-0.015207246877253056,
0.01606701873242855,
0.012565926648676395,
-0.0017644409090280533,
-0.0012931133387610316,
0.04727835953235626,
0.01241822075098753,
0.006200531963258982,
0.015537314116954803,
0.019455090165138245,
0.0075090439058840275,
0.004108897875994444,
-0.08382905274629593,
-0.024436239153146744,
-0.04731881991028786,
-0.019201908260583878,
0.02661212347447872,
-0.05348008871078491,
-0.013366720639169216,
0.05163073167204857,
0.010693342424929142,
-0.0011262539774179459,
-0.01304580643773079,
-0.008576546795666218,
-0.03106960467994213,
-0.000334936281433329,
-0.006767714396119118,
-0.03119366616010666,
0.05518243461847305,
0.050477467477321625,
-0.012046105228364468,
-0.05067845433950424,
0.0399308055639267,
-0.029483724385499954,
0.015639938414096832,
-0.021277369931340218,
0.020992984995245934,
-0.015795333310961723,
-0.038087133318185806,
-0.012503507547080517,
-0.015351278707385063,
0.036155764013528824,
0.008832940831780434,
0.0017281044274568558,
0.0018512980313971639,
0.03281770646572113,
0.0029842290095984936,
-0.036685314029455185,
-0.012252100743353367,
0.023260245099663734,
-0.05701633542776108,
0.01810244284570217,
-0.006093764211982489,
0.02390131726861,
0.012179269455373287,
0.009314944967627525,
0.017919886857271194,
-0.025818636640906334,
0.037099502980709076,
0.05402544140815735,
-0.008935917168855667,
0.022899091243743896,
-0.0680404007434845,
0.008637500926852226,
-0.018851526081562042,
0.0016040235059335828,
-0.03215060383081436,
0.01891290955245495,
-0.03549390286207199,
0.02949359640479088,
-0.05244145914912224,
0.02031220868229866,
-0.018467267975211143,
-0.042343564331531525,
-0.019272932782769203,
0.059548549354076385,
0.08096708357334137,
-0.06065676733851433,
0.004033949691802263,
0.01933797262609005,
-0.010018016211688519,
0.000696492032147944,
-0.044425711035728455,
-0.021796751767396927,
-0.014664036221802235,
-0.01882149651646614,
0.019906213507056236,
0.017758704721927643,
-0.044008396565914154,
-0.046675097197294235,
0.010995873250067234,
0.015331104397773743,
-0.0462571457028389,
-0.024234207347035408,
0.00930724572390318,
0.06431146711111069,
-0.02874414436519146,
0.03949298709630966,
-0.01377568393945694,
-0.03313468396663666,
0.0062071774154901505,
-0.02332848496735096,
0.04038165882229805,
-0.040608737617731094,
-0.05153091996908188,
-0.02975628152489662,
-0.03309997543692589,
-0.004512312822043896,
0.01097153965383768,
-0.0026315252762287855,
0.00871206633746624,
0.0072055598720908165,
0.005999084562063217,
-0.03262442722916603,
-0.007873931899666786,
0.023348933085799217,
-0.0574570931494236,
0.0021686486434191465,
0.028539076447486877,
-0.00996420532464981,
0.03436888009309769,
-0.07521674782037735,
-0.011222809553146362,
-0.06494857370853424,
0.012090252712368965,
0.008151507936418056,
-0.022456994280219078,
-0.04726901277899742,
-0.024018846452236176,
-0.03760543093085289,
-0.007458067033439875,
0.013137037865817547,
-0.037724755704402924,
-0.0023388410918414593,
-0.02885579504072666,
-0.01970805414021015,
0.05233772099018097,
-0.03064005635678768,
-0.018780989572405815,
0.027611788362264633,
-0.00024626892991364,
0.01138549018651247,
-0.04963860660791397,
0.020182911306619644,
0.05352690815925598,
0.014156315475702286,
0.003769588191062212,
-0.06420975178480148,
0.03219595551490784,
-0.043688978999853134,
-0.0004464932717382908,
-0.021529823541641235,
0.01474371924996376,
-0.03636235371232033,
-0.019701320677995682,
0.004402109421789646,
0.03260501101613045,
-0.004798166919499636,
0.007385612465441227,
0.00014434488548431545,
0.02167351171374321,
0.0147258210927248,
0.03077966719865799,
-0.046010587364435196,
0.027781477198004723,
0.05830385163426399,
-0.0011104665463790298,
-0.03295844793319702,
-0.0204230397939682,
-0.011412824504077435,
0.03589272499084473,
-0.02398649789392948,
-0.010993149131536484,
-0.061057426035404205,
0.03635794669389725,
0.02402707003057003,
0.021898584440350533,
0.03182497248053551,
-0.015778841450810432,
0.02514580823481083,
-0.05229465663433075,
0.033034082502126694,
-0.0925259068608284,
0.001656539156101644,
0.046385813504457474,
-0.021382814273238182,
0.007112441118806601,
0.02813001163303852,
-0.032495513558387756,
0.042772918939590454,
-0.008362104184925556,
-0.05544835701584816,
0.024897966533899307,
-0.023721644654870033,
-0.01493869163095951,
0.07504000514745712,
-0.0671282485127449,
-0.06024862825870514,
-0.0023613383527845144,
-0.06879456341266632,
0.023493971675634384,
0.01385328359901905,
0.03967507183551788,
-0.008345523849129677,
0.027258647605776787,
-0.04470066353678703,
-0.0164446160197258,
0.047666601836681366,
0.028285589069128036,
0.018240278586745262,
0.029976578429341316,
-0.037020713090896606,
0.060346849262714386,
0.03910765424370766,
0.029735805466771126,
-0.003824013052508235,
0.015377992764115334,
-0.03424496948719025,
-0.040968623012304306,
0.016295548528432846,
0.006148770451545715,
-0.02999623864889145,
-0.06363967806100845,
0.0699516013264656,
0.0002913724456448108,
-0.05592551454901695,
-0.002891757059842348,
0.0047886185348033905,
-0.06992603093385696,
0.005617640912532806,
0.006413356401026249,
0.02792973257601261,
-0.003624637145549059,
0.06101292744278908,
0.028370670974254608,
0.06249726936221123,
0.0837399810552597,
-0.008485394529998302,
-0.013751206919550896,
0.007993889041244984,
0.0683245062828064,
0.07704398036003113,
0.048066988587379456,
-0.019456403329968452,
0.07605091482400894,
-0.037541404366493225,
-0.03407514840364456,
0.03693239763379097,
0.013677950017154217,
-0.026202954351902008,
-0.0017456426285207272,
0.0036990889348089695,
0.06371618807315826,
-0.025806352496147156,
0.07688525319099426,
-0.05510954558849335,
-0.03899841755628586,
0.06350428611040115,
0.008233252912759781,
-0.021518893539905548,
0.04191289097070694,
0.0500958189368248,
0.018205706030130386,
-0.02365897223353386,
-0.023614240810275078,
0.019742995500564575,
-0.017344772815704346,
0.01979192905128002,
0.020816931501030922,
0.004165484569966793,
0.018880929797887802,
0.03665418177843094,
0.027646701782941818,
0.11718056350946426,
-0.03130475431680679,
0.0016246115555986762,
0.008498553186655045,
0.007375525310635567,
0.019646964967250824,
0.03934067115187645,
0.028841707855463028,
-0.00227328110486269,
0.02717459574341774,
-0.01891298033297062,
-0.007424521259963512,
0.013678596355021,
0.006750388070940971,
0.015396527014672756,
-0.0182650126516819,
0.006310482509434223,
-0.010329294949769974,
-0.016263864934444427,
-0.020727911964058876,
-0.05266851186752319,
-0.04440050572156906,
-0.06720420718193054,
-0.04856739938259125,
-0.05866117775440216,
0.017103267833590508,
0.000847791088744998,
-0.053422749042510986,
0.02817314676940441,
-0.03260507062077522,
0.003351426450535655,
-0.009342226199805737,
-0.04452526941895485,
0.0178017970174551,
0.04257592186331749,
0.004474192392081022,
0.028945978730916977,
0.011423593387007713,
0.043627846986055374,
-0.0007661394192837179,
-0.029941663146018982,
-0.010542312636971474,
0.026867205277085304,
0.02570105344057083,
-0.021041063591837883,
-0.03310682997107506,
-0.08004362881183624,
-0.003387505654245615,
0.030464094132184982,
-0.006702124606817961,
-0.08766480535268784,
0.008173489943146706,
-0.03170199319720268,
0.014197501353919506,
0.10385672003030777,
0.013265730813145638,
0.02088576927781105,
-0.04050583019852638,
0.028829019516706467,
0.011761175468564034,
0.014579996466636658,
0.024641964584589005,
-0.04279914125800133,
0.03681655600667,
0.03797021880745888,
-0.0468987338244915,
-0.05494367703795433,
0.04230929911136627,
-0.016319410875439644,
-0.009657028131186962,
-0.01664837636053562,
-0.024764539673924446,
-0.030456295236945152,
-0.087971992790699,
-0.034298449754714966,
0.0675312951207161,
-0.010684658773243427,
-0.041574519127607346,
0.027297867462038994,
-0.0054238890297710896,
0.015666859224438667,
-0.028849896043539047,
-0.08199117332696915,
-0.01660725101828575,
-0.0057868207804858685,
-0.047096509486436844,
-0.0594305656850338,
0.026461008936166763,
-0.03760698437690735,
-0.03274504840373993,
-0.024074867367744446,
-0.04470592737197876,
0.011981666088104248,
0.011541809886693954,
0.015407689847052097,
0.02051805518567562,
-0.006094458047300577,
-0.025338521227240562
] |
242 |
A Statistical Framework for Ranking LLM-based Chatbots
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=rAoEub6Nw2
|
[
"Siavash Ameli",
"Siyuan Zhuang",
"Ion Stoica",
"Michael W. Mahoney"
] |
Poster
|
Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, with frameworks like Chatbot Arena providing pioneering platforms for evaluating these models. By facilitating millions of pairwise comparisons based on human judgments, Chatbot Arena has become a cornerstone in LLM evaluation, offering rich datasets for ranking models in open-ended conversational tasks. Building upon this foundation, we propose a statistical framework that incorporates key advancements to address specific challenges in pairwise comparison analysis. First, we introduce a factored tie model that enhances the ability to handle ties—an integral aspect of human-judged comparisons—significantly improving the model's fit to observed data. Second, we extend the framework to model covariance between competitors, enabling deeper insights into performance relationships and facilitating intuitive groupings into performance tiers. Third, we resolve optimization challenges arising from parameter non-uniqueness by introducing novel constraints, ensuring stable and interpretable parameter estimation. Through rigorous evaluation and extensive experimentation, our framework demonstrates substantial improvements over existing methods in modeling pairwise comparison data. To support reproducibility and practical adoption, we release leaderbot, an open-source Python package implementing our models and analyses.
|
Large Language Models (LLMs), Paired Comparison, Statistical Ranking, Human Preferences, Chatbot Arena, Logistic Regression
|
We introduce a rigorous statistical framework for ranking large language models (LLMs) using crowdsourced comparisons, improving accuracy for ties, wins, and losses beyond current methods like Elo.
| 13,986 |
2412.18407
|
[
0.0015959810698404908,
-0.04645754024386406,
-0.01162289921194315,
0.034465301781892776,
0.02066989615559578,
0.027456162497401237,
0.01140446774661541,
0.025754086673259735,
-0.018806027248501778,
-0.004745941609144211,
-0.021335043013095856,
0.057272955775260925,
-0.06953813880681992,
-0.018333517014980316,
0.011593657545745373,
0.05066128075122833,
0.014995193108916283,
0.002294209785759449,
0.02883053570985794,
0.0010648004245012999,
-0.009070491418242455,
-0.0031181620433926582,
0.040141478180885315,
0.017480121925473213,
0.0393621101975441,
0.03255685046315193,
0.036701127886772156,
0.002966441446915269,
-0.019957350566983223,
-0.0022345813922584057,
0.04129663482308388,
-0.0303462166339159,
0.039295557886362076,
-0.01261694822460413,
0.009188606403768063,
-0.0056601823307573795,
-0.0163420457392931,
0.029291462153196335,
0.01826229877769947,
0.012731374241411686,
-0.028769448399543762,
0.04393232986330986,
-0.018209857866168022,
0.02589433267712593,
-0.04464302957057953,
0.016900857910513878,
-0.09661978483200073,
0.031213916838169098,
0.03411934897303581,
-0.0020705668721348047,
-0.13001321256160736,
0.010541532188653946,
-0.008721346966922283,
0.007842513732612133,
0.04721955209970474,
0.03474528342485428,
0.05315028876066208,
-0.11439589411020279,
-0.008334944024682045,
-0.01260023470968008,
-0.04363878816366196,
0.037403181195259094,
0.021082062274217606,
0.002142161363735795,
0.002294887090101838,
-0.005641046911478043,
0.008512808941304684,
0.02332071214914322,
-0.06780360639095306,
-0.025295233353972435,
-0.011561082676053047,
0.026254352182149887,
-0.0025243195705115795,
-0.0017593266675248742,
0.004838714841753244,
-0.051180094480514526,
-0.020103350281715393,
0.049974292516708374,
0.058373767882585526,
-0.006989523768424988,
-0.005849985871464014,
0.01190915796905756,
0.005012126173824072,
0.054718855768442154,
0.017870618030428886,
0.03990011662244797,
-0.012516498565673828,
-0.036999333649873734,
-0.04736655205488205,
0.01988425850868225,
-0.007353856693953276,
-0.04402013123035431,
-0.005243560764938593,
0.03150907903909683,
0.01892201043665409,
0.009161836467683315,
0.03035914897918701,
0.022397175431251526,
-0.05347574129700661,
0.003384846029803157,
-0.01752687804400921,
-0.00289829820394516,
0.024624887853860855,
-0.0006075433338992298,
-0.12218016386032104,
-0.01451288815587759,
0.007215258665382862,
0.006898310035467148,
0.000011207199349883012,
0.005511675961315632,
-0.03408554941415787,
-0.015878062695264816,
0.011037920601665974,
0.01105344109237194,
-0.07344914227724075,
0.02867545373737812,
-0.00230806740000844,
0.017091017216444016,
-0.006380581296980381,
0.00929771363735199,
0.05265122652053833,
0.01545090414583683,
0.024004947394132614,
0.07644665986299515,
-0.035675786435604095,
0.03885155916213989,
0.026558566838502884,
0.044877342879772186,
-0.025378547608852386,
-0.026921026408672333,
0.007525439374148846,
0.03279409930109978,
-0.018342480063438416,
-0.002266433322802186,
-0.010032414458692074,
-0.012879110872745514,
0.012313127517700195,
0.03852161020040512,
0.05263422802090645,
0.03393692523241043,
0.0005601001903414726,
-0.010831786319613457,
0.08423083275556564,
-0.040255870670080185,
0.06091605871915817,
-0.0029195724055171013,
-0.040484726428985596,
-0.0165738295763731,
-0.02467869408428669,
-0.025869034230709076,
0.0005558053962886333,
-0.004267617594450712,
0.0028247125446796417,
-0.0641833245754242,
0.03930367901921272,
0.06486411392688751,
0.04634822532534599,
-0.03622317686676979,
0.01994829811155796,
0.02212553285062313,
-0.02034996636211872,
0.023395119234919548,
-0.07879273593425751,
0.020575672388076782,
-0.014519025571644306,
-0.0688619315624237,
0.002397064119577408,
-0.019633924588561058,
-0.04516426846385002,
0.013766094110906124,
-0.026879779994487762,
-0.0018274403410032392,
0.06635037809610367,
-0.007965604774653912,
-0.04424852505326271,
-0.040184829384088516,
0.07033473998308182,
0.014895200729370117,
0.04905464127659798,
0.0002587092749308795,
-0.060599423944950104,
0.019332878291606903,
0.015698889270424843,
-0.0011575538665056229,
0.044113751500844955,
-0.00994319561868906,
0.09359709173440933,
-0.05652666464447975,
-0.04527558013796806,
0.015220331959426403,
-0.06714000552892685,
-0.022780071943998337,
-0.0037071702536195517,
0.008016391657292843,
0.0605781152844429,
-0.006857885979115963,
0.016728023067116737,
0.07783673703670502,
0.031330931931734085,
0.0439411997795105,
0.06410982459783554,
0.0005131051875650883,
0.03375564515590668,
-0.005991687532514334,
-0.03788745403289795,
-0.02626887336373329,
0.018084973096847534,
-0.057392433285713196,
-0.04640156775712967,
0.034043602645397186,
-0.04223112016916275,
0.005228281486779451,
0.0057939933612942696,
-0.031843364238739014,
0.005527584347873926,
-0.001977670704945922,
0.005685671232640743,
0.016391735523939133,
-0.00503490399569273,
-0.030092481523752213,
0.0423060767352581,
0.007239238824695349,
0.016296494752168655,
-0.011014282703399658,
-0.01865725964307785,
0.08507724851369858,
0.07812752574682236,
-0.002274875296279788,
-0.018864741548895836,
0.04336477816104889,
0.015372605994343758,
0.015889810398221016,
0.0368436761200428,
-0.0362989641726017,
0.005930397193878889,
-0.042105354368686676,
-0.0057549565099179745,
-0.06303384900093079,
0.021297812461853027,
-0.040760789066553116,
-0.011765549890697002,
0.05526083707809448,
-0.013977873139083385,
0.06722468882799149,
0.01610460691154003,
0.04070252552628517,
0.027806080877780914,
-0.02140755206346512,
0.0017572387587279081,
-0.03170521929860115,
-0.00005246456203167327,
-0.013277792371809483,
0.011160621419548988,
-0.026764459908008575,
-0.0012318746885284781,
-0.014162728562951088,
-0.0287872813642025,
-0.00668461574241519,
0.03938200697302818,
0.05050698667764664,
0.04839317128062248,
0.0008666721405461431,
-0.04736175388097763,
-0.04541803151369095,
0.016034875065088272,
-0.08683578670024872,
-0.028841767460107803,
-0.04783092811703682,
0.0018108184449374676,
0.01574229635298252,
0.03131168335676193,
-0.024249117821455002,
0.008801125921308994,
-0.027940593659877777,
0.0011455538915470243,
0.03891140967607498,
0.011605261825025082,
-0.0248095765709877,
-0.02513907104730606,
-0.027777012437582016,
0.00283471099101007,
0.030936934053897858,
-0.014325179159641266,
-0.027935530990362167,
-0.028215976431965828,
-0.028318168595433235,
-0.009158185683190823,
-0.06966229528188705,
0.015821972861886024,
-0.0047872839495539665,
0.019435472786426544,
0.0003106749791186303,
-0.006413965951651335,
0.0031537923496216536,
0.01641557179391384,
0.022265521809458733,
0.04574476182460785,
0.015300853177905083,
-0.02480117604136467,
0.04670225456357002,
-0.045039597898721695,
0.016849471256136894,
-0.000981867196969688,
0.03237787261605263,
0.003861550707370043,
-0.0345408171415329,
0.0051596928387880325,
0.018563702702522278,
-0.29628831148147583,
-0.019448241218924522,
0.023193398490548134,
-0.03384462743997574,
0.03974258527159691,
-0.06193048506975174,
0.05334899574518204,
-0.03597525507211685,
0.004643705673515797,
0.014841378666460514,
0.004971763119101524,
0.04992184415459633,
-0.0022055383305996656,
0.049369972199201584,
0.0445888414978981,
0.06193947792053223,
-0.02669401653110981,
-0.03951844573020935,
0.020281914621591568,
0.021655051037669182,
-0.02869931049644947,
-0.0497145801782608,
-0.04060352221131325,
0.06086808815598488,
0.003247119253501296,
0.07049570232629776,
-0.055157750844955444,
-0.041162654757499695,
-0.013879050500690937,
-0.0037350680213421583,
0.020025979727506638,
-0.013050313107669353,
-0.04090814292430878,
0.021276185289025307,
-0.011075382120907307,
0.008351767435669899,
0.06517835706472397,
0.013724652118980885,
0.01903213933110237,
0.027484038844704628,
0.03482329100370407,
-0.01508059911429882,
-0.024141067638993263,
-0.005493522621691227,
0.06661508977413177,
0.00832120981067419,
-0.0374930277466774,
-0.005444009322673082,
-0.01831541396677494,
0.04498792439699173,
-0.01766047067940235,
-0.04268822818994522,
-0.014869767241179943,
0.018903208896517754,
0.04615892469882965,
-0.0022212096955627203,
-0.018942004069685936,
-0.011393380351364613,
-0.009061123244464397,
-0.0022894900757819414,
-0.030189557000994682,
-0.02468564361333847,
-0.02253616601228714,
-0.046141818165779114,
-0.05110582709312439,
-0.03912440687417984,
-0.05114436894655228,
-0.049852799624204636,
0.018814468756318092,
0.01984153501689434,
-0.027064913883805275,
0.011693378910422325,
0.0009741847170516849,
-0.1061682477593422,
-0.0033414922654628754,
0.023510409519076347,
-0.0011640124721452594,
-0.0011553197400644422,
-0.01987645775079727,
0.059789396822452545,
-0.0696655809879303,
-0.07097896188497543,
-0.0016787907807156444,
-0.0011482094414532185,
0.03675522282719612,
-0.012147325091063976,
0.004118326120078564,
-0.01570332609117031,
-0.0047293356619775295,
-0.044079024344682693,
0.015601005405187607,
-0.004503587260842323,
-0.026816625148057938,
0.040447670966386795,
0.044553354382514954,
0.03671741858124733,
-0.006114334333688021,
0.04792481288313866,
0.028339320793747902,
0.03403458371758461,
0.032742444425821304,
-0.06426755338907242,
0.00907932873815298,
-0.026680661365389824,
-0.010640295222401619,
0.02392609976232052,
-0.07053285837173462,
-0.04623757302761078,
0.008547092787921429,
-0.016167540103197098,
-0.013680236414074898,
-0.01084606721997261,
-0.005745630245655775,
0.009216315113008022,
-0.023376142606139183,
-0.011535110883414745,
-0.006440844852477312,
0.037172120064496994,
0.011317186057567596,
-0.0004199963586870581,
-0.07367515563964844,
0.03330738842487335,
-0.016333002597093582,
0.018956879153847694,
-0.005126467440277338,
-0.008415371179580688,
-0.002714050468057394,
-0.0516745001077652,
-0.000911039300262928,
-0.022739220410585403,
0.03855225816369057,
0.018983500078320503,
0.0036160703748464584,
0.0014724495122209191,
0.053572192788124084,
-0.007232878357172012,
0.003876861184835434,
0.010438809171319008,
0.021991120651364326,
-0.012734878808259964,
0.006555070169270039,
-0.012413017451763153,
0.01010624598711729,
0.03053535707294941,
0.02261470817029476,
-0.016838133335113525,
0.011345424689352512,
-0.0002874709025491029,
0.03678832948207855,
0.010811813175678253,
0.026730230078101158,
-0.044315971434116364,
-0.01299952156841755,
-0.026498865336179733,
0.04450452700257301,
-0.017027556896209717,
0.003485271707177162,
0.01151471771299839,
-0.026624297723174095,
-0.07952827215194702,
0.03161964938044548,
0.01331146340817213,
0.010683603584766388,
-0.001123460941016674,
0.0317104235291481,
0.02617904171347618,
-0.012456733733415604,
0.013553416356444359,
0.053075484931468964,
0.006327241193503141,
0.0027167832013219595,
-0.0520237572491169,
-0.011387833394110203,
-0.011493260972201824,
-0.017690610140562057,
-0.0048185610212385654,
0.03766201436519623,
0.010252268053591251,
-0.027209660038352013,
0.06670460104942322,
-0.0060926335863769054,
-0.06226859241724014,
-0.010400664992630482,
0.013918467797338963,
0.08210078626871109,
0.03960514813661575,
0.018057171255350113,
0.004561190027743578,
-0.01358416210860014,
0.036404456943273544,
-0.016953248530626297,
-0.0019869180396199226,
0.02112625539302826,
-0.04405365511775017,
-0.053620222955942154,
-0.05268106609582901,
0.043394118547439575,
0.005551720969378948,
0.007363810203969479,
-0.026332849636673927,
-0.03492211923003197,
-0.01831362582743168,
-0.05739494785666466,
-0.007026995066553354,
0.018194109201431274,
-0.08531486988067627,
0.008246319368481636,
-0.0006765590514987707,
0.007040989585220814,
0.03452751412987709,
-0.04350683093070984,
-0.04312056303024292,
-0.0468909777700901,
-0.012424319051206112,
0.042074743658304214,
-0.02077910676598549,
-0.03677766025066376,
-0.017635442316532135,
-0.011213792487978935,
-0.002710179425776005,
0.004683885723352432,
-0.038115303963422775,
0.003949632868170738,
-0.028821315616369247,
-0.003236175514757633,
0.034613993018865585,
-0.04079979285597801,
-0.011768627911806107,
-0.007094622123986483,
-0.034152254462242126,
0.02815413661301136,
-0.05244719982147217,
0.010240153409540653,
0.03340626507997513,
0.027043893933296204,
0.004535552114248276,
-0.06464046239852905,
0.02182343602180481,
0.02020622044801712,
-0.03973978012800217,
0.004130264278501272,
0.013239510357379913,
-0.01575523242354393,
0.0019953404553234577,
-0.013077473267912865,
0.021275699138641357,
0.02244444563984871,
0.0031298892572522163,
0.001063877483829856,
-0.000365228857845068,
-0.011253844015300274,
0.000043389380152802914,
-0.026143815368413925,
-0.009097689762711525,
0.05661163106560707,
-0.01691834256052971,
-0.03619405999779701,
-0.08334162086248398,
-0.059412479400634766,
0.03061574697494507,
-0.015343365259468555,
0.028912531211972237,
-0.053263548761606216,
0.04095185920596123,
0.008854659274220467,
0.034453053027391434,
0.032326195389032364,
-0.004004959017038345,
0.04134879633784294,
-0.03720476105809212,
0.0032753576524555683,
-0.06314291805028915,
-0.03869245946407318,
0.05231256037950516,
-0.042736608535051346,
-0.011551002971827984,
0.009824183769524097,
-0.031906384974718094,
0.018373843282461166,
-0.0074202571995556355,
-0.03262621536850929,
-0.005525991786271334,
-0.022307509556412697,
0.0026583829894661903,
0.056169573217630386,
-0.03108530305325985,
-0.01714034005999565,
-0.015978684648871422,
-0.03967788815498352,
0.016907548531889915,
0.0032425704412162304,
0.05984855815768242,
-0.03050507791340351,
0.025441138073801994,
-0.0307012889534235,
-0.024420354515314102,
-0.005885306745767593,
0.05901767686009407,
0.017193812876939774,
0.040879108011722565,
0.00019948932458646595,
0.037640560418367386,
0.025149540975689888,
0.010163621976971626,
0.014910810627043247,
-0.004617160186171532,
-0.012403182685375214,
-0.0497354120016098,
0.046979114413261414,
0.025177491828799248,
-0.007059661205857992,
-0.039869099855422974,
0.07429460436105728,
0.034344710409641266,
-0.0564701110124588,
-0.010929952375590801,
0.013730932027101517,
-0.061251215636730194,
0.007948131300508976,
-0.014706971123814583,
0.00796280987560749,
-0.026073789224028587,
0.051734283566474915,
0.029223307967185974,
0.05465221032500267,
0.061220280826091766,
-0.012674006633460522,
-0.006882885005325079,
0.007343801204115152,
0.06181818246841431,
0.06459685415029526,
0.07714182138442993,
0.010356868617236614,
0.0672982931137085,
-0.019486835226416588,
-0.06763117760419846,
-0.008805383928120136,
0.03758203238248825,
-0.016191815957427025,
-0.0412890650331974,
0.021790994331240654,
0.08043746650218964,
-0.011297996155917645,
0.05754230171442032,
-0.038684602826833725,
0.00949987955391407,
0.022208066657185555,
0.0006912634707987309,
0.013478834182024002,
0.04547574743628502,
0.03127551078796387,
0.03994422033429146,
-0.05394670367240906,
-0.002959907054901123,
0.02139049954712391,
-0.053637873381376266,
0.00031115039018914104,
0.026834474876523018,
-0.01045027282088995,
0.009566946886479855,
0.0004516638000495732,
0.05180889740586281,
0.11396358162164688,
-0.023104514926671982,
-0.039805442094802856,
0.01877547986805439,
0.009152935817837715,
0.010618895292282104,
0.050190072506666183,
0.02338028885424137,
-0.01394844613969326,
-0.0007369293598458171,
-0.026741251349449158,
-0.01566855050623417,
0.0072065964341163635,
-0.03804152458906174,
0.02794518694281578,
-0.01265756320208311,
-0.01485105324536562,
0.021464478224515915,
0.04684729874134064,
-0.0336185097694397,
-0.03141438215970993,
-0.011478370055556297,
-0.05644362047314644,
-0.02219109609723091,
-0.04646334797143936,
0.04692230746150017,
0.029430842027068138,
-0.019472263753414154,
0.0255204439163208,
-0.027389954775571823,
0.018512191250920296,
0.024351976811885834,
-0.06024123355746269,
0.0317828506231308,
0.038833823055028915,
-0.007391969207674265,
-0.014874001033604145,
0.045804090797901154,
0.02898027002811432,
-0.004624365828931332,
-0.0031321318820118904,
0.03859547898173332,
0.04210907593369484,
0.027977069839835167,
-0.019138438627123833,
-0.03869475796818733,
-0.07524599134922028,
-0.0006033393437974155,
-0.011366462334990501,
-0.0604468435049057,
-0.07505673915147781,
-0.004469150677323341,
0.005298653617501259,
0.06906042993068695,
0.05766364187002182,
0.026772810146212578,
0.010298030450940132,
-0.00916295126080513,
0.004250932950526476,
-0.013523058965802193,
0.018007704988121986,
0.04360262304544449,
0.0004910363350063562,
0.04761261120438576,
0.02390296943485737,
-0.04146842285990715,
-0.052992064505815506,
-0.005768481642007828,
-0.0017331299604848027,
-0.02153508923947811,
-0.017615847289562225,
-0.04618976265192032,
-0.02480398491024971,
-0.10476475208997726,
-0.032385893166065216,
0.02299433760344982,
-0.0011589218629524112,
-0.030201682820916176,
-0.011793476529419422,
-0.013072253204882145,
-0.01982327550649643,
-0.03161207213997841,
-0.03328872099518776,
-0.042466383427381516,
-0.018615474924445152,
-0.033018916845321655,
-0.061829566955566406,
-0.005159822292625904,
-0.03994200378656387,
-0.024607621133327484,
-0.048915863037109375,
-0.01854170486330986,
-0.004544191062450409,
0.03212825953960419,
0.03867705166339874,
-0.028412919491529465,
0.02361985854804516,
-0.023310143500566483
] |
243 |
ONLINE EPSILON NET & PIERCING SET FOR GEOMETRIC CONCEPTS
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=nNiWRRj6r9
|
[
"Sujoy Bhore",
"Devdan Dey",
"Satyam Singh"
] |
Poster
|
VC-dimension (Vapnik & Chervonenkis (1971)) and $\varepsilon$-nets (Haussler & Welzl (1987)) are key concepts in Statistical Learning Theory. Intuitively, VC-dimension is a measure of the size of a class of sets. The famous $\varepsilon$-net theorem, a fundamental result in Discrete Geometry, asserts that if the VC-dimension of a set system is bounded, then a small sample exists that intersects all sufficiently large sets.
In online learning scenarios where data arrives sequentially, the VC-dimension helps to bound the complexity of the set system, and $\varepsilon$-nets ensure the selection of a small representative set. This sampling framework is crucial in various domains, including spatial data analysis, motion planning in dynamic environments, optimization of sensor networks, and feature extraction in computer vision, among others. Motivated by these applications, we study the online $\varepsilon$-net problem for geometric concepts with bounded VC-dimension. While the offline version of this problem has been extensively studied, surprisingly, there are no known theoretical results for the online version to date. We present the first deterministic online algorithm with an optimal competitive ratio for intervals in $\mathbb{R}$. Next, we give a randomized online algorithm with a near-optimal competitive ratio for axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for $d\le 3$. Furthermore, we introduce a novel technique to analyze similar-sized objects of constant description complexity in $\mathbb{R}^d$, which may be of independent interest.
Next, we focus on the continuous version of this problem (called online piercing set), where ranges of the set system are geometric concepts in $\mathbb{R}^d$ arriving in an online manner, but the universe is the entire ambient space, and the objective is to choose a small sample that intersects all the ranges. Although online piercing set is a very well-studied problem in the literature, to our surprise, very few works have addressed generic geometric concepts without any assumption about the sizes. We advance this field by proposing asymptotically optimal competitive deterministic algorithms for boxes and ellipsoids in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for any $d\in\mathbb{N}$.
|
Theoretical machine learning, VC-dimension, Geometric sampling
| null | 13,983 |
2410.07059
|
[
0.013985726982355118,
0.006280154921114445,
0.021149054169654846,
0.02618223801255226,
0.02534787356853485,
0.04294021055102348,
0.011558253318071365,
0.006383311934769154,
-0.03038462996482849,
-0.06271254271268845,
-0.02828596904873848,
-0.035934511572122574,
-0.06647094339132309,
-0.004067509435117245,
-0.0073005338199436665,
0.05444146320223808,
0.017287662252783775,
-0.0006634886958636343,
0.02003484219312668,
0.036538299173116684,
-0.04058942198753357,
-0.0069664232432842255,
0.027273820713162422,
0.013452325947582722,
0.015640661120414734,
0.020731285214424133,
0.03470538556575775,
0.028796611353754997,
-0.003514694282785058,
0.014147020876407623,
0.018788037821650505,
-0.0062452200800180435,
0.0060036201030015945,
-0.04202163219451904,
-0.00529812928289175,
-0.006506686564534903,
-0.019089115783572197,
-0.002401556121185422,
-0.006626071408390999,
-0.002752086380496621,
-0.02731514349579811,
0.013973609544336796,
0.01676701195538044,
0.019023803994059563,
-0.056756798177957535,
-0.0001021697316900827,
-0.07766686379909515,
0.03295417129993439,
0.032638102769851685,
-0.01141370739787817,
-0.08254117518663406,
0.029366912320256233,
-0.0025547617115080357,
0.03347574174404144,
-0.015339228324592113,
0.04701504111289978,
0.03240438550710678,
-0.06053677573800087,
0.023363221436738968,
-0.08463188260793686,
-0.011075366288423538,
0.023732353001832962,
0.023557249456644058,
0.01986832171678543,
-0.02822219580411911,
0.03047938086092472,
0.012705832719802856,
0.06084021180868149,
-0.029806770384311676,
-0.0024649351835250854,
-0.044305600225925446,
-0.020244911313056946,
0.01908382773399353,
0.0011540291598066688,
0.008832256309688091,
-0.03301062807440758,
0.0015138938324525952,
0.0015431410865858197,
0.09588270634412766,
-0.013390766456723213,
0.01878245547413826,
-0.009856021963059902,
0.027652312070131302,
0.0231049545109272,
0.001591067761182785,
0.00507853040471673,
-0.04779363051056862,
-0.03330559656023979,
-0.07492143660783768,
0.061896901577711105,
-0.011764160357415676,
-0.06672021001577377,
0.030567234382033348,
0.03365335613489151,
-0.011507312767207623,
0.0009122854680754244,
0.028697755187749863,
0.026003297418355942,
0.04159509763121605,
-0.016077887266874313,
-0.029182858765125275,
-0.05006808042526245,
0.014405635185539722,
-0.009092405438423157,
-0.09115021675825119,
-0.02913414128124714,
-0.0033642675261944532,
-0.0021268033888190985,
-0.003651603125035763,
0.029100626707077026,
-0.08252538740634918,
0.0037027110811322927,
0.009666761383414268,
-0.012941697612404823,
-0.06261278688907623,
0.01703372225165367,
0.020361797884106636,
0.03485949710011482,
-0.01591118425130844,
0.03816996514797211,
0.05661170929670334,
0.025806792080402374,
-0.0316745862364769,
0.06119023263454437,
-0.010667410679161549,
0.010875198990106583,
-0.0054056658409535885,
0.023105695843696594,
-0.003428409341722727,
-0.03528698906302452,
0.022583158686757088,
0.025014273822307587,
0.005687011405825615,
-0.005880565848201513,
0.003953956998884678,
-0.05492718517780304,
-0.017990952357649803,
-0.015404635109007359,
-0.008640939369797707,
-0.002166597405448556,
-0.00103930220939219,
-0.024143321439623833,
0.04559197649359703,
-0.00935376062989235,
0.07324060052633286,
-0.008273343555629253,
0.028543902561068535,
-0.04451281577348709,
-0.05859098955988884,
0.010125299915671349,
0.007570561952888966,
-0.01704142801463604,
-0.003978930879384279,
-0.06148884445428848,
-0.002711124252527952,
0.039679139852523804,
0.03258568048477173,
0.08377634733915329,
-0.011970950290560722,
-0.03094937838613987,
0.040830422192811966,
0.012902345508337021,
-0.015869436785578728,
0.03856046497821808,
-0.013767167925834656,
-0.0671723261475563,
0.06923381239175797,
0.05226275324821472,
-0.026157649233937263,
0.017114950343966484,
-0.030115649104118347,
-0.024942748248577118,
0.05033853277564049,
-0.009117171168327332,
-0.01780845783650875,
-0.020086418837308884,
0.038739241659641266,
-0.01287027820944786,
0.035243693739175797,
-0.015042074024677277,
-0.08260598033666611,
0.010614249855279922,
0.028531111776828766,
-0.0063322363421320915,
0.005610874388366938,
-0.041972700506448746,
0.08561922609806061,
-0.02352873980998993,
0.012102333828806877,
-0.010253538377583027,
-0.05051581934094429,
-0.023282300680875778,
0.02203300967812538,
-0.012089788913726807,
0.05560113862156868,
0.01834779419004917,
-0.01574673317372799,
0.00786289107054472,
0.015206010080873966,
0.04530267044901848,
0.04250510782003403,
0.003457559971138835,
0.05066518113017082,
-0.009424608200788498,
-0.01713966391980648,
0.01762136071920395,
0.00935131311416626,
-0.07155825197696686,
-0.05615132674574852,
0.02145979553461075,
0.024821750819683075,
-0.03483555093407631,
0.012381882406771183,
-0.009759383276104927,
0.041805438697338104,
0.0167988408356905,
-0.00853599701076746,
0.015613819472491741,
0.03472038730978966,
-0.06190861016511917,
0.023266533389687538,
0.028660548850893974,
-0.030562149360775948,
-0.0014482998521998525,
-0.006364699453115463,
0.08252853900194168,
0.09599057585000992,
-0.03716117516160011,
-0.02488444373011589,
-0.017311127856373787,
0.0075163631699979305,
0.01242026500403881,
-0.01380523107945919,
-0.028239479288458824,
0.029304591938853264,
0.011198247782886028,
0.002806864446029067,
-0.030174141749739647,
0.09406201541423798,
-0.024964196607470512,
-0.026910195127129555,
0.05938306450843811,
0.03661602735519409,
0.05638568103313446,
0.027412788942456245,
0.004880658816546202,
0.043607424944639206,
0.011074693873524666,
-0.05409960821270943,
-0.018671182915568352,
-0.029632408171892166,
-0.01772753894329071,
-0.011330224573612213,
-0.009474621154367924,
-0.005841413047164679,
-0.05053018778562546,
0.020042650401592255,
-0.02880965732038021,
0.07146068662405014,
0.03234533220529556,
0.011333715170621872,
0.029478995129466057,
0.030822966247797012,
-0.03576501086354256,
-0.017959482967853546,
-0.10964740067720413,
-0.0489555299282074,
-0.02949538826942444,
0.08399225771427155,
0.018595032393932343,
0.034862082451581955,
0.016254089772701263,
0.03150607645511627,
-0.02059667930006981,
-0.02206486463546753,
0.005572072695940733,
0.011489273980259895,
0.026930036023259163,
-0.04731949418783188,
-0.005303249694406986,
0.020911263301968575,
0.07035349309444427,
0.004827732220292091,
-0.006570725701749325,
-0.0236769150942564,
-0.019597431644797325,
-0.0018476347904652357,
-0.09325459599494934,
-0.03331214189529419,
-0.0098373768851161,
0.004616912454366684,
0.01654387079179287,
-0.04893796145915985,
0.011004578322172165,
0.04481726512312889,
0.03783392533659935,
0.00514568667858839,
-0.02865627221763134,
-0.005781886167824268,
-0.04424487054347992,
-0.00027674331795424223,
0.04193806275725365,
-0.035062067210674286,
-0.017736203968524933,
-0.031413257122039795,
0.0016337676206603646,
0.03823309391736984,
0.015171018429100513,
-0.2747366428375244,
-0.017563339322805405,
0.015017563477158546,
-0.012623796239495277,
0.014260819181799889,
-0.025800764560699463,
0.04720520228147507,
-0.021811263635754585,
-0.04876221716403961,
0.014831982553005219,
0.0038813354913145304,
0.019666599109768867,
-0.026651646941900253,
0.08223764598369598,
0.03671512007713318,
0.01246347650885582,
0.01860162802040577,
-0.011918608099222183,
0.003000362776219845,
0.010640141554176807,
-0.03581256791949272,
-0.07010556757450104,
-0.0009167857351712883,
0.0360892079770565,
-0.0167416762560606,
0.04307802766561508,
-0.06956199556589127,
-0.00899774394929409,
-0.05809576064348221,
0.013399436138570309,
-0.014572077430784702,
-0.034163542091846466,
0.0030269429553300142,
0.012261354364454746,
0.011931310407817364,
0.012326311320066452,
0.05802109092473984,
-0.053446196019649506,
-0.01731833815574646,
0.023324254900217056,
-0.022661380469799042,
-0.001375901629216969,
-0.008995573967695236,
0.03562503680586815,
0.06595050543546677,
0.016276735812425613,
-0.006598168984055519,
-0.01932789757847786,
-0.006407311651855707,
0.024582352489233017,
0.006451609078794718,
-0.03424900025129318,
0.017576167359948158,
-0.030029771849513054,
-0.003391742007806897,
-0.03626274690032005,
-0.015765957534313202,
-0.037202633917331696,
-0.021726006641983986,
0.024084672331809998,
0.012995311059057713,
-0.04657522588968277,
-0.007129073608666658,
-0.05350739508867264,
0.008288083598017693,
-0.060966815799474716,
-0.08385917544364929,
-0.04667041450738907,
0.017552632838487625,
0.019272882491350174,
0.024830078706145287,
0.037996020168066025,
-0.05670401453971863,
-0.10487180948257446,
0.018723703920841217,
0.014574548229575157,
-0.009430959820747375,
0.0041669742204248905,
0.054068371653556824,
0.03586458042263985,
-0.041668396443128586,
-0.04254741221666336,
0.01314624398946762,
0.054481472820043564,
0.008451146073639393,
-0.018524575978517532,
0.023262159898877144,
-0.017847232520580292,
-0.03322998061776161,
-0.0020668823271989822,
0.04922536015510559,
0.021146629005670547,
0.03251039236783981,
-0.009084206074476242,
0.0459403358399868,
0.031950049102306366,
0.033463794738054276,
0.02789563685655594,
0.04496406018733978,
0.016145406290888786,
-0.003871798049658537,
-0.07194145023822784,
-0.019515924155712128,
0.003721799934282899,
-0.055978938937187195,
0.01110923383384943,
-0.028983190655708313,
-0.008109375834465027,
0.04793858528137207,
-0.010527045466005802,
-0.030652310699224472,
-0.03048458695411682,
-0.0007710722275078297,
0.00008540904673282057,
0.014974069781601429,
-0.03866700828075409,
0.005959599744528532,
0.0224391408264637,
0.023152822628617287,
-0.017809543758630753,
-0.038880299776792526,
0.02511204034090042,
0.00841681007295847,
0.007204160094261169,
-0.028296062722802162,
-0.0004048684786539525,
0.00036921200808137655,
-0.029302988201379776,
-0.04281475767493248,
0.004959513898938894,
0.043114207684993744,
0.07582127302885056,
0.017829280346632004,
0.023024171590805054,
0.07973701506853104,
0.030579285696148872,
-0.025712324306368828,
-0.008732905611395836,
0.05076448246836662,
0.016112254932522774,
0.01329532265663147,
0.020333928987383842,
0.032066330313682556,
0.025940066203475,
0.026803454384207726,
0.029872048646211624,
0.02785007655620575,
-0.03657897561788559,
0.0062786852940917015,
-0.02259659394621849,
0.022660164162516594,
-0.06869688630104065,
0.0384315550327301,
-0.02240569517016411,
0.006189737003296614,
-0.01317720115184784,
0.005306768696755171,
-0.021762454882264137,
0.0019644026178866625,
-0.08079435676336288,
0.057938650250434875,
0.008188290521502495,
-0.03048805519938469,
-0.014140468090772629,
0.0012570866383612156,
0.07615485787391663,
-0.008574243634939194,
-0.020003072917461395,
0.0069498782977461815,
0.017710668966174126,
0.0367647148668766,
-0.026616422459483147,
-0.015395469032227993,
-0.0317019559442997,
-0.060074783861637115,
0.00030867921304889023,
-0.02641901560127735,
-0.021165119484066963,
-0.07615787535905838,
-0.022215094417333603,
0.031150665134191513,
-0.0010486124083399773,
0.0035240203142166138,
0.01683453842997551,
0.038804180920124054,
0.016625389456748962,
-0.009592224843800068,
0.008082082495093346,
-0.017786744982004166,
0.06096625328063965,
-0.008572393096983433,
0.02381611429154873,
-0.02119717188179493,
-0.01460691075772047,
-0.037797532975673676,
-0.039006561040878296,
0.024503538385033607,
0.015321440063416958,
-0.035291124135255814,
-0.014121491461992264,
0.009719978086650372,
0.014005900360643864,
-0.026361284777522087,
0.020046427845954895,
0.03370625525712967,
-0.046130258589982986,
0.03435993939638138,
0.048340827226638794,
-0.006974174175411463,
0.010299881920218468,
-0.08486558496952057,
-0.026970375329256058,
-0.017074283212423325,
-0.03327801823616028,
0.011836213059723377,
-0.011491679586470127,
-0.017420686781406403,
-0.014186290092766285,
0.004637177102267742,
-0.04579901322722435,
0.022838115692138672,
0.0030305793043226004,
-0.0056145284324884415,
-0.016396479681134224,
-0.004846426658332348,
0.09263964742422104,
0.010138926096260548,
-0.03243923932313919,
-0.0019114402821287513,
-0.028237344697117805,
-0.0036324693355709314,
-0.045714326202869415,
-0.005721847526729107,
0.03884856030344963,
-0.0268567968159914,
0.0014968145405873656,
-0.037204448133707047,
0.02534376084804535,
-0.0007748008356429636,
-0.007272543851286173,
0.006986809428781271,
0.01472507044672966,
-0.03049381449818611,
0.012252537533640862,
0.011260847561061382,
0.035845089703798294,
0.017801152542233467,
-0.029758388176560402,
0.04125913977622986,
0.035964787006378174,
-0.047232694923877716,
-0.010458171367645264,
-0.03341121971607208,
-0.030860301107168198,
0.028827320784330368,
-0.01656310074031353,
-0.023692328482866287,
-0.0571565181016922,
-0.02025458961725235,
0.03728777915239334,
-0.0492074228823185,
0.007950101047754288,
-0.01215922087430954,
0.029034895822405815,
0.014109117910265923,
0.031038746237754822,
0.011298466473817825,
-0.01956689916551113,
0.04816342517733574,
-0.07884006947278976,
0.025970662012696266,
-0.052394989877939224,
0.015963168814778328,
0.03810679540038109,
0.0005899120587855577,
0.02121049538254738,
0.026276130229234695,
-0.024002281948924065,
0.03335057944059372,
-0.05118029564619064,
-0.07785049080848694,
0.013396957889199257,
-0.03215699642896652,
-0.012410452589392662,
0.006404843181371689,
-0.027502117678523064,
-0.0026463153772056103,
-0.004403432831168175,
-0.06351817399263382,
0.003320259740576148,
-0.017674623057246208,
0.00855300948023796,
-0.006808151490986347,
-0.006546046119183302,
-0.00880564283579588,
0.017421426251530647,
0.038278426975011826,
0.06808296591043472,
0.04953860491514206,
0.02684955485165119,
-0.025165969505906105,
0.06495513021945953,
0.03220196068286896,
-0.01915564015507698,
0.018650485202670097,
0.010393481701612473,
-0.010187840089201927,
-0.051430296152830124,
0.024028876796364784,
0.01052961964160204,
-0.030019206926226616,
-0.07177601009607315,
0.062117237597703934,
0.03002023510634899,
-0.08366412669420242,
0.009600453078746796,
0.03394738584756851,
-0.05337338522076607,
0.019622087478637695,
-0.017188766971230507,
-0.013527289032936096,
0.019137950614094734,
0.07167968899011612,
-0.010555456392467022,
0.0005776918260380626,
0.054179806262254715,
-0.028332345187664032,
-0.0068869274109601974,
-0.05260869488120079,
0.08802812546491623,
0.055503036826848984,
0.021316982805728912,
-0.0027417512610554695,
0.06221836432814598,
-0.03160182014107704,
-0.04485180974006653,
0.009620586410164833,
-0.014516303315758705,
-0.00025878354790620506,
-0.027184052392840385,
0.008672174997627735,
0.03750758245587349,
0.04953030124306679,
0.08059648424386978,
-0.069491907954216,
0.012097661383450031,
0.008372426964342594,
0.0001568611478433013,
0.00869135744869709,
0.030827311798930168,
0.0444343201816082,
0.02349177375435829,
-0.0019367934437468648,
-0.019622409716248512,
-0.02395188994705677,
-0.00967409834265709,
0.02698940970003605,
-0.007585025858134031,
-0.0017441243398934603,
0.021983042359352112,
-0.020925382152199745,
0.006945733446627855,
0.08780494332313538,
-0.04394016042351723,
-0.0794173926115036,
0.012353124096989632,
0.03868379816412926,
-0.00032773171551525593,
0.054789211601018906,
0.029128851369023323,
-0.01949196308851242,
0.0028590878937393427,
-0.0297478586435318,
0.03337086737155914,
-0.011670407839119434,
-0.004664595704525709,
-0.026747019961476326,
0.004922032821923494,
-0.023157507181167603,
0.00955640897154808,
0.03384317457675934,
-0.03738797828555107,
-0.030308211222290993,
-0.012711913324892521,
-0.030525874346494675,
-0.04732377082109451,
-0.017995500937104225,
0.04548206925392151,
-0.006254378706216812,
-0.03552830219268799,
-0.0031090532429516315,
0.02936684340238571,
0.039381079375743866,
0.01885530911386013,
-0.06703696399927139,
0.00405561737716198,
0.03064563497900963,
0.024159017950296402,
0.05030420050024986,
0.02355659194290638,
0.024965941905975342,
-0.019938871264457703,
-0.01984744891524315,
-0.015016893856227398,
0.0001874792797025293,
0.05074789747595787,
0.006861223839223385,
0.009468039497733116,
-0.08595425635576248,
0.00005051810512668453,
0.020278219133615494,
-0.023851653560996056,
-0.05973080173134804,
0.005602261051535606,
-0.02865424193441868,
0.02094438299536705,
0.05711626261472702,
-0.007519315462559462,
0.013283650390803814,
-0.04998984560370445,
0.004487286787480116,
-0.03425903245806694,
-0.0010767243802547455,
0.044189468026161194,
-0.02436891198158264,
0.010328918695449829,
0.008153291419148445,
-0.017228540033102036,
-0.04208308085799217,
0.027103008702397346,
-0.029941819608211517,
0.05658359453082085,
-0.06466197222471237,
-0.04663524404168129,
-0.04014833644032478,
-0.11047844588756561,
-0.002397773554548621,
0.05013951659202576,
0.026738202199339867,
-0.036642685532569885,
0.012709557078778744,
0.012145442888140678,
-0.05219398811459541,
0.02226248010993004,
0.003740315791219473,
0.010756172239780426,
-0.06946258991956711,
-0.01855337619781494,
-0.06787756830453873,
0.012381559237837791,
-0.017055904492735863,
0.018550420179963112,
0.0011082495329901576,
-0.05277052894234657,
-0.02247627079486847,
-0.03869549185037613,
0.03591305390000343,
0.006173180416226387,
0.0256407018750906,
0.04614446684718132
] |
244 |
SimulPL: Aligning Human Preferences in Simultaneous Machine Translation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=XBF63bHDZw
|
[
"Donglei Yu",
"Yang Zhao",
"Jie Zhu",
"Yangyifan Xu",
"Yu Zhou",
"Chengqing Zong"
] |
Poster
|
Simultaneous Machine Translation (SiMT) generates translations while receiving streaming source inputs. This requires the SiMT model to learn a read/write policy, deciding when to translate and when to wait for more source input. Numerous linguistic studies indicate that audiences in SiMT scenarios have distinct preferences, such as accurate translations, simpler syntax, and no unnecessary latency. Aligning SiMT models with these human preferences is crucial to improve their performances. However, this issue still remains unexplored. Additionally, preference optimization for SiMT task is also challenging. Existing methods focus solely on optimizing the generated responses, ignoring human preferences related to latency and the optimization of read/write policy during the preference optimization phase. To address these challenges, we propose Simultaneous Preference Learning (SimulPL), a preference learning framework tailored for the SiMT task. In the SimulPL framework, we categorize SiMT human preferences into five aspects: **translation quality preference**, **monotonicity preference**, **key point preference**, **simplicity preference**, and **latency preference**. By leveraging the first four preferences, we construct human preference prompts to efficiently guide GPT-4/4o in generating preference data for the SiMT task. In the preference optimization phase, SimulPL integrates **latency preference** into the optimization objective and enables SiMT models to improve the read/write policy, thereby aligning with human preferences more effectively. Experimental results indicate that SimulPL exhibits better alignment with human preferences across all latency levels in Zh$\rightarrow$En, De$\rightarrow$En and En$\rightarrow$Zh SiMT tasks. Our data and code will be available at https://github.com/EurekaForNLP/SimulPL.
|
simultaneous machine translation, simultaneous preference optimization, human preferences
| null | 13,982 |
2502.00634
|
[
0.0008274471038021147,
-0.011018474586308002,
0.012053404003381729,
0.028814345598220825,
0.027166349813342094,
0.04024919122457504,
0.0009536081342957914,
0.03679081052541733,
-0.015280060470104218,
-0.034084953367710114,
-0.03250546008348465,
0.048917245119810104,
-0.07476616650819778,
-0.013869121670722961,
-0.018659688532352448,
0.03708009049296379,
0.004731373395770788,
-0.00873862486332655,
-0.006586873903870583,
-0.010442018508911133,
-0.008691190741956234,
-0.03873299062252045,
0.04745140299201012,
-0.015268458053469658,
0.040498413145542145,
0.023983784019947052,
0.019307630136609077,
0.0008364515961147845,
-0.036985863000154495,
-0.011041725985705853,
0.020171623677015305,
-0.011937695555388927,
0.0017513652564957738,
-0.018565461039543152,
-0.009080812335014343,
-0.03227539733052254,
-0.06282965838909149,
0.03486054018139839,
0.03149130195379257,
0.026917604729533195,
-0.038798362016677856,
0.010154112242162228,
-0.019151682034134865,
0.004143282771110535,
-0.020245732739567757,
-0.0032009179703891277,
-0.07841196656227112,
0.03646615892648697,
-0.03925930708646774,
-0.04674674570560455,
-0.10660401731729507,
0.04044599458575249,
0.0009029965149238706,
-0.01697397790849209,
0.0017049380112439394,
0.05538642406463623,
0.013662569224834442,
-0.06641548871994019,
0.005762429442256689,
-0.03142867982387543,
-0.030420592054724693,
0.015742503106594086,
0.027401892468333244,
0.01516395527869463,
0.023885853588581085,
-0.011470443569123745,
-0.024103205651044846,
0.010269878432154655,
-0.054640986025333405,
-0.021926796063780785,
-0.024840718135237694,
0.018755687400698662,
0.0007030270644463599,
0.018770873546600342,
0.00754952896386385,
-0.0573643259704113,
0.014062092639505863,
0.053544141352176666,
0.05319393798708916,
0.00044091514428146183,
-0.01351417787373066,
0.027139203622937202,
0.022937200963497162,
0.03937216103076935,
0.037705328315496445,
-0.010243539698421955,
-0.039482373744249344,
-0.007572697941213846,
-0.06539671868085861,
0.03132658824324608,
0.020215127617120743,
-0.07636963576078415,
0.01696023717522621,
0.02979923039674759,
0.02577873133122921,
0.015789605677127838,
0.032603345811367035,
0.04111809656023979,
0.0076126838102936745,
0.04570850357413292,
-0.05257755517959595,
-0.04531562328338623,
0.04455091804265976,
0.019037742167711258,
-0.11206711828708649,
-0.04982857033610344,
-0.021102234721183777,
0.016345025971531868,
0.015693336725234985,
0.016387585550546646,
-0.02514222078025341,
-0.02102888748049736,
0.0633309930562973,
-0.00500855129212141,
-0.09826970100402832,
0.014495874755084515,
0.004543246701359749,
0.008373190648853779,
-0.02636829949915409,
0.012368706054985523,
0.05547157675027847,
0.040550731122493744,
0.011222492903470993,
0.08501093089580536,
-0.010685961693525314,
0.010555697605013847,
0.0013609719462692738,
0.026721397414803505,
-0.029886189848184586,
-0.04661417379975319,
0.02585708722472191,
0.047559868544340134,
0.0064384350553154945,
0.0034891304094344378,
-0.009815416298806667,
-0.0028409548103809357,
0.05510779842734337,
0.015685535967350006,
0.0693637877702713,
-0.008538511581718922,
-0.01056158822029829,
-0.0005194800905883312,
0.04720678552985191,
-0.005438712891191244,
0.05889497697353363,
-0.02191060222685337,
-0.010056652128696442,
-0.03251006454229355,
-0.02033587545156479,
0.02284468151628971,
0.007786056492477655,
-0.02615131437778473,
0.012311756610870361,
-0.04930820316076279,
0.06403815746307373,
0.08620306849479675,
0.054576754570007324,
0.006883339490741491,
0.012320873327553272,
0.004200638271868229,
-0.03335431218147278,
0.03629955276846886,
-0.05495022237300873,
-0.01618536002933979,
-0.008793621324002743,
-0.03239446133375168,
0.016291543841362,
0.027125928550958633,
-0.021703112870454788,
-0.009677713736891747,
-0.03442225977778435,
-0.012130651623010635,
0.050712987780570984,
-0.022237731143832207,
-0.0001373257691739127,
-0.01627046801149845,
0.058811888098716736,
-0.00635173823684454,
0.0508481003344059,
-0.009474634192883968,
-0.07757094502449036,
0.0253165140748024,
0.00730373477563262,
0.014041663147509098,
0.02212294563651085,
-0.010155527852475643,
0.07028718292713165,
0.00239393999800086,
-0.008936579339206219,
0.04477706924080849,
-0.06747160851955414,
-0.024651354178786278,
0.03237372636795044,
-0.00019385670020710677,
0.07233422249555588,
-0.02886989526450634,
-0.018276475369930267,
0.09600317478179932,
0.02010522596538067,
0.03677983582019806,
0.04074754938483238,
0.001922539435327053,
0.02959112636744976,
-0.004905619192868471,
-0.04214431345462799,
-0.008866303600370884,
0.041790422052145004,
-0.057103317230939865,
-0.05080735310912132,
-0.006210826337337494,
-0.021814914420247078,
0.013444295153021812,
0.01762745901942253,
-0.01058783009648323,
0.016334641724824905,
0.005202657077461481,
-0.0008121104910969734,
-0.03164156526327133,
0.012300577014684677,
-0.04219772666692734,
0.05223565176129341,
0.03048863634467125,
0.0036564951296895742,
-0.009334196336567402,
-0.06562479585409164,
0.07609380036592484,
0.06339643895626068,
-0.03739622235298157,
-0.02970435656607151,
0.05345730111002922,
0.0009811293566599488,
0.01648939587175846,
0.04286825284361839,
-0.042110539972782135,
-0.009128047153353691,
-0.014389601536095142,
-0.009615978226065636,
-0.007079754956066608,
0.030169881880283356,
-0.022203663364052773,
-0.01212047878652811,
0.06080906093120575,
-0.008396811783313751,
0.036001916974782944,
0.009554604068398476,
0.0008440430392511189,
0.013677822425961494,
-0.015434169210493565,
-0.021681908518075943,
-0.04228156805038452,
-0.014561643823981285,
-0.011840199120342731,
0.010315272025763988,
-0.026395268738269806,
-0.026455549523234367,
-0.044696785509586334,
-0.0032173418439924717,
-0.01929551735520363,
0.06944406777620316,
0.05904364958405495,
0.005668184254318476,
0.002405498642474413,
-0.002486005425453186,
-0.05310370400547981,
0.0016796599375084043,
-0.0897645354270935,
-0.05244100093841553,
-0.001949288067407906,
-0.022281698882579803,
0.0038674897514283657,
0.04638517647981644,
0.0054801395162940025,
0.006068984046578407,
-0.048596084117889404,
-0.021477356553077698,
-0.010843021795153618,
0.038603175431489944,
0.001893658540211618,
-0.02333809807896614,
-0.026882648468017578,
-0.025941547006368637,
0.05646622180938721,
-0.05235395208001137,
0.00174889643676579,
-0.0424225777387619,
-0.05252080038189888,
-0.01730908267199993,
-0.0600874237716198,
0.02876344509422779,
-0.0012510017259046435,
0.017325906082987785,
-0.012403485365211964,
0.000794756633695215,
0.009197117760777473,
0.029004260897636414,
0.020190075039863586,
0.04856899008154869,
0.017698919400572777,
-0.008445373736321926,
0.028853800147771835,
0.017865605652332306,
0.012327601201832294,
0.013054188340902328,
0.018424345180392265,
-0.0019115062896162271,
-0.0005896351649425924,
-0.0010653770295903087,
-0.014787131920456886,
-0.2924872636795044,
-0.05593717470765114,
-0.006611190270632505,
-0.018878210335969925,
0.047777701169252396,
0.002820812165737152,
0.05619419738650322,
-0.05173951014876366,
-0.023152869194746017,
0.004339917097240686,
0.02812880650162697,
0.03101457469165325,
0.016660993918776512,
0.05821613222360611,
0.04700545594096184,
0.06826048344373703,
-0.022654060274362564,
-0.030375579372048378,
0.020760029554367065,
0.04224151000380516,
-0.008364983834326267,
-0.08196523785591125,
-0.00249230838380754,
0.04664796590805054,
0.00364301772788167,
0.03127099201083183,
-0.0875861793756485,
0.013753190636634827,
-0.04337998479604721,
-0.029144736006855965,
-0.012218077667057514,
-0.027839580550789833,
-0.014488543383777142,
0.007632809691131115,
0.030095411464571953,
-0.00043722896953113377,
0.02554640918970108,
0.006103601306676865,
0.0730358362197876,
0.055254556238651276,
-0.025600913912057877,
-0.0015528767835348845,
-0.03425610065460205,
0.011284940876066685,
0.04679945111274719,
-0.03126295655965805,
-0.07770124077796936,
-0.023269860073924065,
-0.01803041249513626,
0.04212139546871185,
0.01679762452840805,
-0.019224639981985092,
-0.04816305264830589,
0.04111890494823456,
0.008201062679290771,
-0.013249438256025314,
0.001119556836783886,
-0.019494477659463882,
-0.016422543674707413,
-0.010500609874725342,
-0.023719782009720802,
-0.02371695265173912,
-0.05910658836364746,
-0.03181184455752373,
-0.017175011336803436,
-0.03571613132953644,
-0.06765346974134445,
-0.037035293877124786,
0.027726860716938972,
0.061339542269706726,
-0.043917927891016006,
0.007465376053005457,
0.028012873604893684,
-0.09385867416858673,
-0.021601418033242226,
-0.019032778218388557,
-0.014480147510766983,
-0.0027795908972620964,
-0.023790691047906876,
0.01159765012562275,
-0.06269630789756775,
-0.041996583342552185,
0.006303518079221249,
0.0057540941052138805,
0.056479599326848984,
-0.04149232804775238,
0.00692019984126091,
-0.04091597720980644,
-0.019693011417984962,
-0.05004890635609627,
0.04570283740758896,
-0.04432370513677597,
0.004267407115548849,
0.0022369204089045525,
0.04059240594506264,
-0.00964760035276413,
0.04334527999162674,
0.06771523505449295,
0.01839449815452099,
0.01786661334335804,
-0.01002469751983881,
-0.11232879012823105,
-0.025799263268709183,
-0.04700056090950966,
-0.0023059947416186333,
0.01633109711110592,
-0.05927363038063049,
0.003944351337850094,
0.02588471584022045,
-0.0024006555322557688,
-0.06288774311542511,
-0.022488407790660858,
0.00046308981836773455,
-0.00009362123091705143,
-0.03783750906586647,
-0.002018050057813525,
0.017996132373809814,
0.03290323168039322,
0.023644709959626198,
0.007359199691563845,
-0.00735822506248951,
0.0009741090470924973,
-0.01888408325612545,
0.0028510286938399076,
0.00012219282507430762,
-0.0057863034307956696,
-0.030531197786331177,
-0.023526271805167198,
-0.021665900945663452,
0.0002691445988602936,
-0.0003779158287215978,
0.04323270171880722,
0.010893900878727436,
0.014844520948827267,
0.03918156772851944,
-0.004143528174608946,
-0.007403693161904812,
-0.0223139226436615,
0.033187225461006165,
-0.02696554735302925,
0.042274441570043564,
-0.04045790806412697,
0.0031703519634902477,
0.018192030489444733,
0.053194817155599594,
-0.00921046081930399,
0.009499883279204369,
0.011398243717849255,
-0.036786675453186035,
0.03622486814856529,
0.045687273144721985,
-0.037289079278707504,
0.003682889509946108,
-0.03633752837777138,
0.018723761662840843,
0.007429211866110563,
0.020372852683067322,
-0.004026074428111315,
0.004601438529789448,
-0.04527530074119568,
0.06130804494023323,
-0.004175600595772266,
-0.029024597257375717,
0.012751281261444092,
0.023845337331295013,
0.032466839998960495,
-0.033075638115406036,
-0.0030480721034109592,
-0.020504312589764595,
0.02156083472073078,
0.004812091123312712,
0.011948946863412857,
-0.02422228828072548,
-0.015192187391221523,
-0.049049366265535355,
-0.01623193919658661,
0.03437264263629913,
0.00996303278952837,
-0.019539711996912956,
0.036925334483385086,
0.014746632426977158,
0.003485275199636817,
0.00019904856162611395,
0.015971330925822258,
0.07559759169816971,
0.033581335097551346,
0.029908593744039536,
0.001679649343714118,
-0.01628291606903076,
0.01162857748568058,
-0.03253119811415672,
0.015621277503669262,
-0.033707790076732635,
-0.04336283355951309,
-0.05623897165060043,
-0.04506953805685043,
0.006508679129183292,
-0.0070477137342095375,
-0.007616868242621422,
0.001384432427585125,
-0.04565104842185974,
0.03194711357355118,
-0.06369016319513321,
-0.08183153718709946,
0.05403602495789528,
-0.07221656292676926,
-0.014982389286160469,
0.004626718815416098,
-0.0030730427242815495,
0.0030896617099642754,
-0.03285490348935127,
-0.0521167516708374,
-0.05960458144545555,
-0.02458030730485916,
0.004836915526539087,
-0.004833414684981108,
-0.03176278993487358,
-0.019070476293563843,
-0.024334648624062538,
-0.005550916772335768,
-0.0016841288888826966,
-0.01581488363444805,
0.0041899727657437325,
-0.013908644206821918,
-0.02475823275744915,
0.06555606424808502,
-0.008820238523185253,
-0.009106612764298916,
0.014305854216217995,
0.007579074241220951,
0.0630154088139534,
-0.037592947483062744,
0.03266984596848488,
0.02728837914764881,
0.016520971432328224,
0.009147909469902515,
-0.026589110493659973,
0.048978716135025024,
0.01487173791974783,
-0.024930892512202263,
0.029687732458114624,
-0.012340882793068886,
-0.024026526138186455,
0.006289074197411537,
-0.0030101488810032606,
0.05019613727927208,
0.007069336250424385,
0.0019506162498146296,
-0.012601682916283607,
0.027654549106955528,
-0.009543369524180889,
0.035982996225357056,
-0.05001426860690117,
-0.007272833492606878,
0.037947170436382294,
-0.014034483581781387,
-0.04711749032139778,
-0.03689850866794586,
-0.04633457586169243,
0.014553377404808998,
0.014981124550104141,
0.035616420209407806,
-0.05001935735344887,
0.04375199228525162,
0.025592319667339325,
0.029082955792546272,
0.0677846223115921,
-0.026041096076369286,
0.033215802162885666,
-0.04293643310666084,
-0.01595705933868885,
-0.06943576782941818,
-0.00048720359336584806,
0.06724394112825394,
-0.01011133287101984,
-0.013882705941796303,
-0.0077637434005737305,
-0.019672226160764694,
0.05316820740699768,
-0.0295470729470253,
-0.027740271762013435,
0.01070376206189394,
-0.014680475927889347,
0.00530840503051877,
0.03825186938047409,
-0.05761462077498436,
-0.0021599214524030685,
-0.015092052519321442,
-0.02015410177409649,
0.012960217893123627,
0.01301648747175932,
0.039736516773700714,
-0.02164650894701481,
0.04076868295669556,
-0.05505923181772232,
-0.009292170405387878,
0.027924735099077225,
0.05711296573281288,
-0.00009339598909718916,
0.02339787781238556,
-0.00489061838015914,
0.05087221786379814,
0.05413837358355522,
0.00855637900531292,
0.0007182611152529716,
0.014828060753643513,
-0.018333151936531067,
-0.04469669237732887,
0.05908222496509552,
0.025643669068813324,
-0.017177589237689972,
-0.05181273818016052,
0.059128306806087494,
0.0101550268009305,
-0.04510335996747017,
-0.010680162347853184,
0.02198079600930214,
-0.04345262050628662,
-0.016770513728260994,
-0.022545117884874344,
0.014268267899751663,
-0.0047658332623541355,
0.07720335572957993,
0.006524953059852123,
0.025335796177387238,
0.10192202031612396,
0.03001597337424755,
0.00805213488638401,
0.013932174071669579,
0.06837951391935349,
0.0566941499710083,
0.051337189972400665,
0.0028326287865638733,
0.06011579558253288,
-0.04072646424174309,
-0.048499539494514465,
0.012089243158698082,
0.03436009958386421,
-0.003187157679349184,
-0.0015865839086472988,
0.004866550210863352,
0.06328299641609192,
-0.027834530919790268,
0.07858358323574066,
-0.017895599827170372,
0.003668706165626645,
0.013460508547723293,
0.05183062702417374,
0.01612723246216774,
0.06049991026520729,
0.02827092818915844,
0.01423607300966978,
-0.03263210132718086,
-0.0002737751929089427,
-0.007634042762219906,
-0.02946474403142929,
0.008841444738209248,
-0.027615925297141075,
-0.007902818731963634,
0.03101518377661705,
-0.04409625381231308,
0.04572513327002525,
0.0855795294046402,
-0.03333180025219917,
-0.023887649178504944,
0.047032084316015244,
0.015758324414491653,
0.025248300284147263,
0.032089315354824066,
-0.009457910433411598,
-0.03922742232680321,
0.009532071650028229,
-0.05218726769089699,
-0.009313412010669708,
0.04062054306268692,
-0.007548680528998375,
0.021113215014338493,
-0.03160252422094345,
0.010046645998954773,
0.010495233349502087,
0.0077068377286195755,
-0.05434760823845863,
-0.04266311600804329,
-0.007748171221464872,
-0.07423119992017746,
-0.03553690388798714,
-0.03571812063455582,
-0.019607847556471825,
0.028148550540208817,
-0.03490174189209938,
-0.01087205857038498,
-0.046452317386865616,
0.009708954952657223,
-0.001967027550563216,
-0.08002390712499619,
-0.014191774651408195,
0.03241631016135216,
0.03375130146741867,
-0.011505930684506893,
0.021155551075935364,
0.03269286826252937,
-0.01979861408472061,
0.002230186015367508,
0.009976719506084919,
0.018422799184918404,
-0.007842239923775196,
-0.008690479211509228,
-0.037096068263053894,
-0.08642735332250595,
-0.008305562660098076,
0.01152240950614214,
-0.00528034707531333,
-0.09101147204637527,
0.010861805640161037,
-0.0025200454983860254,
0.03485215827822685,
0.06255997717380524,
-0.001594637637026608,
0.027073843404650688,
-0.006260788068175316,
0.0031895828433334827,
0.01799333468079567,
0.0376623272895813,
0.04929955676198006,
-0.024671662598848343,
0.05547706037759781,
0.022467022761702538,
-0.032951973378658295,
-0.04701683670282364,
0.04376569390296936,
-0.0014125220477581024,
-0.004009185824543238,
0.007931802421808243,
-0.025315476581454277,
-0.04695482179522514,
-0.06893417984247208,
-0.016528816893696785,
0.04549495875835419,
-0.023448646068572998,
-0.012032782658934593,
0.01888805441558361,
0.01130951289087534,
-0.018029028549790382,
0.026876872405409813,
-0.021583400666713715,
-0.0355837345123291,
0.0030686859972774982,
-0.018898040056228638,
-0.06727023422718048,
0.006956655532121658,
0.00017795963503886014,
0.009427717886865139,
-0.03014911524951458,
-0.03157929703593254,
0.015649499371647835,
0.0026634526439011097,
0.04446342587471008,
0.014978832565248013,
0.04276328533887863,
-0.009268447756767273
] |
245 |
Neural Interactive Proofs
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=R2834dhBlo
|
[
"Lewis Hammond",
"Sam Adam-Day"
] |
Poster
|
We consider the problem of how a trusted, but computationally bounded agent (a 'verifier') can learn to interact with one or more powerful but untrusted agents ('provers') in order to solve a given task. More specifically, we study the case in which agents are represented using neural networks and refer to solutions of this problem as neural interactive proofs. First we introduce a unifying framework based on prover-verifier games (Anil et al., 2021), which generalises previously proposed interaction protocols. We then describe several new protocols for generating neural interactive proofs, and provide a theoretical comparison of both new and existing approaches. Finally, we support this theory with experiments in two domains: a toy graph isomorphism problem that illustrates the key ideas, and a code validation task using large language models. In so doing, we aim to create a foundation for future work on neural interactive proofs and their application in building safer AI systems.
|
interactive proofs, game theory, neural networks, safety, multi-agent reinforcement learning
|
We study how a trusted, weak model can learn to interact with one or more stronger but untrusted models in order to solve a given task.
| 13,981 |
2412.08897
|
[
-0.011210781522095203,
-0.009922157973051071,
-0.010324407368898392,
0.04051617905497551,
0.03295058384537697,
0.02907482348382473,
0.011370953172445297,
-0.025165671482682228,
-0.013575786724686623,
-0.02435377798974514,
0.0017671966925263405,
0.029925595968961716,
-0.04220927879214287,
-0.016343163326382637,
0.01137604285031557,
0.03603357821702957,
0.017367659136652946,
-0.008807272650301456,
0.005465520545840263,
0.007080306299030781,
-0.031814731657505035,
-0.004387613385915756,
0.049274593591690063,
-0.0087507963180542,
0.027815857902169228,
0.012423415668308735,
0.024098452180624008,
-0.016942670568823814,
-0.026292629539966583,
0.019193360581994057,
0.04726821184158325,
-0.002345577348023653,
0.016477348282933235,
-0.07277067750692368,
-0.0012882144656032324,
0.028923792764544487,
-0.05423603951931,
0.03255506604909897,
-0.009721861220896244,
0.011186308227479458,
-0.061237748712301254,
0.03994392231106758,
-0.028861744329333305,
0.035047754645347595,
-0.04514964669942856,
0.03259549289941788,
-0.07053082436323166,
0.02364487014710903,
0.01851099729537964,
-0.013795874081552029,
-0.11869432777166367,
0.02388818748295307,
-0.012633558362722397,
0.004911159165203571,
-0.010642170906066895,
0.04887928441166878,
0.05021290108561516,
-0.08235003799200058,
0.011840086430311203,
-0.05339335277676582,
-0.030878229066729546,
0.023937232792377472,
0.03116900473833084,
0.007413520012050867,
-0.026269474998116493,
0.015573929063975811,
0.06148269772529602,
0.04944998398423195,
-0.0590360052883625,
-0.0004879737680312246,
-0.033271171152591705,
0.02812971919775009,
-0.0454876609146595,
-0.028141310438513756,
0.008526594378054142,
-0.06650832295417786,
0.02868996001780033,
0.010517938993871212,
0.06460419297218323,
-0.021728629246354103,
0.01853564754128456,
0.0482555516064167,
0.029422681778669357,
0.030426019802689552,
0.01061742752790451,
-0.016403570771217346,
-0.04461449757218361,
-0.035319194197654724,
-0.07006605714559555,
0.03149734437465668,
-0.022052939981222153,
-0.04331628233194351,
-0.006323561538010836,
0.024687405675649643,
0.00047875475138425827,
0.03857862204313278,
0.012292992323637009,
0.019537871703505516,
0.008387478068470955,
0.0005025897407904267,
-0.012268710881471634,
-0.028373993933200836,
0.016540247946977615,
0.0033172809053212404,
-0.09411899745464325,
-0.008385700173676014,
-0.0035088048316538334,
-0.03199657052755356,
-0.0017432075692340732,
-0.0013963468372821808,
-0.028699252754449844,
-0.0037022314500063658,
0.040801454335451126,
-0.028002701699733734,
-0.09415077418088913,
0.01623106375336647,
-0.012829849496483803,
0.054300494492053986,
-0.019163088873028755,
0.015168913640081882,
0.0786343663930893,
0.030540399253368378,
0.021755089983344078,
0.07178689539432526,
0.010932708159089088,
0.01991882547736168,
0.004579001571983099,
0.04405605047941208,
-0.03381830453872681,
-0.04835909232497215,
-0.009102568961679935,
0.042955201119184494,
-0.013678058981895447,
0.008285921066999435,
0.007247923873364925,
-0.00667062820866704,
-0.01417099591344595,
0.012530985288321972,
0.02046838216483593,
0.012118617072701454,
0.015213032253086567,
-0.028457162901759148,
0.07454710453748703,
-0.025897251442074776,
0.06832272559404373,
-0.016642767935991287,
-0.0038661740254610777,
-0.013703754171729088,
-0.025131486356258392,
-0.01581377163529396,
-0.022900115698575974,
-0.018165061250329018,
0.039647456258535385,
-0.05590643733739853,
-0.002070058835670352,
0.05955778807401657,
0.05329683795571327,
0.03747698292136192,
-0.01738823764026165,
0.007393059320747852,
0.04640555754303932,
-0.029448065906763077,
-0.03635592386126518,
-0.02530890330672264,
-0.004503373522311449,
-0.07083010673522949,
0.01670662686228752,
0.04084352031350136,
-0.012380274012684822,
0.027082214131951332,
-0.0043184468522667885,
-0.007251167204231024,
0.05720299109816551,
-0.01858684793114662,
-0.004730833228677511,
-0.0015906509943306446,
0.05794719234108925,
-0.01716238260269165,
0.06600745022296906,
0.004320059437304735,
-0.07760141044855118,
0.016587741672992706,
-0.018552452325820923,
0.022706178948283195,
-0.0440235398709774,
-0.0138097507879138,
0.06236935034394264,
-0.05241071805357933,
0.031070634722709656,
0.035426024347543716,
-0.05409371107816696,
0.007018519099801779,
0.04476771876215935,
-0.023897893726825714,
0.08171654492616653,
0.015472467057406902,
0.0013476302847266197,
0.0000645070758764632,
0.02381962165236473,
0.01951330527663231,
0.06138467416167259,
-0.029138796031475067,
0.045434318482875824,
0.022911831736564636,
-0.018434802070260048,
0.05090462788939476,
0.04711113125085831,
-0.05749496817588806,
-0.05585534870624542,
0.015753282234072685,
-0.03722304850816727,
0.028085719794034958,
0.026689819991588593,
-0.027790460735559464,
0.04271268472075462,
0.001665984746068716,
-0.04849652200937271,
0.020992890000343323,
0.03837202861905098,
-0.044709522277116776,
0.02485673874616623,
-0.007461033761501312,
0.016948090866208076,
0.02181684784591198,
-0.0049321590922772884,
0.11135202646255493,
0.06080595776438713,
-0.03710176423192024,
0.006507826503366232,
0.011870864778757095,
-0.006684120744466782,
0.003548944368958473,
0.011017203330993652,
-0.017263609915971756,
0.02163458801805973,
-0.03679238632321358,
0.02043902315199375,
-0.0242368895560503,
0.0520932674407959,
-0.03774789348244667,
-0.02563382312655449,
0.06538145989179611,
-0.05545228719711304,
0.050655167549848557,
-0.02166137285530567,
0.0013618586817756295,
0.021501760929822922,
0.008340119384229183,
0.0008242091862484813,
-0.004048885311931372,
-0.023176388815045357,
-0.01571822352707386,
0.014265293255448341,
-0.030285749584436417,
-0.011198936030268669,
-0.04393112286925316,
-0.014150288887321949,
-0.006523740943521261,
0.08347894251346588,
0.051261018961668015,
0.022007327526807785,
0.008342811837792397,
-0.037691403180360794,
-0.03906768932938576,
-0.012583957985043526,
-0.1327492743730545,
-0.054374657571315765,
-0.0011139591224491596,
0.04549780115485191,
0.006835944019258022,
0.05719256401062012,
-0.010703517124056816,
0.001446207519620657,
-0.01673802174627781,
-0.019237419590353966,
0.017272237688302994,
0.014438171871006489,
0.02778562344610691,
-0.043386079370975494,
-0.03612567484378815,
0.006349451374262571,
0.05477721989154816,
-0.019314192235469818,
-0.004992668051272631,
-0.011032523587346077,
-0.04980609938502312,
-0.016497770324349403,
-0.06773386895656586,
-0.0024797499645501375,
0.0016556475311517715,
0.01477809902280569,
0.017468217760324478,
-0.026139862835407257,
-0.0007205825531855226,
0.04920152574777603,
0.038412515074014664,
0.006319872103631496,
0.003252252470701933,
-0.0033859226386994123,
0.009493974968791008,
-0.03327525779604912,
0.005651409737765789,
-0.018668485805392265,
0.030384965240955353,
-0.011548815295100212,
-0.027492646127939224,
0.02846190147101879,
-0.014527874998748302,
-0.25863420963287354,
-0.03199011832475662,
-0.024056853726506233,
-0.014199403114616871,
0.029102742671966553,
0.0223113801330328,
0.04929489642381668,
-0.029566267505288124,
-0.031944096088409424,
-0.008299595676362514,
0.01380923856049776,
0.009712936356663704,
0.008650953881442547,
0.04681551828980446,
0.037390511482954025,
0.005500041879713535,
-0.013571328483521938,
-0.04901765286922455,
0.008783727884292603,
0.015932153910398483,
-0.049283139407634735,
-0.04454430565237999,
-0.020924178883433342,
0.04212704300880432,
0.023729780688881874,
0.03247508406639099,
-0.07440953701734543,
0.0036388675216585398,
-0.04600469768047333,
-0.024913538247346878,
-0.033396124839782715,
-0.030527576804161072,
-0.037291187793016434,
0.02621377259492874,
0.027159005403518677,
0.020326275378465652,
0.05233961343765259,
-0.0209262166172266,
0.01112079806625843,
0.020262248814105988,
0.028063073754310608,
-0.005469206254929304,
0.006609424017369747,
-0.0035964464768767357,
0.05214235186576843,
-0.007328745909035206,
-0.0320427343249321,
-0.001494401367381215,
-0.02152487076818943,
0.034230876713991165,
-0.058580104261636734,
-0.02271866425871849,
-0.010843487456440926,
-0.008873346261680126,
-0.01148497499525547,
-0.016450131312012672,
-0.012384746223688126,
-0.03989129140973091,
-0.014215073548257351,
0.024105722084641457,
0.008054395206272602,
-0.043088149279356,
-0.031106721609830856,
-0.025279395282268524,
0.0057573867961764336,
-0.04470090940594673,
-0.043395981192588806,
-0.07860594242811203,
0.05549002066254616,
0.043306197971105576,
0.014096617698669434,
0.0049573215655982494,
-0.03805648162961006,
-0.0975712388753891,
0.0056547801941633224,
0.019183877855539322,
-0.01272155623883009,
-0.04155195504426956,
0.046343863010406494,
0.07324504852294922,
-0.02402195706963539,
-0.05351360887289047,
-0.027347136288881302,
0.0007373863481916487,
0.023315804079174995,
0.010631798766553402,
0.036307841539382935,
-0.009051239117980003,
-0.026356540620326996,
-0.02768915891647339,
0.03095301240682602,
0.053188882768154144,
0.048489008098840714,
0.005724409129470587,
0.06113716587424278,
0.06049660965800285,
0.05716237425804138,
0.04059794172644615,
0.013883099891245365,
0.029553521424531937,
-0.003378495806828141,
-0.06858322024345398,
0.010693421587347984,
-0.04052677005529404,
-0.021945996209979057,
0.02175913192331791,
-0.03949494659900665,
0.018385160714387894,
0.022159330546855927,
0.0033395644277334213,
-0.05363546684384346,
-0.06547856330871582,
0.0024928406346589327,
-0.010302041657269001,
-0.024388644844293594,
-0.017432473599910736,
-0.013877760618925095,
0.046720124781131744,
0.012118126265704632,
-0.026706252247095108,
-0.02348029613494873,
0.037086229771375656,
-0.04404190182685852,
0.016573460772633553,
-0.003096231259405613,
0.00894978828728199,
0.0035092614125460386,
-0.03312239050865173,
0.01743406057357788,
-0.0012393019860610366,
0.010533341206610203,
0.018697280436754227,
0.007054987829178572,
0.01530245877802372,
0.06637536734342575,
0.027501467615365982,
-0.03597588092088699,
-0.00553743913769722,
0.01809234730899334,
-0.02049679309129715,
0.013282000087201595,
-0.007089646998792887,
0.05379682034254074,
0.003987806849181652,
0.02569226548075676,
-0.006894861347973347,
0.028510993346571922,
-0.009231701493263245,
0.009978214278817177,
-0.0033754443284124136,
0.036241210997104645,
-0.044607676565647125,
0.019611896947026253,
-0.021850552409887314,
0.020656973123550415,
-0.017683617770671844,
0.03798060119152069,
-0.014636687003076077,
0.0067771864123642445,
-0.05588015168905258,
0.046910542994737625,
-0.015478810295462608,
0.0018560324097052217,
0.0016577880596742034,
0.05685786157846451,
0.06679391115903854,
-0.033940769731998444,
-0.002773864194750786,
-0.015711570158600807,
-0.008518710732460022,
0.007053696550428867,
-0.00835137814283371,
-0.03055204637348652,
0.009251345880329609,
-0.00758266169577837,
-0.0058169979602098465,
0.004178385250270367,
-0.015926942229270935,
-0.035353805869817734,
-0.02467401884496212,
-0.01067350059747696,
-0.022331656888127327,
-0.004006403964012861,
-0.0062488061375916,
0.08343594521284103,
-0.025631731376051903,
0.03081107884645462,
0.021514659747481346,
-0.034814637154340744,
0.04875379800796509,
-0.020636748522520065,
0.02364366129040718,
-0.020346898585557938,
-0.008972174488008022,
-0.03675531968474388,
-0.0397554449737072,
-0.022407248616218567,
-0.005668058060109615,
0.004674958065152168,
-0.015849798917770386,
0.03567928820848465,
-0.014391456730663776,
-0.055722471326589584,
-0.011288849636912346,
0.026238126680254936,
-0.06917618960142136,
-0.010138151235878468,
0.021341759711503983,
0.010860834270715714,
0.042813804000616074,
-0.025570811703801155,
-0.020628204569220543,
-0.059427034109830856,
-0.03063901513814926,
0.027439983561635017,
-0.013854457065463066,
-0.02846113219857216,
0.01967582479119301,
-0.019690150395035744,
0.004789595492184162,
0.003044124925509095,
-0.006221344694495201,
-0.007016201037913561,
-0.041589461266994476,
0.0021456710528582335,
0.025162450969219208,
-0.018835149705410004,
-0.012149489484727383,
-0.00023670349037274718,
-0.023756125941872597,
0.021927479654550552,
-0.06273431330919266,
0.03138519078493118,
0.019309718161821365,
-0.0039772517047822475,
-0.017554370686411858,
-0.05845675244927406,
0.038999103009700775,
-0.04163793474435806,
-0.022192787379026413,
-0.0040422105230391026,
-0.0022921592462807894,
-0.02855820208787918,
-0.02940160222351551,
-0.015092036686837673,
0.031691454350948334,
0.0015895505202934146,
0.010340568609535694,
0.043557923287153244,
0.002714221365749836,
0.018193311989307404,
0.02635655738413334,
-0.06438586860895157,
0.010369422845542431,
0.039269257336854935,
-0.0392046719789505,
-0.004770481958985329,
-0.0470569021999836,
-0.02133898064494133,
-0.015904076397418976,
-0.013572380878031254,
0.013387830927968025,
-0.00528714107349515,
0.01146775670349598,
0.0073961433954536915,
0.030908355489373207,
-0.004113190807402134,
-0.03462669998407364,
0.03335384279489517,
-0.046125102788209915,
-0.023720629513263702,
-0.0602225661277771,
0.006543037481606007,
0.03822975978255272,
-0.06242813915014267,
0.013816564343869686,
0.002077508484944701,
-0.02219643071293831,
0.024127550423145294,
-0.022622786462306976,
-0.023798180744051933,
0.041800737380981445,
-0.03108140267431736,
-0.019379116594791412,
0.024921804666519165,
-0.04764249920845032,
-0.03172965720295906,
-0.002336961217224598,
-0.06548933684825897,
-0.027507850900292397,
-0.02502727322280407,
0.02435392327606678,
-0.0034944911021739244,
-0.00899637583643198,
0.01168807502835989,
0.003978264052420855,
0.021290142089128494,
0.03811008110642433,
0.04309438169002533,
0.042449627071619034,
-0.02075156755745411,
0.05345521867275238,
0.03776756301522255,
0.0474214106798172,
0.02740621753036976,
0.03637198731303215,
-0.029843106865882874,
-0.05789720639586449,
0.05191996693611145,
-0.006477168761193752,
-0.03523716703057289,
-0.08619266003370285,
0.07220593094825745,
0.014995208010077477,
-0.028142448514699936,
-0.010448677465319633,
0.004114741925150156,
-0.06925532221794128,
-0.016833951696753502,
-0.0025936192832887173,
0.022898156195878983,
0.012536653317511082,
0.06759355217218399,
-0.004327034577727318,
0.025251779705286026,
0.048539917916059494,
0.034219201654195786,
-0.0001562503894092515,
-0.019107168540358543,
0.06912469118833542,
0.05169309303164482,
0.06232774630188942,
0.00853634998202324,
0.06407685577869415,
-0.0234950240701437,
-0.039621055126190186,
-0.008428391069173813,
0.023986516520380974,
-0.039706386625766754,
-0.02004960924386978,
0.01525112148374319,
0.062150031328201294,
-0.0020081757102161646,
0.07336404174566269,
-0.06680423766374588,
0.012833154760301113,
0.06282131373882294,
0.008767548948526382,
-0.012452660128474236,
0.06721142679452896,
0.025472724810242653,
0.014919356442987919,
0.0010751234367489815,
-0.027254024520516396,
0.004275500774383545,
-0.051392342895269394,
0.027184398844838142,
0.014484903775155544,
-0.03455200046300888,
0.03992054983973503,
0.03395792469382286,
0.03754539415240288,
0.12623389065265656,
-0.03788964822888374,
-0.007645982783287764,
0.032523263245821,
0.02170666679739952,
0.024465007707476616,
0.012980791740119457,
0.024014603346586227,
0.0023943569976836443,
-0.00941026583313942,
-0.035822544246912,
0.016835594549775124,
0.00994816329330206,
-0.023790137842297554,
0.021393297240138054,
-0.006409451365470886,
-0.055591732263565063,
0.004063395317643881,
0.03508782386779785,
0.011953555047512054,
-0.04489051550626755,
-0.020864762365818024,
-0.03927013278007507,
-0.0675043985247612,
-0.042507827281951904,
0.007751896977424622,
-0.030850136652588844,
-0.0856693759560585,
0.008808116428554058,
-0.012465959414839745,
-0.0074594407342374325,
0.02103700302541256,
-0.06393616646528244,
0.018191665410995483,
0.05105312541127205,
0.026911623775959015,
0.017917344346642494,
0.029342656955122948,
0.021060321480035782,
0.015377901494503021,
-0.0262556541711092,
0.013358396477997303,
0.022654257714748383,
0.0048695215955376625,
0.010866566561162472,
0.007566977292299271,
-0.09656595438718796,
-0.023058515042066574,
0.013056210242211819,
-0.05287529155611992,
-0.08205889910459518,
0.023904606699943542,
-0.05256720632314682,
0.010909884236752987,
0.08581904321908951,
0.05300501734018326,
-0.002798722591251135,
-0.015814973041415215,
0.009424378164112568,
0.02367628924548626,
-0.001953517086803913,
0.03678475692868233,
-0.007568291388452053,
0.05888688191771507,
0.03814255818724632,
-0.05210082232952118,
-0.04031014069914818,
0.033767953515052795,
-0.023599306121468544,
-0.00804782472550869,
-0.03164578974246979,
-0.022708246484398842,
0.008936966769397259,
-0.11337191611528397,
0.009011677466332912,
0.021021457388997078,
-0.007216497324407101,
-0.056960053741931915,
-0.01719452068209648,
0.005405390169471502,
0.03554893657565117,
0.010334703139960766,
-0.04429177567362785,
-0.002315234625712037,
-0.019404808059334755,
-0.04377661645412445,
-0.0565616600215435,
-0.007223587017506361,
-0.020308032631874084,
0.061102766543626785,
-0.03512175381183624,
-0.06046444922685623,
-0.04944641515612602,
0.007257271092385054,
0.027201563119888306,
0.015481970272958279,
0.03297433629631996,
0.020083164796233177
] |
246 |
Oracle efficient truncated statistics
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ZS7UEI3vG5
|
[
"Konstantinos Karatapanis",
"Vasilis Kontonis",
"Christos Tzamos"
] |
Poster
|
We study the problem of learning from truncated samples: instead of observing
samples from some underlying population $p^\ast$, we observe only the examples that fall in some survival set $S \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ whose probability mass (measured with respect to $p^\ast$) is at least $\alpha$. Assuming membership oracle access to the truncation set $S$, prior works obtained algorithms for the case where $p^\ast$ is Gaussian or more generally an exponential family with strongly convex likelihood --- albeit with a super-polynomial
dependency on the (inverse) survival mass $1/\alpha$
both in terms of runtime and in number of oracle calls to the set $S$. In this work we design a new learning method with runtime and query complexity polynomial in $1/\alpha$.
Our result significantly improves over the prior works
by focusing on efficiently solving the underlying optimization problem using a general
purpose optimization algorithm with minimal assumptions.
|
truncated statistics, exponential family, statistical learning
| null | 13,970 | null |
[
-0.019982386380434036,
-0.015522164292633533,
-0.023845620453357697,
0.058066967874765396,
0.05651332437992096,
0.03386373072862625,
0.004567649215459824,
-0.009959875606000423,
-0.024639658629894257,
-0.04222072660923004,
-0.021614864468574524,
0.009289266541600227,
-0.06358456611633301,
-0.01961389370262623,
0.006390491034835577,
0.055645089596509933,
0.024089770391583443,
-0.0391845777630806,
0.017035789787769318,
0.012206736020743847,
0.0035227066837251186,
-0.0291049275547266,
0.01325428206473589,
0.03093835525214672,
0.02980123646557331,
-0.003391329664736986,
0.02406894788146019,
0.013904586434364319,
-0.035753559321165085,
-0.01848476193845272,
0.03826820105314255,
-0.006828881800174713,
0.013532239943742752,
-0.04343133792281151,
0.006175511050969362,
0.009587963111698627,
-0.033591438084840775,
0.0033652111887931824,
-0.022216174751520157,
0.039362698793411255,
-0.045523468405008316,
-0.01709035225212574,
0.0005832781316712499,
0.04589075967669487,
-0.051636140793561935,
-0.012930097989737988,
-0.049869466572999954,
0.027653487399220467,
-0.013071302324533463,
-0.03279900178313255,
-0.07229568064212799,
0.03403104469180107,
0.011304125189781189,
0.004741084761917591,
0.006817589979618788,
0.028670305386185646,
0.05875051021575928,
-0.044427767395973206,
-0.010072431527078152,
-0.04765777662396431,
-0.012842611409723759,
-0.011460267007350922,
0.010285046882927418,
-0.007656178902834654,
-0.03224589303135872,
-0.005002883728593588,
0.035057373344898224,
0.06763434410095215,
-0.025746557861566544,
-0.03133408725261688,
-0.02892420068383217,
-0.032177411019802094,
-0.04314563795924187,
0.01999187469482422,
0.014562194235622883,
-0.03691909462213516,
0.02032610960304737,
0.016721555963158607,
0.04653410613536835,
0.016325468197464943,
0.02358320727944374,
0.01993618533015251,
0.03207162022590637,
0.020758533850312233,
-0.007750735618174076,
-0.019009996205568314,
-0.03336770087480545,
-0.05227614566683769,
-0.05712646245956421,
0.06071467325091362,
-0.026908479630947113,
-0.03844317048788071,
0.03163935989141464,
0.014217142947018147,
-0.026313599199056625,
-0.008865796960890293,
0.018552348017692566,
0.010356904938817024,
0.009355217218399048,
-0.04643730819225311,
-0.045667409896850586,
-0.01772598922252655,
0.026741623878479004,
-0.02066630683839321,
-0.11539149284362793,
-0.03220268338918686,
-0.023077189922332764,
0.01371848490089178,
-0.011535102501511574,
0.011156173422932625,
-0.04280874505639076,
0.04110879451036453,
0.00786621030420065,
-0.020024390891194344,
-0.09979564696550369,
0.04741016402840614,
-0.0077907368540763855,
0.01599212735891342,
0.012121211737394333,
-0.048785820603370667,
0.03489014133810997,
0.07428932934999466,
-0.005735340528190136,
0.07409590482711792,
0.004879252053797245,
0.015944650396704674,
0.0560893751680851,
0.0435890331864357,
-0.021398931741714478,
-0.047348182648420334,
0.011040408164262772,
0.04033733531832695,
-0.001609546015970409,
0.02952810935676098,
0.004795391112565994,
-0.009532236494123936,
-0.04714542254805565,
0.0034571660216897726,
0.020371655002236366,
-0.02025631070137024,
0.022685732692480087,
-0.02617621421813965,
0.031976647675037384,
-0.015469920821487904,
0.07244279235601425,
-0.043649811297655106,
-0.004301215521991253,
-0.03426803648471832,
-0.0387684591114521,
-0.018334127962589264,
0.013240025378763676,
-0.016749322414398193,
-0.0005885811988264322,
-0.06812942028045654,
0.028865505009889603,
0.03458980470895767,
0.0025914909783750772,
0.0008301024790853262,
0.00534959277138114,
0.016399776563048363,
0.026893621310591698,
-0.0009981064358726144,
-0.0046231974847614765,
0.004503246862441301,
-0.007078232243657112,
-0.03867185115814209,
0.063278928399086,
0.0500309132039547,
-0.04142088070511818,
0.009015328250825405,
-0.04593821242451668,
-0.03674333170056343,
0.08920679241418839,
-0.010415381751954556,
-0.03807052969932556,
-0.038833823055028915,
0.08886531740427017,
0.02119937352836132,
0.054270148277282715,
-0.005068683996796608,
-0.08877799659967422,
0.0019316340330988169,
0.02573649398982525,
-0.010290229693055153,
-0.024359792470932007,
-0.026804758235812187,
0.10804323107004166,
-0.02430700697004795,
0.02624344639480114,
0.000496175664011389,
-0.059960003942251205,
-0.014465607702732086,
0.02421308308839798,
-0.034003403037786484,
0.050339728593826294,
0.007485038135200739,
-0.02812137082219124,
0.03047013469040394,
0.01037822850048542,
0.02013212814927101,
0.0511079877614975,
0.007943233475089073,
0.038679562509059906,
-0.01893925853073597,
-0.04108176752924919,
0.0008694330463185906,
0.0255467277020216,
-0.059064459055662155,
-0.038951169699430466,
0.03140724077820778,
-0.00411547115072608,
0.01737680658698082,
-0.014035840518772602,
-0.008487850427627563,
0.03208020329475403,
-0.0046815695241093636,
-0.0196305550634861,
-0.013058040291070938,
0.034381452947854996,
-0.0564945712685585,
0.018581008538603783,
0.01817614957690239,
-0.022616496309638023,
0.02166382037103176,
0.014800537377595901,
0.09358163923025131,
0.0874510258436203,
-0.019824285060167313,
0.025215379893779755,
0.019597413018345833,
0.008258864283561707,
-0.0127587104216218,
0.03715522959828377,
-0.008079184219241142,
0.060782890766859055,
0.01246127113699913,
-0.020948544144630432,
-0.07524209469556808,
0.07494350522756577,
-0.035493772476911545,
-0.007684864103794098,
0.07138223946094513,
0.006548519711941481,
0.06627605855464935,
0.0006751697510480881,
-0.018075289204716682,
0.027902726083993912,
-0.017306894063949585,
-0.03727787360548973,
-0.018146662041544914,
-0.01950204372406006,
-0.002603702712804079,
0.029542334377765656,
-0.008545588701963425,
-0.0009404257289133966,
-0.05241483077406883,
-0.006151233799755573,
0.023630112409591675,
0.05914406478404999,
0.051209233701229095,
0.015420843847095966,
0.03361552953720093,
0.01676662638783455,
-0.054160092025995255,
-0.007276104763150215,
-0.13507016003131866,
-0.08094620704650879,
-0.031221065670251846,
0.0473325289785862,
0.005242448300123215,
0.021778251975774765,
-0.020496699959039688,
0.012967990711331367,
0.0013877898454666138,
-0.0210125669836998,
-0.007528231479227543,
0.024649212136864662,
-0.008186700753867626,
-0.06609411537647247,
-0.02177273854613304,
0.0347561240196228,
0.07604321092367172,
-0.0026578009128570557,
-0.04445886239409447,
-0.028706682845950127,
-0.04026108235120773,
-0.006134131923317909,
-0.05909841135144234,
-0.011909697204828262,
0.03705110773444176,
-0.00544198090210557,
0.019912580028176308,
-0.02733258530497551,
0.008183526806533337,
0.10361140221357346,
0.025193439796566963,
0.02530352585017681,
-0.006613884121179581,
0.006664174143224955,
0.0046529872342944145,
-0.02629133313894272,
0.009655017405748367,
-0.03943788632750511,
0.0063193305395543575,
-0.028887974098324776,
-0.009724552743136883,
0.02353638969361782,
0.005362269468605518,
-0.27477189898490906,
-0.033969391137361526,
0.005756005644798279,
-0.010283736512064934,
0.026872139424085617,
-0.014416052028536797,
0.012019186280667782,
-0.03410520404577255,
-0.034902699291706085,
0.020352456718683243,
0.020275313407182693,
0.005868860054761171,
-0.0002827179559972137,
0.08036556839942932,
0.07144594192504883,
0.03696133568882942,
0.014037776738405228,
-0.0072739566676318645,
0.015213512815535069,
0.02415628731250763,
0.03463807329535484,
-0.057990558445453644,
0.009127692319452763,
0.0170056764036417,
-0.006464706733822823,
0.06638607382774353,
-0.068790003657341,
-0.002788763027638197,
-0.055188242346048355,
0.015707580372691154,
-0.04220825433731079,
-0.04452285170555115,
-0.022464316338300705,
0.054681699723005295,
-0.001438081031665206,
0.009099696762859821,
0.04182916134595871,
-0.013608716428279877,
0.01107527781277895,
0.03254092484712601,
-0.009866753593087196,
-0.032303351908922195,
-0.01837124116718769,
0.0014298305613920093,
0.050737157464027405,
0.03422348573803902,
-0.013456592336297035,
-0.003208010457456112,
0.0012405342422425747,
0.04161679372191429,
0.020687373355031013,
-0.03362486511468887,
-0.012179525569081306,
-0.0012788847088813782,
-0.0026519852690398693,
-0.04167521744966507,
-0.018088448792696,
-0.01848451979458332,
-0.027184218168258667,
0.02336200326681137,
0.026281874626874924,
-0.05808642879128456,
0.02380414679646492,
-0.05133679881691933,
-0.02318538911640644,
-0.017515918239951134,
-0.060377947986125946,
-0.08036569505929947,
0.0426713190972805,
0.025858918204903603,
0.011232038959860802,
-0.006140873767435551,
-0.015242837369441986,
-0.07952679693698883,
-0.004730606451630592,
-0.001148540060967207,
0.0019582300446927547,
0.017719870433211327,
-0.008239745162427425,
0.053814563900232315,
-0.027108091861009598,
-0.048378024250268936,
0.029884999617934227,
0.02881009876728058,
0.03708775341510773,
-0.04024607688188553,
-0.02211724780499935,
-0.014162654057145119,
-0.02987472154200077,
-0.049261562526226044,
0.02028459683060646,
-0.0018030268838629127,
0.014324876479804516,
0.009364338591694832,
0.028244920074939728,
0.04870472848415375,
0.038707513362169266,
0.06302068382501602,
0.03438577800989151,
0.0037131845019757748,
0.017088405787944794,
-0.06735877692699432,
-0.010137542150914669,
-0.03573904186487198,
-0.04866635426878929,
0.02188706025481224,
-0.04783795028924942,
-0.0036799998488277197,
0.03437026962637901,
-0.03483055904507637,
-0.022098612040281296,
-0.027026062831282616,
-0.012929003685712814,
-0.015007992275059223,
0.013789555989205837,
-0.016122639179229736,
0.004351246170699596,
0.033000338822603226,
0.04882419854402542,
-0.010920543223619461,
-0.046213794499635696,
0.044763050973415375,
-0.022521501407027245,
-0.004536469466984272,
-0.02351468801498413,
-0.016775406897068024,
0.03078531287610531,
-0.014532184228301048,
-0.02900802530348301,
-0.04264185205101967,
0.010992702096700668,
0.02606351301074028,
0.02874482050538063,
0.044742971658706665,
0.06182171776890755,
0.04062337055802345,
-0.03326399251818657,
-0.009656387381255627,
0.01568896509706974,
-0.022559547796845436,
0.021052071824669838,
0.014868046157062054,
0.045538824051618576,
0.032010797411203384,
0.019384508952498436,
0.009783521294593811,
0.029671544209122658,
0.01710015907883644,
-0.007874744012951851,
-0.011549774557352066,
-0.0032050199806690216,
-0.030127469450235367,
0.05144703760743141,
-0.01795472390949726,
0.016068216413259506,
-0.020395273342728615,
0.03263590484857559,
0.006028458010405302,
-0.018192190676927567,
-0.07257353514432907,
0.03552025184035301,
-0.024433206766843796,
-0.0031926897354424,
-0.017019515857100487,
0.02408045530319214,
0.08036524802446365,
-0.022293882444500923,
0.024380143731832504,
0.01137466263025999,
0.026415161788463593,
0.03721603378653526,
-0.024920493364334106,
-0.014028684236109257,
-0.013143295422196388,
-0.0035824421793222427,
-0.026796448975801468,
-0.0006866162875667214,
0.015995290130376816,
-0.0418366864323616,
-0.00926690548658371,
-0.011456472799181938,
-0.014832798391580582,
-0.033874932676553726,
0.005237364210188389,
0.09011285752058029,
0.020175369456410408,
-0.02502347342669964,
-0.024524038657546043,
-0.0454690046608448,
0.029674015939235687,
-0.011358074843883514,
-0.0005693190032616258,
-0.006320870015770197,
-0.024452298879623413,
-0.0062832641415297985,
-0.04551267251372337,
0.017104972153902054,
0.03105255775153637,
-0.029765790328383446,
0.00077309604967013,
0.03603554889559746,
-0.03293045610189438,
-0.03182800114154816,
-0.000042842624679906294,
0.018078522756695747,
-0.06069278344511986,
0.038963548839092255,
0.03159257397055626,
-0.03081674687564373,
0.0340108759701252,
-0.035732775926589966,
-0.029131462797522545,
-0.020838752388954163,
0.004704175051301718,
0.018005186691880226,
-0.020925084128975868,
-0.03180539980530739,
0.05174815654754639,
0.014340706169605255,
-0.02778456173837185,
0.0037845897022634745,
0.0126494150608778,
0.009027904830873013,
-0.012424108572304249,
0.008811252191662788,
0.07330087572336197,
-0.03738055005669594,
-0.02915472909808159,
0.0044996775686740875,
-0.01841549761593342,
0.004508717451244593,
-0.06778757274150848,
-0.012574502266943455,
0.02246556431055069,
0.0029457733035087585,
0.002335980301722884,
-0.03558214008808136,
0.03263547271490097,
-0.04177475720643997,
-0.023988991975784302,
-0.018976837396621704,
0.016562994569540024,
-0.007978628389537334,
-0.002736313035711646,
-0.02343384362757206,
0.019765686243772507,
0.03232758492231369,
0.006171247456222773,
0.016843073070049286,
0.004121709614992142,
0.017645230516791344,
0.04143988713622093,
-0.056999821215867996,
-0.03177207335829735,
0.059405580163002014,
0.009252275340259075,
-0.02142086811363697,
-0.06057076156139374,
0.009951834566891193,
0.0430309996008873,
0.0025689403992146254,
0.018846597522497177,
0.006233364809304476,
0.02243613637983799,
0.05001290887594223,
0.06123356893658638,
0.03226697817444801,
-0.020643699914216995,
0.04599475860595703,
-0.05887998640537262,
0.006245144177228212,
-0.06075029820203781,
0.00952455960214138,
0.06694943457841873,
-0.0019505838863551617,
0.024217680096626282,
0.03980448096990585,
-0.02174282819032669,
0.02613718807697296,
-0.026766790077090263,
-0.05246223509311676,
0.009577748365700245,
-0.023745302110910416,
-0.010154245421290398,
0.037351787090301514,
-0.0382445864379406,
-0.018412958830595016,
0.00513302069157362,
-0.025067949667572975,
0.008466220460832119,
0.0130645502358675,
0.05113322660326958,
-0.012240796349942684,
-0.012642999179661274,
-0.029104137793183327,
-0.008228897117078304,
0.027504799887537956,
0.055705439299345016,
0.032834574580192566,
0.016810216009616852,
-0.052834901958703995,
0.0472446084022522,
0.020461032167077065,
0.039870958775281906,
-0.005461984314024448,
0.008167372085154057,
-0.015428566373884678,
-0.07002418488264084,
0.017467714846134186,
0.015361770056188107,
-0.012356985360383987,
-0.05553577467799187,
0.05054150149226189,
0.04815651476383209,
-0.04859400540590286,
-0.05266266688704491,
0.011301610618829727,
-0.030096713453531265,
0.01617242582142353,
-0.0072190421633422375,
0.00464447308331728,
-0.03139086812734604,
0.0872207060456276,
-0.011342990212142467,
0.0287796538323164,
0.07257981598377228,
0.027936169877648354,
-0.013610233552753925,
-0.014256122522056103,
0.05816476792097092,
0.0880274549126625,
0.047785233706235886,
-0.0033163262996822596,
0.04394266754388809,
-0.05650153383612633,
-0.04614003747701645,
-0.030044304206967354,
-0.01952335238456726,
-0.004956408869475126,
0.016673618927598,
0.033379387110471725,
0.0430426187813282,
-0.002157791517674923,
0.05418096110224724,
-0.0351414754986763,
0.008673092350363731,
0.02722952328622341,
-0.03291527181863785,
0.013838483020663261,
0.027575798332691193,
-0.0004188271122984588,
0.024837102741003036,
-0.037724584341049194,
-0.02837657928466797,
-0.006367926020175219,
-0.004820661619305611,
0.022923296317458153,
-0.0034019998274743557,
0.009871765039861202,
0.012245356105268002,
0.02327148988842964,
0.00865253433585167,
0.09613548964262009,
-0.03938040882349014,
-0.05238595977425575,
-0.018481943756341934,
0.0360785648226738,
0.008397836238145828,
0.06195444241166115,
0.014894464984536171,
-0.03715868666768074,
0.0073838010430336,
-0.034649889916181564,
0.011253315955400467,
0.03575010970234871,
-0.021574286743998528,
-0.022616179659962654,
-0.012804830446839333,
-0.027241656556725502,
0.019951872527599335,
0.017470750957727432,
-0.0746629536151886,
-0.036438487470149994,
-0.03841584920883179,
-0.03180094063282013,
-0.05355830118060112,
-0.05807233974337578,
-0.015992652624845505,
0.02433548867702484,
-0.032276857644319534,
0.010162118822336197,
-0.03302833065390587,
0.009522511623799801,
-0.00528167188167572,
-0.04254690930247307,
-0.015082277357578278,
0.04503222554922104,
0.01814739964902401,
0.025090448558330536,
0.03215435892343521,
0.05941227823495865,
-0.004514212720096111,
-0.017245212569832802,
0.020013632252812386,
-0.0017822717782109976,
0.020876077935099602,
-0.029281338676810265,
0.0049443491734564304,
-0.0757475271821022,
0.022158712148666382,
0.01724797673523426,
-0.019811715930700302,
-0.07360991835594177,
0.017672888934612274,
-0.0575704500079155,
0.027541508898139,
0.06009805575013161,
-0.009471435099840164,
0.01867682859301567,
-0.02084975503385067,
-0.01604463905096054,
-0.03192175179719925,
0.011939053423702717,
0.037798769772052765,
-0.03218662366271019,
0.04100347310304642,
0.04797913506627083,
-0.054960817098617554,
-0.05289077386260033,
0.022482747212052345,
-0.013965095393359661,
0.021752385422587395,
-0.03633088618516922,
-0.00139043596573174,
-0.021402159705758095,
-0.11998671293258667,
-0.013484887778759003,
0.024344241246581078,
-0.023998238146305084,
-0.02452917955815792,
-0.002246464602649212,
0.004519735928624868,
0.013523036614060402,
0.022975683212280273,
-0.018525440245866776,
-0.021014101803302765,
-0.06472112983465195,
-0.045521289110183716,
-0.07264301180839539,
0.03499029949307442,
-0.023741956800222397,
0.008124357089400291,
-0.028974749147892,
-0.021612653508782387,
-0.0248858705163002,
0.004826142452657223,
0.027839908376336098,
0.044187020510435104,
0.005519872065633535,
0.017498550936579704
] |
247 |
Drop-Upcycling: Training Sparse Mixture of Experts with Partial Re-initialization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=gx1wHnf5Vp
|
[
"Taishi Nakamura",
"Takuya Akiba",
"Kazuki Fujii",
"Yusuke Oda",
"Rio Yokota",
"Jun Suzuki"
] |
Poster
|
The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture reduces the training and inference cost significantly compared to a dense model of equivalent capacity. Upcycling is an approach that initializes and trains an MoE model using a pre-trained dense model. While upcycling leads to initial performance gains, the training progresses slower than when trained from scratch, leading to suboptimal performance in the long term. We propose Drop-Upcycling - a method that effectively addresses this problem. Drop-Upcycling combines two seemingly contradictory approaches: utilizing the knowledge of pre-trained dense models while statistically re-initializing some parts of the weights. This approach strategically promotes expert specialization, significantly enhancing the MoE model's efficiency in knowledge acquisition.
Extensive large-scale experiments demonstrate that Drop-Upcycling significantly outperforms previous MoE construction methods in the long term, specifically when training on hundreds of billions of tokens or more.
As a result, our MoE model with 5.9B active parameters achieves comparable performance to a 13B dense model in the same model family, while requiring approximately 1/4 of the training FLOPs.
All experimental resources, including source code, training data, model checkpoints and logs, are publicly available to promote reproducibility and future research on MoE.
|
mixture of experts, large language models, continual pre-training
| null | 13,966 | null |
[
0.0027877020183950663,
-0.04345623776316643,
-0.015304883010685444,
0.04890107363462448,
0.05738881975412369,
0.01353473961353302,
0.011773859150707722,
0.005687551572918892,
-0.04034091904759407,
-0.018181728199124336,
-0.0110426414757967,
0.01159083005040884,
-0.07564350217580795,
-0.007158711086958647,
-0.02177983894944191,
0.03555987775325775,
0.03269118070602417,
-0.02543589472770691,
0.014110429212450981,
0.04060322418808937,
-0.0012955974088981748,
-0.012609857134521008,
0.03456971421837807,
-0.005007756408303976,
0.024523330852389336,
-0.028497973456978798,
0.013630681671202183,
0.002910229843109846,
-0.02429996244609356,
-0.0012657770421355963,
0.034224625676870346,
0.012967906892299652,
0.027691064402461052,
-0.055226150900125504,
0.007002016995102167,
0.010783667676150799,
-0.035458993166685104,
-0.008458747528493404,
0.010421084240078926,
0.02792470157146454,
-0.021357880905270576,
0.031181685626506805,
-0.015700889751315117,
-0.00835892278701067,
-0.049282412976026535,
0.018028249964118004,
-0.102277010679245,
0.009905724786221981,
0.016687652096152306,
-0.04246395081281662,
-0.11015989631414413,
0.01879929192364216,
0.0182284414768219,
-0.00606088200584054,
0.011052939109504223,
0.045987192541360855,
0.08153248578310013,
-0.052697569131851196,
0.011164262890815735,
-0.05310637503862381,
-0.04387085512280464,
0.029261190444231033,
0.01329437643289566,
0.02895045466721058,
-0.007943873293697834,
-0.035747330635786057,
0.011084205470979214,
0.048048730939626694,
-0.03669700771570206,
-0.03969627246260643,
-0.010769066400825977,
-0.028236472979187965,
0.0022804972250014544,
0.0005191233358345926,
0.00801368523389101,
-0.04040629416704178,
0.04055776447057724,
0.02372324839234352,
0.06614945828914642,
-0.009160555899143219,
0.010280636139214039,
-0.0007625427679158747,
-0.003824742743745446,
0.03452466055750847,
0.02294071763753891,
0.01013718731701374,
-0.038946572691202164,
-0.033825892955064774,
-0.0740574449300766,
0.04785759374499321,
-0.013613084331154823,
-0.024972397834062576,
0.03894471004605293,
0.018928878009319305,
0.012978071346879005,
0.01893014647066593,
0.025503257289528847,
-0.00688986387103796,
0.013999823480844498,
-0.007471846882253885,
-0.01708727516233921,
-0.0023191869258880615,
0.013445571064949036,
0.002813266823068261,
-0.08607468008995056,
0.0027923323214054108,
-0.031041670590639114,
0.004491605330258608,
-0.008438277058303356,
0.0008618758292868733,
-0.011305800639092922,
-0.018315382301807404,
-0.013004750944674015,
-0.022436978295445442,
-0.07625813782215118,
0.02414817176759243,
-0.026036901399493217,
0.01903953030705452,
0.009654783643782139,
0.007282414473593235,
0.03391819819808006,
0.077995665371418,
0.016717756167054176,
0.05503150448203087,
-0.02322150580585003,
-0.0028630902525037527,
-0.00453265430405736,
0.03543895110487938,
-0.0290787722915411,
-0.0023199771530926228,
0.00009864415187621489,
0.03769172355532646,
0.00922385137528181,
-0.004023230634629726,
-0.007311936002224684,
-0.0058649624697864056,
0.0286093819886446,
0.06717561930418015,
0.059420764446258545,
-0.02026493288576603,
0.012687752023339272,
-0.016742192208766937,
0.07108031958341599,
-0.0399908684194088,
0.053631674498319626,
-0.016163427382707596,
-0.0011631154920905828,
-0.007150636985898018,
-0.0334947295486927,
-0.0016386067727580667,
0.01761387474834919,
-0.005316407419741154,
-0.0008283216739073396,
-0.06466146558523178,
0.03355395421385765,
0.06609205156564713,
0.003826144617050886,
0.01228418294340372,
0.03194558992981911,
0.010074376128613949,
-0.014124575071036816,
-0.0005281861522234976,
-0.05143174156546593,
-0.012526661157608032,
-0.029237128794193268,
-0.08423899114131927,
0.017392611131072044,
0.04418688267469406,
-0.06800629198551178,
0.023009998723864555,
-0.049960892647504807,
-0.0411863811314106,
0.08471771329641342,
-0.02219706028699875,
-0.01194784976541996,
-0.007175631355494261,
0.0731746256351471,
0.021188003942370415,
0.03289337456226349,
0.039128378033638,
-0.07415620237588882,
0.02407187409698963,
0.015402157790958881,
-0.01087996270507574,
0.007536705117672682,
-0.02269643358886242,
0.07592396438121796,
-0.013550059869885445,
0.03519323095679283,
0.05026552453637123,
-0.07757764309644699,
-0.034185826778411865,
0.01775192841887474,
-0.009709157980978489,
0.067994125187397,
0.04750832915306091,
0.004912238568067551,
0.04153794050216675,
0.01996421441435814,
0.06094102934002876,
0.07713083922863007,
-0.013458644039928913,
0.06698513776063919,
-0.0023292680270969868,
-0.05381404981017113,
0.004872469697147608,
0.018730925396084785,
-0.05861974135041237,
-0.03551226854324341,
0.010723693296313286,
-0.0067131719551980495,
-0.005481485277414322,
-0.013526447117328644,
-0.008926277980208397,
-0.014286004938185215,
0.02608313225209713,
0.008633706718683243,
-0.0061297668144106865,
0.015225807204842567,
-0.01619197428226471,
0.0390838198363781,
0.02054702490568161,
-0.034168533980846405,
0.004141045734286308,
-0.0234293881803751,
0.07237450033426285,
0.06678220629692078,
-0.02904323674738407,
0.001162338419817388,
0.014055010862648487,
0.004008423537015915,
0.011389548890292645,
0.017603639513254166,
-0.00763650331646204,
0.024163423106074333,
-0.02813798375427723,
0.01149715669453144,
-0.04952433332800865,
0.046176206320524216,
-0.029789980500936508,
-0.0051002539694309235,
0.087199367582798,
-0.013540751300752163,
0.04007510840892792,
0.03758687898516655,
0.014304812997579575,
0.03422296792268753,
-0.012872912921011448,
-0.006135898642241955,
-0.026959335431456566,
0.03390224277973175,
0.00014348250988405198,
0.013546141795814037,
-0.027755822986364365,
-0.007406814023852348,
-0.058815404772758484,
0.0025899100583046675,
-0.02117941342294216,
0.05802289769053459,
0.05236393213272095,
-0.01893685758113861,
0.030268680304288864,
-0.007602461613714695,
-0.025662004947662354,
-0.03141441568732262,
-0.09774301946163177,
-0.030050003901124,
-0.03983683884143829,
0.017194455489516258,
0.0018433701479807496,
0.024898432195186615,
0.01334481779485941,
0.049450427293777466,
0.006841850467026234,
-0.022441044449806213,
0.012743087485432625,
0.008269614540040493,
-0.0018078070133924484,
-0.04775535687804222,
-0.03146369382739067,
-0.03228035196661949,
0.04707326740026474,
-0.005378543399274349,
-0.006600261200219393,
-0.040122680366039276,
-0.0338178426027298,
-0.001896811998449266,
-0.01790299452841282,
-0.01609399914741516,
0.03893524780869484,
0.039686813950538635,
-0.004159039352089167,
-0.04326185584068298,
0.04162384569644928,
0.05354167893528938,
0.03785289451479912,
0.03300336375832558,
0.016457369551062584,
-0.03531026095151901,
0.05977286398410797,
-0.0031984576489776373,
0.051539864391088486,
-0.0078966049477458,
0.019108077511191368,
-0.0443740114569664,
0.006084850989282131,
0.007671969477087259,
0.032677311450242996,
-0.273664653301239,
0.02464757114648819,
0.020629871636629105,
-0.0008079445105977356,
0.01979084312915802,
-0.04580482095479965,
0.021198974922299385,
-0.017342576757073402,
-0.03486225754022598,
0.004687512293457985,
0.03170693293213844,
0.027614999562501907,
0.0039615691639482975,
0.01909666135907173,
0.037591516971588135,
0.055909425020217896,
0.035296179354190826,
-0.004084679763764143,
-0.003579437965527177,
0.05404551699757576,
-0.004118640907108784,
-0.0740392878651619,
-0.024646911770105362,
0.0271726343780756,
-0.011759553104639053,
0.01724899373948574,
-0.07624335587024689,
-0.0020293344277888536,
-0.028612995520234108,
-0.029366308823227882,
0.00626211566850543,
-0.013635566458106041,
0.008187749423086643,
0.03373349457979202,
0.006020884029567242,
0.0016259076073765755,
0.07020795345306396,
0.016876650974154472,
0.0327475368976593,
0.01571892574429512,
0.010954052209854126,
-0.019286131486296654,
-0.04833328351378441,
0.008087508380413055,
0.06983184814453125,
0.00752017367631197,
-0.0537424311041832,
-0.032310690730810165,
-0.023019539192318916,
0.0285213403403759,
-0.0028921582270413637,
-0.04609148949384689,
-0.03379501402378082,
0.0017579476116225123,
0.01148987840861082,
-0.012126024812459946,
0.03563112020492554,
0.012980970554053783,
0.011557217687368393,
-0.003200232982635498,
0.015516500920057297,
-0.05578726902604103,
-0.009201583452522755,
-0.054900139570236206,
0.015386863611638546,
-0.061674878001213074,
-0.06289273500442505,
-0.055829327553510666,
0.04291846230626106,
0.03346361592411995,
-0.04022078961133957,
0.03966668248176575,
0.005120681598782539,
-0.09414304792881012,
0.02425384521484375,
0.007617458235472441,
0.01782362163066864,
-0.0016780872829258442,
-0.008969422429800034,
0.03236658498644829,
-0.05919770151376724,
-0.03383488953113556,
0.031809791922569275,
-0.01649949513375759,
0.04684477299451828,
-0.03255998343229294,
0.006612230092287064,
-0.007273298222571611,
-0.01837914064526558,
-0.030212972313165665,
0.023866048082709312,
0.024963079020380974,
0.023614995181560516,
0.001313864951953292,
0.06050659716129303,
0.08169398456811905,
0.0424388125538826,
0.0823487639427185,
0.027166318148374557,
-0.01183101162314415,
0.008969809859991074,
-0.06977900862693787,
-0.020891981199383736,
-0.041366856545209885,
-0.02995658852159977,
-0.008215098641812801,
-0.03893035277724266,
-0.03397282585501671,
0.03208218887448311,
0.026147613301873207,
-0.01959766075015068,
-0.06163536384701729,
0.011456750333309174,
-0.0019072908908128738,
-0.02072446048259735,
0.020377973094582558,
-0.022284146398305893,
0.015210610814392567,
0.0413665696978569,
0.009507410228252411,
-0.02685330994427204,
0.0509517677128315,
-0.01327749527990818,
0.017534466460347176,
-0.009840616956353188,
-0.0453590527176857,
0.002682201564311981,
-0.0011678066803142428,
-0.028202231973409653,
-0.05143342167139053,
0.033337242901325226,
0.054738257080316544,
-0.011557518504559994,
0.013159680180251598,
0.023252123966813087,
-0.01812954619526863,
-0.007850856520235538,
-0.011082758195698261,
0.024076394736766815,
0.0295119471848011,
0.013169413432478905,
0.014939310029149055,
0.030342845246195793,
0.05043506622314453,
0.05409405753016472,
0.0036233123391866684,
0.023786215111613274,
-0.03613356873393059,
0.017770100384950638,
-0.00437190430238843,
0.008042784407734871,
-0.07228784263134003,
-0.013983285054564476,
-0.039988525211811066,
0.009065560065209866,
-0.012523971498012543,
0.020474925637245178,
-0.0297296941280365,
0.02924288995563984,
-0.056698963046073914,
0.027047349140048027,
0.008040368556976318,
-0.03469076007604599,
-0.04630294442176819,
0.045944686979055405,
0.04524973779916763,
-0.0186963751912117,
-0.020518405362963676,
-0.007444851566106081,
-0.006651278119534254,
0.003652396146208048,
-0.04385368898510933,
-0.05652158334851265,
-0.03806185722351074,
0.016472211107611656,
0.010061451233923435,
-0.0002958858967758715,
0.0056637972593307495,
-0.032705843448638916,
0.034151073545217514,
-0.00048321348731406033,
-0.02556684985756874,
-0.029358873143792152,
-0.03721798583865166,
0.07870893180370331,
0.020030513405799866,
-0.007296528667211533,
0.005483931861817837,
-0.035095106810331345,
0.007759015075862408,
-0.01602599397301674,
0.026615861803293228,
-0.009140076115727425,
-0.022251972928643227,
-0.01523627806454897,
-0.05512435734272003,
0.013098720461130142,
0.04456506669521332,
-0.02930917777121067,
0.00014582433504983783,
-0.0225065890699625,
0.009492813609540462,
-0.04616650193929672,
-0.01974235288798809,
0.041508324444293976,
-0.0924283042550087,
0.002711768029257655,
0.0015750543680042028,
-0.0005130475619807839,
0.014013472944498062,
-0.053182512521743774,
-0.018568750470876694,
-0.04019324108958244,
-0.024593444541096687,
0.013112764805555344,
-0.02449088729918003,
-0.02910827472805977,
-0.01019052043557167,
0.00905221700668335,
-0.031022604554891586,
0.024953674525022507,
-0.010580824688076973,
-0.027867643162608147,
-0.02616328001022339,
-0.002824772847816348,
0.052040815353393555,
-0.0003330519830342382,
-0.031216556206345558,
0.000012343966773187276,
-0.029598921537399292,
0.00636634323745966,
-0.027833040803670883,
-0.007267651613801718,
0.04869211092591286,
0.0062188212759792805,
0.004805366043001413,
-0.0035588189493864775,
0.04008976370096207,
0.010249722748994827,
-0.0017941866535693407,
0.02234303392469883,
-0.008854083716869354,
-0.03847131505608559,
0.006275463849306107,
-0.00455676531419158,
0.03515933081507683,
-0.01970672979950905,
0.01345797348767519,
0.03295445442199707,
0.018611446022987366,
0.03175194561481476,
-0.004622054751962423,
-0.05119819939136505,
-0.009750659577548504,
0.08553154021501541,
-0.047120146453380585,
-0.037696514278650284,
-0.09236443787813187,
-0.024251122027635574,
0.0015714894980192184,
0.0000861755688674748,
0.03750896081328392,
-0.01153617538511753,
0.029609866440296173,
0.016140375286340714,
0.05224369093775749,
-0.021460620686411858,
-0.040168337523937225,
0.005814377684146166,
-0.06689010560512543,
0.02008991129696369,
-0.04829087108373642,
-0.03726894408464432,
0.08878209441900253,
-0.02631918154656887,
0.006681948434561491,
-0.010394306853413582,
-0.04538053274154663,
0.04852187633514404,
-0.007286468520760536,
-0.0315871462225914,
0.018412569537758827,
-0.03644317761063576,
0.02805251069366932,
-0.002211898798123002,
-0.0381094329059124,
-0.0222078375518322,
-0.0016977607738226652,
-0.05157466232776642,
0.006469258107244968,
-0.03110835887491703,
0.06284346431493759,
0.011723022907972336,
0.04499498009681702,
-0.010768787004053593,
-0.0076135676354169846,
0.02100514993071556,
0.058797307312488556,
0.0014792722649872303,
0.03139100223779678,
-0.040666718035936356,
0.0734207034111023,
0.02414262853562832,
-0.02076517976820469,
0.0015008100308477879,
0.010391640476882458,
-0.019880814477801323,
-0.04654252156615257,
0.042637962847948074,
-0.012907871045172215,
-0.035402245819568634,
-0.04202419891953468,
0.04937424510717392,
-0.004189763218164444,
-0.06310625374317169,
-0.07591301202774048,
0.03379867970943451,
-0.07211504131555557,
0.00010476003080839291,
-0.009258320555090904,
-0.02994913049042225,
-0.0014943636488169432,
0.07516136765480042,
0.018203316256403923,
0.05782328173518181,
0.06410831958055496,
0.018618924543261528,
-0.02583007887005806,
0.003993473015725613,
0.06115623190999031,
0.05450933426618576,
0.04087618365883827,
-0.02349487505853176,
0.07574734091758728,
-0.008861158043146133,
-0.03799905627965927,
0.02466936595737934,
0.01283313985913992,
0.0019192941254004836,
-0.05656152218580246,
0.020248353481292725,
0.07715371996164322,
0.01792234368622303,
0.07990101724863052,
-0.05897703021764755,
-0.021786406636238098,
0.04133310541510582,
0.027450885623693466,
0.009408530779182911,
0.03990829363465309,
0.02859576977789402,
0.023259660229086876,
-0.03175000101327896,
-0.03576558083295822,
0.005066226702183485,
-0.041277505457401276,
-0.023325322195887566,
-0.0033798941876739264,
-0.020022058859467506,
0.014754518866539001,
0.013431801460683346,
0.018363740295171738,
0.09449801594018936,
-0.03945159167051315,
-0.0383780263364315,
-0.00699691753834486,
0.00429220125079155,
-0.012006974779069424,
0.03199741244316101,
0.01537889614701271,
-0.04253685101866722,
0.019026702269911766,
-0.03955637663602829,
0.0267193466424942,
0.013702970929443836,
-0.004606625996530056,
-0.0038455522153526545,
0.008714168332517147,
-0.052527472376823425,
-0.0009475923143327236,
0.011104452423751354,
-0.041455935686826706,
-0.04345626011490822,
-0.03383462503552437,
-0.039008352905511856,
-0.04176308214664459,
-0.021280597895383835,
0.04116744175553322,
0.0005560959107242525,
-0.012213027104735374,
-0.0076253991574049,
-0.03212698549032211,
-0.006113323848694563,
0.06018201634287834,
-0.05740970000624657,
0.0020960539113730192,
0.021151600405573845,
-0.021362943574786186,
-0.014070013538002968,
0.0408526249229908,
0.025492241606116295,
0.008987161330878735,
-0.014368310570716858,
0.0710451677441597,
0.0026809368282556534,
0.018699755892157555,
-0.006036668550223112,
-0.046159081161022186,
-0.0988318920135498,
0.026153210550546646,
-0.003764068940654397,
-0.04085145518183708,
-0.07229045778512955,
0.032273393124341965,
-0.03004772588610649,
0.036182951182127,
0.044017694890499115,
-0.00448857294395566,
0.0065623377449810505,
-0.04375351965427399,
-0.02668517827987671,
-0.019974326714873314,
0.01743561215698719,
0.056202150881290436,
-0.007350222207605839,
0.06847582012414932,
0.028387485072016716,
-0.015557784587144852,
-0.02858591638505459,
0.012131239287555218,
-0.047208271920681,
-0.015552950091660023,
-0.03608616441488266,
0.0024396481458097696,
-0.005831864662468433,
-0.09657374024391174,
-0.005982137285172939,
0.030629858374595642,
0.00568659882992506,
-0.0352318212389946,
-0.01273586880415678,
-0.012867074459791183,
0.009125515818595886,
-0.019865943118929863,
-0.004537008237093687,
0.008145887404680252,
-0.035196978598833084,
-0.013431685976684093,
-0.07986417412757874,
0.004824852105230093,
-0.005599620286375284,
-0.0010359564330428839,
-0.06008543446660042,
-0.028291910886764526,
0.012532977387309074,
-0.022354373708367348,
0.058067236095666885,
0.023121574893593788,
0.01610453799366951,
-0.030974743887782097
] |
248 |
Black-Box Detection of Language Model Watermarks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=E4LAVLXAHW
|
[
"Thibaud Gloaguen",
"Nikola Jovanović",
"Robin Staab",
"Martin Vechev"
] |
Poster
|
Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving the LLM distribution. This distribution-preservation property is motivated by the fact that it is a tractable proxy for retaining LLM capabilities, as well as the inherently implied undetectability of the watermark by downstream users. Yet, despite much discourse around undetectability, no prior work has investigated the practical detectability of any of the current watermarking schemes in a realistic black-box setting. In this work we tackle this for the first time, developing rigorous statistical tests to detect the presence, and estimate parameters, of all three popular watermarking scheme families, using only a limited number of black-box queries. We experimentally confirm the effectiveness of our methods on a range of schemes and a diverse set of open-source models. Further, we validate the feasibility of our tests on real-world APIs. Our findings indicate that current watermarking schemes are more detectable than previously believed.
|
llm, watermarking
| null | 13,958 |
2405.20777
|
[
-0.007994475774466991,
-0.016235828399658203,
-0.02013363130390644,
0.03891519457101822,
0.059863489121198654,
0.005856679752469063,
0.025475651025772095,
0.012792278081178665,
-0.02915477193892002,
-0.015761645510792732,
-0.033358946442604065,
0.025581778958439827,
-0.037378016859292984,
0.008957949467003345,
-0.0018425348680466413,
0.05770499259233475,
0.015115633606910706,
-0.007049597334116697,
0.027797698974609375,
0.004274075850844383,
0.0124666728079319,
-0.009130570106208324,
-0.0021137562580406666,
0.013372444547712803,
0.01581660285592079,
0.02006981149315834,
0.030286110937595367,
0.00827108509838581,
-0.062270719558000565,
0.012891922146081924,
0.0669839158654213,
-0.011200128123164177,
0.044446803629398346,
-0.02711988054215908,
0.03789350390434265,
0.003341520205140114,
-0.07338375598192215,
0.013118072412908077,
-0.0018200940685346723,
0.04576922580599785,
-0.02807578071951866,
0.03057146444916725,
-0.004482882097363472,
0.019632333889603615,
-0.0702730119228363,
-0.0030330345034599304,
-0.13851222395896912,
0.01686129719018936,
0.0029838047921657562,
0.011309612542390823,
-0.09797868132591248,
0.04457424581050873,
-0.04050222039222717,
0.03563033789396286,
0.03925841301679611,
0.06802684813737869,
0.04420485720038414,
-0.08466991782188416,
0.01811617985367775,
-0.03091455064713955,
-0.020771699026226997,
-0.018805185332894325,
0.018906518816947937,
0.01222651731222868,
-0.005718009080737829,
-0.07145233452320099,
0.0019503312651067972,
0.015249405056238174,
-0.08317679911851883,
-0.04265933111310005,
0.0026926049031317234,
0.024082090705633163,
-0.02415836788713932,
-0.04941849038004875,
-0.00029773448477499187,
-0.02764931134879589,
-0.00007674020162085071,
0.010481194593012333,
0.04884232580661774,
-0.021876156330108643,
0.034444499760866165,
0.02506687119603157,
0.026394952088594437,
0.029361018911004066,
0.015390200540423393,
-0.011888590641319752,
-0.02876104600727558,
0.002065724227577448,
-0.039265092462301254,
0.014199797064065933,
-0.0006591978017240763,
-0.055641431361436844,
0.05618879944086075,
0.0034549857955425978,
0.04486188665032387,
-0.005209747236222029,
0.018789904192090034,
0.051704321056604385,
-0.009223438799381256,
-0.00799314770847559,
-0.0033039767295122147,
-0.03162866830825806,
0.003267574356868863,
0.015561704523861408,
-0.10331934690475464,
-0.0194739680737257,
-0.012998878955841064,
0.003540816716849804,
-0.0017305271467193961,
-0.009817884303629398,
0.009280876256525517,
-0.009816022589802742,
-0.009899593889713287,
-0.03129851818084717,
-0.08587272465229034,
0.025205019861459732,
-0.0033783153630793095,
0.022663746029138565,
0.010796699672937393,
0.023624936118721962,
0.06323491036891937,
0.04929457977414131,
0.0007322534220293164,
0.07699277251958847,
0.029550965875387192,
-0.017505718395113945,
0.03131306171417236,
0.03946534916758537,
-0.05081279203295708,
-0.04339400306344032,
0.017348647117614746,
0.059865567833185196,
0.007541797123849392,
0.010866913944482803,
0.039049163460731506,
0.0187794528901577,
-0.00217793439514935,
0.009838876314461231,
0.03858662769198418,
-0.013380148448050022,
-0.0001513998577138409,
0.00431668758392334,
0.02213982678949833,
-0.038839880377054214,
0.032029230147600174,
0.020683305338025093,
-0.0214174035936594,
-0.03060373291373253,
-0.03832036256790161,
0.0009200777858495712,
0.01043104287236929,
0.010219496674835682,
0.013652489520609379,
-0.06236712634563446,
0.019570473581552505,
0.035710159689188004,
0.026997778564691544,
0.00570820365101099,
-0.0318378321826458,
-0.013939266093075275,
-0.004784963559359312,
-0.01691671833395958,
-0.056828949600458145,
0.023054132238030434,
-0.02163008041679859,
-0.036571256816387177,
0.04186563938856125,
-0.0036121532320976257,
-0.025954026728868484,
0.014150656759738922,
-0.04015431925654411,
-0.0186423659324646,
0.06651616841554642,
-0.009717223234474659,
-0.018307209014892578,
0.009653493762016296,
0.05088126286864281,
0.032042521983385086,
0.06138703599572182,
0.04871011897921562,
-0.08435094356536865,
0.00036778394132852554,
0.017823150381445885,
0.006356546655297279,
-0.0010024606017395854,
-0.014128953218460083,
0.10621056705713272,
-0.012821625918149948,
-0.006476574577391148,
-0.0028246722649782896,
-0.10195625573396683,
0.001885622157715261,
0.04362229257822037,
-0.003985725808888674,
0.04834897816181183,
0.006345124449580908,
0.02187126688659191,
0.04050244390964508,
0.010078663937747478,
0.06340283900499344,
0.025570938363671303,
-0.00224527670070529,
0.023948919028043747,
-0.0435902439057827,
-0.02353655733168125,
0.006324264220893383,
0.048319827765226364,
-0.05736987665295601,
-0.028881486505270004,
-0.01894291304051876,
-0.017727695405483246,
0.003754780162125826,
0.02578374370932579,
0.020342551171779633,
0.021474111825227737,
-0.023914238438010216,
-0.027396371588110924,
0.0024439217522740364,
0.032875098288059235,
-0.06490481644868851,
0.04561964049935341,
0.03268115222454071,
-0.01987139880657196,
0.015803322196006775,
-0.019081557169556618,
0.11066246777772903,
0.05505354329943657,
-0.031170299276709557,
0.02508927509188652,
0.00034535813028924167,
-0.0009158566826954484,
-0.019110362976789474,
-0.008054880425333977,
-0.03995327278971672,
0.01557944156229496,
-0.023068370297551155,
0.009254942648112774,
-0.020984720438718796,
0.0629076361656189,
-0.020425941795110703,
0.007540805730968714,
0.06603793054819107,
-0.013096592389047146,
0.03100712038576603,
-0.029134854674339294,
0.027613485231995583,
0.012932860292494297,
0.0030097677372395992,
-0.016827775165438652,
0.00016386996139772236,
-0.021344462409615517,
0.002701426390558481,
-0.008637066930532455,
-0.05956627056002617,
0.01693623512983322,
-0.044185180217027664,
-0.020358150824904442,
-0.014614942483603954,
0.05077996104955673,
0.037290479987859726,
0.011294234544038773,
0.015621487982571125,
-0.00407983036711812,
-0.04423650726675987,
0.01232353039085865,
-0.09649284929037094,
-0.019937174394726753,
-0.01174598652869463,
0.039445482194423676,
-0.00012138482270529494,
0.03099324367940426,
0.024745481088757515,
-0.036194443702697754,
-0.007992804050445557,
0.03960217908024788,
0.01700928993523121,
0.030613897368311882,
0.009520845487713814,
-0.05859949067234993,
0.002349265618249774,
-0.013066803105175495,
0.06015406921505928,
-0.01761322095990181,
-0.03190398961305618,
-0.03456803038716316,
-0.03748441860079765,
-0.027433278039097786,
-0.02862139791250229,
-0.017271101474761963,
0.003647774690762162,
-0.0354967825114727,
0.012569345533847809,
0.0035906522534787655,
0.041095249354839325,
0.030440112575888634,
0.05066732317209244,
0.0020095158834010363,
-0.018118083477020264,
0.009842007420957088,
0.04232334345579147,
-0.0014763770159333944,
-0.004165966995060444,
0.00028810888761654496,
-0.008706835098564625,
-0.028867950662970543,
0.019417820498347282,
0.032587453722953796,
-0.0004885064554400742,
-0.27241215109825134,
0.01654716022312641,
0.01784409210085869,
-0.034147802740335464,
0.010558702051639557,
0.0006430774228647351,
0.017829103395342827,
-0.04462772607803345,
-0.029535474255681038,
-0.003092596773058176,
-0.0005630942177958786,
0.02028246410191059,
0.019850315526127815,
0.039561692625284195,
0.036372680217027664,
0.029263198375701904,
-0.02875126525759697,
-0.020510690286755562,
0.038514550775289536,
0.021880999207496643,
-0.03427421674132347,
-0.0649033635854721,
0.0022983786184340715,
0.026224011555314064,
-0.0012615937739610672,
0.04798493534326553,
-0.06439188867807388,
0.011305025778710842,
-0.022264251485466957,
0.02376098744571209,
-0.02418149635195732,
-0.054347436875104904,
-0.03644165024161339,
0.018798263743519783,
-0.026967128738760948,
-0.012491797097027302,
0.0645851343870163,
0.02708040550351143,
0.006956376601010561,
0.041195113211870193,
0.042360950261354446,
-0.004839901812374592,
-0.016455046832561493,
-0.019561609253287315,
0.05452995374798775,
0.017539946362376213,
-0.0554688461124897,
-0.03272157162427902,
-0.00940098986029625,
0.02988135628402233,
-0.01779935508966446,
-0.04714584723114967,
-0.011554262600839138,
0.023217206820845604,
-0.02826830931007862,
-0.0011578265111893415,
-0.02191941626369953,
-0.04397759214043617,
-0.012298136949539185,
0.02907063066959381,
0.00015255522157531232,
-0.025966621935367584,
-0.04875971004366875,
-0.021667471155524254,
-0.012590300291776657,
-0.03346860408782959,
-0.05952703207731247,
-0.08559900522232056,
0.0840032771229744,
0.04807443544268608,
-0.009265514090657234,
0.023956822231411934,
0.0030985791236162186,
-0.08669497072696686,
0.015895916149020195,
-0.004185964819043875,
-0.0036719064228236675,
-0.030385980382561684,
0.014767332933843136,
0.029870446771383286,
-0.043648429214954376,
-0.008936180733144283,
0.006802110001444817,
0.0011980192502960563,
0.01787571981549263,
-0.029480144381523132,
0.009385615587234497,
-0.007070401217788458,
-0.018652262166142464,
-0.05079054459929466,
0.06247323006391525,
0.01820184290409088,
-0.025092899799346924,
0.023690449073910713,
0.03471154719591141,
0.015124493278563023,
0.04737143591046333,
0.030406158417463303,
0.04186205565929413,
0.03409667685627937,
0.016819078475236893,
-0.055463992059230804,
0.004158841446042061,
-0.05714608356356621,
0.004004841670393944,
0.017617637291550636,
-0.042478494346141815,
-0.027023721486330032,
0.013641679659485817,
-0.046087514609098434,
-0.041155654937028885,
-0.025876769796013832,
-0.0072503420524299145,
-0.021670646965503693,
0.011407693848013878,
-0.018648961558938026,
0.0042950366623699665,
0.013896366581320763,
0.03665723279118538,
-0.0677594244480133,
-0.007404654752463102,
0.04249083623290062,
-0.014118890278041363,
-0.00924373883754015,
-0.021964354440569878,
-0.013426841236650944,
-0.03068689815700054,
0.013705025427043438,
-0.002577538136392832,
-0.020719490945339203,
0.040832385420799255,
0.015338294208049774,
0.013487263582646847,
0.004388586618006229,
0.07107521593570709,
0.01294710487127304,
0.01515477616339922,
-0.004860912449657917,
0.002936219796538353,
-0.029094140976667404,
0.03884498029947281,
-0.026272805407643318,
0.045137498527765274,
0.03682640567421913,
0.03535660728812218,
-0.011800928972661495,
0.02013362944126129,
-0.013189954683184624,
-0.031945910304784775,
-0.012656314298510551,
0.01965515874326229,
-0.05768327787518501,
0.007637872360646725,
-0.014708291739225388,
0.038020629435777664,
-0.023384591564536095,
0.0005939285620115697,
0.03128868713974953,
0.013435807079076767,
-0.0755729228258133,
0.05479453131556511,
0.01087886467576027,
0.006769998464733362,
0.01083792932331562,
0.018460391089320183,
0.05561625584959984,
-0.0353386253118515,
0.01823459006845951,
0.029810180887579918,
0.011780253611505032,
0.006062529981136322,
-0.030610401183366776,
-0.03325992822647095,
-0.015843238681554794,
0.0020791199058294296,
0.003718568943440914,
0.0061728754080832005,
0.022662505507469177,
-0.05231858417391777,
0.011562945321202278,
0.009628267027437687,
-0.02927437052130699,
0.018858816474676132,
-0.0028786747716367245,
0.07505980134010315,
0.005927110090851784,
0.013890804722905159,
-0.018496893346309662,
-0.046082753688097,
0.051606982946395874,
0.0042913383804261684,
0.03163885325193405,
-0.007696815766394138,
-0.014435622841119766,
-0.03776096925139427,
-0.06681277602910995,
-0.0028154479805380106,
0.027424020692706108,
0.026610657572746277,
-0.006451584864407778,
-0.015050632879137993,
0.0013828225200995803,
-0.007233071606606245,
-0.021118896082043648,
-0.019888047128915787,
-0.08312396705150604,
0.03659026324748993,
0.03561994060873985,
-0.041190143674612045,
0.04347296059131622,
-0.021357951685786247,
-0.030309895053505898,
-0.08350144326686859,
-0.013418922200798988,
0.014163265936076641,
0.009970380924642086,
-0.03423932567238808,
-0.033280473202466965,
0.029403699561953545,
-0.0000423697529186029,
0.007892058230936527,
0.005165306851267815,
-0.004679604899138212,
0.01664249785244465,
0.0014306023949757218,
0.044445063918828964,
-0.03535842150449753,
-0.0003928440564777702,
0.006933202035725117,
-0.03418164327740669,
0.054425280541181564,
-0.05103008449077606,
0.04419562593102455,
0.0352286621928215,
-0.007199466694146395,
0.029149124398827553,
-0.049856942147016525,
0.0025816240813583136,
-0.05059776455163956,
0.008242267183959484,
-0.00610419362783432,
0.01181854959577322,
-0.0166211798787117,
0.0019508054247125983,
0.008165474981069565,
0.038735296577215195,
-0.0157527606934309,
0.022126266732811928,
-0.039562322199344635,
0.029460670426487923,
0.0024050534702837467,
0.04818878322839737,
-0.033789005130529404,
-0.036564555019140244,
0.05960744246840477,
-0.03593248873949051,
0.0028961366042494774,
-0.03587740287184715,
-0.04033941403031349,
0.00015098482253961265,
-0.00822452176362276,
0.04045196622610092,
-0.01498932670801878,
0.02309398166835308,
0.029736371710896492,
0.006977332755923271,
-0.020188141614198685,
-0.003753478405997157,
0.03073980286717415,
-0.05600566789507866,
0.0041231983341276646,
-0.057247333228588104,
0.0349455252289772,
0.04254256561398506,
-0.04333557188510895,
0.020939666777849197,
-0.008684128522872925,
-0.05803295969963074,
0.004055771045386791,
-0.023292548954486847,
-0.06659652292728424,
0.01129702664911747,
-0.016375955194234848,
-0.04977503791451454,
0.04000018164515495,
-0.045528851449489594,
0.0233966913074255,
-0.0059449393302202225,
-0.03217083960771561,
0.006064871326088905,
-0.010938256978988647,
0.046104978770017624,
-0.01611408032476902,
-0.030375013127923012,
-0.008877618238329887,
0.011767348274588585,
-0.011729315854609013,
0.04365843906998634,
0.04516451433300972,
0.004761029034852982,
-0.00775447953492403,
0.041259363293647766,
0.05692937225103378,
-0.007694685831665993,
0.03734642639756203,
-0.0025358230341225863,
-0.04399484395980835,
-0.08093966543674469,
0.05032974109053612,
0.0021988393273204565,
-0.03030218929052353,
-0.03237511217594147,
0.06170359253883362,
0.049463629722595215,
-0.039173424243927,
-0.06000608578324318,
0.03780924528837204,
-0.038908932358026505,
0.00900106132030487,
-0.026500115171074867,
-0.0016043659998103976,
-0.01873774081468582,
0.06105959787964821,
0.004871785175055265,
0.010288999415934086,
0.05415840819478035,
-0.015279469080269337,
-0.008552201092243195,
0.0065023209899663925,
0.07336615025997162,
0.0762716755270958,
0.040712885558605194,
-0.00604469096288085,
0.05798390880227089,
-0.06028630584478378,
-0.051527854055166245,
0.0040362137369811535,
0.01615956239402294,
-0.007867551408708096,
0.0031248638406395912,
0.0061437394469976425,
0.08961547911167145,
-0.005051454529166222,
0.049745455384254456,
-0.03556237369775772,
0.00976409763097763,
0.031983617693185806,
0.015849746763706207,
-0.014373945072293282,
0.028373422101140022,
0.030111804604530334,
-0.025465864688158035,
-0.045764923095703125,
-0.015711810439825058,
0.02523469552397728,
-0.020383499562740326,
0.03351926803588867,
0.03296174108982086,
-0.030388638377189636,
-0.040716852992773056,
-0.04019889980554581,
0.06844361871480942,
0.10900383442640305,
-0.01935199648141861,
-0.036662399768829346,
0.025707349181175232,
0.01038381177932024,
0.05426016077399254,
0.03523486480116844,
-0.005105424206703901,
0.0029502729885280132,
0.004985135048627853,
-0.028016692027449608,
0.026969969272613525,
0.01669492945075035,
-0.019086666405200958,
0.04220154881477356,
-0.0007665678858757019,
-0.0383450873196125,
0.0019465339137241244,
0.04827342927455902,
-0.048430461436510086,
-0.033162280917167664,
-0.044566359370946884,
-0.06264436990022659,
-0.03885922208428383,
-0.05497761815786362,
0.012311347760260105,
0.018999096006155014,
-0.06466418504714966,
0.0001034090673783794,
-0.04427402839064598,
0.019985737279057503,
0.027838239446282387,
-0.09191306680440903,
0.008123553358018398,
0.05268610641360283,
0.014432497322559357,
-0.011413521133363247,
0.02097177691757679,
0.01966114155948162,
-0.04819681867957115,
-0.03956279903650284,
0.0009527491056360304,
-0.009602382779121399,
0.02838790975511074,
-0.018332036212086678,
-0.0006496812566183507,
-0.10496613383293152,
0.00923890620470047,
0.02644231729209423,
-0.019138528034090996,
-0.06974682211875916,
0.016957072541117668,
-0.029048005118966103,
-0.007864072918891907,
0.11679893732070923,
0.027731046080589294,
0.048339612782001495,
-0.0015859348932281137,
-0.021445002406835556,
-0.010858090594410896,
0.01666843146085739,
0.05207531526684761,
-0.005598222371190786,
0.06061731278896332,
0.05494356527924538,
-0.010949080809950829,
-0.049982015043497086,
0.01676941104233265,
-0.014469739980995655,
-0.00027286834665574133,
-0.06626277416944504,
-0.0066568683832883835,
-0.0338459238409996,
-0.0782022625207901,
-0.0065674870274960995,
0.0329054519534111,
-0.0026090177707374096,
-0.03433616831898689,
0.0023745186626911163,
0.02710331603884697,
-0.02048524282872677,
-0.02308950386941433,
-0.01913558878004551,
-0.029630543664097786,
-0.04071793705224991,
-0.021173665300011635,
-0.05521925166249275,
0.008443083614110947,
-0.019192498177289963,
-0.01664043590426445,
-0.0007101544179022312,
-0.05327797681093216,
-0.014302540570497513,
0.038936108350753784,
0.05091467499732971,
-0.010259633883833885,
-0.004171072039753199,
-0.018750948831439018
] |
249 |
ProAdvPrompter: A Two-Stage Journey to Effective Adversarial Prompting for LLMs
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=tpHqsyZ3YX
|
[
"Hao Di",
"Tong He",
"Haishan Ye",
"Yinghui Huang",
"Xiangyu Chang",
"Guang Dai",
"Ivor Tsang"
] |
Poster
|
As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being integrated into various real-world applications, the identification of their vulnerabilities to jailbreaking attacks becomes an essential component of ensuring the safety and reliability of LLMs.
Previous studies have developed LLM assistants, known as the adversarial prompter, to automatically generate suffixes that manipulate target LLMs into generating harmful and undesirable outputs.
However, these approaches often suffer from low performance or generate semantically meaningless prompts, which can be easily identified by perplexity-based defenses.
In this paper, we introduce a novel two-stage method, $\texttt{ProAdvPrompter}$, that significantly improves the performance of adversarial prompters.
In $\texttt{ProAdvPrompter}$, the first stage (Exploration) utilizes the loss information to guide the adversarial prompter in generating suffixes that are more likely to elicit harmful responses.
Then the second stage (Exploitation) iteratively fine-tunes the prompter using high-quality generated adversarial suffixes to further boost performance.
Additionally, we incorporate the prompt template to aid in the Exploration stage and propose a filtering mechanism to accelerate the training process in the Exploitation stage.
We evaluate $\texttt{ProAdvPrompter}$ against the well-aligned LLMs (i.e., Llama2-Chat-7B and Llama3-chat-8B), achieving attack success rates of 99.68% and 97.12% respectively after 10 trials on the AdvBench dataset, thereby enhancing performance by $\sim 2$ times compared to previous works.
Moreover, $\texttt{ProAdvPrompter}$ reduces training time by 20% on Llama3-Instruct-8B, generates more generalized adversarial suffixes, and demonstrates resilience against the perplexity defense.
An ablation study further evaluates the effects of key components in $\texttt{ProAdvPrompter}$ (the prompt template and the filtering mechanism).
|
jailbreaking attacks; large language model
| null | 13,954 | null |
[
-0.027003446593880653,
-0.05229748785495758,
0.00867140106856823,
0.023386556655168533,
0.02853362075984478,
-0.00004937369885738008,
0.05706405267119408,
-0.019986867904663086,
-0.031664568930864334,
-0.007483707740902901,
-0.019177893176674843,
0.029902346432209015,
-0.05158339813351631,
-0.015875432640314102,
0.012225053273141384,
0.03871022164821625,
0.020912574604153633,
0.004364352207630873,
0.0504230260848999,
0.018926197662949562,
-0.006206547375768423,
-0.010022833943367004,
0.048057567328214645,
0.002271755365654826,
0.02375819720327854,
0.028190841898322105,
0.014327004551887512,
0.02383519895374775,
-0.05605672672390938,
0.01584799401462078,
0.036665622144937515,
0.0045396750792860985,
0.019702766090631485,
-0.03147565945982933,
0.022290358319878578,
0.009443066082894802,
-0.07325848937034607,
0.02422553300857544,
0.006453097332268953,
0.03228238224983215,
-0.04790344461798668,
0.02279295027256012,
-0.027492159977555275,
-0.004601022228598595,
-0.04623799026012421,
-0.0015097405994310975,
-0.10093876719474792,
0.006377362180501223,
0.02547522634267807,
-0.044781554490327835,
-0.14459265768527985,
0.053202398121356964,
-0.017870629206299782,
-0.03229978308081627,
0.04882686585187912,
0.011118032969534397,
0.05173236131668091,
-0.09573742747306824,
0.02052176184952259,
-0.022863028571009636,
-0.08979854732751846,
0.012270054779946804,
0.03314392641186714,
-0.007371753919869661,
-0.021645164117217064,
-0.009032698348164558,
0.0151995699852705,
0.04745881259441376,
-0.07194626331329346,
-0.055557817220687866,
-0.009200667962431908,
0.031357090920209885,
-0.015132271684706211,
-0.03169012442231178,
0.020635634660720825,
-0.023807886987924576,
0.017064925283193588,
0.007369015831500292,
0.0842960998415947,
-0.015118507668375969,
-0.00611743563786149,
-0.002166471676900983,
0.03607948496937752,
0.0442318357527256,
-0.012327626347541809,
0.019818991422653198,
-0.030718058347702026,
-0.019954485818743706,
-0.060874562710523605,
0.03493309020996094,
0.017505530267953873,
-0.03574202209711075,
0.026591602712869644,
0.02715253457427025,
0.01411440409719944,
0.02625683695077896,
0.017473122105002403,
0.028721420094370842,
0.004132282454520464,
0.03419358655810356,
0.016036489978432655,
-0.03822188451886177,
0.006015297025442123,
0.014290238730609417,
-0.10240565985441208,
0.010642160661518574,
-0.057365790009498596,
0.003061937168240547,
-0.01811392419040203,
0.008114970289170742,
-0.02258867770433426,
0.009847394190728664,
0.01181896310299635,
0.0011763193178921938,
-0.07407258450984955,
0.03156130015850067,
-0.008485754951834679,
0.012178929522633553,
-0.012127556838095188,
0.0033330454025417566,
0.05376139655709267,
0.04677855223417282,
0.016072146594524384,
0.07083733379840851,
0.008672475814819336,
0.012345456518232822,
0.019446998834609985,
0.05071019381284714,
-0.01179842371493578,
-0.021341294050216675,
0.020280111581087112,
0.0433465950191021,
0.039115600287914276,
0.03941388800740242,
0.0020634238608181477,
0.011143816635012627,
-0.031138259917497635,
0.014544873498380184,
0.050890836864709854,
-0.014517487026751041,
0.0001414243597537279,
0.0007338870200328529,
0.054361388087272644,
-0.042617831379175186,
0.05253461003303528,
0.008214017376303673,
-0.022944170981645584,
-0.012140429578721523,
-0.044545650482177734,
-0.008531620725989342,
0.010461602360010147,
-0.03533076122403145,
0.0022932107094675303,
-0.063516765832901,
0.021085169166326523,
0.060205549001693726,
0.04459590092301369,
0.006127441301941872,
-0.015054143033921719,
0.00417392048984766,
-0.009492918848991394,
0.021740788593888283,
-0.06830534338951111,
0.0416669063270092,
0.0010653497884050012,
-0.017092114314436913,
0.008618994615972042,
-0.011044700630009174,
-0.02530480921268463,
0.01759280636906624,
-0.029675154015421867,
-0.037937987595796585,
0.05938590690493584,
-0.030401308089494705,
-0.037755753844976425,
-0.015821462497115135,
0.052620887756347656,
0.01397779956459999,
0.043900568038225174,
0.041557248681783676,
-0.07184015214443207,
0.015133388340473175,
0.008189596235752106,
0.022816414013504982,
0.017391804605722427,
-0.011486932635307312,
0.08725173771381378,
-0.027757233008742332,
0.029624713584780693,
0.040563877671957016,
-0.08017268776893616,
0.010636069811880589,
0.052270907908678055,
-0.0023549257311969995,
0.07945827394723892,
0.015612985007464886,
0.007647315971553326,
0.043364476412534714,
0.01991640031337738,
0.058714933693408966,
0.04991370439529419,
-0.021079011261463165,
0.04390336200594902,
-0.048867542296648026,
-0.04815329238772392,
0.015379814431071281,
0.0076218158937990665,
-0.042905788868665695,
-0.036447685211896896,
0.02091013267636299,
-0.023371154442429543,
-0.005964293610304594,
0.03978467732667923,
0.010095249861478806,
0.02065223641693592,
-0.005616091191768646,
0.0020414574537426233,
-0.0069105420261621475,
0.016429373994469643,
-0.06801913678646088,
0.04928070306777954,
-0.030500944703817368,
0.014288844540715218,
-0.016872385516762733,
-0.017824379727244377,
0.10545185953378677,
0.041591156274080276,
-0.043357834219932556,
-0.000987687730230391,
0.0038968909066170454,
-0.008350403048098087,
-0.019519170746207237,
0.022199314087629318,
-0.04040798917412758,
0.0033511219080537558,
-0.037993185222148895,
0.0077762422151863575,
-0.03553345054388046,
0.045529574155807495,
-0.03493602201342583,
0.0021203334908932447,
0.0863742008805275,
-0.04608120396733284,
0.04985778406262398,
-0.028233084827661514,
0.01580260694026947,
0.030107252299785614,
0.008084593340754509,
-0.016744375228881836,
-0.007446613162755966,
0.006213020067662001,
-0.004415350034832954,
0.01243338268250227,
-0.0032366758678108454,
0.003572101704776287,
-0.051302824169397354,
-0.04674135893583298,
-0.033622343093156815,
0.05183311924338341,
0.044009290635585785,
-0.012347406707704067,
0.042480915784835815,
-0.01054286491125822,
-0.03610040247440338,
0.0024676676839590073,
-0.10969210416078568,
-0.0016011518891900778,
-0.00023593861260451376,
0.00753867207095027,
-0.006566800642758608,
0.035186249762773514,
0.017368702217936516,
-0.005376046523451805,
-0.045872997492551804,
0.005394474137574434,
0.026387853547930717,
0.023847533389925957,
0.0217570960521698,
-0.057169653475284576,
0.0009262842359021306,
-0.03729500621557236,
0.02713306061923504,
-0.021115092560648918,
-0.02369726449251175,
-0.04126129299402237,
-0.06196768954396248,
-0.0002952110371552408,
-0.053818460553884506,
-0.04155271500349045,
0.019739393144845963,
-0.032713741064071655,
0.019567647948861122,
0.0037083011120557785,
0.004569509066641331,
0.02730303257703781,
0.03106652945280075,
0.022374672815203667,
0.020559923723340034,
-0.01850447990000248,
0.05082440376281738,
0.009045618586242199,
0.0014268201775848866,
-0.017857899889349937,
0.03482319414615631,
-0.020714297890663147,
-0.017357558012008667,
0.019452344626188278,
-0.0011695284629240632,
-0.29207465052604675,
0.008009773679077625,
0.016596492379903793,
-0.032663777470588684,
0.005902863573282957,
-0.01253236923366785,
0.06551007926464081,
-0.05030417814850807,
-0.02052445337176323,
-0.013028077781200409,
-0.002848218195140362,
0.03476717323064804,
0.007785725872963667,
0.005119734909385443,
0.02163092978298664,
0.0306098572909832,
-0.017505180090665817,
-0.033162325620651245,
0.03881675377488136,
0.020652655512094498,
-0.004094908479601145,
-0.023790176957845688,
-0.004877687431871891,
0.03467909246683121,
-0.030833909288048744,
0.061611294746398926,
-0.04160270094871521,
0.000773671199567616,
-0.01848507858812809,
0.006366732530295849,
-0.005096765235066414,
-0.018407821655273438,
-0.014283725991845131,
0.012098138220608234,
-0.029707016423344612,
0.0246647447347641,
0.03602886199951172,
0.005859022960066795,
0.03092040866613388,
0.005202617030590773,
0.019635282456874847,
-0.03902796655893326,
0.02206452749669552,
0.0004085366672370583,
0.06676363945007324,
0.014555390924215317,
-0.04663587734103203,
-0.02274896763265133,
0.0008424609550274909,
0.0498523935675621,
-0.030373381450772285,
-0.05667892098426819,
-0.03238699212670326,
0.0002661526668816805,
0.013793219812214375,
-0.015393595211207867,
0.01350158266723156,
-0.0590243898332119,
-0.027598390355706215,
0.02171383611857891,
-0.00539823155850172,
-0.0183397363871336,
-0.0367506742477417,
-0.03102576546370983,
-0.032646846026182175,
-0.03346902132034302,
-0.0343051552772522,
-0.06848686188459396,
0.05026630312204361,
0.03394745662808418,
-0.008509381674230099,
0.028365904465317726,
-0.0019342139130458236,
-0.09643305093050003,
0.017760993912816048,
0.021657856181263924,
-0.05117873474955559,
-0.0070849936455488205,
0.0035156358499079943,
0.030368663370609283,
-0.058371543884277344,
-0.03174776956439018,
-0.02033434621989727,
-0.010871284641325474,
0.008544379845261574,
-0.023347871378064156,
0.00503752613440156,
0.007186864037066698,
-0.0013277162797749043,
-0.010069877840578556,
0.05822568014264107,
0.02642282471060753,
-0.0007934796158224344,
0.013365385122597218,
0.040758926421403885,
0.037698909640312195,
0.05256068333983421,
0.043832045048475266,
0.03768329694867134,
0.01380334421992302,
0.029507987201213837,
-0.07630188018083572,
-0.012560327537357807,
-0.06056390330195427,
-0.0060811955481767654,
0.03293674811720848,
-0.05564573407173157,
-0.018998432904481888,
0.042258307337760925,
-0.03399278596043587,
-0.03299911320209503,
-0.04219508543610573,
0.019738873466849327,
0.02053133398294449,
0.006256534717977047,
-0.008971992880105972,
0.02235029637813568,
0.03470754995942116,
0.015177037566900253,
-0.037123531103134155,
-0.0818529725074768,
0.034792736172676086,
0.009178497828543186,
0.024717513471841812,
-0.013651552610099316,
-0.019789285957813263,
-0.009849946945905685,
0.014658067375421524,
0.010131371207535267,
-0.021383237093687057,
0.03184251859784126,
0.008543390780687332,
-0.011716127395629883,
-0.0017976155504584312,
0.045375656336545944,
-0.011237233877182007,
0.0017597813857719302,
-0.015013192780315876,
0.030716244131326675,
-0.01060403324663639,
0.03317004069685936,
-0.02715059369802475,
0.02926861122250557,
0.011145452968776226,
0.04789521545171738,
-0.012212218716740608,
0.03760869428515434,
-0.008800122886896133,
-0.015407580882310867,
0.005285541992634535,
0.05849185585975647,
-0.052067700773477554,
0.01640552282333374,
-0.02235347405076027,
0.019959228113293648,
-0.00046084311907179654,
0.023837439715862274,
-0.0069468519650399685,
-0.00665913475677371,
-0.07589036971330643,
0.08122139424085617,
0.00023768686514813453,
-0.0014797532930970192,
-0.002666698768734932,
0.03356781601905823,
0.019794771447777748,
-0.015660133212804794,
0.012321836315095425,
0.02498132549226284,
0.006780159659683704,
0.006670468021184206,
-0.035224366933107376,
-0.03222795948386192,
0.007462852634489536,
-0.020430875942111015,
-0.010975665412843227,
0.007734138052910566,
-0.006022611632943153,
-0.034069206565618515,
0.04272748902440071,
-0.0017118958057835698,
-0.033647868782281876,
0.008963611908257008,
0.023608053103089333,
0.10178660601377487,
-0.009005597792565823,
-0.00990281905978918,
0.0036432675551623106,
-0.03844339773058891,
0.04244165122509003,
-0.02586221881210804,
0.000006354753622872522,
-0.021022023633122444,
-0.040050651878118515,
-0.021853873506188393,
-0.0808224305510521,
-0.04201037809252739,
0.037958502769470215,
-0.008436870761215687,
-0.017257045954465866,
-0.02926919050514698,
-0.023339301347732544,
-0.034062303602695465,
-0.01968633010983467,
0.012042632326483727,
-0.06857998669147491,
0.01822064071893692,
-0.013243705965578556,
0.004182919859886169,
0.004194178152829409,
0.009110432118177414,
-0.05651729926466942,
-0.05750879645347595,
-0.011999310925602913,
0.027074849233031273,
-0.05125445872545242,
-0.06118385121226311,
-0.004200311377644539,
-0.0021093697287142277,
-0.01014345046132803,
0.014458660036325455,
-0.04495219513773918,
-0.003172059543430805,
0.022406280040740967,
-0.00796903483569622,
0.05693287029862404,
-0.03706412389874458,
-0.021841568872332573,
0.05345393344759941,
-0.026044804602861404,
0.03051771968603134,
-0.04982281103730202,
0.03223767131567001,
0.04235462099313736,
0.009856348857283592,
0.023628124967217445,
-0.07302309572696686,
0.027414994314312935,
-0.0016350947553291917,
-0.0017462348332628608,
0.013154071755707264,
0.008488429710268974,
-0.03946210443973541,
0.002821106929332018,
0.011544703505933285,
0.03608857840299606,
0.009124137461185455,
0.02174101024866104,
-0.005985504016280174,
0.027335019782185555,
-0.019377771764993668,
0.03828905150294304,
-0.07404308766126633,
-0.0029823826625943184,
0.036039844155311584,
-0.05294482782483101,
-0.025916093960404396,
-0.05317535251379013,
-0.02724616229534149,
0.020494025200605392,
-0.013714723289012909,
0.008844648487865925,
-0.025562701746821404,
0.0786510482430458,
0.016121724620461464,
0.010935302823781967,
-0.002602275926619768,
-0.02028249017894268,
0.03756849840283394,
-0.02810767851769924,
-0.04319407418370247,
-0.07746873050928116,
0.03701704740524292,
0.0889734998345375,
-0.07682900130748749,
0.01643180660903454,
0.0040216222405433655,
-0.013233872130513191,
0.04584768787026405,
-0.011081048287451267,
-0.04098853841423988,
0.0023087027948349714,
-0.016894273459911346,
-0.03470445051789284,
0.050761573016643524,
-0.02222346141934395,
0.006140507757663727,
-0.021142758429050446,
-0.03518511354923248,
-0.0008836048073135316,
0.008560447953641415,
0.043662797659635544,
-0.023253601044416428,
0.0002441025571897626,
-0.013569600880146027,
0.01030985452234745,
-0.005238478071987629,
0.05225774645805359,
0.01352405920624733,
-0.0070633916184306145,
-0.01630563847720623,
0.05452670529484749,
0.05155666545033455,
0.0035944071132689714,
-0.02155049704015255,
-0.002258680062368512,
-0.045677002519369125,
-0.06442350894212723,
0.06401123851537704,
0.016575438901782036,
-0.050622712820768356,
-0.04907732456922531,
0.05760115385055542,
0.02158956602215767,
-0.04009178653359413,
-0.010585428215563297,
0.03851334750652313,
-0.05466163158416748,
-0.017187733203172684,
-0.026403063908219337,
-0.004291151184588671,
0.012290523387491703,
0.0643373355269432,
0.006933280266821384,
0.03123585321009159,
0.05564762279391289,
0.016624514013528824,
-0.022722788155078888,
-0.006849007681012154,
0.04831615090370178,
0.06826380640268326,
0.04659802094101906,
-0.003115094034001231,
0.07286036759614944,
-0.05191593989729881,
-0.06344509869813919,
0.025036189705133438,
0.0013296250253915787,
-0.012506193481385708,
-0.03150950372219086,
0.03922383487224579,
0.07587586343288422,
-0.0048920209519565105,
0.05043340101838112,
-0.0464043915271759,
0.0038074986077845097,
0.059527069330215454,
0.016451973468065262,
-0.011383765377104282,
0.023494252935051918,
0.03758002817630768,
-0.010740837082266808,
-0.020982354879379272,
-0.020543241873383522,
0.0012560287723317742,
-0.017791492864489555,
0.0006223536329343915,
0.020299535244703293,
-0.03947056829929352,
0.01913081482052803,
-0.04737042635679245,
0.020730430260300636,
0.08327571302652359,
-0.03783039748668671,
-0.049646131694316864,
0.029745759442448616,
0.04223743826150894,
0.047463249415159225,
0.06140848621726036,
-0.008430450223386288,
0.018767300993204117,
-0.008461861871182919,
-0.012957883067429066,
-0.004219667054712772,
0.02429729513823986,
0.002853858983144164,
0.030576137825846672,
-0.017206182703375816,
-0.0010831013787537813,
0.012088620103895664,
-0.02634909562766552,
-0.024244176223874092,
-0.05782381817698479,
-0.02704373002052307,
-0.04223717004060745,
-0.04380343109369278,
-0.04726826772093773,
-0.008549273945391178,
0.030828729271888733,
-0.027287257835268974,
0.020141594111919403,
-0.04473321512341499,
0.02064613811671734,
0.017359236255288124,
-0.05477883666753769,
0.011853023432195187,
0.04398452490568161,
0.023412885144352913,
-0.007874528877437115,
0.048574209213256836,
0.018633034080266953,
-0.008714519441127777,
-0.013921505771577358,
0.024873144924640656,
0.02582635171711445,
0.018281517550349236,
-0.01468605361878872,
-0.00011405065743019804,
-0.09630029648542404,
0.002080694306641817,
0.026705555617809296,
-0.0254756361246109,
-0.06936062127351761,
0.022537967190146446,
-0.026749299839138985,
0.04936956241726875,
0.06602248549461365,
0.02210714854300022,
0.001016821712255478,
-0.03890538960695267,
0.009002117440104485,
-0.0010943402303382754,
0.02184102311730385,
0.04068349674344063,
0.000054575586545979604,
0.061663661152124405,
0.018529269844293594,
-0.014081711880862713,
-0.038374755531549454,
0.014784308150410652,
-0.00659100292250514,
-0.007660883013159037,
-0.042615074664354324,
-0.015781855210661888,
-0.016094069927930832,
-0.07910310477018356,
0.021191127598285675,
0.03919340297579765,
-0.02006809413433075,
-0.03189888596534729,
0.0256612841039896,
-0.027769198641180992,
0.0011162968585267663,
-0.004297221545130014,
-0.006580556742846966,
-0.012970874086022377,
-0.029849056154489517,
-0.03006121702492237,
-0.03987719118595123,
-0.009689204394817352,
-0.019641121849417686,
-0.003122226567938924,
-0.0031271525658667088,
-0.04150909185409546,
0.006495399866253138,
0.022974658757448196,
0.04504041001200676,
-0.005295933689922094,
-0.007845680229365826,
-0.04225216805934906
] |
250 |
Ward: Provable RAG Dataset Inference via LLM Watermarks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=kVrwHLAb20
|
[
"Nikola Jovanović",
"Robin Staab",
"Maximilian Baader",
"Martin Vechev"
] |
Poster
|
RAG enables LLMs to easily incorporate external data, raising concerns for data owners regarding unauthorized usage of their content. The challenge of detecting such unauthorized usage remains underexplored, with datasets and methods from adjacent fields being ill-suited for its study. We take several steps to bridge this gap. First, we formalize this problem as (black-box) RAG Dataset Inference (RAG-DI). We then introduce a novel dataset designed for realistic benchmarking of RAG-DI methods, alongside a set of baselines. Finally, we propose Ward, a method for RAG-DI based on LLM watermarks that equips data owners with rigorous statistical guarantees regarding their dataset's misuse in RAG corpora. Ward consistently outperforms all baselines, achieving higher accuracy, superior query efficiency and robustness. Our work provides a foundation for future studies of RAG-DI and highlights LLM watermarks as a promising approach to this problem.
|
llm, watermarks, dataset inference, rag
|
We formalize RAG Dataset Inference, introduce a suitable dataset and baselines, and propose Ward, a rigorous method based on LLM watermarks.
| 13,947 |
2410.03537
|
[
0.025905568152666092,
-0.033392660319805145,
-0.02929246425628662,
0.06629756093025208,
0.043194305151700974,
-0.031390976160764694,
0.01674100011587143,
-0.029616910964250565,
0.00032969130552373827,
-0.010642028413712978,
-0.04972207546234131,
0.015084377489984035,
-0.07373581826686859,
-0.012909048236906528,
-0.007628966588526964,
0.0444214753806591,
0.005453832913190126,
0.001648604404181242,
0.05656500533223152,
-0.026484064757823944,
0.0025494315195828676,
-0.03536120429635048,
-0.028558939695358276,
0.03189384564757347,
-0.002635794458910823,
0.03619886189699173,
0.03191644698381424,
-0.0228713508695364,
-0.06587353348731995,
0.03396081179380417,
0.06107749417424202,
0.00995584111660719,
0.0297427698969841,
-0.0047310213558375835,
0.02439468540251255,
0.02094200998544693,
-0.06842240691184998,
0.024486269801855087,
-0.010783558711409569,
0.008854013867676258,
-0.04483473673462868,
0.019013671204447746,
-0.00038235311512835324,
0.03772801160812378,
-0.043213821947574615,
-0.008707741275429726,
-0.10039528459310532,
0.03777360916137695,
-0.007266456726938486,
0.006774901412427425,
-0.06585516035556793,
0.05298120155930519,
-0.02640310861170292,
-0.0021710600703954697,
0.02933155559003353,
0.02908504568040371,
0.06542278081178665,
-0.09198489785194397,
0.02663470432162285,
-0.04846080765128136,
-0.051690541207790375,
-0.0013113036984577775,
0.02501780539751053,
0.012019170448184013,
0.018915625289082527,
-0.04061780124902725,
0.01759364828467369,
0.020608561113476753,
-0.05820892006158829,
-0.04502658173441887,
0.015311033464968204,
0.015096988528966904,
-0.03632557392120361,
-0.02515784092247486,
0.007785046007484198,
-0.013131428509950638,
0.0036614444106817245,
-0.022584186866879463,
0.09542056173086166,
-0.037947360426187515,
0.00846194289624691,
0.01008073054254055,
0.032554663717746735,
0.04635869711637497,
0.01440212782472372,
-0.00771290110424161,
-0.044061485677957535,
-0.025629622861742973,
-0.05045001581311226,
0.03940911963582039,
0.032414570450782776,
-0.025018109008669853,
0.05316169932484627,
0.020462432876229286,
0.013611755333840847,
0.009590079076588154,
0.03195716813206673,
0.00890036579221487,
0.010372653603553772,
-0.02364136092364788,
-0.014029298909008503,
-0.013994482345879078,
0.0375417023897171,
0.03518502786755562,
-0.09922033548355103,
-0.00815919041633606,
-0.04644140601158142,
-0.005175414029508829,
-0.0011995729291811585,
-0.012122458778321743,
-0.00946713611483574,
0.01134670339524746,
0.012782452628016472,
0.0006004563183523715,
-0.06052955240011215,
0.019419638440012932,
0.005472863093018532,
-0.0016005737707018852,
0.0035382278729230165,
-0.0014713177224621177,
0.04956590384244919,
0.05307324603199959,
0.011594998650252819,
0.05553700029850006,
-0.009069782681763172,
-0.0015251805307343602,
0.04751039296388626,
0.031026603654026985,
-0.03248848766088486,
-0.032910894602537155,
0.0049836281687021255,
0.04683764651417732,
0.002811367390677333,
0.0008971030474640429,
-0.003749665105715394,
0.027775216847658157,
-0.03914323076605797,
0.007180727552622557,
0.05999092757701874,
-0.011299080215394497,
0.016722384840250015,
-0.006448433734476566,
0.012663990259170532,
-0.04054342210292816,
0.08020614832639694,
-0.004351187031716108,
-0.009300276637077332,
-0.025946935638785362,
-0.05062521621584892,
0.004992534406483173,
0.03204900398850441,
0.014596670866012573,
0.017138337716460228,
-0.045546479523181915,
0.006059188395738602,
0.06568276882171631,
0.013911478221416473,
0.01856350153684616,
0.002340621082112193,
-0.012362663634121418,
0.0070414780639112,
-0.008734279312193394,
-0.05518456548452377,
0.0231774989515543,
-0.024151232093572617,
-0.029256384819746017,
0.03863773122429848,
-0.003390634199604392,
-0.030454209074378014,
0.01032212469726801,
-0.05187217891216278,
-0.028654905036091805,
0.0675801932811737,
0.0005797891644760966,
-0.010696479119360447,
0.017804540693759918,
0.05593843013048172,
0.04028748348355293,
0.036775242537260056,
0.02213698998093605,
-0.08412570506334305,
0.015096214599907398,
0.004756958223879337,
-0.023036032915115356,
0.02818112075328827,
0.023498952388763428,
0.10491155833005905,
-0.006860419642180204,
0.028403904289007187,
0.029990045353770256,
-0.1001664400100708,
-0.0017529567703604698,
0.07121185213327408,
-0.004066134802997112,
0.022891070693731308,
0.027339013293385506,
0.0072518219240009785,
0.04063758999109268,
0.0005631334497593343,
0.04344467446208,
-0.002889021532610059,
0.004236405715346336,
0.05994352325797081,
-0.04857946187257767,
-0.039176665246486664,
0.015863364562392235,
0.027764257043600082,
-0.056990187615156174,
-0.04865368455648422,
0.0012254063040018082,
-0.02344982884824276,
0.017110224813222885,
-0.001973847160115838,
-0.008176074363291264,
0.014609025791287422,
-0.008529291488230228,
-0.021693270653486252,
0.014827865175902843,
0.0277560967952013,
-0.06193321943283081,
0.0631449744105339,
0.021049030125141144,
-0.015507729724049568,
0.016780516132712364,
-0.009297789074480534,
0.09557013213634491,
0.05227429419755936,
-0.012887293472886086,
0.04773516207933426,
0.009148769080638885,
0.0020420276559889317,
-0.029683763161301613,
0.02353830821812153,
-0.07375910878181458,
0.013127615675330162,
-0.02507532201707363,
0.028406130149960518,
-0.03841380774974823,
0.04775072634220123,
-0.027706272900104523,
0.0077641974203288555,
0.05738765001296997,
-0.02445252425968647,
0.041190434247255325,
0.02894635684788227,
-0.03094019927084446,
0.02651551179587841,
0.011768312193453312,
-0.02451925352215767,
-0.009725501760840416,
0.008739485405385494,
-0.014642602764070034,
-0.02526196651160717,
-0.04545813426375389,
0.01425448153167963,
-0.06849202513694763,
-0.0030416615772992373,
-0.01360410824418068,
0.021429428830742836,
0.059734418988227844,
0.012503487057983875,
0.027528071776032448,
0.0034911457914859056,
-0.08611360192298889,
0.012515301816165447,
-0.1113409474492073,
-0.034312646836042404,
0.005909967701882124,
0.05018686503171921,
-0.01361329946666956,
0.04341903701424599,
0.03158998489379883,
-0.015811333432793617,
-0.0013452121056616306,
0.002089848741889,
0.01779273711144924,
0.06280084699392319,
0.010455315932631493,
-0.04699566960334778,
-0.0033203624188899994,
-0.016138071194291115,
0.052356187254190445,
0.005326335784047842,
-0.0313451886177063,
-0.03560715913772583,
-0.042530570179224014,
-0.00817947555333376,
-0.06098899245262146,
-0.03123779408633709,
0.004720583558082581,
0.004717329051345587,
0.017942121252417564,
0.0022015355061739683,
0.012475217692553997,
0.04844493046402931,
0.037908684462308884,
0.012543833814561367,
-0.01661555841565132,
-0.018181661143898964,
0.032082680612802505,
-0.020282836630940437,
0.000951648922637105,
0.027039602398872375,
-0.0009166027302853763,
-0.005874427035450935,
-0.033419352024793625,
0.0016852527623996139,
-0.009179760701954365,
-0.27411088347435,
0.0030083325691521168,
-0.00291087431833148,
-0.013322201557457447,
0.031023453921079636,
-0.02299094945192337,
0.037994563579559326,
-0.03417074680328369,
-0.020100390538573265,
-0.01371349859982729,
0.01543953362852335,
0.035575300455093384,
0.019713997840881348,
0.02931879088282585,
0.06044406443834305,
0.0691884309053421,
-0.004189238417893648,
-0.03433161973953247,
0.012924452312290668,
0.0029573850333690643,
-0.012419691309332848,
-0.03573683649301529,
-0.027311891317367554,
0.0225320253521204,
-0.004928336478769779,
0.05484353005886078,
-0.03407825529575348,
-0.012572387233376503,
-0.03976490721106529,
0.008645772933959961,
0.006814449559897184,
-0.02694093808531761,
-0.03098578006029129,
0.014563556760549545,
-0.012460093945264816,
-0.0034336294047534466,
0.04959762841463089,
0.016159504652023315,
0.006018064450472593,
-0.0145983612164855,
0.043152134865522385,
-0.01434176042675972,
-0.019666343927383423,
-0.009780478663742542,
0.07459063827991486,
0.030441440641880035,
-0.057766757905483246,
-0.03438181057572365,
-0.00504044396802783,
0.028070269152522087,
-0.036153823137283325,
-0.04253192991018295,
-0.03593350574374199,
0.018271761015057564,
-0.053323399275541306,
-0.0513821542263031,
-0.019740287214517593,
-0.010589627549052238,
-0.03949028626084328,
0.02030840516090393,
0.02184317074716091,
-0.05003194138407707,
-0.003785820910707116,
-0.03355766832828522,
-0.02216477319598198,
-0.03212004527449608,
-0.059669580310583115,
-0.11033176630735397,
0.0689215436577797,
0.04886045306921005,
-0.015468359924852848,
0.02666187286376953,
-0.003669175086542964,
-0.10859829187393188,
0.02871219627559185,
0.008906754665076733,
-0.012485682964324951,
-0.002795075997710228,
0.02753702737390995,
0.050671692937612534,
-0.048560768365859985,
-0.021141353994607925,
0.01582552306354046,
0.01796504110097885,
0.011385883204638958,
-0.05996404215693474,
0.008634068071842194,
-0.018557002767920494,
-0.03226854279637337,
-0.02461162768304348,
0.055998921394348145,
0.012176347896456718,
-0.013427434489130974,
0.0525488555431366,
0.03276569023728371,
0.010174842551350594,
0.014081968925893307,
0.05804529786109924,
0.04544762149453163,
0.042839810252189636,
0.024823777377605438,
-0.07830511033535004,
0.0009632153087295592,
-0.0625757947564125,
-0.003126405877992511,
0.02382834441959858,
-0.05639136582612991,
-0.021866481751203537,
0.024893837049603462,
-0.0420331172645092,
-0.027891550213098526,
-0.012473774142563343,
0.0012092884862795472,
-0.006266369018703699,
0.009975689463317394,
-0.013936120085418224,
0.024935860186815262,
0.019519131630659103,
0.034465864300727844,
-0.04603196680545807,
-0.008801944553852081,
0.024982299655675888,
0.01345515251159668,
0.011448977515101433,
-0.023757727816700935,
-0.029634173959493637,
-0.005712780170142651,
-0.02298867143690586,
0.025653181597590446,
-0.017668243497610092,
0.019771646708250046,
-0.01574624329805374,
0.0006932914257049561,
0.014103066176176071,
0.05960112810134888,
0.00248198164626956,
0.014970972202718258,
-0.019387980923056602,
-0.006700410973280668,
-0.016171462833881378,
0.021243605762720108,
-0.04659653827548027,
0.07775622606277466,
0.06538934260606766,
0.04054864123463631,
-0.0057291933335363865,
0.03537880256772041,
0.01024488266557455,
-0.020460156723856926,
-0.0243951715528965,
0.0219410452991724,
-0.029074976220726967,
-0.00029588330653496087,
-0.023680949583649635,
0.039682138711214066,
-0.008585991337895393,
0.027926921844482422,
0.003434594487771392,
0.04025084897875786,
-0.07613109797239304,
0.040258437395095825,
-0.012075171805918217,
0.029971273615956306,
-0.004090288653969765,
-0.009424734860658646,
0.02725069411098957,
-0.03453459218144417,
-0.002055586315691471,
0.0026560656260699034,
0.03671053797006607,
0.006318196654319763,
-0.018909839913249016,
0.0035660562571138144,
-0.002445271937176585,
-0.026501109823584557,
0.030242612585425377,
-0.00017438123177271336,
0.029806574806571007,
-0.039893537759780884,
0.0375693216919899,
-0.027002356946468353,
0.015003880485892296,
-0.0072556124068796635,
0.024666722863912582,
0.09433343261480331,
0.011055831797420979,
0.00939704105257988,
-0.00756424106657505,
-0.054251816123723984,
0.05099792033433914,
0.022713735699653625,
0.01808127574622631,
-0.007290028501302004,
-0.02243107371032238,
-0.017172906547784805,
-0.04088911786675453,
0.010273109190165997,
0.02794904261827469,
0.0056098755449056625,
-0.006063590291887522,
-0.02441301941871643,
-0.006604491267353296,
-0.03959381580352783,
-0.008709627203643322,
-0.01467902585864067,
-0.0517958402633667,
0.006141323130577803,
0.0468207523226738,
-0.04381246864795685,
0.011085945181548595,
-0.01663123071193695,
-0.04463140293955803,
-0.07050080597400665,
0.0028172247111797333,
0.012249277904629707,
-0.023369915783405304,
-0.018811888992786407,
-0.029330309480428696,
0.008547510020434856,
-0.01219335850328207,
-0.00043062775512225926,
0.00928100012242794,
0.022868013009428978,
0.046495359390974045,
0.02171521633863449,
0.044472552835941315,
-0.026381725445389748,
-0.013474028557538986,
0.002804528921842575,
-0.040155068039894104,
-0.007368894759565592,
-0.05581801012158394,
0.03611595183610916,
0.0493834912776947,
-0.013655181042850018,
0.016153430566191673,
-0.03671925514936447,
0.026389230042696,
-0.017650840803980827,
-0.0029002735391259193,
-0.0028885218780487776,
0.0006456988048739731,
-0.026322515681385994,
-0.00848945789039135,
0.05541881546378136,
0.013097325339913368,
0.015838924795389175,
0.029744403436779976,
-0.01342096645385027,
-0.0049069602973759174,
0.015485058538615704,
0.026815282180905342,
-0.03511113300919533,
-0.02796308323740959,
0.07094907760620117,
-0.037168096750974655,
-0.003685645293444395,
-0.07555659860372543,
-0.03819488734006882,
0.012763758189976215,
0.020952077582478523,
0.009592591784894466,
0.005603843368589878,
0.014659627340734005,
0.02704373002052307,
0.020959675312042236,
0.010019459761679173,
-0.01477013062685728,
0.047439683228731155,
-0.022011594846844673,
-0.03261609748005867,
-0.03852945938706398,
0.03279918432235718,
0.05755077302455902,
-0.04589187726378441,
0.0022440932225435972,
-0.025018345564603806,
-0.058201927691698074,
-0.009259444661438465,
0.004640615079551935,
-0.06836796551942825,
-0.02198939584195614,
-0.0062431697733700275,
-0.04023214429616928,
0.014121094718575478,
-0.02924959920346737,
0.0316627137362957,
-0.01446907315403223,
-0.03509225323796272,
-0.014972805045545101,
-0.041286028921604156,
0.03960447013378143,
-0.020214606076478958,
0.0010288439225405455,
-0.023427622392773628,
-0.004103449638932943,
0.019893931224942207,
0.04611717537045479,
0.01064080186188221,
0.02350693941116333,
-0.027185816317796707,
0.04865838959813118,
0.046955008059740067,
-0.046597812324762344,
0.02965359389781952,
0.00392008014023304,
-0.015660502016544342,
-0.0576164610683918,
0.029113832861185074,
-0.023542828857898712,
-0.009426431730389595,
-0.0592803992331028,
0.08318931609392166,
0.045302972197532654,
-0.06911037117242813,
-0.06119360402226448,
0.03809918835759163,
-0.017421144992113113,
0.002699013566598296,
-0.012228677049279213,
0.013921909965574741,
-0.034986063838005066,
0.04601548612117767,
0.016446031630039215,
0.056119032204151154,
0.05964631959795952,
0.0013987236889079213,
0.009051298722624779,
0.003389527555555105,
0.04382215440273285,
0.07239263504743576,
0.05000118166208267,
-0.0014627666678279638,
0.07634855061769485,
-0.03571239113807678,
-0.04601847752928734,
0.007599996868520975,
0.016092246398329735,
-0.01503730658441782,
-0.00047133152838796377,
0.0003284650738351047,
0.07085070013999939,
-0.004084129352122545,
0.049400560557842255,
-0.07935737818479538,
-0.005029170773923397,
0.020597664639353752,
-0.006079130340367556,
-0.0013312691589817405,
0.026266679167747498,
-0.00017911478062160313,
-0.01756255514919758,
-0.057698123157024384,
-0.015618793666362762,
0.049179669469594955,
-0.031309619545936584,
0.029171286150813103,
0.02212020568549633,
-0.04660753160715103,
-0.019653277471661568,
-0.03627151623368263,
0.02347487211227417,
0.09563972055912018,
-0.008669131435453892,
-0.06955626606941223,
0.02667328529059887,
0.03924945369362831,
0.0405205562710762,
0.05535547435283661,
0.005539177916944027,
0.008121900260448456,
0.01329534500837326,
-0.04480082541704178,
0.0013291239738464355,
0.032156914472579956,
-0.04075709357857704,
0.04573415219783783,
-0.031196588650345802,
-0.03709438443183899,
0.00972994975745678,
0.026445923373103142,
-0.033766184002161026,
-0.02396104857325554,
-0.027186768129467964,
-0.02198442816734314,
-0.04901578649878502,
-0.0424906462430954,
-0.009677323512732983,
0.039515744894742966,
-0.03527183085680008,
-0.01920010894536972,
-0.041429854929447174,
-0.009415430948138237,
0.0166883897036314,
-0.07286480069160461,
0.012638219632208347,
0.02809305489063263,
0.037549715489149094,
0.0070197866298258305,
0.012970976531505585,
0.018063895404338837,
-0.052461449056863785,
-0.03299643099308014,
0.022883214056491852,
-0.004453171975910664,
0.020155517384409904,
-0.03216664493083954,
-0.03377433493733406,
-0.08994711935520172,
0.033341679722070694,
-0.008032451383769512,
-0.03963745757937431,
-0.08326604962348938,
0.007516263518482447,
-0.04265600070357323,
0.0031861369498074055,
0.07873993366956711,
0.016087373718619347,
0.0330008789896965,
0.0034256873186677694,
-0.003863977501168847,
0.007113843224942684,
0.01623309589922428,
0.04304911941289902,
0.007350369356572628,
0.046901263296604156,
0.028440913185477257,
-0.029666775837540627,
-0.044574324041604996,
0.012057697400450706,
-0.014964480884373188,
-0.0033012886997312307,
-0.05471211299300194,
-0.024275092408061028,
-0.021208379417657852,
-0.075575090944767,
-0.05060439929366112,
0.0349871963262558,
0.001887935446575284,
-0.04123833775520325,
0.02188028208911419,
0.01053132489323616,
-0.045991312712430954,
-0.025034012272953987,
-0.00032587352325208485,
0.00743342749774456,
-0.06283887475728989,
-0.014520945958793163,
-0.03856125473976135,
0.03726591542363167,
-0.007948068901896477,
0.004949644207954407,
-0.016333671286702156,
-0.03398982435464859,
0.004578759428113699,
0.0006010110955685377,
0.03098159283399582,
0.025714371353387833,
0.020578455179929733,
-0.027300966903567314
] |
251 |
SCOPE: A Self-supervised Framework for Improving Faithfulness in Conditional Text Generation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=dTkqaCKLPp
|
[
"Song Duong",
"Florian Le Bronnec",
"Alexandre Allauzen",
"Vincent Guigue",
"Alberto Lumbreras",
"Laure Soulier",
"Patrick Gallinari"
] |
Poster
|
Large Language Models (LLMs), when used for conditional text generation, often produce hallucinations, i.e., information that is unfaithful or not grounded in the input context. This issue arises in typical conditional text generation tasks, such as text summarization and data-to-text generation, where the goal is to produce fluent text based on contextual input. When fine-tuned on specific domains, LLMs struggle to provide faithful answers to a given context, often adding information or generating errors. One underlying cause of this issue is that LLMs rely on statistical patterns learned from their training data. This reliance can interfere with the model's ability to stay faithful to a provided context, leading to the generation of ungrounded information. We build upon this observation and introduce a novel self-supervised method for generating a training set of unfaithful samples. We then refine the model using a training process that encourages the generation of grounded outputs over unfaithful ones, drawing on preference-based training. Our approach leads to significantly more grounded text generation, outperforming existing self-supervised techniques in faithfulness, as evaluated through automatic metrics, LLM-based assessments, and human evaluations.
|
faithfulness, hallucination, conditional text generation, natural language processing, large language models
|
We propose a self-supervised method for faithfulness enhancement for conditional text generation.
| 13,935 |
2502.13674
|
[
-0.007875688374042511,
-0.016692476347088814,
-0.01902250573039055,
0.05279005318880081,
0.06325072050094604,
0.000878671882674098,
0.03185930475592613,
0.021102232858538628,
-0.020419925451278687,
0.017258575186133385,
-0.046516988426446915,
0.06231587380170822,
-0.07556707412004471,
0.010795358568429947,
-0.013761569745838642,
0.04741210490465164,
0.035999733954668045,
0.008221013471484184,
0.02395586110651493,
0.011090831831097603,
-0.013711261563003063,
-0.0088706249371171,
0.026178795844316483,
0.008967502042651176,
0.06132916733622551,
0.017995992675423622,
0.0613868348300457,
-0.014933593571186066,
-0.03990255296230316,
-0.010335506871342659,
0.04498639330267906,
-0.028954951092600822,
0.019118526950478554,
0.006431336048990488,
0.02028268575668335,
0.00776504585519433,
-0.045212384313344955,
-0.018047217279672623,
0.008941128849983215,
-0.006706305779516697,
-0.047000594437122345,
0.008781288750469685,
-0.01230164710432291,
0.002428891137242317,
-0.05223842337727547,
-0.00489672040566802,
-0.09179050475358963,
0.013750651851296425,
0.021819332614541054,
-0.04493282362818718,
-0.12197485566139221,
0.03972076624631882,
0.0025466689839959145,
0.013239237479865551,
0.008456695824861526,
0.048746224492788315,
0.04577562212944031,
-0.0782860517501831,
0.01186288706958294,
-0.0199561920017004,
-0.04533315822482109,
0.001737011014483869,
-0.0034194481559097767,
0.02180681750178337,
0.005259653087705374,
-0.03636199235916138,
-0.015454319305717945,
-0.0008366206893697381,
-0.07549461722373962,
-0.03863067924976349,
-0.022246060892939568,
0.02758714370429516,
-0.0409528948366642,
-0.01871308870613575,
0.01064149197191,
-0.06932082772254944,
0.012185580097138882,
0.04109978675842285,
0.03958205506205559,
-0.010308369062840939,
0.012899044901132584,
0.05014749988913536,
0.0395519845187664,
0.0199198629707098,
0.0041021970100700855,
0.00589605001732707,
0.0015518859727308154,
-0.03254932165145874,
-0.047148846089839935,
0.014958561398088932,
-0.002293237717822194,
-0.02295907959342003,
0.003262763377279043,
0.011434939689934254,
0.028411556035280228,
0.002549534197896719,
0.01255139522254467,
0.04403289034962654,
-0.00819967221468687,
0.0023304380010813475,
-0.01610715314745903,
-0.022325700148940086,
0.029084263369441032,
0.001587746199220419,
-0.11650575697422028,
-0.019854972139000893,
-0.023131653666496277,
-0.006185738369822502,
-0.013444880954921246,
-0.019978461787104607,
-0.04340722784399986,
-0.008629740215837955,
0.016615817323327065,
-0.0023898505605757236,
-0.048515092581510544,
0.015462956391274929,
-0.009169175289571285,
0.01686331257224083,
-0.013229398988187313,
-0.009606393054127693,
0.0477401539683342,
0.008303341455757618,
0.026543114334344864,
0.08412420004606247,
-0.04322420805692673,
0.017142971977591515,
0.022279756143689156,
0.05047260969877243,
-0.03675081208348274,
-0.03344137221574783,
0.0076979356817901134,
0.05465264990925789,
-0.008381644263863564,
0.016983145847916603,
-0.007234813645482063,
0.013702493160963058,
0.0043459427542984486,
-0.003930659499019384,
0.04323531687259674,
0.03135685995221138,
0.017774762585759163,
-0.00863266084343195,
0.07379059493541718,
0.006109354551881552,
0.06671661138534546,
-0.006670065224170685,
-0.01802482269704342,
-0.014658224768936634,
-0.057077933102846146,
0.015023614279925823,
0.03278622403740883,
-0.001543289516121149,
0.0034147684928029776,
-0.04699225723743439,
0.040944237262010574,
0.05063895881175995,
0.030659614130854607,
0.007772318087518215,
0.0012739250669255853,
-0.0058396016247570515,
0.022982794791460037,
0.048487767577171326,
-0.05401607230305672,
-0.014192833565175533,
-0.010252567008137703,
-0.0723455399274826,
0.014027626253664494,
-0.02805904857814312,
-0.04125431552529335,
0.016361115500330925,
-0.022547785192728043,
-0.007790561765432358,
0.04518246278166771,
-0.026073848828673363,
-0.028442200273275375,
-0.0059781200252473354,
0.04350816830992699,
0.008714992552995682,
0.047974515706300735,
0.05549623444676399,
-0.07248140871524811,
0.03789062798023224,
0.01426602154970169,
-0.017375489696860313,
0.014367087744176388,
0.0034215233754366636,
0.06515077501535416,
-0.013323482125997543,
-0.008002882823348045,
0.043596185743808746,
-0.08569654822349548,
-0.0035038755740970373,
0.0559275783598423,
-0.02315814420580864,
0.06732092797756195,
-0.03812212496995926,
0.023044751957058907,
0.07203028351068497,
0.02748067118227482,
0.0582955963909626,
0.04653269797563553,
-0.012060861103236675,
0.0034133309964090586,
-0.01604817435145378,
-0.013465839438140392,
0.005065251607447863,
0.01917583867907524,
-0.04244948923587799,
-0.04318368434906006,
0.017787134274840355,
-0.03646600618958473,
0.004640663508325815,
0.03559334948658943,
0.008574755862355232,
0.002781706163659692,
0.009119766764342785,
-0.028032246977090836,
0.006175835616886616,
0.023812182247638702,
-0.039893992245197296,
0.06803624331951141,
0.016808748245239258,
-0.013596031814813614,
-0.002892629709094763,
-0.0362633615732193,
0.10288514196872711,
0.04789482802152634,
-0.014085080474615097,
-0.002798230852931738,
0.008905680850148201,
-0.00495761027559638,
-0.0073230634443461895,
0.02555748261511326,
-0.025421462953090668,
0.004003517795354128,
0.009608977474272251,
0.001087247859686613,
-0.025031883269548416,
0.06533415615558624,
-0.03314461186528206,
0.016294190660119057,
0.07009439170360565,
-0.06156381964683533,
0.06786724179983139,
-0.021235797554254532,
0.01694433204829693,
0.018275950103998184,
-0.0028831539675593376,
-0.04156763106584549,
-0.02470465376973152,
-0.026600923389196396,
-0.007633801084011793,
0.022417917847633362,
-0.016920678317546844,
0.017907172441482544,
-0.01916363090276718,
-0.05077695474028587,
-0.014902070164680481,
0.03945300355553627,
0.06047049164772034,
-0.02189440280199051,
0.017576739192008972,
0.003715287195518613,
-0.06086857244372368,
0.039126649498939514,
-0.0827338695526123,
-0.01622999832034111,
-0.007340143900364637,
0.006947056390345097,
-0.03315528482198715,
0.033539701253175735,
-0.015148569829761982,
0.00945567712187767,
-0.018890462815761566,
0.010821659117937088,
0.03859156370162964,
0.0529232956469059,
0.007144065573811531,
-0.03924308344721794,
-0.0057858917862176895,
-0.03933390974998474,
0.05021379888057709,
-0.01335771195590496,
-0.021336615085601807,
-0.029386723414063454,
-0.07564269751310349,
-0.02259102463722229,
-0.036679089069366455,
0.0010455282172188163,
-0.00040171813452616334,
-0.024133732542395592,
0.004875189159065485,
-0.0014249285450205207,
0.0007602769765071571,
0.03734610602259636,
0.047875311225652695,
0.0258265882730484,
0.019729794934391975,
-0.025082223117351532,
0.03132685273885727,
-0.016345608979463577,
0.01176582183688879,
0.01758972927927971,
0.05475511774420738,
-0.007675741799175739,
0.022184381261467934,
0.0057202293537557125,
0.017076602205634117,
-0.2911015748977661,
0.00015340239042416215,
-0.005889630410820246,
-0.0405789315700531,
0.041524991393089294,
-0.01824302040040493,
0.05129507556557655,
-0.06261918693780899,
-0.03357641398906708,
0.012670696713030338,
-0.02829773537814617,
0.027071120217442513,
0.004192073363810778,
0.016389064490795135,
0.055715665221214294,
0.026783987879753113,
0.018523555248975754,
-0.05129263177514076,
0.0329241119325161,
0.04023440182209015,
-0.0006450503715313971,
-0.0506989061832428,
-0.032921552658081055,
0.06041796877980232,
-0.006813996937125921,
0.08093331754207611,
-0.07001911103725433,
0.0014130340423434973,
-0.027861857786774635,
0.01433553732931614,
-0.006364660337567329,
-0.016541671007871628,
-0.012943490408360958,
0.010193919762969017,
-0.015594413504004478,
0.005608560051769018,
0.04325927048921585,
0.0321945920586586,
0.03440430387854576,
0.0008921407861635089,
0.021969005465507507,
-0.014922551810741425,
-0.035579781979322433,
0.002672743983566761,
0.055780768394470215,
0.009250597096979618,
-0.06351614743471146,
-0.02329004742205143,
-0.007231112569570541,
0.03715177997946739,
-0.029053838923573494,
-0.025563837960362434,
-0.00697462959215045,
0.020362714305520058,
0.006951617076992989,
-0.019015438854694366,
0.01918138563632965,
-0.03772643953561783,
-0.024955518543720245,
-0.007813592441380024,
-0.01958220824599266,
-0.034424103796482086,
-0.041037317365407944,
-0.02125038392841816,
-0.03054695948958397,
-0.029298413544893265,
-0.0436466708779335,
-0.06074390560388565,
0.03620687872171402,
0.06896045058965683,
-0.028038514778017998,
0.023856323212385178,
-0.01881365478038788,
-0.09613245725631714,
0.006732742767781019,
-0.02100032940506935,
-0.000196649634744972,
-0.03970564529299736,
0.0023155012167990208,
0.024366464465856552,
-0.03946247696876526,
-0.040735941380262375,
0.008586941286921501,
0.031035346910357475,
0.023222357034683228,
-0.023202063515782356,
0.027680739760398865,
-0.024191290140151978,
-0.028414243832230568,
-0.04884784668684006,
0.0536859929561615,
0.010572453960776329,
-0.006878729909658432,
0.0343451164662838,
0.0532853938639164,
0.024847038090229034,
0.029897887259721756,
0.047797415405511856,
0.040610458701848984,
-0.018512409180402756,
0.02481246367096901,
-0.07953834533691406,
0.023555580526590347,
-0.041771434247493744,
0.0011891338508576155,
0.0054861572571098804,
-0.08688659220933914,
-0.02241494134068489,
0.011269614100456238,
-0.014367539435625076,
-0.046589743345975876,
0.0004957352066412568,
0.03069702535867691,
-0.015430544503033161,
-0.04468962922692299,
-0.011948630213737488,
-0.0012523141922429204,
0.040525685995817184,
0.03620940074324608,
-0.020251531153917313,
-0.034726981073617935,
0.03387506678700447,
-0.012252586893737316,
-0.02103068307042122,
-0.01046713162213564,
-0.027261460199952126,
0.0255343746393919,
-0.0024902939330786467,
-0.019978199154138565,
-0.028934622183442116,
0.030442165210843086,
-0.01529956515878439,
0.009283329360187054,
0.040300048887729645,
0.06070193648338318,
-0.000607412017416209,
-0.005111003294587135,
-0.019884254783391953,
0.021641114726662636,
0.019457891583442688,
-0.012126433663070202,
-0.0259366724640131,
0.029784588143229485,
0.03492739424109459,
0.04240527004003525,
-0.00825178436934948,
0.03618975356221199,
0.022119581699371338,
0.0008002656395547092,
0.008340542204678059,
0.0802852138876915,
-0.03574499115347862,
0.011531094089150429,
-0.00591711001470685,
0.021834803745150566,
0.00260908086784184,
-0.0017775300657376647,
0.01327770110219717,
0.016263697296380997,
-0.06504926085472107,
0.021585505455732346,
-0.02205738238990307,
-0.00021174104767851532,
-0.01512340921908617,
0.02782423421740532,
0.010927760042250156,
-0.02716919593513012,
0.02355053834617138,
0.0462082140147686,
0.036610718816518784,
0.03587113693356514,
-0.05198047682642937,
-0.009740120731294155,
0.008823067881166935,
-0.03732846677303314,
0.01543714664876461,
0.008962735533714294,
-0.013829541392624378,
-0.024201219901442528,
0.049961622804403305,
0.007579715922474861,
-0.027843240648508072,
0.0391278937458992,
0.003521599806845188,
0.0728922039270401,
0.010677162557840347,
0.012544258497655392,
0.009399226866662502,
-0.034871116280555725,
0.028631825000047684,
-0.02654121071100235,
0.009987127035856247,
-0.0035220941063016653,
-0.03413969650864601,
-0.046160973608493805,
-0.06464187055826187,
-0.0158561822026968,
0.011466722004115582,
0.038744598627090454,
-0.006334827281534672,
-0.04010817036032677,
-0.016570989042520523,
-0.07276398688554764,
-0.04651248827576637,
0.02631559409201145,
-0.09407701343297958,
0.003860306227579713,
-0.02675866335630417,
-0.006758663337677717,
0.03217213973402977,
-0.034092213958501816,
-0.03605620935559273,
-0.06097001954913139,
-0.033953823149204254,
0.029769383370876312,
-0.04453713819384575,
-0.03702739626169205,
-0.0387311652302742,
-0.021193349733948708,
-0.014547687023878098,
0.03336256742477417,
-0.020511088892817497,
0.004533573053777218,
-0.009548760950565338,
-0.00014840796939097345,
0.034664835780858994,
-0.047711849212646484,
-0.046364281326532364,
0.030179010704159737,
-0.0636902004480362,
0.039039332419633865,
-0.021736010909080505,
0.0494113489985466,
0.03288767486810684,
-0.013850989751517773,
0.002057521604001522,
-0.02810858003795147,
0.032630469650030136,
0.018801335245370865,
0.01077844575047493,
0.029739709571003914,
-0.01289394497871399,
-0.018629906699061394,
0.002897106111049652,
0.007773499004542828,
0.020249400287866592,
-0.00807422585785389,
-0.004304765723645687,
-0.020934943109750748,
0.028439341112971306,
0.02635779231786728,
0.0477130189538002,
-0.011036003939807415,
-0.011927442625164986,
0.06318323314189911,
-0.027078960090875626,
-0.04148174077272415,
-0.07323607057332993,
-0.03626846894621849,
0.006247981451451778,
0.004289736971259117,
0.027788331732153893,
-0.03719870373606682,
0.038213782012462616,
0.04309135675430298,
0.005172661039978266,
0.013937326148152351,
-0.012689648196101189,
0.060468047857284546,
-0.03213116526603699,
-0.0017425963887944818,
-0.06419768184423447,
-0.01486985944211483,
0.06136591359972954,
-0.028192322701215744,
-0.014624222181737423,
-0.029086941853165627,
-0.043288666754961014,
0.031717002391815186,
-0.0013690815540030599,
-0.07066704332828522,
-0.0027746993582695723,
-0.0058156270533800125,
-0.0018697771010920405,
0.05041326954960823,
-0.021571064367890358,
0.005248532630503178,
-0.02838815376162529,
-0.06466426700353622,
-0.04271669313311577,
0.0020912550389766693,
0.048115577548742294,
-0.011971664614975452,
-0.02553253248333931,
-0.021785980090498924,
0.004814840853214264,
0.007802851032465696,
0.07374640554189682,
0.051711633801460266,
0.014019104652106762,
-0.006927939131855965,
0.07389497756958008,
0.023173267021775246,
-0.00047254894161596894,
0.0024683158844709396,
-0.01221440453082323,
-0.018694641068577766,
-0.07160364836454391,
0.039909727871418,
0.008219425566494465,
0.018987933173775673,
-0.03699282929301262,
0.05559166893362999,
0.056742407381534576,
-0.032862793654203415,
-0.036077745258808136,
0.007881653495132923,
-0.03989503160119057,
-0.007505391724407673,
-0.011290905065834522,
-0.0021759120281785727,
-0.007603763602674007,
0.09273377060890198,
0.008583934977650642,
0.01576516218483448,
0.06663607060909271,
-0.011115428060293198,
0.014438573271036148,
0.013892932794988155,
0.04126201197504997,
0.03748871386051178,
0.04346718266606331,
0.0014827613485977054,
0.07926427572965622,
-0.047613631933927536,
-0.05586559697985649,
0.004126107785850763,
0.04082544520497322,
-0.0024280394427478313,
-0.03075261414051056,
0.024558963254094124,
0.05711662024259567,
-0.005780761130154133,
0.06081542372703552,
-0.028454316779971123,
0.01675480417907238,
0.057770922780036926,
0.04486536979675293,
0.007821211591362953,
0.061665505170822144,
0.021693242713809013,
0.02640596404671669,
-0.018971359357237816,
0.00266715744510293,
0.011079370975494385,
-0.04328513145446777,
0.007217772305011749,
-0.015044813975691795,
-0.019339265301823616,
0.0019965842366218567,
-0.02335173264145851,
0.06853725761175156,
0.10215241461992264,
-0.021580364555120468,
-0.03972654417157173,
0.009986363351345062,
0.023168904706835747,
0.02420252561569214,
0.05818098783493042,
0.013592787086963654,
-0.024878602474927902,
-0.008070225827395916,
-0.06132809445261955,
-0.004089659079909325,
-0.0011566856410354376,
-0.002973932772874832,
0.03152119740843773,
-0.00918505061417818,
-0.03803740069270134,
0.012832836247980595,
0.03355565667152405,
-0.08112972229719162,
-0.042822450399398804,
-0.012803337536752224,
-0.049664679914712906,
-0.038395483046770096,
-0.03786224126815796,
-0.00760593032464385,
0.005988051183521748,
-0.02313888631761074,
0.022630952298641205,
-0.04133392870426178,
-0.008053130470216274,
0.0013801980530843139,
-0.06455287337303162,
0.029977664351463318,
0.04429003223776817,
0.007356103044003248,
-0.008305627852678299,
0.03121884912252426,
-0.009920863434672356,
-0.02807343751192093,
-0.0012377375969663262,
0.04593297094106674,
0.016964763402938843,
0.023717746138572693,
-0.006884559523314238,
-0.013229644857347012,
-0.07930129766464233,
0.004172492306679487,
-0.0070401025004684925,
-0.02853391319513321,
-0.06907786428928375,
0.024080391973257065,
0.0028898601885885,
0.026703067123889923,
0.052651844918727875,
0.020705444738268852,
0.004477951675653458,
0.0034335146192461252,
-0.01682550273835659,
-0.0193390641361475,
0.03175947442650795,
0.0726972371339798,
-0.028790680691599846,
0.07107535004615784,
0.03951387479901314,
-0.019166380167007446,
-0.037965644150972366,
0.01471115555614233,
-0.0004602072585839778,
-0.04842899739742279,
-0.026741549372673035,
-0.03531103953719139,
-0.037269383668899536,
-0.08738494664430618,
-0.0035057079512625933,
0.014309468679130077,
-0.02791753225028515,
-0.028873242437839508,
-0.02423928491771221,
-0.0281424168497324,
-0.05001896619796753,
0.011636454612016678,
-0.02010437287390232,
-0.007017070427536964,
-0.02837916649878025,
-0.05046030506491661,
-0.04643283784389496,
-0.008001357316970825,
-0.021994946524500847,
-0.0007056568283587694,
-0.018516749143600464,
-0.044514548033475876,
0.029749540612101555,
0.0066844141110777855,
0.038275692611932755,
-0.021868741139769554,
0.005144108552485704,
-0.025907263159751892
] |
252 |
Clique Number Estimation via Differentiable Functions of Adjacency Matrix Permutations
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=DFSb67ksVr
|
[
"Indradyumna Roy",
"Eeshaan Jain",
"Soumen Chakrabarti",
"Abir De"
] |
Poster
|
Estimating the clique number in a graph is central to various applications, e.g., community detection, graph retrieval, etc.
Existing estimators often rely on non-differentiable combinatorial components. Here, we propose a full differentiable estimator for clique number estimation, which can be trained from distant supervision of clique numbers, rather than demonstrating actual cliques.
Our key insight is a formulation of the maximum clique problem (MCP) as a maximization of the size of fully dense square submatrix, within a suitably row-column-permuted adjacency matrix.
We design a differentiable mechanism to search for permutations that lead to the discovery of such dense blocks.
However, the optimal permutation is not unique, which leads to the learning of spurious permutations. To tackle this problem, we view the MCP problem as a sequence of subgraph matching tasks, each detecting progressively larger cliques in a nested manner. This allows effective navigation through suitable node permutations.
These steps result in MxNet, an end-to-end differentiable model, which learns to predict clique number without explicit clique demonstrations, with the added benefit of interpretability. Experiments on eight datasets show the superior accuracy of our approach.
|
Graph neural network, distant supervision
|
We propose a differentiable model for clique number estimation, learning from distant supervision by searching for dense submatrices in permuted adjacency matrices.
| 13,932 | null |
[
-0.009422268718481064,
-0.023360637947916985,
0.001538370968773961,
0.03147987648844719,
0.0350106805562973,
0.009981329552829266,
0.02784651704132557,
-0.008013865910470486,
-0.021155012771487236,
-0.046777401119470596,
0.01468910463154316,
-0.025109337642788887,
-0.07885754108428955,
0.021958976984024048,
0.024929778650403023,
0.037739913910627365,
0.018142346292734146,
0.011699716560542583,
0.010257966816425323,
-0.006273845210671425,
-0.0013460249174386263,
-0.006680337246507406,
-0.0007254075026139617,
0.013388323597609997,
0.03505418822169304,
0.024639392271637917,
0.029521841555833817,
-0.001820188364945352,
-0.026770303025841713,
-0.004743990488350391,
0.03302530571818352,
-0.006951344199478626,
0.044670142233371735,
-0.02034764736890793,
0.009823027998209,
-0.013818450272083282,
-0.015227125026285648,
0.00282925833016634,
0.024302642792463303,
-0.003270248416811228,
-0.038170624524354935,
0.011676221154630184,
0.004625287838280201,
0.03485735505819321,
-0.047421280294656754,
0.03888910636305809,
-0.11296295374631882,
0.05433638393878937,
0.007576568517833948,
-0.03238576650619507,
-0.10409577935934067,
0.057317037135362625,
0.024269450455904007,
0.0032937349751591682,
0.004890649579465389,
0.038063742220401764,
0.040507081896066666,
-0.05395035818219185,
-0.005377183202654123,
-0.03598305583000183,
-0.007017476484179497,
0.05118362605571747,
0.037210360169410706,
0.0069927494041621685,
-0.022764138877391815,
-0.004476608708500862,
-0.006469757296144962,
0.03770403191447258,
-0.0022920675110071898,
-0.016624774783849716,
-0.02883065864443779,
-0.02287723310291767,
0.004164501558989286,
0.01762506552040577,
0.0010210165055468678,
-0.008150659501552582,
-0.008130357600748539,
0.0219184011220932,
0.07487855106592178,
-0.005649699363857508,
0.006159158423542976,
0.036624521017074585,
0.007353825494647026,
0.020198214799165726,
-0.005256746429949999,
0.02287074737250805,
-0.05860422924160957,
-0.012012981809675694,
-0.10964997112751007,
0.019058356061577797,
-0.05390595272183418,
-0.06696412712335587,
0.01040608435869217,
0.02084193006157875,
0.021195534616708755,
-0.028996020555496216,
0.046815332025289536,
0.022002452984452248,
0.018957100808620453,
-0.03163431957364082,
0.01606678031384945,
-0.030116794630885124,
-0.004970775451511145,
-0.013591110706329346,
-0.10572655498981476,
-0.045786745846271515,
0.01151617243885994,
0.02539846859872341,
-0.01396882813423872,
-0.0017163591692224145,
-0.019531261175870895,
-0.005348120350390673,
0.025914182886481285,
-0.005660015158355236,
-0.034599922597408295,
0.056992482393980026,
-0.013368398882448673,
0.006033207755535841,
0.007741911336779594,
0.011038605123758316,
0.008254725486040115,
0.05285930633544922,
0.023004237562417984,
0.09892100095748901,
-0.032655950635671616,
-0.001578010618686676,
0.0047805230133235455,
0.030669867992401123,
-0.043909452855587006,
-0.026245413348078728,
-0.030386529862880707,
0.046512603759765625,
0.009982522577047348,
-0.029923398047685623,
-0.0001892813015729189,
-0.0686684101819992,
-0.036261286586523056,
0.03633939474821091,
0.04626262187957764,
0.0002654310374055058,
0.0016383640468120575,
-0.042114149779081345,
0.02256729267537594,
-0.03380705416202545,
0.0738733559846878,
-0.02376929484307766,
-0.0247186329215765,
-0.04570968076586723,
-0.028810933232307434,
0.02069777622818947,
0.026974663138389587,
-0.001881053438410163,
0.005624281708151102,
-0.08650694042444229,
0.024917075410485268,
0.03696893900632858,
0.026242243126034737,
0.02347150817513466,
-0.02129814773797989,
-0.002563789254054427,
0.01567654497921467,
-0.0036572101525962353,
-0.03000049479305744,
0.0203919168561697,
-0.03409134969115257,
-0.07214751094579697,
0.03597157821059227,
0.0392170287668705,
-0.05441247299313545,
0.019754579290747643,
-0.03506443277001381,
-0.028970716521143913,
0.03905639052391052,
0.0011390667641535401,
-0.02207181043922901,
-0.006677927449345589,
0.06581974774599075,
0.0035120570100843906,
0.06653109937906265,
0.022880736738443375,
-0.08690992742776871,
0.03239155560731888,
0.01460820622742176,
-0.015326855704188347,
-0.016699109226465225,
-0.00949933286756277,
0.07314421236515045,
0.018118634819984436,
0.019771957769989967,
0.007406885735690594,
-0.04630525782704353,
-0.04162445664405823,
0.03404996171593666,
-0.044143196195364,
0.04224640130996704,
0.025844035670161247,
-0.0027107230853289366,
-0.009608284570276737,
0.01697884500026703,
0.023162683472037315,
0.0062199984677135944,
0.012584367766976357,
0.05361909046769142,
0.005198745056986809,
-0.04456363245844841,
0.024272751063108444,
0.03790990635752678,
-0.02851335145533085,
-0.05742738023400307,
0.030378688126802444,
-0.0016621934482827783,
-0.008808201178908348,
0.0012493729591369629,
-0.0026107518933713436,
0.035285722464323044,
0.00024698031484149396,
0.007599986623972654,
0.016819780692458153,
0.019835971295833588,
-0.04838741943240166,
0.035367999225854874,
0.0064059155993163586,
-0.012331008911132812,
0.013340955600142479,
-0.028007030487060547,
0.09264641255140305,
0.080182284116745,
-0.045233212411403656,
0.034908171743154526,
0.03638463094830513,
0.009049966000020504,
0.03543056547641754,
0.02886926755309105,
-0.013366789557039738,
0.014607907272875309,
-0.021606823429465294,
-0.008084428496658802,
-0.027061782777309418,
0.04054851084947586,
-0.04641391709446907,
-0.01686832308769226,
0.06148267537355423,
-0.02197146601974964,
0.04201632738113403,
0.013898037374019623,
0.006529968697577715,
0.001443568617105484,
0.0037324153818190098,
-0.0012336409417912364,
0.017524249851703644,
-0.013043714687228203,
-0.00275290384888649,
0.020084282383322716,
-0.0442800410091877,
0.013895851559937,
-0.027981754392385483,
0.04573865979909897,
-0.026505179703235626,
0.055407021194696426,
0.08098836988210678,
0.027687938883900642,
0.017442064359784126,
0.0047953748144209385,
-0.0445585660636425,
-0.03493114560842514,
-0.10357765853404999,
-0.018700791522860527,
-0.03307380527257919,
0.06830036640167236,
-0.00175883446354419,
0.055469121783971786,
-0.025178806856274605,
-0.0050840824842453,
-0.010889619588851929,
-0.00043814489617943764,
0.015145687386393547,
-0.0008818391361273825,
0.02566683664917946,
-0.0566483810544014,
-0.018978262320160866,
-0.017874455079436302,
0.050110816955566406,
-0.007516734767705202,
-0.05287426710128784,
-0.022269876673817635,
-0.006455547176301479,
-0.000024627966922707856,
-0.04611130803823471,
0.024938495829701424,
0.038230862468481064,
0.02301490493118763,
0.04200988635420799,
-0.018907926976680756,
-0.005486676469445229,
0.03697928041219711,
0.02801811881363392,
0.04812730476260185,
0.010553907603025436,
-0.005593464244157076,
0.007035142742097378,
0.018151724711060524,
0.01716720312833786,
-0.007880641147494316,
0.018014857545495033,
-0.01800091378390789,
0.018874092027544975,
0.006832984741777182,
0.0343891903758049,
-0.26329708099365234,
-0.004270663484930992,
0.015195315703749657,
0.009331133216619492,
0.0038816507440060377,
-0.04094261676073074,
0.015570172108709812,
-0.047975972294807434,
0.01002378761768341,
-0.002791323233395815,
0.0005322030046954751,
0.021163873374462128,
-0.012463885359466076,
0.04884319752454758,
0.03597593307495117,
0.002863432979211211,
-0.018360869958996773,
-0.01833925023674965,
-0.01653893291950226,
0.033904049545526505,
-0.007548216264694929,
-0.07570766657590866,
-0.019129455089569092,
-0.008890307508409023,
-0.018084075301885605,
0.0241368617862463,
-0.11032531410455704,
-0.05325282737612724,
-0.03197896480560303,
-0.02211068384349346,
-0.02344246208667755,
-0.011306649073958397,
-0.02512975037097931,
0.02691248059272766,
0.002056871075183153,
-0.0012735890923067927,
0.04781317338347435,
-0.03806325048208237,
-0.007453188765794039,
0.005580866243690252,
0.004414187278598547,
-0.014421651139855385,
-0.01248127594590187,
-0.001844941871240735,
0.05137969180941582,
0.01917218044400215,
-0.044156309217214584,
-0.009436983615159988,
-0.015024260617792606,
0.021581796929240227,
0.034290190786123276,
-0.02749931812286377,
-0.011917476542294025,
-0.0019461051560938358,
0.009534608572721481,
-0.049442537128925323,
-0.005547377746552229,
0.005788404960185289,
-0.028839675709605217,
-0.006540251430124044,
0.02360415644943714,
-0.06675421446561813,
0.010565480217337608,
-0.03509803116321564,
-0.040219809859991074,
-0.031585901975631714,
-0.06832784414291382,
-0.04589439183473587,
0.024620307609438896,
-0.0017973918002098799,
-0.0023809249978512526,
0.05221642553806305,
-0.008263629861176014,
-0.08851394802331924,
-0.00670885993167758,
0.025366056710481644,
-0.01997404359281063,
0.010076581500470638,
-0.006123690865933895,
0.022643717005848885,
-0.031569842249155045,
-0.034026335924863815,
0.010676329024136066,
0.01707281917333603,
0.0255521722137928,
-0.02875063382089138,
0.011573506519198418,
-0.003570408094674349,
-0.028972646221518517,
-0.015634216368198395,
0.04584769159555435,
0.029638521373271942,
0.05410473048686981,
0.02791122905910015,
0.05788152664899826,
0.059364158660173416,
0.04150507599115372,
0.04428673908114433,
0.07173961400985718,
-0.003130814293399453,
0.021876785904169083,
-0.058681145310401917,
-0.018315983936190605,
-0.026290401816368103,
-0.04283289238810539,
0.03001660853624344,
-0.05124028027057648,
-0.03968968614935875,
0.05555487051606178,
-0.005784391425549984,
-0.04664906486868858,
-0.06985371559858322,
0.012223630212247372,
-0.03297276794910431,
0.008840057998895645,
-0.01291810255497694,
-0.002073321957141161,
0.009590473026037216,
0.04126381129026413,
0.015896908938884735,
-0.04726666584610939,
0.0530061237514019,
-0.039970654994249344,
0.013219320215284824,
-0.04560653492808342,
-0.007952678948640823,
-0.0034408525098115206,
-0.039785489439964294,
0.023131243884563446,
0.0214061439037323,
0.0035601723939180374,
0.03670462220907211,
0.010725539177656174,
-0.00010320138244424015,
0.04938862472772598,
0.027803633362054825,
-0.0004083916137460619,
-0.01737820729613304,
0.03667769208550453,
-0.02833288535475731,
0.019338108599185944,
0.01118400413542986,
0.03432093560695648,
0.04854733869433403,
0.04093088209629059,
0.014319160021841526,
0.01890265941619873,
0.019574914127588272,
0.005306004546582699,
0.002940243808552623,
0.01723565347492695,
-0.023871898651123047,
0.015359795652329922,
-0.01851505972445011,
0.03281555324792862,
0.02448318898677826,
0.05591219663619995,
-0.00454801507294178,
-0.020851489156484604,
-0.05302472412586212,
0.05580407753586769,
0.007492614910006523,
-0.001639957190491259,
0.024071739986538887,
0.013248172588646412,
0.04285971820354462,
-0.025999335572123528,
0.024862777441740036,
-0.02077905461192131,
0.00008061936387093738,
0.023188618943095207,
-0.014146807603538036,
-0.05960028991103172,
0.01622953452169895,
0.010621355846524239,
-0.007394708693027496,
0.021116703748703003,
0.0010841655312106013,
-0.031352702528238297,
0.01093220617622137,
-0.033005647361278534,
-0.059112656861543655,
-0.022832704707980156,
0.019263120368123055,
0.08108607679605484,
0.01981160044670105,
-0.003648169804364443,
-0.006484947632998228,
-0.029981162399053574,
0.042817577719688416,
0.002141722943633795,
0.01977122388780117,
-0.04732391610741615,
-0.03755790740251541,
0.01300721988081932,
-0.0262181144207716,
0.022539015859365463,
0.03713202849030495,
-0.010967005044221878,
-0.03438315913081169,
-0.017923403531312943,
0.011040893383324146,
-0.04380933195352554,
0.02114199846982956,
0.04267068952322006,
-0.06758526712656021,
-0.009070605970919132,
0.02358454465866089,
-0.004807604476809502,
0.0016258846735581756,
-0.029595788568258286,
-0.050429195165634155,
-0.04129898175597191,
-0.040157537907361984,
-0.0053370497189462185,
-0.006806771736592054,
0.0037989269476383924,
0.010224652476608753,
-0.010537019930779934,
-0.03481777384877205,
0.02217588946223259,
0.003535719122737646,
0.02285478450357914,
-0.06196581944823265,
0.005533222574740648,
0.05434245243668556,
-0.02988061122596264,
-0.011933197267353535,
-0.016213053837418556,
0.0077000330202281475,
0.034413523972034454,
-0.04402242973446846,
0.011693903245031834,
0.0230032280087471,
0.015062253922224045,
0.010458002798259258,
-0.08481521159410477,
0.040518611669540405,
-0.014423302374780178,
-0.004820249509066343,
-0.004505926743149757,
-0.017924847081303596,
-0.025230860337615013,
-0.01455607544630766,
-0.010377624072134495,
0.020870402455329895,
0.006095605902373791,
0.008111399598419666,
0.023400692269206047,
-0.02347857505083084,
0.011908150278031826,
0.016003113240003586,
-0.031254738569259644,
-0.009832276962697506,
0.061674878001213074,
0.007389442063868046,
-0.016485117375850677,
-0.04217742383480072,
-0.009850380010902882,
0.019103964790701866,
-0.06696189939975739,
0.017797010019421577,
0.015383653342723846,
0.03256537765264511,
0.018880687654018402,
0.050878699868917465,
-0.015725165605545044,
-0.03513385355472565,
0.02264922671020031,
-0.07052792608737946,
0.024036070331931114,
-0.08608295023441315,
-0.01016521267592907,
0.058611225336790085,
-0.01542701106518507,
0.0035630471538752317,
0.0020214454270899296,
-0.01756404899060726,
-0.014641622081398964,
-0.012953761965036392,
-0.08135189116001129,
0.013587181456387043,
-0.02139989286661148,
-0.0014586474280804396,
0.030078483745455742,
-0.03212995454668999,
-0.02191740646958351,
0.006925423629581928,
-0.06228824332356453,
0.001797128701582551,
-0.02866796776652336,
0.04430752992630005,
-0.020284688100218773,
0.029257697984576225,
0.002389522735029459,
0.00430980185046792,
0.023693880066275597,
0.07205495238304138,
0.043106164783239365,
0.03627144917845726,
-0.046419303864240646,
0.0531856045126915,
0.02870289422571659,
-0.017110394313931465,
-0.018241049721837044,
0.046462588012218475,
-0.004427546635270119,
-0.02917305752635002,
0.0039030362386256456,
0.03463521972298622,
-0.0446140319108963,
-0.10734587907791138,
0.07101301848888397,
0.017148835584521294,
-0.08334962278604507,
-0.03728190064430237,
0.025349950417876244,
-0.07660755515098572,
0.05824442207813263,
-0.01977536827325821,
0.032500606030225754,
0.027097735553979874,
0.08143090456724167,
0.030607715249061584,
0.042126115411520004,
0.08167987316846848,
0.037041597068309784,
0.009872966445982456,
-0.05497374013066292,
0.05744170397520065,
0.06266554445028305,
0.05737847462296486,
-0.013592246919870377,
0.05250387266278267,
-0.042159270495176315,
-0.03904252499341965,
0.024210358038544655,
0.016102435067296028,
-0.022617673501372337,
0.009294475428760052,
0.005381231661885977,
0.09100144356489182,
-0.028715284541249275,
0.07439707219600677,
-0.05241594463586807,
0.009281602688133717,
0.029673703014850616,
-0.03830507770180702,
-0.01023466419428587,
0.05868677794933319,
-0.003670540638267994,
0.04540426656603813,
-0.022829348221421242,
0.012051968835294247,
0.0033957441337406635,
-0.011908348649740219,
0.015538624487817287,
0.0007679405971430242,
-0.026474222540855408,
-0.009797466918826103,
0.011020548641681671,
0.02173491008579731,
0.10438892245292664,
-0.057192351669073105,
-0.07071048021316528,
-0.0015179225010797381,
0.01415416318923235,
0.007189199794083834,
0.02274859882891178,
0.013804659247398376,
-0.01608152687549591,
0.014470601454377174,
-0.05043718218803406,
0.0070445341989398,
0.0014159948332235217,
-0.02830708958208561,
0.0126965856179595,
0.004162894561886787,
-0.005346094258129597,
0.00822649896144867,
0.03471552953124046,
-0.012454397045075893,
-0.03844146057963371,
0.0005652471445500851,
-0.06647391617298126,
-0.06850901246070862,
-0.05392032861709595,
0.015080061741173267,
0.0012424340238794684,
-0.025701045989990234,
0.002773267449811101,
-0.029281649738550186,
0.04778701439499855,
0.02664598822593689,
-0.06890996545553207,
0.021173134446144104,
0.009261872619390488,
0.013765905052423477,
0.01692214049398899,
0.008312978781759739,
-0.0037092717830091715,
-0.05763036757707596,
-0.03510117530822754,
0.0398343987762928,
0.018488135188817978,
0.03522375226020813,
-0.009498557075858116,
-0.04234514757990837,
-0.08645740151405334,
0.04053518548607826,
0.002954605733975768,
-0.029864786192774773,
-0.08018972724676132,
0.03465477377176285,
-0.012255698442459106,
0.030455023050308228,
0.05563095957040787,
0.02849847450852394,
-0.007616268005222082,
-0.03735740855336189,
0.027914822101593018,
0.03330334275960922,
-0.024082496762275696,
0.040576230734586716,
-0.03158755600452423,
0.038538120687007904,
0.023894213140010834,
-0.022312652319669724,
-0.042344674468040466,
0.04225056618452072,
-0.021860437467694283,
-0.014853746630251408,
-0.018091289326548576,
-0.026491481810808182,
-0.021310316398739815,
-0.1089724600315094,
0.014771691523492336,
0.03491105139255524,
0.0006547266384586692,
-0.030332505702972412,
0.008514243178069592,
-0.00796110462397337,
-0.024160154163837433,
0.0033017690293490887,
-0.02930363267660141,
0.007732785306870937,
-0.03575383499264717,
-0.037924572825431824,
-0.07502210140228271,
-0.008952671661973,
-0.03133811056613922,
0.017430076375603676,
-0.05224579945206642,
-0.06872834265232086,
-0.04284270852804184,
-0.031634438782930374,
0.024437671527266502,
0.01572120003402233,
0.021528856828808784,
-0.010047327727079391
] |
253 |
Reliable and Diverse Evaluation of LLM Medical Knowledge Mastery
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=TXfzH933qV
|
[
"Yuxuan Zhou",
"Xien Liu",
"Chen Ning",
"Xiao Zhang",
"Ji Wu"
] |
Poster
|
Mastering medical knowledge is crucial for medical-specific LLMs. However, despite the existence of medical benchmarks like MedQA, a unified framework that fully leverages existing knowledge bases to evaluate LLMs' mastery of medical knowledge is still lacking. We propose PretexEval, a novel framework that dynamically generates reliable and diverse test samples to evaluate LLMs for any given medical knowledge base. We notice that test samples produced directly from knowledge bases by templates or LLMs may introduce factual errors and also lack diversity. To address these issues, our framework employs predicate equivalence transformations to produce a series of variants for any given medical knowledge point. Finally, these produced predicate variants are converted into textual language, resulting in a series of reliable and diverse test samples. Here, we use our proposed framework to systematically investigate the mastery of medical factual knowledge of 12 well-known LLMs, based on two knowledge bases that are crucial for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The evaluation results illustrate that current LLMs still exhibit significant deficiencies in fully mastering medical knowledge, despite achieving considerable success on some famous public benchmarks. These new findings provide valuable insights for developing medical-specific LLMs, highlighting that current LLMs urgently need to strengthen their comprehensive and in-depth mastery of medical knowledge before being applied to real-world medical scenarios.
|
LLM Evaluation, Medical Evaluation, Large Language Model
|
We propose a reliable and diverse evaluation method, aiming to probe the medical knowledge mastery of LLMs.
| 13,909 |
2409.14302
|
[
0.0055589391849935055,
-0.016776463016867638,
-0.0027570228558033705,
0.020941391587257385,
0.0723763033747673,
-0.004392934497445822,
0.04785841703414917,
0.014327183365821838,
-0.016977785155177116,
-0.012793420813977718,
-0.008368311449885368,
0.035565488040447235,
-0.036374349147081375,
0.010139252059161663,
-0.0034428813960403204,
0.0759681910276413,
0.06735733151435852,
0.015159079805016518,
0.014662614092230797,
0.006904513109475374,
-0.0039007607847452164,
-0.039861273020505905,
0.022561000660061836,
0.013553244061768055,
0.026032015681266785,
0.061642155051231384,
0.036218538880348206,
-0.011770806275308132,
-0.02668224275112152,
0.009912471286952496,
0.03115294873714447,
-0.04027647525072098,
0.013494939543306828,
-0.017452867701649666,
-0.00026370942941866815,
0.025455188006162643,
-0.026738053187727928,
0.015468173660337925,
-0.009732182137668133,
-0.029944337904453278,
-0.023801440373063087,
0.01884286291897297,
0.010814127512276173,
-0.0006560353212989867,
-0.06559433788061142,
0.00595980416983366,
-0.08761915564537048,
0.02149386517703533,
0.0064027938060462475,
0.010454495437443256,
-0.07482067495584488,
0.022518042474985123,
-0.004040694795548916,
0.002384195104241371,
0.020377252250909805,
0.0752800852060318,
0.0050684669986367226,
-0.05366317555308342,
0.00650924863293767,
0.011829324066638947,
-0.02613210678100586,
0.022045137360692024,
0.01716066151857376,
0.039739713072776794,
0.024733107537031174,
-0.052541766315698624,
-0.04425714164972305,
0.04549156129360199,
-0.06847915798425674,
-0.022396733984351158,
-0.012389054521918297,
0.016406532377004623,
-0.02103995718061924,
-0.023916371166706085,
0.025892095640301704,
-0.05180709809064865,
-0.0020144605077803135,
0.017389768734574318,
0.06559168547391891,
-0.024697622284293175,
-0.004077647812664509,
0.01502307504415512,
0.05177121236920357,
0.03053455986082554,
0.029381074011325836,
0.003095126012340188,
-0.02577069215476513,
-0.030268387869000435,
-0.05584133043885231,
0.020455563440918922,
0.0017658642027527094,
-0.02897125855088234,
0.0166005939245224,
0.0060901036486029625,
0.017043419182300568,
-0.0023299166932702065,
0.020594201982021332,
0.008484311401844025,
-0.012477469630539417,
-0.030240507796406746,
-0.012761734426021576,
-0.046124305576086044,
0.030171940103173256,
-0.012317675165832043,
-0.10156960040330887,
-0.008667771704494953,
-0.033802296966314316,
-0.005035150796175003,
-0.002511303871870041,
0.014996416866779327,
-0.06593991070985794,
-0.014531060121953487,
-0.006186777260154486,
0.002231448655948043,
-0.08185122907161713,
0.050434552133083344,
0.0023360527120530605,
0.03131253272294998,
-0.012966633774340153,
0.026124760508537292,
0.015072926878929138,
0.017393138259649277,
0.004015766549855471,
0.07025805115699768,
-0.00419465871527791,
0.015783291310071945,
-0.021199317649006844,
0.022748637944459915,
-0.026721565052866936,
-0.023885957896709442,
0.035445574671030045,
0.0397045873105526,
-0.021597297862172127,
-0.014569072052836418,
-0.027210330590605736,
0.018806010484695435,
0.014490521512925625,
0.0034296109806746244,
0.024419644847512245,
0.02123839780688286,
0.00042428128654137254,
-0.02620762772858143,
0.02185799740254879,
-0.021412866190075874,
0.0721106231212616,
-0.0012913093669340014,
-0.008840453810989857,
0.030508341267704964,
-0.025745069608092308,
-0.022229326888918877,
0.024600591510534286,
0.045255307108163834,
0.019479898735880852,
-0.04800911620259285,
0.025981707498431206,
0.06526989489793777,
0.011792576871812344,
-0.05039482191205025,
0.000030487904950859956,
-0.01385276298969984,
0.02173658274114132,
0.034146640449762344,
-0.02872951701283455,
0.01095659751445055,
-0.0060392506420612335,
-0.03718431293964386,
0.030529016628861427,
0.030382871627807617,
-0.048752956092357635,
0.033283475786447525,
-0.05883098766207695,
-0.053563278168439865,
0.03182118758559227,
-0.03885045647621155,
-0.04347915202379227,
0.009142902679741383,
0.05998620763421059,
-0.02051234059035778,
0.035762131214141846,
0.023493552580475807,
-0.06305398792028427,
0.02965705096721649,
-0.023994185030460358,
-0.030560465529561043,
-0.0025920334737747908,
-0.014855045825242996,
0.07962647080421448,
-0.02391967549920082,
0.008986009284853935,
0.03211752325296402,
-0.07678874582052231,
-0.0017744975630193949,
0.03173867613077164,
0.00851795356720686,
0.06773357093334198,
-0.015279348939657211,
-0.00203443830832839,
0.0879698395729065,
-0.019950997084379196,
0.04913664981722832,
0.05346466600894928,
0.022346794605255127,
0.02138536609709263,
-0.019281726330518723,
-0.011855090036988258,
0.03618403896689415,
0.025044769048690796,
-0.08205747604370117,
-0.06851097196340561,
0.020844966173171997,
0.018206363543868065,
0.011200841516256332,
-0.010318245738744736,
0.009747528471052647,
-0.016219284385442734,
0.026973798871040344,
0.01411941833794117,
-0.02789745293557644,
0.01366635411977768,
-0.048843126744031906,
0.05435284972190857,
-0.014950082637369633,
0.011174880899488926,
0.006807827856391668,
-0.013096490874886513,
0.1052773967385292,
0.051589660346508026,
-0.030710075050592422,
-0.001767826033756137,
0.0230160653591156,
0.009711792692542076,
0.018267767503857613,
0.03762946277856827,
-0.019182808697223663,
0.024401366710662842,
-0.02926495485007763,
-0.014917691238224506,
-0.016811739653348923,
0.07379592210054398,
-0.0337795726954937,
-0.0292796790599823,
0.05124282091856003,
-0.023842865601181984,
0.06910153478384018,
0.04010232537984848,
0.014236919581890106,
-0.01964857429265976,
0.001987778814509511,
-0.028482193127274513,
-0.03153899312019348,
0.02039993368089199,
-0.010812459513545036,
-0.01403743214905262,
0.02309832163155079,
-0.007822317071259022,
-0.06533849239349365,
-0.020746858790516853,
-0.0006480598822236061,
0.03433857858181,
0.03766999766230583,
0.005793893244117498,
0.03981715068221092,
0.07403378933668137,
-0.021992314606904984,
0.01058067288249731,
-0.08701770752668381,
-0.04131088778376579,
-0.04054230824112892,
0.005977327935397625,
0.0006720434757880867,
0.017031390219926834,
-0.00833702739328146,
0.018492650240659714,
-0.009161511436104774,
-0.036619871854782104,
0.01821395941078663,
0.012868653982877731,
-0.010714358650147915,
-0.06348568201065063,
-0.012710447423160076,
-0.004548804368823767,
0.056002262979745865,
-0.008626306429505348,
-0.05286991596221924,
-0.05422498285770416,
-0.02418430708348751,
0.008971784263849258,
-0.05736745893955231,
-0.015339060686528683,
0.02333877794444561,
-0.003952936269342899,
0.05596885830163956,
-0.012324881739914417,
-0.010645149275660515,
0.02702357992529869,
0.010823058895766735,
0.022664586082100868,
0.0016880322946235538,
-0.011171439662575722,
0.044704534113407135,
-0.03677783161401749,
0.03695310279726982,
0.021388020366430283,
0.02570619061589241,
0.026248347014188766,
0.0023659691214561462,
0.007503447588533163,
0.03221924602985382,
-0.25130581855773926,
0.007130224723368883,
-0.010038468986749649,
-0.03741952031850815,
0.036295775324106216,
-0.03827439248561859,
0.03174664080142975,
-0.021548714488744736,
-0.033761363476514816,
0.012092814780771732,
0.06130262091755867,
0.07578763365745544,
0.01071642804890871,
0.053091272711753845,
0.0412483736872673,
0.05404297262430191,
-0.023078208789229393,
-0.020988143980503082,
0.024218257516622543,
0.03963789716362953,
0.017405256628990173,
-0.04741431772708893,
-0.01858655922114849,
0.0676148310303688,
0.010336005128920078,
0.050309814512729645,
-0.0678066611289978,
0.039179544895887375,
-0.04381905868649483,
0.007249919697642326,
0.031248990446329117,
-0.007345890626311302,
-0.0024482349399477243,
0.041429683566093445,
-0.007124708965420723,
0.026300719007849693,
0.05829138308763504,
0.017719708383083344,
0.03704142943024635,
0.0012843572767451406,
0.007416128180921078,
-0.032702453434467316,
-0.020474476739764214,
-0.009174203500151634,
0.05064990743994713,
0.02167259156703949,
-0.04687105491757393,
-0.03202896937727928,
-0.005645714234560728,
0.035471901297569275,
-0.016324948519468307,
-0.03588566184043884,
-0.05067488178610802,
0.029773108661174774,
0.027921466156840324,
-0.02869492582976818,
0.030712800100445747,
-0.007408123929053545,
-0.03319786489009857,
-0.010244267992675304,
-0.00959328468888998,
-0.04720630869269371,
-0.04785589501261711,
-0.05324177071452141,
-0.04200258478522301,
-0.04434851557016373,
-0.06949244439601898,
-0.061489537358284,
0.04790391027927399,
0.04489737004041672,
-0.028467945754528046,
0.0008844684343785048,
-0.011812283657491207,
-0.09158879518508911,
-0.006718236953020096,
-0.03079185076057911,
-0.02933715283870697,
-0.03234033286571503,
-0.018671436235308647,
0.032133202999830246,
-0.03637929633259773,
-0.03858814388513565,
-0.012691318057477474,
0.03415640443563461,
0.012181445956230164,
-0.0075236051343381405,
-0.004865445662289858,
-0.04710055887699127,
-0.04614805802702904,
-0.03663346916437149,
0.05219824239611626,
0.02916071005165577,
-0.008156998082995415,
0.05720606446266174,
0.027606798335909843,
0.0310361348092556,
0.006820248905569315,
0.06862355023622513,
0.027375759556889534,
-0.01953594945371151,
0.03744065389037132,
-0.07632449269294739,
0.011696752160787582,
-0.030006082728505135,
-0.008288106881082058,
-0.006170620210468769,
-0.056325096637010574,
-0.04080386832356453,
0.047431327402591705,
-0.03307780623435974,
-0.03352801874279976,
0.01033563632518053,
0.02670610509812832,
0.009153956547379494,
0.00907148327678442,
-0.0296702329069376,
0.021512236446142197,
0.02416313998401165,
0.027988117188215256,
-0.032847899943590164,
-0.06948696821928024,
0.030175339430570602,
-0.00947623886168003,
0.011650529690086842,
0.000029730157621088438,
-0.008656657300889492,
0.012471710331737995,
-0.008375996723771095,
0.005589843727648258,
0.009092559106647968,
0.016305627301335335,
0.01229864452034235,
-0.024431996047496796,
0.03596120700240135,
0.030255187302827835,
-0.0021143052726984024,
0.0036164303310215473,
0.0025199120864272118,
-0.031668975949287415,
-0.052189167588949203,
0.0071998778730630875,
-0.01761348359286785,
0.04700326919555664,
0.0056734574027359486,
0.05575323849916458,
-0.04565528407692909,
0.007730905897915363,
-0.001131015014834702,
-0.01748082786798477,
0.04140613600611687,
0.01647493615746498,
-0.02986191026866436,
0.0016713096993044019,
-0.03427556902170181,
0.035082653164863586,
-0.016137713566422462,
0.026378242298960686,
0.0029140107799321413,
0.0497334823012352,
-0.08471425622701645,
-0.011713786981999874,
-0.02069874107837677,
-0.009493057616055012,
-0.024124372750520706,
0.022931033745408058,
0.021129144355654716,
-0.030511505901813507,
0.021669471636414528,
0.011738341301679611,
0.028695695102214813,
0.05550594627857208,
-0.061048004776239395,
-0.012560300529003143,
0.007309962995350361,
-0.04379631206393242,
-0.010566684417426586,
-0.020280951634049416,
-0.0019431287655606866,
-0.03425074741244316,
0.07341985404491425,
-0.0012307920260354877,
-0.07625579088926315,
-0.00041980945388786495,
0.007158169988542795,
0.08459845185279846,
0.005193150136619806,
0.019945155829191208,
-0.043305546045303345,
-0.06502175331115723,
0.0042457072995603085,
-0.01853102445602417,
-0.008652625605463982,
0.013423695228993893,
-0.011006364598870277,
-0.04325947165489197,
-0.05218564718961716,
0.005803187843412161,
0.010847185738384724,
0.011028756387531757,
0.008969146758317947,
-0.03779224306344986,
-0.05597952380776405,
-0.02348482795059681,
-0.018800728023052216,
0.026275210082530975,
-0.07287050783634186,
-0.019405720755457878,
-0.008309030905365944,
-0.030689070001244545,
0.021681619808077812,
-0.04537641257047653,
-0.01826847903430462,
-0.009677812457084656,
-0.03976720571517944,
-0.02877044305205345,
-0.04748215153813362,
-0.01044932659715414,
-0.04188017547130585,
-0.0365564227104187,
-0.0016880256589502096,
0.027880705893039703,
-0.01495976559817791,
-0.002038943348452449,
-0.004289768636226654,
0.016144823282957077,
0.05483335256576538,
-0.011956615373492241,
-0.0345563180744648,
0.034735966473817825,
-0.036152228713035583,
0.03607722744345665,
-0.06412414461374283,
0.02694711834192276,
0.037253815680742264,
-0.01859724149107933,
-0.0007516062469221652,
-0.012605380266904831,
0.03480997309088707,
0.02581922896206379,
-0.026434967294335365,
-0.002616909332573414,
-0.004022246692329645,
-0.03710123151540756,
-0.024730827659368515,
0.027027031406760216,
0.047012317925691605,
0.037386007606983185,
-0.03145208954811096,
-0.004888902418315411,
0.0569380559027195,
-0.01343731489032507,
-0.0006477280403487384,
-0.02125660702586174,
0.01586422137916088,
0.05558871850371361,
-0.024848945438861847,
-0.023064710199832916,
-0.06397393345832825,
-0.08259419351816177,
0.008504446595907211,
0.0483122393488884,
0.02694537863135338,
-0.019331136718392372,
0.03544135391712189,
0.027799207717180252,
0.023561084643006325,
0.008737006224691868,
-0.042891163378953934,
0.020377272740006447,
-0.03722948580980301,
-0.010949554853141308,
-0.07099632173776627,
0.00652919290587306,
0.0383371040225029,
-0.024164948612451553,
-0.040087684988975525,
-0.032502174377441406,
-0.05802898854017258,
0.010895981453359127,
-0.004016907885670662,
-0.03941125422716141,
-0.029457086697220802,
-0.022638782858848572,
0.01190013438463211,
0.03064112178981304,
-0.039066340774297714,
-0.0022357148118317127,
-0.015718083828687668,
-0.03136039152741432,
-0.007432556711137295,
-0.034147828817367554,
0.03814227506518364,
0.015462352894246578,
0.029313212260603905,
-0.0022027259692549706,
0.016090041026473045,
-0.023580878973007202,
0.07919353991746902,
0.018878215923905373,
-0.018277732655405998,
-0.03309226408600807,
0.11047501862049103,
0.06001019850373268,
0.028836416080594063,
0.029549838975071907,
0.004283123649656773,
-0.037555865943431854,
-0.03055145964026451,
0.049518149346113205,
0.025611387565732002,
0.005106225144118071,
-0.07367353141307831,
0.05714230239391327,
0.02282671444118023,
-0.04359867423772812,
-0.04229452461004257,
0.006978393532335758,
-0.028751224279403687,
0.007729302626103163,
-0.0017096776282414794,
-0.008863674476742744,
-0.004680892918258905,
0.0545402429997921,
-0.013654732145369053,
0.04414059594273567,
0.06854978203773499,
0.012680217623710632,
-0.027474455535411835,
-0.00044913095189258456,
0.06800062954425812,
0.040779609233140945,
0.04898952692747116,
0.0070941634476184845,
0.0876467376947403,
-0.015305652283132076,
-0.06722060590982437,
-0.0007373503758572042,
0.032955821603536606,
0.03505448251962662,
0.007782029453665018,
0.0243736170232296,
0.0547880120575428,
0.0032417639158666134,
0.06399800628423691,
-0.022135669365525246,
-0.011304507032036781,
0.025844644755125046,
0.06247226893901825,
0.04522944986820221,
0.020927784964442253,
0.013173817656934261,
0.010891382582485676,
-0.03743402287364006,
0.0017716360744088888,
0.030052313581109047,
-0.017726266756653786,
-0.020528219640254974,
0.02029525674879551,
-0.043377261608839035,
0.037390466779470444,
-0.04243104159832001,
0.02401134744286537,
0.09864425659179688,
-0.028988946229219437,
-0.03317515179514885,
0.0366542749106884,
0.02525830641388893,
0.008542850613594055,
0.02990635670721531,
0.030946806073188782,
-0.021499404683709145,
-0.03290891647338867,
-0.05075610429048538,
0.042629633098840714,
-0.006529401987791061,
-0.029076019302010536,
0.04424845799803734,
-0.0322205126285553,
-0.015722256153821945,
0.0671778991818428,
0.022213710471987724,
-0.10399124771356583,
-0.04820246249437332,
-0.05100764334201813,
-0.04965037852525711,
-0.0531056709587574,
-0.0034995293244719505,
0.024270983412861824,
0.03052412159740925,
-0.016891583800315857,
-0.01177430059760809,
-0.005681158974766731,
0.03815210238099098,
0.01795455440878868,
-0.07996083796024323,
-0.005623128265142441,
0.016926156356930733,
0.012014822103083134,
-0.006835726089775562,
0.03172573447227478,
0.019773555919528008,
-0.034369491040706635,
-0.0023445419501513243,
0.02436082251369953,
0.002369196154177189,
0.018926002085208893,
-0.005928763188421726,
-0.000497291621286422,
-0.09125339239835739,
-0.03948381170630455,
0.00457366555929184,
0.003995096310973167,
-0.057051368057727814,
0.006624253466725349,
-0.03635218366980553,
0.012299689464271069,
0.042226459830999374,
0.023231346160173416,
0.05084654688835144,
-0.025524046272039413,
-0.004706797655671835,
0.009002888575196266,
0.01004698220640421,
0.04983803629875183,
-0.036418069154024124,
0.07405031472444534,
0.02063911408185959,
-0.002494686283171177,
-0.0662175863981247,
0.01893555000424385,
-0.004878654144704342,
-0.037031542509794235,
-0.02423073537647724,
-0.059151362627744675,
-0.03186604753136635,
-0.06675548106431961,
-0.007342416327446699,
0.01289097499102354,
-0.03432425111532211,
-0.04173428565263748,
-0.008151059970259666,
-0.013796654529869556,
-0.03614091873168945,
0.01804722473025322,
0.009416387416422367,
0.015268928371369839,
-0.023891661316156387,
-0.04274214804172516,
-0.03340665623545647,
-0.03086581453680992,
0.0023642813321202993,
0.009076767601072788,
0.030043337494134903,
-0.05052156746387482,
0.008517105132341385,
0.004118293058127165,
0.02373473346233368,
-0.010255149565637112,
0.02567187137901783,
-0.0427100844681263
] |
254 |
SWE-Search: Enhancing Software Agents with Monte Carlo Tree Search and Iterative Refinement
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=G7sIFXugTX
|
[
"Antonis Antoniades",
"Albert Örwall",
"Kexun Zhang",
"Yuxi Xie",
"Anirudh Goyal",
"William Yang Wang"
] |
Poster
|
Software engineers operating in complex and dynamic environments must continuously adapt to evolving requirements, learn iteratively from experience, and reconsider their approaches based on new insights. However, current large language model (LLM)-based software agents often follow linear, sequential processes that prevent backtracking and exploration of alternative solutions, limiting their ability to rethink their strategies when initial approaches prove ineffective. To address these challenges, we propose SWE-Search, a multi-agent framework that integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with a self-improvement mechanism to enhance software agents' performance on repository-level software tasks. SWE-Search extends traditional MCTS by incorporating a hybrid value function that leverages LLMs for both numerical value estimation and qualitative evaluation. This enables self-feedback loops where agents iteratively refine their strategies based on both quantitative numerical evaluations and qualitative natural language assessments of pursued trajectories. The framework includes a SWE-Agent for adaptive exploration, a Value Agent for iterative feedback, and a Discriminator Agent that facilitates multi-agent debate for collaborative decision-making. Applied to the SWE-bench benchmark, our approach demonstrates a 23% relative improvement in performance across five models compared to standard open-source agents without MCTS. Our analysis reveals how performance scales with increased inference-time compute through deeper search, providing a pathway to improve software agents without requiring larger models or additional training data. This highlights the potential of self-evaluation driven search techniques in complex software engineering environments.
|
agents, LLM, SWE-agents, SWE-bench, search, planning, reasoning, self-improvement, open-ended
|
Introduce an inference-time Monte Carlo Tree Search method for Software Agents.
| 13,886 | null |
[
-0.025377249345183372,
-0.027445049956440926,
-0.011714668944478035,
0.05183863639831543,
0.04617476463317871,
0.020127832889556885,
0.05371800810098648,
0.008892095647752285,
-0.012159438803792,
-0.03863026946783066,
-0.02738776057958603,
0.05285990983247757,
-0.05078776925802231,
-0.009752821177244186,
0.006756214424967766,
0.05167160928249359,
0.025531399995088577,
-0.00677153654396534,
0.021939672529697418,
-0.011040816083550453,
-0.014117267914116383,
0.03298543766140938,
0.05256309732794762,
0.0038944215048104525,
0.014720877632498741,
0.03179554641246796,
0.05099283158779144,
-0.015616253949701786,
-0.006311935372650623,
-0.004015113227069378,
0.0291454941034317,
-0.03446007892489433,
-0.001685995259322226,
-0.04631917178630829,
-0.04247128218412399,
0.025444678962230682,
-0.05264930799603462,
0.02063678950071335,
-0.027378946542739868,
-0.00901362020522356,
-0.03944779559969902,
0.0405706912279129,
0.007703552022576332,
0.03525256738066673,
-0.007659881841391325,
0.01375741045922041,
-0.10062713176012039,
0.036321092396974564,
0.018950922414660454,
-0.016859659925103188,
-0.11927908658981323,
0.0019900298211723566,
-0.0034279178362339735,
-0.04164377227425575,
0.01588340848684311,
0.01931426301598549,
0.06602560728788376,
-0.08582805842161179,
-0.011892025358974934,
-0.04079800471663475,
-0.03196433559060097,
-0.005938591901212931,
0.013890641741454601,
0.013981275260448456,
-0.006176527589559555,
-0.03433319926261902,
0.017643850296735764,
0.04203024506568909,
-0.03781311959028244,
-0.0231781005859375,
-0.022794729098677635,
-0.010705503635108471,
-0.0443098247051239,
0.0035681254230439663,
-0.0003570297558326274,
-0.04688136279582977,
0.030286109074950218,
0.04831201955676079,
0.031737424433231354,
0.015341646037995815,
0.0007094029569998384,
0.052353162318468094,
0.002552520018070936,
0.046293705701828,
0.018194707110524178,
0.0031149962451308966,
0.007664534728974104,
-0.0050537618808448315,
-0.0816291868686676,
0.025265535339713097,
0.0151993278414011,
-0.05708637461066246,
0.014909841120243073,
0.029398079961538315,
0.052114661782979965,
0.026590092107653618,
0.02708120457828045,
0.02625708095729351,
0.0031973638106137514,
0.00029074217309243977,
-0.03395393490791321,
-0.017139125615358353,
-0.018077192828059196,
-0.00961904413998127,
-0.07713888585567474,
-0.023166369646787643,
0.003988716751337051,
-0.03275272250175476,
-0.01629304327070713,
-0.016259586438536644,
-0.023094456642866135,
-0.020427467301487923,
-0.010097311809659004,
-0.007458265405148268,
-0.08884647488594055,
0.03382923826575279,
0.0022209929302334785,
0.026972118765115738,
0.01665966771543026,
0.009751884266734123,
0.04940948262810707,
0.030831696465611458,
-0.021956000477075577,
0.07314479351043701,
-0.03150899335741997,
0.008992568589746952,
0.03232700377702713,
0.015767712146043777,
-0.020929664373397827,
-0.05128660053014755,
0.010846668854355812,
0.017595199868083,
-0.007911444641649723,
-0.001970268553122878,
-0.016712691634893417,
-0.008324253372848034,
0.014345837756991386,
0.03101145662367344,
0.02838282659649849,
-0.0000832096702652052,
-0.020468808710575104,
-0.019542120397090912,
0.07167700678110123,
-0.003592530032619834,
0.030650721862912178,
0.000241696325247176,
-0.011707854457199574,
-0.03861654922366142,
-0.061878178268671036,
0.021480267867445946,
-0.016465893015265465,
-0.0015061115846037865,
0.0020284883212298155,
-0.056746527552604675,
0.019868377596139908,
0.0670684427022934,
0.03268430382013321,
-0.007203984539955854,
0.0202310960739851,
-0.0055981907062232494,
0.026081467047333717,
0.007034545764327049,
-0.05550641193985939,
-0.006647454109042883,
-0.008081129752099514,
-0.046262435615062714,
0.02550295926630497,
0.011388689279556274,
-0.006203699391335249,
-0.005662083625793457,
-0.029612978920340538,
-0.02247541956603527,
0.03960166126489639,
-0.023732079192996025,
0.0006699303048662841,
-0.0062148431316018105,
0.06587087363004684,
-0.019191114231944084,
0.04150520637631416,
0.03254353627562523,
-0.05767813324928284,
-0.005119858309626579,
0.0026044785045087337,
-0.016139725223183632,
0.013623589649796486,
-0.005362676922231913,
0.0969456136226654,
-0.03298383951187134,
-0.031230466440320015,
0.0061964672058820724,
-0.12201415747404099,
-0.05487965792417526,
0.03206557035446167,
-0.008421527221798897,
0.061797402799129486,
0.002837879117578268,
-0.037440210580825806,
0.03189157322049141,
-0.0007093764143064618,
0.03533879294991493,
0.03700350970029831,
-0.014702622778713703,
0.022858357056975365,
-0.008543416857719421,
-0.05724091827869415,
-0.007323798723518848,
0.05659928172826767,
-0.0461212657392025,
-0.019320158287882805,
0.032589126378297806,
-0.030765768140554428,
-0.016785910353064537,
0.01683986932039261,
-0.03395792469382286,
0.019558057188987732,
0.01384066604077816,
-0.013207873329520226,
-0.0017231618985533714,
0.03541224077343941,
-0.07183632254600525,
0.024912310764193535,
0.02198462001979351,
-0.01630708947777748,
0.004573867656290531,
-0.013995754532516003,
0.07191064953804016,
0.07456924021244049,
-0.06798086315393448,
-0.020339399576187134,
0.018980897963047028,
0.026013191789388657,
0.011847125366330147,
0.036786288022994995,
-0.04145268350839615,
0.01625385321676731,
-0.057237688452005386,
-0.012528887949883938,
-0.005699332803487778,
0.009133733808994293,
-0.04788666218519211,
-0.013493472710251808,
0.0680706650018692,
-0.04213608428835869,
0.05719831958413124,
0.02640719898045063,
-0.0004373928240966052,
0.06377877295017242,
-0.026418494060635567,
-0.007905916310846806,
-0.004010314121842384,
-0.00033814270864240825,
0.010518118739128113,
0.007999779656529427,
-0.04767141491174698,
-0.0401856005191803,
-0.04731876030564308,
0.00849110633134842,
-0.012246878817677498,
0.07027324289083481,
0.0530393086373806,
0.005292117595672607,
0.0016266212332993746,
0.001267173676751554,
-0.004255158826708794,
0.02222730964422226,
-0.11738809943199158,
-0.012666775844991207,
-0.02251950278878212,
0.011495684273540974,
0.03138372674584389,
-0.011112339794635773,
-0.019829709082841873,
0.02145884931087494,
-0.0359189473092556,
-0.02261156588792801,
0.008982550352811813,
0.018038218840956688,
0.014965801499783993,
-0.01677190698683262,
-0.011899521574378014,
0.020802468061447144,
0.046938348561525345,
-0.03945748135447502,
-0.01659785397350788,
-0.02027692273259163,
-0.02056642435491085,
-0.012879514135420322,
-0.05194299668073654,
-0.006246522534638643,
0.011445755138993263,
0.022356148809194565,
0.01809774711728096,
-0.062088027596473694,
0.03901210054755211,
0.06407540291547775,
0.028240879997611046,
0.039989497512578964,
0.012738775461912155,
-0.000634080555755645,
0.03114006109535694,
0.0006313134799711406,
0.0058734300546348095,
-0.022636890411376953,
0.025827663019299507,
0.005341519135981798,
0.008761227130889893,
0.03907148540019989,
0.0035143070854246616,
-0.25251486897468567,
-0.02888115681707859,
0.012107271701097488,
-0.02270800806581974,
0.023497290909290314,
0.010317336767911911,
0.07477422058582306,
-0.039316315203905106,
-0.022385142743587494,
0.014266423881053925,
0.01654796488583088,
0.03790463134646416,
0.015155813656747341,
0.08005469292402267,
0.053914040327072144,
0.03665827214717865,
0.01034440565854311,
-0.03157931938767433,
0.003986983094364405,
0.038268860429525375,
-0.013863055035471916,
-0.06640854477882385,
-0.007929299958050251,
0.020198017358779907,
0.02637404017150402,
0.044192470610141754,
-0.1049228087067604,
0.015218116343021393,
0.0048803663812577724,
-0.009773499332368374,
-0.03232374042272568,
0.009792032651603222,
-0.006356663536280394,
0.036700621247291565,
-0.005096055567264557,
0.013086467981338501,
0.0359894260764122,
0.033340923488140106,
0.03201800957322121,
0.03855261951684952,
0.009102054871618748,
0.0010395889403298497,
-0.03571110963821411,
0.001099006156437099,
0.055452167987823486,
-0.005401125177741051,
-0.05160042271018028,
0.00686334352940321,
-0.03392833471298218,
0.06062110885977745,
-0.009665057063102722,
-0.03312728554010391,
-0.014969967305660248,
0.01221297588199377,
0.011126188561320305,
-0.056748755276203156,
0.01790527068078518,
0.0105886310338974,
-0.01629387028515339,
0.025097645819187164,
-0.026841197162866592,
-0.03805167227983475,
-0.025215355679392815,
-0.0007539038779214025,
-0.030707502737641335,
-0.03736007958650589,
-0.08271487802267075,
-0.05793311819434166,
0.024209195747971535,
0.0001432337739970535,
-0.007381592411547899,
0.01678549125790596,
-0.0007387629593722522,
-0.09826219081878662,
0.017910370603203773,
0.0022744229063391685,
-0.0004186680889688432,
-0.04262811690568924,
0.011946403421461582,
0.03799057379364967,
-0.024369362741708755,
-0.05804235115647316,
0.004697762429714203,
0.010639561340212822,
0.03838030621409416,
0.00951464008539915,
0.020762301981449127,
-0.04238579794764519,
-0.06254106760025024,
-0.05751693993806839,
0.02645767107605934,
0.00426241522654891,
0.022605787962675095,
-0.002778931986540556,
0.0938793197274208,
0.031220996752381325,
0.031054912135004997,
0.018496092408895493,
0.011083142831921577,
0.017394838854670525,
0.019414130598306656,
-0.10086367279291153,
0.00760918902233243,
-0.025209305807948112,
-0.002621156396344304,
0.0071220193058252335,
-0.04265269637107849,
-0.03578799217939377,
0.03896915912628174,
0.039529889822006226,
0.01662786863744259,
-0.04295853152871132,
-0.019472064450383186,
-0.00296316621825099,
-0.01575993001461029,
-0.004689250607043505,
0.0023882815148681402,
0.03942694514989853,
0.006577559281140566,
-0.00826569739729166,
-0.034088391810655594,
0.019777337089180946,
-0.047017596662044525,
0.00224121636711061,
-0.01422024890780449,
-0.016022033989429474,
0.0027647519018501043,
0.016394633799791336,
0.015615761280059814,
-0.003892534179612994,
0.016577256843447685,
0.053085800260305405,
-0.005457610823214054,
-0.009369660168886185,
0.04501882568001747,
-0.008535973727703094,
-0.015758834779262543,
0.028005002066493034,
0.03629859909415245,
-0.026312265545129776,
0.0063497088849544525,
-0.00631758151575923,
0.040140822529792786,
0.01452911738306284,
0.0026612221263349056,
-0.004265818744897842,
0.024665044620633125,
-0.004255419131368399,
0.044041067361831665,
-0.009769304655492306,
0.0012079366715624928,
-0.05682998150587082,
0.026429038494825363,
-0.011175855062901974,
-0.027934523299336433,
-0.09666658192873001,
0.02176625467836857,
-0.0375974178314209,
0.02348553203046322,
-0.06574968248605728,
0.009824774228036404,
-0.02507324516773224,
0.0004885763046331704,
0.0015288452850654721,
0.04732247069478035,
0.05048719421029091,
-0.022357800975441933,
0.006591603625565767,
-0.00959985051304102,
0.012588662095367908,
-0.003860156750306487,
-0.010737148113548756,
-0.04395611584186554,
-0.04531300440430641,
-0.033188313245773315,
0.03947589173913002,
0.02081230841577053,
-0.05167951434850693,
-0.06201360747218132,
0.05802340805530548,
0.007377229630947113,
-0.041970811784267426,
-0.028705613687634468,
-0.009685689583420753,
0.05063161998987198,
-0.03618520125746727,
-0.002473547589033842,
0.01284438744187355,
-0.01815909519791603,
-0.011576821096241474,
-0.0029373886063694954,
0.01208302192389965,
0.00692023104056716,
-0.045073214918375015,
-0.044194698333740234,
-0.06256741285324097,
0.009189454838633537,
0.003929754253476858,
0.02431611157953739,
-0.0011697497684508562,
0.00358482520096004,
0.014106820337474346,
-0.03564773499965668,
-0.028258543461561203,
0.014443354681134224,
-0.08684924244880676,
0.006399089936167002,
0.012746856547892094,
0.024945273995399475,
0.018681935966014862,
-0.07103625684976578,
-0.02759162336587906,
-0.06033571809530258,
-0.006056445185095072,
-0.045957330614328384,
-0.02860325388610363,
0.015563195571303368,
0.01008395105600357,
-0.002084552776068449,
0.0017620626604184508,
-0.029534010216593742,
-0.0021963403560221195,
0.005064967088401318,
-0.024566559121012688,
-0.0027004519943147898,
0.03841230273246765,
-0.060100674629211426,
-0.017364736646413803,
0.0055177221074700356,
-0.05132163688540459,
0.02690151147544384,
-0.064603790640831,
0.012685061432421207,
0.0007016714662313461,
0.007051828783005476,
0.012160307727754116,
-0.04663538932800293,
0.021070348098874092,
0.016116639599204063,
-0.026206227019429207,
-0.030822232365608215,
0.005590725690126419,
-0.02084205113351345,
-0.004807326477020979,
-0.0021396707743406296,
-0.0006239215726964176,
-0.012297505512833595,
-0.016447585076093674,
-0.008786640129983425,
0.032588083297014236,
0.005209760740399361,
0.030945157632231712,
-0.03586738929152489,
0.019038720056414604,
0.07796261459589005,
-0.02107108011841774,
-0.027365045621991158,
-0.06321335583925247,
-0.056485615670681,
-0.0023188625928014517,
-0.004641932435333729,
0.029081109911203384,
-0.07059547305107117,
0.05882563814520836,
0.006624322850257158,
0.02716422639787197,
0.009873796254396439,
-0.037183914333581924,
0.04602712392807007,
-0.07384888082742691,
0.024152088910341263,
-0.07909615337848663,
0.014852717518806458,
0.0691678449511528,
-0.045400191098451614,
-0.016529129818081856,
0.01622297614812851,
-0.01819564588367939,
0.03827971965074539,
0.0015472403028979897,
-0.05109364166855812,
0.0289651807397604,
-0.018839256837964058,
-0.0038014508318156004,
0.05451643839478493,
-0.036415617913007736,
-0.03505763038992882,
-0.02245642989873886,
-0.020270463079214096,
0.026351062580943108,
-0.022303981706500053,
0.05926855653524399,
-0.04371221363544464,
0.02598506212234497,
-0.05435708910226822,
-0.017153501510620117,
-0.004254309926182032,
0.049617212265729904,
0.011020038276910782,
0.05057426169514656,
-0.026808228343725204,
0.049950532615184784,
0.09727739542722702,
0.019214387983083725,
0.017142729833722115,
0.00843469426035881,
-0.028948212042450905,
-0.014214078895747662,
0.03327205404639244,
0.025751011446118355,
-0.02742069400846958,
-0.05233266204595566,
0.05594576522707939,
0.02285325899720192,
-0.06863424926996231,
-0.0008093283395282924,
0.011969434097409248,
-0.08016331493854523,
0.017473984509706497,
-0.024028044193983078,
0.00995633378624916,
0.033066123723983765,
0.07358653843402863,
0.03469906747341156,
0.049876730889081955,
0.08583740144968033,
0.012797578237950802,
0.0085159782320261,
-0.013564317487180233,
0.05200584977865219,
0.07564538717269897,
0.043211691081523895,
-0.003917806316167116,
0.06488250941038132,
-0.04651215672492981,
-0.043091241270303726,
0.04492469131946564,
0.009972216561436653,
-0.02684381790459156,
-0.03129856660962105,
0.01666175201535225,
0.06857297569513321,
0.01038280688226223,
0.05222885683178902,
-0.06848118454217911,
-0.03199481964111328,
0.04171289503574371,
-0.004420345649123192,
0.023776307702064514,
0.0552360825240612,
0.04477909207344055,
0.00885348953306675,
-0.04128384217619896,
-0.004513956606388092,
0.025227488949894905,
-0.05993149057030678,
-0.009924892336130142,
0.0038675530813634396,
0.0015791795449331403,
-0.02338438481092453,
0.0120363999158144,
0.03333837911486626,
0.096853107213974,
-0.054971423000097275,
0.015755709260702133,
-0.01580767333507538,
0.017185816541314125,
0.01200860645622015,
0.04488999769091606,
0.013750995509326458,
0.014164077118039131,
0.02290600910782814,
-0.03296308591961861,
0.008891668170690536,
0.05863887071609497,
0.01667661964893341,
0.05192260444164276,
-0.019929222762584686,
-0.0017966530285775661,
0.0006848489865660667,
0.030398055911064148,
-0.03938277065753937,
-0.026062702760100365,
-0.019092416390776634,
-0.03675452619791031,
-0.01421030517667532,
-0.008331048302352428,
0.02446039952337742,
0.004393027164041996,
-0.024698922410607338,
0.01064654253423214,
0.001675531268119812,
0.01940689980983734,
0.0313599593937397,
-0.05136728286743164,
0.005610864609479904,
0.044975124299526215,
0.008195759728550911,
0.005063198506832123,
0.041224222630262375,
0.02005903609097004,
-0.04217962920665741,
-0.007573944982141256,
0.013410246931016445,
0.006429176311939955,
0.028049152344465256,
0.0013946669641882181,
0.023723606020212173,
-0.058710452169179916,
0.009269068948924541,
0.018045587465167046,
-0.007593869231641293,
-0.0704418271780014,
0.01697353646159172,
-0.03181413188576698,
0.026425059884786606,
0.06869620829820633,
0.06531976908445358,
0.04385160282254219,
-0.010175779461860657,
0.019526662304997444,
0.03056119754910469,
0.023819340392947197,
0.024477103725075722,
-0.034638311713933945,
0.06241699308156967,
0.032599084079265594,
-0.022504743188619614,
-0.060734689235687256,
0.062088243663311005,
0.010477419942617416,
-0.043553248047828674,
-0.0053131771273911,
-0.024854416027665138,
-0.03484923392534256,
-0.09574107080698013,
-0.0026773964054882526,
0.014869287610054016,
0.014690347015857697,
-0.05498410761356354,
0.006425070576369762,
-0.0037617357447743416,
-0.03738221898674965,
-0.0033899089321494102,
-0.038325484842061996,
0.0070723481476306915,
-0.023679185658693314,
-0.03186476230621338,
-0.03888753801584244,
-0.009091122075915337,
0.0025892523117363453,
0.0019500026246532798,
-0.0216844379901886,
-0.04276982322335243,
-0.010159270837903023,
0.010169225744903088,
0.031708311289548874,
0.034059666097164154,
0.01920262724161148,
-0.006312916520982981
] |
255 |
Language Models are Advanced Anonymizers
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=82p8VHRsaK
|
[
"Robin Staab",
"Mark Vero",
"Mislav Balunovic",
"Martin Vechev"
] |
Poster
|
Recent privacy research on large language models (LLMs) has shown that they achieve near-human-level performance at inferring personal data from online texts. With ever-increasing model capabilities, existing text anonymization methods are currently lacking behind regulatory requirements and adversarial threats. In this work, we take two steps to bridge this gap: First, we present a new setting for evaluating anonymization in the face of adversarial LLM inferences, allowing for a natural measurement of anonymization performance while remedying some of the shortcomings of previous metrics. Then, within this setting, we develop a novel LLM-based adversarial anonymization framework leveraging the strong inferential capabilities of LLMs to inform our anonymization procedure. We conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of adversarial anonymization across 13 LLMs on real-world and synthetic online texts, comparing it against multiple baselines and industry-grade anonymizers. Our evaluation shows that adversarial anonymization outperforms current commercial anonymizers both in terms of the resulting utility and privacy. We support our findings with a human study (n=50) highlighting a strong and consistent human preference for LLM-anonymized texts.
|
privacy, anonymization, large language models
|
We demonstrate how large language models can be employed in an adversarial framework to surpass state-of-the-art anonymization tools both in terms of privacy and utility.
| 13,884 |
2402.13846
|
[
0.004712380934506655,
-0.002681761048734188,
-0.002588014118373394,
0.04608052223920822,
0.05738760903477669,
-0.0009644516394473612,
0.04570247232913971,
-0.01551588624715805,
-0.00597818149253726,
0.008023194037377834,
-0.01724638044834137,
0.019827725365757942,
-0.0492975078523159,
-0.010791163891553879,
-0.0015241325600072742,
0.0361148864030838,
-0.004155575297772884,
-0.004370784852653742,
0.043412577360868454,
0.014964199624955654,
0.009926246479153633,
0.0017639916623011231,
0.022906191647052765,
0.013658294454216957,
0.04738793149590492,
0.016336271539330482,
0.01543518714606762,
-0.0012039748253300786,
-0.035504817962646484,
0.024165792390704155,
0.040926650166511536,
-0.016590803861618042,
0.027512649074196815,
-0.022774837911128998,
0.03642250597476959,
0.0018063680035993457,
-0.06384984403848648,
0.005917415022850037,
0.00027101862360723317,
0.06268195807933807,
-0.05798570439219475,
0.04072042554616928,
-0.04519527778029442,
0.005793162155896425,
-0.08486633747816086,
-0.007175595499575138,
-0.11258134245872498,
0.0342237763106823,
0.006957453675568104,
-0.004444884601980448,
-0.10992453992366791,
0.019379064440727234,
-0.029544120654463768,
0.0014604454627260566,
0.03223640099167824,
0.041819844394922256,
0.07891300320625305,
-0.115946926176548,
-0.006781370844691992,
-0.038346365094184875,
-0.02171907387673855,
0.0008977065444923937,
0.03446489945054054,
-0.004792458843439817,
-0.02165408246219158,
-0.017571866512298584,
0.021585559472441673,
0.00817868858575821,
-0.0684967041015625,
-0.03139495849609375,
0.01578020304441452,
0.02774137444794178,
-0.024779468774795532,
-0.024625137448310852,
-0.021486524492502213,
-0.04167313501238823,
0.011996954679489136,
0.03272667154669762,
0.0651511624455452,
-0.003893631510436535,
-0.008002589456737041,
0.01838388480246067,
0.013521121814846992,
0.04525892809033394,
0.01752581261098385,
0.017757048830389977,
-0.032720599323511124,
0.014463872648775578,
-0.060602810233831406,
0.006700173486024141,
-0.002541774418205023,
-0.054302338510751724,
0.013005291111767292,
0.005802614614367485,
0.013822163455188274,
0.01013669278472662,
0.03887144848704338,
0.02298162505030632,
-0.03085288219153881,
0.003607275662943721,
-0.012052430771291256,
-0.004372501280158758,
0.024555280804634094,
0.010742093436419964,
-0.12587226927280426,
-0.009165861643850803,
-0.015585290268063545,
-0.0096404068171978,
0.006072329357266426,
-0.009176990948617458,
-0.003126878757029772,
-0.005376247223466635,
-0.017692476511001587,
0.0013185988646000624,
-0.08247651904821396,
0.02560107223689556,
0.007823094725608826,
0.010895859450101852,
0.02455475553870201,
0.0034547329414635897,
0.057143546640872955,
0.04341313615441322,
0.02498779632151127,
0.0713193342089653,
0.008994076400995255,
0.007828574627637863,
0.003837394528090954,
0.03809794783592224,
-0.019809598103165627,
-0.018110772594809532,
0.003583510871976614,
0.05040862783789635,
0.02774200774729252,
0.02430422231554985,
0.017367247492074966,
-0.019358118996024132,
-0.013432529754936695,
0.046841271221637726,
0.06441673636436462,
-0.007083376403898001,
0.030042968690395355,
-0.01399388536810875,
0.03954165428876877,
-0.04956356808543205,
0.07181287556886673,
-0.016881005838513374,
0.002851728815585375,
-0.024875493720173836,
-0.033370491117239,
-0.017288435250520706,
0.013784424401819706,
0.006593724247068167,
0.009278707206249237,
-0.06899525970220566,
0.03803947567939758,
0.03686530143022537,
0.031190957874059677,
0.009223250672221184,
-0.004410760011523962,
0.0218451339751482,
0.0017523308051750064,
0.004389106761664152,
-0.07383140176534653,
0.018522851169109344,
-0.004992943722754717,
-0.06490077078342438,
0.01766873337328434,
0.005743224173784256,
-0.039779722690582275,
-0.026043720543384552,
-0.04093151539564133,
-0.01931234449148178,
0.06798045337200165,
-0.020813360810279846,
-0.014471210539340973,
0.006848560646176338,
0.045908067375421524,
0.00846168864518404,
0.057325199246406555,
0.04771127551794052,
-0.07084719836711884,
0.037234336137771606,
0.01758277416229248,
0.007912267930805683,
0.019984668120741844,
-0.024507803842425346,
0.07460647821426392,
-0.027020173147320747,
0.023181116208434105,
0.040118616074323654,
-0.06464433670043945,
-0.010685582645237446,
0.030325163155794144,
0.016997767612338066,
0.07279282063245773,
-0.0032534473575651646,
0.06261198967695236,
0.049905575811862946,
0.013505950570106506,
0.04661567509174347,
0.019947927445173264,
-0.01106006558984518,
0.02862500585615635,
-0.02193714678287506,
-0.039140790700912476,
-0.008044315502047539,
0.032745081931352615,
-0.059779513627290726,
-0.028638916090130806,
0.018537446856498718,
-0.01792341098189354,
0.019562916830182076,
0.03485538437962532,
-0.004352697636932135,
-0.022314507514238358,
-0.019528431817889214,
-0.03439952805638313,
0.034016203135252,
0.015580127015709877,
-0.032749518752098083,
0.07223788648843765,
0.011005020700395107,
0.017444051802158356,
0.013787939213216305,
-0.052682891488075256,
0.09792498499155045,
0.05745967850089073,
-0.010945026762783527,
0.013848726637661457,
0.018906477838754654,
0.019864754751324654,
-0.012770251370966434,
0.011342937126755714,
-0.027927637100219727,
0.034342821687459946,
0.0022948160767555237,
0.007159235887229443,
-0.03854662552475929,
0.060652460902929306,
-0.0304640531539917,
0.004189853556454182,
0.06440749764442444,
-0.016115626320242882,
0.07708878815174103,
-0.02476801909506321,
0.03844692185521126,
0.005699865985661745,
-0.01405801996588707,
0.007041851058602333,
-0.019191229715943336,
-0.02035003900527954,
-0.010111670941114426,
0.014843293465673923,
-0.016182998195290565,
0.017953163012862206,
-0.03942447900772095,
-0.017855016514658928,
0.0038941658567637205,
0.05520668998360634,
0.04462914168834686,
-0.013846326619386673,
0.0167747363448143,
-0.022596074268221855,
-0.01987249217927456,
0.005518993362784386,
-0.09435661882162094,
-0.015596454963088036,
-0.027460500597953796,
0.011320902034640312,
0.0017440078081563115,
0.06078846752643585,
-0.012935524806380272,
-0.026683038100600243,
-0.01907605305314064,
0.035659752786159515,
0.022019026800990105,
0.020342746749520302,
-0.017820658162236214,
-0.058679379522800446,
-0.009558985941112041,
-0.038733985275030136,
0.046085864305496216,
-0.009087498299777508,
-0.029304642230272293,
-0.031458545476198196,
-0.06640714406967163,
0.01841830648481846,
-0.04410376399755478,
-0.024654503911733627,
0.014952664263546467,
0.019114160910248756,
0.006062043830752373,
0.011105058714747429,
0.0033474736846983433,
0.035433437675237656,
0.04459872469305992,
0.006392638199031353,
-0.00798375066369772,
0.0008069383329711854,
0.058573685586452484,
-0.029688896611332893,
-0.00693504000082612,
-0.020535310730338097,
0.013762212358415127,
-0.027161981910467148,
-0.03981373831629753,
0.013775347732007504,
0.0017521963454782963,
-0.2710796594619751,
0.017030732706189156,
-0.008927756920456886,
-0.04379966855049133,
0.034286487847566605,
-0.009182990528643131,
0.07032179832458496,
-0.060002703219652176,
-0.044849518686532974,
0.009927098639309406,
0.026775090023875237,
0.019482450559735298,
0.01902325265109539,
0.03181375563144684,
0.03358297422528267,
0.055891115218400955,
-0.051259323954582214,
-0.010374493896961212,
0.02230733633041382,
0.03246307745575905,
-0.018047824501991272,
-0.054625652730464935,
-0.004448223859071732,
0.04599350318312645,
-0.00867103599011898,
0.06156741455197334,
-0.061318423599004745,
-0.0188547782599926,
-0.03820667415857315,
0.006914397235959768,
-0.01317266933619976,
-0.02940288931131363,
-0.013976003974676132,
-0.002055003074929118,
-0.032884497195482254,
-0.003088735742494464,
0.04898346588015556,
0.013559332117438316,
0.013441629707813263,
0.03957313299179077,
0.022583680227398872,
-0.007527678273618221,
-0.025172589346766472,
-0.0331445038318634,
0.05966820567846298,
0.010762058198451996,
-0.04177650436758995,
-0.010336258448660374,
0.0039007719606161118,
0.014555947855114937,
-0.012696538120508194,
-0.05598003789782524,
-0.03152929246425629,
0.023736504837870598,
-0.03160187602043152,
-0.03241169825196266,
-0.010452225804328918,
-0.04451724886894226,
-0.003934692591428757,
0.004758118186146021,
0.022658275440335274,
-0.015837106853723526,
-0.009727390483021736,
-0.017319120466709137,
-0.007638304028660059,
-0.03925492614507675,
-0.0498262457549572,
-0.07216931134462357,
0.06294193118810654,
0.041867922991514206,
-0.019114581868052483,
0.03018679842352867,
0.004359211307018995,
-0.08882194012403488,
0.007693038322031498,
-0.00005106230310047977,
-0.02911565825343132,
-0.03373017534613609,
0.021464897319674492,
0.02722351998090744,
-0.05800769850611687,
-0.04075469821691513,
-0.018442776054143906,
-0.014465777203440666,
0.020270664244890213,
-0.020592132583260536,
0.02814483270049095,
-0.016248296946287155,
-0.018062734976410866,
-0.05522441864013672,
0.047153815627098083,
0.02476728893816471,
-0.004686705768108368,
0.007888341322541237,
0.042244791984558105,
0.010171426460146904,
0.02782316692173481,
0.048085667192935944,
0.029655402526259422,
0.03001137264072895,
0.01521377358585596,
-0.05122971162199974,
-0.005657827947288752,
-0.07597844302654266,
-0.007459064479917288,
0.027538519352674484,
-0.04049646481871605,
-0.01093085017055273,
0.021599462255835533,
-0.04233687371015549,
-0.04475104436278343,
-0.01885990798473358,
0.025382066145539284,
-0.008764931932091713,
-0.04998571053147316,
-0.014299816451966763,
-0.009020981378853321,
0.028485793620347977,
0.05639096349477768,
-0.053444698452949524,
-0.035079192370176315,
0.04469798132777214,
-0.0031886829528957605,
-0.0024284636601805687,
-0.02576112560927868,
-0.033646587282419205,
0.01677073910832405,
-0.020577488467097282,
0.014694951474666595,
-0.009053117595613003,
0.030887316912412643,
0.0015880586579442024,
-0.013320456258952618,
-0.002478407695889473,
0.060416243970394135,
0.025340130552649498,
-0.009669800288975239,
-0.02276637591421604,
0.002486502518877387,
0.010258500464260578,
0.017069825902581215,
-0.025394374504685402,
0.020390285179018974,
0.032938726246356964,
0.02115437015891075,
-0.016834601759910583,
0.0434197373688221,
-0.00020681912428699434,
-0.008819414302706718,
0.016352619975805283,
0.046215303242206573,
-0.047109946608543396,
0.015094985254108906,
-0.016034210100769997,
0.03683581203222275,
0.0038272307720035315,
0.048786722123622894,
0.01280730590224266,
-0.014108656905591488,
-0.057147081941366196,
0.05386190861463547,
0.00023885037808213383,
-0.024200644344091415,
0.0023522244300693274,
0.012116307392716408,
0.01094086654484272,
-0.0540829673409462,
-0.005905378144234419,
0.04370582476258278,
-0.004377434961497784,
0.015479533933103085,
-0.030388837680220604,
-0.020834609866142273,
-0.005292106419801712,
0.0025868534576147795,
-0.02034110017120838,
0.03233593329787254,
-0.0051368544809520245,
-0.045004092156887054,
0.02927166409790516,
0.020471883937716484,
-0.04331755265593529,
0.0031571013387292624,
-0.0005028860177844763,
0.10461080819368362,
0.02274179831147194,
0.015839336439967155,
-0.004615415818989277,
-0.03182310238480568,
0.05389201641082764,
-0.027491647750139236,
0.014698394574224949,
-0.03810979053378105,
-0.04351845383644104,
-0.043013013899326324,
-0.032899852842092514,
0.021613523364067078,
0.011373230256140232,
0.019159941002726555,
-0.013393101282417774,
0.01475594099611044,
0.0042630271054804325,
-0.035304516553878784,
-0.026960894465446472,
-0.006141504738479853,
-0.07822219282388687,
0.011636787094175816,
0.003262304700911045,
0.0029310232494026423,
0.05074696242809296,
-0.043062180280685425,
-0.01930324360728264,
-0.05409911647439003,
-0.03063783049583435,
0.037846073508262634,
-0.0018787847366183996,
-0.038226645439863205,
-0.014641673304140568,
-0.013182914815843105,
-0.0020205785986036062,
0.00788974016904831,
-0.021200843155384064,
-0.00887712650001049,
-0.0030987788923084736,
0.00942989345639944,
0.06188145652413368,
-0.03654012829065323,
0.00045308226253837347,
-0.006802510004490614,
-0.029777495190501213,
0.03447955101728439,
-0.04690065234899521,
0.03905683383345604,
0.04501117393374443,
-0.024644995108246803,
0.012662588618695736,
-0.0573759526014328,
0.01024261862039566,
-0.02425600029528141,
-0.0040648868307471275,
-0.003833760740235448,
0.001637824228964746,
-0.02944544143974781,
-0.003935770597308874,
0.023844411596655846,
0.039362937211990356,
-0.014909128658473492,
0.021834304556250572,
-0.002921139122918248,
-0.0032285922206938267,
0.019224852323532104,
0.02839571423828602,
-0.0468578040599823,
-0.021401096135377884,
0.06855407357215881,
-0.03232264891266823,
-0.01681572198867798,
-0.07011199742555618,
-0.03843312710523605,
0.00016877634334377944,
-0.03601614758372307,
0.012147110886871815,
-0.021819669753313065,
0.04053293913602829,
0.02943793684244156,
0.02200361154973507,
0.02602466009557247,
0.00012616546882782131,
0.03801719471812248,
-0.03556818887591362,
-0.009807626716792583,
-0.057979390025138855,
0.020309144631028175,
0.059287529438734055,
-0.04521176964044571,
0.014501279219985008,
0.016789820045232773,
-0.02034478448331356,
0.021738052368164062,
-0.004120015539228916,
-0.05720854550600052,
0.005878111347556114,
-0.015296322293579578,
-0.0468657948076725,
0.035249147564172745,
-0.03987454995512962,
-0.004333137534558773,
0.013219506479799747,
-0.06695635616779327,
-0.02921067178249359,
-0.012678319588303566,
0.02969634346663952,
-0.03251417353749275,
0.011275981552898884,
-0.02337830886244774,
-0.005575504153966904,
0.00254776026122272,
0.05171261727809906,
0.027619371190667152,
0.01811690255999565,
-0.008476794697344303,
0.05065971240401268,
0.03904488682746887,
0.006270528770983219,
0.028402186930179596,
0.004773190710693598,
-0.028821399435400963,
-0.09243062138557434,
0.05328284576535225,
-0.006936479359865189,
-0.017787866294384003,
-0.04892190173268318,
0.07113546133041382,
0.041171953082084656,
-0.0348399356007576,
-0.04972109943628311,
0.039225123822689056,
-0.03620235621929169,
0.0006205685203894973,
-0.04646020382642746,
0.01123011950403452,
-0.01043972559273243,
0.08249877393245697,
0.041914306581020355,
0.024629326537251472,
0.04779304936528206,
0.01670229621231556,
0.003323340555652976,
-0.01672842912375927,
0.025755681097507477,
0.09005534648895264,
0.06685934215784073,
0.002088651293888688,
0.04381455481052399,
-0.02245798520743847,
-0.05198146402835846,
0.007351542357355356,
0.026469169184565544,
-0.022578831762075424,
-0.032652582973241806,
0.0209011472761631,
0.06986074149608612,
-0.01932046189904213,
0.05433870851993561,
-0.05349705368280411,
0.01837863028049469,
0.04820198193192482,
0.02974029816687107,
-0.006539628375321627,
0.05415910482406616,
0.027783658355474472,
0.006089525762945414,
-0.052539974451065063,
-0.01819220744073391,
0.020014220848679543,
-0.011498939245939255,
0.0117172971367836,
0.009501009248197079,
-0.04480161517858505,
-0.007518484722822905,
-0.04215595871210098,
0.060481976717710495,
0.11139948666095734,
-0.054996367543935776,
-0.042113225907087326,
0.013502268120646477,
0.004899227991700172,
0.01863379403948784,
0.03528593108057976,
0.024529539048671722,
-0.0011440026573836803,
-0.02322518080472946,
-0.03911667317152023,
-0.019391071051359177,
0.016412828117609024,
-0.019947227090597153,
0.03364606201648712,
0.006472935900092125,
-0.021625269204378128,
-0.0072860149666666985,
0.007390305865556002,
-0.03656282648444176,
-0.04608943313360214,
-0.022085005417466164,
-0.03601105883717537,
-0.024339428171515465,
-0.08350969851016998,
0.009365721605718136,
0.029971003532409668,
-0.03931117057800293,
0.04508216679096222,
-0.04320806637406349,
0.02957242727279663,
0.03421969711780548,
-0.0761975422501564,
0.03714979439973831,
0.026997096836566925,
-0.007613155525177717,
-0.01776072010397911,
0.019444946199655533,
0.012852833606302738,
-0.017035624012351036,
-0.03233563154935837,
0.03707881271839142,
0.0034038734156638384,
0.011394677683711052,
-0.009080130606889725,
-0.022029997780919075,
-0.10773627460002899,
-0.00781305506825447,
0.01464829407632351,
-0.06905437260866165,
-0.08827709406614304,
0.03592202812433243,
-0.017088690772652626,
0.019699130207300186,
0.07642991095781326,
0.02431781403720379,
0.00325260148383677,
-0.004757824819535017,
-0.02413788251578808,
0.027260592207312584,
0.008266040123999119,
0.03412783890962601,
-0.007362203672528267,
0.0658336654305458,
0.04888734593987465,
-0.034878283739089966,
-0.020322347059845924,
0.004783160053193569,
-0.026556873694062233,
-0.01612432859838009,
-0.04843074455857277,
-0.0010784434853121638,
-0.008436358533799648,
-0.08271560072898865,
-0.005842349957674742,
0.037867020815610886,
-0.02299804426729679,
-0.01377504225820303,
0.0034047788940370083,
-0.015626825392246246,
-0.02157003805041313,
-0.02003013901412487,
-0.03661376237869263,
-0.012549064122140408,
-0.047513458877801895,
-0.008232750929892063,
-0.08536279201507568,
0.009939312934875488,
-0.010540423914790154,
0.005083551164716482,
-0.03141699358820915,
-0.05572725087404251,
0.006537985056638718,
0.015794089064002037,
0.07401028275489807,
-0.011218605563044548,
-0.007424833718687296,
0.013276712968945503
] |
256 |
ADAM: An Embodied Causal Agent in Open-World Environments
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Ouu3HnIVBc
|
[
"Shu Yu",
"Chaochao Lu"
] |
Poster
|
In open-world environments like Minecraft, existing agents face challenges in continuously learning structured knowledge, particularly causality. These challenges stem from the opacity inherent in black-box models and an excessive reliance on prior knowledge during training, which impair their interpretability and generalization capability. To this end, we introduce ADAM, An emboDied causal Agent in Minecraft, which can autonomously navigate the open world, perceive multimodal context, learn causal world knowledge, and tackle complex tasks through lifelong learning. ADAM is empowered by four key components: 1) an interaction module, enabling the agent to execute actions while recording the interaction processes; 2) a causal model module, tasked with constructing an ever-growing causal graph from scratch, which enhances interpretability and reduces reliance on prior knowledge; 3) a controller module, comprising a planner, an actor, and a memory pool, using the learned causal graph to accomplish tasks; 4) a perception module, powered by multimodal large language models, enabling ADAM to perceive like a human player. Extensive experiments show that ADAM constructs a nearly perfect causal graph from scratch, enabling efficient task decomposition and execution with strong interpretability. Notably, in the modified Minecraft game where no prior knowledge is available, ADAM excels with remarkable robustness and generalization capability. ADAM pioneers a novel paradigm that integrates causal methods and embodied agents synergistically. Our project page is at https://opencausalab.github.io/ADAM.
|
embodied agent, causality, large language model, interpretability, vision language navigation, cross-modal application, cross-modal information extraction, multimodality
| null | 13,881 |
2410.22194
|
[
-0.019106566905975342,
-0.014391065575182438,
-0.02292596362531185,
0.010076467879116535,
0.03406404331326485,
0.01646178960800171,
0.0448429174721241,
0.02096358872950077,
-0.014855076558887959,
-0.05263097956776619,
-0.031907059252262115,
0.004659499507397413,
-0.05002342909574509,
-0.007259290665388107,
-0.012678416445851326,
0.046717025339603424,
0.031252212822437286,
-0.025570020079612732,
-0.0020674788393080235,
0.005643316078931093,
-0.02420414611697197,
-0.009570542722940445,
0.023646356537938118,
0.048927705734968185,
0.01755145564675331,
0.024706240743398666,
0.06538095325231552,
0.01477795373648405,
-0.03328332677483559,
-0.00726958317682147,
0.01904439739882946,
-0.0044151670299470425,
0.05249820277094841,
-0.0568256713449955,
-0.017149267718195915,
0.012305445969104767,
-0.07674755156040192,
0.03593500703573227,
-0.029011521488428116,
0.0005199634470045567,
-0.036612220108509064,
0.042864274233579636,
0.000811225560028106,
0.0011288663372397423,
-0.019285809248685837,
0.036372750997543335,
-0.0799369215965271,
0.05326727032661438,
0.03327551484107971,
-0.008970673196017742,
-0.10834115743637085,
0.022586937993764877,
0.027932479977607727,
-0.006818412337452173,
-0.008517554961144924,
0.017406536266207695,
0.0510842464864254,
-0.08912765234708786,
0.01876184716820717,
-0.04082445800304413,
-0.021526960656046867,
0.03546757996082306,
0.017074458301067352,
-0.013438538648188114,
-0.03265112638473511,
-0.0040636309422552586,
-0.004692120011895895,
0.03803040087223053,
-0.03947567194700241,
-0.044505756348371506,
-0.036458052694797516,
-0.009967593476176262,
-0.044210974127054214,
-0.01719093881547451,
0.01747049018740654,
-0.051283542066812515,
0.05263540893793106,
-0.001708447583951056,
0.06596101075410843,
-0.01770545355975628,
-0.008066000416874886,
0.0015416692476719618,
0.03138881176710129,
0.04528520628809929,
0.010905660688877106,
0.014538929797708988,
0.013695602305233479,
-0.028279421851038933,
-0.08213620632886887,
0.03528892993927002,
-0.02254829742014408,
-0.054953716695308685,
0.01299876905977726,
0.035013776272535324,
0.015790393576025963,
-0.007917105220258236,
0.015023455955088139,
-0.002907973248511553,
0.002858364023268223,
-0.013688314706087112,
-0.003468238515779376,
-0.032206520438194275,
-0.01850287988781929,
0.013011892326176167,
-0.09134535491466522,
-0.022584760561585426,
-0.019026322290301323,
-0.04935938119888306,
-0.004608424846082926,
-0.0017910809256136417,
-0.050293706357479095,
0.014318600296974182,
0.04995408281683922,
-0.012333125807344913,
-0.035037387162446976,
0.06706342846155167,
0.012955890968441963,
0.042380236089229584,
-0.00004369610542198643,
0.038480523973703384,
0.062495600432157516,
0.034289516508579254,
-0.0016125431284308434,
0.07182832807302475,
-0.024619461968541145,
0.008430524729192257,
0.02395625226199627,
0.0025549004785716534,
0.006189631298184395,
-0.031245602294802666,
0.05310869961977005,
0.027025748044252396,
-0.008022774942219257,
0.010340734384953976,
0.011088893748819828,
-0.025452984496951103,
-0.01114919688552618,
-0.00953962653875351,
-0.003093106672167778,
-0.00046329101314768195,
-0.020594829693436623,
-0.022819362580776215,
0.08228054642677307,
-0.031252551823854446,
0.0773603543639183,
-0.020884251222014427,
-0.034164611250162125,
-0.01184165757149458,
-0.027785735204815865,
0.032629650086164474,
-0.012425253167748451,
-0.021363073959946632,
0.0033908120822161436,
-0.06953668594360352,
0.0013692399952560663,
0.06269499659538269,
0.031003033742308617,
0.017532432451844215,
-0.017548557370901108,
0.02496509812772274,
0.029858235269784927,
0.019429609179496765,
-0.030704379081726074,
-0.007669852580875158,
0.01866205409169197,
-0.059904515743255615,
0.036888837814331055,
0.0046595074236392975,
-0.021349208429455757,
-0.021448655053973198,
-0.05193840339779854,
-0.02301042340695858,
0.052186742424964905,
-0.006533812265843153,
-0.022568559274077415,
-0.00983522366732359,
0.04248947650194168,
0.00015449695638380945,
0.022773105651140213,
0.02994251810014248,
-0.06880319118499756,
0.03309037536382675,
-0.015008143149316311,
0.0032925547566264868,
0.016728760674595833,
-0.0351940281689167,
0.03351685777306557,
-0.05666137486696243,
0.022308072075247765,
0.03999386727809906,
-0.061137717217206955,
-0.009829355403780937,
0.02965204417705536,
0.03784964606165886,
0.05925190821290016,
0.00562721211463213,
-0.026244226843118668,
0.061240315437316895,
0.025772739201784134,
0.04798683524131775,
0.026108914986252785,
-0.00926173198968172,
0.02762075886130333,
-0.0026080815587192774,
-0.013075173832476139,
-0.008808287791907787,
0.026959676295518875,
-0.027094993740320206,
-0.033717066049575806,
0.02255147323012352,
-0.015690747648477554,
-0.00001228346172865713,
0.023890987038612366,
-0.001675326144322753,
0.012892880477011204,
0.03489167243242264,
-0.028080221265554428,
0.0253322534263134,
0.0023152953945100307,
-0.04545169696211815,
0.0002999257994815707,
-0.00915311649441719,
-0.02495388127863407,
0.0011764829978346825,
-0.007248785346746445,
0.08671409636735916,
0.04220118373632431,
-0.054184772074222565,
-0.003723571076989174,
0.023723291233181953,
-0.034893568605184555,
0.01465311087667942,
0.0031169394496828318,
-0.015143399126827717,
0.021065225824713707,
-0.01747177541255951,
-0.0189827848225832,
-0.03710551932454109,
0.025865839794278145,
-0.01983177848160267,
-0.007216864265501499,
0.05913376808166504,
-0.03125298023223877,
0.058887604624032974,
0.011326489970088005,
0.043678414076566696,
0.023250099271535873,
-0.024027081206440926,
-0.008349503390491009,
0.008463922888040543,
-0.03094247356057167,
-0.03618694841861725,
0.0425790511071682,
0.01868264190852642,
0.007561724167317152,
-0.0499933622777462,
-0.014054614119231701,
-0.030954744666814804,
0.06381964683532715,
0.053242187947034836,
0.02041245810687542,
0.0318765714764595,
-0.04780097305774689,
-0.03830772638320923,
-0.020164549350738525,
-0.1446588933467865,
-0.02432202361524105,
0.007614526432007551,
0.037769559770822525,
0.0327141098678112,
0.03697015717625618,
-0.039155952632427216,
0.05881418660283089,
-0.02133205346763134,
-0.02340397611260414,
0.025694798678159714,
0.04745467007160187,
0.025662515312433243,
-0.029114259406924248,
-0.03620050847530365,
0.008505143225193024,
0.08535334467887878,
0.006003707181662321,
0.02476237341761589,
-0.00959230400621891,
-0.04481600597500801,
0.007321336772292852,
-0.039481401443481445,
-0.020237717777490616,
0.018124166876077652,
0.01341447327286005,
0.01474467571824789,
-0.026237159967422485,
0.005165605805814266,
0.039640162140131,
0.053075484931468964,
0.019227508455514908,
-0.03689724951982498,
-0.025125151500105858,
0.009265942499041557,
-0.027597980573773384,
0.033058248460292816,
-0.03146951273083687,
0.018577562645077705,
-0.002324181143194437,
0.00989998783916235,
0.024028552696108818,
0.015146222896873951,
-0.2672416567802429,
-0.012386548332870007,
0.016080407425761223,
0.005245253909379244,
0.029437782242894173,
-0.013699941337108612,
0.08802275359630585,
-0.019870532676577568,
-0.043823953717947006,
0.0034829769283533096,
0.0032647778280079365,
0.01907218247652054,
0.03505067527294159,
0.05981602892279625,
0.040514182299375534,
-0.00940871424973011,
-0.04103536158800125,
-0.051906365901231766,
-0.00705688213929534,
0.03573170676827431,
-0.03129729628562927,
-0.028717847540974617,
-0.0467853806912899,
0.005367193836718798,
-0.009373864158987999,
0.03453855216503143,
-0.07629917562007904,
-0.023365560919046402,
-0.01611274667084217,
-0.0017450157320126891,
-0.012330403551459312,
-0.012533742003142834,
-0.022406775504350662,
0.023388847708702087,
0.0002239626192022115,
-0.015453536063432693,
0.05090343579649925,
0.00841228011995554,
0.05767229571938515,
-0.0011418649228289723,
-0.011019834317266941,
-0.035960808396339417,
-0.03859180212020874,
-0.003448137314990163,
0.05384843423962593,
0.002268692012876272,
-0.04693791642785072,
-0.01585393026471138,
-0.013393393717706203,
0.026290500536561012,
0.006853749044239521,
-0.02853289432823658,
0.004208672326058149,
-0.018816865980625153,
0.022230997681617737,
-0.018411677330732346,
0.025112245231866837,
-0.01289165299385786,
-0.04432429373264313,
-0.01663186401128769,
-0.00324888969771564,
0.0014406637055799365,
-0.003733096644282341,
-0.03516466170549393,
0.023468073457479477,
-0.0661248192191124,
-0.0383128821849823,
-0.06146717816591263,
0.0482928492128849,
0.028974900022149086,
-0.01230901014059782,
-0.038484398275613785,
-0.024050574749708176,
-0.12371174991130829,
-0.02072882652282715,
0.03057488612830639,
-0.03655489906668663,
-0.023961812257766724,
0.010273280553519726,
0.04608520120382309,
-0.014013869687914848,
-0.02860592119395733,
0.005085912067443132,
0.04222827032208443,
-0.010507287457585335,
0.010129954665899277,
0.06843110918998718,
-0.04618455469608307,
-0.012238811701536179,
-0.026858137920498848,
0.028169116005301476,
0.004723167512565851,
0.024656115099787712,
-0.0001860271586338058,
0.05371502786874771,
0.02911902405321598,
0.02827279642224312,
0.009253225289285183,
0.0583246573805809,
0.020189596340060234,
0.03767791762948036,
-0.09005901962518692,
0.014253607019782066,
-0.01152293011546135,
-0.024139929562807083,
0.049009911715984344,
-0.034755535423755646,
-0.013820203952491283,
0.055987611413002014,
0.010447507724165916,
-0.0027379021048545837,
-0.026008451357483864,
0.016054997220635414,
0.0031932576093822718,
-0.0022186951246112585,
-0.015428627841174603,
0.014917673543095589,
0.034470003098249435,
0.039816875010728836,
-0.0004996675415895879,
-0.049587082117795944,
0.030065584927797318,
-0.007770695723593235,
0.0253518708050251,
0.022546904161572456,
-0.008897085674107075,
0.01719769649207592,
-0.004881446249783039,
0.05368195101618767,
-0.022169413045048714,
0.010758080519735813,
0.040422748774290085,
-0.008864130824804306,
0.04722416773438454,
0.05781848356127739,
-0.039728567004203796,
-0.022539252415299416,
-0.011362978257238865,
0.016543280333280563,
-0.031994808465242386,
0.015522891655564308,
-0.036489278078079224,
0.032011229544878006,
-0.004350821953266859,
0.03641854599118233,
-0.0032162307761609554,
0.027158547192811966,
0.01309201493859291,
0.006881750654429197,
-0.038460247218608856,
0.06827643513679504,
-0.0462537482380867,
0.017433881759643555,
-0.03840130940079689,
0.024083176627755165,
-0.04418778792023659,
0.016787201166152954,
-0.025541085749864578,
0.008289359509944916,
-0.0754726305603981,
0.05586470291018486,
-0.0045172893442213535,
-0.013678285293281078,
-0.003519616788253188,
0.006542054004967213,
0.0664304718375206,
-0.030291717499494553,
-0.003184014465659857,
0.0006104930653236806,
-0.027789711952209473,
-0.006751057226210833,
-0.03438420221209526,
-0.02427980862557888,
-0.007274370174854994,
-0.027183666825294495,
-0.0017692727269604802,
-0.014471195638179779,
-0.06909259408712387,
-0.004807412624359131,
0.019901370629668236,
-0.01906055584549904,
-0.006030057091265917,
0.010511970147490501,
-0.019107572734355927,
0.06545072793960571,
-0.016654685139656067,
0.019234158098697662,
0.002964280778542161,
-0.03342512622475624,
-0.0028827546630054712,
0.009624232538044453,
0.03674382343888283,
-0.03797208145260811,
-0.032387033104896545,
-0.041937656700611115,
-0.020236853510141373,
0.01712214946746826,
-0.026137787848711014,
-0.026487577706575394,
0.002854124875739217,
0.01655176840722561,
-0.006790484767407179,
-0.057355694472789764,
0.0006529804668389261,
0.0394759476184845,
-0.06785821169614792,
0.00946734193712473,
0.04953299090266228,
0.004078522324562073,
0.015847280621528625,
-0.04032409191131592,
-0.026127787306904793,
-0.04069865867495537,
-0.049010008573532104,
-0.008502010256052017,
-0.01439359039068222,
-0.0127143245190382,
-0.031171217560768127,
-0.01735571399331093,
-0.023145757615566254,
0.033563483506441116,
-0.015100878663361073,
-0.019901258870959282,
-0.0231612678617239,
-0.03447963297367096,
0.007320614065974951,
0.0017598193371668458,
-0.005844276398420334,
0.016700271517038345,
-0.005333673674613237,
0.032369911670684814,
-0.004846018739044666,
0.02131430059671402,
0.04734957590699196,
0.035602226853370667,
-0.021820951253175735,
-0.026326052844524384,
0.03643862158060074,
0.005319120828062296,
-0.036190420389175415,
0.007479907479137182,
-0.010922313667833805,
-0.04904477670788765,
0.00015222480578813702,
0.03773724287748337,
0.04265327379107475,
-0.03511526435613632,
0.0032553488854318857,
0.027937596663832664,
0.012194800190627575,
0.002529704477638006,
-0.010429983027279377,
-0.05398118868470192,
-0.00045664169010706246,
0.05458955466747284,
-0.048870474100112915,
-0.01937778666615486,
-0.013557110913097858,
-0.027013961225748062,
0.02235770970582962,
-0.0007885139784775674,
0.006824082229286432,
-0.030350010842084885,
0.05737684667110443,
0.005023185629397631,
0.011333770118653774,
0.01024477370083332,
-0.023264525458216667,
0.030460931360721588,
-0.07098355889320374,
0.011202763766050339,
-0.07525432109832764,
0.02228010632097721,
0.06807595491409302,
-0.04244605451822281,
-0.02669522538781166,
0.019714171066880226,
-0.02156873792409897,
0.021481791511178017,
-0.033702198415994644,
-0.04393068701028824,
0.0561160147190094,
-0.027460718527436256,
0.03456958383321762,
0.034683145582675934,
-0.04554813727736473,
-0.018052728846669197,
-0.011793890967965126,
-0.04111703112721443,
-0.003933831583708525,
-0.03737469017505646,
0.04452793672680855,
0.003065659897401929,
0.005403309594839811,
0.027313949540257454,
0.006379874423146248,
0.02878892980515957,
0.02793465554714203,
0.032299552112817764,
0.033282920718193054,
-0.04760662093758583,
0.07154569774866104,
0.05584435164928436,
0.05639512091875076,
0.010222693905234337,
-0.0028339745476841927,
-0.025842681527137756,
-0.049937862902879715,
0.016407635062932968,
0.008592600002884865,
-0.04566313326358795,
-0.07513247430324554,
0.05434424430131912,
0.005941680166870356,
-0.0248100683093071,
0.021710997447371483,
0.014289245009422302,
-0.05976177379488945,
-0.008902862668037415,
0.008898735977709293,
-0.00927030760794878,
0.009726060554385185,
0.043339185416698456,
0.003535003401339054,
0.09676983207464218,
0.06811346858739853,
0.030671369284391403,
-0.016784928739070892,
-0.028687208890914917,
0.06799038499593735,
0.0345197357237339,
0.03819900006055832,
-0.003395556239411235,
0.10510017722845078,
-0.042975444346666336,
-0.02835359051823616,
0.03175560384988785,
0.04718416556715965,
-0.010976459830999374,
-0.017953479662537575,
0.016902927309274673,
0.08952505141496658,
-0.020826028659939766,
0.039944831281900406,
-0.03542478010058403,
-0.033659711480140686,
0.0670667365193367,
0.014353482984006405,
0.004017917439341545,
0.038483262062072754,
0.047357331961393356,
0.027606641873717308,
-0.010081733576953411,
-0.03614863380789757,
-0.029243241995573044,
-0.04779651761054993,
0.014591317623853683,
0.011033210903406143,
-0.02965688146650791,
0.04998420551419258,
0.009157382883131504,
0.022440511733293533,
0.09002364426851273,
-0.03542059659957886,
0.016867537051439285,
0.0023211082443594933,
-0.0020635235123336315,
-0.006447761319577694,
0.0463428795337677,
0.03057446889579296,
0.034842200577259064,
0.008334423415362835,
-0.04373979568481445,
0.018016895279288292,
0.025005662813782692,
-0.005904240999370813,
0.04942815750837326,
-0.016038434579968452,
-0.043211281299591064,
-0.0037164001259952784,
0.013346360065042973,
-0.021984562277793884,
-0.047311000525951385,
-0.034052714705467224,
-0.042753398418426514,
-0.0669066309928894,
-0.0023886808194220066,
0.0665646344423294,
0.0041087036952376366,
-0.05878116562962532,
0.00765695096924901,
-0.002295862417668104,
0.03266690671443939,
0.005563083104789257,
-0.0585704930126667,
0.0033684272784739733,
0.04554903879761696,
0.006890100426971912,
0.010175976902246475,
0.04164905473589897,
0.027041707187891006,
-0.015019305050373077,
-0.027632182464003563,
-0.021081577986478806,
0.02087288536131382,
0.01245329063385725,
-0.0344117134809494,
-0.07193529605865479,
-0.0747273713350296,
-0.0037718210369348526,
0.04560276120901108,
-0.03130561485886574,
-0.08254097402095795,
0.026598190888762474,
-0.027610749006271362,
0.023346100002527237,
0.06279582530260086,
-0.023361390456557274,
0.034421712160110474,
-0.008801475167274475,
0.022924862802028656,
0.017958372831344604,
-0.0019761445000767708,
0.045898959040641785,
-0.03798574581742287,
0.055877506732940674,
0.03473919630050659,
-0.08094941824674606,
-0.04982055351138115,
0.047892920672893524,
-0.03132915124297142,
-0.02713976427912712,
-0.013931185007095337,
-0.03229052200913429,
-0.01576906628906727,
-0.12426789104938507,
0.014760150574147701,
0.05426552891731262,
-0.01073968131095171,
-0.05595927685499191,
-0.018468443304300308,
-0.022867972031235695,
-0.016075821593403816,
-0.01735641434788704,
-0.04874750226736069,
0.01914486661553383,
-0.030780205503106117,
-0.032532066106796265,
-0.05357439070940018,
-0.009947655722498894,
-0.027477513998746872,
0.028829418122768402,
-0.02543630450963974,
-0.02165941894054413,
0.0017218078719452024,
-0.009853711351752281,
-0.013667551800608635,
0.0006871339865028858,
0.03144748508930206,
-0.01646294817328453
] |
257 |
Expected Return Symmetries
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=wFg0shwoRe
|
[
"Darius Muglich",
"Johannes Forkel",
"Elise van der Pol",
"Jakob Nicolaus Foerster"
] |
Poster
|
Symmetry is an important inductive bias that can improve model robustness and generalization across many deep learning domains. In multi-agent settings, a priori known symmetries have been shown to address a fundamental coordination failure mode known as mutually incompatible symmetry breaking; e.g. in a game where two independent agents can choose to move "left" or "right", and where a reward of +1 or -1 is received when the agents choose the same action or different actions, respectively. However, the efficient and automatic discovery of environment symmetries, in particular for decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes, remains an open problem. Furthermore, environmental symmetry breaking constitutes only one type of coordination failure, which motivates the search for a more accessible and broader symmetry class. In this paper, we introduce such a broader group of previously unexplored symmetries, which we call expected return symmetries, which contains environment symmetries as a subgroup. We show that agents trained to be compatible under the group of expected return symmetries achieve better zero-shot coordination results than those using environment symmetries. As an additional benefit, our method makes minimal a priori assumptions about the structure of their environment and does not require access to ground truth symmetries.
|
multi-agent reinforcement learning, zero-shot coordination
|
Discovering a symmetry class over policies that improves coordination between agents
| 13,880 |
2502.01711
|
[
-0.05113644897937775,
-0.020355558022856712,
-0.004740745294839144,
0.0397506058216095,
0.015398357063531876,
0.005662713665515184,
0.034421157091856,
0.01112459134310484,
-0.03284323215484619,
-0.050463661551475525,
0.009759052656590939,
-0.018241576850414276,
-0.06930691748857498,
-0.013492856174707413,
-0.019485032185912132,
0.04505209997296333,
0.04585384577512741,
0.009857052937150002,
-0.03924408182501793,
0.014293967746198177,
-0.042736221104860306,
0.0059459819458425045,
0.022720929235219955,
0.013564355671405792,
0.06353072822093964,
0.009533236734569073,
0.05418895557522774,
-0.033546265214681625,
-0.026066020131111145,
-0.012340538203716278,
0.04789086803793907,
-0.012690991163253784,
0.014505047351121902,
-0.021534791216254234,
-0.012204328551888466,
0.018159957602620125,
-0.06576099991798401,
0.02878665179014206,
-0.007035606075078249,
-0.003185319248586893,
-0.028273865580558777,
0.024584496393799782,
-0.0035577083472162485,
0.0027867353055626154,
-0.04658308997750282,
0.033141545951366425,
-0.0804932489991188,
0.041147630661726,
0.0034558214247226715,
-0.05671586096286774,
-0.08897791802883148,
0.0037812937516719103,
0.02370483987033367,
-0.016217008233070374,
-0.009080849587917328,
0.033455293625593185,
0.03939790651202202,
-0.0753665640950203,
-0.02003251016139984,
-0.07206680625677109,
-0.030263569205999374,
0.024719085544347763,
0.015476773492991924,
0.02325744554400444,
0.0061342110857367516,
0.019345523789525032,
0.04269931837916374,
0.04110092297196388,
-0.05101456865668297,
-0.015701033174991608,
-0.042150191962718964,
-0.025858446955680847,
-0.013888247311115265,
0.011653304100036621,
0.006837927736341953,
-0.06559916585683823,
0.01596018485724926,
0.014508148655295372,
0.05921521037817001,
0.00810894463211298,
0.004951684270054102,
0.04374181106686592,
0.03309926390647888,
0.027005651965737343,
0.015348424203693867,
-0.00691270362585783,
-0.02763131633400917,
-0.021564485505223274,
-0.07124486565589905,
0.07072402536869049,
-0.02598828636109829,
-0.06986813992261887,
-0.002125081606209278,
0.05086613446474075,
0.010530820116400719,
0.0009630413260310888,
0.034758150577545166,
-0.00117232755292207,
0.034783586859703064,
-0.006031329743564129,
-0.04061177372932434,
-0.02161986194550991,
-0.02188088931143284,
-0.017831284552812576,
-0.09519725292921066,
-0.03395278379321098,
-0.015316957607865334,
-0.020816558972001076,
0.005710390396416187,
0.006578883156180382,
-0.07580618560314178,
0.014531825669109821,
0.04285382479429245,
-0.024661637842655182,
-0.07822435349225998,
0.03727560490369797,
0.011121404357254505,
0.03248902037739754,
0.03365355357527733,
0.023446498438715935,
0.05215571075677872,
0.03764553368091583,
-0.021648526191711426,
0.07006793469190598,
0.005896631628274918,
0.033680908381938934,
0.007554742507636547,
0.03193651884794235,
-0.043609533458948135,
-0.04799438267946243,
0.02499731257557869,
0.04515165835618973,
-0.01776425540447235,
0.02975783497095108,
0.004950368776917458,
-0.01442804280668497,
-0.006007662508636713,
0.03398903086781502,
-0.020248766988515854,
-0.00245174253359437,
-0.025385752320289612,
-0.000896680518053472,
0.07263708859682083,
0.0001635761873330921,
0.08521535992622375,
-0.026703035458922386,
-0.005108141340315342,
-0.02370617352426052,
-0.03230194002389908,
0.015126099810004234,
-0.026480145752429962,
-0.021541696041822433,
-0.002518165623769164,
-0.060171764343976974,
0.018617669120430946,
0.0299266017973423,
0.029483236372470856,
0.02892947942018509,
0.012486118823289871,
-0.0072784749791026115,
0.011532334610819817,
-0.00788732711225748,
-0.012776159681379795,
-0.015152974054217339,
0.005244804546236992,
-0.05172164738178253,
0.041439175605773926,
0.047240328043699265,
-0.01592613384127617,
0.0014466240536421537,
-0.019617954269051552,
-0.03080638311803341,
0.02826264314353466,
0.007590197492390871,
0.009092616848647594,
-0.022079255431890488,
0.049101728945970535,
-0.0015404672594740987,
0.04916968196630478,
0.003987270873039961,
-0.07201537489891052,
0.025496508926153183,
-0.001066165859811008,
-0.0016376273706555367,
0.027446117252111435,
-0.03959105536341667,
0.04775151237845421,
-0.030899524688720703,
0.027134669944643974,
0.016945138573646545,
-0.0586969219148159,
-0.006177299655973911,
0.02227121964097023,
-0.015450788661837578,
0.06051265820860863,
-0.006027583032846451,
-0.04074229300022125,
0.028826946392655373,
0.013350252993404865,
0.04584461823105812,
0.04575715586543083,
-0.0212656669318676,
0.05104730650782585,
0.018838342279195786,
-0.005089976824820042,
0.007595315109938383,
0.07110036164522171,
-0.044249191880226135,
-0.024277010932564735,
0.009047881700098515,
-0.02024303935468197,
-0.016047943383455276,
-0.013054794631898403,
-0.019100302830338478,
0.06442748010158539,
0.005949355196207762,
-0.026013286784291267,
-0.000002579224201326724,
0.02221168391406536,
-0.011901388876140118,
0.019115997478365898,
0.0015857277903705835,
-0.016849281266331673,
0.010536188259720802,
0.010258092544972897,
0.09977464377880096,
0.06616443395614624,
-0.05121159553527832,
-0.002977650845423341,
0.042625196278095245,
0.036657389253377914,
0.017014065757393837,
0.01327355857938528,
-0.015601648949086666,
0.035999197512865067,
-0.02770305797457695,
-0.003355763154104352,
-0.03147021308541298,
0.0766972005367279,
-0.04364638775587082,
-0.029999464750289917,
0.05859609320759773,
-0.05006173253059387,
0.05759730190038681,
-0.026017185300588608,
0.036278627812862396,
0.03840259835124016,
-0.017071731388568878,
-0.030029872432351112,
-0.019989535212516785,
-0.05116765573620796,
-0.009388914331793785,
0.03541218489408493,
-0.025760158896446228,
0.010027972050011158,
-0.06510160863399506,
-0.005300654098391533,
-0.02737301215529442,
0.08501013368368149,
0.04140547662973404,
0.00957498513162136,
0.04425442963838577,
-0.027832187712192535,
-0.019495325163006783,
-0.01719626784324646,
-0.13661910593509674,
-0.05054280534386635,
0.03610066697001457,
0.014422455802559853,
0.03409801796078682,
0.057846516370773315,
-0.013890228234231472,
0.03150799125432968,
-0.032935287803411484,
-0.039352670311927795,
0.00011880175588885322,
0.0016714510275050998,
0.04003005847334862,
-0.036590758711099625,
-0.0015767414588481188,
0.020192215219140053,
0.05951335281133652,
0.006776047870516777,
0.004264338873326778,
0.0029676423873752356,
-0.04152707755565643,
0.0016349646029993892,
-0.046754851937294006,
-0.01563931256532669,
0.018744196742773056,
0.024630693718791008,
0.003933319356292486,
-0.01424333918839693,
0.03219382464885712,
0.04514814540743828,
0.062484171241521835,
0.014878112822771072,
-0.0025672949850559235,
-0.007016677875071764,
0.03965635225176811,
-0.006596775725483894,
0.007596236187964678,
0.007446247152984142,
0.00956733524799347,
-0.00979313999414444,
-0.017302243039011955,
0.014813309535384178,
-0.0010386394569650292,
-0.2571450173854828,
-0.04794731363654137,
0.029896121472120285,
0.0440107099711895,
0.0038039556238800287,
-0.002968855667859316,
0.05826978385448456,
-0.03721306845545769,
-0.025808915495872498,
0.008814643137156963,
0.0026348538231104612,
-0.007049212232232094,
-0.003511326154693961,
0.04963349178433418,
0.041822679340839386,
-0.007928586564958096,
0.008571450598537922,
-0.01541998703032732,
0.038592029362916946,
0.04573383182287216,
-0.050901927053928375,
-0.06421249359846115,
-0.03913179039955139,
0.02055143192410469,
-0.01226990669965744,
0.03452093154191971,
-0.05967487767338753,
-0.014254527166485786,
-0.034693192690610886,
0.03972141072154045,
-0.049606356769800186,
0.009011534042656422,
-0.012422485277056694,
0.013631701469421387,
0.04064653441309929,
0.010172813199460506,
-0.01367306150496006,
0.007610098924487829,
0.007280879653990269,
0.04911641776561737,
0.010582778602838516,
-0.002177563728764653,
-0.0604722835123539,
0.04735206812620163,
0.05179014056921005,
0.025086576119065285,
-0.0027215920854359865,
0.010052024386823177,
-0.03928462788462639,
0.026784945279359818,
0.007274877279996872,
-0.0338733047246933,
0.018209122121334076,
0.011445374228060246,
0.010699099861085415,
-0.013345841318368912,
-0.025474101305007935,
-0.026940682902932167,
-0.0023278130684047937,
0.045237068086862564,
0.03747329115867615,
-0.058468639850616455,
-0.003735721344128251,
-0.01120141614228487,
-0.0022148683201521635,
-0.046066224575042725,
-0.06472859531641006,
-0.06897860765457153,
0.022530050948262215,
0.024767061695456505,
-0.0175262950360775,
-0.011834222823381424,
-0.021962877362966537,
-0.09275327622890472,
-0.004433725960552692,
0.016057811677455902,
0.008783310651779175,
-0.045377809554338455,
0.01901710033416748,
0.02939077466726303,
-0.04357389733195305,
-0.028389934450387955,
0.0191208403557539,
0.03137228265404701,
0.019594736397266388,
0.00922087300568819,
-0.004218589048832655,
-0.04940560832619667,
-0.029652748256921768,
-0.008953182958066463,
0.031110024079680443,
0.000849490868858993,
0.06019768863916397,
-0.004476245958358049,
0.07908562570810318,
0.028948083519935608,
0.033075135201215744,
0.0014903288101777434,
0.03327695652842522,
0.03759103640913963,
0.001389718963764608,
-0.10246144235134125,
-0.010164407081902027,
-0.02459467574954033,
-0.025596225634217262,
0.03645607456564903,
-0.0508781261742115,
0.005891057197004557,
0.05142922326922417,
0.015802424401044846,
0.00038055359618738294,
-0.052092067897319794,
0.004604968708008528,
0.02124555967748165,
-0.01783062517642975,
-0.051451511681079865,
-0.016986215487122536,
0.07291640341281891,
0.026966756209731102,
-0.009209906682372093,
-0.05024101212620735,
0.026322754099965096,
-0.04977394640445709,
0.02207949385046959,
-0.008891474455595016,
-0.001832377864047885,
-0.00523401377722621,
-0.008777127601206303,
-0.0036184880882501602,
-0.006595516111701727,
0.005766179412603378,
0.029962830245494843,
0.018524112179875374,
0.02124839834868908,
0.05776594951748848,
0.008185179904103279,
-0.020358331501483917,
-0.01756470464169979,
0.028769170865416527,
0.0017191502265632153,
0.03616428002715111,
-0.011957300826907158,
0.015151100233197212,
0.03963707014918327,
0.012977383099496365,
0.029630260542035103,
0.04345737770199776,
0.007239921484142542,
0.014189793728291988,
0.0020155957899987698,
0.04888320714235306,
-0.027836505323648453,
0.03929567337036133,
0.0017056978540495038,
0.0258892010897398,
-0.03009183704853058,
0.025464234873652458,
-0.012365244328975677,
0.0031355193350464106,
-0.05469837412238121,
0.04603694751858711,
0.009283383376896381,
-0.029626190662384033,
-0.04835977405309677,
0.01262314897030592,
0.07167979329824448,
-0.03896261006593704,
-0.018503941595554352,
-0.00697166845202446,
-0.0009669659775681794,
-0.002127323765307665,
-0.04804696515202522,
-0.019159017130732536,
-0.005916668567806482,
-0.03468451648950577,
0.02590339630842209,
0.002872611628845334,
-0.07366733253002167,
-0.043789710849523544,
-0.0071639022789895535,
-0.008711200207471848,
-0.016364876180887222,
-0.012589703314006329,
0.007359213661402464,
0.05116293579339981,
-0.012120225466787815,
0.016096439212560654,
-0.0028360700234770775,
-0.015012165531516075,
-0.011558601632714272,
0.008655501529574394,
0.03951703757047653,
-0.04157848656177521,
-0.02732398547232151,
-0.0477730892598629,
-0.03992336988449097,
0.0028511472046375275,
-0.0006243050447665155,
-0.030025102198123932,
-0.027053065598011017,
0.03621183708310127,
0.02243584208190441,
-0.08384297043085098,
-0.030116252601146698,
0.03726085275411606,
-0.06827429682016373,
-0.0021243994124233723,
0.02587464638054371,
-0.034748971462249756,
0.024451807141304016,
-0.05356402322649956,
-0.013665450736880302,
-0.05914153531193733,
-0.029969394207000732,
-0.0005839436780661345,
-0.03759235143661499,
-0.021708937361836433,
-0.021484971046447754,
-0.015045959502458572,
0.008895729668438435,
0.018182169646024704,
-0.021978162229061127,
0.007784347049891949,
-0.004444594494998455,
0.001667445758357644,
0.02109595388174057,
-0.0293434951454401,
0.002126026665791869,
0.032396093010902405,
0.0021089420188218355,
0.0012275980552658439,
-0.056047916412353516,
0.026836389675736427,
0.00012324169802013785,
-0.010100161656737328,
-0.0008761454373598099,
-0.02248571626842022,
0.016154982149600983,
-0.04883071035146713,
-0.03173927962779999,
-0.0177801251411438,
-0.007920992560684681,
-0.049179352819919586,
-0.0032767190132290125,
-0.0029836944304406643,
0.026370907202363014,
0.01963852159678936,
-0.02133810520172119,
0.01837633177638054,
0.015608535148203373,
0.011708703823387623,
0.01719106175005436,
-0.0827520564198494,
-0.004668493755161762,
0.059271104633808136,
-0.018132664263248444,
-0.013276525773108006,
-0.07514888048171997,
0.0034643926192075014,
0.007406715769320726,
-0.04699409753084183,
0.031660545617341995,
-0.061861444264650345,
0.003214838681742549,
0.011341062374413013,
0.028574787080287933,
-0.008864357136189938,
-0.041959404945373535,
0.049030885100364685,
-0.050355348736047745,
0.026344412937760353,
-0.05768268555402756,
0.007965478114783764,
0.0591452531516552,
0.0009786197915673256,
0.011658921837806702,
0.009121675044298172,
-0.044817958027124405,
0.02856852300465107,
-0.02562844753265381,
-0.051018211990594864,
0.031316570937633514,
-0.03278263658285141,
0.00014324903895612806,
0.04558912292122841,
-0.05427919700741768,
-0.0445568710565567,
-0.011629399843513966,
-0.046447571367025375,
-0.01349052507430315,
-0.006330588366836309,
0.044048506766557693,
-0.00915983971208334,
0.026573682203888893,
0.0013838937738910317,
0.027108101174235344,
0.03434041514992714,
0.06551309674978256,
0.027654774487018585,
0.04206925258040428,
-0.05575883761048317,
0.06505367904901505,
0.06469142436981201,
0.025675645098090172,
0.03939254581928253,
0.015611249022185802,
-0.021270575001835823,
-0.05457592010498047,
0.04976347088813782,
0.007805014960467815,
0.008236524648964405,
-0.06082594394683838,
0.052033450454473495,
-0.013567010872066021,
-0.07120215892791748,
-0.01674891635775566,
0.012641015462577343,
-0.06963720917701721,
-0.0006322021945379674,
0.003825327381491661,
0.011839226819574833,
0.00970954354852438,
0.050347160547971725,
0.017738964408636093,
0.06703779846429825,
0.07386213541030884,
0.036189377307891846,
-0.005427981726825237,
0.010609763674438,
0.06988848000764847,
0.06072637438774109,
0.03591590374708176,
-0.020662082359194756,
0.05268818512558937,
-0.04306814819574356,
-0.05615170672535896,
0.006070772651582956,
-0.005082102958112955,
-0.025000784546136856,
-0.03316318243741989,
0.013837393373250961,
0.06147865578532219,
0.002476208843290806,
0.06028740108013153,
-0.02520064078271389,
-0.037547070533037186,
0.05011117830872536,
0.02638191729784012,
0.013327676802873611,
0.059758126735687256,
0.038387227803468704,
0.022047370672225952,
0.003282866207882762,
-0.041447386145591736,
0.0013028534594923258,
-0.01556930597871542,
0.027505898848176003,
0.013262119144201279,
-0.008681883104145527,
0.03475082665681839,
0.025718310847878456,
0.018417607992887497,
0.08547018468379974,
-0.03261907398700714,
-0.027976661920547485,
-0.0000041613247958594,
0.011984921991825104,
0.007100570481270552,
0.013339350000023842,
0.019639333710074425,
-0.015272505581378937,
0.0042049335315823555,
-0.05651223286986351,
0.025517405942082405,
0.028835410252213478,
-0.006613167002797127,
0.001764732412993908,
-0.0230324175208807,
-0.02707340009510517,
0.011739327572286129,
0.03391642868518829,
0.009428739547729492,
-0.05774381756782532,
-0.02418278157711029,
-0.05372904613614082,
-0.06296642124652863,
-0.008582061156630516,
0.018683161586523056,
0.004609762690961361,
-0.06105682998895645,
0.014596800319850445,
-0.012948751449584961,
0.010050064884126186,
0.01909671723842621,
-0.045301467180252075,
-0.01592724211513996,
0.05935116112232208,
0.019133862107992172,
0.019068580120801926,
0.0029918791260570288,
0.02075200155377388,
-0.008038859814405441,
-0.030031224712729454,
0.014587796293199062,
0.018780898302793503,
0.027791166678071022,
-0.0228606928139925,
-0.00812520831823349,
-0.09040581434965134,
0.005332764703780413,
0.022457163780927658,
-0.05041613057255745,
-0.0878254696726799,
0.05196843668818474,
-0.01975124143064022,
-0.01436123438179493,
0.05200289562344551,
-0.006832798942923546,
0.0016118197236210108,
-0.017746439203619957,
0.03874111920595169,
0.023619897663593292,
-0.033469121903181076,
0.048989187926054,
-0.03872503340244293,
0.04192174971103668,
0.03509609028697014,
-0.07099638134241104,
-0.06041713058948517,
0.06294544786214828,
-0.013504193164408207,
-0.033318448811769485,
-0.024220380932092667,
-0.03552823141217232,
-0.006940389983355999,
-0.1081756055355072,
-0.007059884257614613,
0.0404001884162426,
-0.020021118223667145,
-0.031138449907302856,
0.004733168985694647,
0.01570160873234272,
-0.005402408540248871,
-0.022692596539855003,
-0.034397754818201065,
-0.02963119186460972,
-0.02258617803454399,
0.0022027187515050173,
-0.037047989666461945,
0.008307300508022308,
-0.016819020733237267,
0.04186415672302246,
-0.06173964962363243,
-0.040182240307331085,
0.003338770940899849,
-0.02228672429919243,
0.023760752752423286,
0.002464788965880871,
0.03804394602775574,
0.017330266535282135
] |
258 |
Beware of Calibration Data for Pruning Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=x83w6yGIWb
|
[
"Yixin Ji",
"Yang Xiang",
"Juntao Li",
"Qingrong Xia",
"Ping Li",
"Xinyu Duan",
"Zhefeng Wang",
"Min Zhang"
] |
Poster
|
As large language models (LLMs) are widely applied across various fields, model
compression has become increasingly crucial for reducing costs and improving
inference efficiency. Post-training pruning is a promising method that does not
require resource-intensive iterative training and only needs a small amount of
calibration data to assess the importance of parameters. Recent research has enhanced post-training pruning from different aspects but few of them systematically
explore the effects of calibration data, and it is unclear if there exist better calibration data construction strategies. We fill this blank and surprisingly observe that
calibration data is also crucial to post-training pruning, especially for high sparsity. Through controlled experiments on important influence factors of calibration
data, including the pruning settings, the amount of data, and its similarity with
pre-training data, we observe that a small size of data is adequate, and more similar data to its pre-training stage can yield better performance. As pre-training data
is usually inaccessible for advanced LLMs, we further provide a self-generating
calibration data synthesis strategy to construct feasible calibration data. Experimental results on recent strong open-source LLMs (e.g., DCLM, and LLaMA-3)
show that the proposed strategy can enhance the performance of strong pruning
methods (e.g., Wanda, DSnoT, OWL) by a large margin (up to 2.68%).
|
calibration data, post-training pruning, large language models
| null | 13,874 |
2410.17711
|
[
-0.013183139264583588,
-0.02494754083454609,
-0.017894458025693893,
0.012674925848841667,
0.0536869615316391,
0.040434252470731735,
0.025817861780524254,
0.013692565262317657,
-0.0394718274474144,
-0.017905108630657196,
-0.02318611554801464,
0.046550653874874115,
-0.051379598677158356,
0.0024326257407665253,
0.0022617089562118053,
0.07459188997745514,
0.027891336008906364,
0.006043337285518646,
0.015732862055301666,
0.025476859882473946,
0.02088799700140953,
-0.04337926208972931,
0.015796242281794548,
0.011544160544872284,
0.04427090659737587,
-0.004127479158341885,
0.03738407418131828,
0.02961949072778225,
-0.04076126590371132,
-0.0053356415592134,
0.030612261965870857,
0.005355129949748516,
0.01752549782395363,
-0.02090640738606453,
0.029862117022275925,
0.0412440299987793,
-0.07672995328903198,
0.0015129802050068974,
-0.010125738568603992,
0.012046162970364094,
-0.025387180969119072,
0.02687714993953705,
-0.026421714574098587,
0.00983308907598257,
-0.058292411267757416,
-0.009430667385458946,
-0.09222472459077835,
0.028694601729512215,
0.014327408745884895,
-0.02019396610558033,
-0.12126796692609787,
0.038462940603494644,
-0.01902760937809944,
-0.010160486213862896,
-0.01624559983611107,
0.03825487941503525,
0.03621082380414009,
-0.0963776558637619,
0.007376452907919884,
-0.00868027564138174,
-0.036683596670627594,
-0.014611544087529182,
0.010841972194612026,
0.008524175733327866,
-0.0041453419253230095,
-0.05694439634680748,
-0.000358679419150576,
0.031008919700980186,
-0.08967848867177963,
-0.05704817548394203,
0.010880248621106148,
0.01601390726864338,
-0.03160609304904938,
0.005734724458307028,
0.010448756627738476,
-0.046708375215530396,
-0.002481223549693823,
0.03616257756948471,
0.0428888276219368,
0.026864146813750267,
0.018875719979405403,
0.0063075716607272625,
0.029821300879120827,
0.025079939514398575,
-0.0007010413100942969,
0.0020940937101840973,
-0.041863277554512024,
-0.04815887659788132,
-0.08235712349414825,
0.011665496975183487,
0.01598571054637432,
-0.0587020181119442,
0.020869381725788116,
0.02497926540672779,
0.02956543304026127,
0.020482070744037628,
0.019840721040964127,
0.021951785311102867,
-0.0040906076319515705,
-0.011095327325165272,
-0.029387090355157852,
-0.04266289249062538,
0.04995035007596016,
0.03060053288936615,
-0.11334636062383652,
-0.030765870586037636,
-0.016044657677412033,
-0.0036828063894063234,
0.013378246687352657,
0.008860417641699314,
-0.019536029547452927,
-0.011120647192001343,
0.012228278443217278,
-0.010236275382339954,
-0.09300018846988678,
0.026590414345264435,
0.0028710574842989445,
0.0269095990806818,
-0.006581904366612434,
0.0210430771112442,
0.05358428508043289,
0.06390426307916641,
0.03532930836081505,
0.0754052922129631,
-0.05909431353211403,
0.032511401921510696,
0.02467743307352066,
0.0595957413315773,
-0.03499644249677658,
-0.045604389160871506,
0.01218650583177805,
0.040900975465774536,
0.011538245715200901,
-0.01097164023667574,
-0.027293555438518524,
-0.020189814269542694,
-0.033445630222558975,
0.020336728543043137,
0.06211968511343002,
0.013697242364287376,
0.019682491198182106,
0.006641499698162079,
0.02727113664150238,
-0.0038545962888747454,
0.04268757626414299,
0.03962475433945656,
-0.011121160350739956,
-0.029324283823370934,
-0.05894558131694794,
-0.017530055716633797,
0.015661055222153664,
0.010601163841784,
-0.008974965661764145,
-0.06729037314653397,
0.03245878219604492,
0.06827908754348755,
0.0029767267405986786,
-0.007113360799849033,
-0.016690488904714584,
0.027196243405342102,
0.019117381423711777,
-0.004536433611065149,
-0.040751874446868896,
0.016617771238088608,
-0.02931457944214344,
-0.04970809072256088,
0.060015998780727386,
0.0025028190575540066,
-0.02239212952554226,
0.0316937156021595,
-0.05744561925530434,
-0.020699437707662582,
0.08305706083774567,
-0.04198891296982765,
-0.029667876660823822,
0.03512727841734886,
0.03761113062500954,
0.005232290830463171,
0.020077386870980263,
0.05100459232926369,
-0.07971230149269104,
0.017780257388949394,
0.009165027178823948,
0.0015181808266788721,
0.005948816426098347,
-0.015269319526851177,
0.11639061570167542,
-0.011416303925216198,
0.010401922278106213,
0.012179708108305931,
-0.08117730915546417,
0.0017131103668361902,
0.027118202298879623,
0.012699219398200512,
0.06623955070972443,
-0.002391514368355274,
0.01120210811495781,
0.06104067713022232,
0.020302118733525276,
0.04282008856534958,
0.026611901819705963,
-0.028351537883281708,
0.04022357985377312,
-0.0186782069504261,
-0.0422775074839592,
0.017653269693255424,
0.010658720508217812,
-0.07030010223388672,
-0.007238265126943588,
0.030379489064216614,
-0.020177176222205162,
-0.02340807393193245,
0.043710026890039444,
0.01328187994658947,
0.03225952014327049,
-0.0021400554105639458,
-0.01003244984894991,
-0.023379500955343246,
0.011490928009152412,
-0.0527823381125927,
0.0550963468849659,
0.024447940289974213,
-0.0210731104016304,
0.0067179249599576,
-0.03216831758618355,
0.08404090255498886,
0.08448963612318039,
-0.00358837959356606,
0.008198798634111881,
-0.014171561226248741,
-0.0011263082269579172,
-0.014206352643668652,
0.010059735737740993,
-0.020041368901729584,
0.020445380359888077,
-0.05778295546770096,
-0.021494977176189423,
-0.033917445689439774,
0.05697520077228546,
-0.027036350220441818,
-0.0022655080538243055,
0.06059202551841736,
-0.009191904217004776,
0.0565989688038826,
0.0024950827937573195,
0.005717836320400238,
0.028075145557522774,
-0.022846810519695282,
-0.017014315351843834,
-0.04338156059384346,
-0.01711997203528881,
0.017458530142903328,
-0.005352376494556665,
-0.04515816643834114,
-0.0024138304870575666,
-0.03041745349764824,
-0.034426815807819366,
-0.017568746581673622,
0.07051298022270203,
0.044293154031038284,
0.034132469445466995,
0.01742362231016159,
-0.004873635713011026,
-0.038858894258737564,
0.011219188570976257,
-0.10834872722625732,
-0.03521137312054634,
-0.04174140840768814,
0.05064815282821655,
-0.011471032164990902,
0.030879152938723564,
-0.01464474480599165,
0.020529426634311676,
-0.013141952455043793,
0.013871542178094387,
0.006513184402137995,
0.04158778488636017,
-0.00684760045260191,
-0.05184463784098625,
-0.02529316209256649,
-0.020524591207504272,
0.042628396302461624,
-0.016241377219557762,
-0.028546355664730072,
-0.04388578608632088,
-0.026467634364962578,
-0.013479071669280529,
-0.01967264711856842,
-0.016171887516975403,
0.00022396120766643435,
-0.018795697018504143,
0.0057557993568480015,
-0.019203083589673042,
-0.013128128834068775,
0.045471347868442535,
0.03608028590679169,
0.04884229600429535,
-0.0015841576969251037,
-0.0012011524522677064,
0.026120051741600037,
-0.041285350918769836,
0.03530335798859596,
0.011693881824612617,
0.02856329269707203,
-0.007898971438407898,
-0.00845384132117033,
0.010853146202862263,
0.009314026683568954,
-0.2742597162723541,
0.009694467298686504,
-0.009209821000695229,
-0.03642810508608818,
0.057581059634685516,
-0.010456033051013947,
0.036376215517520905,
-0.025364983826875687,
-0.043923527002334595,
0.03270692005753517,
0.019043242558836937,
0.04291703924536705,
0.0005959267145954072,
0.06333431601524353,
0.04153241589665413,
0.057000208646059036,
0.002026165369898081,
-0.02113247476518154,
0.035472773015499115,
0.03941856324672699,
0.005227291490882635,
-0.04744195193052292,
-0.029594816267490387,
0.06824375689029694,
-0.005048307124525309,
0.07015930116176605,
-0.06056153029203415,
-0.004430715460330248,
-0.042235128581523895,
-0.0007012372952885926,
0.013108286075294018,
-0.04289035126566887,
-0.0028871793765574694,
0.038509562611579895,
0.029393091797828674,
-0.02670932747423649,
0.056154437363147736,
0.027432294562458992,
0.0312935896217823,
0.02099473960697651,
-0.0003563402860891074,
-0.03577375039458275,
-0.034848231822252274,
0.012694486416876316,
0.04457487165927887,
0.04567217826843262,
-0.0731324627995491,
-0.012636094354093075,
-0.007022182922810316,
0.035928692668676376,
-0.002013046992942691,
-0.05244458094239235,
-0.016649268567562103,
0.003888229839503765,
0.014581672847270966,
-0.00872188713401556,
0.024710798636078835,
-0.02323891408741474,
-0.05076853930950165,
-0.00880910363048315,
-0.007635490503162146,
-0.03380845487117767,
-0.039114635437726974,
-0.07028785347938538,
-0.02301432192325592,
-0.05515812709927559,
-0.048742521554231644,
-0.0539579838514328,
0.05330156162381172,
0.03955288603901863,
-0.017372263595461845,
0.029661044478416443,
0.008032227866351604,
-0.07742470502853394,
0.01236939150840044,
-0.027592351660132408,
-0.010408450849354267,
-0.022775379940867424,
-0.02319532446563244,
0.049156103283166885,
-0.05531613901257515,
-0.02095870114862919,
0.02175462804734707,
0.0018793412018567324,
0.034539829939603806,
-0.022187234833836555,
0.005714757833629847,
-0.016663221642374992,
-0.00852185394614935,
-0.06147731840610504,
0.03352028504014015,
-0.0022083744406700134,
-0.017602872103452682,
0.030929476022720337,
0.03821150213479996,
0.014611305668950081,
0.019687138497829437,
0.06033656746149063,
0.04934852570295334,
0.016656218096613884,
0.014218567870557308,
-0.06054862588644028,
-0.0005317110917530954,
-0.050636209547519684,
-0.007169591262936592,
0.02078302763402462,
-0.04162910580635071,
-0.026514653116464615,
0.03927897289395332,
-0.028096932917833328,
-0.012781089171767235,
-0.006356850732117891,
0.011387336067855358,
-0.021748635917901993,
-0.022822052240371704,
-0.025674909353256226,
0.02667328715324402,
0.017444515600800514,
0.03493263199925423,
-0.019983969628810883,
0.0072474353946745396,
0.01229439489543438,
-0.033462800085544586,
-0.03483176231384277,
0.014768499881029129,
-0.015941649675369263,
0.024804627522826195,
-0.0119697917252779,
-0.036104217171669006,
-0.020491205155849457,
0.006643570959568024,
0.018563540652394295,
0.0054430970922112465,
0.01708925887942314,
0.042384710162878036,
0.023998109623789787,
0.008827976882457733,
-0.005414295941591263,
0.058680079877376556,
-0.005293624475598335,
0.0037098482716828585,
0.007985827513039112,
0.031651731580495834,
0.04188498109579086,
0.04313952848315239,
0.010822754353284836,
0.014287055470049381,
-0.037290219217538834,
-0.0019944238010793924,
-0.009507029317319393,
0.047897424548864365,
-0.0588611364364624,
0.03425895422697067,
-0.02307754009962082,
0.027849605306982994,
0.012076787650585175,
0.03284890204668045,
0.01335421297699213,
0.017967505380511284,
-0.0726042240858078,
0.032739605754613876,
0.03348080441355705,
-0.030447468161582947,
0.00777387386187911,
0.016818411648273468,
0.01581566408276558,
-0.02272273600101471,
0.039612989872694016,
0.02862013690173626,
0.017181504517793655,
0.031881265342235565,
-0.014413928613066673,
-0.017307206988334656,
0.009295984171330929,
0.0011705324286594987,
-0.029816171154379845,
0.01656256429851055,
0.009822973050177097,
-0.03999539092183113,
0.023931918665766716,
-0.00977221317589283,
-0.014191146939992905,
-0.02363763377070427,
0.030774040147662163,
0.0619896724820137,
0.03259476646780968,
0.00440349942073226,
-0.0012879545101895928,
-0.03254884481430054,
0.01624847762286663,
-0.026654928922653198,
0.028805362060666084,
0.016100190579891205,
-0.009617343544960022,
-0.03713185712695122,
-0.06429995596408844,
0.020414210855960846,
0.023789405822753906,
-0.01904062181711197,
0.010439188219606876,
-0.005213034804910421,
0.008198676630854607,
-0.02989918179810047,
-0.057972125709056854,
-0.007652507163584232,
-0.11134554445743561,
-0.015270940959453583,
0.020414074882864952,
-0.03626198694109917,
0.003002848941832781,
-0.03309684991836548,
-0.02119448035955429,
-0.06100960075855255,
-0.013260002247989178,
0.014165950939059258,
-0.048375941812992096,
-0.02958364225924015,
-0.000870688003487885,
0.020164702087640762,
-0.011542567983269691,
-0.012150369584560394,
-0.025667835026979446,
0.008733633905649185,
0.01019356306642294,
0.007648603990674019,
0.07851427048444748,
-0.016458064317703247,
0.016123365610837936,
0.003204458625987172,
-0.03509143367409706,
0.028243323788046837,
-0.04533994197845459,
0.02268161065876484,
0.06369728595018387,
-0.004563525319099426,
-0.006531206425279379,
-0.06682354211807251,
0.05244915187358856,
-0.01134201418608427,
0.022695349529385567,
0.010414882563054562,
-0.004067805130034685,
-0.018770774826407433,
0.013586616143584251,
0.016587238758802414,
0.01939920149743557,
-0.0366283617913723,
-0.013934867456555367,
-0.006063950713723898,
-0.002495050663128495,
0.01812153495848179,
0.05811050906777382,
-0.062108494341373444,
-0.01171199418604374,
0.041682664304971695,
-0.014193057082593441,
-0.05312541127204895,
-0.07424794882535934,
-0.052709463983774185,
0.0009604645892977715,
-0.002591495169326663,
0.02358751930296421,
-0.018102798610925674,
0.04882088303565979,
0.043178677558898926,
0.057171858847141266,
-0.022542232647538185,
-0.023530663922429085,
0.016724910587072372,
-0.03896210342645645,
-0.010950757190585136,
-0.048830024898052216,
-0.005092661827802658,
0.0823468565940857,
-0.02013116329908371,
0.0028846152126789093,
-0.023896213620901108,
-0.05338137969374657,
0.02622002176940441,
-0.017468683421611786,
-0.05819695442914963,
0.012045595794916153,
-0.015379746444523335,
-0.036865513771772385,
0.024065537378191948,
-0.013769927434623241,
-0.0061864834278821945,
-0.006832713261246681,
-0.050418682396411896,
-0.0010172533802688122,
-0.0052821338176727295,
0.07098012417554855,
-0.03487861528992653,
-0.009787446819245815,
-0.028715578839182854,
0.0205042976886034,
0.021414339542388916,
0.03228802978992462,
0.01893548108637333,
-0.024202223867177963,
-0.01875685341656208,
0.056771233677864075,
0.021835051476955414,
-0.012677161954343319,
-0.004123620223253965,
-0.0003363110590726137,
-0.0008958606631495059,
-0.05930224433541298,
0.05822927877306938,
0.017503885552287102,
0.004349560011178255,
-0.023661961778998375,
0.0721135213971138,
0.06474251300096512,
-0.050465863198041916,
-0.01532542984932661,
0.014899095520377159,
-0.03962855786085129,
0.011683751828968525,
0.003890948137268424,
0.005589039996266365,
-0.02415119670331478,
0.07333002984523773,
0.017228012904524803,
0.03243953362107277,
0.0432775504887104,
0.0038464837707579136,
-0.001345737255178392,
0.0349607989192009,
0.061295002698898315,
0.08268476277589798,
0.04587652161717415,
0.018865277990698814,
0.044795259833335876,
-0.03246862068772316,
-0.05497049167752266,
0.038807474076747894,
-0.01194550096988678,
-0.005514938849955797,
-0.02653385140001774,
0.015786927193403244,
0.06776329129934311,
-0.00470483535900712,
0.06928732991218567,
-0.03599220886826515,
-0.0061652506701648235,
0.012054139748215675,
0.006224298849701881,
0.004405786748975515,
0.020150721073150635,
0.0068306028842926025,
0.00946781225502491,
-0.033276159316301346,
-0.022589564323425293,
0.006967558991163969,
-0.010016210377216339,
-0.02238425798714161,
0.009398950263857841,
-0.0405232273042202,
-0.026946570724248886,
-0.033161599189043045,
0.04983452707529068,
0.08468683063983917,
-0.0381944514811039,
-0.0289000254124403,
0.004982874728739262,
0.019484639167785645,
0.03898824751377106,
0.03486786410212517,
0.006550200749188662,
-0.01854727603495121,
0.0031535248272120953,
-0.03659793362021446,
-0.0011358436895534396,
-0.003050244180485606,
-0.00448340130969882,
0.010517510585486889,
-0.012686148285865784,
-0.01851711794734001,
0.0052696941420435905,
0.0339924581348896,
-0.07205276191234589,
-0.058787498623132706,
-0.031140215694904327,
-0.0401093065738678,
-0.04801524430513382,
-0.03788231313228607,
0.008582151494920254,
0.007807188667356968,
-0.006856774911284447,
0.016705503687262535,
-0.05265611410140991,
-0.011754874140024185,
0.0376938134431839,
-0.09285075962543488,
-0.005946481134742498,
0.03659183159470558,
-0.026861315593123436,
-0.018710166215896606,
0.04291321337223053,
0.02598586119711399,
0.0008779646595939994,
-0.008681610226631165,
0.038299623876810074,
0.00213622790761292,
0.0355573408305645,
-0.005250073969364166,
-0.0058185746893286705,
-0.08470501750707626,
0.011937924660742283,
0.018960800021886826,
-0.054962437599897385,
-0.06938719004392624,
0.048681460320949554,
-0.001038872986100614,
0.006719263270497322,
0.056222911924123764,
0.010815491899847984,
0.03048068657517433,
-0.012983565218746662,
-0.04004857316613197,
-0.017193971201777458,
0.011193089187145233,
0.04999033361673355,
-0.011170752346515656,
0.058621250092983246,
0.032708290964365005,
0.0017259520245715976,
-0.05081503838300705,
0.02389470301568508,
-0.008631655015051365,
-0.0018193559953942895,
-0.04859612509608269,
-0.017774095758795738,
-0.02765429951250553,
-0.05806805565953255,
-0.015447406098246574,
0.038632605224847794,
0.0016610376769676805,
-0.031842246651649475,
-0.006417527329176664,
-0.02719718962907791,
-0.008723748847842216,
-0.0197814479470253,
0.006457240786403418,
0.0006220939103513956,
-0.05797190219163895,
-0.05014896020293236,
-0.0742390900850296,
0.018188083544373512,
-0.003055955283343792,
-0.005294625647366047,
-0.031114256009459496,
-0.04705454036593437,
0.015522468835115433,
0.02858109027147293,
0.04846649989485741,
-0.008078129962086678,
-0.00544990599155426,
-0.022777482867240906
] |
259 |
Herald: A Natural Language Annotated Lean 4 Dataset
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Se6MgCtRhz
|
[
"Guoxiong Gao",
"Yutong Wang",
"Jiedong Jiang",
"Qi Gao",
"Zihan Qin",
"Tianyi Xu",
"Bin Dong"
] |
Poster
|
Verifiable formal languages like Lean have profoundly impacted mathematical reasoning, particularly through the use of large language models (LLMs) for automated reasoning. A significant challenge in training LLMs for these formal languages is the lack of parallel datasets that align natural language with formal language proofs. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a novel framework for translating the Mathlib4 corpus (a unified library of mathematics in formal language Lean 4) into natural language. Building upon this, we employ a dual augmentation strategy that combines tactic-based and informal-based approaches, leveraging the Lean-jixia system, a Lean 4 analyzer. We present the results of this pipeline on Mathlib4 as Herald (Hierarchy and Retrieval-based Translated Lean Dataset). We also propose the Herald Translator, which is fine-tuned on Herald. Herald translator achieves a 96.7\% accuracy (Pass@128) on formalizing statements in the miniF2F-test and a 23.5\% accuracy on our internal graduate-level textbook dataset, outperforming InternLM2-Math-Plus-7B (73.0\% and 7.5\%) and TheoremLlama (50.1\% and 4.0\%). Furthermore, we propose a section-level translation framework for real-world applications. As a direct application of Herald translator, we have successfully translated a template section in the Stack project, marking a notable progress in the automatic formalization of graduate-level mathematical literature. Our model, along with the datasets, are open-sourced to the public.
|
Lean 4, Autoformalizing, LLM, Retrieval Augmented Generation, Dataset
| null | 13,870 |
2410.10878
|
[
0.0086351428180933,
-0.024928705766797066,
-0.03444444015622139,
0.03208978474140167,
0.03434162586927414,
0.04206051677465439,
0.021187245845794678,
0.02222820557653904,
-0.03287624567747116,
-0.01866912841796875,
-0.02543855644762516,
0.022547109052538872,
-0.041053783148527145,
-0.007229816168546677,
0.017795465886592865,
0.06314700841903687,
0.02815236523747444,
-0.004735017195343971,
0.03375612199306488,
-0.004671931266784668,
0.00047608427121303976,
-0.017883647233247757,
0.00712263910099864,
0.018715664744377136,
0.024089021608233452,
0.02363572083413601,
0.027697598561644554,
0.002629427704960108,
-0.03379682078957558,
-0.026633163914084435,
0.03362353518605232,
-0.014349333941936493,
0.010978096164762974,
-0.008048012852668762,
-0.001398360589519143,
-0.004388703498989344,
-0.011752178892493248,
0.04302864521741867,
0.027661478146910667,
-0.011065321043133736,
-0.04876743257045746,
0.02700093761086464,
0.02814510092139244,
-0.019456973299384117,
-0.055891815572977066,
-0.009797508828341961,
-0.1338873654603958,
0.018947210162878036,
-0.004396507982164621,
-0.02303660660982132,
-0.11934011429548264,
0.023839980363845825,
-0.002479062881320715,
-0.025842810049653053,
0.018194183707237244,
0.08903415501117706,
0.02832137607038021,
-0.10370831191539764,
0.0012961335014551878,
-0.052349358797073364,
-0.014149806462228298,
0.024720879271626472,
-0.006133646238595247,
0.0046197655610740185,
0.03317837417125702,
-0.008873529732227325,
-0.02443162351846695,
0.028565533459186554,
-0.06912621855735779,
-0.04886772483587265,
-0.017512841150164604,
0.033989645540714264,
-0.011446294374763966,
-0.006633278448134661,
-0.01269356720149517,
-0.07031215727329254,
0.013101202435791492,
0.05858469381928444,
0.05652788281440735,
-0.017525525763630867,
0.007743611931800842,
0.026672009378671646,
0.03613534942269325,
0.03499647229909897,
0.011768298223614693,
0.011277678422629833,
-0.04495339095592499,
-0.044284600764513016,
-0.04292156174778938,
0.05443694815039635,
0.013269174844026566,
-0.05259564891457558,
0.03571629151701927,
0.0269505362957716,
0.001035613240674138,
0.04490186274051666,
0.02254382334649563,
0.03544936701655388,
0.0065506985411047935,
-0.0002788208075799048,
-0.029336461797356606,
-0.042250942438840866,
0.060721710324287415,
-0.00589593593031168,
-0.09856154769659042,
-0.031418606638908386,
-0.02352142706513405,
-0.023832736536860466,
0.02763183042407036,
-0.002504316857084632,
-0.0013336831470951438,
0.002811472862958908,
-0.014315377920866013,
-0.008274133317172527,
-0.07338669896125793,
0.053570717573165894,
0.020382439717650414,
0.03794112801551819,
-0.028067653998732567,
-0.003877055598422885,
0.03646949678659439,
0.022990437224507332,
0.027505405247211456,
0.06567999720573425,
-0.01818629540503025,
0.03237730637192726,
-0.01487995870411396,
0.030846895650029182,
-0.03385476395487785,
-0.03206758201122284,
0.024874970316886902,
0.06028418615460396,
0.00031833149841986597,
0.0008331029093824327,
0.010437722317874432,
0.024158479645848274,
0.007528907153755426,
0.020093873143196106,
0.030914774164557457,
0.03541714698076248,
0.007365071214735508,
-0.013041499070823193,
0.05810263752937317,
-0.04808170348405838,
0.03875371441245079,
0.041308220475912094,
0.007644035387784243,
-0.019423244521021843,
-0.03611782565712929,
0.027620846405625343,
0.013371993787586689,
-0.009725295007228851,
0.020165584981441498,
-0.026835598051548004,
0.04280740022659302,
0.050682540982961655,
0.02118002064526081,
0.03745904564857483,
0.014233195222914219,
-0.009114537388086319,
-0.016994023695588112,
0.0028484007343649864,
-0.02620294690132141,
-0.020745988935232162,
-0.021746356040239334,
-0.02696826308965683,
0.04058537632226944,
0.018346529453992844,
-0.036242470145225525,
-0.02345431223511696,
-0.03022189624607563,
-0.05306224152445793,
0.07106196135282516,
-0.015063857659697533,
0.01503681018948555,
-0.03308272734284401,
0.06849625706672668,
-0.004252973478287458,
0.05028221011161804,
0.03186921030282974,
-0.07473750412464142,
0.051350031048059464,
0.013326932676136494,
-0.015890387818217278,
0.029488736763596535,
0.001785868313163519,
0.08418290317058563,
-0.03306460753083229,
0.008648640476167202,
0.033997081220149994,
-0.05899564176797867,
-0.04760277643799782,
0.04499196261167526,
0.006242562085390091,
0.04010220617055893,
-0.030315419659018517,
-0.013211257755756378,
0.08136596530675888,
0.012366603128612041,
0.046914778649806976,
0.02632788009941578,
-0.017767824232578278,
0.04251093417406082,
-0.007113033439964056,
0.013734770938754082,
0.01625675894320011,
0.007328913081437349,
-0.028004219755530357,
-0.09613893926143646,
0.0009127442026510835,
0.0009756525978446007,
-0.005228029564023018,
0.021894421428442,
-0.00019066724053118378,
0.027119820937514305,
0.015003887005150318,
0.002113763941451907,
-0.01083584688603878,
0.01762448251247406,
-0.052948109805583954,
0.07038356363773346,
-0.00023810486891306937,
0.0028904082719236612,
-0.04498424381017685,
-0.025824300944805145,
0.08961382508277893,
0.08412476629018784,
0.0006918935687281191,
-0.018855806440114975,
0.0651196762919426,
-0.009026392363011837,
-0.0007626813603565097,
-0.003928926307708025,
-0.061606816947460175,
0.005272584967315197,
-0.03463155776262283,
0.01048789732158184,
-0.01692165620625019,
0.06430913507938385,
-0.038735531270504,
0.002923864871263504,
0.048321086913347244,
-0.033859118819236755,
0.061059340834617615,
0.06398368626832962,
0.004074333235621452,
0.002445351565256715,
-0.013272718526422977,
-0.01395339798182249,
-0.030947096645832062,
-0.02940080501139164,
-0.013117324560880661,
-0.01552860252559185,
-0.0301325935870409,
-0.05338134244084358,
-0.03552817925810814,
-0.022212347015738487,
0.023520266637206078,
0.06624723225831985,
0.07118341326713562,
0.0033062563743442297,
-0.003972070291638374,
0.01249103993177414,
-0.07647518068552017,
0.020605308935046196,
-0.09114600718021393,
-0.016852283850312233,
-0.01157400757074356,
0.03576897457242012,
-0.012343103997409344,
0.03155193105340004,
0.0021519288420677185,
0.022136079147458076,
-0.0008469254826195538,
-0.055550988763570786,
-0.004492057487368584,
0.0045845480635762215,
-0.038274236023426056,
-0.06631767004728317,
-0.04276077821850777,
-0.02409057505428791,
0.07815541326999664,
-0.04327275976538658,
-0.03363019973039627,
-0.03314804285764694,
-0.02206878922879696,
0.011244360357522964,
-0.06151766702532768,
0.03838084638118744,
0.005203902721405029,
-0.003357256529852748,
0.012794580310583115,
-0.05221005901694298,
-0.013529492542147636,
0.06514672935009003,
0.045151662081480026,
0.014542395249009132,
-0.03791315481066704,
-0.024287136271595955,
0.005758638959378004,
-0.017730221152305603,
0.03751538693904877,
0.003915189765393734,
0.04051315411925316,
-0.009352712891995907,
-0.01472601667046547,
-0.003419192275032401,
-0.004236999899148941,
-0.27910342812538147,
0.0058385590091347694,
-0.026310620829463005,
-0.03965434804558754,
0.04522870108485222,
-0.0029460592195391655,
0.038564253598451614,
-0.023384010419249535,
-0.04224468767642975,
0.011174633167684078,
-0.004284534137696028,
0.01530491653829813,
0.0031632580794394016,
0.04264414310455322,
0.03657300025224686,
0.0518043152987957,
-0.023439528420567513,
-0.06053418293595314,
0.02437106892466545,
0.038821008056402206,
-0.006685310043394566,
-0.053016189485788345,
-0.015325235202908516,
0.06768868118524551,
0.019580507650971413,
0.022070545703172684,
-0.06884077191352844,
0.021632304415106773,
-0.06943485140800476,
0.013226217590272427,
0.038437798619270325,
-0.011742591857910156,
-0.00760652543976903,
0.006326085422188044,
0.016895068809390068,
0.013465331867337227,
0.06259868294000626,
0.0008679938036948442,
0.0522489957511425,
0.0002547217591200024,
0.023771649226546288,
-0.026527829468250275,
-0.03600994870066643,
-0.013436584733426571,
0.04739406332373619,
0.012264726683497429,
-0.0498662143945694,
-0.028603998944163322,
-0.042790088802576065,
0.031587865203619,
-0.015269138850271702,
-0.025300435721874237,
-0.020024888217449188,
-0.038401395082473755,
-0.014209753833711147,
-0.019786665216088295,
-0.011760508641600609,
-0.022177617996931076,
-0.0646783709526062,
0.02761225588619709,
0.019782215356826782,
-0.04077422246336937,
-0.015867367386817932,
-0.04925355315208435,
-0.07086795568466187,
-0.056834906339645386,
-0.05931656062602997,
-0.060563597828149796,
0.03232407197356224,
0.03606647253036499,
-0.02392023615539074,
0.0032139907125383615,
-0.007002194877713919,
-0.10097146034240723,
-0.04162115231156349,
-0.002971961162984371,
-0.0021307221613824368,
-0.0004641263803932816,
0.01873459294438362,
0.035564132034778595,
-0.039698246866464615,
-0.06087884679436684,
0.00035678953281603754,
0.046965353190898895,
0.007288173772394657,
-0.012770228087902069,
-0.0001158795494120568,
-0.03583526238799095,
0.0012300085509195924,
-0.01600555144250393,
0.02455073408782482,
-0.016549929976463318,
0.014354818500578403,
0.018835529685020447,
0.057234395295381546,
-0.0013010355178266764,
0.010999996215105057,
0.05362772196531296,
0.03153644874691963,
0.0065581053495407104,
0.008012431673705578,
-0.08584138005971909,
-0.0003514667332638055,
-0.02836061269044876,
-0.009094849228858948,
0.024003196507692337,
-0.0491088330745697,
0.005199185106903315,
0.03167319670319557,
-0.01588638313114643,
-0.052226755768060684,
-0.017199961468577385,
-0.006415484938770533,
0.011327232234179974,
-0.042612262070178986,
-0.013668126426637173,
0.01993246003985405,
0.014147905632853508,
0.016930481418967247,
-0.010343250818550587,
-0.05050636827945709,
0.030183663591742516,
-0.015920469537377357,
-0.03311231732368469,
-0.034744977951049805,
-0.006877339910715818,
-0.010261611081659794,
-0.009188053198158741,
-0.019969716668128967,
-0.015048575587570667,
-0.012386652640998363,
0.00970208179205656,
-0.010204313322901726,
0.019621625542640686,
0.026201816275715828,
0.001009250176139176,
-0.031776659190654755,
-0.023509910330176353,
0.00628099637106061,
-0.0029794888105243444,
0.010263150557875633,
-0.008061680942773819,
0.023154743015766144,
0.011552264913916588,
0.06032301485538483,
-0.013058598153293133,
0.032473351806402206,
0.01786167174577713,
0.014180283062160015,
0.01733146235346794,
0.012959618121385574,
-0.05871133506298065,
0.025597333908081055,
-0.024347251281142235,
0.007523094769567251,
-0.00931008905172348,
-0.0014610446523874998,
0.032830528914928436,
-0.007160467095673084,
-0.06508123129606247,
0.006064569111913443,
0.023652508854866028,
0.01563018560409546,
-0.02399587444961071,
0.007197135128080845,
0.032918695360422134,
-0.04167340323328972,
0.033240001648664474,
0.02389291301369667,
0.018808497115969658,
0.0051969136111438274,
-0.01857755519449711,
-0.0356687568128109,
0.017125071957707405,
-0.036176107823848724,
0.022023091092705727,
0.0294765904545784,
-0.006411097012460232,
-0.023553455248475075,
0.04073246568441391,
-0.029964419081807137,
0.008157341741025448,
-0.0033016519155353308,
0.03203105926513672,
0.06387342512607574,
0.03654523193836212,
0.011439875699579716,
-0.01877785474061966,
-0.050467539578676224,
0.012931481935083866,
-0.00404731510207057,
-0.005079490132629871,
-0.013344763778150082,
-0.01988457888364792,
-0.05941671505570412,
-0.03692423552274704,
0.031004494056105614,
0.031489789485931396,
-0.013111243955790997,
0.01930888742208481,
0.003336542285978794,
-0.00046175738680176437,
-0.07240373641252518,
-0.002032184274867177,
0.02570166625082493,
-0.06461934745311737,
-0.007886956445872784,
-0.0014685605419799685,
0.006401141174137592,
-0.004781559109687805,
-0.013346238061785698,
-0.0581551119685173,
-0.05888501927256584,
-0.02076658420264721,
0.0061430674977600574,
-0.02243383415043354,
-0.0008916989318095148,
-0.0010957005433738232,
-0.022467689588665962,
-0.0505344532430172,
0.014235212467610836,
0.013634609058499336,
-0.006638812832534313,
-0.0005668549565598369,
0.024325579404830933,
0.030643846839666367,
-0.02086743339896202,
-0.013712631538510323,
0.002954619936645031,
-0.030476508662104607,
0.02616266906261444,
-0.046585895121097565,
0.014267485588788986,
0.022390784695744514,
0.04917681962251663,
-0.008786407299339771,
-0.053421229124069214,
0.0044137281365692616,
-0.0050500668585300446,
0.021189114078879356,
0.012532331980764866,
-0.03299293667078018,
0.005422668065875769,
0.02034401148557663,
-0.013109032064676285,
0.026924196630716324,
0.013935722410678864,
-0.006935484241694212,
0.020941924303770065,
0.005359507165849209,
-0.012101457454264164,
0.012233538553118706,
-0.01706976629793644,
-0.013260402716696262,
0.05994407460093498,
-0.03665262833237648,
-0.020921938121318817,
-0.06742042303085327,
-0.05845683068037033,
0.009937413036823273,
-0.004740613978356123,
0.027335532009601593,
-0.04175258055329323,
0.045814767479896545,
0.008612583391368389,
0.07470209896564484,
0.014540371485054493,
-0.023335399106144905,
0.06660889089107513,
-0.048823680728673935,
-0.026705343276262283,
-0.0846986174583435,
0.006931987591087818,
0.06375177204608917,
-0.028971243649721146,
-0.036200523376464844,
-0.017967399209737778,
-0.014242693781852722,
-0.004812634550035,
-0.022158734500408173,
-0.04091928154230118,
0.026839865371584892,
-0.011135879904031754,
0.001709183445200324,
-0.0005448175361379981,
-0.007006792817264795,
0.03882269933819771,
0.0025677348021417856,
-0.022455967962741852,
0.02494978904724121,
-0.00947815552353859,
0.03216888755559921,
-0.0035011260770261288,
0.02925909496843815,
-0.03948121890425682,
0.016508713364601135,
0.03967584669589996,
0.057217035442590714,
0.014433630742132664,
0.05635705217719078,
-0.01853485405445099,
0.08855101466178894,
0.04150696471333504,
-0.006633643060922623,
0.025444237515330315,
0.01795203611254692,
-0.03107813373208046,
-0.052054744213819504,
0.04335910826921463,
0.015639621764421463,
-0.008845997042953968,
-0.032087888568639755,
0.10046166926622391,
0.019489355385303497,
-0.0552038811147213,
-0.016532743349671364,
0.014353851787745953,
-0.021804530173540115,
0.0023118474055081606,
-0.007563493214547634,
-0.004230024758726358,
-0.0352049358189106,
0.043974071741104126,
-0.0015067131025716662,
0.027227893471717834,
0.07976759970188141,
0.01195918582379818,
-0.008002984337508678,
-0.006614561192691326,
0.06151643395423889,
0.03067934513092041,
0.04283759370446205,
-0.0027097188867628574,
0.06698855012655258,
-0.053018826991319656,
-0.039993077516555786,
0.004662972409278154,
0.025263069197535515,
0.027143847197294235,
-0.015889039263129234,
0.034659113734960556,
0.07678008824586868,
-0.01505548320710659,
0.053719308227300644,
-0.024588437750935555,
-0.020447364076972008,
0.008759111166000366,
0.03185698017477989,
0.03116333857178688,
0.06696722656488419,
-0.013650701381266117,
0.0399673692882061,
-0.04833069071173668,
0.009667836129665375,
-0.013648796826601028,
-0.057714708149433136,
-0.03127303346991539,
0.008685880340635777,
-0.01117613073438406,
0.004784252028912306,
-0.04850660264492035,
0.034483902156353,
0.12438204884529114,
-0.04007978364825249,
-0.03405068442225456,
0.03776402398943901,
0.04888061061501503,
0.037570927292108536,
0.012296587228775024,
0.006931371055543423,
-0.029721980914473534,
-0.01902974210679531,
-0.030703440308570862,
0.02586524747312069,
-0.003974250517785549,
-0.03561298921704292,
0.02128428965806961,
-0.014400403015315533,
-0.04457224905490875,
0.014956317842006683,
0.008297436870634556,
-0.055415570735931396,
-0.03297163173556328,
-0.004296427126973867,
-0.03711787983775139,
-0.0449783094227314,
-0.0012264318065717816,
0.03560358285903931,
-0.017341628670692444,
-0.027498392388224602,
0.0007310077198781073,
-0.0416986420750618,
0.02664858289062977,
-0.011390081606805325,
-0.052283745259046555,
0.02011195197701454,
0.024418393149971962,
0.029949119314551353,
-0.018002135679125786,
0.03523297235369682,
0.008617619052529335,
0.0035339819733053446,
0.008257110603153706,
0.012425568886101246,
0.02004527673125267,
-0.013807122595608234,
0.039799295365810394,
0.01627667248249054,
-0.07345759868621826,
-0.017880994826555252,
0.002248175675049424,
-0.01375618763267994,
-0.07595351338386536,
0.025021791458129883,
-0.0006698849028907716,
0.00656287232413888,
0.07417912781238556,
0.011708030477166176,
0.016705522313714027,
0.00882161408662796,
-0.006656230427324772,
0.03446008265018463,
0.033461928367614746,
0.045055147260427475,
-0.032409556210041046,
0.0738956406712532,
0.01674370840191841,
-0.04137253016233444,
-0.04252772405743599,
0.027225304394960403,
-0.02021430991590023,
0.0027307590935379267,
-0.05804348364472389,
-0.019493503496050835,
-0.029106449335813522,
-0.06019708514213562,
-0.014841298572719097,
0.026896173134446144,
-0.04247051104903221,
-0.0427643321454525,
0.01105458103120327,
0.012947366572916508,
-0.022669952362775803,
0.05993465706706047,
-0.004077233374118805,
-0.004226434975862503,
-0.04658427834510803,
-0.04109426587820053,
-0.03744438290596008,
0.009952159598469734,
0.011345725506544113,
0.04491107910871506,
-0.02909408137202263,
-0.033646319061517715,
0.002815739018842578,
0.00821416825056076,
0.01578919030725956,
0.0005938627291470766,
0.004141522571444511,
0.0061772605404257774
] |
260 |
Efficient Residual Learning with Mixture-of-Experts for Universal Dexterous Grasping
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=BUj9VSCoET
|
[
"Ziye Huang",
"Haoqi Yuan",
"Yuhui Fu",
"Zongqing Lu"
] |
Poster
|
Universal dexterous grasping across diverse objects presents a fundamental yet formidable challenge in robot learning. Existing approaches using reinforcement learning (RL) to develop policies on extensive object datasets face critical limitations, including complex curriculum design for multi-task learning and limited generalization to unseen objects.
To overcome these challenges, we introduce ResDex, a novel approach that integrates residual policy learning with a mixture-of-experts (MoE) framework. ResDex is distinguished by its use of geometry-agnostic base policies that are efficiently acquired on individual objects and capable of generalizing across a wide range of unseen objects. Our MoE framework incorporates several base policies to facilitate diverse grasping styles suitable for various objects. By learning residual actions alongside weights that combine these base policies, ResDex enables efficient multi-task RL for universal dexterous grasping.
ResDex achieves state-of-the-art performance on the DexGraspNet dataset comprising 3,200 objects with an 88.8% success rate. It exhibits no generalization gap with unseen objects and demonstrates superior training efficiency, mastering all tasks within only 12 hours on a single GPU. For further details and videos, visit our project page.
|
dexterous grasping, residual policy learning, reinforcement learning
| null | 13,867 |
2410.02475
|
[
-0.003756109392270446,
-0.02269729971885681,
0.014151130802929401,
0.055015839636325836,
0.040165673941373825,
0.05891868472099304,
0.007754433434456587,
-0.014315144158899784,
-0.04660746827721596,
-0.05565075948834419,
-0.015128718689084053,
0.03346928581595421,
-0.05906784161925316,
-0.016684887930750847,
-0.013014771975576878,
0.07414288073778152,
0.02701139822602272,
-0.017795365303754807,
-0.036645516753196716,
0.02935183420777321,
0.015369066037237644,
-0.05758102983236313,
0.04097358509898186,
-0.0001644610019866377,
0.030199207365512848,
0.03255770355463028,
0.03305668756365776,
0.039989180862903595,
-0.01517750695347786,
-0.035243887454271317,
0.022302750498056412,
0.0004447831306606531,
0.030819715932011604,
-0.031513892114162445,
0.020304255187511444,
-0.015446379780769348,
-0.021309908479452133,
0.0035374623257666826,
0.004775879438966513,
0.009266071021556854,
0.0006080367602407932,
-0.00881875678896904,
-0.02520754560828209,
-0.023030852898955345,
-0.0186608973890543,
0.02145543321967125,
-0.08418753743171692,
0.01430132333189249,
0.007619073148816824,
-0.04870253801345825,
-0.10071580111980438,
0.011845452710986137,
0.03373824805021286,
-0.026709556579589844,
-0.01975131593644619,
0.01463934313505888,
0.04484391212463379,
-0.0530012845993042,
0.0013550283620133996,
-0.05713852122426033,
-0.036478396505117416,
0.025584984570741653,
0.010649002157151699,
0.05057232826948166,
-0.02128191478550434,
0.009974716231226921,
0.03591779246926308,
0.03056890331208706,
-0.030462341383099556,
0.0031335942912846804,
-0.01690453663468361,
-0.04383595660328865,
0.002192022977396846,
0.035617221146821976,
0.006848584860563278,
-0.05980639532208443,
0.01922048069536686,
0.021869493648409843,
0.05456184223294258,
-0.008991664275527,
0.03019055724143982,
-0.0010364910122007132,
0.0006215261528268456,
0.01311954203993082,
0.030824758112430573,
0.027252839878201485,
-0.044479768723249435,
-0.02011759579181671,
-0.0827295109629631,
0.024029817432165146,
-0.037281494587659836,
-0.0595695860683918,
0.04439610242843628,
0.03147955983877182,
-0.012906048446893692,
0.016053788363933563,
-0.00538218580186367,
0.014127478934824467,
0.016208963468670845,
0.02028743177652359,
-0.025315821170806885,
-0.04180561378598213,
0.02973432093858719,
0.0038566032890230417,
-0.0918535441160202,
-0.024805553257465363,
-0.010411793366074562,
0.018312478438019753,
-0.03291650488972664,
-0.0018046495970338583,
-0.059510018676519394,
0.010670450516045094,
0.003856947645545006,
-0.04123430699110031,
-0.09774455428123474,
0.049624253064394,
0.031904395669698715,
0.033124811947345734,
0.0032122803386300802,
0.005829264875501394,
0.059635989367961884,
0.05576531961560249,
0.0003428644558880478,
0.05906975641846657,
0.0037557685282081366,
-0.004521914757788181,
-0.026241058483719826,
0.007890041917562485,
-0.00016945133393164724,
-0.03672274947166443,
0.05088372901082039,
0.039540186524391174,
-0.010006259195506573,
-0.016324913129210472,
-0.021236639469861984,
-0.006817676592618227,
0.028221534565091133,
0.024601029232144356,
0.03109070286154747,
0.01284827571362257,
-0.0026072990149259567,
-0.05875999107956886,
0.055916883051395416,
-0.05828133225440979,
0.08309534937143326,
-0.010495699010789394,
0.011117932386696339,
-0.006633545272052288,
-0.04419294744729996,
0.0192180834710598,
0.013064754195511341,
-0.014476736076176167,
0.024723811075091362,
-0.055380240082740784,
0.026409022510051727,
0.06252755969762802,
0.014887184835970402,
0.01160444039851427,
0.007525998167693615,
0.0036257209721952677,
0.009221880696713924,
-0.03160320222377777,
-0.048427335917949677,
-0.0014932085759937763,
-0.016440587118268013,
-0.07090736925601959,
0.04090091213583946,
0.030331026762723923,
-0.003919539507478476,
-0.004901369567960501,
-0.04502204805612564,
-0.03766210749745369,
0.04218778759241104,
-0.03261427581310272,
-0.0029156676027923822,
-0.019290028139948845,
0.030492380261421204,
-0.012992636300623417,
0.040598176419734955,
0.03179497271776199,
-0.07154787331819534,
0.03244558349251747,
0.0041301799938082695,
-0.019983137026429176,
-0.009481208398938179,
0.0011126353638246655,
0.08634712547063828,
-0.022989394143223763,
0.009691703133285046,
0.02834756299853325,
-0.07182355970144272,
-0.021572332829236984,
0.018608245998620987,
-0.04091772809624672,
0.04236350208520889,
0.022152487188577652,
-0.04100609943270683,
0.08112093806266785,
0.004731782712042332,
0.05370933562517166,
0.011198678985238075,
-0.03937777876853943,
0.04531332105398178,
-0.016327638179063797,
-0.015045011416077614,
-0.03456256911158562,
0.02112434245646,
-0.053144633769989014,
0.015272305347025394,
0.02323024533689022,
-0.015473831444978714,
-0.029266128316521645,
-0.009569971822202206,
-0.01808326691389084,
0.003356317989528179,
0.026934336870908737,
0.012135940603911877,
-0.01725509762763977,
0.0032014420721679926,
-0.014928904362022877,
0.037648752331733704,
0.010069062933325768,
-0.04105789214372635,
-0.004607595037668943,
-0.04476917162537575,
0.10382804274559021,
0.07402276247739792,
-0.03855200111865997,
-0.030053136870265007,
0.004136262461543083,
0.008321581408381462,
0.007583105005323887,
0.005315203685313463,
-0.03600442409515381,
0.015833836048841476,
0.0006238742498680949,
0.027189943939447403,
-0.047337863594293594,
0.04350639134645462,
-0.04571588709950447,
-0.027177395299077034,
0.08041932433843613,
0.023692341521382332,
0.04043594375252724,
0.010424168780446053,
0.011816877871751785,
0.05542419105768204,
0.04401513934135437,
-0.006414611358195543,
-0.035804130136966705,
-0.008760684169828892,
0.013039476238191128,
-0.002593655837699771,
0.016491055488586426,
0.019723691046237946,
-0.045080117881298065,
-0.00736191077157855,
-0.03945049270987511,
0.051114004105329514,
0.02994653396308422,
0.027459794655442238,
0.04535176232457161,
-0.02300850860774517,
-0.021078169345855713,
-0.04486730694770813,
-0.11087251454591751,
-0.05161532759666443,
-0.015429094433784485,
0.02632766216993332,
0.043182291090488434,
0.015313560143113136,
0.006123872473835945,
0.06528788805007935,
-0.03342299908399582,
-0.02565542608499527,
-0.00842655636370182,
0.016388023272156715,
0.035140227526426315,
-0.018693653866648674,
-0.05472060665488243,
-0.005807014182209969,
0.06543370336294174,
-0.017622964456677437,
-0.012074130587279797,
-0.03008221834897995,
-0.030849147588014603,
-0.004675971809774637,
-0.05743696168065071,
-0.01891844905912876,
-0.009438762441277504,
0.03734378144145012,
0.03468581289052963,
-0.051975030452013016,
0.01823323406279087,
0.004940878599882126,
0.029495596885681152,
0.04338613525032997,
-0.022016601637005806,
-0.013811285607516766,
0.005625306628644466,
-0.010900042951107025,
0.02414863370358944,
-0.017358839511871338,
-0.0007689915364608169,
0.015216939151287079,
-0.014024458825588226,
0.007553291041404009,
0.015587374567985535,
-0.252949059009552,
-0.0604340098798275,
0.02246386744081974,
0.0185946486890316,
0.04816189408302307,
0.0036551915109157562,
0.05750475823879242,
-0.033312562853097916,
-0.03552010655403137,
-0.013201897032558918,
0.046617887914180756,
0.02911505661904812,
0.026554595679044724,
0.04514346271753311,
0.058122262358665466,
0.034951139241456985,
0.027330884709954262,
-0.041979849338531494,
-0.004693873692303896,
0.004483974538743496,
-0.005826130509376526,
-0.09089358150959015,
-0.019926592707633972,
0.0005325503880158067,
-0.02239036373794079,
0.02129598893225193,
-0.08882886916399002,
-0.014179809018969536,
-0.025674698874354362,
-0.02980424277484417,
0.010700018145143986,
-0.0006575012230314314,
-0.027554387226700783,
0.0368456207215786,
0.010409771464765072,
0.025088272988796234,
0.06815455108880997,
-0.019790608435869217,
0.018406309187412262,
-0.019523046910762787,
0.003220170270651579,
-0.03274603560566902,
-0.023240292444825172,
0.010830862447619438,
0.0655093565583229,
0.04282102361321449,
-0.051590967923402786,
-0.057512763887643814,
-0.007366670295596123,
0.020587805658578873,
0.06084144115447998,
-0.02135634981095791,
-0.013703111559152603,
0.03492986783385277,
0.0695231705904007,
-0.009740939363837242,
0.0003641134244389832,
-0.01164066419005394,
0.0023071346804499626,
0.016333717852830887,
0.029912451282143593,
-0.05206415802240372,
-0.037220992147922516,
-0.041186895221471786,
-0.01769174076616764,
-0.042009349912405014,
-0.040832582861185074,
-0.07074358314275742,
0.0281098373234272,
0.03612229973077774,
-0.05265846848487854,
-0.0012007891200482845,
-0.018742289394140244,
-0.08949390053749084,
0.02881745807826519,
0.003685758914798498,
-0.005840763449668884,
-0.03674832358956337,
0.022498099133372307,
0.03146642819046974,
-0.04689585790038109,
-0.03986058011651039,
0.004025195725262165,
0.0048084263689816,
-0.001779115991666913,
-0.024389712139964104,
0.013128737919032574,
-0.07740240544080734,
-0.006275887135416269,
-0.03523310646414757,
0.015499482862651348,
-0.00422253180295229,
-0.010853389278054237,
0.007726393174380064,
0.06012174114584923,
0.02108428254723549,
0.024149546399712563,
0.035634081810712814,
0.04442558437585831,
0.0045674084685742855,
0.004872956778854132,
-0.0869121104478836,
-0.01609254628419876,
-0.056504540145397186,
-0.00813633855432272,
-0.008723230101168156,
-0.055436212569475174,
-0.013364494778215885,
0.04696550592780113,
0.014325023628771305,
0.0000512188344146125,
-0.008083290420472622,
0.007170746102929115,
-0.02562621235847473,
0.0006877139094285667,
0.003386140102520585,
0.013268953189253807,
0.02585776150226593,
0.05046401917934418,
-0.009024838916957378,
-0.02844131924211979,
0.07012803852558136,
-0.016873955726623535,
0.006364867556840181,
-0.013445538468658924,
-0.03359265625476837,
0.019047794863581657,
-0.02374560572206974,
-0.001062678056769073,
-0.003543937811627984,
0.0004101078084204346,
0.0429023914039135,
-0.01921427994966507,
0.031162772327661514,
0.05206155776977539,
0.027624618262052536,
-0.0030723700765520334,
-0.004590737167745829,
0.03546464815735817,
-0.025114895775914192,
0.004567413590848446,
0.00472299475222826,
0.015008984133601189,
0.017553655430674553,
0.028865601867437363,
0.014404543675482273,
0.03458339720964432,
0.024154840037226677,
-0.0021705415565520525,
0.004582321736961603,
0.039331577718257904,
-0.078119195997715,
-0.0018688422860577703,
-0.025594478473067284,
0.034517791122198105,
-0.055341579020023346,
0.00630736630409956,
0.002448954153805971,
0.035183608531951904,
-0.09263081848621368,
0.016588782891631126,
0.04098832979798317,
-0.028905494138598442,
-0.007437293883413076,
0.03743159770965576,
0.04382455348968506,
-0.03430083394050598,
-0.02326366677880287,
0.016297809779644012,
-0.01557728461921215,
0.013061445206403732,
-0.048176754266023636,
-0.021026624366641045,
-0.019655609503388405,
-0.03046340122818947,
0.024334192276000977,
-0.011214212514460087,
-0.014053422957658768,
-0.016669733449816704,
0.0436660461127758,
0.024682946503162384,
-0.01141726691275835,
-0.014462736435234547,
-0.02867318131029606,
0.05467531085014343,
0.008048533461987972,
-0.02245943620800972,
-0.04380963742733002,
-0.015978071838617325,
0.008421585895121098,
-0.012333258986473083,
0.04695551097393036,
0.0029445600230246782,
0.00454357685521245,
-0.03612976521253586,
-0.05298174172639847,
-0.005197995342314243,
0.056623347103595734,
-0.028960825875401497,
0.006418829783797264,
-0.012255614623427391,
0.028159940615296364,
-0.031416330486536026,
-0.01975710690021515,
0.015346952714025974,
-0.06319127231836319,
0.002030501374974847,
0.023219797760248184,
0.02374017983675003,
0.003855639835819602,
-0.05252011492848396,
-0.04199979454278946,
0.004797568079084158,
-0.025974387302994728,
-0.011899649165570736,
0.003434222424402833,
0.009334751404821873,
-0.027194300666451454,
-0.02100151777267456,
-0.015960879623889923,
0.0349036268889904,
-0.0018766288412734866,
-0.0400693453848362,
-0.0015680030919611454,
-0.01060391403734684,
0.0832020491361618,
-0.012379452586174011,
-0.024921702221035957,
0.026963060721755028,
0.011503409594297409,
0.008286627940833569,
-0.0411040298640728,
0.002061073202639818,
0.05941182002425194,
-0.01889016292989254,
0.04950956255197525,
-0.04957812279462814,
0.0536542609333992,
0.01814744621515274,
-0.047848209738731384,
0.017939623445272446,
0.006412205286324024,
-0.018330436199903488,
0.028225503861904144,
-0.012963913381099701,
0.007245549000799656,
0.02367560938000679,
0.005554480943828821,
0.016191693022847176,
0.02098800428211689,
0.024291278794407845,
0.012453188188374043,
-0.033097803592681885,
0.006779758259654045,
0.04974957928061485,
-0.0020147415343672037,
-0.014976846054196358,
-0.07209915667772293,
-0.01797843538224697,
0.030730366706848145,
-0.004250046797096729,
0.04405498877167702,
-0.034633249044418335,
0.02341560460627079,
0.009057129733264446,
0.0270038153976202,
-0.01497444324195385,
-0.048289019614458084,
0.03971053659915924,
-0.09027187526226044,
0.022260764613747597,
-0.05197255313396454,
-0.013012727722525597,
0.0757138803601265,
-0.03277591988444328,
-0.0047989655286073685,
-0.018895132467150688,
-0.044529519975185394,
0.03463133051991463,
-0.01514704804867506,
-0.059683848172426224,
0.02414758875966072,
-0.042327675968408585,
-0.02637449838221073,
0.009502425789833069,
-0.056895188987255096,
-0.021889852359890938,
-0.006491942796856165,
-0.012786230072379112,
-0.001930376049131155,
-0.017124522477388382,
0.02027052268385887,
-0.011671223677694798,
0.026053447276353836,
-0.008468500338494778,
0.012020477093756199,
0.025267498567700386,
0.036093439906835556,
0.021415721625089645,
0.028657877817749977,
-0.03887336701154709,
0.058715324848890305,
0.0274515263736248,
0.016863320022821426,
-0.013071365654468536,
0.014989099465310574,
0.043582573533058167,
-0.020949646830558777,
0.04519522190093994,
0.01252463087439537,
-0.012508482672274113,
-0.05420839041471481,
0.039387572556734085,
0.01919391192495823,
-0.060153551399707794,
-0.016957297921180725,
0.006965424865484238,
-0.07177255302667618,
-0.03672707453370094,
0.002181191695854068,
-0.0061198640614748,
0.03286698833107948,
0.06351520121097565,
0.0028126363176852465,
0.029100436717271805,
0.0961790606379509,
0.05137176811695099,
-0.020344866439700127,
0.008075663819909096,
0.09262751787900925,
0.04129978269338608,
0.027720129117369652,
-0.017108814790844917,
0.0637349858880043,
-0.029705962166190147,
-0.06061471626162529,
0.06576584279537201,
0.01823665201663971,
0.021937521174550056,
-0.038400452584028244,
0.007482179906219244,
0.05836401507258415,
-0.003808169160038233,
0.03703470155596733,
-0.04115185886621475,
-0.025815607979893684,
0.044956274330616,
0.0028637719806283712,
0.017236245796084404,
0.02118098922073841,
0.05115373060107231,
0.026971638202667236,
-0.02092127688229084,
-0.008952989242970943,
-0.011303686536848545,
-0.05077047646045685,
0.0016357875429093838,
0.010141236707568169,
-0.019453777000308037,
0.022491455078125,
0.010926113463938236,
0.024141518399119377,
0.12462776899337769,
-0.04347618296742439,
-0.04205869138240814,
0.01117649208754301,
0.014257332310080528,
0.02424771338701248,
0.031364988535642624,
0.012228773906826973,
-0.01446497905999422,
0.015179680660367012,
-0.04234062507748604,
0.04638342931866646,
0.007251763250678778,
-0.003382086753845215,
0.038022495806217194,
-0.03596825152635574,
-0.04217079281806946,
0.006385745480656624,
0.004050135146826506,
-0.0473477728664875,
-0.04298386350274086,
-0.04421509429812431,
-0.027096474543213844,
-0.04129214957356453,
-0.03519158810377121,
0.04319697618484497,
0.027898596599698067,
-0.009336572140455246,
0.01640520617365837,
-0.00837178248912096,
0.02741132117807865,
0.019903715699911118,
-0.05609048530459404,
0.006428382825106382,
0.026199089363217354,
-0.014299080707132816,
0.003117028856649995,
0.07322438061237335,
0.03705887123942375,
0.0015248317504301667,
-0.026664776727557182,
0.03531641885638237,
0.030490748584270477,
0.027895310893654823,
-0.029498549178242683,
-0.029685935005545616,
-0.08419068157672882,
-0.006565797608345747,
0.013424389064311981,
-0.0315665677189827,
-0.07761713117361069,
-0.0039702546782791615,
-0.06748155504465103,
0.009438050910830498,
0.06883344054222107,
-0.03304387629032135,
0.033392421901226044,
-0.005180972162634134,
-0.011687103658914566,
-0.001270413980819285,
0.006956912577152252,
0.05149763822555542,
-0.036167073994874954,
0.053152088075876236,
0.06163671985268593,
-0.016887206584215164,
-0.024712281301617622,
0.01835702359676361,
0.004123782739043236,
-0.013947617262601852,
0.003294531721621752,
-0.0037217100616544485,
-0.031245103105902672,
-0.1046815738081932,
-0.05144299194216728,
0.03209344670176506,
-0.000011351417924743146,
-0.051184650510549545,
-0.008899126201868057,
0.004151937551796436,
0.03400309383869171,
-0.0030280910432338715,
-0.03820503130555153,
0.02032642811536789,
-0.04507392644882202,
-0.011328592896461487,
-0.05799082666635513,
0.02467012032866478,
-0.054091792553663254,
0.00839012861251831,
-0.013034570030868053,
-0.016907546669244766,
-0.0049622817896306515,
-0.02293708361685276,
0.033005207777023315,
0.013253564946353436,
0.02136230282485485,
-0.016284972429275513
] |
261 |
DPLM-2: A Multimodal Diffusion Protein Language Model
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=5z9GjHgerY
|
[
"Xinyou Wang",
"Zaixiang Zheng",
"Fei YE",
"Dongyu Xue",
"Shujian Huang",
"Quanquan Gu"
] |
Poster
|
Proteins are essential macromolecules defined by their amino acid sequences, which determine their three-dimensional structures and, consequently, their functions in all living organisms. Therefore, generative protein modeling necessitates a multimodal approach to simultaneously model, understand, and generate both sequences and structures. However, existing methods typically use separate models for each modality, limiting their ability to capture the intricate relationships between sequence and structure. This results in suboptimal performance in tasks that requires joint understanding and generation of both modalities.
In this paper, we introduce DPLM-2, a multimodal protein foundation model that extends discrete diffusion protein language model (DPLM) to accommodate both sequences and structures.
To enable structural learning with the language model, 3D coordinates are converted to discrete tokens using a lookup-free quantization-based tokenizer.
By training on both experimental and high-quality synthetic structures, DPLM-2 learns the joint distribution of sequence and structure, as well as their marginals and conditionals.
We also implement an efficient warm-up strategy to exploit the connection between large-scale evolutionary data and structural inductive biases from pre-trained sequence-based protein language models.
Empirical evaluation shows that DPLM-2 can simultaneously generate highly compatible amino acid sequences and their corresponding 3D structures eliminating the need for a two-stage generation approach.
Moreover, DPLM-2 demonstrates competitive performance in various conditional generation tasks, including folding, inverse folding, and scaffolding with multimodal motif inputs.
|
protein foundation model, diffusion language model, multimodal language model
| null | 13,865 | null |
[
-0.03508985787630081,
-0.009045876562595367,
-0.02089516818523407,
0.032680410891771317,
0.04329923912882805,
0.026532087475061417,
0.010503585450351238,
0.01383467111736536,
-0.01047599595040083,
-0.02352503500878811,
0.03237415477633476,
-0.0026129751931875944,
-0.05995037779211998,
0.02924189157783985,
0.006700578145682812,
0.057065609842538834,
0.016162525862455368,
-0.014548384584486485,
0.004554320592433214,
0.03754892200231552,
-0.02714371308684349,
-0.008620716631412506,
0.053600557148456573,
-0.001730109564960003,
0.032638564705848694,
-0.006466807797551155,
0.025552984327077866,
0.00720168324187398,
-0.04107220098376274,
-0.020367447286844254,
0.01681305095553398,
0.0002893545897677541,
0.023342596367001534,
-0.009179627522826195,
0.02854778803884983,
0.007721274625509977,
-0.061109330505132675,
0.01216752640902996,
0.011469397693872452,
-0.01233834307640791,
-0.037175845354795456,
0.027735503390431404,
-0.018927277997136116,
-0.0003274052287451923,
-0.05107075348496437,
0.009744849987328053,
-0.0868544653058052,
0.03666696697473526,
0.019904302433133125,
-0.03920964151620865,
-0.09516401588916779,
0.020860817283391953,
-0.007416439242660999,
-0.017071392387151718,
-0.00537430914118886,
0.031698595732450485,
0.026193788275122643,
-0.06670740246772766,
-0.011947638355195522,
-0.05190974101424217,
-0.04749103635549545,
0.02135179005563259,
0.03155715391039848,
-0.02593274600803852,
0.00008968466136138886,
-0.017350587993860245,
-0.04873965308070183,
0.05062402784824371,
-0.07386414706707001,
-0.05294790118932724,
-0.023243138566613197,
-0.022730035707354546,
-0.01877528987824917,
-0.008241534233093262,
0.060440365225076675,
-0.039401594549417496,
-0.03143288940191269,
0.017498409375548363,
0.04461409151554108,
-0.0027677828911691904,
-0.0102906608954072,
0.04673956334590912,
0.00044326033093966544,
0.03074723109602928,
0.0010652666678652167,
0.04206328094005585,
-0.04427635669708252,
-0.006381425075232983,
-0.06253422796726227,
0.04278777167201042,
-0.008060873486101627,
-0.06022924557328224,
0.00226408988237381,
0.043705035001039505,
0.05437620356678963,
-0.009975958615541458,
0.015795979648828506,
0.012855137698352337,
-0.04547794535756111,
-0.006218513008207083,
-0.04258040711283684,
-0.03752772882580757,
0.005128247197717428,
-0.027434568852186203,
-0.09514711052179337,
-0.036405012011528015,
-0.062372274696826935,
0.001330888131633401,
0.002354778116568923,
0.015502244234085083,
-0.022665157914161682,
-0.01640409231185913,
0.00047783885383978486,
-0.005331164691597223,
-0.06865809857845306,
0.07396186143159866,
0.007553495932370424,
0.026523243635892868,
-0.01783657632768154,
0.0011277489829808474,
0.032180074602365494,
0.05788775160908699,
0.0074011459946632385,
0.06939142942428589,
-0.004624811001121998,
0.0239834263920784,
-0.023092104122042656,
0.025948572903871536,
-0.042877085506916046,
-0.025310611352324486,
0.02144729159772396,
0.035158149898052216,
0.0039050066843628883,
-0.002271133940666914,
0.0006867108168080449,
-0.020774783566594124,
0.01572449505329132,
0.001880499767139554,
0.06753028184175491,
-0.02451549470424652,
0.0022899170871824026,
0.014081230387091637,
0.021875843405723572,
-0.02674330770969391,
0.036465879529714584,
0.004832867998629808,
-0.017040206119418144,
-0.0001945064141182229,
-0.05561770498752594,
0.004565455485135317,
0.05169394612312317,
-0.03832476586103439,
0.02100316621363163,
-0.022499186918139458,
0.02149214595556259,
0.06418603658676147,
0.005406457465142012,
0.02398379147052765,
0.0264870747923851,
0.006030671298503876,
0.023663002997636795,
0.0015961144817993045,
-0.03807297348976135,
0.021664321422576904,
-0.01763801835477352,
-0.05954160541296005,
0.04010346531867981,
0.043151210993528366,
-0.06638489663600922,
-0.0239398255944252,
-0.0349104218184948,
-0.03509649261832237,
0.0358344241976738,
0.005837215110659599,
-0.00037836175761185586,
-0.027318967506289482,
0.02153334952890873,
0.0210525281727314,
0.06385740637779236,
0.01560989860445261,
-0.0895325094461441,
0.0010963436216115952,
0.006952994503080845,
-0.008801200427114964,
0.04197781905531883,
-0.03819279000163078,
0.10365358740091324,
0.0043535539880394936,
-0.009180039167404175,
0.02238522842526436,
-0.06529949605464935,
-0.012093986384570599,
0.04359656944870949,
0.019715910777449608,
0.069402776658535,
-0.003302067518234253,
-0.016919631510972977,
0.06927531212568283,
0.027430756017565727,
0.05758759006857872,
0.019857799634337425,
0.03412332385778427,
0.018748728558421135,
-0.029731418937444687,
-0.04280269145965576,
-0.010321952402591705,
0.06335611641407013,
-0.03814718872308731,
-0.014006543904542923,
-0.0001985949493246153,
-0.016326339915394783,
-0.007026300299912691,
0.0017327924724668264,
0.0011884135892614722,
0.058688413351774216,
-0.020152755081653595,
0.0023819664493203163,
0.008017295971512794,
-0.03493942320346832,
-0.06466282159090042,
0.005125704687088728,
0.022716060280799866,
-0.024688811972737312,
-0.008403141982853413,
-0.02190694771707058,
0.11748053133487701,
0.0657823383808136,
-0.040998127311468124,
-0.01277263555675745,
0.05135338008403778,
0.013734758831560612,
-0.006980318576097488,
0.029207926243543625,
-0.027804439887404442,
-0.005919765681028366,
-0.061641842126846313,
0.013273115269839764,
-0.016752948984503746,
0.04873630777001381,
-0.06396179646253586,
0.010889420285820961,
0.05514103174209595,
-0.04620341211557388,
0.036767683923244476,
-0.016000602394342422,
0.01923244073987007,
0.05300051346421242,
-0.03796917945146561,
-0.05521558225154877,
-0.016858462244272232,
-0.010125488974153996,
0.012016442604362965,
0.011407854966819286,
-0.042740348726511,
0.004143540281802416,
-0.05092784762382507,
-0.027862392365932465,
-0.02775586023926735,
0.06957953423261642,
0.03409327566623688,
0.01038479432463646,
0.024615228176116943,
-0.02039632387459278,
-0.016491735354065895,
-0.04205050691962242,
-0.0965595617890358,
-0.04344002529978752,
-0.02695191465318203,
0.038588907569646835,
0.04519925266504288,
0.05748162046074867,
0.0058523365296423435,
-0.027032624930143356,
-0.02335849404335022,
-0.008921110071241856,
-0.03773251920938492,
0.03001067042350769,
-0.009816352277994156,
-0.07229744642972946,
-0.0123529601842165,
0.004172435496002436,
0.06708187609910965,
-0.0038188942708075047,
-0.035096097737550735,
-0.06979549676179886,
-0.04239954426884651,
-0.020749008283019066,
-0.020467737689614296,
-0.0004458366020116955,
0.021935971453785896,
0.00543529586866498,
0.018453143537044525,
-0.04177526757121086,
0.00461048586294055,
-0.0004387230728752911,
0.00846379529684782,
0.03902618587017059,
0.02437208592891693,
-0.0036674889270216227,
0.028189513832330704,
0.005142992828041315,
-0.003428233088925481,
0.004053411073982716,
0.016453031450510025,
-0.017491210252046585,
0.002112759044393897,
0.05101371556520462,
-0.020872928202152252,
-0.25507664680480957,
-0.018346263095736504,
0.0020417552441358566,
-0.02866114117205143,
0.05789373815059662,
-0.021097896620631218,
0.03858717530965805,
-0.024937942624092102,
-0.014781327918171883,
-0.01431287918239832,
-0.01490833330899477,
0.037888303399086,
0.008521251380443573,
0.007652591448277235,
0.0645294189453125,
0.01658344827592373,
-0.01070112269371748,
-0.02971463091671467,
0.03876767307519913,
0.04049285873770714,
-0.015138005837798119,
-0.057362549006938934,
-0.014992200769484043,
0.06677845865488052,
-0.044076379388570786,
0.02488825097680092,
-0.08669605851173401,
0.004266220610588789,
-0.0034667288418859243,
-0.004175649024546146,
-0.028829535469412804,
-0.02366148680448532,
-0.002778640715405345,
0.004284172784537077,
0.00008848436846164986,
-0.0003604964877013117,
0.0069024693220853806,
0.014989316463470459,
0.03750700503587723,
0.01615731790661812,
0.02804865874350071,
-0.01099979318678379,
-0.037431731820106506,
-0.04847845435142517,
0.034410957247018814,
0.0276934951543808,
-0.04973037168383598,
-0.005357859190553427,
-0.01833127811551094,
0.06898444890975952,
-0.005102201830595732,
-0.03781377524137497,
0.008088873699307442,
-0.0017473584739491343,
0.050776541233062744,
-0.01854221522808075,
0.03899345546960831,
0.0014152608346194029,
-0.003055740147829056,
-0.006597969681024551,
0.0013861976331099868,
-0.04333650693297386,
-0.005804821383208036,
-0.047779906541109085,
-0.02190171740949154,
-0.01868523098528385,
-0.054191090166568756,
-0.033521417528390884,
0.03969089314341545,
0.04495050013065338,
-0.03579646721482277,
0.003693524980917573,
-0.030684860423207283,
-0.09528243541717529,
0.01633431203663349,
-0.007585184182971716,
0.0022171277087181807,
-0.050890110433101654,
-0.008876507170498371,
0.010865706019103527,
-0.029173562303185463,
-0.007423196453601122,
0.0010147070279344916,
0.037282247096300125,
0.013931836932897568,
-0.040864504873752594,
0.013161858543753624,
-0.02841009758412838,
-0.02064458467066288,
-0.08085179328918457,
0.015475568361580372,
-0.015200410969555378,
0.03175748512148857,
-0.008760958909988403,
0.05113650858402252,
-0.001195113523863256,
-0.0008428464061580598,
0.08461035788059235,
0.037009261548519135,
-0.025282789021730423,
0.04727814719080925,
-0.06799878180027008,
-0.028168177232146263,
-0.03328799456357956,
-0.021063249558210373,
-0.0026103362906724215,
-0.06907163560390472,
-0.050066880881786346,
0.027895281091332436,
0.00007903012738097459,
-0.05318930372595787,
-0.032432761043310165,
-0.002233410719782114,
0.004803515039384365,
0.005969504360109568,
-0.0184338241815567,
-0.0008456945652142167,
0.04328311234712601,
0.026858767494559288,
-0.026413876563310623,
-0.03557353466749191,
0.043831538408994675,
-0.02674577571451664,
0.0014570977073162794,
0.01789773255586624,
0.003669822122901678,
0.0085032032802701,
-0.014645055867731571,
0.008705368265509605,
0.019566234201192856,
0.043193746358156204,
0.02961074560880661,
0.008345631882548332,
-0.0030121454037725925,
0.0686618983745575,
0.026544729247689247,
-0.026962274685502052,
-0.013548275455832481,
0.013337675482034683,
-0.021494971588253975,
0.0008549070334993303,
-0.03211328387260437,
0.03420967236161232,
-0.002579599618911743,
0.05165920406579971,
0.01605399325489998,
0.0238856952637434,
0.07724308222532272,
-0.023999208584427834,
-0.00829482264816761,
0.01160507369786501,
-0.0362539142370224,
-0.010504443198442459,
-0.02800413779914379,
0.01174323819577694,
-0.035152189433574677,
0.030680520460009575,
0.002466539852321148,
0.0485633909702301,
-0.07062090933322906,
0.03802409768104553,
0.02826278656721115,
-0.013856097124516964,
0.0177913811057806,
0.001423705369234085,
0.03295506536960602,
-0.016101205721497536,
0.025396818295121193,
0.0057543362490832806,
-0.02675832062959671,
0.03036203794181347,
-0.016353191807866096,
-0.04070621728897095,
0.02208821289241314,
-0.04229298606514931,
-0.018991990014910698,
0.0009002891601994634,
-0.017331795766949654,
-0.022520609200000763,
0.06046855077147484,
0.02564053423702717,
-0.07287906855344772,
0.013968988321721554,
0.010606514289975166,
0.09742336720228195,
0.0016423636116087437,
-0.015259528532624245,
-0.020149165764451027,
-0.037535157054662704,
0.01463167741894722,
-0.016095753759145737,
0.01780434139072895,
-0.01888166181743145,
-0.037839874625205994,
-0.028924962505698204,
-0.036704253405332565,
0.0069841439835727215,
0.03686017543077469,
-0.030196400359272957,
-0.017441565170884132,
-0.004373954143375158,
-0.002398319076746702,
-0.04071195051074028,
0.00035243501770310104,
0.05185786262154579,
-0.06885384768247604,
-0.011343124322593212,
0.04163200408220291,
-0.005824601277709007,
0.015271446667611599,
-0.026152247563004494,
-0.014771994203329086,
-0.02883247286081314,
-0.026966944336891174,
0.013292517513036728,
0.016817418858408928,
0.013232719153165817,
-0.0171673521399498,
0.028750911355018616,
0.006108204368501902,
0.013845907524228096,
-0.004847678355872631,
-0.014769214205443859,
-0.017395852133631706,
-0.019044768065214157,
0.017895488068461418,
-0.045377712696790695,
0.013705379329621792,
0.01182969193905592,
-0.015071275644004345,
0.055908601731061935,
-0.03588937222957611,
0.018394749611616135,
0.060269471257925034,
0.018038179725408554,
-0.01075257733464241,
-0.04390518367290497,
0.04654969274997711,
0.018112797290086746,
-0.004825723823159933,
0.04783755540847778,
-0.00613737478852272,
-0.03444643318653107,
0.016056152060627937,
-0.026885218918323517,
0.0732310339808464,
-0.004862759727984667,
0.010298961773514748,
0.006336980499327183,
0.05486423149704933,
0.011830500327050686,
0.0070411101914942265,
-0.04111616313457489,
-0.010362973436713219,
0.05991514399647713,
0.0016210292233154178,
-0.04534513130784035,
-0.057033710181713104,
-0.01146676391363144,
0.014083225280046463,
-0.0013231068151071668,
0.0529981330037117,
-0.0229228176176548,
0.05492172762751579,
0.032550591975450516,
0.010919312946498394,
-0.005699073895812035,
-0.013993827626109123,
0.05224886164069176,
-0.024125484749674797,
0.015539235435426235,
-0.06719987094402313,
0.012424475513398647,
0.06955436617136002,
-0.03606538847088814,
0.015825381502509117,
-0.016848240047693253,
-0.022547822445631027,
0.025182152166962624,
-0.020733557641506195,
-0.06699442118406296,
0.037193622440099716,
0.002667386317625642,
0.003553111106157303,
0.0430956669151783,
-0.03851306438446045,
-0.011648436076939106,
-0.007078387308865786,
-0.04328349232673645,
-0.036402419209480286,
-0.0008487988961860538,
0.02529430203139782,
-0.04686443507671356,
-0.01920354552567005,
0.005905801430344582,
0.04565282538533211,
0.007160460110753775,
0.05727094039320946,
0.009136004373431206,
0.022198233753442764,
-0.012048276141285896,
0.09118428081274033,
0.06054893508553505,
0.014914393424987793,
-0.006331299897283316,
0.01397578977048397,
-0.011474066413939,
-0.028337962925434113,
0.02819254621863365,
0.015599831938743591,
-0.016252541914582253,
-0.06393467634916306,
0.0644552931189537,
0.029511215165257454,
-0.058377254754304886,
-0.017439845949411392,
0.03456395864486694,
-0.04600532725453377,
0.018464786931872368,
-0.015776995569467545,
0.042260318994522095,
-0.01713557355105877,
0.06196334585547447,
0.006974589079618454,
0.029111703857779503,
0.08065282553434372,
0.01431144867092371,
0.004573489539325237,
0.009030058979988098,
0.07473326474428177,
0.05555187538266182,
0.048605453222990036,
0.01592034101486206,
0.08110834658145905,
-0.0350135900080204,
-0.037599317729473114,
0.009472225792706013,
0.03239748999476433,
-0.01444848719984293,
-0.04207070544362068,
0.016949346289038658,
0.0716153010725975,
-0.004402477294206619,
0.05309055745601654,
-0.034136541187763214,
-0.009191333316266537,
0.006389457732439041,
0.025437967851758003,
0.016538523137569427,
0.012847899459302425,
0.0543641597032547,
0.01780715584754944,
-0.026837756857275963,
0.016099095344543457,
-0.021418113261461258,
-0.036184657365083694,
0.0038470884319394827,
-0.005386302247643471,
-0.013038132339715958,
0.04002820700407028,
-0.02211669646203518,
0.047503311187028885,
0.10483121126890182,
0.003358268877491355,
-0.04106524586677551,
-0.02384021319448948,
0.008795369416475296,
0.00865171942859888,
0.029862526804208755,
-0.0036215868312865496,
0.00182911881711334,
0.007751850411295891,
-0.047440528869628906,
0.028923187404870987,
0.013164491392672062,
-0.029788432642817497,
0.027123788371682167,
-0.035597559064626694,
-0.012034994550049305,
0.01740211993455887,
0.003986047115176916,
-0.047996435314416885,
-0.04209747910499573,
-0.041707415133714676,
-0.056695058941841125,
-0.051390573382377625,
-0.04876934364438057,
0.04000091552734375,
0.01963326707482338,
-0.037136510014534,
0.014384154230356216,
-0.02353624626994133,
0.03434367477893829,
-0.007418673485517502,
-0.08468519896268845,
-0.012426161207258701,
0.04775325953960419,
-0.006770500913262367,
-0.00370988086797297,
0.017286216840147972,
-0.0052972640842199326,
-0.00554648507386446,
0.004343228414654732,
0.0321359820663929,
0.048374563455581665,
0.018732326105237007,
-0.0014798875199630857,
0.006415995303541422,
-0.10136961936950684,
0.022123899310827255,
0.03024253249168396,
-0.02598731778562069,
-0.09139686077833176,
0.013808752410113811,
0.004550186917185783,
0.03431595116853714,
0.038282111287117004,
0.03327333182096481,
0.004567829426378012,
-0.056095607578754425,
-0.011423015967011452,
-0.005824755411595106,
0.012543345801532269,
0.04532914236187935,
-0.03451603278517723,
0.06402178853750229,
0.03137204423546791,
0.0007622130215167999,
-0.044048137962818146,
0.0021997231524437666,
0.021988771855831146,
-0.0046385121531784534,
-0.016963092610239983,
-0.06058638542890549,
-0.04631929099559784,
-0.0899605005979538,
-0.03512754663825035,
0.055926963686943054,
-0.05224083736538887,
-0.014254866167902946,
0.010111532174050808,
-0.003305846592411399,
0.002238677814602852,
-0.03301535174250603,
-0.011086485348641872,
-0.04019884392619133,
0.0010864527430385351,
-0.06939465552568436,
-0.07621423900127411,
-0.012570997700095177,
0.001507087261416018,
0.005511719733476639,
-0.022613678127527237,
-0.010939022526144981,
0.010007249191403389,
0.04010355472564697,
0.038378264755010605,
-0.004660426639020443,
0.011785618029534817,
0.02268707938492298
] |
262 |
Web Agents with World Models: Learning and Leveraging Environment Dynamics in Web Navigation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=moWiYJuSGF
|
[
"Hyungjoo Chae",
"Namyoung Kim",
"Kai Tzu-iunn Ong",
"Minju Gwak",
"Gwanwoo Song",
"Jihoon Kim",
"Sunghwan Kim",
"Dongha Lee",
"Jinyoung Yeo"
] |
Poster
|
Large language models (LLMs) have recently gained much attention in building autonomous agents. However, performance of current LLM-based web agents in long-horizon tasks is far from optimal, often yielding errors such as repeatedly buying a non-refundable flight ticket. By contrast, humans can avoid such an irreversible mistake, as we have an awareness of the potential outcomes (e.g., losing money) of our actions, also known as the "world model". Motivated by this, our study first starts with preliminary analyses, confirming the absence of world models in current LLMs (e.g., GPT-4o, Claude-3.5-Sonnet, etc.). Then, we present a World-model-augmented (WMA) web agent, which simulates the outcomes of its actions for better decision-making. To overcome the challenges in training LLMs as world models predicting next observations, such as repeated elements across observations and long HTML inputs, we propose a transition-focused observation abstraction, where the prediction objectives are free-form natural language descriptions exclusively highlighting important state differences between time steps. Experiments on WebArena and Mind2Web show that our world models improve agents' policy selection without training and demonstrate our agents' cost- and time-efficiency compared to recent tree-search-based agents.
|
Web Agent, World Model, Digital Agent, Planning, LLM
| null | 13,861 |
2410.13232
|
[
-0.025546742603182793,
0.004466733895242214,
0.01972080208361149,
0.022774022072553635,
0.04261019453406334,
-0.00803869217634201,
0.03933669999241829,
0.04144010320305824,
-0.005139543674886227,
-0.026564817875623703,
-0.04124530404806137,
0.027611806988716125,
-0.0709480494260788,
-0.02723921649158001,
0.017004335299134254,
0.058369025588035583,
0.01651405170559883,
0.017489606514573097,
0.013570334762334824,
-0.040587540715932846,
-0.025659549981355667,
0.003929540980607271,
0.03662104532122612,
0.029617005959153175,
0.04049837961792946,
0.022556783631443977,
0.03633663058280945,
0.013306918554008007,
-0.032349664717912674,
-0.012010588310658932,
0.03475175052881241,
-0.01667858473956585,
0.0193317960947752,
-0.006616250146180391,
-0.006758954841643572,
-0.003956894390285015,
-0.03707365319132805,
0.0013580374652519822,
-0.0060613760724663734,
0.011673817411065102,
-0.054181091487407684,
0.04089038819074631,
-0.016966506838798523,
0.02094525843858719,
-0.0294171255081892,
0.0022843063343316317,
-0.09231173992156982,
0.04261822998523712,
0.025745151564478874,
-0.0225143451243639,
-0.10862104594707489,
0.04819736257195473,
0.010009774938225746,
0.004910621326416731,
-0.0064894636161625385,
0.03376854583621025,
0.05692770332098007,
-0.09706826508045197,
0.014722375199198723,
-0.04474509134888649,
-0.019904334098100662,
0.024990979582071304,
0.029677709564566612,
0.014471051283180714,
-0.02798808366060257,
-0.032137494534254074,
0.028188327327370644,
0.03144337981939316,
-0.0393577441573143,
-0.011063607409596443,
-0.04894135147333145,
-0.029305165633559227,
-0.02041793242096901,
0.01924089901149273,
0.02784879505634308,
-0.047690778970718384,
0.011492597870528698,
0.030895346775650978,
0.03783727064728737,
-0.009981405921280384,
-0.008260579779744148,
0.036671243607997894,
0.022865504026412964,
0.036443956196308136,
0.001169342314824462,
0.004188162740319967,
0.007458095904439688,
-0.015189520083367825,
-0.10667622089385986,
0.013405035249888897,
0.0050992039032280445,
-0.07092233747243881,
-0.012810304760932922,
0.04143482446670532,
0.015412874519824982,
0.0016692026983946562,
0.003458635415881872,
0.01895625703036785,
-0.005711630918085575,
-0.01417170837521553,
-0.040417738258838654,
-0.02858016826212406,
0.0008147054468281567,
-0.007803012151271105,
-0.09104709327220917,
-0.024724245071411133,
0.003523856168612838,
-0.0031010801903903484,
0.010997975245118141,
0.02757262997329235,
-0.04322926327586174,
-0.023278888314962387,
0.021885089576244354,
-0.01901276595890522,
-0.04366395249962807,
0.03716646134853363,
0.0028749804478138685,
0.04159026965498924,
0.01076098345220089,
0.026689011603593826,
0.05360744893550873,
0.014710976742208004,
-0.02195560373365879,
0.056814875453710556,
-0.03502531722187996,
-0.009261531755328178,
0.01982853002846241,
0.007174756843596697,
-0.04158646985888481,
-0.04270743951201439,
0.057510536164045334,
0.025309430435299873,
0.002743190387263894,
0.009993930347263813,
-0.01759825088083744,
0.011207232251763344,
-0.003313795430585742,
0.029798924922943115,
0.046063270419836044,
0.0035183215513825417,
-0.004446635488420725,
-0.015113502740859985,
0.07277458161115646,
0.006790692452341318,
0.08596522361040115,
0.008554110303521156,
-0.010543274693191051,
-0.018999578431248665,
-0.06790844351053238,
-0.025119593366980553,
-0.007592800073325634,
-0.024036042392253876,
-0.008150005713105202,
-0.05060172080993652,
0.040052805095911026,
0.05373489111661911,
0.049386393278837204,
-0.00023704570776317269,
0.033737726509571075,
0.010477658361196518,
0.024879155680537224,
0.029468903318047523,
-0.054305631667375565,
-0.008715989999473095,
0.002796904183924198,
-0.059226665645837784,
0.012084275484085083,
0.008135750889778137,
-0.0028265633154660463,
-0.006636847276240587,
-0.028160208836197853,
-0.015417398884892464,
0.06023159623146057,
-0.03248272463679314,
-0.025141170248389244,
-0.02238583378493786,
0.07163625955581665,
-0.016121450811624527,
0.02754252962768078,
0.00944917555898428,
-0.06850191205739975,
0.022264400497078896,
0.009236748330295086,
-0.004992484115064144,
0.02991573140025139,
-0.009974873624742031,
0.08300987631082535,
-0.029541201889514923,
-0.00570277264341712,
0.005677323788404465,
-0.07918373495340347,
-0.017108485102653503,
0.005819106940180063,
0.01140874344855547,
0.06740348786115646,
-0.004422623198479414,
-0.007755683735013008,
0.06558258086442947,
0.03093821182847023,
0.06327436864376068,
0.05169643089175224,
-0.003116453532129526,
0.05520666390657425,
0.01066792756319046,
-0.01899660751223564,
-0.014611741527915001,
0.034794095903635025,
-0.042696308344602585,
-0.017681550234556198,
0.03407609835267067,
-0.027393214404582977,
-0.0004382680053822696,
0.01139281690120697,
0.006811736151576042,
0.004771506413817406,
0.007395635824650526,
-0.004987077787518501,
0.007383085787296295,
-0.00012611142301466316,
-0.026196813210844994,
0.04186053201556206,
0.008998364210128784,
-0.022633260115981102,
-0.015226907096803188,
-0.003986971452832222,
0.08194401860237122,
0.052765339612960815,
-0.020225703716278076,
-0.026793183758854866,
-0.00933048501610756,
0.006301301997154951,
0.03285790607333183,
0.04309086874127388,
-0.03372316434979439,
0.03228391706943512,
-0.048009470105171204,
0.006700292695313692,
-0.0457272082567215,
0.008458712138235569,
-0.024737728759646416,
-0.0006169666885398328,
0.05370740965008736,
-0.027888169512152672,
0.07982812076807022,
-0.01390767376869917,
0.02754097431898117,
0.058239154517650604,
-0.009655800648033619,
0.00560758588835597,
-0.013597110286355019,
-0.0034463820047676563,
-0.012939623557031155,
0.011748007498681545,
-0.010584735311567783,
-0.024860121309757233,
-0.057919714599847794,
-0.021370386704802513,
-0.020758291706442833,
0.07108815759420395,
0.03989672288298607,
0.026102444157004356,
0.03805341199040413,
-0.002191737527027726,
0.010298610664904118,
0.010625777766108513,
-0.13236486911773682,
-0.0421188622713089,
-0.028623130172491074,
0.008190609514713287,
0.03418385609984398,
0.028672844171524048,
-0.02378067933022976,
0.029268912971019745,
-0.04414289817214012,
-0.019739724695682526,
0.03647966682910919,
0.038404252380132675,
0.001151920878328383,
-0.03777197748422623,
-0.0101263877004385,
0.0023174197413027287,
0.040132876485586166,
0.02070392668247223,
-0.046591516584157944,
-0.007579596247524023,
-0.060713451355695724,
-0.001866654260084033,
-0.05891769379377365,
-0.015224612317979336,
0.014946181327104568,
0.014450186863541603,
-0.0013445899821817875,
-0.01870490424335003,
0.019219281151890755,
0.05204615369439125,
0.05800372362136841,
0.03604302182793617,
-0.037551023066043854,
-0.035666368901729584,
0.030105365440249443,
-0.025733232498168945,
0.027135491371154785,
-0.012739314697682858,
0.03047792986035347,
0.0006128886598162353,
0.0030765074770897627,
0.010642088018357754,
0.013155482709407806,
-0.2661723792552948,
-0.026959210634231567,
0.024483708664774895,
-0.041499193757772446,
0.032106779515743256,
-0.008961026556789875,
0.11209822446107864,
-0.03514877334237099,
-0.028874702751636505,
0.010406038723886013,
0.025729991495609283,
0.031214000657200813,
-0.004729956854134798,
0.04836583882570267,
0.04607183113694191,
0.02604656293988228,
-0.017211908474564552,
-0.006146150641143322,
-0.007111437618732452,
0.025318695232272148,
-0.02740422636270523,
-0.06030749902129173,
-0.021711889654397964,
0.043998606503009796,
0.006922305561602116,
0.07860704511404037,
-0.06800176948308945,
-0.0125488992780447,
-0.01324235089123249,
0.02700185403227806,
-0.01845487765967846,
-0.016462618485093117,
-0.007958167232573032,
0.017472680658102036,
-0.004319590982049704,
-0.007351587526500225,
0.07604615390300751,
0.011052391491830349,
0.06826882809400558,
-0.0017013268079608679,
-0.014102674089372158,
-0.004284717608243227,
-0.05037135258316994,
0.006141892168670893,
0.0700439065694809,
0.03610691428184509,
-0.04482915252447128,
-0.004731799941509962,
-0.01672235317528248,
0.031097646802663803,
0.0030793468467891216,
-0.023253183811903,
0.017825428396463394,
0.000596233585383743,
0.036223236471414566,
-0.02728487364947796,
-0.00876512099057436,
-0.031672488898038864,
-0.031626179814338684,
-0.011760733090341091,
0.021889662370085716,
-0.013809731230139732,
-0.03304014727473259,
-0.040969446301460266,
0.011699832044541836,
-0.02707439474761486,
-0.05204334110021591,
-0.06451521813869476,
0.04646806791424751,
0.0062955524772405624,
-0.02043827809393406,
0.009013820439577103,
-0.012665214948356152,
-0.09185624122619629,
0.015839342027902603,
-0.0015436529647558928,
0.003550170687958598,
-0.03859582170844078,
0.018098393455147743,
0.02148660458624363,
-0.046429216861724854,
-0.029578322544693947,
-0.018742039799690247,
0.003275220049545169,
0.029983649030327797,
-0.033109940588474274,
0.010733915492892265,
-0.05274409428238869,
-0.03978491201996803,
-0.026009831577539444,
0.04667394235730171,
-0.010400726459920406,
0.010354273952543736,
0.007520551793277264,
0.07012810558080673,
0.03433021903038025,
0.014069432392716408,
0.03515589237213135,
0.05330938845872879,
0.01317685004323721,
0.03499772027134895,
-0.07465468347072601,
0.0032909985166043043,
0.007235562428832054,
-0.001538418815471232,
0.05254758521914482,
-0.03960474207997322,
-0.025233067572116852,
0.03113958053290844,
0.013074927031993866,
0.003132759127765894,
-0.025755703449249268,
-0.007223949301987886,
-0.005164947360754013,
-0.05450407415628433,
-0.0010765106417238712,
-0.008978839963674545,
0.037203073501586914,
0.021212009713053703,
-0.02008344791829586,
-0.03679565712809563,
0.0404733382165432,
-0.009784774854779243,
0.02734723873436451,
0.0007583277765661478,
-0.006315790116786957,
0.001518174191005528,
-0.035728082060813904,
0.017086246982216835,
-0.016456127166748047,
0.015307396650314331,
0.031160496175289154,
-0.009610293433070183,
0.010892254300415516,
0.058870937675237656,
-0.013508753851056099,
-0.008313849568367004,
-0.0031157368794083595,
0.048979759216308594,
-0.0175185389816761,
-0.022287631407380104,
-0.03064255602657795,
0.023137439042329788,
0.0160297192633152,
0.02217654325067997,
0.003909263294190168,
0.024348480626940727,
0.03530403599143028,
0.03957059979438782,
-0.015554463490843773,
0.048255544155836105,
-0.04151856526732445,
0.013554112985730171,
-0.012043018825352192,
-0.0007856650045141578,
-0.0640493631362915,
0.021679522469639778,
-0.036900587379932404,
0.02022380195558071,
-0.08659905940294266,
0.037131376564502716,
-0.02312043122947216,
0.0026181035209447145,
0.02073913998901844,
0.03630987927317619,
0.04375771805644035,
-0.009326277300715446,
0.0023354392033070326,
0.02083449624478817,
0.014035523869097233,
0.03658869490027428,
-0.05090893805027008,
-0.03638079762458801,
-0.009295490570366383,
-0.04346340149641037,
-0.01201569102704525,
-0.01081851962953806,
-0.025674087926745415,
-0.03711064159870148,
0.05079269036650658,
-0.01225239410996437,
-0.0331757590174675,
0.008519629016518593,
-0.010188212618231773,
0.05792974308133125,
-0.016968712210655212,
0.02397690899670124,
0.030502377077937126,
-0.02829219214618206,
-0.005032094195485115,
0.0057730465196073055,
0.051533132791519165,
-0.013260615058243275,
-0.05208743363618851,
-0.030742710456252098,
-0.04386823624372482,
0.014101032167673111,
-0.02093392238020897,
-0.019639328122138977,
-0.004003599751740694,
-0.015311840921640396,
-0.001534622977487743,
-0.05195383355021477,
-0.014504329301416874,
-0.006385871674865484,
-0.0794496163725853,
-0.01902417093515396,
0.017259320244193077,
0.016885897144675255,
0.02896265685558319,
-0.07672009617090225,
-0.015017657540738583,
-0.04873117804527283,
-0.03222017362713814,
0.0049751438200473785,
-0.03009236417710781,
-0.03434170410037041,
-0.027966050431132317,
0.005362622905522585,
-0.0002549244381953031,
0.02659570798277855,
0.006278123240917921,
-0.03602810576558113,
-0.01211670320481062,
-0.019383572041988373,
0.03787699714303017,
-0.035953588783741,
-0.027369605377316475,
0.014474152587354183,
-0.046705640852451324,
0.04258111119270325,
-0.03630674630403519,
0.005456727463752031,
0.038630411028862,
0.015993675217032433,
0.009259786456823349,
-0.04086863994598389,
0.03699612244963646,
0.0033910060301423073,
-0.008802106603980064,
-0.003490037750452757,
0.006458583753556013,
-0.046962618827819824,
-0.0016536065377295017,
0.027338610962033272,
0.04382818192243576,
0.004193146247416735,
0.004168321378529072,
0.024176230654120445,
-0.0005823435494676232,
0.01087186112999916,
-0.011753265745937824,
0.008053342811763287,
0.004326138645410538,
0.03990695998072624,
-0.022468948736786842,
-0.04753359034657478,
-0.05801636725664139,
-0.024222668260335922,
0.016670985147356987,
-0.009737211279571056,
0.025579649955034256,
-0.07908479869365692,
0.04884937033057213,
0.024807367473840714,
0.028886793181300163,
0.0025437241420149803,
-0.016797645017504692,
0.02772568352520466,
-0.07311566919088364,
0.04312124848365784,
-0.07267621904611588,
-0.0379166416823864,
0.05315778777003288,
-0.008144671097397804,
-0.021831948310136795,
0.030292630195617676,
-0.04761621356010437,
0.04299419745802879,
-0.019315853714942932,
-0.0650065615773201,
0.05044972524046898,
-0.023486511781811714,
-0.03517000749707222,
0.04115564748644829,
-0.049086201936006546,
-0.027906380593776703,
-0.031736698001623154,
-0.03446227312088013,
-0.0022454424761235714,
-0.011011786758899689,
0.0583118312060833,
-0.0349598228931427,
0.008786526508629322,
-0.040112849324941635,
0.00006536971341120079,
0.011104326695203781,
0.04631289839744568,
0.014015556313097477,
0.041768863797187805,
-0.02688406966626644,
0.04950253665447235,
0.06157160550355911,
0.022923601791262627,
0.005911748390644789,
-0.013467042706906796,
-0.036058809608221054,
-0.049558669328689575,
0.04732576012611389,
0.02318151295185089,
-0.010739036835730076,
-0.06015131250023842,
0.07688581943511963,
0.024031763896346092,
-0.05561256781220436,
0.028046146035194397,
0.014420823194086552,
-0.08357851952314377,
-0.00993838720023632,
-0.0018562243785709143,
0.0296613909304142,
-0.006093072704970837,
0.0662464126944542,
0.03250785171985626,
0.07699062675237656,
0.06698080897331238,
0.006960228085517883,
-0.02166156657040119,
-0.027990344911813736,
0.05161397531628609,
0.0625109151005745,
0.05873188376426697,
-0.011744019575417042,
0.0738917887210846,
-0.059588588774204254,
-0.04244398698210716,
0.019590560346841812,
0.01830998621881008,
-0.008346169255673885,
-0.03883063793182373,
0.0008445045095868409,
0.05293427035212517,
0.005416994448751211,
0.04962414875626564,
-0.0425184890627861,
-0.015900561586022377,
0.051026586443185806,
0.004157701972872019,
0.015220597386360168,
0.023580169305205345,
0.06009505316615105,
0.0331842377781868,
-0.022047074511647224,
-0.028057731688022614,
0.02042834833264351,
-0.058255843818187714,
0.00044575033825822175,
0.0010869369143620133,
-0.014089859090745449,
-0.002525575691834092,
-0.0062522864900529385,
0.06216408684849739,
0.12922687828540802,
-0.012982228770852089,
-0.002330807503312826,
-0.01839139498770237,
0.008235146291553974,
-0.005424864124506712,
0.05033988133072853,
0.021308228373527527,
0.0050116307102143764,
0.003476087236776948,
-0.0639391764998436,
0.0417676605284214,
0.02716142125427723,
-0.021962400525808334,
0.017520446330308914,
-0.04957612231373787,
-0.026665208861231804,
-0.014204215258359909,
0.029404785484075546,
-0.0664960965514183,
-0.04505408555269241,
-0.028388023376464844,
-0.04356720298528671,
-0.042673543095588684,
-0.04358197748661041,
0.03346557915210724,
0.005025073420256376,
-0.021379519253969193,
-0.002641004975885153,
-0.010816352441906929,
-0.008946915157139301,
-0.010488126426935196,
-0.05884606018662453,
0.014308019541203976,
0.0555502213537693,
0.01326193567365408,
-0.011924427933990955,
0.06326550245285034,
0.020947247743606567,
-0.019871465861797333,
-0.016907546669244766,
0.0061740088276565075,
0.0016534416936337948,
0.032708149403333664,
-0.037911154329776764,
-0.005153726786375046,
-0.07764196395874023,
-0.010198289528489113,
0.026992149651050568,
-0.04279066622257233,
-0.0696975514292717,
0.0086386539041996,
-0.03358885273337364,
0.03929834067821503,
0.058092281222343445,
0.022203724831342697,
0.033704470843076706,
-0.023382078856229782,
-0.0012239021016284823,
0.0018890562932938337,
-0.02576833963394165,
0.036939796060323715,
-0.0296883974224329,
0.05024583637714386,
0.0284418985247612,
-0.0058238753117620945,
-0.06009375676512718,
0.034061331301927567,
0.010983203537762165,
-0.03277575597167015,
-0.02880641631782055,
-0.0335104838013649,
-0.006569489371031523,
-0.09381949156522751,
-0.02344287745654583,
0.04062848538160324,
0.021442897617816925,
-0.021148035302758217,
-0.020733127370476723,
-0.021209686994552612,
-0.03235596790909767,
-0.030474187806248665,
-0.041791509836912155,
-0.022228242829442024,
-0.02953317202627659,
-0.0158641766756773,
-0.05541889742016792,
0.024338360875844955,
-0.012380441650748253,
-0.007169141434133053,
-0.054519154131412506,
-0.0166932325810194,
0.006146790459752083,
-0.01073470525443554,
0.031999748200178146,
-0.014337290078401566,
0.03650045394897461,
-0.01558571308851242
] |
263 |
HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hypersphere
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=4YzVF9isgD
|
[
"Hatef Otroshi Shahreza",
"Sébastien Marcel"
] |
Poster
|
Face recognition datasets are often collected by crawling Internet and without individuals' consents, raising ethical and privacy concerns. Generating synthetic datasets for training face recognition models has emerged as a promising alternative. However, the generation of synthetic datasets remains challenging as it entails adequate inter-class and intra-class variations. While advances in generative models have made it easier to increase intra-class variations in face datasets (such as pose, illumination, etc.), generating sufficient inter-class variation is still a difficult task. In this paper, we formulate the dataset generation as a packing problem on the embedding space (represented on a hypersphere) of a face recognition model and propose a new synthetic dataset generation approach, called HyperFace. We formalize our packing problem as an optimization problem and solve it with a gradient descent-based approach. Then, we use a conditional face generator model to synthesize face images from the optimized embeddings. We use our generated datasets to train face recognition models and evaluate the trained models on several benchmarking real datasets. Our experimental results show that models trained with HyperFace achieve state-of-the-art performance in training face recognition using synthetic datasets. Project page: https://www.idiap.ch/paper/hyperface
|
Face Recognition, Hypersphere Optimization, Privacy, Synthetic Data
|
We formulate the dataset generation as a packing problem on the embedding space (represented on a hypersphere) of a face recognition model and propose a new synthetic dataset generation approach.
| 13,859 |
2411.08470
|
[
0.010353876277804375,
-0.00004141052704653703,
0.0018557403236627579,
0.04987989366054535,
0.033959466964006424,
0.023287996649742126,
0.03150283917784691,
-0.016424570232629776,
-0.009951979853212833,
-0.0587807260453701,
-0.039732225239276886,
-0.01577022671699524,
-0.0969497486948967,
-0.010341747663915157,
-0.014875929802656174,
0.01876703090965748,
0.012114519253373146,
0.030261918902397156,
-0.015180991031229496,
0.06204570457339287,
-0.01094991248100996,
-0.0520181767642498,
0.027328815311193466,
0.0005403812392614782,
0.015862034633755684,
-0.010431011207401752,
0.015815982595086098,
0.02109644189476967,
-0.021977437660098076,
0.01373425405472517,
0.01651719957590103,
-0.025613749399781227,
0.019593749195337296,
-0.048273202031850815,
0.013740237802267075,
0.006633294280618429,
-0.05501118302345276,
-0.011134938336908817,
0.014068315736949444,
0.007849181070923805,
-0.03469892963767052,
0.01968594267964363,
-0.019795529544353485,
-0.0024319468066096306,
-0.035281483083963394,
-0.0371115617454052,
-0.09820864349603653,
0.05553450807929039,
0.029695210978388786,
0.012973888777196407,
-0.09137571603059769,
0.03684020787477493,
-0.02339211478829384,
0.02599048987030983,
0.010409452952444553,
0.023522043600678444,
0.02353806607425213,
-0.098331019282341,
-0.004440929275006056,
-0.058193329721689224,
-0.005605329293757677,
0.02318868599832058,
0.029618725180625916,
-0.0010309048229828477,
-0.03909781947731972,
0.0020218424033373594,
-0.0072176335379481316,
0.027010038495063782,
-0.05040377750992775,
-0.02420935407280922,
0.006556760985404253,
-0.020724015310406685,
0.011665578931570053,
-0.015168611891567707,
-0.010424330830574036,
-0.04995707422494888,
-0.0007516411715187132,
-0.002093907678499818,
0.08710560947656631,
0.001560561009682715,
0.03146523982286453,
-0.028916075825691223,
0.057383064180612564,
0.028929173946380615,
0.003349157515913248,
-0.015657419338822365,
-0.05906268581748009,
-0.003840216202661395,
-0.04604266956448555,
0.07587076723575592,
-0.01754707284271717,
-0.00455492315813899,
0.026710951700806618,
0.044839631766080856,
0.0355917364358902,
0.013666798360645771,
0.024994947016239166,
-0.013705728575587273,
0.028036458417773247,
0.03187301382422447,
-0.007958579808473587,
-0.02147836983203888,
-0.013563953340053558,
-0.0020569688640534878,
-0.07909125834703445,
-0.02213125303387642,
-0.006043992470949888,
-0.021663621068000793,
-0.005612166132777929,
0.008222751319408417,
-0.039546579122543335,
-0.025769511237740517,
0.016678089275956154,
-0.01453023124486208,
-0.061223745346069336,
0.02860713005065918,
0.01883866637945175,
0.028042064979672432,
0.004954106640070677,
0.043017324060201645,
0.020047614350914955,
0.061121974140405655,
-0.03548259660601616,
0.042648471891880035,
0.003206100082024932,
0.031194139271974564,
0.03899690881371498,
0.016185782849788666,
-0.02474423125386238,
-0.02005208469927311,
-0.01238089520484209,
0.04433443769812584,
0.018009940162301064,
0.01051858440041542,
-0.005774261895567179,
-0.04757087305188179,
0.019937653094530106,
-0.012439259327948093,
0.0655425637960434,
-0.030068757012486458,
0.024931272491812706,
-0.015723880380392075,
0.03671056032180786,
-0.037978436797857285,
0.08307666331529617,
-0.04807734489440918,
0.007936161011457443,
-0.011087356135249138,
-0.030274173244833946,
0.006212771870195866,
0.013398559764027596,
-0.011465456336736679,
0.007946268655359745,
-0.07568006962537766,
0.051066167652606964,
0.04677881672978401,
0.033241331577301025,
0.035936612635850906,
0.013478951528668404,
-0.03037511557340622,
0.034552011638879776,
0.014951152727007866,
-0.06347081065177917,
0.003314763540402055,
-0.005523946136236191,
-0.04537258669734001,
0.024276649579405785,
0.0321417897939682,
-0.008900667540729046,
-0.00377730093896389,
-0.030674807727336884,
-0.042801592499017715,
0.04766817390918732,
0.020004011690616608,
0.004060834646224976,
0.017793813720345497,
0.0754624754190445,
0.01891265995800495,
0.048780377954244614,
0.011543805710971355,
-0.09973710775375366,
0.004472083877772093,
0.0359693206846714,
-0.01701614260673523,
0.018145842477679253,
-0.02547393925487995,
0.11340995132923126,
0.005417932756245136,
0.019461603835225105,
0.038201652467250824,
-0.0870879590511322,
-0.01045145932585001,
0.027224862948060036,
-0.04405192285776138,
0.038212187588214874,
-0.005854460876435041,
0.024736149236559868,
0.008818120695650578,
0.00968030747026205,
0.06750468164682388,
0.0178849995136261,
-0.005557543598115444,
0.04213763400912285,
-0.01515586581081152,
-0.03479187190532684,
-0.055021021515131,
0.028111426159739494,
-0.050232429057359695,
-0.04661773517727852,
0.007847877219319344,
0.012602083384990692,
-0.0063879219815135,
-0.0135465357452631,
-0.004438609350472689,
0.03291455656290054,
0.03511270508170128,
-0.018018975853919983,
0.003655995475128293,
0.0006107392255216837,
-0.022716840729117393,
0.08802412450313568,
0.030765334144234657,
-0.03474096581339836,
0.008650326170027256,
-0.04251358285546303,
0.0910826101899147,
0.0946822538971901,
-0.05658646300435066,
0.013527828268706799,
-0.0342867374420166,
0.00816987082362175,
0.008976994082331657,
0.014908470213413239,
-0.01713404804468155,
-0.005513372831046581,
-0.005173802841454744,
0.037906158715486526,
-0.030564771965146065,
0.07014840096235275,
-0.06530748307704926,
-0.02174856886267662,
0.057315971702337265,
0.013269265182316303,
0.02496476285159588,
0.002744465135037899,
0.0002050871407845989,
0.04473663866519928,
-0.02728887088596821,
-0.041382383555173874,
-0.030416425317525864,
-0.02066766656935215,
0.004251343663781881,
0.0019455902511253953,
-0.026284772902727127,
-0.022280288860201836,
-0.06814920157194138,
0.005088320001959801,
-0.004512493032962084,
0.011837881058454514,
0.08307857066392899,
0.026662422344088554,
-0.003310762345790863,
-0.03172221779823303,
0.012060018256306648,
-0.031158447265625,
-0.11719588190317154,
-0.018541518598794937,
-0.01750309392809868,
0.03669201582670212,
0.014502321369946003,
0.04151463508605957,
0.0024290496949106455,
-0.012293086387217045,
-0.02646367810666561,
0.006639527156949043,
0.006293937563896179,
0.02403404749929905,
0.010253410786390305,
-0.017599139362573624,
-0.012643333524465561,
-0.01825101487338543,
0.10345456749200821,
-0.04325106739997864,
0.0005767569527961314,
-0.019230570644140244,
-0.04692629352211952,
-0.03573351725935936,
-0.054769523441791534,
-0.03483065217733383,
0.0026791803538799286,
0.018778886646032333,
0.031920284032821655,
-0.00766730448231101,
0.0072755999863147736,
0.04321318492293358,
0.028385456651449203,
0.012131831608712673,
-0.006046118214726448,
-0.026736168190836906,
0.028409505262970924,
-0.04158090054988861,
0.05564583092927933,
-0.030152378603816032,
-0.008253964595496655,
-0.0035833220463246107,
0.003455924103036523,
0.02905457466840744,
-0.01111773680895567,
-0.2657181918621063,
-0.020741622895002365,
0.011934656649827957,
-0.005777102429419756,
0.020917555317282677,
-0.03944249078631401,
0.024268092587590218,
-0.027887312695384026,
-0.014920646324753761,
0.018082955852150917,
0.013775313273072243,
0.02892320789396763,
-0.026724986732006073,
0.05066995322704315,
0.0051475097425282,
0.05240703746676445,
0.0016838395968079567,
-0.0010521464282646775,
0.002889018738642335,
-0.00443625682964921,
-0.04416028410196304,
-0.05118943750858307,
-0.04228498041629791,
0.05509067699313164,
-0.03568366914987564,
0.045173436403274536,
-0.020478814840316772,
-0.0490398034453392,
-0.01820509135723114,
-0.017450928688049316,
0.012729772366583347,
-0.05627995356917381,
-0.017044249922037125,
0.05192653834819794,
-0.017001602798700333,
-0.0121733658015728,
0.04360223188996315,
0.006627447437494993,
0.013534985482692719,
0.0060737961903214455,
-0.001675323350355029,
-0.014913513325154781,
-0.03463110700249672,
0.011315097101032734,
0.07532274723052979,
0.008784506469964981,
-0.07073177397251129,
-0.013615146279335022,
-0.045058008283376694,
0.025399224832654,
-0.010330642573535442,
-0.03468272089958191,
-0.024219971150159836,
0.03758377209305763,
-0.021255355328321457,
0.008971378207206726,
0.02519027143716812,
0.02274959906935692,
-0.04486427828669548,
-0.027723947539925575,
0.005035450216382742,
-0.028055239468812943,
-0.05342160165309906,
-0.04877772554755211,
-0.02050776034593582,
-0.03084976226091385,
-0.06782667338848114,
-0.0749126672744751,
0.028491590172052383,
0.06339685618877411,
0.0030635111033916473,
0.06256779283285141,
-0.020968249067664146,
-0.11191943287849426,
0.026814626529812813,
0.01523525919765234,
0.023440035060048103,
-0.01982063800096512,
0.015226496383547783,
0.04046369343996048,
-0.010441937483847141,
-0.031251560896635056,
0.044765766710042953,
0.00041051633888855577,
0.007065958343446255,
-0.025912698358297348,
0.03695313632488251,
-0.03167325630784035,
-0.0024972562678158283,
0.007708529941737652,
0.05036900192499161,
-0.010892972350120544,
-0.010178948752582073,
0.005524875596165657,
0.024521006271243095,
0.03234883397817612,
0.043629325926303864,
0.05172141268849373,
0.02470816858112812,
0.0038059938233345747,
0.017067324370145798,
-0.04200242832303047,
-0.02453772723674774,
-0.0384068563580513,
-0.030178427696228027,
0.005100808572024107,
-0.05227010324597359,
0.002134293783456087,
0.04919331893324852,
0.009744875133037567,
-0.024178974330425262,
-0.04222025349736214,
-0.012717122212052345,
-0.02808082476258278,
0.005358188413083553,
-0.030940856784582138,
0.007743637543171644,
0.026572784408926964,
0.0812210664153099,
-0.004351718816906214,
-0.016251539811491966,
0.05001140758395195,
0.011748070828616619,
0.029054054990410805,
-0.013319308869540691,
-0.01635560765862465,
0.011977985501289368,
0.0032374465372413397,
0.0008253788109868765,
0.008993321098387241,
0.032520100474357605,
0.015510734170675278,
-0.01652262732386589,
0.022171707823872566,
0.08442533761262894,
0.026347581297159195,
0.007913509383797646,
-0.02501283399760723,
0.039531197398900986,
0.004125799518078566,
0.033381327986717224,
-0.0007494607707485557,
0.040766190737485886,
0.03333777189254761,
0.04930312559008598,
0.018173452466726303,
0.004224931355565786,
-0.0021575374994426966,
-0.004510440863668919,
-0.03271908685564995,
0.028052475303411484,
-0.030802659690380096,
-0.02848583087325096,
-0.048178330063819885,
-0.00540178595110774,
-0.01613580994307995,
0.030506674200296402,
-0.009137948974967003,
0.01844203844666481,
-0.03665352985262871,
0.07965897768735886,
-0.0005031385226175189,
-0.008358904160559177,
-0.0038424090016633272,
0.002422441728413105,
0.07742489874362946,
0.012134178541600704,
-0.0323265977203846,
-0.015617749653756618,
0.02401345781981945,
0.006747504696249962,
0.0063698869198560715,
-0.01952085830271244,
-0.04230768606066704,
-0.010169431567192078,
0.026966584846377373,
0.0033549705985933542,
-0.010328714735805988,
-0.03795692324638367,
0.007036710157990456,
-0.023335915058851242,
0.00618120888248086,
0.03387608379125595,
0.00878289993852377,
0.06254146248102188,
0.0033839812967926264,
0.0074933972209692,
0.0011828773422166705,
0.00792581308633089,
0.01593289151787758,
0.00625511072576046,
0.017796967178583145,
-0.03231317922472954,
-0.014282808639109135,
-0.027589723467826843,
-0.047688089311122894,
0.012312045320868492,
0.005647880956530571,
0.0005014301859773695,
-0.013432408683001995,
-0.006418013479560614,
0.020992079749703407,
-0.03591921180486679,
-0.011126924306154251,
0.012662781402468681,
-0.07080335170030594,
0.011551768518984318,
0.036025743931531906,
-0.04612857848405838,
0.0032603279687464237,
-0.03177769109606743,
-0.027162842452526093,
-0.06137222796678543,
-0.04272120073437691,
-0.028271419927477837,
-0.027438154444098473,
-0.0366399921476841,
-0.007584016770124435,
0.007578653749078512,
-0.012959115207195282,
-0.006413860246539116,
0.018081966787576675,
-0.030806424096226692,
-0.003977157641202211,
-0.021156255155801773,
0.04547873139381409,
-0.00881443452090025,
-0.03007577173411846,
0.005533985327929258,
-0.0037523945793509483,
0.017985116690397263,
-0.035524144768714905,
0.021913979202508926,
0.050661660730838776,
-0.0020998166874051094,
-0.04032234475016594,
0.004447320010513067,
0.01794511452317238,
0.03607684001326561,
0.012873698957264423,
-0.01714346930384636,
0.008861439302563667,
-0.03234776854515076,
0.01010455098003149,
0.036828357726335526,
0.018855150789022446,
0.005565623752772808,
0.00890436489135027,
0.010707720182836056,
-0.001953363651409745,
-0.004809454549103975,
-0.004846492316573858,
-0.04043644294142723,
-0.03525816276669502,
-0.0005549761699512601,
-0.011047115549445152,
0.014096410013735294,
-0.046244263648986816,
-0.02467220090329647,
0.031967297196388245,
-0.0037184616085141897,
0.028140028938651085,
-0.014040408656001091,
0.008686317130923271,
0.026412690058350563,
0.024494554847478867,
-0.001882168697193265,
-0.003109823213890195,
0.07292710989713669,
-0.05571496859192848,
-0.014490160159766674,
-0.014406929723918438,
-0.017561372369527817,
0.09513163566589355,
-0.0218846146017313,
0.009160456247627735,
-0.04031507670879364,
-0.028517333790659904,
0.040569767355918884,
-0.04501502215862274,
-0.06347789615392685,
0.02857273817062378,
-0.07387568801641464,
-0.018392402678728104,
0.02411673404276371,
-0.025900479406118393,
-0.01714848354458809,
-0.024965936318039894,
-0.02322625368833542,
-0.019500138238072395,
0.029130056500434875,
0.045161519199609756,
-0.04902360960841179,
-0.003040662035346031,
-0.034665629267692566,
0.0077466038055717945,
0.015301964245736599,
0.04572051763534546,
-0.032274506986141205,
0.019119400531053543,
0.0007804460474289954,
0.03364972025156021,
-0.0027676871977746487,
0.005239211954176426,
0.03906917944550514,
0.03584451600909233,
-0.00476464070379734,
-0.08290595561265945,
0.021570144221186638,
0.026112958788871765,
-0.02474568411707878,
-0.06252965331077576,
0.05665626376867294,
0.014660961925983429,
-0.050884634256362915,
-0.005424997303634882,
0.056942928582429886,
-0.04876235872507095,
0.012445094995200634,
-0.02251540869474411,
-0.020307334139943123,
0.0008033145568333566,
0.054504089057445526,
0.0006773460190743208,
0.04467935860157013,
0.05831516534090042,
0.004116514697670937,
0.022840598598122597,
-0.037735968828201294,
0.060662008821964264,
0.06455833464860916,
0.026619991287589073,
0.027129555121064186,
0.0682898685336113,
-0.004875061102211475,
-0.0551314540207386,
0.01699829287827015,
0.05216887593269348,
-0.02676493115723133,
-0.013858730904757977,
-0.009891937486827374,
0.08392105996608734,
0.0135157136246562,
0.04712865501642227,
-0.041196309030056,
-0.03405610844492912,
-0.017308639362454414,
0.02381596714258194,
0.019206592813134193,
0.02997606247663498,
0.03924684599041939,
0.014176295138895512,
-0.03234267979860306,
-0.009001136757433414,
0.006238346919417381,
-0.006170512177050114,
0.01304237823933363,
0.014910440891981125,
-0.025840073823928833,
0.021343277767300606,
-0.017935030162334442,
0.039078254252672195,
0.07857860624790192,
-0.023864632472395897,
-0.06906870007514954,
0.017178969457745552,
-0.016100525856018066,
0.018778743222355843,
0.053144682198762894,
0.007513382006436586,
-0.03891018405556679,
0.005918714217841625,
-0.06426920741796494,
0.03955414891242981,
0.0041582100093364716,
-0.0177904162555933,
0.012716014869511127,
-0.03711538389325142,
-0.0392480343580246,
0.0008836645283736289,
0.01579185016453266,
-0.04086584225296974,
-0.022153247147798538,
-0.025209344923496246,
-0.03456178307533264,
-0.02611474320292473,
-0.04884186387062073,
0.03023527003824711,
0.002915309276431799,
-0.04667374864220619,
-0.0290654469281435,
0.0005418041255325079,
0.0007281951839104295,
0.06448131054639816,
-0.07979921996593475,
-0.005448231939226389,
0.0465455986559391,
0.020974814891815186,
0.02689352072775364,
0.010919373482465744,
0.001948523218743503,
-0.02217186987400055,
-0.03272005915641785,
0.06288265436887741,
-0.024084758013486862,
0.030173227190971375,
0.008091655559837818,
-0.04007761552929878,
-0.12546448409557343,
0.007245445623993874,
0.01663137413561344,
-0.040350865572690964,
-0.06377780437469482,
0.03785017505288124,
-0.026986869052052498,
0.07370152324438095,
0.04767341911792755,
0.01931573450565338,
0.0046377042308449745,
-0.017944561317563057,
0.00619111955165863,
-0.025116031989455223,
0.014632710255682468,
0.06558043509721756,
-0.03644239157438278,
0.0547785609960556,
0.021283745765686035,
-0.03594711050391197,
-0.0002071632188744843,
0.04346032813191414,
-0.004281714558601379,
0.035030074417591095,
-0.013940609991550446,
-0.030371030792593956,
-0.015771271660923958,
-0.10295350849628448,
-0.03063051402568817,
0.06968167424201965,
0.019129380583763123,
-0.04303405061364174,
0.009051063098013401,
0.005191980395466089,
-0.013709450140595436,
0.046026814728975296,
-0.011296170763671398,
0.014225875027477741,
-0.06183122470974922,
-0.008781573735177517,
-0.07233276218175888,
0.039871860295534134,
-0.04779593273997307,
0.0140452291816473,
-0.01841278001666069,
-0.039100274443626404,
-0.03076343983411789,
-0.02403760515153408,
0.00422396557405591,
-0.013919115997850895,
0.015918759629130363,
0.00003846358958981
] |
264 |
Language Imbalance Driven Rewarding for Multilingual Self-improving
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Kak2ZH5Itp
|
[
"Wen Yang",
"Junhong Wu",
"Chen Wang",
"Chengqing Zong",
"Jiajun Zhang"
] |
Poster
|
Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance across numerous tasks. However, these advancements have predominantly benefited "first-class" languages such as English and Chinese, leaving many other languages underrepresented. This imbalance, while limiting broader applications, generates a natural preference ranking between languages, offering an opportunity to bootstrap the multilingual capabilities of LLM in a self-improving manner. Thus, we propose $\textit{Language Imbalance Driven Rewarding}$, where the inherent imbalance between dominant and non-dominant languages within LLMs is leveraged as a reward signal. Iterative DPO training demonstrates that this approach not only enhances LLM performance in non-dominant languages but also improves the dominant language's capacity, thereby yielding an iterative reward signal. Fine-tuning Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct over two iterations of this approach results in continuous improvements in multilingual performance across instruction-following and arithmetic reasoning tasks, evidenced by an average improvement of 7.46\% win rate on the X-AlpacaEval leaderboard and 13.9\% accuracy on the MGSM benchmark. This work serves as an initial exploration, paving the way for multilingual self-improvement of LLMs.
|
Large Language Model, Self-Improving, Multilinguality
|
This paper proposes Language Imbalance Driven Rewarding, which leverages the inherent imbalance in LLMs as a reward signal to bootstrap LLMs’ multilingual capabilities in a self-improving manner.
| 13,855 |
2410.08964
|
[
-0.03745884820818901,
-0.028143612667918205,
0.0010222840355709195,
0.013617519289255142,
0.0337846614420414,
0.025319309905171394,
0.03392230346798897,
0.029229873791337013,
-0.024092992767691612,
-0.012362259440124035,
-0.020052028819918633,
0.03180135414004326,
-0.05829911679029465,
-0.025188663974404335,
-0.005205418448895216,
0.03578673303127289,
0.05855482444167137,
0.00005781563595519401,
0.008018738590180874,
0.010095972567796707,
-0.013408084399998188,
-0.010655158199369907,
0.04577856510877609,
0.004764602053910494,
0.0036205011419951916,
0.02434857003390789,
0.02716323919594288,
0.0027589290402829647,
-0.036251701414585114,
-0.027132494375109673,
0.03703160211443901,
-0.03194586560130119,
0.0242303553968668,
-0.00039859674870967865,
0.0033977439161390066,
0.0016610989114269614,
-0.02975699119269848,
0.007415664382278919,
0.02247675694525242,
-0.0006106965593062341,
-0.029855087399482727,
0.014792114496231079,
-0.007414413616061211,
0.011328029446303844,
-0.0693214163184166,
0.019379697740077972,
-0.10952319949865341,
0.011486862786114216,
0.03863339498639107,
-0.05654770880937576,
-0.11486002802848816,
0.01960967481136322,
0.015062532387673855,
-0.022464187815785408,
0.027972279116511345,
0.014894332736730576,
0.024691807106137276,
-0.08638402074575424,
-0.015079970471560955,
-0.04114779084920883,
-0.039676517248153687,
0.018915656954050064,
-0.006062712054699659,
0.0000137540864670882,
0.012442376464605331,
-0.022379999980330467,
-0.006347665097564459,
0.01945037953555584,
-0.06298404186964035,
-0.05486694350838661,
-0.0388050377368927,
0.0072809020057320595,
-0.021433062851428986,
-0.009989704005420208,
0.011453026905655861,
-0.07813064754009247,
-0.02037259005010128,
0.05826684832572937,
0.04334182292222977,
0.02135763317346573,
-0.023665769025683403,
0.02423754893243313,
0.041156619787216187,
0.031822532415390015,
0.02106085605919361,
0.005572504363954067,
-0.01174161396920681,
-0.04590999335050583,
-0.05703222006559372,
0.013403726741671562,
-0.009771718643605709,
-0.04713023453950882,
0.023412173613905907,
0.04054147005081177,
0.039735931903123856,
0.0028540214989334345,
0.019006917253136635,
0.046907227486371994,
-0.01880883425474167,
-0.0007439247565343976,
-0.0006505413330160081,
-0.0520697757601738,
0.03832721337676048,
-0.0067328521981835365,
-0.10265601426362991,
-0.04181165248155594,
-0.016459215432405472,
0.0005098755937069654,
0.010176080279052258,
-0.005689275451004505,
-0.0265874732285738,
-0.04766538739204407,
0.019140277057886124,
0.0008504791767336428,
-0.07743104547262192,
0.036528170108795166,
-0.010264245793223381,
0.055236976593732834,
-0.00970577634871006,
-0.00301910936832428,
0.05695674195885658,
0.06314291059970856,
0.014353328384459019,
0.06741558015346527,
-0.01749836467206478,
0.007135686930269003,
0.027149388566613197,
0.0430794283747673,
-0.014273992739617825,
-0.023702412843704224,
0.02706655114889145,
0.048478152602910995,
0.022083401679992676,
0.02346644550561905,
-0.013307465240359306,
-0.00950711127370596,
0.03411698713898659,
0.002034951001405716,
0.06214574724435806,
-0.004644931759685278,
-0.007616124115884304,
0.013101616874337196,
0.05315929278731346,
-0.007633286528289318,
0.0715230330824852,
0.00948763731867075,
-0.04578609764575958,
-0.029736533761024475,
-0.042692262679338455,
-0.015370984561741352,
0.01947861537337303,
-0.004485573153942823,
-0.0005196728743612766,
-0.037646662443876266,
0.011848497204482555,
0.04871812090277672,
0.026763111352920532,
0.007835930213332176,
0.0013547706184908748,
0.004814031068235636,
-0.011840002611279488,
0.006678340025246143,
-0.036081794649362564,
0.00010971658048219979,
-0.01515238918364048,
-0.03996057063341141,
0.03856869414448738,
0.008071623742580414,
-0.043176066130399704,
0.02268245257437229,
-0.03140820562839508,
-0.026724722236394882,
0.06249438226222992,
-0.02364007942378521,
-0.05805259197950363,
-0.023392075672745705,
0.049848515540361404,
0.013737388886511326,
0.037579987198114395,
0.06841017305850983,
-0.07412539422512054,
0.030952341854572296,
0.01629023440182209,
0.007247582543641329,
0.03324243426322937,
0.007285312283784151,
0.07645774632692337,
-0.024979250505566597,
-0.006321107968688011,
0.046417485922575,
-0.0875413715839386,
0.010118328034877777,
0.0509752482175827,
-0.002925335895270109,
0.06200430914759636,
0.004282793030142784,
0.003955428022891283,
0.030576983466744423,
0.04716494306921959,
0.0686633363366127,
0.06579247117042542,
-0.02679198607802391,
0.03781801089644432,
-0.008778327144682407,
-0.030084960162639618,
0.008329200558364391,
0.021791044622659683,
-0.03750120475888252,
-0.023854918777942657,
0.009872626513242722,
-0.03934226557612419,
-0.015874000266194344,
0.0056740883737802505,
0.027826795354485512,
0.000639743753708899,
0.014068203046917915,
-0.03305055946111679,
-0.03642420098185539,
0.002940173726528883,
-0.04482826218008995,
0.047384489327669144,
0.004657553043216467,
-0.02208474650979042,
-0.020307769998908043,
-0.019990360364317894,
0.08728702366352081,
0.030995111912488937,
-0.024050569161772728,
0.003866201499477029,
0.05121729522943497,
0.0004052218282595277,
0.0008673858246766031,
0.020919781178236008,
-0.015686852857470512,
0.004643197171390057,
-0.02925659902393818,
-0.02498919516801834,
-0.033414147794246674,
0.07817386835813522,
-0.012304249219596386,
-0.021850107237696648,
0.08161915838718414,
-0.04731709510087967,
0.04883936420083046,
-0.014988739974796772,
0.014780567958950996,
0.03510674461722374,
0.002306802896782756,
-0.013091080822050571,
-0.051232755184173584,
-0.038731351494789124,
0.006553508806973696,
-0.01778002828359604,
-0.015519039705395699,
-0.006716869305819273,
-0.05245281010866165,
-0.005429907236248255,
-0.033432599157094955,
0.046018652617931366,
0.03814046084880829,
0.0041297320276498795,
0.04608074575662613,
0.005803485866636038,
-0.04217547923326492,
-0.008184832520782948,
-0.09967280179262161,
0.002637235214933753,
0.0007051342981867492,
0.02951938658952713,
0.0035305360797792673,
0.025942519307136536,
0.00745561346411705,
0.011655520647764206,
-0.044677525758743286,
-0.010433807037770748,
0.02105788327753544,
0.009299607016146183,
-0.009667780250310898,
-0.056258462369441986,
-0.02611253410577774,
-0.037399910390377045,
0.05276104062795639,
-0.039630576968193054,
-0.011845963075757027,
-0.04707174375653267,
-0.04616978019475937,
-0.02471848577260971,
-0.050975251942873,
-0.005013215821236372,
0.01816544495522976,
0.018823038786649704,
0.013647335581481457,
-0.00847714114934206,
0.0037473589181900024,
0.038350895047187805,
0.035869747400283813,
0.037279825657606125,
0.019489673897624016,
-0.010736554861068726,
0.058596376329660416,
-0.010748946107923985,
0.006405404303222895,
-0.014997496269643307,
0.055339716374874115,
-0.0028093319851905107,
-0.004159236326813698,
0.02129417285323143,
0.001284062280319631,
-0.268180787563324,
-0.024530215188860893,
0.0021481853909790516,
-0.028508096933364868,
0.006738760974258184,
-0.009212556295096874,
0.04082505777478218,
-0.0019675849471241236,
-0.04177851602435112,
0.022211149334907532,
-0.006235029082745314,
0.018054714426398277,
0.019298885017633438,
0.0482303649187088,
0.06607932597398758,
0.07974136620759964,
-0.00500743743032217,
-0.013395431451499462,
-0.009596642106771469,
0.05133533105254173,
-0.02218867838382721,
-0.0643627718091011,
-0.004457440692931414,
0.06062567979097366,
-0.004720247350633144,
0.09221211075782776,
-0.06062719225883484,
0.01046666782349348,
-0.02819512039422989,
0.00638699671253562,
-0.04326647147536278,
-0.01901494525372982,
-0.007725315168499947,
0.0010290128411725163,
-0.009827656671404839,
-0.0072803013026714325,
0.01721409149467945,
-0.005062357056885958,
0.036767080426216125,
0.009105084463953972,
0.0035781338810920715,
-0.03226281329989433,
-0.0033463493455201387,
0.029318757355213165,
0.07059606164693832,
0.0275128111243248,
-0.09582981467247009,
-0.029097624123096466,
0.0012098359875380993,
0.04612264037132263,
0.004196275491267443,
-0.0453164279460907,
-0.04212752729654312,
0.01764545403420925,
-0.001079632667824626,
0.002246304415166378,
0.005981147289276123,
-0.016923831775784492,
-0.020179511979222298,
0.02717878296971321,
-0.013814164325594902,
-0.03273816779255867,
-0.04945329949259758,
-0.010993441566824913,
-0.024251258000731468,
-0.03388547897338867,
-0.040473829954862595,
-0.03385184705257416,
0.05130322277545929,
0.047377344220876694,
-0.015188383869826794,
0.03230377286672592,
-0.001269508502446115,
-0.0851229801774025,
0.008941308595240116,
-0.009795809164643288,
-0.025278769433498383,
0.0016651361947879195,
-0.0232559721916914,
0.03223108872771263,
-0.03903501480817795,
-0.044689975678920746,
-0.01999710686504841,
-0.00548534793779254,
0.036939483135938644,
-0.018931793048977852,
0.017907479777932167,
-0.014502464793622494,
-0.015742575749754906,
-0.03278989717364311,
0.04433436319231987,
0.0012021138099953532,
0.02558368816971779,
0.023072296753525734,
0.07663040608167648,
0.016943128779530525,
0.02357129193842411,
0.03627147153019905,
0.00769627932459116,
0.0031186500564217567,
0.020744893699884415,
-0.12497353553771973,
-0.007175844628363848,
-0.03289240226149559,
-0.022100821137428284,
0.030121061950922012,
-0.06885945051908493,
-0.030740823596715927,
0.05302778631448746,
-0.00598050095140934,
-0.04154466465115547,
-0.03296171501278877,
0.016417907550930977,
0.011164814233779907,
-0.018056903034448624,
0.0020603553857654333,
-0.0009810023475438356,
0.02712528593838215,
0.01850886084139347,
-0.01834971085190773,
-0.03240227326750755,
0.025676805526018143,
-0.028932422399520874,
-0.0051768627017736435,
0.0005251239635981619,
-0.006304077338427305,
0.008370500057935715,
0.004575876984745264,
-0.04620574787259102,
-0.010507432743906975,
0.02947378344833851,
0.01802869141101837,
-0.01292579434812069,
0.01231476292014122,
0.02706161141395569,
0.002728017745539546,
-0.006611606106162071,
-0.013617663644254208,
0.04624900594353676,
-0.02334308810532093,
0.01288295816630125,
-0.01688353531062603,
0.03771471232175827,
0.020827798172831535,
0.031425658613443375,
0.011532314121723175,
0.006811539176851511,
-0.013878838159143925,
-0.0008191604865714908,
0.03523997217416763,
0.06455906480550766,
-0.05927613377571106,
0.011650112457573414,
-0.0280949417501688,
0.038438424468040466,
0.013830005191266537,
0.0035615554079413414,
-0.014815444126725197,
0.022415412589907646,
-0.0803745687007904,
0.05552656576037407,
-0.009474092163145542,
-0.03158446401357651,
0.03521771728992462,
0.043816938996315,
0.03010287694633007,
-0.033013518899679184,
-0.0070755756460130215,
0.027704443782567978,
0.029363662004470825,
0.024027887731790543,
-0.020001135766506195,
-0.023318149149417877,
-0.04042019695043564,
-0.0514928363263607,
0.000317160680424422,
0.02549491450190544,
-0.008324109017848969,
-0.037167664617300034,
0.04948941990733147,
0.0030499063432216644,
-0.037878889590501785,
0.00945266243070364,
-0.0015087095089256763,
0.09193583577871323,
0.037299223244190216,
0.02058505266904831,
-0.007570975925773382,
-0.03789215534925461,
0.009912227280437946,
-0.010701942257583141,
0.02271389588713646,
-0.013412218540906906,
-0.05227740481495857,
-0.04125530645251274,
-0.03818536177277565,
-0.02001768909394741,
0.026697728782892227,
-0.01224458497017622,
-0.025258515030145645,
-0.033891502767801285,
-0.013636425137519836,
-0.039939261972904205,
-0.035054635256528854,
0.04536977782845497,
-0.07597166299819946,
-0.009448674507439137,
0.0010807364014908671,
-0.011383485980331898,
0.05775303393602371,
-0.04177131876349449,
-0.044241372495889664,
-0.03589877486228943,
-0.02311788499355316,
0.016211895272135735,
-0.03328675776720047,
-0.004996258765459061,
-0.012290946207940578,
-0.04906865209341049,
0.0034338529221713543,
0.010381453670561314,
-0.011300838552415371,
-0.015330848284065723,
-0.02570037916302681,
-0.002134901937097311,
0.036621466279029846,
-0.05898452550172806,
-0.028549684211611748,
0.03611987829208374,
-0.0460699163377285,
0.033470913767814636,
-0.06425447762012482,
0.007309719920158386,
0.03670811653137207,
-0.006950858514755964,
0.010936732403934002,
-0.056680016219615936,
0.04018619284033775,
0.031769271939992905,
-0.024794086813926697,
0.02519051916897297,
-0.01670374907553196,
-0.017433075234293938,
0.005008878652006388,
-0.010121207684278488,
0.042921919375658035,
-0.013776245526969433,
-0.006086540874093771,
0.0008680704631842673,
0.02754751220345497,
0.008473703637719154,
0.010335687547922134,
-0.02737179584801197,
0.021049220114946365,
0.07020615041255951,
-0.03567005321383476,
-0.013407330960035324,
-0.05622122809290886,
-0.04704395681619644,
0.005833194591104984,
-0.0029543398413807154,
0.005772166419774294,
-0.035768233239650726,
0.06712141633033752,
0.01943655125796795,
0.05324264243245125,
0.014212530106306076,
-0.03379086032509804,
0.011613150127232075,
-0.03054257482290268,
0.00019325854373164475,
-0.0909811332821846,
-0.02182392030954361,
0.06918533891439438,
-0.03681313619017601,
0.011439340189099312,
-0.009523211978375912,
-0.05374691262841225,
0.026741044595837593,
-0.018086642026901245,
-0.032058827579021454,
-0.005562067497521639,
-0.0038396334275603294,
-0.023659227415919304,
0.036230068653821945,
-0.038828495889902115,
-0.026576582342386246,
-0.03867178037762642,
-0.023500492796301842,
0.0034092762507498264,
-0.006839167792350054,
0.060538917779922485,
0.01147194392979145,
0.04925762861967087,
-0.02609333023428917,
-0.007937326095998287,
0.010187534615397453,
0.04181019216775894,
0.010671144351363182,
0.016921762377023697,
0.002750660292804241,
0.061024848371744156,
0.020452549681067467,
0.023270374163985252,
0.020507417619228363,
0.0002415347844362259,
-0.018618974834680557,
-0.052831798791885376,
0.046472180634737015,
0.0010969697032123804,
-0.011883210390806198,
-0.043331578373909,
0.06846973299980164,
0.029869338497519493,
-0.04204938933253288,
-0.02375672571361065,
0.03172077238559723,
-0.028725698590278625,
-0.017217746004462242,
0.00382242095656693,
0.03468158468604088,
-0.010382586158812046,
0.09113512933254242,
0.05034872889518738,
0.06774051487445831,
0.055939581245183945,
0.002682651858776808,
-0.05840658023953438,
0.043282173573970795,
0.06431765854358673,
0.03665061295032501,
0.04346449673175812,
-0.008086450397968292,
0.08404067158699036,
-0.04369040206074715,
-0.05346117541193962,
0.014750054106116295,
0.027657484635710716,
-0.017077215015888214,
-0.048792846500873566,
0.017466409131884575,
0.06706072390079498,
-0.0276452898979187,
0.055996134877204895,
-0.01683393307030201,
-0.04318580776453018,
0.05514939874410629,
0.024956464767456055,
0.010664771310985088,
0.05050738528370857,
0.04544026404619217,
0.01380221452564001,
-0.014628063887357712,
-0.016470087692141533,
0.014823127537965775,
-0.02756033092737198,
-0.002044600434601307,
0.00974996667355299,
-0.009699582122266293,
-0.005229221656918526,
-0.017168035730719566,
0.056013140827417374,
0.11796332150697708,
-0.03894444555044174,
-0.004083205945789814,
-0.002428439212962985,
-0.004135242197662592,
0.021065479144454002,
0.04650524631142616,
-0.024582084268331528,
0.000599588209297508,
-0.026965897530317307,
-0.041450630873441696,
-0.008430438116192818,
0.03423435986042023,
0.008070246316492558,
0.045116063207387924,
-0.04507758095860481,
0.0007222064305096865,
0.019454315304756165,
0.015483780764043331,
-0.059984222054481506,
-0.043110184371471405,
-0.02548433467745781,
-0.033972833305597305,
-0.0360272042453289,
-0.04259980097413063,
0.0246107317507267,
0.000646913074888289,
0.008720931597054005,
0.015208663418889046,
-0.005991459358483553,
-0.008610174991190434,
-0.00020862286328338087,
-0.05997948721051216,
-0.016395332291722298,
0.03640105575323105,
-0.016939440742135048,
-0.0270694512873888,
0.046384211629629135,
0.02314870059490204,
-0.023121746256947517,
0.008548513986170292,
0.0296507366001606,
0.024294504895806313,
0.0094423433765769,
-0.0049900165759027,
-0.010198489762842655,
-0.10851230472326279,
-0.014196410775184631,
0.042439427226781845,
-0.04618025943636894,
-0.06458137184381485,
0.019966479390859604,
-0.004219165537506342,
0.05880635976791382,
0.06450261175632477,
0.017501039430499077,
-0.011007293127477169,
-0.039771225303411484,
-0.004797651898115873,
-0.0069864047691226006,
0.00890296045690775,
0.0528140626847744,
-0.015930095687508583,
0.08030687272548676,
0.028703555464744568,
-0.008974474854767323,
-0.06962575763463974,
0.04610427841544151,
-0.012689958326518536,
-0.026607248932123184,
-0.012396035715937614,
-0.005239094141870737,
-0.01840851828455925,
-0.05972215533256531,
0.010358290746808052,
0.001475286902859807,
-0.05040809512138367,
-0.031208781525492668,
0.006971550639718771,
-0.0421542264521122,
-0.00854471791535616,
-0.03614742308855057,
-0.015171230770647526,
-0.017568383365869522,
-0.004502120427787304,
-0.01583327166736126,
-0.051724061369895935,
-0.005910178180783987,
-0.02951006591320038,
0.022391697391867638,
-0.02191232517361641,
-0.030452163890004158,
0.02086084522306919,
0.031858380883932114,
0.045893095433712006,
-0.000657401280477643,
0.008070209994912148,
-0.03403417021036148
] |
265 |
Quantum-PEFT: Ultra parameter-efficient fine-tuning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=dgR6i4TSng
|
[
"Toshiaki Koike-Akino",
"Francesco Tonin",
"Yongtao Wu",
"Zhengqing Wu",
"Leyla Naz Candogan",
"Volkan Cevher"
] |
Poster
|
This paper introduces Quantum-PEFT that leverages quantum computations for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Unlike other additive PEFT methods, such as low-rank adaptation (LoRA), Quantum-PEFT exploits an underlying full-rank yet surprisingly parameter efficient _quantum unitary parameterization_. With the use of Pauli parameterization, the number of trainable parameters grows only logarithmically with the ambient dimension, as opposed to linearly as in LoRA-based PEFT methods. Quantum-PEFT achieves vanishingly smaller number of trainable parameters than the lowest-rank LoRA as dimensions grow, enhancing parameter efficiency while maintaining a competitive performance. We apply Quantum-PEFT to several transfer learning benchmarks in language and vision, demonstrating significant advantages in parameter efficiency.
|
parameter-efficient fine-tuning, lora, quantum machine learning, orthogonality constraints
| null | 13,846 | null |
[
-0.015150892548263073,
-0.02457251027226448,
-0.00837523303925991,
0.04646572843194008,
0.04755554720759392,
0.038688015192747116,
0.02199060283601284,
-0.014765356667339802,
-0.004853018559515476,
-0.047797322273254395,
-0.014727110974490643,
-0.02537674270570278,
-0.0834430530667305,
-0.020391445606946945,
-0.010194816626608372,
0.04809556528925896,
0.055551037192344666,
-0.02521638199687004,
0.010666333138942719,
0.0019411033717915416,
0.0005430335295386612,
0.010628677904605865,
0.03413619101047516,
0.0014473674818873405,
-0.020481420680880547,
0.01233699917793274,
0.0026952573098242283,
0.008473117835819721,
-0.03404341638088226,
-0.006173908710479736,
0.04238855838775635,
-0.027536947280168533,
-0.0295852143317461,
-0.02803962305188179,
0.04045211896300316,
-0.017679035663604736,
-0.053222063928842545,
0.004359778482466936,
0.016719264909625053,
0.03058682754635811,
-0.029863586649298668,
0.01060227956622839,
0.016429826617240906,
0.030658379197120667,
-0.08053465932607651,
-0.00042783553362824023,
-0.11410067975521088,
0.046122293919324875,
-0.012149753049015999,
-0.04375613108277321,
-0.05247604846954346,
0.032951682806015015,
-0.012048071250319481,
0.0043023438192903996,
0.020224502310156822,
0.04810825735330582,
-0.0014933417551219463,
-0.06713084131479263,
-0.0016303489683195949,
-0.024091359227895737,
-0.020470820367336273,
0.03078281134366989,
0.039826951920986176,
0.00748755456879735,
-0.003864745842292905,
-0.031091954559087753,
-0.017780443653464317,
0.053538743406534195,
-0.04863763973116875,
-0.04049239307641983,
0.012571856379508972,
-0.003199552884325385,
-0.0020476493518799543,
-0.013291793875396252,
0.03395342826843262,
-0.009785817004740238,
0.026685088872909546,
0.045926086604595184,
0.06304071098566055,
0.007819702848792076,
0.03318313509225845,
0.037487540394067764,
0.02882104180753231,
0.038210153579711914,
-0.01860462687909603,
-0.008985208347439766,
-0.06754020601511002,
-0.01538047194480896,
-0.07923165708780289,
0.057145435363054276,
-0.008414894342422485,
-0.029418203979730606,
0.02107606828212738,
0.01864366978406906,
-0.012514906004071236,
0.03291086107492447,
0.023402215912938118,
-0.0036345648113638163,
0.015500590205192566,
0.025270329788327217,
-0.03266270086169243,
-0.012074107304215431,
0.049538884311914444,
-0.01916891522705555,
-0.09899987280368805,
0.008813518099486828,
-0.04564347490668297,
-0.0369342677295208,
-0.007371793035417795,
0.0037553056608885527,
-0.020723901689052582,
0.018444256857037544,
0.026863452047109604,
-0.004115107003599405,
-0.09885583817958832,
0.014379914849996567,
0.0009942800970748067,
0.01422771718353033,
-0.010781386867165565,
-0.006401021499186754,
0.053590916097164154,
0.08805584162473679,
0.020025601610541344,
0.05062735825777054,
0.012724190019071102,
-0.02258724719285965,
0.03478866443037987,
0.028902247548103333,
-0.03938326612114906,
-0.044108062982559204,
-0.007451399229466915,
0.019491152837872505,
0.015357432886958122,
0.016081176698207855,
0.003562322584912181,
-0.05996318534016609,
0.0027533371467143297,
0.01906634494662285,
0.037891510874032974,
-0.019941210746765137,
-0.004498700145632029,
-0.0325813814997673,
0.052773937582969666,
-0.004131833557039499,
0.06120213121175766,
-0.004176438320428133,
0.022943709045648575,
-0.023342475295066833,
-0.01903941109776497,
0.018975049257278442,
-0.010080358944833279,
0.00872559379786253,
0.022263456135988235,
-0.06709032505750656,
-0.029072079807519913,
0.03662237524986267,
0.030906805768609047,
0.03374381363391876,
-0.008691605180501938,
-0.002501769457012415,
0.010592910461127758,
-0.043626729398965836,
-0.007151872850954533,
-0.011285812593996525,
-0.02484205737709999,
-0.014205897226929665,
0.05514350160956383,
0.03777128458023071,
-0.005664943717420101,
-0.0028421420138329268,
-0.007671113591641188,
-0.034747734665870667,
0.05858723074197769,
0.022879071533679962,
-0.05699901655316353,
0.006683197803795338,
0.04820751026272774,
-0.019703958183526993,
0.03681827336549759,
0.034598227590322495,
-0.09311966598033905,
0.0371524952352047,
0.007091937121003866,
0.009143192321062088,
-0.012515266425907612,
-0.028597258031368256,
0.08238598704338074,
-0.04232596606016159,
-0.0008731011184863746,
-0.017293713986873627,
-0.04014714062213898,
0.004866317380219698,
-0.012047440744936466,
-0.026464540511369705,
0.0577264204621315,
0.019309334456920624,
-0.006745398044586182,
0.02587207593023777,
0.058482177555561066,
0.02215041033923626,
0.0370713509619236,
-0.02717054821550846,
0.041072577238082886,
0.00007796886347932741,
-0.018761036917567253,
0.010573063045740128,
0.04530327022075653,
-0.017967646941542625,
-0.020135624334216118,
0.0001134949125116691,
-0.02127237431704998,
0.006504338700324297,
0.008172815665602684,
-0.008047765120863914,
-0.008900748565793037,
-0.006721444893628359,
-0.04329672083258629,
0.004604077897965908,
-0.006150965578854084,
-0.033173494040966034,
0.008467141538858414,
0.04345284402370453,
-0.016851088032126427,
0.025355838239192963,
-0.03410933539271355,
0.117942214012146,
0.03899569436907768,
-0.024855131283402443,
0.0013834410347044468,
0.026974448934197426,
0.023279080167412758,
-0.03958144038915634,
0.017756173387169838,
-0.04835283383727074,
0.03299278765916824,
-0.016890790313482285,
-0.0048920526169240475,
-0.047373633831739426,
0.06829936802387238,
-0.03788807988166809,
-0.00778183713555336,
0.03287317976355553,
-0.004627167712897062,
0.044641245156526566,
0.018014227971434593,
-0.010080522857606411,
0.06444592773914337,
-0.029978033155202866,
-0.004411006346344948,
-0.03287972882390022,
-0.029559368267655373,
-0.011464918963611126,
-0.0027379952371120453,
-0.023704251274466515,
0.04102945327758789,
-0.07763924449682236,
-0.0036274068988859653,
-0.012265005148947239,
0.032663602381944656,
0.05235794931650162,
0.03296864405274391,
0.03282466158270836,
0.011510130949318409,
-0.056757207959890366,
-0.025816859677433968,
-0.08099798113107681,
-0.03791756555438042,
0.0016891657141968608,
0.06588586419820786,
-0.011345201171934605,
0.055807530879974365,
0.01083229947835207,
-0.00022964540403336287,
-0.03522374480962753,
-0.018035685643553734,
0.02206629514694214,
0.02567492052912712,
-0.012556060217320919,
-0.058343324810266495,
-0.027063459157943726,
-0.0026206262409687042,
0.06849881261587143,
-0.033048972487449646,
-0.006193128414452076,
-0.04015123471617699,
-0.028090137988328934,
-0.027339128777384758,
-0.05213243141770363,
0.021010028198361397,
0.021293336525559425,
0.03436299040913582,
0.014445397071540356,
-0.015179256908595562,
0.013580412603914738,
0.03831007704138756,
0.03580057993531227,
0.0472332164645195,
0.019254907965660095,
-0.017638858407735825,
0.012777261435985565,
-0.0025986700784415007,
0.03655218705534935,
-0.019330518320202827,
0.006462668534368277,
-0.030843067914247513,
-0.02019519917666912,
0.008330396376550198,
-0.005913302302360535,
-0.2690353989601135,
0.000057274803111795336,
0.03416776657104492,
0.01703069917857647,
0.022978216409683228,
0.014675002545118332,
0.0265909805893898,
-0.04530593380331993,
-0.02203950099647045,
0.034335825592279434,
0.014607391320168972,
0.024270376190543175,
-0.01966301165521145,
0.04126144200563431,
0.052156947553157806,
-0.014872090891003609,
-0.033570218831300735,
-0.00974289234727621,
-0.0007980943191796541,
0.021763399243354797,
0.00792569201439619,
-0.05839099735021591,
0.021430183202028275,
0.03571653738617897,
0.0008068167371675372,
0.0018792692571878433,
-0.06900469958782196,
-0.034121375530958176,
-0.027124011889100075,
-0.044741541147232056,
-0.0068944781087338924,
-0.024025607854127884,
0.018940359354019165,
0.03714916855096817,
0.009887965396046638,
-0.01009948831051588,
0.03195212036371231,
-0.024606255814433098,
0.006467609200626612,
0.02062704786658287,
-0.0025341154541820288,
0.009185937233269215,
-0.004608924966305494,
0.04752114787697792,
0.06920576840639114,
-0.0019466879311949015,
-0.02305794693529606,
0.002712119836360216,
0.0014083239948377013,
0.004947691690176725,
-0.0057313633151352406,
-0.037905775010585785,
0.012455386109650135,
-0.0038749859668314457,
-0.0025742303114384413,
-0.003360845847055316,
-0.018130887299776077,
0.02409949153661728,
-0.0007728370255790651,
0.012615079991519451,
0.033167850226163864,
-0.04964301362633705,
-0.030805785208940506,
-0.022586122155189514,
0.0005279110628180206,
-0.03138880804181099,
-0.05271375551819801,
-0.04086299613118172,
0.05959188938140869,
0.01343290600925684,
-0.010822020471096039,
-0.0003355431545060128,
-0.004417447838932276,
-0.08714587241411209,
0.0591234490275383,
0.016943318769335747,
-0.011667541228234768,
-0.03863104060292244,
-0.009418902918696404,
0.05657781660556793,
-0.021102862432599068,
-0.04342905059456825,
0.003762605134397745,
0.030783487483859062,
0.03781089559197426,
-0.07354184240102768,
-0.009311647154390812,
-0.05148399993777275,
-0.01410976704210043,
-0.0489935576915741,
0.054751429706811905,
-0.018935982137918472,
0.02448466420173645,
0.03512244671583176,
0.04191707447171211,
0.04025452956557274,
0.012009809724986553,
0.05458690598607063,
0.0030018887482583523,
0.02551884949207306,
0.010331821627914906,
-0.023370640352368355,
-0.013868832029402256,
-0.008273757062852383,
-0.032985102385282516,
0.061849262565374374,
-0.06901286542415619,
-0.01788102649152279,
0.03737163916230202,
-0.003233810421079397,
-0.05168643966317177,
-0.01801547035574913,
0.005630544852465391,
-0.017884330824017525,
-0.006334606558084488,
0.0005626640049740672,
0.04774298891425133,
0.0279643926769495,
0.017803335562348366,
-0.0074608284048736095,
-0.013379252515733242,
0.03068430908024311,
-0.044832002371549606,
0.01565747708082199,
-0.025703124701976776,
-0.008524537086486816,
-0.00955182034522295,
-0.024966150522232056,
-0.015124965459108353,
-0.030948897823691368,
0.017005784437060356,
0.045884132385253906,
-0.019880903884768486,
-0.0004558931686915457,
0.07578155398368835,
0.010106304660439491,
-0.0349145382642746,
-0.006139663979411125,
0.04536423832178116,
-0.0016924755182117224,
0.03651848062872887,
-0.01384584978222847,
0.06656797975301743,
0.038276419043540955,
-0.015818119049072266,
0.019982412457466125,
0.04669950157403946,
-0.0005162468878552318,
0.017968837171792984,
0.010595341213047504,
0.039507489651441574,
-0.054417118430137634,
-0.01740816980600357,
-0.02936282753944397,
-0.012303252704441547,
-0.00872361846268177,
0.006815899163484573,
-0.018299663439393044,
0.019170045852661133,
-0.05683797970414162,
0.02745942957699299,
0.016135884448885918,
-0.03603706508874893,
0.00707967160269618,
0.06870894879102707,
0.03820802643895149,
-0.009998280555009842,
0.005461830645799637,
-0.022458013147115707,
0.009440235793590546,
-0.026378469541668892,
-0.017100615426898003,
-0.044801265001297,
-0.04701107367873192,
0.023711789399385452,
0.0004956159391440451,
-0.015959404408931732,
-0.00745484558865428,
-0.0274494681507349,
0.01969255320727825,
0.045983314514160156,
0.00048302963841706514,
-0.01212950050830841,
0.004701502155512571,
0.08592920750379562,
-0.02206692099571228,
0.020403452217578888,
-0.016387201845645905,
-0.006514666136354208,
0.04282126575708389,
-0.017024792730808258,
0.026567351073026657,
-0.013273968361318111,
-0.02625073678791523,
-0.0295519158244133,
-0.05724738910794258,
-0.011946731247007847,
0.03133789822459221,
-0.018790414556860924,
-0.02139418199658394,
0.011034858413040638,
0.004189779981970787,
-0.021392256021499634,
-0.002012309618294239,
0.034459494054317474,
-0.06522289663553238,
-0.00637079868465662,
0.05984777584671974,
-0.01547840517014265,
0.0311114601790905,
-0.017862316220998764,
-0.030521808192133904,
-0.04285751283168793,
-0.04241355136036873,
-0.01312604546546936,
0.0066611552610993385,
-0.016492260619997978,
-0.0030435132794082165,
-0.018718844279646873,
-0.0690685510635376,
0.031612642109394073,
-0.01648699678480625,
0.029175490140914917,
-0.03463662788271904,
0.014229368418455124,
0.03331106901168823,
-0.03502529114484787,
0.02178344316780567,
-0.02115737274289131,
-0.02228657156229019,
-0.010166534222662449,
-0.055638689547777176,
0.015863632783293724,
0.05034971609711647,
-0.013725928962230682,
-0.015334469266235828,
-0.03813241794705391,
0.02658725716173649,
-0.02440907619893551,
0.012615351937711239,
0.003966565243899822,
-0.053046632558107376,
-0.03268904611468315,
-0.016719337552785873,
-0.04476778209209442,
0.06403526663780212,
0.029109884053468704,
0.037959009408950806,
-0.009365332312881947,
0.006163618061691523,
0.01027663517743349,
0.03440558537840843,
-0.039620768278837204,
-0.01363411732017994,
0.06116552650928497,
0.004568605683743954,
-0.01594254933297634,
-0.06765349954366684,
-0.026966135948896408,
-0.03381555899977684,
-0.02637510560452938,
0.046131495386362076,
-0.06585008651018143,
0.02061229757964611,
0.028523987159132957,
0.024577300995588303,
-0.010516930371522903,
-0.0574299693107605,
0.050270821899175644,
-0.049384575337171555,
0.025443511083722115,
-0.056523241102695465,
-0.01374143362045288,
0.038065552711486816,
-0.04171992465853691,
0.03402732312679291,
0.014828335493803024,
-0.06468924880027771,
0.0018245527753606439,
-0.04261668398976326,
-0.05008360370993614,
0.027084749191999435,
-0.0236782468855381,
-0.0008598171407356858,
-0.004017562605440617,
-0.04444762319326401,
-0.01097925566136837,
-0.03662563115358353,
-0.024013100191950798,
0.0042731803841888905,
0.025045517832040787,
0.037681855261325836,
0.0023930419702082872,
0.01645747385919094,
-0.0345940999686718,
0.00873206090182066,
0.029853878542780876,
0.05836762487888336,
0.023529263213276863,
0.01759621500968933,
-0.013800859451293945,
0.059270646423101425,
0.03257814422249794,
-0.01093725860118866,
0.007018463220447302,
0.03684872016310692,
-0.024246184155344963,
-0.07204372435808182,
0.05233513191342354,
-0.028837433084845543,
-0.03897402063012123,
-0.08220872282981873,
0.05504884198307991,
0.03762592002749443,
-0.05829065293073654,
-0.04899727180600166,
0.05009232833981514,
-0.018861107528209686,
-0.003988934680819511,
-0.021233808249235153,
-0.01829400472342968,
0.002363962819799781,
0.057505857199430466,
0.014438112266361713,
-0.005098490510135889,
0.08168235421180725,
0.054686326533555984,
-0.018650926649570465,
-0.014789089560508728,
0.07708442956209183,
0.0884840190410614,
0.07232721149921417,
-0.03290078043937683,
0.05885954573750496,
-0.005778540391474962,
-0.0531756617128849,
0.011478246189653873,
0.019369881600141525,
-0.032584816217422485,
-0.0012064110487699509,
0.0028165208641439676,
0.10486439615488052,
0.0061556794680655,
0.09380917251110077,
-0.039674900472164154,
-0.002071066526696086,
0.04398311674594879,
0.0033391504548490047,
0.0035300625022500753,
0.05893285199999809,
0.026248812675476074,
0.011512317694723606,
-0.026910506188869476,
-0.02021110989153385,
0.004357100464403629,
-0.009442749433219433,
0.031545866280794144,
-0.00041579068056307733,
-0.06516077369451523,
0.03820725157856941,
-0.00024212784774135798,
0.03274207562208176,
0.08381915837526321,
-0.037278976291418076,
-0.05244157090783119,
-0.004549090284854174,
-0.0030905974563211203,
0.009158722124993801,
0.050699420273303986,
-0.015918739140033722,
-0.023385871201753616,
0.02144213765859604,
-0.07075150310993195,
0.043455660343170166,
0.04257843643426895,
-0.0013682217104360461,
-0.016246283426880836,
-0.009464191272854805,
-0.024674007669091225,
0.023961730301380157,
0.03394705057144165,
-0.05684276297688484,
-0.06175704672932625,
-0.03008311428129673,
-0.058117665350437164,
-0.043438807129859924,
-0.0796913430094719,
-0.015636520460247993,
-0.020390545949339867,
-0.016262074932456017,
-0.00596842635422945,
-0.06892643868923187,
-0.002692171838134527,
0.01892871968448162,
-0.057517752051353455,
0.01425424125045538,
0.03586437925696373,
-0.0056002261117100716,
-0.0020330711267888546,
0.022375663742423058,
0.05193660035729408,
-0.004624710418283939,
-0.014313232153654099,
0.02931279130280018,
-0.004888568073511124,
0.02719004824757576,
-0.023582641035318375,
-0.01721011847257614,
-0.09465131908655167,
0.013639342039823532,
0.02268100529909134,
-0.0050623309798538685,
-0.07627612352371216,
0.02290073037147522,
-0.014338486827909946,
0.020098425447940826,
0.07143334299325943,
0.02639150060713291,
0.020817618817090988,
-0.02658243291079998,
-0.042550794780254364,
0.004460924305021763,
-0.014423886314034462,
0.06317370384931564,
-0.021635858342051506,
0.061719752848148346,
0.039829473942518234,
-0.007366363890469074,
-0.041541021317243576,
0.03187379986047745,
-0.010580151341855526,
0.008308151736855507,
-0.043872274458408356,
-0.04566338658332825,
-0.009523365646600723,
-0.108016237616539,
-0.007091263774782419,
0.02766384556889534,
-0.005691322032362223,
-0.04686049371957779,
-0.008065149188041687,
0.019731050357222557,
-0.010316810570657253,
-0.0037606130354106426,
-0.021127009764313698,
-0.023847069591283798,
-0.045894403010606766,
-0.016131287440657616,
-0.055630698800086975,
0.031493186950683594,
-0.02282007224857807,
0.004888265393674374,
0.010831531137228012,
-0.016735874116420746,
-0.0044858455657958984,
0.020075887441635132,
0.06061440706253052,
0.030654678121209145,
0.02285613864660263,
-0.002533534076064825
] |
266 |
Think Then React: Towards Unconstrained Action-to-Reaction Motion Generation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=UxzKcIZedp
|
[
"Wenhui Tan",
"Boyuan Li",
"Chuhao Jin",
"Wenbing Huang",
"Xiting Wang",
"Ruihua Song"
] |
Poster
|
Modeling human-like action-to-reaction generation has significant real-world applications, like human-robot interaction and games.
Despite recent advancements in single-person motion generation, it is still challenging to well handle action-to-reaction generation, due to the difficulty of directly predicting reaction from action sequence without prompts, and the absence of a unified representation that effectively encodes multi-person motion.
To address these challenges, we introduce Think-Then-React (TTR), a large language-model-based framework designed to generate human-like reactions.
First, with our fine-grained multimodal training strategy, TTR is capable to unify two processes during inference: a thinking process that explicitly infers action intentions and reasons corresponding reaction description, which serve as semantic prompts, and a reacting process that predicts reactions based on input action and the inferred semantic prompts.
Second, to effectively represent multi-person motion in language models, we propose a unified motion tokenizer by decoupling egocentric pose and absolute space features, which effectively represents action and reaction motion with same encoding.
Extensive experiments demonstrate that TTR outperforms existing baselines, achieving significant improvements in evaluation metrics, such as reducing FID from 3.988 to 1.942.
|
Human Reaction Generation, 3D Human Motion, Large Language Model
| null | 13,835 | null |
[
0.010175970382988453,
-0.020975874736905098,
-0.00566091388463974,
0.03809237480163574,
0.015762116760015488,
0.0023279280867427588,
0.031998325139284134,
0.03284718841314316,
-0.024634335190057755,
-0.017876701429486275,
-0.046571023762226105,
-0.01763266697525978,
-0.055065181106328964,
-0.0386032909154892,
-0.0025229703169316053,
0.03782942146062851,
0.008472774177789688,
0.006919899024069309,
0.000981831573881209,
0.008205768652260303,
-0.025797052308917046,
0.0037039760500192642,
0.051623519510030746,
-0.013351515866816044,
0.07988014072179794,
0.005400137510150671,
0.03248126432299614,
0.01271944772452116,
-0.05777840316295624,
-0.00786342192441225,
0.00943215936422348,
-0.007652435917407274,
-0.003623108845204115,
-0.05541572347283363,
0.020815134048461914,
-0.016053441911935806,
-0.05825057253241539,
0.03972389176487923,
0.004317395854741335,
0.012805687263607979,
-0.05973014235496521,
0.020526668056845665,
-0.02404111810028553,
-0.044271647930145264,
-0.0612100288271904,
0.02127997577190399,
-0.07170511037111282,
0.0225810669362545,
0.025530578568577766,
-0.017767036333680153,
-0.06932312250137329,
0.03346097841858864,
0.00620758393779397,
-0.04570277780294418,
0.016620727255940437,
0.008169234730303288,
0.03621959686279297,
-0.08485770970582962,
-0.008805723860859871,
-0.05390266701579094,
0.009199039079248905,
0.03365727886557579,
0.05070159584283829,
-0.0281829833984375,
-0.00909686740487814,
0.001515107462182641,
-0.006746641360223293,
0.05503765866160393,
-0.02386019565165043,
-0.03698209300637245,
0.0013220543041825294,
-0.031027747318148613,
-0.033715248107910156,
0.03279474377632141,
0.02106066606938839,
-0.03335444629192352,
0.019366644322872162,
0.02372026816010475,
0.04133821278810501,
-0.0043785832822322845,
0.01695273257791996,
0.03163016214966774,
0.01247241161763668,
0.039797037839889526,
0.03481252118945122,
0.03515778109431267,
0.028038714081048965,
-0.013567396439611912,
-0.07786006480455399,
0.02458023838698864,
0.0006346661248244345,
-0.04696814343333244,
-0.009884364902973175,
0.048049215227365494,
-0.014342025853693485,
0.02765316143631935,
-0.006124521605670452,
0.011005842126905918,
-0.004331745207309723,
0.0061043198220431805,
-0.029897859320044518,
-0.03009798936545849,
0.01452229917049408,
-0.01873592846095562,
-0.08254507184028625,
-0.006271263584494591,
-0.0019371465314179659,
-0.0242006815969944,
0.020823314785957336,
0.009737156331539154,
-0.06195800006389618,
-0.011399348266422749,
0.013746845535933971,
-0.029332786798477173,
-0.06780534982681274,
0.03183629363775253,
0.024166954681277275,
0.0360456258058548,
-0.011634774506092072,
0.028258027508854866,
0.07225645333528519,
0.04430374130606651,
-0.006712879054248333,
0.06789729744195938,
-0.02759017050266266,
0.02926785498857498,
-0.020072074607014656,
0.00706627918407321,
-0.007490653079003096,
-0.02758435718715191,
0.02868601121008396,
0.02676638774573803,
-0.0022604400292038918,
0.0006154543370939791,
-0.017931301146745682,
0.03617783635854721,
0.03391758352518082,
-0.010344750247895718,
0.018281394615769386,
0.0006111168186180294,
0.04904608428478241,
0.0050324141047894955,
0.07864969968795776,
-0.025249501690268517,
0.08165059983730316,
-0.010503342375159264,
-0.023702185600996017,
0.004542473703622818,
-0.06529754400253296,
0.026769673451781273,
-0.03253945708274841,
-0.02994205243885517,
0.026221517473459244,
-0.07896241545677185,
0.009988153353333473,
0.042868439108133316,
0.07208597660064697,
0.009585880674421787,
0.002677041571587324,
0.007335004862397909,
-0.004240933805704117,
-0.016148105263710022,
-0.054366711527109146,
-0.019175896421074867,
-0.0032743210904300213,
-0.0647207573056221,
-0.0025274886284023523,
-0.008904708549380302,
-0.0304738637059927,
0.0034256482031196356,
-0.010143399238586426,
-0.030354434624314308,
0.032242998480796814,
-0.01789696142077446,
0.010281997732818127,
-0.013766680844128132,
0.0377330556511879,
-0.010996655561029911,
0.036719709634780884,
0.011469080112874508,
-0.07979682832956314,
0.030600056052207947,
-0.020847875624895096,
-0.007268509361892939,
0.03312500938773155,
-0.026709849014878273,
0.08203507959842682,
-0.006566352676600218,
-0.023408597335219383,
0.026896007359027863,
-0.0711621567606926,
-0.02779015153646469,
0.04280378296971321,
-0.005362808704376221,
0.05737461894750595,
-0.01596774347126484,
-0.016325155273079872,
0.05879285931587219,
0.05320543795824051,
0.04304409772157669,
-0.005644010379910469,
-0.027614440768957138,
0.08090022951364517,
0.001920951995998621,
-0.012609987519681454,
-0.019273217767477036,
0.05194642394781113,
-0.02529062144458294,
-0.014361468143761158,
0.012299023568630219,
0.004653098527342081,
0.009740395471453667,
0.01564951054751873,
0.00014741692575626075,
0.017321469262242317,
0.025417707860469818,
0.0014659379376098514,
0.032373156398534775,
-0.014663634821772575,
-0.03799532726407051,
-0.007399420719593763,
0.017038311809301376,
-0.031996749341487885,
0.00013356759154703468,
-0.05484669655561447,
0.09035424143075943,
0.03415006771683693,
-0.048084806650877,
-0.003646991914138198,
0.011241652071475983,
-0.006289824843406677,
0.0006120491307228804,
-0.0047953128814697266,
-0.01605638675391674,
-0.004896391648799181,
-0.010529161430895329,
0.03619641810655594,
-0.02953301928937435,
0.023328350856900215,
-0.05694378912448883,
-0.010381889529526234,
0.08788704872131348,
-0.03001745231449604,
0.06410311907529831,
-0.04002896696329117,
-0.014328481629490852,
0.07068576663732529,
0.002314918674528599,
-0.01569266803562641,
-0.02004227042198181,
-0.011289188638329506,
0.0019138922216370702,
0.013193154707551003,
-0.024486470967531204,
-0.013935217633843422,
-0.03969213366508484,
0.027340857312083244,
-0.04267304763197899,
0.0661209374666214,
0.029897509142756462,
0.03041263483464718,
0.019936302676796913,
0.0062067448161542416,
-0.024205254390835762,
-0.030466530472040176,
-0.10724274814128876,
-0.05700031295418739,
-0.016389701515436172,
-0.014366372488439083,
0.022996611893177032,
0.04624161869287491,
0.014042887836694717,
0.03473921865224838,
-0.04348151013255119,
-0.03519101068377495,
0.030143780633807182,
0.02690180577337742,
0.03251587972044945,
-0.020538391545414925,
-0.0018239961937069893,
-0.005557172000408173,
0.048602908849716187,
0.013449731282889843,
-0.01646888442337513,
-0.0019369133515283465,
-0.029231930151581764,
0.0023417591582983732,
-0.014294004999101162,
-0.020001240074634552,
0.024326886981725693,
0.021605920046567917,
-0.010555258952081203,
-0.012170104309916496,
-0.005045242607593536,
0.05349673703312874,
0.05769912153482437,
0.04031354933977127,
0.0036782489623874426,
-0.02646818943321705,
0.04657968133687973,
-0.024150554090738297,
0.04133763909339905,
0.0015045750187709928,
0.003349538194015622,
-0.012409518472850323,
-0.01580897718667984,
0.006001100409775972,
-0.014730307273566723,
-0.272871196269989,
-0.02947641909122467,
0.013448372483253479,
-0.02025810442864895,
0.02351982891559601,
0.003212877083569765,
0.08980361372232437,
-0.042915962636470795,
-0.04605988785624504,
0.04237588122487068,
0.015643198043107986,
0.021511707454919815,
-0.00386841525323689,
0.03899573162198067,
0.049149177968502045,
0.03244684636592865,
0.0026590311899781227,
-0.009693467989563942,
-0.02668406441807747,
0.049063049256801605,
-0.044788558036088943,
-0.04618596285581589,
-0.04494623467326164,
0.042227331548929214,
-0.004089970141649246,
0.018157009035348892,
-0.07587432861328125,
-0.011341028846800327,
-0.015168583951890469,
-0.0062364619225263596,
0.01672128215432167,
0.0021032991353422403,
-0.0051949284970760345,
0.018424250185489655,
0.024384547024965286,
-0.003476401325315237,
0.03978101536631584,
-0.018921777606010437,
0.015955522656440735,
0.000018830289263860323,
0.00736249890178442,
-0.027642250061035156,
-0.011221213266253471,
-0.0129584651440382,
0.06790651381015778,
-0.0030918275006115437,
-0.03354727849364281,
0.002940356731414795,
-0.029340915381908417,
0.034955497831106186,
0.005573130678385496,
-0.010477186180651188,
0.0015769449528306723,
-0.0013833445264026523,
0.01697538048028946,
-0.05130663141608238,
0.0420360267162323,
-0.00945592112839222,
-0.00937778502702713,
-0.00629773736000061,
-0.006807695142924786,
-0.017059175297617912,
-0.028950797393918037,
-0.005688254721462727,
-0.00614197039976716,
-0.0394674614071846,
-0.05300205573439598,
-0.03899781405925751,
0.04487447068095207,
0.03160926327109337,
-0.00592776108533144,
0.021368179470300674,
-0.030074922367930412,
-0.1035023182630539,
0.002546729054301977,
0.05500064790248871,
-0.010191432200372219,
-0.061549607664346695,
0.006237654481083155,
0.02350214123725891,
-0.04981965571641922,
-0.03788667544722557,
-0.008434486575424671,
0.00810603890568018,
0.007565790321677923,
0.010472862049937248,
0.015237095765769482,
-0.05699516087770462,
-0.01835438795387745,
-0.04661630094051361,
0.05296938121318817,
-0.0008608042844571173,
-0.00479549914598465,
0.015173031948506832,
0.04582072049379349,
0.03346928954124451,
0.03567053750157356,
0.026568526402115822,
0.03235430642962456,
-0.023913320153951645,
0.026760663837194443,
-0.07472734898328781,
-0.003853099187836051,
-0.03172626718878746,
-0.01047238428145647,
0.028931904584169388,
-0.0562293641269207,
0.00047604585415683687,
0.03671565651893616,
0.016832781955599785,
-0.03729509189724922,
0.00019824043556582183,
-0.002343695377930999,
0.02782762423157692,
-0.005398143548518419,
-0.0023461501114070415,
-0.006337624508887529,
0.020118704065680504,
0.03183221071958542,
0.015877889469265938,
-0.044308558106422424,
0.012735098600387573,
-0.06334315985441208,
0.04398296773433685,
-0.0026753912679851055,
-0.011749330908060074,
0.0026276055723428726,
-0.009147687815129757,
-0.016640176996588707,
-0.01283242553472519,
0.05177515372633934,
0.04588000848889351,
0.0005696922307834029,
0.02644873410463333,
0.06088680773973465,
-0.0015413083601742983,
-0.02567463554441929,
-0.02617112547159195,
0.01840217038989067,
-0.027226125821471214,
-0.014144151471555233,
-0.043917447328567505,
0.007014707662165165,
0.049550093710422516,
0.06431987881660461,
0.009286737069487572,
0.014545226469635963,
0.027633611112833023,
0.0077604372054338455,
0.02203916758298874,
0.086753249168396,
-0.04575927555561066,
-0.04527568072080612,
-0.029787974432110786,
0.0162176676094532,
-0.039259567856788635,
-0.0008051402401179075,
-0.022643262520432472,
0.056711554527282715,
-0.04397789016366005,
0.04053970053792,
-0.013308677822351456,
-0.013074608519673347,
-0.031636711210012436,
0.04485024884343147,
0.02512151561677456,
-0.007357560098171234,
-0.03750383108854294,
-0.013444909825921059,
-0.0005589630454778671,
0.0015288046561181545,
-0.05303264781832695,
-0.015348709188401699,
-0.020255813375115395,
0.01433251891285181,
0.03225162252783775,
-0.04473713040351868,
-0.03610717132687569,
-0.03954492509365082,
0.028939861804246902,
0.00023916500504128635,
-0.02280617505311966,
0.018976284191012383,
-0.014688287861645222,
0.07903502136468887,
0.008934302255511284,
0.020576395094394684,
-0.007877294905483723,
-0.029544208198785782,
-0.002247101627290249,
-0.003374797757714987,
0.05501312389969826,
-0.020703068003058434,
-0.05065068602561951,
-0.05044515058398247,
-0.04106970131397247,
0.0027965912595391273,
0.016301941126585007,
-0.004351829644292593,
-0.0002368983841734007,
-0.0012073286343365908,
0.02193818986415863,
-0.029366781935095787,
-0.0119653744623065,
0.055638011544942856,
-0.0500679574906826,
0.0027605004142969847,
0.015723152086138725,
-0.0030468853656202555,
-0.001711336080916226,
-0.04001535102725029,
-0.06168295070528984,
-0.03442274406552315,
-0.06453857570886612,
-0.03278252109885216,
-0.0038854165468364954,
-0.014369595795869827,
-0.042565807700157166,
-0.018772130832076073,
-0.017568333074450493,
0.02154749073088169,
0.014588574878871441,
-0.02629331313073635,
-0.0047203847207129,
-0.006716517731547356,
0.003840954974293709,
-0.02072124369442463,
-0.028076577931642532,
0.017836783081293106,
-0.043026719242334366,
0.013549687340855598,
-0.024137074127793312,
0.021008016541600227,
0.04311360791325569,
-0.02571604773402214,
-0.05975976586341858,
-0.041898682713508606,
0.029226088896393776,
0.0244592372328043,
-0.032642848789691925,
-0.002813576953485608,
-0.012483129277825356,
-0.030229082331061363,
0.013184173963963985,
0.021064650267362595,
0.040951959788799286,
0.00813558604568243,
-0.029051003977656364,
0.03792080283164978,
0.03998565673828125,
0.017938584089279175,
0.03063020296394825,
-0.05982811376452446,
-0.015325991436839104,
0.044928714632987976,
-0.045771244913339615,
-0.02847398817539215,
-0.025996794924139977,
-0.036232590675354004,
0.03381042182445526,
-0.009663927368819714,
0.041186995804309845,
-0.04470514506101608,
0.010524025186896324,
0.009675239212810993,
0.03702929615974426,
0.025486009195446968,
-0.03651820123195648,
0.06274949014186859,
-0.04212828353047371,
-0.004595819395035505,
-0.03725670650601387,
-0.006964595522731543,
0.08995994925498962,
-0.029186472296714783,
-0.0010031000711023808,
0.000029868160709156655,
-0.037217941135168076,
0.04502575471997261,
-0.0062340255826711655,
-0.04320546239614487,
0.03420162945985794,
-0.029106266796588898,
-0.0033644281793385744,
0.03211477771401405,
-0.05332673713564873,
0.011023816652595997,
-0.02852572873234749,
-0.055602945387363434,
-0.0048060123808681965,
-0.045494444668293,
0.04327092692255974,
-0.015547998249530792,
0.025323430076241493,
-0.042084891349077225,
-0.009676923044025898,
0.03786000236868858,
0.05239691957831383,
-0.007139028050005436,
0.06358194351196289,
-0.015585106797516346,
0.06057324260473251,
0.025269029662013054,
-0.017699863761663437,
-0.007099127862602472,
0.0124518359079957,
-0.01126478798687458,
-0.038976382464170456,
0.0807555541396141,
0.029750356450676918,
-0.048529140651226044,
-0.06228969246149063,
0.05524254962801933,
0.024303387850522995,
-0.04723842814564705,
0.019220620393753052,
0.037631575018167496,
-0.05318622291088104,
-0.01920955628156662,
-0.005282119382172823,
0.005131053738296032,
0.004651062656193972,
0.05002239719033241,
0.0014506429433822632,
0.06060471013188362,
0.05887189880013466,
0.021097570657730103,
-0.013988737016916275,
-0.022674312815070152,
0.07811974734067917,
0.07307789474725723,
0.04867237061262131,
0.004846930969506502,
0.07781194895505905,
-0.02961125411093235,
-0.048236895352602005,
0.06222191080451012,
0.042990293353796005,
-0.02278003841638565,
-0.02882312424480915,
0.01109678577631712,
0.0659269243478775,
-0.004307801369577646,
0.052568983286619186,
-0.03432922065258026,
-0.03487006947398186,
0.06931567937135696,
0.03481922671198845,
-0.012442384846508503,
0.005727248266339302,
0.06866103410720825,
0.00717972731217742,
-0.01067439466714859,
-0.03044150397181511,
0.006083970423787832,
-0.04051665961742401,
0.022411519661545753,
0.003853157628327608,
-0.026327623054385185,
0.023875605314970016,
-0.012006581760942936,
0.052549295127391815,
0.1259283423423767,
-0.011833762750029564,
-0.03495118021965027,
0.012280594557523727,
0.001215985743328929,
-0.013264136388897896,
0.016426555812358856,
0.02903606742620468,
-0.013030145317316055,
0.024156594648957253,
-0.04114244133234024,
0.007314206101000309,
0.047353796660900116,
-0.046366192400455475,
0.04212432727217674,
-0.046448931097984314,
-0.05021747946739197,
-0.00145567930303514,
0.01170874573290348,
-0.014805244281888008,
-0.0577891580760479,
-0.002570717828348279,
-0.05580099672079086,
-0.04324932023882866,
-0.013327984139323235,
0.03301073610782623,
-0.014893893152475357,
-0.05447078123688698,
-0.02789936773478985,
-0.05225503817200661,
0.02626499906182289,
0.011515802703797817,
-0.08518822491168976,
-0.01008882001042366,
0.02974039874970913,
-0.009859978221356869,
-0.002516270847991109,
0.02915051579475403,
0.03316792473196983,
0.017703808844089508,
-0.011315683834254742,
0.015010837465524673,
0.03296469897031784,
0.023777533322572708,
-0.010101537220180035,
-0.03131360188126564,
-0.10381800681352615,
0.007053694687783718,
0.003725376445800066,
-0.0055944048799574375,
-0.06425177305936813,
0.02256539650261402,
-0.042721837759017944,
0.03815988078713417,
0.07907414436340332,
0.004652292001992464,
0.019027821719646454,
-0.05421442538499832,
0.014200326055288315,
0.023487376049160957,
-0.00849073100835085,
0.06336723268032074,
-0.05375981703400612,
0.057754889130592346,
0.04156564921140671,
-0.04916112869977951,
-0.025536594912409782,
0.02688736282289028,
0.014519846066832542,
-0.021395279094576836,
-0.008295164443552494,
-0.04580915346741676,
-0.013092661276459694,
-0.09845143556594849,
-0.017691221088171005,
0.05520196259021759,
0.041478656232357025,
-0.022716883569955826,
0.026359260082244873,
-0.00012143276399001479,
0.017935073003172874,
0.015974238514900208,
-0.018506553024053574,
-0.044867902994155884,
-0.0025028481613844633,
-0.04464978724718094,
-0.04028749465942383,
-0.011071213521063328,
-0.043881114572286606,
0.008702514693140984,
-0.03725636377930641,
-0.0020294813439249992,
-0.0043640281073749065,
-0.010681401006877422,
0.03693215548992157,
-0.01498548686504364,
0.0349331758916378,
-0.03189047798514366
] |
267 |
Rapid Selection and Ordering of In-Context Demonstrations via Prompt Embedding Clustering
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=1Iu2Yte5N6
|
[
"Kha Pham",
"Hung Le",
"Man Ngo",
"Truyen Tran"
] |
Poster
|
While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at in-context learning (ICL) using just a few demonstrations, their performances are sensitive to demonstration orders. The reasons behind this sensitivity remain poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate the prompt embedding space to bridge the gap between the order sensitivity of ICL with inner workings of decoder-only LLMs, uncovering the clustering property: prompts sharing the first and last demonstrations have closer embeddings, with first-demonstration clustering usually being stronger in practice. We explain this property through extensive theoretical analyses and empirical evidences. Our finding suggests that the positional encoding and the causal attention mask are key contributors to the clustering phenomenon. Leveraging this clustering insight, we introduce Cluster-based Search, a novel method that accelerates the selection and ordering of demonstrations in self-adaptive ICL settings. Our approach substantially decreases the time complexity from factorial to quadratic, saving 92% to nearly 100% execution time while maintaining comparable performance to exhaustive search.
|
in-context learning, order sensitivity, LLMs, clustering, cluster-based search, positional encoding, attention mask, serial-position effect, cluster-based search
|
We accelerate selection and ordering of in-context demonstrations in self-adaptive ICL settings by leveraging our newfound clustering property in prompt embedding spaces.
| 13,824 | null |
[
-0.03307735174894333,
-0.013816249556839466,
-0.01588304154574871,
0.05413375422358513,
0.01947595737874508,
0.015775417909026146,
0.017166677862405777,
0.025502100586891174,
-0.024430174380540848,
0.022989632561802864,
-0.027360886335372925,
0.0340074859559536,
-0.025022711604833603,
-0.010783995501697063,
-0.009717547334730625,
0.047794681042432785,
0.008558073081076145,
-0.0059717982076108456,
0.026435382664203644,
0.03663633391261101,
0.022949621081352234,
-0.032910462468862534,
0.04767095670104027,
0.005128835793584585,
0.04691771790385246,
0.020785212516784668,
0.038547124713659286,
0.007066880818456411,
-0.05022826045751572,
-0.007247949484735727,
0.024246396496891975,
-0.026934796944260597,
0.024742014706134796,
-0.01726463995873928,
0.033188510686159134,
-0.011701214127242565,
-0.03126315027475357,
-0.005051850341260433,
0.015148044563829899,
0.0021432219073176384,
-0.061152998358011246,
0.002701609628275037,
-0.01108422502875328,
0.0022014593705534935,
-0.05540360137820244,
-0.005700340960174799,
-0.13564543426036835,
0.007345645688474178,
-0.0011810300638899207,
-0.061373159289360046,
-0.11815326660871506,
0.03750618174672127,
0.028455577790737152,
-0.002851280616596341,
-0.007434269413352013,
0.02636096626520157,
0.05961931496858597,
-0.09217829257249832,
0.019759617745876312,
-0.029369747266173363,
-0.05923397094011307,
0.03212594613432884,
0.032875292003154755,
0.013146135956048965,
-0.00678815133869648,
-0.0051263258792459965,
-0.011612513102591038,
0.050398603081703186,
-0.06556689739227295,
-0.03381551057100296,
-0.034431230276823044,
-0.006468398030847311,
-0.007419857662171125,
0.05729818716645241,
0.021384764462709427,
-0.032062776386737823,
0.02414100244641304,
0.03377576544880867,
0.034874267876148224,
0.015879442915320396,
0.007154957391321659,
0.018747776746749878,
0.022712256759405136,
0.035064827650785446,
0.012067977339029312,
-0.022242238745093346,
-0.051302555948495865,
-0.046040963381528854,
-0.04580283537507057,
0.030197640880942345,
-0.009102554060518742,
-0.03227139264345169,
0.014349816367030144,
0.03526114299893379,
0.04043366387486458,
-0.00545730022713542,
0.03253321722149849,
0.005383409094065428,
-0.027820436283946037,
0.014674578793346882,
-0.009913643822073936,
-0.02674148604273796,
0.022228000685572624,
0.013712379150092602,
-0.1129729375243187,
-0.006732940673828125,
-0.020957473665475845,
0.002343941479921341,
0.00025706517044454813,
-0.016032619401812553,
-0.04047107696533203,
-0.01046978309750557,
0.013906666077673435,
0.006337144877761602,
-0.05918462574481964,
0.023528726771473885,
0.04503709077835083,
0.05726462975144386,
-0.010309430770576,
0.008802846074104309,
0.04544094204902649,
0.04765763878822327,
0.034179605543613434,
0.08660247921943665,
-0.023354848846793175,
0.012989056296646595,
-0.0012398117687553167,
0.04239184036850929,
-0.040189556777477264,
-0.04124164953827858,
0.010885611176490784,
0.029181713238358498,
0.018768534064292908,
0.0156625397503376,
-0.0021991352550685406,
-0.001730501651763916,
0.014756754972040653,
-0.005614228546619415,
0.06395256519317627,
0.018260817974805832,
0.02259460650384426,
-0.023018615320324898,
0.06238115578889847,
-0.011133614927530289,
0.05559783801436424,
-0.0208046305924654,
-0.05394264683127403,
-0.011524259112775326,
-0.03234054520726204,
0.007403537631034851,
0.01901562698185444,
-0.03867986425757408,
-0.013994823209941387,
-0.06891818344593048,
0.03344704583287239,
0.08791875094175339,
0.027127619832754135,
0.025632932782173157,
0.003032992361113429,
0.018815871328115463,
-0.0028084206860512495,
-0.0032807462848722935,
-0.0585675910115242,
-0.0037850583903491497,
0.0035438204649835825,
-0.06691715866327286,
0.003251531394198537,
-0.003721225541085005,
-0.04462626576423645,
0.011007052846252918,
-0.025354396551847458,
-0.03280850127339363,
0.044869061559438705,
-0.033717453479766846,
-0.05239785462617874,
-0.00813381839543581,
0.06623567640781403,
-0.018934639170765877,
0.0498175248503685,
0.02562921680510044,
-0.061697185039520264,
0.010641682893037796,
-0.0005217784782871604,
-0.006204113829880953,
0.031248491257429123,
-0.040033768862485886,
0.05901550129055977,
-0.015044264495372772,
-0.010577473789453506,
0.030469615012407303,
-0.0641934797167778,
-0.02320299670100212,
0.008267462253570557,
0.005075446795672178,
0.0732884630560875,
-0.0012584247160702944,
0.01730627752840519,
0.033657774329185486,
0.019053656607866287,
0.03568180277943611,
0.06386066973209381,
-0.023206263780593872,
0.023312663659453392,
-0.01108238473534584,
-0.017450707033276558,
-0.004045866895467043,
0.021748073399066925,
-0.05169033631682396,
-0.052097614854574203,
0.007741212844848633,
-0.03021989017724991,
0.01837068423628807,
0.034986481070518494,
0.0031342545989900827,
0.014550086110830307,
-0.01749025098979473,
0.0019186725839972496,
0.014096331782639027,
0.032134417444467545,
-0.05370102450251579,
0.05067995563149452,
-0.002617486519739032,
-0.011304536834359169,
0.005980073940008879,
-0.02486450970172882,
0.10757441818714142,
0.053582195192575455,
-0.030045930296182632,
0.02431473881006241,
-0.00755202304571867,
0.0070197987370193005,
-0.018193278461694717,
-0.01017848588526249,
-0.05651254206895828,
-0.0061721946112811565,
-0.028310300782322884,
-0.02979610115289688,
-0.02181936241686344,
0.05011460930109024,
-0.029152747243642807,
-0.02053459919989109,
0.06996714323759079,
-0.039933353662490845,
0.04508126527070999,
0.011385027319192886,
0.03531010448932648,
0.029159922152757645,
0.02098623290657997,
-0.01730833575129509,
-0.011608661152422428,
-0.007334315683692694,
-0.0006219269125722349,
-0.008994518779218197,
-0.02486475184559822,
0.022812580689787865,
-0.022974373772740364,
-0.01145106554031372,
-0.04118088260293007,
0.07665356993675232,
0.04555504769086838,
0.013769648969173431,
0.04739931970834732,
-0.023068517446517944,
-0.03621973842382431,
0.017832433804869652,
-0.08934857696294785,
-0.03912678360939026,
-0.02463320828974247,
0.01853368431329727,
-0.008177499286830425,
0.0024018161930143833,
-0.027451597154140472,
0.04014336317777634,
-0.033046066761016846,
-0.016618456691503525,
0.002038987586274743,
0.00721715297549963,
-0.0020783664658665657,
-0.008425788022577763,
0.011589400470256805,
-0.007020885590463877,
0.01710701547563076,
-0.005478476174175739,
-0.003797729266807437,
-0.02343856729567051,
-0.052305348217487335,
-0.0270702987909317,
-0.038643449544906616,
-0.016468137502670288,
0.021779360249638557,
0.030248118564486504,
0.022543415427207947,
-0.011846528388559818,
0.014332816004753113,
0.05197374150156975,
0.07578723132610321,
0.045428451150655746,
0.005358251743018627,
-0.036506131291389465,
-0.014714173041284084,
-0.035768892616033554,
0.032545797526836395,
-0.014138503931462765,
0.033757422119379044,
-0.022291824221611023,
0.01133904978632927,
0.018219605088233948,
-0.005001180339604616,
-0.28397485613822937,
-0.00016978064377326518,
0.012463590130209923,
-0.007058948278427124,
0.031034836545586586,
0.0006296834908425808,
0.048543550074100494,
-0.04806888476014137,
-0.02366284839808941,
0.03002648614346981,
-0.013728911988437176,
0.05762960761785507,
-0.012191365472972393,
0.03011857531964779,
0.0297164898365736,
0.049036141484975815,
-0.0026332326233386993,
0.011707877740263939,
0.008814468048512936,
0.055087752640247345,
0.0070661138743162155,
-0.05118316039443016,
-0.03373680263757706,
0.05060229450464249,
-0.009892583824694157,
0.060457270592451096,
-0.09179099649190903,
0.011226266622543335,
-0.014426174573600292,
-0.015780294314026833,
-0.012439900077879429,
-0.03948945552110672,
-0.024375272914767265,
0.025822442024946213,
0.007214398588985205,
0.02385963685810566,
0.05675695464015007,
0.009187676012516022,
0.003473768476396799,
-0.0226218793541193,
0.03629455715417862,
-0.036902543157339096,
-0.0059143295511603355,
0.004617265425622463,
0.05083286389708519,
-0.021012067794799805,
-0.06569960713386536,
-0.01966244913637638,
-0.002613219665363431,
0.044762130826711655,
-0.019028253853321075,
-0.04098871722817421,
-0.009983775205910206,
0.02228720672428608,
0.021252691745758057,
-0.005025907885283232,
0.0006967235240153968,
-0.009916076436638832,
-0.012185424566268921,
-0.012004719115793705,
-0.011848438531160355,
-0.058999862521886826,
-0.024975696578621864,
-0.06249440833926201,
-0.005580776371061802,
-0.050130654126405716,
-0.057111483067274094,
-0.03416672348976135,
0.04193476215004921,
0.04250534251332283,
-0.01454125251621008,
0.021440476179122925,
-0.012356672435998917,
-0.09071775525808334,
0.029006488621234894,
0.008651156909763813,
0.02843405492603779,
-0.020141296088695526,
0.0052762688137590885,
0.06163916364312172,
-0.05136900022625923,
-0.025276411324739456,
0.022673584520816803,
0.013783466070890427,
0.029083363711833954,
-0.02702280506491661,
0.01961228996515274,
-0.036755044013261795,
0.0019697758834809065,
-0.02110530249774456,
0.012206098064780235,
0.02476573921740055,
-0.008972236886620522,
0.01929868943989277,
0.05101697891950607,
0.02696951851248741,
0.040404871106147766,
0.04176073521375656,
0.06479854881763458,
-0.015859661623835564,
0.009991990402340889,
-0.0901593491435051,
-0.020412035286426544,
-0.033359915018081665,
-0.02637461945414543,
0.04378140717744827,
-0.071412593126297,
-0.010873713530600071,
0.035274654626846313,
-0.011555934324860573,
-0.02782590128481388,
-0.034379348158836365,
0.0037576525937765837,
0.002044949447736144,
-0.003490656614303589,
-0.0179023128002882,
0.013109996914863586,
0.028183430433273315,
0.03500881791114807,
-0.025035513564944267,
-0.03186195343732834,
0.024544667452573776,
-0.036206066608428955,
0.018610969185829163,
0.014195984229445457,
-0.004212229512631893,
-0.009150292724370956,
-0.01083439402282238,
-0.0017989391926676035,
-0.003554386319592595,
0.05672720447182655,
0.02837621234357357,
0.003950503189116716,
0.028336115181446075,
0.05011838674545288,
-0.0382019579410553,
0.028769496828317642,
-0.015711018815636635,
0.02817680686712265,
0.013908070512115955,
-0.00016152112220879644,
-0.0017491099424660206,
0.027241943404078484,
0.02052376978099346,
0.03728974983096123,
0.012175284326076508,
-0.010628513991832733,
-0.001277387491427362,
-0.008282373659312725,
0.002562359906733036,
0.06204359233379364,
-0.03854396939277649,
-0.026124434545636177,
-0.02135688066482544,
0.0149327227845788,
-0.018063373863697052,
0.014314744621515274,
-0.03349936753511429,
0.008451355621218681,
-0.0769154503941536,
0.04403816536068916,
-0.003564580110833049,
-0.029019083827733994,
-0.001859939657151699,
0.026745682582259178,
0.0092216357588768,
-0.03514480218291283,
0.05254216864705086,
0.04398328810930252,
0.034697867929935455,
0.038360096514225006,
-0.03184076026082039,
-0.057899173349142075,
0.0024850310292094946,
-0.02195606380701065,
0.012868504971265793,
-0.003200127277523279,
0.01820388063788414,
-0.03167309612035751,
0.0029080910608172417,
0.022008078172802925,
-0.03217383101582527,
-0.015151392668485641,
0.008239501155912876,
0.08539041876792908,
-0.002688863081857562,
0.021363889798521996,
0.015587074682116508,
-0.016597267240285873,
-0.004795406479388475,
-0.012772063724696636,
-0.0035962259862571955,
-0.0007365940255112946,
-0.04563876613974571,
-0.02419847436249256,
-0.05931978300213814,
0.009664351120591164,
0.022281518206000328,
-0.02693563885986805,
-0.0016731297364458442,
-0.029965871945023537,
0.022583527490496635,
-0.060449227690696716,
-0.0254193302243948,
0.049665022641420364,
-0.05245058238506317,
0.022861432284116745,
-0.006164809223264456,
-0.030476948246359825,
0.01962995156645775,
-0.059495218098163605,
-0.04758443683385849,
-0.05273175239562988,
-0.004099993500858545,
0.025414103642106056,
-0.03600248321890831,
-0.022680969908833504,
-0.04256032407283783,
0.015055706724524498,
0.023658301681280136,
-0.002731843153014779,
0.0062254020012915134,
-0.015095500275492668,
-0.009591135196387768,
-0.013671789318323135,
0.058643143624067307,
-0.06953447312116623,
-0.01666353829205036,
-0.006120235193520784,
-0.029114456847310066,
0.01807589828968048,
-0.023731110617518425,
0.031404972076416016,
0.05503267049789429,
-0.027750317007303238,
0.00012039707507938147,
-0.04111094772815704,
0.05255495011806488,
0.023608796298503876,
0.012368525378406048,
0.025979941710829735,
-0.022120025008916855,
-0.027518296614289284,
0.015654178336262703,
0.011814451776444912,
0.03297354653477669,
0.04048078879714012,
0.03885260969400406,
0.027812983840703964,
0.0392802432179451,
0.028548458591103554,
0.015140704810619354,
-0.028879810124635696,
0.005029251333326101,
0.05430616810917854,
-0.010228186845779419,
-0.03724992647767067,
-0.08349957317113876,
-0.06881611049175262,
0.040938377380371094,
-0.013494651764631271,
0.030715567991137505,
-0.020438198000192642,
0.027386119589209557,
0.012226133607327938,
0.035524092614650726,
0.009655715897679329,
-0.01608530804514885,
0.028561914339661598,
-0.041124891489744186,
0.009564469568431377,
-0.0847763940691948,
0.004494077526032925,
0.05498778820037842,
-0.031696002930402756,
-0.015373209491372108,
0.001853815745562315,
-0.024926897138357162,
0.050196949392557144,
-0.024802571162581444,
-0.06520012021064758,
-0.025988999754190445,
-0.01728449948132038,
-0.002957462565973401,
0.050169993191957474,
-0.03214697539806366,
-0.026201320812106133,
-0.01023657713085413,
-0.05773788318037987,
0.003950117155909538,
-0.006766651291400194,
0.053735651075839996,
-0.024457160383462906,
0.0166342593729496,
-0.01124501321464777,
0.014850808307528496,
0.022658171132206917,
0.07011950761079788,
0.033153269439935684,
0.024968745186924934,
-0.021259285509586334,
0.0469999797642231,
0.02572471648454666,
-0.021936863660812378,
-0.009091346524655819,
-0.010921500623226166,
-0.03076125867664814,
-0.03907689079642296,
0.05696170777082443,
0.0035254352260380983,
-0.007183411158621311,
-0.06608682870864868,
0.07441611588001251,
0.027225127443671227,
-0.039411887526512146,
-0.023902103304862976,
0.01592317968606949,
-0.09036511182785034,
-0.040115147829055786,
-0.01326194778084755,
0.006913419812917709,
-0.008326809853315353,
0.06534318625926971,
0.04236046224832535,
0.033003099262714386,
0.06996523588895798,
0.00975224282592535,
-0.04881808161735535,
-0.007508263923227787,
0.046010345220565796,
0.05358403921127319,
0.07741275429725647,
0.009304682724177837,
0.04873831197619438,
-0.07561811059713364,
-0.02119780145585537,
0.025041284039616585,
-0.011464444920420647,
-0.007286657579243183,
-0.041218120604753494,
0.016365978866815567,
0.06865330785512924,
-0.0052908011712133884,
0.05909513309597969,
-0.05284474417567253,
-0.00258706440217793,
0.04690908268094063,
0.029056429862976074,
-0.003697509178891778,
0.03847334906458855,
0.02770359069108963,
0.03970787301659584,
-0.022809995338320732,
-0.024585671722888947,
-0.000991216511465609,
-0.017921987920999527,
0.016954397782683372,
-0.0004650223418138921,
-0.00574168236926198,
0.010753667913377285,
-0.002213924890384078,
0.04769075661897659,
0.11447053402662277,
-0.007956376299262047,
-0.05184384807944298,
0.03911473974585533,
-0.0028326096944510937,
0.027848929166793823,
0.058172889053821564,
-0.0007930782740004361,
-0.014036153443157673,
-0.021367346867918968,
-0.006317229941487312,
-0.007866498082876205,
0.024478022009134293,
-0.00780534278601408,
0.018507858738303185,
-0.008439070545136929,
-0.021361544728279114,
0.018429094925522804,
0.036537349224090576,
-0.04162426292896271,
-0.05273373797535896,
-0.013554494827985764,
-0.04533138871192932,
-0.051906611770391464,
-0.05366009101271629,
0.03278150409460068,
-0.013517641462385654,
-0.009625974111258984,
-0.007968302816152573,
-0.05497557669878006,
0.008477604947984219,
-0.044018182903528214,
-0.05724067986011505,
-0.004469897598028183,
0.020036865025758743,
0.0074407667852938175,
0.005043483804911375,
0.012872290797531605,
0.018701978027820587,
-0.018573809415102005,
-0.0011199519503861666,
0.025729423388838768,
0.027979651466012,
0.014533245004713535,
-0.046026118099689484,
-0.0053163995034992695,
-0.09601855278015137,
-0.0005134859820827842,
-0.0034924079664051533,
0.002358959289267659,
-0.07592055946588516,
-0.005346599966287613,
-0.01560274139046669,
0.06929249316453934,
0.056559741497039795,
0.0016339918365702033,
0.028022604063153267,
-0.02044645883142948,
0.01792987994849682,
-0.003120515262708068,
0.022106116637587547,
0.038450103253126144,
-0.03156464546918869,
0.07032398134469986,
0.06411071866750717,
0.005296311341226101,
-0.019966308027505875,
0.0008681272156536579,
0.007772635668516159,
-0.008198616094887257,
-0.0020525052677839994,
-0.02698431722819805,
-0.03883868455886841,
-0.08258701860904694,
-0.025125306099653244,
0.02076612412929535,
0.007495368365198374,
-0.04052724316716194,
-0.021244186908006668,
-0.0491822324693203,
-0.054506003856658936,
-0.002538887085393071,
-0.023347195237874985,
0.007029792293906212,
-0.01815641112625599,
-0.025385864078998566,
-0.04836736619472504,
-0.004075136501342058,
-0.05417047068476677,
-0.03752066195011139,
-0.033623646944761276,
-0.03032304346561432,
-0.02031809091567993,
0.004150416702032089,
0.03473455831408501,
-0.005830253940075636,
0.02776774764060974,
-0.039854228496551514
] |
268 |
Asymptotic Analysis of Two-Layer Neural Networks after One Gradient Step under Gaussian Mixtures Data with Structure
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=tNn6Hskmti
|
[
"Samet Demir",
"Zafer Dogan"
] |
Poster
|
In this work, we study the training and generalization performance of two-layer neural networks (NNs) after one gradient descent step under structured data modeled by Gaussian mixtures. While previous research has extensively analyzed this model under isotropic data assumption, such simplifications overlook the complexities inherent in real-world datasets. Our work addresses this limitation by analyzing two-layer NNs under Gaussian mixture data assumption in the asymptotically proportional limit, where the input dimension, number of hidden neurons, and sample size grow with finite ratios. We characterize the training and generalization errors by leveraging recent advancements in Gaussian universality. Specifically, we prove that a high-order polynomial model performs equivalent to the non-linear neural networks under certain conditions. The degree of the equivalent model is intricately linked to both the "data spread" and the learning rate employed during one gradient step. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the equivalence between the original model and its polynomial counterpart across various regression and classification tasks. Additionally, we explore how different properties of Gaussian mixtures affect learning outcomes. Finally, we illustrate experimental results on Fashion-MNIST classification, indicating that our findings can translate to realistic data.
|
deep learning theory, random features, Gaussian equivalence, universality, high-dimensional asymptotics
|
We study the impacts of Gaussian mixtures data assumption to feature learning in neural networks trained with one gradient step in order to bridge the gap between isotropic data assumption and real datasets.
| 13,819 |
2503.00856
|
[
-0.027616901323199272,
-0.03297589719295502,
-0.008163446560502052,
0.029426109045743942,
0.022135060280561447,
0.021158084273338318,
0.02214905619621277,
-0.01062364224344492,
-0.04332536831498146,
-0.02421366237103939,
-0.0006621227948926389,
0.0031888566445559263,
-0.04346464201807976,
-0.006521677598357201,
0.010172410868108273,
0.06399254500865936,
0.044822756201028824,
-0.0284135639667511,
-0.005979401525110006,
0.03855625540018082,
-0.043084729462862015,
-0.035077158361673355,
0.019603243097662926,
0.011647988110780716,
0.016685381531715393,
-0.030945157632231712,
0.020376037806272507,
0.014618858695030212,
-0.012852087616920471,
0.03460090607404709,
0.06227836012840271,
0.0056680962443351746,
0.007488693576306105,
-0.038436032831668854,
0.045596200972795486,
0.023296251893043518,
-0.030709847807884216,
-0.020915571600198746,
0.0006588042015209794,
0.016862014308571815,
-0.0512806698679924,
0.0055478764697909355,
-0.033097002655267715,
0.016976304352283478,
-0.055142056196928024,
0.014120655134320259,
-0.08927754312753677,
0.017643706873059273,
0.032154764980077744,
-0.015558823011815548,
-0.11536402255296707,
0.02728019282221794,
0.002570830751210451,
-0.012157092802226543,
0.006694355513900518,
0.01940022222697735,
-0.005823367740958929,
-0.03791985660791397,
-0.013346732594072819,
-0.044643767178058624,
-0.03502114489674568,
0.01440610270947218,
0.008417616598308086,
-0.007684948388487101,
-0.005989044439047575,
0.0074745528399944305,
0.03906966745853424,
0.05651124566793442,
-0.0231003537774086,
0.005093378480523825,
-0.01387940812855959,
-0.0076558878645300865,
-0.0043702139519155025,
0.012976273894309998,
-0.018940748646855354,
-0.052272334694862366,
0.023366400972008705,
0.02251598984003067,
0.0637066438794136,
-0.0026391949504613876,
0.004872385412454605,
0.034898944199085236,
0.026426848024129868,
0.03559000417590141,
-0.017630111426115036,
0.012485521845519543,
-0.0191486906260252,
-0.03183739259839058,
-0.06705757230520248,
0.032996900379657745,
-0.05210752785205841,
-0.016791464760899544,
0.013594037853181362,
0.03226858749985695,
-0.017151465639472008,
-0.015337646007537842,
0.03712024539709091,
-0.025342870503664017,
0.030458176508545876,
0.010545624420046806,
-0.007758772000670433,
-0.016782246530056,
0.008557540364563465,
-0.00023699649318587035,
-0.09411453455686569,
-0.02741052955389023,
-0.003221130697056651,
-0.0014542052522301674,
-0.02156606875360012,
0.0030702759977430105,
-0.023674121126532555,
0.004298552870750427,
0.0009266300476156175,
0.0030072887893766165,
-0.09729668498039246,
-0.003774404525756836,
-0.017848096787929535,
0.02013789489865303,
-0.021372782066464424,
-0.017598602920770645,
0.05303088203072548,
0.03399064764380455,
-0.006270299199968576,
0.041615765541791916,
-0.010496138595044613,
0.017900682985782623,
0.022051982581615448,
0.05035615712404251,
-0.021403644233942032,
-0.01862134225666523,
-0.012917717918753624,
0.02783326245844364,
0.007113661617040634,
0.044039495289325714,
0.026874711737036705,
-0.013109426014125347,
-0.0027785412967205048,
0.06094826012849808,
0.026079941540956497,
-0.004207067657262087,
0.020515406504273415,
-0.01825035735964775,
0.06158829480409622,
-0.024631911888718605,
0.05165304243564606,
-0.045779816806316376,
-0.0061105904169380665,
-0.022203508764505386,
-0.03863987699151039,
-0.03882811963558197,
0.013990622013807297,
-0.003237136173993349,
-0.004648869391530752,
-0.09146500378847122,
0.004712805151939392,
0.052501462399959564,
-0.00972940307110548,
0.030434949323534966,
0.010107782669365406,
0.00856326799839735,
0.029546380043029785,
0.00761085469275713,
-0.011260590516030788,
0.03947538137435913,
0.014687043614685535,
-0.07203956693410873,
0.03737502917647362,
0.05689774453639984,
-0.04851553961634636,
0.03473318740725517,
-0.032991740852594376,
-0.05322503671050072,
0.03999849036335945,
0.004913994111120701,
-0.022636473178863525,
-0.017483577132225037,
0.05706420913338661,
0.008268525823950768,
0.028742654249072075,
0.010335100814700127,
-0.09087786078453064,
0.044630784541368484,
0.03549759089946747,
0.027824778109788895,
-0.02101799100637436,
-0.022966258227825165,
0.10922938585281372,
-0.04870497062802315,
0.013815668411552906,
0.014619965106248856,
-0.049598924815654755,
-0.023084813728928566,
-0.006986943073570728,
-0.025214383378624916,
0.06954994052648544,
0.03319447860121727,
-0.00950290635228157,
0.0054061817936599255,
0.02307964488863945,
0.038916975259780884,
0.061617862433195114,
-0.05009523406624794,
0.05783282220363617,
-0.0017125856829807162,
-0.04653278738260269,
-0.024593200534582138,
0.057014018297195435,
-0.08377840369939804,
0.0028718614485114813,
0.014886141754686832,
-0.007457235362380743,
-0.0204249806702137,
0.007323019206523895,
-0.0035544622223824263,
0.0363742858171463,
-0.009670522063970566,
0.0043447851203382015,
0.015771497040987015,
0.033581435680389404,
-0.039794158190488815,
0.014580788090825081,
0.014682896435260773,
-0.001126968301832676,
0.01857689954340458,
-0.017743492498993874,
0.09842025488615036,
0.09921024739742279,
-0.012548229657113552,
-0.0042476654052734375,
0.003623419441282749,
0.024752622470259666,
-0.003318269271403551,
0.021567847579717636,
0.010587707161903381,
0.026114730164408684,
0.006671634037047625,
-0.01981709897518158,
-0.042240582406520844,
0.06878982484340668,
-0.052954480051994324,
-0.009255524724721909,
0.06350763887166977,
-0.02737354300916195,
0.07877618074417114,
-0.03719450533390045,
0.02401472069323063,
0.01929514855146408,
0.010419510304927826,
-0.016986753791570663,
-0.04423466697335243,
-0.0276858601719141,
0.020211266353726387,
0.014853062108159065,
-0.005066578276455402,
0.010181991383433342,
-0.04879806935787201,
-0.016180412843823433,
-0.028257066383957863,
0.06877795606851578,
0.041762545704841614,
0.03340610861778259,
0.004803569987416267,
0.010249068960547447,
-0.012296157889068127,
-0.008540622889995575,
-0.1273680329322815,
-0.06466998904943466,
-0.025734568014740944,
0.05847834423184395,
0.015051150694489479,
0.06410811096429825,
-0.014400052838027477,
0.037122663110494614,
-0.02671349234879017,
-0.009985319338738918,
0.007297503296285868,
0.022981593385338783,
0.0035719049628823996,
-0.05247049778699875,
-0.040994491428136826,
0.0005694503779523075,
0.08235791325569153,
-0.0004601086548063904,
-0.02679123915731907,
-0.04079270735383034,
-0.053909122943878174,
-0.03223545104265213,
-0.01324854139238596,
-0.007191984914243221,
0.007448917254805565,
-0.015208530239760876,
0.023604117333889008,
-0.0032224359456449747,
0.0005374843021854758,
0.006292979698628187,
0.07787206023931503,
0.04566529393196106,
-0.009989778511226177,
-0.0034406534396111965,
0.010987123474478722,
-0.031255096197128296,
0.012472937814891338,
0.0015080488519743085,
0.0033284048549830914,
-0.03945930674672127,
-0.018579095602035522,
0.02270825207233429,
0.008750393986701965,
-0.28231194615364075,
-0.002107315231114626,
0.0040847440250217915,
-0.02470804564654827,
0.03953026980161667,
-0.06805887818336487,
0.024557743221521378,
-0.014874218963086605,
-0.00898443441838026,
0.017644619569182396,
-0.009266930632293224,
0.02627544105052948,
0.011383096687495708,
0.05549101158976555,
0.040946874767541885,
0.0008059219690039754,
0.0005129682249389589,
0.0033516830299049616,
-0.0013281416613608599,
0.03822551295161247,
-0.01565174013376236,
-0.06024270877242088,
-0.02662896178662777,
0.06200816109776497,
-0.015949927270412445,
0.04541552811861038,
-0.06260810792446136,
-0.012062907218933105,
-0.04215721786022186,
0.0011926083825528622,
-0.02084697037935257,
-0.03680240735411644,
-0.02255987748503685,
0.07059793174266815,
0.003593988483771682,
-0.022038433700799942,
-0.006517570931464434,
0.013793357647955418,
-0.015604611486196518,
0.032449353486299515,
0.005309336353093386,
0.012147016823291779,
-0.024743998423218727,
0.015063096769154072,
0.0831439197063446,
0.021273793652653694,
-0.04509648680686951,
0.0030779466032981873,
0.0032897249329835176,
0.029606139287352562,
-0.03412735089659691,
-0.026144346222281456,
-0.020787350833415985,
-0.004886470269411802,
-0.02462773025035858,
-0.025057731196284294,
0.010359256528317928,
-0.008205254562199116,
0.01162196695804596,
0.031554579734802246,
-0.00486096553504467,
-0.038009777665138245,
0.005537310149520636,
-0.05471601337194443,
-0.002682417631149292,
-0.028798207640647888,
-0.08306960016489029,
-0.08835797011852264,
0.06356243044137955,
0.010978972539305687,
-0.018681470304727554,
-0.009336327202618122,
-0.013950426131486893,
-0.08806147426366806,
0.04507901892066002,
-0.0022211829200387,
-0.0067560733295977116,
-0.023719407618045807,
0.0012852869695052505,
0.056541573256254196,
-0.0313682034611702,
-0.06498176604509354,
0.01363347563892603,
0.0024768731091171503,
0.03758024796843529,
0.0006910273805260658,
0.018982429057359695,
0.019353995099663734,
-0.020940029993653297,
-0.02844521962106228,
0.054006803780794144,
0.017030049115419388,
0.039632197469472885,
-0.021607432514429092,
0.04614526778459549,
0.02420181781053543,
0.019004955887794495,
0.039422351866960526,
0.03449539467692375,
0.011287007480859756,
0.057085152715444565,
-0.0770043283700943,
-0.03974570706486702,
-0.046921659260988235,
-0.04046747460961342,
0.016866140067577362,
-0.03117772750556469,
-0.013226421549916267,
0.035074662417173386,
0.0006224873941391706,
-0.013814011588692665,
-0.06910943239927292,
-0.014169245958328247,
-0.023096974939107895,
-0.007002566009759903,
-0.023333147168159485,
-0.009623870253562927,
0.030588889494538307,
0.015672879293560982,
-0.02611144445836544,
0.0007696514949202538,
0.03898786008358002,
-0.024529755115509033,
-0.0012886759359389544,
0.0017922796541824937,
-0.01599648781120777,
-0.005161869805306196,
-0.05735883489251137,
-0.015064038336277008,
-0.010622798465192318,
0.03239458426833153,
0.04992290586233139,
0.0010490453569218516,
0.0037981215864419937,
0.042981866747140884,
0.02370259165763855,
0.009829781949520111,
-0.012593207880854607,
0.03949832543730736,
-0.009161953814327717,
0.03298310935497284,
0.026412127539515495,
0.03509604558348656,
0.005357107147574425,
0.03208515793085098,
0.027547916397452354,
0.0012236229376867414,
-0.030564453452825546,
-0.026406561955809593,
-0.05680796504020691,
0.03488128259778023,
-0.03642270714044571,
-0.018307939171791077,
-0.021329917013645172,
-0.023718109354376793,
0.005388067103922367,
0.05247769504785538,
0.0044582006521523,
-0.00465240515768528,
-0.061258506029844284,
0.07029116898775101,
0.010457121767103672,
-0.055837396532297134,
-0.0059965006075799465,
-0.003978294786065817,
0.06040412187576294,
-0.025573281571269035,
0.02446608990430832,
0.035621341317892075,
0.015317797660827637,
0.024495599791407585,
-0.015952548012137413,
-0.0247122161090374,
-0.03882796689867973,
-0.004834991879761219,
0.018855448812246323,
0.01488727331161499,
0.008097548969089985,
-0.036761574447155,
0.016190778464078903,
0.01699196919798851,
-0.033916447311639786,
-0.015641404315829277,
0.03229919821023941,
0.07992465794086456,
0.02721129171550274,
-0.01674044132232666,
0.015144011937081814,
-0.010122491978108883,
0.03545961156487465,
-0.012528743594884872,
0.012978442013263702,
-0.023986147716641426,
-0.04298396408557892,
-0.008093426004052162,
-0.01828022487461567,
-0.005518127698451281,
0.042080484330654144,
-0.013323269784450531,
-0.0013299498241394758,
-0.021449048072099686,
0.0031429261434823275,
-0.038168877363204956,
0.021731732413172722,
0.03138461709022522,
-0.08314936608076096,
0.0327393114566803,
0.029236001893877983,
-0.04932503029704094,
0.019743941724300385,
-0.022944366559386253,
-0.024118822067975998,
-0.06371010839939117,
-0.04523002728819847,
0.020130086690187454,
0.0010162523249164224,
-0.028139624744653702,
-0.009422874078154564,
0.03639518469572067,
-0.008602996356785297,
0.003470423398539424,
-0.0022638209629803896,
-0.004013182129710913,
-0.009826063178479671,
-0.003336997702717781,
0.04896191507577896,
-0.03028727136552334,
-0.00799242127686739,
-0.011389142833650112,
-0.027177996933460236,
0.021878261119127274,
-0.03219369798898697,
-0.005859389901161194,
0.05280251428484917,
-0.011290990747511387,
-0.007038382347673178,
-0.040715236216783524,
0.016570307314395905,
-0.006978549528867006,
-0.011422695592045784,
-0.02083466202020645,
0.022303912788629532,
-0.0322524756193161,
0.031550850719213486,
0.006293386686593294,
0.049860887229442596,
0.014098509214818478,
0.007363300770521164,
0.015825849026441574,
-0.010512132197618484,
0.030751006677746773,
0.031900085508823395,
-0.07514617592096329,
-0.004949073772877455,
0.05802848935127258,
-0.029571622610092163,
-0.018054787069559097,
-0.06287345290184021,
-0.01778126135468483,
0.03292902559041977,
-0.029164638370275497,
0.017778493463993073,
-0.03560154512524605,
0.04219921678304672,
0.02703547105193138,
0.04731506109237671,
0.013498274609446526,
-0.006856683176010847,
0.037740837782621384,
-0.07244566082954407,
-0.004549245350062847,
-0.049475084990262985,
-0.04248598963022232,
0.06698295474052429,
-0.008042692206799984,
0.030392643064260483,
0.004447474610060453,
-0.028968343511223793,
0.0529039204120636,
-0.03858523070812225,
-0.06385395675897598,
-0.009993053041398525,
-0.04104828089475632,
0.003891316708177328,
0.011986437253654003,
-0.04350649565458298,
0.0002826804993674159,
-0.0023068927694112062,
-0.08050839602947235,
0.00847785733640194,
0.0004478275077417493,
0.06187773868441582,
-0.004472954664379358,
-0.001570321386680007,
0.007976534776389599,
0.011363123543560505,
0.05025523528456688,
0.06192460283637047,
0.028409285470843315,
0.01659785769879818,
-0.04497801139950752,
0.057027775794267654,
0.03157976269721985,
0.011308923363685608,
-0.013043868355453014,
0.021997403353452682,
-0.0055936481803655624,
-0.08634769171476364,
0.03461223468184471,
-0.006918421480804682,
-0.022691259160637856,
-0.048646364361047745,
0.01992829516530037,
0.021001562476158142,
-0.042063530534505844,
-0.04182254523038864,
0.0421111024916172,
-0.058554843068122864,
0.024624044075608253,
0.009807423688471317,
0.016521533951163292,
0.0022339937277138233,
0.07283606380224228,
0.010883885435760021,
0.03647942841053009,
0.039240866899490356,
0.009880219586193562,
-0.04236030951142311,
-0.003311803098767996,
0.07334446907043457,
0.053821247071027756,
0.012966259382665157,
-0.005781556945294142,
0.06678435951471329,
-0.031415119767189026,
-0.055935654789209366,
-0.001725324196740985,
-0.010185436345636845,
-0.008441546931862831,
-0.02140086144208908,
0.024189336225390434,
0.07530294358730316,
0.008608564734458923,
0.0775374248623848,
-0.03925018757581711,
0.01570143923163414,
0.03916945308446884,
0.007210772018879652,
-0.013190572150051594,
0.018941393122076988,
0.025248564779758453,
0.02948889695107937,
0.00520039489492774,
-0.034981537610292435,
-0.04117497056722641,
-0.021892396733164787,
0.02294561266899109,
0.009206634946167469,
-0.03021419234573841,
0.02786157839000225,
0.01555563323199749,
0.06678477674722672,
0.09764498472213745,
-0.04323584958910942,
-0.021556183695793152,
-0.026513660326600075,
0.015108092688024044,
0.015188196673989296,
0.04280674830079079,
0.02417195960879326,
-0.037749577313661575,
0.01742471009492874,
-0.03694973886013031,
0.016175029799342155,
0.010942180640995502,
0.015262722969055176,
-0.028978481888771057,
-0.026841405779123306,
-0.011919833719730377,
0.0025080854538828135,
0.030711131170392036,
-0.0015182201750576496,
-0.047511108219623566,
-0.0221857987344265,
-0.05648472160100937,
-0.067798912525177,
-0.06253446638584137,
0.02841763012111187,
0.015973661094903946,
-0.030947621911764145,
0.014155625365674496,
-0.014090648852288723,
0.013144668191671371,
0.055116791278123856,
-0.042048174887895584,
0.026850197464227676,
0.024631811305880547,
0.0036033224314451218,
0.004032171797007322,
0.0397934652864933,
0.04820430278778076,
0.011368488892912865,
-0.018245648592710495,
0.054834865033626556,
-0.013233610428869724,
0.015595100820064545,
-0.04157860204577446,
0.012037789449095726,
-0.10528326779603958,
0.010024676099419594,
-0.003869479289278388,
-0.04064877703785896,
-0.08004122972488403,
0.02337719313800335,
-0.008957788348197937,
0.02434019185602665,
0.022388875484466553,
-0.020977335050702095,
-0.015480861067771912,
-0.05541359633207321,
-0.018487736582756042,
-0.05278022214770317,
-0.015838760882616043,
0.0675213411450386,
-0.0023737894371151924,
0.034545063972473145,
0.036802634596824646,
-0.00017382271471433342,
-0.0021180855110287666,
0.02277286909520626,
-0.01423553004860878,
0.01975652575492859,
-0.006647705100476742,
-0.03267545998096466,
-0.016785860061645508,
-0.10848462581634521,
-0.03041812777519226,
0.026757262647151947,
-0.006537319626659155,
-0.02470444329082966,
-0.010165030136704445,
-0.024584561586380005,
0.02855924889445305,
-0.03214593976736069,
-0.022705819457769394,
-0.026202039793133736,
-0.02134360559284687,
-0.03460322320461273,
-0.07042360305786133,
0.022310135886073112,
0.0020107782911509275,
-0.0013407786609604955,
-0.021363958716392517,
-0.036304544657468796,
0.002339551690965891,
-0.02118263579905033,
0.032353226095438004,
-0.008518597111105919,
0.020164860412478447,
-0.003692071419209242
] |
269 |
OCEAN: Offline Chain-of-thought Evaluation and Alignment in Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=rlgplAuN2p
|
[
"Junda Wu",
"Xintong Li",
"Ruoyu Wang",
"Yu Xia",
"Yuxin Xiong",
"Jianing Wang",
"Tong Yu",
"Xiang Chen",
"Branislav Kveton",
"Lina Yao",
"Jingbo Shang",
"Julian McAuley"
] |
Poster
|
Offline evaluation of LLMs is crucial in understanding their capacities, though current methods remain underexplored in existing research. In this work, we focus on the offline evaluation of the chain-of-thought capabilities and show how to optimize LLMs based on the proposed evaluation method. To enable offline feedback with rich knowledge and reasoning paths, we use knowledge graphs (KGs) (e.g., Wikidata5M) to provide feedback on the generated chain of thoughts. Due to the heterogeneity between LLM reasoning and KG structures, direct interaction and feedback from knowledge graphs on LLM behavior are challenging, as they require accurate entity linking and grounding of LLM-generated chains of thought in the KG. To address the above challenge, we propose an offline chain-of-thought evaluation framework, OCEAN, which models chain-of-thought reasoning in LLMs as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and evaluate the policy’s alignment with KG preference modeling. To overcome the reasoning heterogeneity and grounding problems, we leverage on-policy KG exploration and reinforcement learning to model a KG policy that generates token-level likelihood distributions for LLM-generated chain-of-thought reasoning paths, simulating KG reasoning preference. Then we incorporate the knowledge-graph feedback on the validity and alignment of the generated reasoning paths into inverse propensity scores and propose KG-IPS estimator. Theoretically, we prove the unbiasedness of the proposed KG-IPS estimator and provide a lower bound on its variance. With the off-policy evaluated value function, we can directly enable off-policy optimization to further enhance chain-of-thought alignment. Our empirical study shows that OCEAN can be efficiently optimized for generating chain-of-thought reasoning paths with higher estimated values without affecting LLMs’ general abilities in downstream tasks or their internal knowledge.
|
chain-of-thought, large language models, offline policy evaluation, agentic
| null | 13,812 |
2410.23703
|
[
-0.01566457934677601,
-0.020777743309736252,
-0.00019868393428623676,
0.03448977321386337,
0.04922115430235863,
0.011008591391146183,
0.01920393668115139,
0.02504161186516285,
-0.027233567088842392,
0.008051096461713314,
-0.021685056388378143,
0.05393090099096298,
-0.07494321465492249,
-0.019620606675744057,
0.04097554087638855,
0.02947237342596054,
0.011063995771110058,
0.014485234394669533,
0.019093386828899384,
0.0008514045039191842,
-0.0001255583920283243,
0.019813550636172295,
0.021041739732027054,
0.00965946912765503,
0.04317028075456619,
0.024716326966881752,
0.031044835224747658,
0.008213197812438011,
-0.0292564257979393,
-0.0010355677222833037,
0.04273524880409241,
-0.00765584409236908,
0.0013088991399854422,
0.011520501226186752,
-0.0018327664583921432,
-0.01916770450770855,
-0.045950986444950104,
0.00557246757671237,
0.0044459570199251175,
0.0340159609913826,
-0.03313237428665161,
0.03622422367334366,
-0.007033832836896181,
0.011879146099090576,
-0.04591540992259979,
0.007595700211822987,
-0.11011750996112823,
0.035569265484809875,
0.00817218516021967,
-0.016559945419430733,
-0.10392497479915619,
0.021794918924570084,
-0.013212918303906918,
-0.00717960437759757,
-0.002637593075633049,
0.06025468558073044,
0.02345792017877102,
-0.10384837538003922,
0.02156021259725094,
-0.03660411015152931,
-0.023921538144350052,
0.008729742839932442,
0.02507888525724411,
0.0002519575646147132,
0.012592516839504242,
-0.03886137157678604,
-0.014434145763516426,
0.03401343151926994,
-0.0499776229262352,
-0.028231661766767502,
-0.019371837377548218,
0.0037788895424455404,
0.00017282528278883547,
0.016847988590598106,
0.016327861696481705,
-0.04212226718664169,
0.01551220566034317,
0.04364652931690216,
0.046295568346977234,
-0.0250526312738657,
-0.03655850514769554,
0.030287856236100197,
0.014500757679343224,
0.04591425508260727,
0.04253454878926277,
-0.0013441866030916572,
-0.017145326361060143,
-0.03945891931653023,
-0.1169559583067894,
0.015745006501674652,
-0.009987679310142994,
-0.07307377457618713,
0.006207726430147886,
0.0431952178478241,
0.019841410219669342,
0.003744656452909112,
0.028684204444289207,
0.06039594113826752,
-0.0017506398726254702,
-0.026172926649451256,
-0.01819342002272606,
-0.013882778584957123,
0.003831250127404928,
-0.0009303755359724164,
-0.11629481613636017,
-0.02738027088344097,
-0.010900798253715038,
-0.010178172029554844,
-0.02122972346842289,
0.019349517300724983,
-0.02660469338297844,
-0.016249017789959908,
0.004197756294161081,
-0.0015177131863310933,
-0.06238238885998726,
0.020825909450650215,
-0.007047570776194334,
-0.007872385904192924,
-0.005504443775862455,
0.01562955044209957,
0.030836516991257668,
0.0013200356625020504,
0.007748529314994812,
0.0640798881649971,
-0.024483030661940575,
0.0032065764535218477,
-0.021621208637952805,
0.033559300005435944,
-0.04773706942796707,
-0.060483478009700775,
0.027437038719654083,
0.01979740336537361,
-0.029579024761915207,
-0.010642805136740208,
-0.018763013184070587,
0.01800760254263878,
0.020405251532793045,
0.03214000537991524,
0.02967572771012783,
0.022745080292224884,
0.0030963884200900793,
-0.02666441909968853,
0.06475488096475601,
0.005320415832102299,
0.059239521622657776,
0.006213372107595205,
-0.050315648317337036,
-0.030282001942396164,
-0.055449455976486206,
0.007223223801702261,
-0.00521426135674119,
0.007212353870272636,
-0.008145736530423164,
-0.03873087465763092,
0.04441729933023453,
0.0687500536441803,
0.048478271812200546,
-0.010523960925638676,
0.03723980113863945,
0.011940579861402512,
0.01380433514714241,
0.023112721741199493,
-0.05759287625551224,
-0.009951473213732243,
0.003153834491968155,
-0.10526319593191147,
0.03110184147953987,
-0.0038184351287782192,
-0.061492107808589935,
-0.0036982966121286154,
-0.03236391767859459,
-0.028868334367871284,
0.06621993333101273,
-0.03371749445796013,
-0.014550678431987762,
-0.01810750551521778,
0.06742017716169357,
0.012208695523440838,
0.05734008550643921,
0.016393931582570076,
-0.05929325148463249,
0.009427371434867382,
-0.004899948835372925,
-0.013756361790001392,
0.0008220586460083723,
-0.009976554661989212,
0.05647178366780281,
-0.04142044112086296,
0.008267289027571678,
0.028760327026247978,
-0.07531659305095673,
-0.033695369958877563,
0.031772956252098083,
0.002972376300022006,
0.07079029828310013,
-0.013413425534963608,
0.016728682443499565,
0.08572007715702057,
-0.009437337517738342,
0.04228425770998001,
0.04233727604150772,
-0.009497887454926968,
0.04677703604102135,
-0.015988798812031746,
-0.0418822206556797,
0.02184656821191311,
0.03692956641316414,
-0.033256351947784424,
-0.05009158328175545,
0.024872543290257454,
-0.025090709328651428,
0.027776557952165604,
0.007838666439056396,
0.004210396204143763,
-0.006692437920719385,
0.013972836546599865,
-0.034881964325904846,
0.00017180060967803001,
0.03806338459253311,
-0.0338435061275959,
0.046788014471530914,
0.0394134558737278,
0.004030707757920027,
-0.007162537891417742,
-0.0351920910179615,
0.06379704922437668,
0.06078692898154259,
-0.0060333507135510445,
-0.024463167414069176,
0.06805168837308884,
0.02244560793042183,
-0.0018317191861569881,
0.03967902064323425,
-0.03333216533064842,
0.027693768963217735,
-0.0013257557293400168,
0.009505264461040497,
-0.04315813258290291,
0.05154084786772728,
-0.026116546243429184,
-0.00517466152086854,
0.06348894536495209,
-0.029351983219385147,
0.07656560838222504,
0.01955375261604786,
0.004874388687312603,
0.03295517712831497,
-0.008144871331751347,
-0.024621397256851196,
-0.014731956645846367,
-0.012969261035323143,
0.0007937949267216027,
0.025525908917188644,
-0.019170401617884636,
0.0073928916826844215,
-0.04729938507080078,
-0.005803224630653858,
-0.027063775807619095,
0.05737821385264397,
0.03189358115196228,
-0.006788251921534538,
0.024804456159472466,
0.012151188217103481,
-0.028938021510839462,
0.01797262579202652,
-0.06919854879379272,
-0.03584331274032593,
-0.01173528004437685,
0.001278317766264081,
0.009039935655891895,
0.033581316471099854,
-0.020797114819288254,
0.037549689412117004,
-0.01803085207939148,
-0.023787058889865875,
0.017541993409395218,
0.0010945765534415841,
-0.0021832031197845936,
-0.039473626762628555,
-0.004459868650883436,
-0.023661255836486816,
0.05021602287888527,
-0.027129461988806725,
-0.02478772960603237,
-0.009536164812743664,
-0.039995867758989334,
0.007429668214172125,
-0.05394008383154869,
0.01273661945015192,
0.03195909410715103,
0.04208710044622421,
-0.023661239072680473,
-0.037500713020563126,
0.00831979513168335,
0.05171935632824898,
0.03487192839384079,
0.04924241825938225,
0.00931834802031517,
-0.0036373783368617296,
0.04319057613611221,
-0.019751474261283875,
0.001162777771241963,
0.009236825630068779,
0.0427437350153923,
0.004266956355422735,
0.0018576995935291052,
-0.007041034754365683,
0.020290136337280273,
-0.2684609889984131,
-0.0007407899247482419,
0.008048373274505138,
-0.026900365948677063,
0.03612660989165306,
-0.025644082576036453,
0.06925644725561142,
-0.05607948079705238,
-0.024339979514479637,
-0.020655715838074684,
0.03464020416140556,
0.03678521513938904,
-0.00023027115094009787,
0.043766576796770096,
0.06142937019467354,
0.031657930463552475,
-0.0024350304156541824,
-0.045812759548425674,
0.009730984456837177,
0.024769525974988937,
-0.008251509629189968,
-0.06776867806911469,
-0.03949562832713127,
0.052907105535268784,
0.02530553564429283,
0.051384203135967255,
-0.08818614482879639,
-0.0032354926224797964,
-0.0256888959556818,
0.0008985890890471637,
-0.022382833063602448,
-0.009424826130270958,
-0.02382420003414154,
0.043811898678541183,
0.0007018002797849476,
0.012734566815197468,
0.06474446505308151,
0.005638371221721172,
0.01412690244615078,
0.016887415200471878,
0.011997967027127743,
-0.017176510766148567,
-0.02625424973666668,
0.003175195772200823,
0.03732963651418686,
0.027638955041766167,
-0.044516563415527344,
-0.011065356433391571,
-0.01059005968272686,
0.049184832721948624,
-0.006161494646221399,
-0.025199029594659805,
0.002801394322887063,
0.01037662010639906,
0.011807277798652649,
-0.033671777695417404,
0.012378047220408916,
-0.01955278590321541,
-0.03895798325538635,
-0.025284161791205406,
0.01373792253434658,
-0.052021220326423645,
-0.012676490470767021,
-0.04177345708012581,
-0.017616434022784233,
-0.030554793775081635,
-0.06794357299804688,
-0.03685159608721733,
0.035387735813856125,
0.04969272017478943,
-0.047635894268751144,
-0.0006685662665404379,
-0.02029498480260372,
-0.10582959651947021,
-0.021832916885614395,
0.0015237251063808799,
-0.024027958512306213,
-0.027110015973448753,
0.022811442613601685,
0.028689371421933174,
-0.0467543825507164,
-0.02941194549202919,
-0.017914284020662308,
0.05994487181305885,
0.012031372636556625,
-0.04938215762376785,
0.02015487477183342,
-0.05054665729403496,
-0.03655146807432175,
-0.03149285167455673,
0.006726815365254879,
0.030351489782333374,
-0.002248839708045125,
0.0029510296881198883,
0.058006152510643005,
0.03917017951607704,
0.00728668412193656,
0.051778774708509445,
0.031319569796323776,
-0.016901206225156784,
0.031634073704481125,
-0.06418830156326294,
-0.009382837451994419,
-0.028091544285416603,
-0.02894059754908085,
0.0131055423989892,
-0.046992797404527664,
-0.040222831070423126,
0.010698726400732994,
0.008649297058582306,
-0.03745805472135544,
-0.009712954983115196,
0.020369067788124084,
-0.0008896402432583272,
-0.046924058347940445,
-0.005438338965177536,
-0.01851426623761654,
0.04299630969762802,
0.04824959859251976,
-0.030171498656272888,
-0.02333368919789791,
0.032173123210668564,
-0.010642405599355698,
-0.008778735995292664,
-0.03094867430627346,
-0.023742632940411568,
-0.007626931648701429,
-0.046945855021476746,
-0.004816885571926832,
0.007544731721282005,
0.04817758500576019,
0.056363314390182495,
0.008617867715656757,
0.02377869375050068,
0.05363070219755173,
-0.03627530857920647,
-0.021995965391397476,
-0.004700454417616129,
0.020560547709465027,
-0.008454043418169022,
0.00130403321236372,
-0.044291965663433075,
0.027257956564426422,
0.039729196578264236,
0.0315556675195694,
-0.0007713537197560072,
0.016388051211833954,
0.016613567247986794,
0.009546256624162197,
0.021691152825951576,
0.03984275087714195,
-0.04304442182183266,
0.000190908249351196,
-0.019366111606359482,
0.02723962999880314,
0.0029232704546302557,
0.03433593362569809,
-0.02304796688258648,
0.013504484668374062,
-0.07433114945888519,
0.024379538372159004,
-0.00871677603572607,
0.002903175540268421,
0.006755571812391281,
0.015243559144437313,
0.027708807960152626,
-0.04636713117361069,
0.04058273509144783,
0.033424340188503265,
0.02094818279147148,
0.016535559669137,
-0.06269197911024094,
-0.04749580845236778,
-0.02449348196387291,
-0.01586185395717621,
0.00178038259036839,
-0.004692934453487396,
-0.04040386527776718,
-0.03653688356280327,
0.03859667852520943,
0.02318316139280796,
-0.043240416795015335,
0.009262260980904102,
-0.006288365460932255,
0.08714349567890167,
0.02471691556274891,
0.014762555249035358,
0.005611185450106859,
-0.03758256882429123,
0.01564594730734825,
-0.007866745814681053,
0.03427055850625038,
-0.01632450893521309,
-0.036019980907440186,
-0.05388616397976875,
-0.03542960062623024,
0.03763561695814133,
-0.004576425999403,
0.0017989004263654351,
-0.0044951713643968105,
-0.026407532393932343,
-0.02727002091705799,
-0.05536992847919464,
-0.02460893988609314,
0.03111506998538971,
-0.06497837603092194,
-0.012500292621552944,
0.025710973888635635,
0.02745397575199604,
0.024724021553993225,
-0.06869752705097198,
-0.061736639589071274,
-0.05892921984195709,
-0.029825108125805855,
0.044368695467710495,
-0.02082548663020134,
-0.020234180614352226,
-0.031262557953596115,
-0.006029138341546059,
0.003238242818042636,
0.02572060190141201,
-0.01501214038580656,
-0.01323606725782156,
-0.02010759897530079,
0.019467774778604507,
0.05618159472942352,
-0.027018390595912933,
-0.015306096524000168,
-0.0017003833781927824,
-0.043999627232551575,
0.018815068528056145,
-0.04961952939629555,
0.03601502254605293,
0.03811437636613846,
-0.0030698778573423624,
0.022855255752801895,
-0.012915072962641716,
0.043646376579999924,
0.004564016591757536,
-0.026094937697052956,
0.00368666835129261,
0.0003663069801405072,
-0.022055819630622864,
-0.025166423991322517,
-0.0322425439953804,
0.03982359170913696,
0.015911759808659554,
0.021893352270126343,
0.0059977564960718155,
0.017129581421613693,
-0.005726666655391455,
0.003033236600458622,
-0.0278981514275074,
-0.013556449674069881,
0.06758513301610947,
-0.01292899064719677,
-0.05721880495548248,
-0.07128959894180298,
-0.05560256913304329,
-0.006069807801395655,
-0.02386903204023838,
0.025866921991109848,
-0.04788514971733093,
0.03228657692670822,
0.0060592941008508205,
0.03737645223736763,
0.011672102846205235,
0.0033983071334660053,
0.032371073961257935,
-0.050795670598745346,
0.029574915766716003,
-0.06052923575043678,
-0.021247558295726776,
0.05221051722764969,
-0.047996100038290024,
0.0030305050313472748,
-0.010429431684315205,
-0.04431414231657982,
0.034306593239307404,
-0.002571935998275876,
-0.05692975968122482,
0.012415231205523014,
-0.03687680512666702,
0.006556092761456966,
0.05052419751882553,
-0.05083775892853737,
-0.02478349767625332,
-0.015759173780679703,
-0.03964205086231232,
-0.0037093251012265682,
0.00865168310701847,
0.045721814036369324,
-0.01355062611401081,
0.016706908121705055,
-0.03361963480710983,
0.011130980215966702,
-0.008411468006670475,
0.037996456027030945,
0.013950157910585403,
0.04907705634832382,
-0.013986010104417801,
0.053779613226652145,
0.04819641262292862,
0.0318814255297184,
-0.0026874374598264694,
0.00840219296514988,
-0.054748110473155975,
-0.06456075608730316,
0.07905472815036774,
0.004770524334162474,
0.024994736537337303,
-0.028527677059173584,
0.07159607112407684,
0.041589125990867615,
-0.0493314303457737,
-0.031327102333307266,
0.0348098948597908,
-0.06335467100143433,
0.02090834639966488,
0.012697916477918625,
0.0027965044137090445,
-0.016301799565553665,
0.06949618458747864,
0.04068884253501892,
0.054939404129981995,
0.06530840694904327,
-0.0037812418304383755,
-0.012171131558716297,
0.01593485288321972,
0.06792845577001572,
0.027659311890602112,
0.08418139815330505,
-0.004222054500132799,
0.0684974417090416,
-0.05503379553556442,
-0.042342375963926315,
0.01333277765661478,
0.04179493710398674,
-0.018182797357439995,
-0.03642454370856285,
0.025562405586242676,
0.057269226759672165,
-0.02087249979376793,
0.07497251033782959,
-0.04365934804081917,
-0.01628183387219906,
0.04936874285340309,
0.010577695444226265,
-0.00749232666566968,
0.0591258741915226,
0.026585757732391357,
0.02912123315036297,
-0.041346773505210876,
-0.026632487773895264,
0.014100246131420135,
-0.03042050451040268,
-0.014595347456634045,
-0.007945583201944828,
-0.026177307590842247,
0.004869429860264063,
0.0024084728211164474,
0.06402664631605148,
0.12354741990566254,
-0.04804490879178047,
-0.02612270787358284,
0.017954416573047638,
0.0011825627880170941,
-0.0011407199781388044,
0.03742171451449394,
0.027795014902949333,
-0.0182830560952425,
-0.00010762638703454286,
-0.0435849167406559,
0.011460511945188046,
-0.01628999598324299,
-0.002043509390205145,
-0.0051086535677313805,
-0.008213975466787815,
-0.039765864610672,
0.02970602735877037,
0.028781218454241753,
-0.06457822769880295,
-0.04627789556980133,
-0.026840858161449432,
-0.06246834248304367,
-0.04052996635437012,
-0.05273355171084404,
0.03938876464962959,
0.006500804331153631,
0.002717083552852273,
0.043258242309093475,
-0.03494817018508911,
0.022214800119400024,
0.023724649101495743,
-0.06482135504484177,
0.017857065424323082,
0.021819444373250008,
0.018913935869932175,
-0.011354555375874043,
0.03159860894083977,
0.016023999080061913,
-0.03612375631928444,
-0.015880374237895012,
0.041181303560733795,
0.025582648813724518,
0.013879288919270039,
-0.002841298235580325,
-0.010191434994339943,
-0.0709623321890831,
0.023607533425092697,
-0.005346173886209726,
-0.029328083619475365,
-0.07807055860757828,
0.01158785168081522,
0.004527384415268898,
0.03756376728415489,
0.08532050997018814,
0.04281775653362274,
0.016304410994052887,
-0.019822141155600548,
0.01184545736759901,
0.010942327789962292,
-0.00993162952363491,
0.03590483218431473,
-0.04469051957130432,
0.0702705904841423,
0.028174489736557007,
-0.011260846629738808,
-0.059449877589941025,
0.01829383336007595,
0.0030668049585074186,
-0.05263206362724304,
-0.014837789349257946,
-0.02738853357732296,
0.00919106975197792,
-0.0768158882856369,
-0.026828067377209663,
0.03866448253393173,
-0.0034247394651174545,
-0.023609735071659088,
-0.007050317712128162,
-0.0016868896782398224,
-0.014301853254437447,
0.003101426875218749,
-0.04140765592455864,
-0.024615300819277763,
-0.02881522662937641,
-0.018352914601564407,
-0.0547107495367527,
0.02464962750673294,
0.0023933257907629013,
-0.018323158845305443,
-0.030099501833319664,
-0.05279069021344185,
0.0037746531888842583,
0.010402265936136246,
0.04255247488617897,
-0.00392638985067606,
0.021301880478858948,
-0.020216070115566254
] |
270 |
Distribution-Free Data Uncertainty for Neural Network Regression
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=pDDODPtpx9
|
[
"Domokos M. Kelen",
"Ádám Jung",
"Péter Kersch",
"Andras A Benczur"
] |
Poster
|
Quantifying uncertainty is an essential part of predictive modeling, especially in the context of high-stakes decision-making. While classification output includes data uncertainty by design in the form of class probabilities, the regression task generally aims only to predict the expected value of the target variable. Probabilistic extensions often assume parametric distributions around the expected value, optimizing the likelihood over the resulting explicit densities. However, using parametric distributions can limit practical applicability, making it difficult for models to capture skewed, multi-modal, or otherwise complex distributions. In this paper, we propose optimizing a novel nondeterministic neural network regression architecture for loss functions derived from a sample-based approximation of the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS), enabling a truly distribution-free approach by learning to sample from the target's aleatoric distribution, rather than predicting explicit densities. Our approach allows the model to learn well-calibrated, arbitrary uni- and multivariate output distributions. We evaluate the method on a variety of synthetic and real-world tasks, including uni- and multivariate problems, function inverse approximation, and standard regression uncertainty benchmarks. Finally, we make all experiment code publicly available.
|
deep learning, uncertainty quantification, regression uncertainty, aleatoric uncertainty, scoring rules, continuous ranked probability score
|
We propose a distribution-free neural network regression approach that learns aleatoric uncertainty through sample-based CRPS optimization.
| 13,804 | null |
[
-0.009858825244009495,
-0.00677643995732069,
-0.02670259214937687,
0.041583750396966934,
0.048666518181562424,
0.0623282752931118,
-0.007308233994990587,
-0.014784114435315132,
-0.017746446654200554,
-0.046039778739213943,
-0.02153686247766018,
0.029111169278621674,
-0.07181309908628464,
0.023333093151450157,
0.0124672194942832,
0.05412769317626953,
0.029903724789619446,
-0.02535218559205532,
0.0009873497765511274,
0.05297442153096199,
0.00251006125472486,
-0.07544776052236557,
-0.008969852700829506,
0.013602460734546185,
-0.005400743335485458,
-0.03826698660850525,
0.04353320226073265,
0.011193959042429924,
-0.042538296431303024,
-0.0070013622753322124,
0.02951071783900261,
0.015328259207308292,
-0.0017794512677937746,
-0.044957175850868225,
0.011139258742332458,
0.06312339007854462,
-0.0011331741698086262,
0.023401938378810883,
-0.015886513516306877,
0.03436782956123352,
-0.05220470577478409,
-0.0003528510278556496,
-0.006889323238283396,
0.004565836861729622,
-0.058926958590745926,
0.020339883863925934,
-0.038217268884181976,
0.00014308410754892975,
0.009536447003483772,
-0.007745176088064909,
-0.1005023717880249,
0.037103064358234406,
0.008739293552935123,
-0.04381222650408745,
-0.006733998656272888,
0.05294346064329147,
0.053770389407873154,
-0.0665096715092659,
-0.024714164435863495,
-0.07056661695241928,
-0.01898338459432125,
0.02731982246041298,
0.00871919933706522,
-0.004505677614361048,
-0.003435193793848157,
-0.022495906800031662,
0.036959681659936905,
0.06395486742258072,
-0.06152111664414406,
-0.01046572532504797,
-0.016755739226937294,
-0.01341141015291214,
0.004316757433116436,
-0.024134768173098564,
-0.006909603718668222,
-0.05985032021999359,
0.025693096220493317,
0.020603591576218605,
0.06809129565954208,
0.003063490614295006,
0.0342869870364666,
-0.02122529409825802,
0.0472370944917202,
0.008552913554012775,
0.033108655363321304,
0.009952664375305176,
-0.028314340859651566,
-0.05808402597904205,
-0.0790712982416153,
0.03845126926898956,
0.0019570712465792894,
-0.02499561198055744,
0.02042902633547783,
0.022842872887849808,
-0.01984323002398014,
0.022162703797221184,
0.02727348916232586,
-0.02174111269414425,
-0.006394561380147934,
-0.03257671371102333,
-0.027480989694595337,
-0.009061696007847786,
0.01160483155399561,
0.0016029945109039545,
-0.08053409308195114,
-0.044563911855220795,
0.012474020011723042,
-0.03250277787446976,
0.008199048228561878,
-0.025619369000196457,
-0.05183456838130951,
0.00970431137830019,
0.037413764744997025,
-0.013621598482131958,
-0.09367144107818604,
-0.0017625801265239716,
-0.005907737649977207,
-0.005369080696254969,
0.008018733933568,
-0.009942992590367794,
0.057572510093450546,
0.039267826825380325,
0.0026704054325819016,
0.03794032335281372,
-0.032268647104501724,
0.03274700418114662,
0.02808377519249916,
0.010418287478387356,
-0.008555902168154716,
-0.04949278011918068,
0.0038752176333218813,
0.02084563486278057,
0.01885898783802986,
-0.01204224769026041,
-0.00021233955339994282,
-0.014455224387347698,
0.0020249926019459963,
0.021662674844264984,
0.040586914867162704,
0.033211641013622284,
0.0016819152515381575,
-0.018268585205078125,
0.05626791715621948,
-0.016804656013846397,
0.08899249881505966,
0.005310183856636286,
0.02315603941679001,
0.0006116657750681043,
-0.05409757420420647,
0.0009085925994440913,
0.02772471494972706,
0.015917735174298286,
-0.015264845453202724,
-0.07125979661941528,
-0.01011885330080986,
0.03585491329431534,
0.0550338439643383,
0.022520963102579117,
-0.0034208965953439474,
-0.007315722294151783,
0.02942630834877491,
-0.00010624993592500687,
-0.0444563627243042,
0.0023349381517618895,
0.013483384624123573,
-0.07195524871349335,
0.08828875422477722,
0.047455184161663055,
-0.05416505038738251,
0.01557913888245821,
-0.0318153090775013,
-0.03875775635242462,
0.05657563731074333,
0.013066751882433891,
0.00551568204537034,
-0.011975094676017761,
0.042235102504491806,
-0.02501276507973671,
0.05625172331929207,
-0.004753471352159977,
-0.08551649749279022,
0.04158644750714302,
0.011374552734196186,
-0.01532069593667984,
-0.009463701397180557,
-0.008186030201613903,
0.06564372777938843,
-0.023931875824928284,
0.0376436822116375,
0.047435857355594635,
-0.05995257571339607,
-0.03874431177973747,
0.0015378637472167611,
-0.002713721478357911,
0.07250869274139404,
0.020397378131747246,
-0.016208630055189133,
0.03218412771821022,
0.008760730735957623,
0.008658249862492085,
0.022722307592630386,
-0.02536928839981556,
0.047212161123752594,
-0.03526659682393074,
-0.04620105028152466,
-0.02166125364601612,
0.0009388558100908995,
-0.028957361355423927,
-0.03028762713074684,
0.004402334801852703,
-0.009246092289686203,
0.00435201870277524,
0.015270945616066456,
-0.014044268056750298,
0.02423606812953949,
0.0021022052969783545,
-0.005583778955042362,
0.015826646238565445,
-0.0010313448728993535,
-0.027803407981991768,
0.0276749599725008,
0.020473185926675797,
-0.008267700672149658,
0.005349727813154459,
-0.0005579369608312845,
0.08470708876848221,
0.07849549502134323,
-0.01663711853325367,
0.007204624358564615,
-0.0011740241898223758,
0.013533102348446846,
0.006553374696522951,
0.043534331023693085,
-0.02617531642317772,
0.01913200505077839,
0.007969626225531101,
0.011493517085909843,
-0.04281553998589516,
0.04115850478410721,
-0.04583880677819252,
-0.00027170966495759785,
0.09766525030136108,
-0.03315373882651329,
0.057807806879282,
0.001663819421082735,
-0.01080650370568037,
0.0483904629945755,
-0.00529488967731595,
-0.03467696160078049,
-0.04917094483971596,
-0.030642207711935043,
0.028738021850585938,
0.02315748669207096,
0.001604782184585929,
-0.02064947783946991,
-0.056648869067430496,
-0.00747573422268033,
0.017287710681557655,
0.07141058146953583,
0.029489917680621147,
0.03745861351490021,
-0.006655462551862001,
0.004772149492055178,
-0.027580421417951584,
-0.021869074553251266,
-0.12550432980060577,
-0.07750898599624634,
0.01827981509268284,
0.04859669879078865,
0.028120189905166626,
0.05905884876847267,
-0.007798057049512863,
0.04406628757715225,
-0.007580452132970095,
-0.015470221638679504,
0.0007425048970617354,
0.025779109448194504,
0.03782576695084572,
-0.032847385853528976,
-0.026002438738942146,
0.012793060392141342,
0.04269104078412056,
0.006421011406928301,
-0.0401168055832386,
-0.001288748811930418,
-0.04158731549978256,
-0.02221846953034401,
-0.013052915222942829,
-0.012743291445076466,
-0.010377517901360989,
-0.003224156564101577,
0.011247947812080383,
-0.0038464998360723257,
0.011805562302470207,
0.048740409314632416,
0.05282317101955414,
0.04217551276087761,
0.03558310866355896,
0.004295415710657835,
0.0186786986887455,
-0.05130467936396599,
0.01986798271536827,
-0.013727350160479546,
0.008014480583369732,
0.006740362383425236,
0.013971527107059956,
0.03096756339073181,
-0.0007499291677959263,
-0.2421387881040573,
0.007064442150294781,
0.026384824886918068,
-0.007506318390369415,
0.04013100266456604,
0.0006238336209207773,
0.04813036695122719,
-0.018554696813225746,
-0.007609945721924305,
-0.002859737491235137,
0.030930351465940475,
0.011871261522173882,
0.013563541695475578,
0.08711971342563629,
0.05016535893082619,
0.028798403218388557,
0.0589887760579586,
-0.0006865079049021006,
0.02175087295472622,
-0.004057781770825386,
0.013235182501375675,
-0.04802088811993599,
0.006730148568749428,
0.04987446963787079,
-0.005458300467580557,
0.0459088496863842,
-0.06470359861850739,
0.01637495867908001,
-0.041119225323200226,
-0.0058953785337507725,
0.001176668331027031,
-0.030985426157712936,
-0.06384564191102982,
0.024733491241931915,
0.04390484839677811,
-0.0061562019400298595,
0.011030907742679119,
-0.004007809795439243,
0.0027227934915572405,
0.05641713738441467,
0.009326966479420662,
-0.00874238833785057,
-0.04068571329116821,
-0.011496988125145435,
0.07887736707925797,
-0.007849291898310184,
-0.05430501326918602,
-0.002952165435999632,
-0.041251786053180695,
0.031322870403528214,
-0.0328807607293129,
-0.03145560622215271,
-0.01930668205022812,
-0.005677482578903437,
0.010678126476705074,
-0.027481863275170326,
0.004047373775392771,
-0.021075211465358734,
-0.02417057193815708,
0.03386528417468071,
0.007629678584635258,
-0.05185505002737045,
-0.007318382151424885,
-0.038212694227695465,
-0.027288757264614105,
-0.02766702137887478,
-0.08904533088207245,
-0.0588364452123642,
0.06100201606750488,
0.033054254949092865,
0.015901708975434303,
-0.0077561573125422,
0.007243282161653042,
-0.08371859788894653,
0.03939642384648323,
-0.0023429282009601593,
-0.005673442501574755,
-0.024083223193883896,
0.010769538581371307,
0.06443914026021957,
-0.041994187980890274,
-0.047716327011585236,
0.015179669484496117,
0.015645893290638924,
0.005717026069760323,
0.015351718291640282,
0.0302104651927948,
-0.02688414230942726,
-0.0248847845941782,
-0.03610768914222717,
0.03221471607685089,
-0.006868917495012283,
0.019420091062784195,
-0.025828152894973755,
0.02506151981651783,
0.04745277017354965,
0.03733961284160614,
0.04946277663111687,
0.01367772277444601,
0.002356099197641015,
-0.0014105584705248475,
-0.07387745380401611,
-0.014106188900768757,
-0.09119127690792084,
-0.036926161497831345,
0.011784937232732773,
-0.040619734674692154,
0.004341829102486372,
0.0027967176865786314,
-0.03206751495599747,
0.005860923323780298,
-0.04140471667051315,
-0.0267178975045681,
-0.0012282271636649966,
-0.017085537314414978,
-0.021784456446766853,
-0.009500360116362572,
0.02805718034505844,
0.020390909165143967,
-0.005697385407984257,
-0.0006551713449880481,
0.03577154502272606,
-0.03057064674794674,
-0.014536461792886257,
-0.02071640081703663,
-0.022856440395116806,
0.03213238716125488,
-0.00310905440710485,
-0.005080268252640963,
-0.015045356936752796,
0.012464241124689579,
0.04791362211108208,
-0.0012673605233430862,
0.024521740153431892,
0.033815596252679825,
0.034361936151981354,
-0.013309363275766373,
-0.03228755295276642,
0.03670581802725792,
-0.01808067038655281,
0.007636710535734892,
0.012706877663731575,
0.007254505529999733,
0.044178999960422516,
0.0649198517203331,
0.037360213696956635,
-0.00857795774936676,
0.01501460000872612,
-0.018789516761898994,
-0.04453807696700096,
0.00042481013224460185,
-0.02423948422074318,
-0.016883540898561478,
-0.017597904428839684,
-0.026573164388537407,
0.028473980724811554,
0.03835903853178024,
-0.034000396728515625,
-0.026740701869130135,
-0.06797651946544647,
0.04246087744832039,
0.009300298057496548,
-0.03518453240394592,
0.0074628423899412155,
-0.007570434361696243,
0.02030642330646515,
-0.016440443694591522,
0.005718601401895285,
0.010165279731154442,
0.037958186119794846,
0.031837575137615204,
-0.04197133332490921,
-0.023172559216618538,
-0.03919440135359764,
-0.02728430926799774,
-0.007634629029780626,
-0.0016826994251459837,
-0.012476906180381775,
-0.03949596732854843,
0.028117965906858444,
0.01821831986308098,
-0.019847027957439423,
-0.01586269587278366,
0.009462223388254642,
0.03925662860274315,
0.0018458084668964148,
-0.009051414206624031,
0.0025983077939599752,
-0.036219190806150436,
0.02787889912724495,
-0.017847519367933273,
-0.0034973977599292994,
-0.014033801853656769,
-0.02684587426483631,
-0.019910739734768867,
-0.030133355408906937,
0.006671098526567221,
0.007998882792890072,
0.014974367804825306,
-0.003422688925638795,
-0.01280661765486002,
-0.0075058178044855595,
-0.06255436688661575,
-0.03698618710041046,
0.014769833534955978,
-0.08486785739660263,
0.008239973336458206,
0.07193271070718765,
-0.03670508414506912,
0.048934537917375565,
-0.04653552547097206,
-0.054836615920066833,
-0.06041111797094345,
0.0065974281169474125,
0.025596415624022484,
-0.01805069111287594,
-0.029106978327035904,
0.016993694007396698,
0.006029163952916861,
-0.0160804595798254,
0.012884452939033508,
-0.03262752294540405,
0.0465363934636116,
-0.03388456255197525,
0.010082220658659935,
0.054622430354356766,
-0.027685262262821198,
0.015157484449446201,
-0.0010262378491461277,
-0.012193236500024796,
0.01632676273584366,
-0.047387927770614624,
0.009068607352674007,
0.04188058152794838,
0.012969565577805042,
-0.011315647512674332,
-0.0490541011095047,
0.034988101571798325,
-0.04063059017062187,
-0.003509186441078782,
-0.06765459477901459,
0.02169005572795868,
-0.015396587550640106,
-0.027181852608919144,
-0.006500744726508856,
-0.009107795543968678,
0.02169967070221901,
0.012989726848900318,
0.030906936153769493,
-0.0034540349151939154,
0.03223824501037598,
-0.005011348985135555,
-0.07975900173187256,
0.005071516614407301,
0.06435931473970413,
-0.009812149219214916,
-0.027242528274655342,
-0.06792906671762466,
-0.03694295883178711,
0.012336188927292824,
-0.028818456456065178,
0.02844858728349209,
0.006547184661030769,
0.03666912391781807,
0.01586027257144451,
0.046031903475522995,
-0.0154028395190835,
-0.018376709893345833,
0.0035301456227898598,
-0.10291866213083267,
0.007564188446849585,
-0.06094227358698845,
-0.02582181803882122,
0.0788549855351448,
-0.010512919165194035,
0.02311978116631508,
-0.008622328750789165,
-0.02819768711924553,
0.039186641573905945,
-0.04178726673126221,
-0.05212482064962387,
0.011048218235373497,
-0.014923603273928165,
-0.016018493101000786,
0.02577023394405842,
-0.0342363640666008,
-0.026104696094989777,
0.009187759831547737,
-0.03885712847113609,
-0.0007857370073907077,
0.04145469143986702,
0.04735061153769493,
-0.030389932915568352,
0.00007204009307315573,
-0.05242682993412018,
0.03721744939684868,
0.024995779618620872,
0.08271199464797974,
-0.010051693767309189,
0.02692803554236889,
-0.052899960428476334,
0.06167062371969223,
0.023376507684588432,
-0.003774306271225214,
0.015027517452836037,
-0.0011576736578717828,
-0.005041549447923899,
-0.04295918345451355,
0.014284130185842514,
-0.012562049552798271,
-0.05421025678515434,
-0.06392432004213333,
0.049571290612220764,
0.03609088808298111,
-0.07245182245969772,
-0.049944452941417694,
-0.0020439885556697845,
-0.030618714168667793,
0.02506285347044468,
0.018173417076468468,
-0.03340007737278938,
-0.013114700093865395,
0.0789056122303009,
0.02673296071588993,
0.04181754216551781,
0.08170433342456818,
0.020624132826924324,
-0.004394174553453922,
0.019795117899775505,
0.05449554696679115,
0.04600108787417412,
0.03654047101736069,
-0.020740194246172905,
0.02645065076649189,
-0.06731545180082321,
-0.03830871358513832,
0.004235191270709038,
0.016381962224841118,
-0.02631402388215065,
-0.04004408046603203,
0.027665939182043076,
0.0674356073141098,
0.04562363028526306,
0.047400765120983124,
-0.02204986661672592,
0.00005807918932987377,
0.03265226259827614,
0.04768379405140877,
-0.025064323097467422,
0.00809185579419136,
0.010472669266164303,
0.0003978230815846473,
0.014540007337927818,
-0.017748523503541946,
-0.02154870517551899,
-0.009019281715154648,
0.010499936528503895,
0.030724966898560524,
-0.0040581077337265015,
-0.016120951622724533,
-0.007742232643067837,
0.05112798511981964,
0.09660636633634567,
-0.04676957428455353,
-0.04034394398331642,
0.013892258517444134,
0.055793020874261856,
0.004125865641981363,
0.06097210571169853,
0.042924389243125916,
-0.006598672363907099,
0.0024689838755875826,
-0.026589274406433105,
0.02935604937374592,
0.032387956976890564,
0.03574322536587715,
0.007839247584342957,
-0.033890701830387115,
-0.04534383863210678,
0.016993805766105652,
-0.0031856384593993425,
-0.024881571531295776,
-0.06312201172113419,
-0.0053267935290932655,
0.008296138606965542,
-0.06766646355390549,
-0.07213103771209717,
0.023412467911839485,
-0.003685556584969163,
-0.011096610687673092,
0.016950486227869987,
-0.06361987441778183,
0.019468015059828758,
0.0602334663271904,
-0.039269376546144485,
0.00012721499660983682,
0.06571801751852036,
-0.011211935430765152,
0.001973744248971343,
0.014689171686768532,
0.0022912402637302876,
0.025860339403152466,
-0.03260643035173416,
0.0690813735127449,
-0.00947269145399332,
0.015614799223840237,
0.007342461496591568,
0.00983433611690998,
-0.07305175065994263,
-0.003202442079782486,
0.027341211214661598,
-0.04408431053161621,
-0.08141674101352692,
0.05748656392097473,
-0.023830167949199677,
0.011072653345763683,
0.08621766418218613,
0.027047384530305862,
-0.007909665815532207,
-0.0526522621512413,
-0.04080444574356079,
-0.02222324162721634,
0.007086970377713442,
0.03111286088824272,
-0.016743216663599014,
0.03006277233362198,
0.06715063005685806,
-0.013242115266621113,
-0.021752983331680298,
0.03363637626171112,
-0.0010385098867118359,
-0.0003706283459905535,
-0.02767120860517025,
-0.016709810122847557,
-0.034011710435152054,
-0.10499060153961182,
-0.010371963493525982,
0.012959852814674377,
-0.023438820615410805,
-0.0038636380340903997,
0.01856585219502449,
0.005081505980342627,
0.03066081739962101,
-0.017079968005418777,
-0.018806753680109978,
-0.012231181375682354,
-0.03441120684146881,
-0.024762649089097977,
-0.07945827394723892,
0.05588752031326294,
-0.023242976516485214,
0.0026218232233077288,
0.0018411094788461924,
-0.07721458375453949,
-0.03133220970630646,
-0.04258764907717705,
0.0023595637176185846,
0.02502824366092682,
0.008917431347072124,
-0.0031861283350735903
] |
271 |
SOO-Bench: Benchmarks for Evaluating the Stability of Offline Black-Box Optimization
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=bqf0aCF3Dd
|
[
"Hong Qian",
"Yiyi Zhu",
"Xiang Shu",
"Shuo Liu",
"Yaolin Wen",
"Xin An",
"Huakang Lu",
"Aimin Zhou",
"Ke Tang",
"Yang Yu"
] |
Poster
|
Black-box optimization aims to find the optima through building a model close to the black-box objective function based on function value evaluation. However, in many real-world tasks, such as the design of molecular formulas and mechanical structures, it is perilous, costly, or even infeasible to evaluate the objective function value of an actively sampled solution. In this situation, optimization can only be conducted via utilizing offline historical data, which yields offline black-box optimization. Different from the traditional goal that is to pursue the optimal solution, this paper emphasizes that the goal of offline optimization is to stably surpass the offline dataset during optimization procedure. Although benchmarks called Design-Bench already exist in this emerging field, it can hardly evaluate the stability of offline optimization and mainly provides real-world offline tasks and the corresponding offline datasets. To this end, this paper proposes benchmarks named SOO-Bench (i.e., Stable Offline Optimization Benchmarks) for offline black-box optimization algorithms, so as to systematically evaluate the stability of surpassing the offline dataset under different data distributions. Along with SOO-Bench, we also propose a stability indicator to measure the degree of stability. Specifically, SOO-Bench includes various real-world offline optimization tasks and offline datasets under different data distributions, involving the fields of satellites, materials science, structural mechanics, and automobile manufacturing. Empirically, baseline and state-of-the-art algorithms are tested and analyzed on SOO-Bench. Hopefully, SOO-Bench is expected to serve as a catalyst for the rapid developments of more novel and stable offline optimization methods. The code is available at \url{https://github.com/zhuyiyi-123/SOO-Bench}.
|
Offline Optimization, Black-Box Optimization, Stability, Benchmarks
| null | 13,800 | null |
[
-0.029866430908441544,
0.025311162695288658,
-0.0033872132189571857,
0.00724933622404933,
0.0399508960545063,
0.04310828074812889,
0.014829851686954498,
-0.01171188522130251,
-0.007464001886546612,
-0.03624773025512695,
-0.01596921868622303,
-0.007466907147318125,
-0.05774306505918503,
-0.006635146215558052,
-0.015474793501198292,
0.05225803703069687,
0.0351460799574852,
0.002366849686950445,
0.02651989832520485,
0.032415520399808884,
-0.009949112311005592,
0.009772547520697117,
0.02893427573144436,
0.04828478395938873,
0.02875038981437683,
0.012206250801682472,
0.028055744245648384,
0.006166465580463409,
-0.009436449967324734,
-0.011803872883319855,
0.030094191431999207,
-0.004844977520406246,
0.007277925033122301,
-0.03322160989046097,
0.023993484675884247,
0.028614269569516182,
-0.05122895538806915,
0.02845001220703125,
-0.004250335041433573,
-0.00018368147721048445,
-0.02718651294708252,
0.026232348755002022,
0.006699074991047382,
0.014414812438189983,
-0.014466376975178719,
0.015366393141448498,
-0.05066290125250816,
0.04881927743554115,
-0.02415275387465954,
0.004793394822627306,
-0.09853139519691467,
0.03878575563430786,
0.00875573605298996,
-0.008663773536682129,
-0.028562283143401146,
0.05486510694026947,
0.025434253737330437,
-0.025839513167738914,
-0.011164302937686443,
-0.09038716554641724,
0.010920529253780842,
0.03195512294769287,
0.02121865190565586,
0.013042512349784374,
-0.005898628383874893,
0.005437144078314304,
0.011939998716115952,
0.012888367287814617,
-0.04988172650337219,
0.02686530537903309,
-0.017274219542741776,
-0.04672963172197342,
0.012951085343956947,
-0.02089400589466095,
-0.009700908325612545,
-0.031205980107188225,
0.0031166672706604004,
0.01889953762292862,
0.038719408214092255,
-0.005051828920841217,
0.040994469076395035,
0.014622122049331665,
-0.007089627906680107,
0.02240600995719433,
-0.0034996499307453632,
0.004742437042295933,
-0.05960839241743088,
-0.039774928241968155,
-0.07563096284866333,
0.05230839550495148,
-0.006112910341471434,
-0.027793733403086662,
0.04021362587809563,
0.04292717203497887,
0.005843888036906719,
-0.0003825358871836215,
0.01969463936984539,
0.012833899818360806,
0.0166105255484581,
-0.013465340249240398,
-0.000448857550509274,
-0.04691588133573532,
-0.008056100457906723,
-0.015400362201035023,
-0.09285354614257812,
-0.02030661143362522,
-0.021278005093336105,
-0.002298986539244652,
-0.011226567439734936,
0.0018960144370794296,
-0.031213367357850075,
0.00463347090408206,
-0.003930252511054277,
-0.009055743925273418,
-0.07880730926990509,
0.046313874423503876,
-0.011876664124429226,
0.0235444363206625,
0.005136180203408003,
0.010563288815319538,
0.05997263640165329,
0.0591425895690918,
-0.021276429295539856,
0.05921633914113045,
0.043182000517845154,
0.036990951746702194,
0.018325405195355415,
0.05305185914039612,
-0.03000238910317421,
-0.03174315765500069,
0.049388688057661057,
0.06356557458639145,
-0.0071503943763673306,
-0.03511474281549454,
-0.010680518113076687,
0.005915866699069738,
-0.01591016910970211,
0.016872068867087364,
0.031037861481308937,
0.02911846525967121,
-0.01754189096391201,
-0.00749450596049428,
0.04968655854463577,
-0.029755808413028717,
0.037288863211870193,
-0.017681224271655083,
0.008723506703972816,
-0.04400646314024925,
-0.08325152844190598,
0.004661536775529385,
0.026522018015384674,
0.0026516972575336695,
-0.06554152816534042,
-0.04628648981451988,
0.04168467968702316,
0.050686031579971313,
0.04037546366453171,
-0.0020705987699329853,
0.010030803270637989,
-0.008431184105575085,
0.022449128329753876,
0.01265310775488615,
-0.01680006831884384,
-0.007945293560624123,
-0.006282621528953314,
-0.03239129111170769,
0.08676615357398987,
0.05302749201655388,
-0.031059730798006058,
0.012412527576088905,
-0.037456270307302475,
-0.0406155064702034,
0.04791323468089104,
-0.001679286826401949,
0.007999207824468613,
0.010030895471572876,
0.06118900701403618,
-0.028303425759077072,
0.034093763679265976,
0.015594813972711563,
-0.0793624073266983,
0.03353682532906532,
0.009454193525016308,
0.01111093070358038,
0.026687880977988243,
-0.004118131473660469,
0.10833842307329178,
-0.010869135148823261,
0.020028941333293915,
0.022678827866911888,
-0.0992916077375412,
-0.05301503837108612,
0.040019065141677856,
-0.012102602981030941,
0.04758845642209053,
0.014745315536856651,
0.01669819839298725,
0.04881221055984497,
-0.01910717785358429,
0.038516223430633545,
0.0336315743625164,
-0.014059033244848251,
0.0023248165380209684,
-0.04104066267609596,
-0.04569891467690468,
-0.006291235331445932,
0.07652720808982849,
-0.07327639311552048,
-0.036625489592552185,
-0.0063254982233047485,
-0.009384607896208763,
-0.032467544078826904,
0.005327771883457899,
-0.011798686347901821,
0.014950656332075596,
-0.0071452921256423,
-0.0008436880307272077,
-0.018578561022877693,
0.0283473152667284,
-0.04663640633225441,
0.08403193205595016,
0.04102392494678497,
-0.03039436787366867,
0.029618436470627785,
-0.008647563867270947,
0.07495433837175369,
0.08191552758216858,
-0.039292722940444946,
-0.0018347959266975522,
0.03543391078710556,
0.007947469130158424,
0.001032560016028583,
0.012763586826622486,
-0.007588131818920374,
-0.0005203058826737106,
0.000016036745364544913,
-0.004391719587147236,
0.03333735093474388,
0.09258881956338882,
-0.046594083309173584,
-0.01451078336685896,
0.056347478181123734,
-0.003697456791996956,
0.056314125657081604,
0.035696908831596375,
0.004529288038611412,
0.05094737559556961,
0.029467228800058365,
-0.05863722413778305,
-0.0005518050165846944,
-0.03640271723270416,
0.014281841926276684,
-0.009823231026530266,
-0.001998265041038394,
0.01386183686554432,
-0.0677490159869194,
0.0021857134997844696,
0.012645641341805458,
0.060844406485557556,
0.02887360192835331,
-0.023884575814008713,
-0.023298922926187515,
0.00993729941546917,
-0.029570234939455986,
0.0021431520581245422,
-0.10107345879077911,
-0.054585736244916916,
0.00010497900075279176,
0.043368302285671234,
0.021803051233291626,
0.018413962796330452,
-0.019852062687277794,
0.012475667521357536,
0.014221188612282276,
-0.03340699523687363,
0.026444287970662117,
0.030436065047979355,
0.005303130019456148,
-0.064717136323452,
-0.0070991311222314835,
0.052676696330308914,
0.057259514927864075,
0.013034091331064701,
-0.03425952419638634,
-0.015079233795404434,
-0.03941606730222702,
0.010334928520023823,
-0.056391261518001556,
-0.010723358951508999,
0.004790032748132944,
-0.0024001765996217728,
-0.009668947197496891,
-0.05546516180038452,
0.017337175086140633,
0.042678702622652054,
0.03595547005534172,
0.003300068201497197,
0.02460695616900921,
-0.011398972012102604,
-0.022301755845546722,
0.022151315584778786,
0.021173974499106407,
-0.05329097807407379,
0.010998760350048542,
-0.0306348018348217,
0.03290205076336861,
-0.01104711089283228,
-0.000711220083758235,
-0.28066226840019226,
-0.020015690475702286,
0.006169044878333807,
-0.020717604085803032,
0.040622465312480927,
0.02162325382232666,
0.012019260786473751,
0.004264375660568476,
-0.04145251587033272,
-0.01091794203966856,
0.0373213030397892,
0.03402914106845856,
-0.001905971672385931,
0.056050047278404236,
0.04613346606492996,
0.03964097425341606,
0.017566518858075142,
-0.04366754740476608,
0.004903016611933708,
-0.0024579756427556276,
-0.00006346904410747811,
-0.1116161122918129,
-0.00819217599928379,
-0.000573724799323827,
0.01713600754737854,
0.022002629935741425,
-0.09303103387355804,
-0.01515275053679943,
-0.037963781505823135,
-0.010803662240505219,
-0.021904123947024345,
-0.026299461722373962,
-0.02071404829621315,
0.03738943487405777,
0.03794248774647713,
0.0037334347143769264,
0.028909945860505104,
-0.008298486471176147,
0.034753672778606415,
0.02756652981042862,
-0.010401271283626556,
0.003457285463809967,
-0.06590793281793594,
0.031165078282356262,
0.04957371950149536,
0.05257269740104675,
0.012451726011931896,
-0.019606664776802063,
-0.015314869582653046,
0.038149140775203705,
0.007975606247782707,
-0.007144545670598745,
-0.03375091403722763,
0.011473441496491432,
-0.016710879281163216,
-0.024043234065175056,
0.0181773379445076,
0.023013601079583168,
-0.010283411480486393,
-0.008194224908947945,
-0.0270830150693655,
-0.026924725621938705,
-0.009653388522565365,
-0.047210779041051865,
-0.02535998821258545,
-0.047152385115623474,
-0.06651470065116882,
-0.0351843386888504,
0.00934810470789671,
0.05260758474469185,
0.020142771303653717,
0.00833173468708992,
-0.027560638263821602,
-0.09855062514543533,
-0.01654674857854843,
-0.02237427420914173,
0.005123573821038008,
-0.057183824479579926,
-0.013915354385972023,
0.05952254310250282,
-0.04921348765492439,
-0.029764479026198387,
0.02876446768641472,
0.0370824933052063,
-0.0032302592881023884,
-0.05376066267490387,
0.022665441036224365,
-0.011177082546055317,
-0.007790564559400082,
0.00010527660197112709,
0.05067111924290657,
-0.015459041111171246,
0.037161119282245636,
-0.028825663030147552,
0.05180631950497627,
0.01230792235583067,
0.05575404316186905,
0.011415757238864899,
0.04178977012634277,
-0.005066888406872749,
0.02977808006107807,
-0.08085194230079651,
0.0020425450056791306,
-0.04269362986087799,
-0.03306031599640846,
0.016019217669963837,
-0.02448263019323349,
-0.021289173513650894,
0.03558937460184097,
0.02400914393365383,
-0.0039899335242807865,
-0.06801455467939377,
0.0050964923575520515,
-0.029752615839242935,
0.04670020937919617,
-0.01268799789249897,
-0.002113914582878351,
0.03174707293510437,
0.013366767205297947,
0.01657693460583687,
-0.044180337339639664,
0.041222188621759415,
-0.012824630364775658,
-0.03406305983662605,
-0.03488856181502342,
0.013491149060428143,
-0.018885046243667603,
0.012638564221560955,
-0.02781427837908268,
-0.009371064603328705,
0.004141293000429869,
0.07111560553312302,
-0.007678809575736523,
0.03607237711548805,
0.02964703179895878,
0.003635752946138382,
-0.023276159539818764,
-0.030528489500284195,
0.03210866451263428,
-0.00640499172732234,
0.03461979702115059,
0.0036662148777395487,
0.059510573744773865,
0.00036471232306212187,
0.04760041832923889,
0.07527792453765869,
0.018740251660346985,
-0.008057938888669014,
0.021978968754410744,
-0.0076256305910646915,
0.0007373992120847106,
-0.08677677065134048,
-0.03038104437291622,
-0.06289833784103394,
-0.01026392076164484,
-0.032679781317710876,
0.03160536661744118,
-0.0020764153450727463,
0.02134750969707966,
-0.06895625591278076,
0.03501409292221069,
-0.051541753113269806,
-0.021630218252539635,
-0.02005944214761257,
-0.019525855779647827,
0.07188622653484344,
0.009747859090566635,
-0.030168214812874794,
-0.0067529939115047455,
0.015244833193719387,
-0.009900716133415699,
-0.027800651267170906,
-0.033133942633867264,
-0.03751591220498085,
-0.04218972101807594,
-0.0016831046668812633,
0.01611919514834881,
-0.04706479236483574,
-0.031994808465242386,
-0.014032833278179169,
-0.046579454094171524,
-0.005459099542349577,
-0.005179344676434994,
-0.00963172223418951,
0.050298046320676804,
-0.00412513455376029,
0.011448823846876621,
-0.034862637519836426,
-0.012671729549765587,
0.017575569450855255,
0.003319435054436326,
0.0004813023842871189,
-0.027535945177078247,
-0.004504074342548847,
0.018297545611858368,
-0.07768558710813522,
0.03313210979104042,
0.014250695705413818,
-0.026427151635289192,
0.016196219250559807,
-0.03078133799135685,
-0.00032345924410037696,
-0.03538799658417702,
0.013145733624696732,
0.035455454140901566,
-0.06987471878528595,
0.02168891578912735,
0.05036501586437225,
0.02012312412261963,
0.016863245517015457,
-0.03992842137813568,
-0.03769814223051071,
-0.06351422518491745,
-0.006830678321421146,
0.013562296517193317,
-0.0041289012879133224,
-0.037114065140485764,
-0.01049916259944439,
0.004794253036379814,
-0.00430440716445446,
-0.023598352447152138,
0.02346409484744072,
-0.011557974852621555,
-0.03128660097718239,
-0.0007252981304191053,
0.05255407094955444,
-0.004282189533114433,
-0.05653967335820198,
0.0017017003847286105,
-0.011163970455527306,
0.011544852517545223,
-0.04161757230758667,
-0.011487619020044804,
0.012035354040563107,
0.02413257583975792,
0.04530758038163185,
-0.03231903910636902,
0.0035722991451621056,
-0.03590737655758858,
-0.016679665073752403,
-0.037242341786623,
0.013067932799458504,
-0.0022222960833460093,
-0.018350353464484215,
-0.03753245621919632,
0.03736906871199608,
0.021160317584872246,
0.005605732556432486,
0.025014493614435196,
0.01994657702744007,
-0.017583344131708145,
0.0102170929312706,
-0.05048130080103874,
-0.02091798186302185,
0.0619656965136528,
-0.023811060935258865,
-0.025724422186613083,
-0.03939381241798401,
-0.013410679064691067,
0.01623057760298252,
-0.04750116541981697,
0.033812955021858215,
0.0048552099615335464,
0.042523667216300964,
0.0031787629704922438,
0.046594154089689255,
0.0017895105993375182,
-0.022793099284172058,
0.07302336394786835,
-0.06909780949354172,
0.04564218968153,
-0.05628516152501106,
0.013042633421719074,
0.07762116938829422,
-0.007700578309595585,
0.015748074278235435,
-0.016104336827993393,
0.0037049625534564257,
0.006128321401774883,
-0.03278006985783577,
-0.0696258544921875,
-0.0035222931765019894,
-0.041233547031879425,
-0.02944798208773136,
0.01793771982192993,
-0.0038421177305281162,
-0.0017328462563455105,
-0.018658138811588287,
-0.007363873068243265,
0.027023376896977425,
-0.010357503779232502,
0.04836496338248253,
-0.021570781245827675,
0.00019848319061566144,
-0.04769805446267128,
0.007357311900705099,
0.03494581580162048,
0.040421079844236374,
0.00044316292041912675,
0.007958571426570415,
-0.04081545025110245,
0.04297009855508804,
0.044446755200624466,
0.0397961363196373,
0.006449609529227018,
0.01959451287984848,
-0.015929199755191803,
-0.027161002159118652,
0.033185772597789764,
0.009588479995727539,
0.005924551282078028,
-0.06515482813119888,
0.024632077664136887,
0.04321968927979469,
-0.05605906620621681,
-0.011047105304896832,
0.013261792249977589,
-0.04969707131385803,
0.01187821850180626,
0.0254354327917099,
-0.011784489266574383,
-0.025213347747921944,
0.07694124430418015,
0.009397918358445168,
0.02062220126390457,
0.07896226644515991,
-0.011554951779544353,
-0.047295670956373215,
-0.033501699566841125,
0.07923281937837601,
0.05610125511884689,
0.012835388071835041,
-0.006386225577443838,
0.06089303269982338,
-0.04516763985157013,
-0.03665737807750702,
0.00605890853330493,
0.006898538209497929,
-0.05585790053009987,
-0.02129390835762024,
-0.0051596988923847675,
0.06750330328941345,
0.004321412183344364,
0.07250189036130905,
-0.03802557662129402,
0.00666965963318944,
0.025055013597011566,
0.021067233756184578,
-0.01455780304968357,
0.057852257043123245,
-0.022623397409915924,
0.05864691734313965,
-0.013681593351066113,
-0.006801718380302191,
-0.015655554831027985,
0.007474368438124657,
0.013360729441046715,
-0.013800902292132378,
-0.028402866795659065,
0.01467982493340969,
0.03253518417477608,
0.06002208590507507,
0.07482140511274338,
-0.03511990234255791,
-0.01670156978070736,
0.031016016378998756,
0.00642762053757906,
-0.0008200989686883986,
0.01788581721484661,
0.030297089368104935,
-0.01869341917335987,
0.01498144119977951,
-0.031014099717140198,
0.01875087432563305,
0.00023002436500974,
-0.008372717536985874,
0.01681894063949585,
-0.019873276352882385,
-0.005586505401879549,
0.012792001478374004,
0.025511479005217552,
-0.025274017825722694,
-0.05009717494249344,
-0.03699154034256935,
-0.0702514722943306,
-0.0390162467956543,
-0.05685710906982422,
0.013553502969443798,
-0.014155732467770576,
-0.0409415178000927,
-0.0017422724049538374,
0.01576141268014908,
-0.013098417781293392,
0.04443687945604324,
-0.0719665065407753,
-0.046288151293992996,
0.04210073500871658,
0.0033620395697653294,
0.018726585432887077,
0.032407715916633606,
0.04085852578282356,
-0.03503132238984108,
-0.03822733089327812,
0.037440601736307144,
0.009099748916924,
0.038728222250938416,
0.002909113187342882,
0.037903591990470886,
-0.0888577327132225,
0.01901909150183201,
0.01991363987326622,
-0.00908734556287527,
-0.07383422553539276,
0.02245311811566353,
-0.03248491510748863,
0.0006011665682308376,
0.0643688514828682,
-0.019101670011878014,
0.023734617978334427,
-0.03984946012496948,
-0.007618513889610767,
-0.01753593049943447,
-0.001337892608717084,
0.03618103265762329,
-0.06001124903559685,
0.06670374423265457,
0.031112492084503174,
-0.01542177889496088,
-0.054268959909677505,
0.029334016144275665,
-0.003812108188867569,
0.018908662721514702,
-0.03726013004779816,
-0.014428547583520412,
-0.0377325713634491,
-0.09826455265283585,
-0.00037188909482210875,
0.027161723002791405,
0.0036407008301466703,
-0.04357290267944336,
0.02009565755724907,
0.025967124849557877,
-0.03503747284412384,
0.0004182806296739727,
-0.02391846664249897,
0.004254030995070934,
-0.07159936428070068,
0.002351116156205535,
-0.05219858139753342,
0.057901058346033096,
0.01732848584651947,
-0.011335539631545544,
-0.016504229977726936,
-0.0431954488158226,
0.004989479202777147,
-0.034360457211732864,
0.012682103551924229,
-0.010939258150756359,
0.02153164893388748,
0.013762060552835464
] |
272 |
Understanding and Enhancing Safety Mechanisms of LLMs via Safety-Specific Neuron
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=yR47RmND1m
|
[
"Yiran Zhao",
"Wenxuan Zhang",
"Yuxi Xie",
"Anirudh Goyal",
"Kenji Kawaguchi",
"Michael Shieh"
] |
Poster
|
Safety alignment for large language models (LLMs) has become a critical issue due to their rapid progress. However, our understanding of effective safety mechanisms in LLMs remains limited, leading to safety alignment training that mainly focuses on improving optimization, data-level enhancement, or adding extra structures to intentionally block harmful outputs. To address this gap, we develop a neuron detection method to identify safety neurons—those consistently crucial for handling and defending against harmful queries. Our findings reveal that these safety neurons constitute less than $1\%$ of all parameters, are language-specific and are predominantly located in self-attention layers. Moreover, safety is collectively managed by these neurons in the first several layers. Based on these observations, we introduce a $\underline{S}$afety $\underline{N}$euron $\underline{Tun}$ing method, named $\texttt{SN-Tune}$, that exclusively tune safety neurons without compromising models' general capabilities. $\texttt{SN-Tune}$ significantly enhances the safety of instruction-tuned models, notably reducing the harmful scores of Llama3-8B-Instruction from $65.5$ to $2.0$, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2 from $70.8$ to $4.5$, and Vicuna-13B-1.5 from $93.5$ to $3.0$. Moreover, $\texttt{SN-Tune}$ can be applied to base models on efficiently establishing LLMs' safety mechanism. In addition, we propose $\underline{R}$obust $\underline{S}$afety $\underline{N}$euron $\underline{Tun}$ing method ($\texttt{RSN-Tune}$), which preserves the integrity of LLMs' safety mechanisms during downstream task fine-tuning by separating the safety neurons from models' foundation neurons.
|
Large Language Models, Alignment, Safety, Interpretability, Neuron Detection
| null | 13,799 | null |
[
-0.012047367170453072,
-0.005355106201022863,
-0.020389387384057045,
0.00977363996207714,
0.0320160873234272,
0.027197085320949554,
0.04139825329184532,
0.002239255467429757,
-0.0451994314789772,
-0.012718208134174347,
-0.036791156977415085,
0.03439045324921608,
-0.04691329225897789,
-0.006781970150768757,
-0.009828063659369946,
0.021248705685138702,
0.062100496143102646,
-0.0039592948742210865,
0.02908618189394474,
0.01121459249407053,
0.001313663786277175,
0.004380599595606327,
0.0342399887740612,
0.024233371019363403,
0.027266742661595345,
0.018279118463397026,
0.016118353232741356,
0.01307111419737339,
-0.016310034319758415,
0.02224467322230339,
0.050309669226408005,
0.007074305322021246,
-0.00001760566192388069,
-0.012157633900642395,
0.016449792310595512,
0.03139214217662811,
-0.05818910151720047,
-0.0014492219779640436,
-0.0005202398169785738,
0.04808463901281357,
-0.032901324331760406,
0.018637167289853096,
-0.03631855174899101,
0.0063098822720348835,
-0.060451753437519073,
0.023188499733805656,
-0.12101121991872787,
0.010837061330676079,
0.04839227348566055,
-0.031868308782577515,
-0.12263383716344833,
0.05199713259935379,
-0.03988955169916153,
-0.0038951889146119356,
0.016937952488660812,
0.006879923865199089,
0.049487579613924026,
-0.0729307308793068,
-0.0033117863349616528,
-0.037574540823698044,
-0.04749849811196327,
0.022728998214006424,
0.006322307977825403,
0.013880392536520958,
-0.004669330548495054,
-0.033421535044908524,
0.00006374754593707621,
0.02969406172633171,
-0.08301028609275818,
-0.043410807847976685,
-0.009003312326967716,
0.02655910700559616,
-0.013094490393996239,
0.012503094971179962,
0.022539513185620308,
-0.03866468369960785,
-0.013304409570991993,
0.025570418685674667,
0.0576460137963295,
0.018621185794472694,
0.0245506651699543,
0.009358562529087067,
0.027168478816747665,
0.042351361364126205,
0.02806241624057293,
0.021229803562164307,
-0.052073702216148376,
-0.04434419423341751,
-0.048039309680461884,
0.005887151230126619,
-0.02285156585276127,
-0.0240150298923254,
-0.0009948997758328915,
0.037806473672389984,
0.013863379135727882,
0.023494554683566093,
0.009929252788424492,
0.014734279364347458,
-0.024481508880853653,
0.012083586305379868,
-0.02634691819548607,
-0.044380221515893936,
-0.005668656434863806,
0.006391134113073349,
-0.11227582395076752,
-0.03260132297873497,
-0.011170297861099243,
-0.012205598875880241,
0.01327151246368885,
-0.012080316431820393,
-0.02842792496085167,
-0.023200862109661102,
0.008121432736515999,
-0.005260471720248461,
-0.10325431078672409,
0.041176363825798035,
-0.009726230055093765,
0.0005366343539208174,
0.006090773735195398,
-0.003978534135967493,
0.0238498505204916,
0.04833434522151947,
-0.009619436226785183,
0.0663733258843422,
-0.020277472212910652,
0.023989325389266014,
-0.012222213670611382,
0.04802661016583443,
0.00849719438701868,
-0.04718315973877907,
0.009598488919436932,
0.05667485296726227,
0.000608386064413935,
0.011511879041790962,
0.006764845922589302,
0.031492557376623154,
0.004483190830796957,
0.021322030574083328,
0.05278044566512108,
0.0049845133908092976,
0.005467573646456003,
-0.011539524421095848,
0.056147024035453796,
-0.03540665656328201,
0.10303476452827454,
-0.00012190206325612962,
-0.0619669146835804,
-0.013129904866218567,
-0.054126471281051636,
-0.00941262487322092,
0.024999117478728294,
0.01433730497956276,
-0.0016420305473729968,
-0.07539499551057816,
0.017153164371848106,
0.07525656372308731,
0.025169340893626213,
0.007950589060783386,
-0.014948040246963501,
-0.007196907885372639,
-0.015355098992586136,
-0.03219897672533989,
-0.057811811566352844,
0.010841402225196362,
-0.035699568688869476,
-0.029435724020004272,
0.0277012437582016,
-0.0022073148284107447,
-0.02901822328567505,
0.018537621945142746,
-0.039351049810647964,
-0.03627101331949234,
0.024158593267202377,
-0.029122034087777138,
-0.020487941801548004,
-0.04320041462779045,
0.07314850389957428,
-0.014311302453279495,
0.0319414846599102,
0.054705265909433365,
-0.07262174785137177,
0.023481544107198715,
0.007386717479676008,
0.033638112246990204,
0.021024731919169426,
-0.025662770494818687,
0.10083310306072235,
-0.04310363158583641,
-0.004399661440402269,
-0.0027389484457671642,
-0.07513170689344406,
0.00042918280814774334,
0.04317153990268707,
-0.018403232097625732,
0.06341218203306198,
-0.010382499545812607,
0.03011929802596569,
0.050999075174331665,
0.0076223756186664104,
0.0885278508067131,
0.06547059863805771,
-0.023457877337932587,
0.02961757779121399,
-0.025109056383371353,
-0.0469730943441391,
0.006779876537621021,
0.01999691128730774,
-0.03386274725198746,
-0.02969578094780445,
0.02249998413026333,
0.004421241115778685,
0.0025456883013248444,
0.013149680569767952,
0.015684429556131363,
0.013815740123391151,
-0.03133390471339226,
-0.028562529012560844,
0.00275989412330091,
0.005034960340708494,
-0.051917530596256256,
0.023440346121788025,
0.015083138830959797,
-0.019722167402505875,
-0.000469695107312873,
-0.025461683049798012,
0.12004140019416809,
0.05061977729201317,
-0.029217343777418137,
-0.03291824832558632,
0.028475448489189148,
0.038529373705387115,
-0.024060970172286034,
-0.015787659212946892,
-0.004564776085317135,
0.002453299704939127,
-0.009484343230724335,
-0.001536502386443317,
-0.009071661159396172,
0.049212656915187836,
-0.041819386184215546,
-0.01645469106733799,
0.08582421392202377,
-0.0433790385723114,
0.026126373559236526,
-0.01235516183078289,
0.006160256452858448,
0.051910433918237686,
-0.030015671625733376,
-0.01654999330639839,
-0.009576275013387203,
-0.024731049314141273,
0.003714086953550577,
0.003740684362128377,
-0.031967196613550186,
-0.01832771673798561,
-0.057450614869594574,
-0.04348788037896156,
-0.006560223642736673,
0.061016377061605453,
0.0485638864338398,
0.026196952909231186,
0.023374738171696663,
0.004857761785387993,
-0.02438771352171898,
-0.002595485420897603,
-0.0953870639204979,
-0.01462943572551012,
-0.013044831342995167,
0.04223880544304848,
-0.0003944016934838146,
0.021256346255540848,
0.026746898889541626,
0.023995153605937958,
-0.019563892856240273,
-0.008035309612751007,
0.02310837060213089,
0.02582630142569542,
0.013798492029309273,
-0.033954039216041565,
-0.01096537709236145,
-0.003420091001316905,
0.0495518259704113,
0.016393201425671577,
-0.018051134422421455,
-0.0430791936814785,
-0.02477872185409069,
-0.010612403973937035,
-0.06229555606842041,
-0.01731560379266739,
0.025327878072857857,
-0.0054663680493831635,
-0.025702308863401413,
-0.008855745196342468,
0.019665829837322235,
0.0015593846328556538,
0.037464339286088943,
0.04134362190961838,
0.04339810460805893,
-0.011843067593872547,
0.04987191781401634,
-0.0031577039044350386,
0.037080343812704086,
-0.008336029946804047,
-0.005635587498545647,
-0.0014786318643018603,
0.007173609454184771,
0.02168767899274826,
0.008488948456943035,
-0.2871645390987396,
-0.04601629823446274,
0.010087930597364902,
-0.03628656268119812,
0.011801330372691154,
0.035746995359659195,
0.016795048490166664,
-0.02619640715420246,
-0.009717213921248913,
-0.007436391431838274,
0.02209216170012951,
0.03473123162984848,
0.03426383063197136,
0.01914997398853302,
0.04338451847434044,
0.015576526522636414,
-0.017918121069669724,
-0.03674743324518204,
0.015604302287101746,
0.014383259229362011,
0.004306676797568798,
-0.06678503751754761,
-0.03310875594615936,
0.07828934490680695,
-0.019597139209508896,
0.06017701327800751,
-0.08515160530805588,
0.011116411536931992,
-0.022526921704411507,
-0.009357517585158348,
-0.01909441314637661,
-0.02138315513730049,
-0.037208039313554764,
-0.007343434728682041,
-0.00008364613313460723,
-0.00038830930134281516,
0.0006748988525941968,
-0.022702137008309364,
0.03613414242863655,
0.02250763401389122,
0.012780123390257359,
-0.04617372527718544,
0.0013933940790593624,
0.013176622800529003,
0.055230479687452316,
-0.0015633043367415667,
-0.0928933396935463,
0.007690925616770983,
-0.0017472562612965703,
0.037898167967796326,
0.006422890350222588,
-0.03267357125878334,
-0.009009437635540962,
0.029853306710720062,
0.00011742685455828905,
0.0030604470521211624,
0.004901139996945858,
-0.009307662025094032,
-0.0029649289790540934,
0.009472317062318325,
-0.020637279376387596,
-0.04309995472431183,
-0.05776095762848854,
-0.041838835924863815,
-0.027288246899843216,
0.008867020718753338,
-0.051109783351421356,
-0.06721089035272598,
0.03470076248049736,
0.015656357631087303,
-0.013379707001149654,
0.02279362641274929,
-0.01464291475713253,
-0.09854032099246979,
-0.003891096683219075,
0.002766920253634453,
-0.0345195047557354,
-0.012751485221087933,
0.012341031804680824,
0.06420523673295975,
-0.046225957572460175,
-0.030809227377176285,
0.025523297488689423,
0.023026183247566223,
0.015176364220678806,
-0.008014678955078125,
0.03428022563457489,
-0.012717337347567081,
0.007101813796907663,
-0.045893505215644836,
0.057901781052351,
0.02436971664428711,
0.0159748587757349,
-0.011659841984510422,
0.03955909609794617,
0.011795655824244022,
0.023055166006088257,
0.04758463799953461,
0.0481138750910759,
0.0027679589111357927,
0.03271683678030968,
-0.049202509224414825,
-0.000670941430144012,
-0.0514146089553833,
-0.02763553336262703,
0.04728584736585617,
-0.05462728440761566,
-0.03858952596783638,
0.03326040506362915,
0.0022557375486940145,
-0.037078406661748886,
-0.0354553684592247,
0.02380995824933052,
-0.014510984532535076,
0.001806554733775556,
-0.018949730321764946,
0.009561441838741302,
0.016097867861390114,
0.02393977902829647,
-0.04682901129126549,
-0.042031217366456985,
0.011742043308913708,
-0.016062570735812187,
0.012066383846104145,
0.021276934072375298,
-0.02453652024269104,
-0.0018452074145898223,
0.0060180663131177425,
0.0060972473584115505,
0.009122185409069061,
0.025791088119149208,
0.06017265096306801,
0.02224244363605976,
0.02052164264023304,
0.0310635045170784,
-0.01944068819284439,
-0.013788766227662563,
0.041925981640815735,
0.03992975503206253,
-0.0038938887882977724,
0.005783213302493095,
0.018090760335326195,
0.02946479804813862,
0.017964620143175125,
0.032321393489837646,
0.027761323377490044,
0.022446658462285995,
-0.024048101156949997,
0.004982042592018843,
0.005396918393671513,
0.033375680446624756,
-0.07191053032875061,
0.003101300448179245,
-0.050163473933935165,
0.028975728899240494,
0.021129902452230453,
0.02709999307990074,
0.0010698341066017747,
0.0234238151460886,
-0.03939272463321686,
0.06709933280944824,
-0.0010865841759368777,
0.005897842347621918,
0.019915562123060226,
0.03200569003820419,
0.038288623094558716,
-0.03211769834160805,
-0.008072461932897568,
0.004019774030894041,
0.008656446821987629,
-0.027611203491687775,
-0.012906243093311787,
-0.04455440491437912,
0.010603981092572212,
-0.014104154892265797,
0.017401522025465965,
0.013039188459515572,
-0.007929349318146706,
-0.03916742652654648,
0.0339602455496788,
-0.0038315702695399523,
-0.01745244860649109,
0.008980517275631428,
0.004029765259474516,
0.07905925065279007,
-0.0025029636453837156,
0.0013333462411537766,
-0.007090460043400526,
-0.006266127340495586,
-0.02023185044527054,
0.007167024537920952,
0.012807735241949558,
-0.01632310263812542,
0.0024289977736771107,
-0.033445242792367935,
-0.04765787720680237,
-0.010903246700763702,
0.012856085784733295,
0.016849886626005173,
-0.049268510192632675,
-0.040578290820121765,
-0.006147623527795076,
-0.03324750438332558,
-0.014818405732512474,
0.01005986426025629,
-0.08617323637008667,
0.005169512238353491,
0.05838857218623161,
0.006800985895097256,
0.03873405605554581,
-0.03381956368684769,
-0.05620574951171875,
-0.03518447279930115,
-0.018713030964136124,
0.024776699021458626,
-0.0262497179210186,
-0.027749251574277878,
-0.02485649473965168,
-0.02291189506649971,
-0.006224507000297308,
0.008746382780373096,
-0.035279594361782074,
-0.02227165549993515,
-0.01167225744575262,
0.003502391278743744,
0.03379449248313904,
-0.01848456636071205,
0.016109904274344444,
0.038071129471063614,
-0.03861556947231293,
0.030179955065250397,
-0.04000988230109215,
0.05099005252122879,
0.017081521451473236,
-0.012342846021056175,
0.008200552314519882,
-0.054653119295835495,
0.05016624554991722,
0.021293548867106438,
-0.0016636024229228497,
0.03498472273349762,
0.008195013739168644,
-0.014438723213970661,
0.01405362319201231,
-0.017453603446483612,
0.05654964596033096,
-0.011795027181506157,
0.0033105132170021534,
-0.005846204701811075,
0.008999480865895748,
0.021472208201885223,
0.033908598124980927,
-0.025661053135991096,
0.007610390894114971,
0.06962934881448746,
-0.03381320461630821,
-0.02666478231549263,
-0.08108553290367126,
-0.04912185296416283,
-0.011194219812750816,
-0.006719999015331268,
0.041319120675325394,
-0.043636396527290344,
0.049391649663448334,
0.010157947428524494,
0.06611562520265579,
-0.028593948110938072,
-0.03614130616188049,
0.028675217181444168,
-0.08270818740129471,
-0.0060201711021363735,
-0.03959859907627106,
0.0059449016116559505,
0.07624491304159164,
-0.04968630149960518,
-0.02149219810962677,
-0.0218992680311203,
-0.0236035268753767,
0.018607085570693016,
-0.02098797634243965,
-0.035494644194841385,
0.004597247112542391,
-0.0131307914853096,
-0.03161868453025818,
0.028001919388771057,
-0.0219135582447052,
-0.00945313647389412,
-0.01844717375934124,
-0.01796678639948368,
0.03304065018892288,
-0.021016595885157585,
0.03504374623298645,
-0.01948155276477337,
0.023344676941633224,
-0.028784066438674927,
-0.015388893894851208,
0.007634046953171492,
0.0482335239648819,
0.01764487847685814,
0.029532477259635925,
-0.011260302737355232,
0.0627552792429924,
0.044840436428785324,
0.01656763255596161,
0.00471580121666193,
0.013347462750971317,
0.006066160276532173,
-0.06546271592378616,
0.05563581362366676,
0.009631322696805,
-0.016548866406083107,
-0.05321327596902847,
0.06586357206106186,
0.05357171595096588,
-0.0465889610350132,
-0.023040244355797768,
0.016872230917215347,
-0.05302117392420769,
-0.01545378752052784,
-0.0103911142796278,
0.015456989407539368,
0.017173461616039276,
0.10307352244853973,
-0.016339309513568878,
0.03354959562420845,
0.05513593927025795,
0.009011344984173775,
-0.03968742862343788,
0.01444455049932003,
0.08344541490077972,
0.06863205134868622,
0.036804813891649246,
-0.0027117787394672632,
0.07631101459264755,
-0.05361059680581093,
-0.07133671641349792,
0.012920617125928402,
-0.014193161390721798,
-0.02397371083498001,
-0.026023326441645622,
0.03835057467222214,
0.05062103644013405,
-0.016450628638267517,
0.05963879078626633,
-0.029281143099069595,
0.009338045492768288,
0.048885393887758255,
0.01120264083147049,
0.02318260818719864,
0.03285585343837738,
0.01290382444858551,
-0.001471100258640945,
-0.0061246477998793125,
0.0002583015593700111,
0.005621167365461588,
0.0006820578710176051,
-0.011497290804982185,
-0.014622594229876995,
-0.032237593084573746,
-0.0063456264324486256,
-0.02595977485179901,
0.06746284663677216,
0.126896932721138,
-0.03424327075481415,
-0.03828920051455498,
0.006524788681417704,
0.008284129202365875,
0.02544037066400051,
0.04259621351957321,
-0.018812181428074837,
-0.021468525752425194,
-0.026947274804115295,
-0.0471222847700119,
0.02091287076473236,
-0.014262559823691845,
-0.01664811745285988,
0.02929690107703209,
-0.041354019194841385,
-0.01588773913681507,
0.016460495069622993,
0.02511872537434101,
-0.02344617433845997,
-0.029557794332504272,
-0.05381025746464729,
-0.03968868777155876,
-0.03754897788167,
-0.06282466650009155,
0.0031130220741033554,
0.0035518775694072247,
-0.035972584038972855,
0.030834948644042015,
-0.012298342771828175,
0.019659925252199173,
0.0269381795078516,
-0.07672974467277527,
0.0072953845374286175,
0.0694241151213646,
-0.016879111528396606,
-0.012618549168109894,
0.06928445398807526,
0.02937028743326664,
-0.011898516677320004,
-0.02032897062599659,
0.03715094178915024,
-0.0017948414897546172,
0.0149078955873847,
0.001950406818650663,
0.004666585009545088,
-0.09062367677688599,
-0.019071044400334358,
0.015531356446444988,
-0.012537751346826553,
-0.06848715990781784,
0.025554098188877106,
-0.024037577211856842,
0.032828833907842636,
0.06657209992408752,
-0.005923908669501543,
0.01603987067937851,
-0.023287540301680565,
-0.03276911750435829,
-0.009933051653206348,
0.024454180151224136,
0.033788491040468216,
-0.013810066506266594,
0.06568769365549088,
0.03536258265376091,
-0.020380325615406036,
-0.013157530687749386,
0.021139107644557953,
-0.016411907970905304,
-0.04085591807961464,
-0.03484886884689331,
-0.051544465124607086,
-0.03763604536652565,
-0.08647244423627853,
0.009446930140256882,
0.02389063872396946,
0.00025844594347290695,
-0.01741022616624832,
-0.0030805065762251616,
-0.02121162973344326,
-0.028422290459275246,
-0.026814380660653114,
-0.022693628445267677,
-0.03961627930402756,
-0.03242116793990135,
-0.04610909894108772,
-0.0478205643594265,
0.01709526777267456,
-0.02304668352007866,
-0.0034294859506189823,
-0.025447990745306015,
-0.0218647550791502,
0.035032968968153,
0.007233619689941406,
0.05706105753779411,
0.00044269036152400076,
-0.003103821072727442,
0.0013221619883552194
] |
273 |
Long Context Compression with Activation Beacon
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=1eQT9OzfNQ
|
[
"Peitian Zhang",
"Zheng Liu",
"Shitao Xiao",
"Ninglu Shao",
"Qiwei Ye",
"Zhicheng Dou"
] |
Poster
|
Long context compression is a critical research problem due to its significance in reducing the high computational and memory costs associated with LLMs. In this paper, we propose Activation Beacon, a plug-in module for transformer-based LLMs that targets effective, efficient, and flexible compression of long contexts. To achieve this, our method introduces the following technical designs.
1) We directly compress the activations (i.e. keys and values at every layer), rather than leveraging soft prompts to relay information (which constitute a major bottleneck to encapsulate the complex information within long contexts).
2) We tailor the compression workflow, where each fine-grained input unit is progressively compressed, enabling high-quality compression and efficient computation during both training and inference.
3) We train the model through compression-based auto-regression, making full use of plain texts and instructional data to optimize the model's compression performance.
4) During training, we randomly sample a compression ratio at each step, teaching the model to support a wide range of compression configurations.
Extensive evaluations are conducted on various long-context tasks whose lengths (e.g., 128K) may far exceed the maximum training length (20K), such as document understanding, few-shot learning, and Needle-in-a-Haystack. Whilst existing methods struggle to handle these challenging tasks, Activation Beacon maintains a comparable performance to the uncompressed baseline across various scenarios,
achieving a 2x acceleration in inference time and an 8x reduction of memory costs for KV cache.
|
Context Compression, Long Context LLMs, LLM Memory
| null | 13,798 |
2401.03462
|
[
-0.014675888232886791,
-0.03980150818824768,
-0.020669100806117058,
-0.007384527008980513,
0.04124525189399719,
0.007996734231710434,
0.005192267708480358,
0.001198427053168416,
-0.019269799813628197,
-0.0204425398260355,
-0.05672081932425499,
0.03819391503930092,
-0.02989221177995205,
-0.007544298656284809,
-0.01079037506133318,
0.05448458343744278,
0.031164690852165222,
-0.01821902021765709,
0.034375086426734924,
0.01911802589893341,
0.004359487444162369,
-0.014819551259279251,
0.02704419009387493,
0.019562842324376106,
0.033177223056554794,
0.03141641244292259,
-0.011275202967226505,
0.02059081383049488,
-0.06276179105043411,
0.017548831179738045,
0.03951006755232811,
-0.028684822842478752,
0.022337136790156364,
-0.005971159785985947,
0.04715762287378311,
0.018500542268157005,
-0.035261187702417374,
-0.010683789849281311,
0.0029687657952308655,
0.000868470233399421,
-0.021635519340634346,
0.014601979404687881,
0.022309092804789543,
0.00594684761017561,
-0.031594060361385345,
0.0043126908130943775,
-0.10673699527978897,
0.009211469441652298,
-0.02266470342874527,
-0.056902579963207245,
-0.11409284174442291,
0.03972621634602547,
0.0037421241868287325,
-0.018486594781279564,
0.033598508685827255,
0.016829198226332664,
0.05488285422325134,
-0.09300781786441803,
0.03076028637588024,
-0.03363415226340294,
-0.04643910378217697,
0.005751647986471653,
0.01374806184321642,
0.0217118076980114,
-0.0021918416023254395,
-0.051739875227212906,
-0.02143738977611065,
0.04703343287110329,
-0.07139962911605835,
-0.05153898522257805,
-0.01724630780518055,
0.020369773730635643,
-0.02749350480735302,
-0.007378467358648777,
-0.012086145579814911,
-0.02024194225668907,
0.020330706611275673,
0.0015961409080773592,
0.07915136218070984,
0.0027175957802683115,
-0.0028146072290837765,
0.0005354374297894537,
0.0066855186596512794,
0.03374539688229561,
0.0010155199561268091,
0.026321887969970703,
-0.03860831633210182,
-0.02612713910639286,
-0.06442848592996597,
0.025065289810299873,
-0.011357770301401615,
-0.03833475336432457,
0.026296788826584816,
0.045701462775468826,
0.02499745413661003,
-0.005171061027795076,
0.004111285321414471,
0.0262752752751112,
-0.00530487485229969,
0.025981714949011803,
-0.0008256879518739879,
-0.013670817948877811,
0.019874896854162216,
0.011921248398721218,
-0.09028033167123795,
0.005364763084799051,
-0.023065263405442238,
-0.02037009969353676,
0.01672288216650486,
-0.03006121888756752,
-0.016703952103853226,
-0.022685738280415535,
0.014858019538223743,
-0.018673734739422798,
-0.08106427639722824,
0.02736467868089676,
0.0144950607791543,
0.014277481473982334,
-0.02066090516746044,
0.0041748033836483955,
0.06990456581115723,
0.0688633918762207,
0.01146368496119976,
0.05652664601802826,
-0.002749247942119837,
0.004507341422140598,
-0.000057162447774317116,
0.020108260214328766,
-0.01972298137843609,
-0.005804235115647316,
0.01330033503472805,
0.03052329458296299,
0.03695384040474892,
-0.003604867495596409,
0.007541551720350981,
0.04689095914363861,
0.022956477478146553,
-0.0013507204130291939,
0.07582902908325195,
-0.013824321329593658,
0.025935586541891098,
-0.004582481924444437,
0.051082734018564224,
-0.05872238427400589,
0.10593254119157791,
0.004508348647505045,
-0.05011724680662155,
0.0007135365158319473,
-0.026519697159528732,
0.017032399773597717,
-0.002393837086856365,
-0.026369646191596985,
-0.007524803746491671,
-0.05884453281760216,
0.025514934211969376,
0.05989593267440796,
-0.013373496942222118,
-0.006162404548376799,
0.002129924949258566,
0.02808164246380329,
-0.0009563135681673884,
-0.0060346596874296665,
-0.06752350926399231,
0.037499502301216125,
-0.014670437201857567,
-0.06627422571182251,
0.02324736677110195,
0.03190092369914055,
-0.026523254811763763,
0.023998314514756203,
-0.006995990872383118,
-0.0429266057908535,
0.06146489828824997,
-0.02547025866806507,
-0.07261420041322708,
0.015242869034409523,
0.07335597276687622,
0.010182252153754234,
0.03817775845527649,
0.01506891380995512,
-0.06314077973365784,
0.014285530894994736,
0.02469192072749138,
-0.026593467220664024,
0.019729211926460266,
-0.005115041509270668,
0.09504877775907516,
-0.04073074087500572,
0.007093056105077267,
0.010745569132268429,
-0.07345280051231384,
-0.012830715626478195,
-0.0036479951813817024,
-0.010011090897023678,
0.05999160557985306,
-0.02714662067592144,
0.009646055288612843,
0.05124160274863243,
0.04446999728679657,
0.04316450282931328,
0.049134254455566406,
0.007276101503521204,
0.07340078055858612,
-0.009200110100209713,
-0.009497512131929398,
0.0012046111514791846,
0.017576929181814194,
-0.04689639061689377,
-0.015810037031769753,
0.0041801161132752895,
-0.022928539663553238,
-0.013112918473780155,
0.03619997948408127,
0.006630384363234043,
-0.0002231301332358271,
-0.03554419428110123,
0.002833936596289277,
0.005237298086285591,
0.011083170771598816,
-0.04046153277158737,
0.04333249107003212,
0.017221486195921898,
-0.02594972401857376,
0.014455540105700493,
-0.03445636108517647,
0.07575345784425735,
0.044513460248708725,
-0.03622587397694588,
-0.0033598309382796288,
-0.009038666263222694,
-0.0006116023287177086,
-0.04024742916226387,
0.0008080060360953212,
-0.04037966951727867,
0.010739623568952084,
-0.029946165159344673,
0.0015430727507919073,
-0.047711510211229324,
0.03878980875015259,
-0.028462044894695282,
-0.009629867039620876,
0.058002617210149765,
-0.01927865296602249,
0.05533793941140175,
-0.002000929322093725,
0.00971997156739235,
0.011071812361478806,
0.021057995036244392,
-0.0017853394383564591,
-0.028859691694378853,
-0.022472091019153595,
-0.010214249603450298,
-0.020172566175460815,
-0.020111383870244026,
0.04385818913578987,
-0.043159935623407364,
-0.05352728068828583,
0.0014393909368664026,
0.030351068824529648,
0.041647668927907944,
0.01458428893238306,
0.02168705128133297,
0.022605370730161667,
-0.03751105070114136,
-0.009340979158878326,
-0.08211447298526764,
-0.011644101701676846,
-0.0625956580042839,
0.017839711159467697,
-0.028229467570781708,
0.022097663953900337,
0.01275151688605547,
0.029492907226085663,
-0.015462173148989677,
0.005005628801882267,
0.0022505740635097027,
0.06748943030834198,
-0.0023963397834450006,
-0.03804350271821022,
-0.0034051535185426474,
-0.021149305626749992,
0.029480598866939545,
0.006629107985645533,
-0.04119430109858513,
-0.020827366039156914,
-0.059223003685474396,
-0.021701300516724586,
-0.019154520705342293,
-0.029348965734243393,
0.010230694897472858,
-0.007552709896117449,
0.011712625622749329,
-0.017302654683589935,
0.03884214535355568,
0.05499585345387459,
0.08523526787757874,
0.04753232002258301,
-0.006859051529318094,
-0.02502487041056156,
0.030212687328457832,
-0.019430052489042282,
0.006374486722052097,
0.01632974110543728,
0.01538813766092062,
-0.004633127246052027,
-0.011947719380259514,
-0.012910827063024044,
0.0059935906901955605,
-0.2595351040363312,
0.04130826145410538,
0.014556404203176498,
-0.05146274343132973,
0.03596057742834091,
-0.0706549808382988,
0.03500475734472275,
-0.039364513009786606,
-0.02749917097389698,
0.016787946224212646,
0.009511062875390053,
0.05598936975002289,
0.019706569612026215,
0.017747603356838226,
0.02192803844809532,
0.06076418608427048,
-0.015355253592133522,
-0.01003032922744751,
0.004928608890622854,
0.03820343688130379,
0.025139249861240387,
-0.06271848827600479,
-0.013969115912914276,
0.029618360102176666,
-0.0019004812929779291,
0.02487318590283394,
-0.08365476131439209,
-0.0015716757625341415,
-0.021793071180582047,
-0.003825671272352338,
0.01223681215196848,
-0.05358622223138809,
0.0023073467891663313,
0.02969832718372345,
-0.022636141628026962,
0.037454187870025635,
0.0662311315536499,
0.017266400158405304,
0.013553362339735031,
-0.036889079958200455,
0.06360693275928497,
-0.026249568909406662,
-0.007537298835813999,
0.01120311301201582,
0.07065784931182861,
-0.005904801655560732,
-0.0827624499797821,
-0.031467873603105545,
0.00775070209056139,
0.031664732843637466,
-0.023077217862010002,
-0.05454279109835625,
-0.02674962393939495,
0.00895796436816454,
0.04899825155735016,
-0.045090578496456146,
-0.01843070238828659,
-0.030504798516631126,
-0.03232106938958168,
-0.03208727017045021,
-0.012629779055714607,
-0.014526056125760078,
-0.049279145896434784,
-0.0410364530980587,
-0.004274310544133186,
-0.05110665038228035,
-0.08023493736982346,
-0.07348676025867462,
0.030498353764414787,
0.060639772564172745,
-0.021293552592396736,
0.03063269704580307,
-0.006229939870536327,
-0.09574836492538452,
-0.022377634420990944,
-0.0010932694422081113,
-0.018408039584755898,
0.0049762120470404625,
-0.007577087264508009,
0.06383704394102097,
-0.05803065001964569,
-0.05942098796367645,
0.007799038663506508,
0.00610051304101944,
0.020105745643377304,
-0.03283064812421799,
-0.02178652212023735,
-0.030181512236595154,
0.007693110965192318,
-0.015542201697826385,
0.05080599710345268,
0.011558005586266518,
-0.02680721879005432,
0.023012496531009674,
0.04818865284323692,
-0.0005961088463664055,
0.022670524194836617,
0.0699230507016182,
0.030244851484894753,
-0.019404001533985138,
0.004669958259910345,
-0.03737799823284149,
-0.011839644983410835,
-0.06181944161653519,
-0.001793192932382226,
0.027121441438794136,
-0.056039344519376755,
-0.02731366455554962,
0.02313699759542942,
0.004516425542533398,
-0.03390207886695862,
-0.01504134014248848,
-0.005270034074783325,
-0.02519436739385128,
-0.04740607738494873,
-0.0033717919141054153,
0.018487198278307915,
0.043724652379751205,
0.019603969529271126,
-0.024989113211631775,
-0.03458152338862419,
0.019593846052885056,
0.017043551430106163,
-0.011933481320738792,
0.02539529651403427,
0.008112105540931225,
-0.0140302162617445,
0.008902802132070065,
-0.02076387219130993,
-0.04464510455727577,
0.03110427036881447,
0.0169388335198164,
-0.023274071514606476,
0.036753445863723755,
0.02801818959414959,
-0.03520677983760834,
0.0004758034192491323,
-0.01802315004169941,
0.016608810052275658,
-0.01651196926832199,
0.009124920703470707,
-0.023472018539905548,
0.03365657851099968,
0.03060819022357464,
0.036567531526088715,
0.014294900931417942,
0.026847362518310547,
0.0013992349850013852,
0.006671194452792406,
-0.01717528887093067,
0.054369278252124786,
-0.04750676825642586,
-0.05229499936103821,
-0.025397496297955513,
0.026003120467066765,
-0.004396133590489626,
0.015629766508936882,
0.013933497481048107,
0.01585914008319378,
-0.07763366401195526,
0.06066140532493591,
0.007487448398023844,
0.00932121928781271,
-0.007676349952816963,
0.008348683826625347,
0.03435390442609787,
-0.0037795300595462322,
0.045734111219644547,
0.02782583422958851,
0.011380676180124283,
0.017191698774695396,
-0.03985654562711716,
-0.07034467160701752,
-0.004384733736515045,
-0.020602568984031677,
0.04454110190272331,
-0.01682819239795208,
0.00723373144865036,
-0.019133543595671654,
0.041636813431978226,
0.019193552434444427,
-0.019690023735165596,
0.0007971871527843177,
-0.001810987712815404,
0.09210912883281708,
-0.007149141747504473,
-0.0024772705510258675,
0.031884290277957916,
-0.03715289756655693,
0.0018795987125486135,
0.004820717498660088,
-0.010567471385002136,
-0.006142352242022753,
-0.06499288231134415,
-0.0159780103713274,
-0.07390341907739639,
0.02930370159447193,
0.023328417912125587,
-0.012247745878994465,
0.029799677431583405,
-0.023176616057753563,
0.0020720832981169224,
-0.0651756078004837,
-0.010659976862370968,
0.004403259605169296,
-0.05647386237978935,
0.014290603809058666,
0.0012791362823918462,
-0.026813901960849762,
-0.0009108032681979239,
-0.02350996993482113,
-0.03223814442753792,
-0.05914510786533356,
0.0008652795222587883,
0.01397792436182499,
-0.03819173201918602,
-0.018158873543143272,
-0.026768429204821587,
0.03348865360021591,
-0.03627617284655571,
-0.008231550455093384,
0.013005034998059273,
-0.02416454814374447,
-0.003607225138694048,
0.024468962103128433,
0.025675637647509575,
-0.020848063752055168,
0.029326802119612694,
0.006468702107667923,
-0.03840900585055351,
0.023505568504333496,
-0.03767962381243706,
0.05299706012010574,
0.06653662025928497,
-0.01981138065457344,
0.0365784578025341,
-0.06605677306652069,
0.03859322890639305,
0.010162824764847755,
0.0176301971077919,
0.02320026233792305,
0.0012857693945989013,
-0.03083541989326477,
0.03282225877046585,
0.02599618397653103,
0.06036873161792755,
0.00928639154881239,
0.017614159733057022,
-0.01920313388109207,
0.03752398118376732,
0.02018522284924984,
-0.004457113333046436,
-0.033783383667469025,
-0.02721857652068138,
0.07830720394849777,
-0.03958870470523834,
-0.04279658570885658,
-0.0640239417552948,
-0.0407114215195179,
0.03787259757518768,
0.01127356942743063,
0.038938574492931366,
-0.0044130501337349415,
0.03521328419446945,
0.03706856817007065,
0.03108195587992668,
-0.010614963248372078,
-0.027453385293483734,
0.049382347613573074,
-0.007201732601970434,
-0.006184754893183708,
-0.053576529026031494,
-0.014504454098641872,
0.07493900507688522,
-0.05252984166145325,
-0.00615465035662055,
0.023024359717965126,
-0.0326668806374073,
0.04344448447227478,
0.003576286369934678,
-0.034367285668849945,
0.01015395112335682,
-0.019540099427103996,
0.017400193959474564,
0.049270905554294586,
-0.04359164461493492,
0.004547962453216314,
-0.04481670260429382,
-0.043924786150455475,
0.004331622272729874,
-0.03706836700439453,
0.05676218122243881,
-0.031256046146154404,
-0.005369124934077263,
-0.046321481466293335,
-0.0008165421313606203,
-0.007891200482845306,
0.05291049927473068,
0.03650163859128952,
0.008777852170169353,
-0.008462860248982906,
0.05970524251461029,
0.024177558720111847,
-0.012855716049671173,
0.015750069171190262,
-0.036154694855213165,
-0.030797448009252548,
-0.057356685400009155,
0.04688291624188423,
-0.004718952812254429,
-0.019778886809945107,
-0.03828401863574982,
0.0636422261595726,
0.05956706777215004,
-0.015293293632566929,
-0.04052133113145828,
0.041622936725616455,
-0.04597289487719536,
-0.03374306112527847,
-0.007435894571244717,
-0.025630144402384758,
-0.007713088300079107,
0.06944199651479721,
0.006908508483320475,
0.062357425689697266,
0.08566701412200928,
-0.01955440267920494,
-0.0392003133893013,
-0.005595625843852758,
0.059229783713817596,
0.04959465563297272,
0.02504274621605873,
0.009634065441787243,
0.05505462735891342,
-0.03369959443807602,
-0.04321996122598648,
0.027155384421348572,
0.022699706256389618,
0.024056915193796158,
-0.016203781589865685,
0.02472780831158161,
0.0957639291882515,
0.011404542252421379,
0.07787894457578659,
-0.05612123757600784,
-0.005222541280090809,
0.03261730074882507,
0.03675369918346405,
0.033686183393001556,
0.013329296372830868,
0.01694350317120552,
0.006798668298870325,
-0.052304234355688095,
-0.04320785403251648,
0.025172576308250427,
-0.02103430964052677,
0.024016348645091057,
0.022315779700875282,
-0.008662735112011433,
-0.006628339644521475,
-0.015805715695023537,
0.06796865165233612,
0.10173306614160538,
-0.0012778934324160218,
-0.022995417937636375,
0.012359283864498138,
0.00881444662809372,
0.01578986831009388,
0.06021280959248543,
-0.019668636843562126,
-0.016382891684770584,
0.006490853615105152,
-0.04231748357415199,
-0.022276444360613823,
0.013780783861875534,
-0.012979122810065746,
0.0212551336735487,
0.005657024681568146,
-0.0382101945579052,
-0.008605482056736946,
0.02862999401986599,
-0.06273536384105682,
-0.035285934805870056,
-0.037541985511779785,
-0.014903569594025612,
-0.062406424432992935,
-0.0354435108602047,
-0.0025158734060823917,
-0.0002794481406453997,
-0.026748986914753914,
-0.013748102821409702,
-0.05683934688568115,
0.0055512539111077785,
-0.020464584231376648,
-0.05263162776827812,
0.022989753633737564,
0.03696887567639351,
0.010729175992310047,
-0.014243688434362411,
0.05990097299218178,
0.03145887702703476,
0.003000897355377674,
-0.005392574239522219,
0.027874724939465523,
0.02427556738257408,
0.027510667219758034,
0.015430527739226818,
-0.03551524505019188,
-0.09485657513141632,
0.004091765731573105,
0.0325060710310936,
0.0068481783382594585,
-0.0675581619143486,
0.008008736185729504,
-0.0232984758913517,
0.03657187521457672,
0.06119701266288757,
0.0005661853356286883,
0.01264871284365654,
-0.026684213429689407,
-0.008945000357925892,
0.006516084540635347,
0.023045893758535385,
0.04927634820342064,
0.002125175204128027,
0.06425032019615173,
0.06896206736564636,
-0.014699178747832775,
-0.00635400228202343,
0.003906373865902424,
-0.00005822347156936303,
0.02954803593456745,
-0.036405421793460846,
-0.028688102960586548,
-0.020269444212317467,
-0.08171826601028442,
-0.04996947571635246,
0.04948466643691063,
0.0013210601173341274,
-0.053100116550922394,
0.0013710447819903493,
-0.001288867206312716,
-0.012261365540325642,
-0.015986502170562744,
0.0012449320638552308,
-0.007240878418087959,
-0.018511414527893066,
-0.05378182232379913,
-0.05858765169978142,
0.019395414739847183,
-0.02247568592429161,
-0.033297955989837646,
0.004569229204207659,
-0.014512181282043457,
0.02401053160429001,
0.00023900288215372711,
-0.0053995768539607525,
0.0003487814392428845,
-0.0046156020835042,
-0.04121560603380203
] |
274 |
LASeR: Towards Diversified and Generalizable Robot Design with Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=7mlvOHL6qJ
|
[
"Junru Song",
"Yang Yang",
"Huan Xiao",
"Wei Peng",
"Wen Yao",
"Feifei Wang"
] |
Poster
|
Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have stimulated a significant paradigm shift in evolutionary optimization, where hand-crafted search heuristics are gradually replaced with LLMs serving as intelligent search operators. However, these studies still bear some notable limitations, including a challenge to balance exploitation with exploration, often leading to inferior solution diversity, as well as poor generalizability of problem solving across different task settings. These unsolved issues render the prowess of LLMs in robot design automation largely untapped. In this work, we present LASeR -- Large Language Model-Aided Evolutionary Search for Robot Design Automation. Leveraging a novel reflection mechanism termed DiRect, we elicit more knowledgeable exploratory behaviors from LLMs based on past search trajectories, reshaping the exploration-exploitation tradeoff with dual improvements in optimization efficiency and solution diversity. Additionally, with evolution fully grounded in task-related background information, we unprecedentedly uncover the inter-task reasoning capabilities of LLMs, facilitating generalizable design processes that effectively inspire zero-shot robot proposals for new applications. Our simulated experiments on voxel-based soft robots showcase distinct advantages of LASeR over competitive baselines. Code at https://github.com/WoodySJR/LASeR.
|
Robot Design Automation, Large Language Model, Voxel-Based Soft Robot
|
This work improves the diversity and inter-task generalizability of robot design processes with the aid of Large Language Models.
| 13,792 | null |
[
-0.01434539444744587,
0.0032263249158859253,
0.002400957979261875,
0.01796332746744156,
0.0576922632753849,
0.028702661395072937,
0.03460622951388359,
0.018649708479642868,
-0.031174633651971817,
-0.026448484510183334,
-0.05114729329943657,
0.011407633312046528,
-0.07169442623853683,
-0.00914036575704813,
-0.018141578882932663,
0.06297416985034943,
0.011753392405807972,
0.012169448658823967,
0.01182110607624054,
0.019497014582157135,
-0.005082572344690561,
-0.014271182008087635,
0.02523939125239849,
0.009350059553980827,
0.04522046074271202,
0.0020447999704629183,
0.032643359154462814,
0.031218338757753372,
-0.0302849393337965,
-0.021983684971928596,
0.010507805272936821,
-0.04512361064553261,
0.04141748324036598,
-0.027451399713754654,
-0.0021780370734632015,
0.014270637184381485,
-0.04424868896603584,
-0.019336551427841187,
0.006562096998095512,
-0.002823849907144904,
-0.021811367943882942,
0.059133656322956085,
-0.021503528580069542,
0.0011664049234241247,
-0.044655781239271164,
0.04361869394779205,
-0.11059954762458801,
0.01418757252395153,
0.037794653326272964,
-0.017608346417546272,
-0.10102394223213196,
0.017166681587696075,
0.02886412851512432,
-0.012577216140925884,
-0.02273888699710369,
0.04948578029870987,
0.05709196627140045,
-0.07772616297006607,
-0.02134704776108265,
-0.0557049997150898,
-0.024790804833173752,
0.03228694573044777,
0.0048153940588235855,
0.018272962421178818,
0.007518150843679905,
-0.009992861188948154,
0.028077969327569008,
0.03897516429424286,
-0.0492776483297348,
-0.022926026955246925,
-0.0348827950656414,
-0.03154608607292175,
0.008107966743409634,
0.005572628229856491,
-0.002056202618405223,
-0.04246120899915695,
0.011536382138729095,
0.03721417859196663,
0.032550908625125885,
0.0036923668812960386,
0.010516077280044556,
0.03283713757991791,
0.024661781266331673,
0.05095747113227844,
0.022029154002666473,
0.03962814062833786,
-0.053894445300102234,
-0.018618419766426086,
-0.0647951290011406,
-0.006097768899053335,
-0.048112764954566956,
-0.07698535919189453,
0.019557153806090355,
0.07844306528568268,
0.05971135199069977,
0.00863729976117611,
0.01007481012493372,
0.030662549659609795,
-0.0065580918453633785,
-0.004544086288660765,
-0.011403589509427547,
-0.026713252067565918,
0.012482614256441593,
-0.02362632565200329,
-0.10625411570072174,
-0.023669103160500526,
-0.009268862195312977,
-0.003295113565400243,
-0.0249264407902956,
-0.005690764170140028,
-0.04225590080022812,
-0.03440636023879051,
0.0032644085586071014,
-0.014791243709623814,
-0.0680033266544342,
0.054808806627988815,
0.017213506624102592,
0.014452551491558552,
0.02778802625834942,
0.012192769907414913,
0.03160473331809044,
0.01855822093784809,
-0.016414009034633636,
0.05769139528274536,
-0.02669704705476761,
0.018967803567647934,
0.007222157437354326,
0.04125635698437691,
-0.04524153098464012,
-0.055362652987241745,
0.03675585612654686,
0.04090161621570587,
-0.01203568372875452,
-0.0008956227102316916,
-0.017677735537290573,
0.0008901835535652936,
0.033619027584791183,
0.010654711164534092,
0.027133386582136154,
0.011602022685110569,
-0.02739657647907734,
-0.01259040180593729,
0.07903502881526947,
-0.05309636890888214,
0.0698588564991951,
-0.01567147672176361,
0.008919764310121536,
-0.03083285316824913,
-0.0465075746178627,
-0.025884585455060005,
-0.0026880097575485706,
0.018663326278328896,
-0.02062736637890339,
-0.05810031667351723,
0.018939413130283356,
0.06360018998384476,
0.02856733277440071,
0.004501169081777334,
0.012528765946626663,
-0.0010662594577297568,
0.006772022694349289,
-0.008673022501170635,
-0.06416269391775131,
0.0031290012411773205,
-0.005771333817392588,
-0.060002438724040985,
0.03049170970916748,
0.02768469974398613,
-0.018705451861023903,
-0.01575079746544361,
-0.029079318046569824,
-0.035892680287361145,
0.04336896911263466,
-0.017698632553219795,
-0.031822722405195236,
-0.020331120118498802,
0.05862739309668541,
-0.00819594319909811,
0.03876401111483574,
0.012061755172908306,
-0.06944925338029861,
0.013571908697485924,
0.008828368969261646,
0.0038340941537171602,
0.02692904695868492,
-0.04656127095222473,
0.09419258683919907,
-0.026735035702586174,
-0.0034609916619956493,
0.006669577211141586,
-0.08511760830879211,
-0.02641640417277813,
0.03616582602262497,
-0.018697625026106834,
0.07232777029275894,
-0.015051432885229588,
-0.03083755262196064,
0.03761542588472366,
0.020867643877863884,
0.0834580808877945,
0.041889823973178864,
-0.021964874118566513,
0.041107289493083954,
0.002922843210399151,
-0.02505529299378395,
-0.03713001310825348,
0.038936249911785126,
-0.035758163779973984,
-0.015309118665754795,
0.029011860489845276,
0.030412297695875168,
-0.000894600641913712,
-0.0021079867146909237,
-0.004191818181425333,
0.02307876944541931,
0.0015665235696360469,
0.016641175374388695,
-0.01803070306777954,
-0.0057993014343082905,
-0.05956154689192772,
0.04171239212155342,
0.030528267845511436,
-0.0030395654030144215,
-0.011378902941942215,
0.007545159664005041,
0.0959753543138504,
0.06320934742689133,
-0.05862440913915634,
-0.008821371011435986,
0.028142176568508148,
0.03164190053939819,
0.01660814881324768,
0.000727510021533817,
-0.03476674109697342,
0.0135493827983737,
-0.04006821662187576,
0.022591160610318184,
-0.02193766087293625,
0.05104320868849754,
-0.05085352435708046,
-0.03479350358247757,
0.06703032553195953,
-0.001297854003496468,
0.05213814601302147,
-0.025266218930482864,
0.01710738241672516,
0.05654013156890869,
-0.016719810664653778,
0.000941566948313266,
-0.04012369364500046,
-0.036227624863386154,
0.004436248913407326,
0.010573119856417179,
0.007344226352870464,
0.000772857281845063,
-0.06624196469783783,
-0.029895110055804253,
-0.04794805869460106,
0.06411811709403992,
0.05611834675073624,
0.00764812994748354,
0.005803301930427551,
0.022539034485816956,
-0.01131793949753046,
-0.01248940173536539,
-0.11284628510475159,
-0.01712001860141754,
-0.02725321240723133,
0.013353982008993626,
0.025243403390049934,
-0.0030027246102690697,
0.025169499218463898,
0.050900012254714966,
-0.032657843083143234,
-0.018348656594753265,
0.03424179181456566,
0.015150552615523338,
-0.0037708638701587915,
-0.020673152059316635,
-0.013593737035989761,
0.00951597560197115,
0.06019493192434311,
-0.011158757843077183,
-0.01530009601265192,
-0.05205632746219635,
-0.035428162664175034,
-0.023615987971425056,
-0.059397727251052856,
-0.008807670325040817,
0.019107278436422348,
0.014910025522112846,
-0.005339702591300011,
-0.021054545417428017,
0.03444205969572067,
0.012127325870096684,
0.0404650904238224,
0.05750139430165291,
-0.015911230817437172,
-0.038188107311725616,
0.02397233434021473,
-0.03529636189341545,
0.004100415389984846,
-0.026626795530319214,
0.03289305791258812,
-0.02027907408773899,
0.013551338575780392,
0.021374346688389778,
0.003692853730171919,
-0.2527872323989868,
-0.04247533529996872,
-0.00535767013207078,
-0.0375315323472023,
0.021715626120567322,
0.023068511858582497,
0.04017901420593262,
-0.02014996111392975,
-0.027776984497904778,
-0.016157831996679306,
0.01541465800255537,
0.03914325311779976,
0.010427497327327728,
0.062207382172346115,
0.05252707004547119,
0.04419931769371033,
-0.01825544610619545,
0.003529352368786931,
-0.009764413349330425,
0.025195376947522163,
-0.018917715176939964,
-0.08434819430112839,
-0.028036007657647133,
0.022736869752407074,
0.00943068414926529,
0.057613011449575424,
-0.0714428722858429,
-0.004617322236299515,
-0.011337259784340858,
0.004511677194386721,
-0.014376099221408367,
-0.016897106543183327,
-0.052992403507232666,
0.04488570615649223,
0.012857544235885143,
0.019919008016586304,
0.05088145658373833,
-0.024321069940924644,
0.04233448952436447,
0.0366998016834259,
0.03428364917635918,
-0.008058556355535984,
-0.06190023571252823,
0.019114889204502106,
0.04647992551326752,
-0.004362216219305992,
-0.0520593486726284,
-0.007777811493724585,
-0.005554100498557091,
0.031821299344301224,
0.021156854927539825,
-0.010869350284337997,
0.014884022064507008,
0.024346191436052322,
0.055191271007061005,
0.00038461448275484145,
0.02729669027030468,
-0.019675148651003838,
-0.01367646548897028,
-0.010095854289829731,
-0.001865251106210053,
-0.022987890988588333,
-0.041976071894168854,
-0.04953834414482117,
-0.004855990409851074,
-0.016690120100975037,
-0.05374252423644066,
-0.07307431846857071,
0.03871893137693405,
0.012127716094255447,
-0.014987911097705364,
0.012645462527871132,
-0.002445456339046359,
-0.09883415699005127,
0.009711962193250656,
0.004862853791564703,
-0.006718541495501995,
-0.05124681070446968,
-0.0076229870319366455,
0.03996652737259865,
-0.04030752554535866,
-0.048751141875982285,
-0.03494362533092499,
0.03769607096910477,
0.025945046916604042,
-0.029024383053183556,
0.014471948146820068,
-0.05853424593806267,
-0.02814275212585926,
-0.027237998321652412,
0.029870880767703056,
0.008413275703787804,
-0.00012169294495834038,
-0.0027477594558149576,
0.09069749712944031,
0.016915036365389824,
0.04505180940032005,
0.04088645428419113,
0.033670030534267426,
-0.0046637109480798244,
0.014133403077721596,
-0.08377857506275177,
-0.0037883815821260214,
-0.02397182770073414,
0.0024728220887482166,
-0.004949502181261778,
-0.05044723302125931,
-0.03506419435143471,
0.044900666922330856,
0.008941654115915298,
-0.004691563080996275,
-0.04921921342611313,
0.005582612473517656,
-0.018039541319012642,
-0.021749751642346382,
-0.02533450536429882,
-0.0078958198428154,
0.05109764635562897,
0.027447400614619255,
-0.01997629553079605,
-0.045105308294296265,
0.047340407967567444,
-0.034772906452417374,
0.0038359721656888723,
0.002975549316033721,
-0.02462533302605152,
-0.0027472390793263912,
-0.00810199324041605,
0.0010625364957377315,
-0.00628879526630044,
0.02853739634156227,
0.04840867221355438,
-0.018528403714299202,
0.021484600380063057,
0.04456658661365509,
0.00268748146481812,
-0.013994610868394375,
-0.022599590942263603,
0.019033415243029594,
-0.0032291612587869167,
-0.011279909871518612,
-0.019287962466478348,
0.023627137765288353,
0.004508763086050749,
0.023509100079536438,
0.05144254118204117,
0.037251342087984085,
0.020057544112205505,
0.005490882787853479,
0.03103310987353325,
0.025582406669855118,
-0.07650332897901535,
0.0022925010416656733,
-0.026116427034139633,
0.05549641698598862,
-0.05014772340655327,
0.007171057164669037,
-0.013096529059112072,
0.014975465834140778,
-0.04897955060005188,
0.027655918151140213,
0.033343568444252014,
-0.013686231337487698,
0.01701255515217781,
0.033376291394233704,
0.05941707640886307,
-0.038833074271678925,
0.031482405960559845,
0.022106904536485672,
-0.008075494319200516,
-0.01013123244047165,
-0.040935177356004715,
-0.04148765653371811,
-0.015033148229122162,
-0.04364292323589325,
-0.015168295241892338,
0.009905784390866756,
-0.026891980320215225,
-0.03666757792234421,
0.050565678626298904,
0.02172628790140152,
-0.027143504470586777,
0.0030148038640618324,
0.015845827758312225,
0.07126303017139435,
-0.015414491295814514,
0.014800670556724072,
-0.03178322687745094,
-0.012375733815133572,
0.0042056916281580925,
-0.0006694862386211753,
0.0270499549806118,
0.008662087842822075,
-0.023182790726423264,
-0.06387042254209518,
-0.03511592745780945,
0.024330954998731613,
0.037183910608291626,
0.0021141606848686934,
-0.04142247140407562,
-0.0031865963246673346,
-0.0003885819751303643,
-0.05406704545021057,
0.005819257814437151,
0.01741393655538559,
-0.0784628689289093,
0.008504997938871384,
0.01643146388232708,
0.023184560239315033,
0.052091315388679504,
-0.03663912042975426,
-0.05392717942595482,
-0.022527627646923065,
0.0038210079073905945,
0.02800535410642624,
-0.007026510313153267,
-0.013739362359046936,
-0.0297967791557312,
0.0015881545841693878,
0.027269883081316948,
0.0016231671907007694,
0.0010522224474698305,
-0.00670437840744853,
-0.029732074588537216,
0.01516792457550764,
0.04423621669411659,
-0.05571809783577919,
-0.010799731127917767,
0.03289899602532387,
-0.043555207550525665,
0.04621552675962448,
-0.053453229367733,
0.0078915785998106,
0.028620900586247444,
0.028042683377861977,
0.03462427109479904,
-0.024046171456575394,
0.02512320503592491,
-0.00014737572928424925,
-0.04015890508890152,
0.023823639377951622,
0.017117414623498917,
-0.015605421736836433,
-0.012288804166018963,
0.006536670494824648,
0.0315975546836853,
-0.0060125612653791904,
0.011511589400470257,
-0.011098421178758144,
0.017496377229690552,
0.000777927169110626,
0.00043411972001194954,
-0.0309060700237751,
-0.0024341270327568054,
0.08184527605772018,
-0.015736950561404228,
-0.029153194278478622,
-0.05548098310828209,
-0.03751605004072189,
0.020038072019815445,
-0.03077973984181881,
0.03825429826974869,
-0.0423780158162117,
0.054630622267723083,
0.0025771851651370525,
0.06297766417264938,
-0.01804758980870247,
-0.042166486382484436,
0.04564100503921509,
-0.07487738132476807,
0.023334925994277,
-0.05532073974609375,
-0.010101853869855404,
0.01695381850004196,
-0.050269339233636856,
0.015391972847282887,
0.007055878173559904,
-0.015378279611468315,
0.030294077470898628,
-0.025130143389105797,
-0.050178542733192444,
0.044175729155540466,
-0.020350228995084763,
-0.027192793786525726,
0.0504407174885273,
-0.04438246414065361,
-0.0018515936098992825,
-0.044569917023181915,
-0.03760358691215515,
-0.0041693635284900665,
0.010945966467261314,
0.06064683943986893,
-0.012774993665516376,
0.003128976793959737,
-0.02390642650425434,
0.009442961774766445,
0.0070456345565617085,
0.04400359094142914,
0.022366123273968697,
0.029397478327155113,
-0.031017139554023743,
0.07271447032690048,
0.03628845885396004,
0.04613114148378372,
-0.00003078912777709775,
-0.004502888768911362,
-0.0061736381612718105,
-0.019005559384822845,
0.04787597060203552,
-0.010159897617995739,
-0.021586865186691284,
-0.046193890273571014,
0.05799700319766998,
0.045162733644247055,
-0.04941705986857414,
0.004343216773122549,
0.027488702908158302,
-0.08041291683912277,
0.017926786094903946,
-0.018437132239341736,
-0.010232378728687763,
-0.004937237594276667,
0.06403737515211105,
0.002543551381677389,
0.02819915860891342,
0.06276878714561462,
0.006869123782962561,
-0.008510499261319637,
-0.00010947030386887491,
0.056490540504455566,
0.06778135150671005,
0.03924602270126343,
0.005601400509476662,
0.06602656096220016,
-0.027369707822799683,
-0.047826893627643585,
0.02434961125254631,
0.014188061468303204,
-0.03366132453083992,
-0.030318308621644974,
0.013655808754265308,
0.07824740558862686,
-0.008559114299714565,
0.053372349590063095,
-0.03495108336210251,
-0.02376840077340603,
0.027000438421964645,
0.025093600153923035,
0.017620466649532318,
0.06320735812187195,
0.060082294046878815,
0.03002864494919777,
-0.02941063418984413,
-0.007639642339199781,
-0.01500190794467926,
-0.0556829534471035,
0.01361702848225832,
0.015857873484492302,
-0.004351611714810133,
0.0003755015495698899,
0.004842391237616539,
0.044223349541425705,
0.12457246333360672,
-0.07174988836050034,
-0.03488241136074066,
-0.010041066445410252,
-0.010561763308942318,
-0.02790265902876854,
0.02680196426808834,
0.021402083337306976,
0.02074459195137024,
-0.013071442022919655,
-0.05346391350030899,
0.029441772028803825,
0.03133759647607803,
0.01509656012058258,
0.06269080191850662,
-0.028978196904063225,
-0.03776954486966133,
0.028298625722527504,
0.043137237429618835,
-0.05280127376317978,
-0.026466891169548035,
-0.012231523171067238,
-0.02498662658035755,
-0.05202234536409378,
-0.024280637502670288,
0.03299473598599434,
0.005681416019797325,
-0.035322703421115875,
0.022521039471030235,
-0.010572333820164204,
0.03207547217607498,
0.017501654103398323,
-0.06978783756494522,
0.018226902931928635,
0.024411503225564957,
-0.012900996953248978,
0.0013237540842965245,
0.050014153122901917,
0.023335881531238556,
-0.0026307711377739906,
0.0020575139205902815,
0.010580762289464474,
0.006543940864503384,
0.0054009463638067245,
0.0007403154158964753,
-0.01334245316684246,
-0.07289712876081467,
-0.0007571969763375819,
-0.009964817203581333,
-0.033441949635744095,
-0.09232521057128906,
0.00124049570877105,
-0.023334989324212074,
0.04127421975135803,
0.06972607970237732,
0.0060003274120390415,
0.02673274278640747,
-0.04554173722863197,
-0.007254601456224918,
-0.011513536795973778,
-0.005364738870412111,
0.025739768519997597,
-0.045803047716617584,
0.04072986915707588,
0.02324298582971096,
-0.02754148095846176,
-0.03622467443346977,
0.03505907580256462,
0.02414613962173462,
0.0060277157463133335,
-0.0062477379105985165,
-0.05092834681272507,
-0.03582800179719925,
-0.12323282659053802,
-0.021612321957945824,
0.03281033784151077,
0.0030951902735978365,
-0.05491979420185089,
0.004000394139438868,
-0.003985513001680374,
-0.005214002914726734,
-0.004473396576941013,
-0.007031216751784086,
-0.02446403168141842,
-0.017172975465655327,
-0.019298411905765533,
-0.050263695418834686,
0.008834452368319035,
-0.03074697032570839,
0.004660140257328749,
-0.036429472267627716,
-0.030213315039873123,
-0.0051230620592832565,
-0.014600145630538464,
0.02070733532309532,
-0.003063203999772668,
0.028669657185673714,
-0.026234226301312447
] |
275 |
Be More Diverse than the Most Diverse: Optimal Mixtures of Generative Models via Mixture-UCB Bandit Algorithms
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=2Chkk5Ye2s
|
[
"Parham Rezaei",
"Farzan Farnia",
"Cheuk Ting Li"
] |
Poster
|
The availability of multiple training algorithms and architectures for generative models requires a selection mechanism to form a single model over a group of well-trained generation models. The selection task is commonly addressed by identifying the model that maximizes an evaluation score based on the diversity and quality of the generated data. However, such a best-model identification approach overlooks the possibility that a mixture of available models can outperform each individual model. In this work, we numerically show that a mixture of generative models on benchmark image datasets can indeed achieve a better evaluation score (based on FID and KID scores), compared to the individual models. This observation motivates the development of efficient algorithms for selecting the optimal mixture of the models. To address this, we formulate a quadratic optimization problem to find an optimal mixture model achieving the maximum of kernel-based evaluation scores including kernel inception distance (KID) and Rényi kernel entropy (RKE). To identify the optimal mixture of the models using the fewest possible sample queries, we view the selection task as a multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem and propose the *Mixture Upper Confidence Bound (Mixture-UCB)* algorithm that provably converges to the optimal mixture of the involved models. More broadly, the proposed Mixture-UCB can be extended to optimize every convex quadratic function of the mixture weights in a general MAB setting. We prove a regret bound for the Mixture-UCB algorithm and perform several numerical experiments to show the success of Mixture-UCB in finding the optimal mixture of text and image generative models. The project code is available in the [Mixture-UCB Github repository](https://github.com/Rezaei-Parham/Mixture-UCB).
|
Multi-Armed Bandits, Evaluation of generative models, Kernel-based evaluation scores, Mixture-UCB, Diversity in data generation
| null | 13,785 |
2412.17622
|
[
-0.013603643514215946,
-0.045785512775182724,
-0.013108672574162483,
0.0672079399228096,
0.019641907885670662,
0.02767982892692089,
0.015499213710427284,
0.010035745799541473,
-0.019338013604283333,
-0.05411767214536667,
-0.0357675701379776,
0.020821038633584976,
-0.05808735638856888,
0.004957715515047312,
-0.0021612916607409716,
0.05038757994771004,
0.022461827844381332,
-0.01613064855337143,
0.023922491818666458,
0.03397586941719055,
-0.00009388754551764578,
-0.018485574051737785,
0.018991179764270782,
0.013123835436999798,
0.03159267455339432,
-0.009264067746698856,
0.01638162136077881,
-0.0007997073116712272,
-0.02420838363468647,
-0.010931086726486683,
0.013741880655288696,
0.017798960208892822,
0.02519921027123928,
-0.027773499488830566,
0.019823351874947548,
-0.009561238810420036,
-0.04043734818696976,
-0.01091719325631857,
0.020142408087849617,
0.026607442647218704,
-0.03820427507162094,
-0.011195093393325806,
-0.006449439562857151,
0.031299345195293427,
-0.05464250594377518,
-0.008285600692033768,
-0.10622169822454453,
0.014654506929218769,
0.04030953720211983,
-0.04156343638896942,
-0.05516059324145317,
0.03401500731706619,
0.024145858362317085,
-0.025848396122455597,
0.010714038275182247,
0.03899971395730972,
0.05399875342845917,
-0.04642138630151749,
0.0138162262737751,
-0.04901108145713806,
-0.033682629466056824,
0.040565185248851776,
-0.0005642727483063936,
0.04276270419359207,
-0.0226347204297781,
0.018519975244998932,
0.020332282409071922,
0.040710583329200745,
-0.030440714210271835,
-0.03593821078538895,
-0.03549618646502495,
-0.021439900621771812,
0.009275499731302261,
0.013692558743059635,
-0.0008762108045630157,
-0.05296448618173599,
0.03723074123263359,
0.030839750543236732,
0.03406694531440735,
0.010642229579389095,
0.034077249467372894,
0.006424190476536751,
0.03029240481555462,
0.019320527091622353,
0.0004682053695432842,
0.011559093371033669,
-0.02521069161593914,
-0.024851776659488678,
-0.07234857231378555,
0.03543765842914581,
-0.027422767132520676,
-0.045840900391340256,
0.02117532305419445,
0.04136735573410988,
-0.02181842550635338,
-0.03603970259428024,
0.02420819364488125,
0.005967679433524609,
0.004655389580875635,
-0.00842270813882351,
-0.0052339741960167885,
0.005913364700973034,
0.025972994044423103,
-0.01615380495786667,
-0.11287231743335724,
-0.005711520556360483,
-0.016554541885852814,
-0.0010288524208590388,
-0.01934828795492649,
0.016339965164661407,
-0.030160389840602875,
0.01460965070873499,
-0.008888143114745617,
-0.004938096273690462,
-0.0560133196413517,
0.024351680651307106,
-0.01694975607097149,
0.022342612966895103,
-0.009007275104522705,
-0.01857840083539486,
0.03447818011045456,
0.047071631997823715,
-0.029182560741901398,
0.06890697032213211,
-0.0005801132065244019,
0.01390958484262228,
0.04050121456384659,
0.03464936465024948,
-0.0373043455183506,
-0.01447143405675888,
-0.00527245132252574,
0.04920542612671852,
-0.004923000931739807,
0.009761502966284752,
0.003699124790728092,
-0.03581898659467697,
0.02546571008861065,
0.023444997146725655,
0.049223266541957855,
-0.009363330900669098,
0.0027859832625836134,
-0.02557395212352276,
0.06005646660923958,
-0.007375980261713266,
0.02191968820989132,
-0.025164006277918816,
-0.009637282229959965,
-0.012174267321825027,
-0.048255205154418945,
-0.0151697201654315,
0.03507641330361366,
-0.015258106403052807,
0.018407201394438744,
-0.06733734905719757,
-0.01665671542286873,
0.06471042335033417,
0.009206583723425865,
0.019448908045887947,
-0.011555374599993229,
0.028141770511865616,
0.01577202044427395,
-0.00240694684907794,
-0.012215789407491684,
-0.015508284792304039,
-0.0028594713658094406,
-0.05801978334784508,
0.07392686605453491,
0.07113165408372879,
-0.0486246682703495,
-0.012130774557590485,
-0.037670109421014786,
-0.03335508331656456,
0.06099553406238556,
-0.013249649666249752,
-0.021093467250466347,
-0.014391492120921612,
0.06956538558006287,
0.009566059336066246,
0.04662119597196579,
0.0439656563103199,
-0.08338633924722672,
0.029972555115818977,
0.02965571917593479,
-0.01661365106701851,
0.02242337167263031,
-0.041166678071022034,
0.07633420079946518,
-0.008045676164329052,
0.00869760476052761,
0.04300042614340782,
-0.06241842359304428,
-0.038859717547893524,
0.013047701679170132,
-0.01532032061368227,
0.0585298053920269,
0.02521241456270218,
-0.015684280544519424,
0.044754933565855026,
0.03917417675256729,
0.024774199351668358,
0.04824293777346611,
-0.0440080426633358,
0.04208681732416153,
-0.02575639635324478,
-0.04080155864357948,
-0.018175456672906876,
0.05172428861260414,
-0.06548186391592026,
-0.03537360951304436,
0.014266886748373508,
-0.01586943119764328,
0.025010982528328896,
-0.021038105711340904,
-0.015063674189150333,
0.03881603851914406,
0.009950104169547558,
-0.001175068086013198,
-0.01251592580229044,
0.03968198597431183,
-0.029074765741825104,
0.05017196759581566,
0.028382349759340286,
-0.05265657231211662,
0.018765438348054886,
-0.005039834417402744,
0.07347934693098068,
0.07401400804519653,
-0.02131473459303379,
0.0026242686435580254,
0.01288258284330368,
0.024110060185194016,
0.015812285244464874,
0.03352992981672287,
-0.0031177732162177563,
0.014757759869098663,
-0.013137931935489178,
-0.007228424772620201,
-0.00967361032962799,
0.07747112959623337,
-0.05403773486614227,
-0.024349922314286232,
0.07016376405954361,
-0.015065094456076622,
0.041033416986465454,
-0.01534284558147192,
0.0044906469993293285,
0.027016639709472656,
0.01700836606323719,
-0.02824614755809307,
-0.030655888840556145,
-0.00028775096870958805,
0.009657827205955982,
0.011675580404698849,
-0.010823423974215984,
0.026496022939682007,
-0.047317519783973694,
0.019373534247279167,
-0.03918328136205673,
0.06370658427476883,
0.058902718126773834,
0.0182335302233696,
0.021380193531513214,
0.003182574873790145,
-0.010652875527739525,
-0.029343558475375175,
-0.08035854250192642,
-0.0658092126250267,
-0.03436983376741409,
0.01557176187634468,
0.027777206152677536,
0.033075276762247086,
0.003958617802709341,
0.026226434856653214,
-0.013087550178170204,
-0.003377455985173583,
0.05413033440709114,
0.03548286855220795,
0.03171126917004585,
-0.03222949057817459,
-0.010481440462172031,
-0.005649243015795946,
0.06814417988061905,
-0.03050876222550869,
-0.027174348011612892,
-0.03861824795603752,
-0.06994326412677765,
-0.024045582860708237,
-0.026807259768247604,
-0.011221197433769703,
0.026475610211491585,
-0.013400754891335964,
0.02834310568869114,
0.008741884492337704,
0.026354536414146423,
0.018998468294739723,
0.04346758872270584,
0.04499482735991478,
0.0009897738927975297,
-0.028062347322702408,
0.01091041136533022,
-0.02435947395861149,
0.02048546075820923,
0.0055083842016756535,
-0.03952830657362938,
-0.021737193688750267,
-0.01637374609708786,
0.013549831695854664,
-0.01838604174554348,
-0.2798674404621124,
-0.020397614687681198,
-0.008131642825901508,
-0.010011340491473675,
0.01263587735593319,
-0.07637230306863785,
0.02997465804219246,
-0.04261419549584389,
-0.028658632189035416,
0.006742366589605808,
0.012423374690115452,
0.0131191061809659,
-0.011243973858654499,
0.049716461449861526,
0.06575720757246017,
0.015040847472846508,
-0.008621894754469395,
0.022430958226323128,
0.007046704646199942,
0.0468241386115551,
-0.00735275074839592,
-0.07879858464002609,
-0.04352055490016937,
0.042255472391843796,
-0.003095547901466489,
0.03236370533704758,
-0.040015190839767456,
-0.027693916112184525,
-0.038052868098020554,
-0.006825418211519718,
-0.0125801432877779,
-0.025449296459555626,
-0.004713132046163082,
0.04553660750389099,
0.0038225515745580196,
0.011692631058394909,
0.05263812839984894,
-0.014503538608551025,
0.030891623347997665,
0.010112223215401173,
-0.013158540241420269,
0.004227765370160341,
-0.03184041008353233,
0.02759985812008381,
0.043201595544815063,
0.0008098891703411937,
-0.02799859642982483,
-0.03393832966685295,
-0.008552470244467258,
0.0370730422437191,
0.007967952638864517,
-0.0108493622392416,
-0.032756365835666656,
0.04371294379234314,
0.01405314076691866,
-0.0033699055202305317,
0.014866821467876434,
0.0019750113133341074,
0.0056251659989356995,
0.01039847545325756,
0.010656144469976425,
-0.08064312487840652,
-0.007250629831105471,
-0.02097921445965767,
-0.008768788538873196,
-0.03770039603114128,
-0.06386276334524155,
-0.08663294464349747,
0.04220276698470116,
0.035639405250549316,
-0.02837943099439144,
-0.019569875672459602,
0.0033573051914572716,
-0.09331710636615753,
0.036598384380340576,
0.010945568792521954,
0.016346927732229233,
0.00046228006249293685,
-0.024948135018348694,
0.05806533992290497,
-0.025247661396861076,
-0.030957544222474098,
0.024205168709158897,
0.012734651565551758,
0.02672971785068512,
-0.033969100564718246,
0.0003817061078734696,
0.00012318261724431068,
0.004317005630582571,
-0.03292107582092285,
0.050003957003355026,
0.013926071114838123,
0.04660217463970184,
-0.017222607508301735,
0.05189439281821251,
0.055474746972322464,
0.013313542120158672,
0.023755088448524475,
0.022928673774003983,
0.004237128421664238,
0.04713029786944389,
-0.0918164923787117,
-0.02349463663995266,
-0.039459701627492905,
-0.04617000371217728,
0.029739748686552048,
-0.046467799693346024,
-0.010815615765750408,
0.025348106399178505,
-0.029299743473529816,
-0.017496544867753983,
-0.042072705924510956,
-0.014892096631228924,
-0.018526257947087288,
0.0011143299052491784,
-0.014028589241206646,
-0.007497364655137062,
0.030887939035892487,
0.05923411622643471,
0.005874774884432554,
-0.02183588035404682,
0.04103780910372734,
-0.028844749554991722,
0.0009309822344221175,
-0.0015182106290012598,
-0.013342449441552162,
-0.011170431971549988,
-0.03499936684966087,
-0.03708948194980621,
-0.014468822628259659,
0.05398593097925186,
0.04577190801501274,
-0.010154390707612038,
0.03003832884132862,
0.05732937529683113,
0.0004810451646335423,
-0.011909998022019863,
-0.008517728187143803,
0.02625710517168045,
-0.023547055199742317,
0.03911071643233299,
0.0003826100437436253,
0.047671008855104446,
0.012233402580022812,
0.010209286585450172,
-0.01890835352241993,
0.006608599331229925,
0.010604768060147762,
-0.01545606181025505,
0.003271707333624363,
0.024126775562763214,
-0.04263007268309593,
0.013157623820006847,
-0.03323620557785034,
0.016115255653858185,
-0.013873841613531113,
0.014467180706560612,
0.013893067836761475,
0.01944047398865223,
-0.07299923151731491,
0.07249785214662552,
0.010147894732654095,
-0.01941060461103916,
-0.014694013632833958,
0.042687851935625076,
0.05352340266108513,
-0.0019097429467365146,
0.005895731970667839,
-0.00248254113830626,
0.04262123629450798,
0.026633556932210922,
-0.06137785315513611,
-0.02104051783680916,
-0.05337373912334442,
0.011584574356675148,
0.017857937142252922,
0.018729273229837418,
0.0072151487693190575,
-0.059406962245702744,
0.026436669752001762,
0.008631032891571522,
-0.027701186016201973,
0.011340625584125519,
-0.022633858025074005,
0.08193463832139969,
0.030522514134645462,
-0.031598370522260666,
-0.020770015195012093,
-0.005218982696533203,
0.03404349833726883,
-0.01276872307062149,
0.03505399078130722,
-0.014682495035231113,
-0.05558139085769653,
-0.029326647520065308,
-0.044076818972826004,
0.008898952975869179,
0.029893623664975166,
-0.023614391684532166,
-0.007766693830490112,
-0.0040133134461939335,
0.009352629072964191,
-0.04040219262242317,
0.0004491270228754729,
0.03149072825908661,
-0.0702911838889122,
0.024930570274591446,
0.02435423992574215,
-0.07397213578224182,
0.03813504800200462,
-0.024884162470698357,
-0.035929806530475616,
-0.05277299880981445,
-0.022579137235879898,
0.004913020879030228,
-0.01995399408042431,
-0.03051868826150894,
-0.019009146839380264,
0.02795400843024254,
0.004170038737356663,
0.013607303611934185,
0.007611752487719059,
-0.025410065427422523,
0.010865054093301296,
-0.03741814196109772,
0.051442522555589676,
-0.07043444365262985,
-0.020149853080511093,
-0.011220534332096577,
-0.025321513414382935,
0.038345817476511,
-0.04789290204644203,
0.009289276786148548,
0.0627630427479744,
-0.009427592158317566,
0.026647444814443588,
-0.022540155798196793,
0.05801510065793991,
-0.010039117187261581,
-0.011938677169382572,
-0.006661119870841503,
0.009798981249332428,
-0.05077003687620163,
0.002198411850258708,
0.008406284265220165,
0.009822051972150803,
-0.012109624221920967,
0.030568927526474,
0.026030750945210457,
0.015514505095779896,
0.025999465957283974,
0.0030870207119733095,
-0.06424770504236221,
-0.01183256320655346,
0.05921711027622223,
-0.005260164383798838,
0.00048142255400307477,
-0.06067488342523575,
-0.021711528301239014,
0.04639812931418419,
-0.01148448046296835,
0.021938754245638847,
-0.032073087990283966,
0.02056862786412239,
0.01048866007477045,
0.03561899811029434,
-0.008209233172237873,
-0.04038756340742111,
-0.0005356255569495261,
-0.08155982196331024,
0.027506759390234947,
-0.04344495013356209,
-0.010925615206360817,
0.06997910141944885,
-0.0262150876224041,
0.010336076840758324,
-0.005808645393699408,
-0.03125026822090149,
0.04174201190471649,
-0.046908169984817505,
-0.06617945432662964,
-0.01791449822485447,
-0.032355550676584244,
0.00531183835119009,
0.03521411493420601,
-0.03486288711428642,
-0.010786359198391438,
-0.024659331887960434,
-0.034365784376859665,
-0.016774099320173264,
0.017502183094620705,
0.052384212613105774,
-0.01455591805279255,
0.029282690957188606,
-0.013776067644357681,
0.006133107002824545,
0.06041773036122322,
0.05146916210651398,
0.016949450597167015,
0.03145814314484596,
-0.03416607901453972,
0.06001341715455055,
0.02336028404533863,
0.027163350954651833,
0.03747391328215599,
-0.019017091020941734,
0.0025094442535191774,
-0.04560644552111626,
0.020517298951745033,
-0.0006110194372013211,
-0.03495112434029579,
-0.05800384283065796,
0.06281451880931854,
0.01927034556865692,
-0.06993849575519562,
-0.03896085172891617,
0.04040030390024185,
-0.08011863380670547,
0.029693972319364548,
-0.02073580212891102,
-0.0033111984375864267,
0.004570451099425554,
0.08939559012651443,
0.016971047967672348,
0.054146964102983475,
0.03260131925344467,
-0.009064756333827972,
-0.03215297311544418,
0.007723888382315636,
0.06069481000304222,
0.03661626577377319,
0.05939370393753052,
-0.03128159046173096,
0.07064489275217056,
-0.03773360326886177,
-0.04559623822569847,
0.02018892951309681,
-0.004281558096408844,
-0.026006044819951057,
-0.04703091084957123,
-0.03144024685025215,
0.0644143596291542,
0.001095157815143466,
0.07788863778114319,
-0.036837514489889145,
0.031261246651411057,
0.06478111445903778,
-0.00649018632248044,
-0.0026053539477288723,
0.03695080056786537,
0.02162102796137333,
-0.0012319638626649976,
-0.026426374912261963,
0.0046770814806222916,
-0.02085866779088974,
-0.006415854673832655,
0.0054162368178367615,
0.01651660166680813,
-0.02852446772158146,
0.03285381197929382,
0.0003638866764958948,
0.04272892326116562,
0.09018709510564804,
-0.0762530118227005,
-0.05074891075491905,
0.012637958861887455,
-0.013103868812322617,
-0.003980719018727541,
0.049899306148290634,
0.0324532613158226,
-0.041060302406549454,
0.0047867498360574245,
-0.02300415001809597,
0.009927844628691673,
0.0240793414413929,
0.0023739172611385584,
-0.0031428630463778973,
-0.023656576871871948,
-0.012965727597475052,
0.03208506479859352,
0.009413136169314384,
-0.05036085844039917,
-0.01998925767838955,
-0.025698458775877953,
-0.047862082719802856,
-0.06394433230161667,
-0.05849626287817955,
0.01051066629588604,
0.0022274148650467396,
-0.029117874801158905,
-0.00013766397023573518,
0.0002603585598990321,
0.01405524741858244,
0.06052645295858383,
-0.07246065139770508,
0.010862966999411583,
0.022624513134360313,
-0.010266009718179703,
0.007430171128362417,
0.022804779931902885,
0.03469289839267731,
-0.0018421104177832603,
-0.0376930795609951,
0.07631497085094452,
0.010717705823481083,
-0.003870021551847458,
-0.04893626272678375,
0.0010420309845358133,
-0.08351705968379974,
0.028951602056622505,
0.0254158154129982,
-0.03933696076273918,
-0.07568394392728806,
-0.0181440319865942,
-0.05944795906543732,
0.03614472597837448,
0.05840082839131355,
-0.006003804970532656,
-0.004844363778829575,
-0.057771798223257065,
-0.013611819595098495,
-0.028135353699326515,
0.01891179010272026,
0.045762427151203156,
-0.01978481002151966,
0.060952186584472656,
0.031017376109957695,
0.001545011647976935,
-0.055629268288612366,
0.03012373484671116,
0.004400686360895634,
0.01619214005768299,
-0.0017358023906126618,
-0.002369799418374896,
-0.04072137549519539,
-0.10582797974348068,
-0.010976624675095081,
0.06046738103032112,
-0.016897359862923622,
-0.020201701670885086,
-0.0072350045666098595,
0.000012519602023530751,
0.004595142789185047,
-0.020599817857146263,
-0.029218312352895737,
-0.022847000509500504,
-0.04122896492481232,
-0.002988868160173297,
-0.08697899430990219,
0.025872865691781044,
-0.06818421930074692,
-0.005413856822997332,
-0.029339464381337166,
-0.035605695098638535,
-0.0529281422495842,
-0.011027911677956581,
0.03581644967198372,
0.02733343280851841,
0.0215588491410017,
-0.014275800436735153
] |
276 |
Arithmetic Transformers Can Length-Generalize in Both Operand Length and Count
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=eIgGesYKLG
|
[
"Hanseul Cho",
"Jaeyoung Cha",
"Srinadh Bhojanapalli",
"Chulhee Yun"
] |
Poster
|
Transformers often struggle with *length generalization*, meaning they fail to generalize to sequences longer than those encountered during training. While arithmetic tasks are commonly used to study length generalization, certain tasks are considered notoriously difficult, e.g., multi-operand addition (requiring generalization over both the number of operands and their lengths) and multiplication (requiring generalization over both operand lengths). In this work, we achieve approximately 2–3× length generalization on both tasks, which is the first such achievement in arithmetic Transformers. We design task-specific scratchpads enabling the model to focus on a fixed number of tokens per each next-token prediction step, and apply multi-level versions of *Position Coupling* (Cho et al., 2024; McLeish et al., 2024) to let Transformers know the right position to attend to. On the theory side, we prove that a 1-layer Transformer using our method can solve multi-operand addition, up to operand length and operand count that are exponential in embedding dimension.
|
Length Generalization, Transformers, Scratchpad, Position Coupling, Positional Encoding, Out-of-distribution Generalization, Arithmetic Tasks
|
We propose combining scratchpad with position coupling, and demonstrate that Transformers can achieve length generalization in both operand length and count for addition problems.
| 13,776 |
2410.15787
|
[
-0.0051214308477938175,
-0.035083040595054626,
0.0035922243259847164,
0.01910126395523548,
0.027126463130116463,
0.03436121717095375,
0.029183238744735718,
0.014348509721457958,
-0.04287981241941452,
-0.00682301539927721,
-0.0056602745316922665,
0.01970972865819931,
-0.06787771731615067,
-0.005729160271584988,
-0.029934076592326164,
0.07337825745344162,
0.06279192864894867,
-0.001947682467289269,
-0.021119514480233192,
-0.018649505451321602,
0.014852789230644703,
-0.04221873730421066,
0.061441514641046524,
0.0017803710652515292,
0.005121852271258831,
-0.0019430082757025957,
-0.015949862077832222,
0.020892368629574776,
-0.020093947649002075,
-0.017154932022094727,
0.030063733458518982,
0.012208214960992336,
0.03262757137417793,
-0.03294989466667175,
0.02348911762237549,
-0.02044856548309326,
-0.05962405353784561,
-0.03186935931444168,
0.01961415261030197,
0.0028842331375926733,
-0.040395431220531464,
-0.02602602355182171,
-0.02641933783888817,
0.0012188570108264685,
-0.05623335391283035,
0.0068696546368300915,
-0.09269234538078308,
-0.01530708372592926,
-0.027603449299931526,
-0.0028328383341431618,
-0.09805848449468613,
0.06362880021333694,
0.007325089070945978,
-0.023064782842993736,
0.0343402624130249,
0.04400298371911049,
0.0385027714073658,
-0.06669931858778,
-0.0013410612009465694,
-0.029630450531840324,
0.02026580274105072,
0.026340359821915627,
0.01966751739382744,
0.0029745472129434347,
0.01593896932899952,
-0.023529287427663803,
-0.02517826110124588,
0.04388017579913139,
-0.06944042444229126,
-0.006713458336889744,
-0.031211670488119125,
0.006871359888464212,
-0.021383296698331833,
0.004643427208065987,
-0.015975620597600937,
-0.04587617516517639,
-0.0024239839985966682,
0.020042087882757187,
0.0668313205242157,
0.016579341143369675,
0.0018782716942951083,
0.03816783055663109,
0.0422748401761055,
0.038712866604328156,
0.05312686786055565,
0.03929843008518219,
-0.005076801870018244,
-0.019393131136894226,
-0.07417049258947372,
0.01712953858077526,
-0.003623634809628129,
-0.05402259901165962,
-0.021839817985892296,
0.02967345342040062,
0.009466992691159248,
0.011030618101358414,
0.0031266240403056145,
-0.02345619909465313,
0.013511044904589653,
0.024184010922908783,
-0.012514322064816952,
-0.01612185686826706,
0.04852765053510666,
-0.011931010521948338,
-0.09007944166660309,
-0.020219692960381508,
0.016002006828784943,
-0.018994491547346115,
0.041766759008169174,
0.019943416118621826,
-0.06480469554662704,
0.0076719834469258785,
0.0057166810147464275,
-0.008511860854923725,
-0.09150133281946182,
0.006890936754643917,
-0.009729509241878986,
0.0347023569047451,
-0.029968174174427986,
-0.0010987941641360521,
0.05146379768848419,
0.02890586294233799,
0.010937553830444813,
0.07587610185146332,
0.009118277579545975,
-0.002884254790842533,
-0.005457151681184769,
0.04944618046283722,
-0.017118923366069794,
-0.040120936930179596,
0.006105063483119011,
0.040267378091812134,
0.010761420242488384,
0.009543358348309994,
0.011154376901686192,
-0.015123466029763222,
-0.028095286339521408,
0.018400486558675766,
0.04210612177848816,
-0.025924671441316605,
0.009783360175788403,
-0.005024306941777468,
0.04543663188815117,
-0.06803512573242188,
0.05711458623409271,
-0.018582729622721672,
-0.03839879110455513,
-0.004531355574727058,
-0.004068651702255011,
-0.003888666396960616,
0.005111387465149164,
0.008620212785899639,
-0.008181624114513397,
-0.05410733446478844,
0.04962194710969925,
0.02290419489145279,
-0.012370158918201923,
0.034081850200891495,
-0.019209247082471848,
0.020451810210943222,
0.020139290019869804,
-0.05217451602220535,
-0.031993214040994644,
0.029621044173836708,
-0.009731382131576538,
-0.006159475538879633,
0.022677453234791756,
0.037968408316373825,
-0.0613432452082634,
-0.014085172675549984,
-0.02832145430147648,
-0.010588533245027065,
0.04769640043377876,
0.0014166992623358965,
-0.030743978917598724,
-0.010316253639757633,
0.04870209842920303,
0.01114280428737402,
0.05724327638745308,
0.03847668319940567,
-0.08435359597206116,
0.032001446932554245,
0.032973531633615494,
0.0013910031411796808,
0.007755434140563011,
-0.04319849982857704,
0.08005277812480927,
-0.013006350956857204,
-0.020209060981869698,
-0.00958451721817255,
-0.04622143134474754,
-0.044945716857910156,
0.013504408299922943,
-0.018325436860322952,
0.06639745086431503,
0.013826738111674786,
-0.03567923605442047,
-0.0037392585072666407,
0.029883047565817833,
0.04314913600683212,
0.03321230784058571,
0.004148471634835005,
0.042450059205293655,
0.0022851526737213135,
-0.008910436183214188,
0.029495878145098686,
0.014647651463747025,
-0.033267538994550705,
-0.014289960265159607,
0.023308759555220604,
0.019249221310019493,
0.001923540374264121,
0.013053798116743565,
-0.0113665871322155,
-0.034708283841609955,
0.02362709864974022,
0.014130482450127602,
-0.0009567774250172079,
0.04216700419783592,
-0.04309068247675896,
-0.007405693177133799,
0.023401113227009773,
-0.027079692110419273,
0.0054183341562747955,
-0.04591285437345505,
0.09758555889129639,
0.04762827977538109,
-0.030501320958137512,
0.0014327241806313396,
0.017676886171102524,
-0.0062777381390333176,
-0.010506740771234035,
-0.007127008400857449,
-0.013524027541279793,
0.0401664562523365,
-0.013293315656483173,
-0.024036504328250885,
-0.042033206671476364,
0.06933284550905228,
-0.03323409706354141,
0.005630843341350555,
0.08617065101861954,
-0.02843407914042473,
0.046282168477773666,
0.017136983573436737,
0.04826962202787399,
0.018796341493725777,
-0.02321734093129635,
-0.02857622504234314,
-0.03578821197152138,
-0.054579176008701324,
-0.008441266603767872,
0.022352730855345726,
-0.027630144730210304,
-0.016099045053124428,
-0.027508175000548363,
-0.03269897773861885,
-0.04330949857831001,
0.06333555281162262,
0.04644859954714775,
-0.006387715693563223,
0.026993634179234505,
0.016085771843791008,
-0.027639465406537056,
-0.03811850771307945,
-0.09338772296905518,
-0.05769219622015953,
-0.02435629442334175,
0.046935003250837326,
-0.02916303649544716,
0.06413967907428741,
0.03735952451825142,
0.009890744462609291,
-0.04193770885467529,
-0.0213590357452631,
-0.00738447206094861,
0.06715680658817291,
-0.018325282260775566,
-0.056800805032253265,
-0.04426589608192444,
-0.021008599549531937,
0.0799882635474205,
-0.04468608275055885,
-0.04309890791773796,
-0.012814760208129883,
-0.02642074041068554,
-0.02781062014400959,
-0.07017440348863602,
-0.027164027094841003,
0.0004598128143697977,
-0.0015918498393148184,
0.02484985999763012,
-0.014221933670341969,
0.0181009192019701,
0.04871087148785591,
0.05871633440256119,
0.04349729046225548,
-0.00609338516369462,
0.008850007317960262,
0.00030901210266165435,
-0.034807827323675156,
0.031653713434934616,
0.021279452368617058,
0.028882771730422974,
-0.019657684490084648,
-0.01381783839315176,
-0.0010963090462610126,
-0.012870707549154758,
-0.27664420008659363,
-0.045062482357025146,
-0.06007925048470497,
-0.00019549355783965439,
0.005782263353466988,
-0.040175169706344604,
0.04336550831794739,
-0.012508338317275047,
-0.02424253523349762,
0.03584728017449379,
-0.020001422613859177,
-0.004839183762669563,
0.017298363149166107,
0.07154958695173264,
0.03915461525321007,
0.011029897257685661,
-0.019916648045182228,
0.013233077712357044,
0.011286131106317043,
0.06370805948972702,
-0.001527533633634448,
-0.07422246038913727,
-0.03990103304386139,
0.04195035248994827,
-0.0010442587081342936,
0.024025144055485725,
-0.08251439779996872,
-0.0002552879450377077,
-0.036710504442453384,
-0.015145741403102875,
-0.02741841785609722,
-0.0205506831407547,
0.028297629207372665,
0.015233420766890049,
0.0003134647267870605,
0.00276051159016788,
0.014702808111906052,
-0.023144012317061424,
-0.0093349264934659,
0.0045821573585271835,
0.03790988400578499,
-0.06233156472444534,
0.008151909336447716,
0.02023511752486229,
0.05914166569709778,
-0.011149156838655472,
-0.02853841707110405,
-0.02485206350684166,
-0.0018308283761143684,
0.040887244045734406,
-0.00044302621972747147,
-0.0033650449477136135,
0.0031535218004137278,
-0.008263055235147476,
0.0036870583426207304,
-0.022424813359975815,
-0.01376292109489441,
-0.011596969328820705,
0.020334569737315178,
0.013860256411135197,
0.012342573143541813,
-0.04052456468343735,
-0.023670203983783722,
-0.040556974709033966,
-0.017529398202896118,
-0.0318000428378582,
-0.023376530036330223,
-0.06761825084686279,
0.04292486608028412,
0.01116953231394291,
-0.0064842975698411465,
0.03900523856282234,
-0.015488037839531898,
-0.0978548526763916,
-0.00623422022908926,
-0.019303452223539352,
0.01561920065432787,
-0.013037407770752907,
-0.011546316556632519,
0.04141668230295181,
-0.030545787885785103,
-0.09900050610303879,
-0.012952970340847969,
0.023494571447372437,
0.05075811594724655,
-0.002961146179586649,
-0.019009031355381012,
-0.037268031388521194,
-0.016818968579173088,
-0.007498803082853556,
0.038807887583971024,
-0.00797924306243658,
0.011327416636049747,
-0.01000170037150383,
0.0719752088189125,
0.016209477558732033,
0.02538887783885002,
0.07513809949159622,
0.014389998279511929,
-0.024457447230815887,
0.023982638493180275,
-0.06442153453826904,
-0.012941744178533554,
-0.06676162034273148,
-0.03584342449903488,
0.01938386633992195,
-0.018953818827867508,
-0.011682862415909767,
0.025897890329360962,
-0.0012559128226712346,
-0.0308380089700222,
-0.04259796068072319,
-0.0038374538999050856,
-0.015367730520665646,
-0.035423677414655685,
0.00415050657466054,
0.005294076167047024,
0.028708240017294884,
0.03342783451080322,
-0.021037278696894646,
0.004503257106989622,
0.026643693447113037,
-0.03686488792300224,
0.00004921675645164214,
-0.01871861144900322,
-0.019752148538827896,
-0.036680545657873154,
-0.009687461890280247,
-0.006847199518233538,
-0.007298464886844158,
0.031578581780195236,
0.04345709830522537,
-0.015754293650388718,
0.031989190727472305,
0.05004792660474777,
-0.006754668895155191,
-0.015718510374426842,
0.007775230798870325,
0.010554342530667782,
-0.024332907050848007,
0.03739188611507416,
-0.010778849013149738,
0.030775537714362144,
0.0369097925722599,
0.02408440038561821,
0.014395584352314472,
0.034936290234327316,
-0.023436570540070534,
-0.021361801773309708,
-0.0029735539574176073,
0.07585742324590683,
-0.06821495294570923,
0.025752652436494827,
-0.02405949868261814,
0.018302736803889275,
-0.008347914554178715,
0.03987903892993927,
0.007396825589239597,
-0.023775778710842133,
-0.05139157921075821,
0.0418272539973259,
0.01997370831668377,
0.020272959023714066,
-0.036124471575021744,
0.03153016045689583,
0.029507769271731377,
-0.04092540964484215,
-0.003873704932630062,
0.009047547355294228,
0.03444932401180267,
0.011316978372633457,
0.0020444169640541077,
-0.034629277884960175,
0.005789704155176878,
0.023549526929855347,
0.008755918592214584,
0.01475625578314066,
-0.009570338763296604,
-0.001980503788217902,
0.028045322746038437,
0.03975566476583481,
-0.0038621865678578615,
0.005624357145279646,
0.03598730266094208,
0.08274225145578384,
0.020185548812150955,
0.01145563181489706,
0.018292004242539406,
-0.06345216184854507,
0.022280167788267136,
-0.034070294350385666,
-0.014831578359007835,
0.0001592098706169054,
-0.030606528744101524,
-0.05119349807500839,
-0.03286376968026161,
0.01660572551190853,
0.031711749732494354,
0.013940754346549511,
-0.006241262424737215,
-0.005804518237709999,
0.021919745951890945,
-0.031193967908620834,
-0.02081115171313286,
0.050309497863054276,
-0.0873299166560173,
0.022434329614043236,
0.0022961380891501904,
-0.01884281262755394,
0.024073688313364983,
0.00918913260102272,
-0.027752352878451347,
-0.05947275087237358,
-0.05909053608775139,
0.00697366101667285,
-0.014707938767969608,
-0.0009838059777393937,
-0.010838953778147697,
0.027603013440966606,
-0.04718658700585365,
0.02188967540860176,
-0.010925228707492352,
0.011855498887598515,
-0.024231525138020515,
0.00759704876691103,
0.00408885208889842,
-0.006458111573010683,
0.01594999060034752,
0.02459835447371006,
-0.05744029954075813,
0.04628017172217369,
-0.042352981865406036,
0.019435618072748184,
0.07577648013830185,
0.010763892903923988,
-0.028713149949908257,
-0.059541113674640656,
0.012091752141714096,
-0.017462706193327904,
-0.009938741102814674,
0.010282565839588642,
-0.025495994836091995,
-0.04224875569343567,
0.04663550481200218,
0.017832139506936073,
0.039510589092969894,
0.027520110830664635,
-0.04096195474267006,
-0.017282912507653236,
0.0223914235830307,
0.00009184602095047012,
0.028547950088977814,
-0.06318782269954681,
-0.007554704323410988,
0.06922976672649384,
-0.04376392439007759,
-0.02003519982099533,
-0.05797916278243065,
-0.0522986575961113,
0.016214435920119286,
-0.03851698338985443,
0.044632457196712494,
-0.0182875394821167,
0.06374729424715042,
0.049576759338378906,
0.0641321912407875,
-0.01629152148962021,
-0.022294197231531143,
0.033872947096824646,
-0.04652922973036766,
-0.016904128715395927,
-0.05943379923701286,
-0.004958059638738632,
0.05324766784906387,
-0.023517074063420296,
-0.011334456503391266,
-0.0035280713345855474,
-0.049139801412820816,
0.06010251119732857,
-0.03615054488182068,
-0.03329087793827057,
0.02559068612754345,
0.0067019774578511715,
0.017388250678777695,
-0.002678460441529751,
-0.031066861003637314,
-0.018177896738052368,
-0.006518457550555468,
-0.04845093935728073,
0.02090260572731495,
-0.010034330189228058,
0.04387389123439789,
0.004612055607140064,
-0.00004924908353132196,
-0.018954187631607056,
-0.0020774274598807096,
0.04105858877301216,
0.07208225131034851,
0.044994473457336426,
0.020188922062516212,
-0.011525616981089115,
0.06435473263263702,
0.019480010494589806,
-0.009137041866779327,
-0.011708543635904789,
0.03092411905527115,
-0.05035636946558952,
-0.05653924122452736,
0.025761939585208893,
0.0069020697847008705,
-0.019414536654949188,
-0.031344104558229446,
0.05730977654457092,
0.024444591253995895,
-0.038759954273700714,
-0.03470733016729355,
0.036968737840652466,
-0.03633389621973038,
-0.031985051929950714,
-0.014566496014595032,
-0.01483492087572813,
0.005765956826508045,
0.05867677927017212,
0.020392687991261482,
0.02932441420853138,
0.07454390823841095,
0.021317023783922195,
-0.02029535174369812,
-0.009217550978064537,
0.09044096618890762,
0.046105723828077316,
0.06774816662073135,
-0.0046687074936926365,
0.027044694870710373,
-0.04542529210448265,
-0.07706746459007263,
0.012778036296367645,
0.024056993424892426,
0.021500596776604652,
-0.00786922499537468,
0.015974614769220352,
0.07862147688865662,
0.010470451787114143,
0.10059814155101776,
-0.04983126372098923,
0.013417091220617294,
0.01784353516995907,
0.012310159392654896,
0.0005806551780551672,
0.044101160019636154,
0.02959791198372841,
-0.008124880492687225,
-0.0072388723492622375,
-0.0423048734664917,
-0.007200244814157486,
0.0006144044455140829,
0.011211488395929337,
0.04280785471200943,
0.009408621117472649,
0.005786470137536526,
0.0016264310106635094,
0.06723111122846603,
0.10346249490976334,
-0.07090071588754654,
-0.014832769520580769,
-0.00317114545032382,
0.04441409930586815,
0.029591793194413185,
0.02222653292119503,
-0.010537722148001194,
-0.0033336759079247713,
-0.013734864071011543,
-0.04856375232338905,
0.0389411561191082,
0.03561677038669586,
0.0010653493227437139,
0.03219575062394142,
-0.05759633332490921,
-0.057464659214019775,
0.016449972987174988,
0.0315101221203804,
-0.008703768253326416,
-0.06391457468271255,
-0.026952410116791725,
-0.03817642480134964,
-0.044813498854637146,
0.017647381871938705,
0.002453851280733943,
-0.029604259878396988,
-0.0340498648583889,
-0.034888334572315216,
-0.0342150516808033,
0.00913422740995884,
-0.003867888357490301,
-0.06010865047574043,
-0.013899234123528004,
0.007655374705791473,
0.011211208999156952,
-0.014837746508419514,
0.039944060146808624,
0.053075239062309265,
-0.01632709428668022,
0.02437412180006504,
0.001577122020535171,
0.016195576637983322,
0.008119710721075535,
0.0288211889564991,
0.01130782812833786,
-0.0917467325925827,
0.004321508575230837,
0.018108319491147995,
-0.022217879071831703,
-0.08584045618772507,
0.020564647391438484,
-0.04107600823044777,
0.01650877296924591,
0.04493502154946327,
-0.013418066315352917,
0.01961476355791092,
-0.045134156942367554,
-0.010056434199213982,
0.027912480756640434,
0.009259874001145363,
0.05174114182591438,
-0.015033404342830181,
0.06593183428049088,
0.04229150339961052,
0.01619662344455719,
0.01409799326211214,
0.016665518283843994,
-0.02606199122965336,
0.04175735265016556,
-0.03918320685625076,
-0.027184858918190002,
-0.028392553329467773,
-0.08102263510227203,
0.012589927762746811,
-0.005917144473642111,
-0.010143788531422615,
-0.03235442563891411,
0.014959781430661678,
-0.02149388939142227,
0.000014457331417361274,
0.013767753727734089,
-0.03589142486453056,
-0.008222280070185661,
-0.03505044803023338,
-0.05139782279729843,
-0.03340323641896248,
0.012330175377428532,
0.0014511373592540622,
0.0422917902469635,
-0.01701723225414753,
-0.031131600961089134,
0.007953807711601257,
-0.06119292974472046,
0.01879827491939068,
0.02815144695341587,
0.04044043645262718,
-0.020468872040510178
] |
277 |
Stealthy Shield Defense: A Conditional Mutual Information-Based Post-Processing against Black-Box Model Inversion Attacks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=p0DjhjPXl3
|
[
"Tianqu Zhuang",
"Hongyao Yu",
"Yixiang Qiu",
"Hao Fang",
"Bin Chen",
"Shu-Tao Xia"
] |
Poster
|
Model inversion attacks (MIAs) aim to reconstruct the private training data by accessing a public model, raising concerns about privacy leakage. Black-box MIAs, where attackers can only query the model and obtain outputs, are closer to real-world scenarios. The latest black-box attacks have outperformed the state-of-the-art white-box attacks, and existing defenses cannot resist them effectively. To fill this gap, we propose Stealthy Shield Defense (SSD), a post-processing algorithm against black-box MIAs. Our idea is to modify the model's outputs to minimize the conditional mutual information (CMI). We mathematically prove that CMI is a special case of information bottlenecks (IB), and thus inherits the advantages of IB---making predictions less dependent on inputs and more dependent on ground truths. This theoretically guarantees our effectiveness, both in resisting MIAs and preserving utility. For minimizing CMI, we formulate a convex optimization problem and solve it via the water-filling method. Adaptive rate-distortion is introduced to constrain the modification to the outputs, and the water-filling is implemented on GPUs to address computation cost. Without the need to retrain the model, our algorithm is plug-and-play and easy to deploy. Experimental results indicate that SSD outperforms existing defenses, in terms of MIA resistance and model's utility, across various attack algorithms, training datasets, and model architectures. Our code is available at https://github.com/ZhuangQu/Stealthy-Shield-Defense.
|
model inversion attack, model inversion defense, conditional mutual information
| null | 13,774 | null |
[
-0.03129595145583153,
-0.027339857071638107,
-0.021525487303733826,
0.06429144740104675,
0.025623297318816185,
0.007120934780687094,
0.0387561172246933,
-0.037365227937698364,
-0.027942148968577385,
-0.033460695296525955,
-0.0018667092081159353,
0.004548358265310526,
-0.027691280469298363,
-0.0025855081621557474,
-0.0058020176365971565,
0.05592257156968117,
0.03911297023296356,
-0.01845615729689598,
0.007475085090845823,
0.048234738409519196,
-0.00443579675629735,
-0.012029889971017838,
0.04808109253644943,
0.014762126840651035,
0.04944124072790146,
0.03344564884901047,
0.050760362297296524,
0.017209598794579506,
-0.020935475826263428,
0.02494528517127037,
0.0471971221268177,
-0.010812354274094105,
0.0021334390621632338,
-0.048202745616436005,
0.012964232824742794,
0.04403655603528023,
-0.07321471720933914,
0.030028505250811577,
0.006896959617733955,
0.03179927542805672,
-0.02588355727493763,
0.015364488586783409,
-0.01852613128721714,
0.021312689408659935,
-0.04200619459152222,
0.01610872708261013,
-0.09658132493495941,
0.030821848660707474,
-0.018214207142591476,
-0.04067461937665939,
-0.08299426734447479,
0.02400551736354828,
-0.03184841573238373,
0.010553276166319847,
0.032506585121154785,
0.03424274921417236,
0.036778151988983154,
-0.0875667855143547,
-0.004921998828649521,
-0.06710901856422424,
-0.029215164482593536,
-0.02042992040514946,
0.025753486901521683,
0.017335213720798492,
0.006790004204958677,
-0.02703044004738331,
0.04938220977783203,
0.028408437967300415,
-0.0522758923470974,
-0.02063560299575329,
-0.00832345336675644,
-0.01249383483082056,
-0.007628966588526964,
-0.017920324578881264,
0.009134550578892231,
-0.02158033289015293,
0.04439046233892441,
0.001899251015856862,
0.06852918118238449,
-0.01582421362400055,
0.03968781605362892,
0.012412470765411854,
0.01625676639378071,
0.04237386956810951,
-0.013280367478728294,
-0.012337817810475826,
-0.04509599879384041,
0.013106969185173512,
-0.06921333074569702,
0.033042289316654205,
-0.013620070181787014,
-0.03554854169487953,
0.03368503227829933,
0.02299061045050621,
-0.011740812100470066,
-0.0003798922407440841,
0.021018346771597862,
0.012213081121444702,
0.03376702964305878,
0.015832820907235146,
0.007524516899138689,
-0.01683599129319191,
-0.010098702274262905,
-0.0145860705524683,
-0.10550463944673538,
-0.011644137091934681,
-0.04913673549890518,
-0.035291638225317,
-0.03935519605875015,
0.015874691307544708,
-0.0021882778964936733,
-0.004461771342903376,
-0.0028122076764702797,
-0.031353894621133804,
-0.10593362152576447,
0.025970671325922012,
-0.011162354610860348,
0.02350129745900631,
0.036644306033849716,
0.015189610421657562,
0.08423898369073868,
0.05172817409038544,
-0.012969247996807098,
0.0691196471452713,
0.07419984042644501,
-0.0018409880576655269,
0.018434643745422363,
0.030806060880422592,
-0.019803062081336975,
-0.04539056494832039,
-0.008612441830337048,
0.04700104519724846,
0.008891944773495197,
0.013614892028272152,
0.04025352746248245,
-0.016626041382551193,
-0.0323374904692173,
0.05058299005031586,
0.04896039515733719,
-0.01667794957756996,
-0.00024304214457515627,
-0.04718269780278206,
0.05063876509666443,
-0.0390394851565361,
0.05625708028674126,
-0.02502370998263359,
0.003025715472176671,
-0.034848425537347794,
-0.028492897748947144,
0.03771856427192688,
0.012439055368304253,
-0.00007303849270101637,
-0.003974169492721558,
-0.0732935220003128,
0.010287564247846603,
0.01988273859024048,
0.023465681821107864,
0.021550577133893967,
-0.019692981615662575,
-0.0021486589685082436,
-0.0016733913216739893,
-0.025985045358538628,
-0.05327325686812401,
0.015323301777243614,
-0.022590583190321922,
-0.028501644730567932,
0.04882694408297539,
0.01875816099345684,
-0.017121756449341774,
-0.015677930787205696,
-0.04887354001402855,
-0.02513924427330494,
0.05613108351826668,
0.014860282652080059,
-0.015305958688259125,
0.019061749801039696,
0.040667641907930374,
-0.024981511756777763,
0.03461149334907532,
0.0034203308168798685,
-0.08267184346914291,
0.02947554551064968,
0.013342048972845078,
0.02487906441092491,
-0.012687540613114834,
-0.005528011824935675,
0.09698916971683502,
-0.019666749984025955,
0.02049197442829609,
0.010378435254096985,
-0.08962462842464447,
0.015943292528390884,
0.03347403183579445,
0.0015331051545217633,
0.06296563893556595,
0.03722277283668518,
-0.018091218546032906,
0.01128828339278698,
0.01807965151965618,
0.032963160425424576,
0.02241598255932331,
-0.026728615164756775,
0.030902253463864326,
0.0015828143805265427,
-0.05343928188085556,
0.0017699768068268895,
0.06001506373286247,
-0.051749542355537415,
-0.0385584831237793,
-0.008816503919661045,
-0.006521385163068771,
-0.019550692290067673,
-0.007136320695281029,
-0.005517926532775164,
0.03438025712966919,
0.008016488514840603,
-0.0366620197892189,
0.0004997868672944605,
0.015777427703142166,
-0.06713126599788666,
0.06377328187227249,
0.029488829895853996,
-0.00603236211463809,
0.051171816885471344,
-0.023445360362529755,
0.09171086549758911,
0.039891958236694336,
-0.053936414420604706,
0.011802335269749165,
0.03250361606478691,
0.01718791387975216,
-0.030468842014670372,
-0.014348048716783524,
-0.038659874349832535,
0.02706955000758171,
-0.010758420452475548,
0.012595685198903084,
-0.011842134408652782,
0.06343526393175125,
-0.03259090706706047,
-0.027075976133346558,
0.04347340762615204,
-0.0074883741326630116,
0.060911040753126144,
-0.02180130034685135,
0.0045117964036762714,
0.03046261891722679,
-0.02269427292048931,
-0.0039034984074532986,
-0.025186965242028236,
-0.04051964357495308,
0.003790447488427162,
0.029768140986561775,
-0.0429219976067543,
0.033294737339019775,
-0.05267131328582764,
-0.03258548676967621,
-0.00302177295088768,
0.0632142648100853,
0.03892913833260536,
-0.013658016920089722,
0.03291810676455498,
-0.011190219782292843,
-0.0032900844234973192,
-0.017845643684267998,
-0.10152651369571686,
-0.012247227132320404,
0.017609650269150734,
0.045921750366687775,
-0.012604459188878536,
0.0465187169611454,
-0.0037965604569762945,
-0.03144044056534767,
-0.03205875679850578,
0.02274271287024021,
0.01902254857122898,
-0.00010312227823305875,
0.04422798380255699,
-0.05548759177327156,
-0.016702305525541306,
0.018524030223488808,
0.0700746700167656,
-0.019787289202213287,
0.010236132889986038,
-0.03747904300689697,
-0.04573129490017891,
0.0004935116157867014,
-0.05342869460582733,
-0.05598160997033119,
0.01972750946879387,
0.01144160982221365,
0.03505656123161316,
-0.02458132430911064,
0.027203591540455818,
0.03693654015660286,
0.08483059704303741,
-0.007568697910755873,
0.02048548124730587,
0.009270560927689075,
0.044146016240119934,
0.012635019607841969,
-0.00959448330104351,
-0.013715396635234356,
-0.015472344122827053,
-0.03786773234605789,
-0.020291877910494804,
0.024368107318878174,
-0.008609207347035408,
-0.25841066241264343,
0.0035002117510885,
0.011502871289849281,
-0.012028869241476059,
0.02672659605741501,
-0.02075250819325447,
0.005380408372730017,
-0.028841303661465645,
-0.023477677255868912,
-0.01016483549028635,
0.03696548193693161,
0.0030327574349939823,
0.023411568254232407,
0.013237770646810532,
0.042235419154167175,
0.024267779663205147,
-0.014859712682664394,
-0.03673239052295685,
0.03695105388760567,
0.01440627221018076,
-0.01654534600675106,
-0.0662035346031189,
0.015807488933205605,
-0.024156752973794937,
-0.011205065064132214,
0.009091407060623169,
-0.0676128938794136,
0.004291498567909002,
-0.027284061536192894,
-0.0021357256919145584,
-0.04775425046682358,
-0.021980103105306625,
0.015669655054807663,
0.04150627553462982,
0.007374335080385208,
0.0009478111169300973,
0.03111344762146473,
0.017661750316619873,
0.02819376438856125,
0.031363148242235184,
0.010259494185447693,
-0.010570555925369263,
0.01692432165145874,
0.036253396421670914,
0.09009169042110443,
0.010218897834420204,
-0.02122321166098118,
-0.0020096160005778074,
-0.014326571486890316,
0.03680112957954407,
-0.008778068237006664,
-0.035589542239904404,
-0.035836782306432724,
0.0387333519756794,
-0.05961022526025772,
-0.022346636280417442,
-0.03157723695039749,
-0.020522963255643845,
0.006222965195775032,
0.034300945699214935,
-0.0038515476044267416,
-0.029041804373264313,
-0.011539636179804802,
0.009549201466143131,
0.03019123338162899,
-0.0539235919713974,
-0.044275157153606415,
-0.07397032529115677,
0.04540166258811951,
0.038095392286777496,
0.009974646382033825,
0.01419579517096281,
-0.012980729341506958,
-0.0908912718296051,
0.03184085711836815,
0.0017958552343770862,
-0.02081161178648472,
-0.020466718822717667,
0.018483266234397888,
0.04464404284954071,
-0.04269544035196304,
-0.059483833611011505,
0.00276810210198164,
0.000020932789993821643,
-0.0030753668397665024,
-0.033571794629096985,
0.01559818722307682,
0.002117626601830125,
0.010706191882491112,
-0.022325221449136734,
0.05406083166599274,
0.019527021795511246,
0.042435914278030396,
-0.04215899854898453,
0.054200246930122375,
0.015917835757136345,
0.05427662283182144,
0.043164342641830444,
0.031222674995660782,
0.030706603080034256,
-0.0014054010389372706,
-0.05995474383234978,
-0.012388614006340504,
-0.06205423176288605,
0.009856093674898148,
0.0033300735522061586,
-0.0006369941984303296,
-0.023419521749019623,
0.043393198400735855,
-0.026295650750398636,
-0.04550941288471222,
-0.06339140236377716,
0.003597445785999298,
-0.023800134658813477,
0.027871858328580856,
-0.007717226166278124,
0.002711100736632943,
0.015556491911411285,
0.03161999210715294,
-0.08707200735807419,
-0.0517389215528965,
0.03862466290593147,
0.007062101736664772,
-0.0010325602488592267,
-0.011403471231460571,
-0.026866311207413673,
-0.03129163011908531,
0.02854784205555916,
0.02639424428343773,
-0.03674567490816116,
0.04471796005964279,
0.03348831087350845,
-0.009580313228070736,
0.020015748217701912,
0.06634487211704254,
0.030247725546360016,
0.0011938244570046663,
0.005757181439548731,
-0.0010183095000684261,
-0.0035185229498893023,
0.0760059654712677,
-0.015452403575181961,
0.013851922936737537,
0.017680944874882698,
0.0006524143973365426,
0.025416649878025055,
0.03164159506559372,
-0.010918957181274891,
-0.00461188517510891,
-0.005131490062922239,
0.036502473056316376,
-0.07033275812864304,
0.013816732913255692,
-0.035131197422742844,
-0.011997582390904427,
0.009083960205316544,
0.05500415340065956,
-0.01323293149471283,
-0.015413428656756878,
-0.0783243253827095,
0.056149259209632874,
0.01814194768667221,
-0.026693101972341537,
-0.017201902344822884,
0.01997905969619751,
0.06014731153845787,
-0.01826288178563118,
-0.052280861884355545,
0.03246138244867325,
0.011203993111848831,
-0.027221055701375008,
-0.043788082897663116,
-0.05368727073073387,
-0.00366893969476223,
-0.011713585816323757,
0.029012076556682587,
0.000928616093005985,
-0.02157573774456978,
-0.0402645580470562,
-0.028970176354050636,
0.015973951667547226,
-0.02082986570894718,
0.003713595913723111,
0.018430592492222786,
0.07644563168287277,
-0.017666932195425034,
0.007514640223234892,
-0.01766938343644142,
-0.017331870272755623,
0.04812264069914818,
-0.01659579947590828,
0.01356786210089922,
-0.041976310312747955,
-0.030952924862504005,
-0.004162344615906477,
-0.049676313996315,
-0.0002797521883621812,
0.030456606298685074,
-0.030006904155015945,
-0.007048039231449366,
0.02517692930996418,
0.026814665645360947,
-0.017274035140872,
0.006387997418642044,
0.032995473593473434,
-0.07456082105636597,
0.02466331236064434,
0.033941369503736496,
-0.04371168464422226,
0.013869401067495346,
-0.03626684844493866,
-0.0027658846229314804,
-0.055105049163103104,
-0.01448697131127119,
0.026122137904167175,
0.0010241883574053645,
-0.032639823853969574,
0.014491656795144081,
-0.00011097221431555226,
0.012652289122343063,
0.008999881334602833,
0.018236657604575157,
0.013795547187328339,
-0.020579691976308823,
-0.017256757244467735,
0.050878994166851044,
-0.02016930654644966,
0.008089856244623661,
-0.002852311823517084,
-0.012307751923799515,
0.032603032886981964,
-0.026400379836559296,
0.05974802002310753,
0.019302256405353546,
-0.013345679268240929,
0.014925312250852585,
-0.0587010495364666,
0.008039644919335842,
-0.0657232478260994,
-0.00006324127753032371,
-0.04186641424894333,
-0.034963458776474,
-0.0404357835650444,
-0.009890630841255188,
-0.009509571827948093,
0.03251821920275688,
0.0014031600439921021,
0.01148947048932314,
0.005871536210179329,
0.020356284454464912,
-0.003785148961469531,
0.0435933955013752,
-0.06146513670682907,
-0.0062148007564246655,
0.06404159218072891,
-0.04552445560693741,
-0.005131707992404699,
-0.06241990998387337,
-0.03131355345249176,
-0.0005617685383185744,
-0.0550285167992115,
0.035845596343278885,
-0.0009533358970656991,
0.029302962124347687,
0.023895902559161186,
0.021459270268678665,
-0.00124298722948879,
-0.014291430823504925,
0.04192468151450157,
-0.026428252458572388,
-0.0012741368263959885,
-0.054738469421863556,
0.038055818527936935,
0.06931725889444351,
-0.04918849468231201,
0.037857379764318466,
0.008329962380230427,
-0.05808257684111595,
0.003169967560097575,
-0.025548556819558144,
-0.057179249823093414,
0.027020951732993126,
-0.02294972911477089,
-0.029711393639445305,
0.013601300306618214,
-0.025578653439879417,
-0.013729817233979702,
-0.0009248815476894379,
-0.01928006485104561,
0.012996337376534939,
0.019176315516233444,
0.024009931832551956,
0.007139921188354492,
-0.010058739222586155,
-0.008662066422402859,
-0.0046277293004095554,
-0.008013072423636913,
0.026737360283732414,
0.02594917081296444,
0.023966217413544655,
-0.009653107263147831,
0.05064329877495766,
0.03589711710810661,
0.04169684648513794,
0.028552109375596046,
0.005130768287926912,
-0.03581491857767105,
-0.04666983708739281,
0.03427769988775253,
-0.014723612926900387,
-0.042257193475961685,
-0.03920423611998558,
0.040786437690258026,
0.011426291428506374,
-0.049991052597761154,
-0.04429548606276512,
0.016814956441521645,
-0.06040220707654953,
-0.023994270712137222,
-0.035125818103551865,
-0.015056533738970757,
0.0036637960001826286,
0.07282231748104095,
0.004259808454662561,
0.009325225837528706,
0.064295195043087,
0.011884060688316822,
-0.02022259496152401,
-0.033991873264312744,
0.06643558293581009,
0.0914725661277771,
0.010422701016068459,
-0.021511465311050415,
0.06484739482402802,
-0.03505883365869522,
-0.04189005494117737,
0.03355218097567558,
-0.005099451169371605,
-0.03591479733586311,
-0.04820185899734497,
0.03663044422864914,
0.08224807679653168,
0.013168895617127419,
0.06266012787818909,
-0.053590934723615646,
0.01992352120578289,
0.06953444331884384,
0.025640007108449936,
-0.01813776046037674,
0.06019669771194458,
0.021007675677537918,
0.008660874329507351,
-0.044851288199424744,
-0.05834069848060608,
-0.020288942381739616,
-0.009710387326776981,
0.025813773274421692,
-0.018800785765051842,
-0.02725394070148468,
0.003979337867349386,
0.0007542579551227391,
0.014354106038808823,
0.07683291286230087,
-0.04154101014137268,
-0.008623727597296238,
0.026205800473690033,
-0.013158084824681282,
0.03862263634800911,
0.013337076641619205,
-0.000026076302674482577,
-0.0031154451426118612,
0.002402796410024166,
-0.03864644840359688,
0.013666579499840736,
0.024934260174632072,
0.016358396038413048,
0.014589335769414902,
0.01211575698107481,
-0.010276050306856632,
0.007722602225840092,
0.023342402651906013,
-0.024107499048113823,
-0.0582624226808548,
-0.06135633960366249,
-0.04974544048309326,
-0.042172472923994064,
-0.07212206721305847,
0.009984863921999931,
0.009322532452642918,
-0.06575345993041992,
0.02247549779713154,
-0.02482766844332218,
-0.000007509630904678488,
0.043891750276088715,
-0.043499670922756195,
-0.00147764862049371,
0.004260682035237551,
0.002901617204770446,
0.016613177955150604,
0.029616311192512512,
0.029728880152106285,
-0.017901549115777016,
-0.04363013058900833,
-0.003316989168524742,
-0.01622769981622696,
0.020493805408477783,
-0.005412057973444462,
-0.010090327821671963,
-0.11197276413440704,
0.002392783295363188,
0.034484874457120895,
-0.040956251323223114,
-0.06912311911582947,
0.004015402402728796,
-0.03418048843741417,
-0.003431979799643159,
0.07919137924909592,
-0.02192871645092964,
0.008198467083275318,
-0.01760048419237137,
-0.015579280443489552,
0.018699640408158302,
-0.017027245834469795,
0.0465879887342453,
-0.004763384349644184,
0.08002499490976334,
0.04743989557027817,
-0.017301294952630997,
0.0013840403407812119,
0.028657186776399612,
-0.048322614282369614,
0.0035619884729385376,
-0.029816582798957825,
0.005207621026784182,
-0.024508096277713776,
-0.10102959722280502,
0.016656162217259407,
0.044985271990299225,
-0.00893197301775217,
-0.02456037327647209,
0.005288010463118553,
-0.007832990027964115,
0.0012361841509118676,
-0.04225900396704674,
-0.017865804955363274,
-0.031559791415929794,
-0.050216034054756165,
-0.024714531376957893,
-0.040345609188079834,
0.032119594514369965,
-0.018172943964600563,
0.036985572427511215,
-0.005887087434530258,
-0.06497762352228165,
0.0013523162342607975,
0.014174066483974457,
0.07313474267721176,
0.043906766921281815,
-0.01501039694994688,
0.025367364287376404
] |
278 |
NovelQA: Benchmarking Question Answering on Documents Exceeding 200K Tokens
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=uMEsKEiB7J
|
[
"Cunxiang Wang",
"Ruoxi Ning",
"Boqi Pan",
"Tonghui Wu",
"Qipeng Guo",
"Cheng Deng",
"Guangsheng Bao",
"Xiangkun Hu",
"Zheng Zhang",
"Qian Wang",
"Yue Zhang"
] |
Poster
|
Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have pushed the boundaries of natural language processing, especially in long-context understanding. However, the evaluation of these models' long-context abilities remains a challenge due to the limitations of current benchmarks. To address this gap, we introduce NovelQA, a benchmark tailored for evaluating LLMs with complex, extended narratives. NovelQA, constructed from English novels, offers a unique blend of complexity, length, and narrative coherence, making it an ideal tool for assessing deep textual understanding in LLMs. This paper details the design and construction of NovelQA, focusing on its comprehensive manual annotation process and the variety of question types aimed at evaluating nuanced comprehension. Our evaluation of long-context LLMs on NovelQA reveals significant insights into their strengths and weaknesses. Notably, the models struggle with multi-hop reasoning, detail-oriented questions, and handling extremely long inputs, averaging over 200,000 tokens. Results highlight the need for substantial advancements in LLMs to enhance their long-context comprehension and contribute effectively to computational literary analysis.
|
Long-context, Large Language Models, Question Answering
|
We introduce NovelQA, the first question answering dataset on documents with an average length exceeding 200K tokens.
| 13,767 |
2403.12766
|
[
-0.003885984420776367,
-0.0498783215880394,
-0.020989956334233284,
0.027837565168738365,
0.051787227392196655,
0.012740911915898323,
-0.002411932684481144,
0.007726689334958792,
0.00007180459215305746,
0.027129974216222763,
-0.0170529056340456,
0.02773209474980831,
-0.048330049961805344,
-0.01711118593811989,
-0.01397889107465744,
0.05535914748907089,
0.03291931748390198,
0.0016253187786787748,
0.024912063032388687,
-0.02279084548354149,
0.002410553628578782,
0.008811930194497108,
0.04695611819624901,
0.02386852353811264,
0.05798916146159172,
0.007254994940012693,
0.028323320671916008,
0.009507822804152966,
-0.04283355176448822,
-0.0027831082697957754,
0.041551411151885986,
-0.03730910271406174,
0.017067676410079002,
-0.015426051802933216,
0.024858109652996063,
-0.025702133774757385,
-0.06788919121026993,
0.024540739133954048,
0.0061827185563743114,
-0.012730956077575684,
-0.04886618256568909,
0.015372069552540779,
-0.030605856329202652,
0.0037268903106451035,
-0.04499457776546478,
0.016887091100215912,
-0.0753854289650917,
0.038460370153188705,
0.0042991070076823235,
0.0033926779869943857,
-0.10006392747163773,
0.03686217963695526,
-0.023688828572630882,
-0.005372741259634495,
0.029225755482912064,
0.046893130987882614,
0.010888327844440937,
-0.09640023857355118,
0.01177558396011591,
-0.027819544076919556,
-0.01548703946173191,
0.004964939784258604,
0.008180701173841953,
0.02119525708258152,
0.0027065263129770756,
-0.03227749839425087,
-0.033890243619680405,
0.018385812640190125,
-0.05815422162413597,
0.018553458154201508,
-0.014492710120975971,
0.025442175567150116,
-0.015863686800003052,
0.008842767216265202,
-0.011038138531148434,
-0.06650177389383316,
0.010411547496914864,
0.04139014706015587,
0.06265368312597275,
0.00332549586892128,
-0.02350950613617897,
0.022636108100414276,
0.0067216986790299416,
0.047997333109378815,
-0.010764160193502903,
0.008259323425590992,
-0.04178199917078018,
-0.005817770957946777,
-0.05932734161615372,
0.023180397227406502,
0.03246293216943741,
-0.05672697722911835,
-0.019081026315689087,
0.029430793598294258,
0.020850742235779762,
0.03718779608607292,
0.03171945735812187,
0.041823841631412506,
-0.024593064561486244,
0.028701793402433395,
-0.06371814012527466,
-0.016027210280299187,
0.051640208810567856,
0.01388582307845354,
-0.09900271892547607,
-0.005134432576596737,
-0.01628951169550419,
-0.01575803942978382,
0.003980318550020456,
0.006741046439856291,
-0.022343182936310768,
-0.004104585852473974,
0.014459459111094475,
-0.002733774483203888,
-0.08563987910747528,
0.03659095615148544,
0.025169845670461655,
0.008931554853916168,
-0.0237767044454813,
0.017207324504852295,
0.04466549679636955,
0.038517482578754425,
0.027718232944607735,
0.08698734641075134,
-0.006938636302947998,
0.01343922782689333,
0.009258231148123741,
-0.0040948111563920975,
-0.02472395822405815,
-0.037765394896268845,
0.018469171598553658,
0.057437993586063385,
-0.04942169040441513,
0.007852492853999138,
-0.005430819932371378,
-0.0038530274759978056,
0.03692319244146347,
0.006696452386677265,
0.06880409270524979,
0.017381737008690834,
0.0033234276343137026,
-0.009241108782589436,
0.033778123557567596,
0.01348904799669981,
0.07805903255939484,
-0.03293139114975929,
-0.04659021273255348,
-0.01750224269926548,
-0.023342128843069077,
-0.020776065066456795,
0.02277395874261856,
-0.010440193116664886,
0.0029513456393033266,
-0.04768315330147743,
0.022306805476546288,
0.032431963831186295,
-0.003963653929531574,
-0.0228270273655653,
0.013728267513215542,
0.022286247462034225,
0.029800832271575928,
-0.003542316611856222,
-0.0705445259809494,
0.013900304213166237,
-0.02653345838189125,
-0.07902305573225021,
0.0007602559635415673,
-0.005052036140114069,
-0.05253192037343979,
0.0035480852238833904,
-0.05584518611431122,
-0.0537724643945694,
0.06632338464260101,
-0.04683482274413109,
-0.030139418318867683,
0.0007386353681795299,
0.04385973513126373,
0.0329919271171093,
0.008205193094909191,
0.05489768460392952,
-0.06566311419010162,
0.035605691373348236,
0.021111875772476196,
-0.00312164262868464,
0.00809080433100462,
-0.004428435117006302,
0.08794956654310226,
-0.02377117983996868,
-0.006872967816889286,
0.027624161913990974,
-0.07490415871143341,
-0.011826627887785435,
-0.01542330626398325,
0.03936949372291565,
0.06825512647628784,
-0.019009124487638474,
0.02539021149277687,
0.10318038612604141,
-0.00018069475481752306,
0.03258195519447327,
0.04766765609383583,
-0.018254894763231277,
0.04192357510328293,
0.0037290325853973627,
-0.03249911963939667,
0.01499475073069334,
0.050392795354127884,
-0.03945448249578476,
-0.03162764012813568,
0.011740789748728275,
-0.03452571481466293,
0.009334600530564785,
0.013947187922894955,
-0.010394242592155933,
-0.023725587874650955,
0.006470441352576017,
0.004963192623108625,
-0.00864096824079752,
0.023761652410030365,
-0.05049904063344002,
0.05292142182588577,
0.027733398601412773,
0.01828649826347828,
-0.018245719373226166,
-0.05257956311106682,
0.07238079607486725,
0.06834331154823303,
-0.015951007604599,
-0.010516539216041565,
0.02118629962205887,
-0.01048173476010561,
0.0013234722428023815,
-0.0024316860362887383,
-0.03778257966041565,
0.011076445691287518,
-0.019913535565137863,
0.024724064394831657,
-0.03637230023741722,
0.05120063200592995,
-0.015525023452937603,
-0.017933879047632217,
0.02958165667951107,
-0.018851490691304207,
0.06960155069828033,
0.011963076889514923,
-0.004994974937289953,
-0.004570753313601017,
-0.0031260699033737183,
-0.014621693640947342,
-0.042253606021404266,
-0.0007841801270842552,
-0.009022625163197517,
0.030181199312210083,
-0.02443266473710537,
0.03648006170988083,
-0.03183939680457115,
-0.038361333310604095,
-0.007384170778095722,
0.0642094835639,
0.04615344852209091,
-0.003451612312346697,
0.03613532334566116,
0.023706607520580292,
-0.03464013710618019,
0.003022141521796584,
-0.08141733705997467,
-0.0377834178507328,
-0.04600687697529793,
0.01287507452070713,
-0.012904871255159378,
0.032873280346393585,
0.009031517431139946,
0.041426703333854675,
-0.03918825462460518,
-0.0036232746206223965,
0.004107422195374966,
0.06557456403970718,
-0.038235265761613846,
-0.03795308619737625,
-0.045120447874069214,
-0.020905768498778343,
0.061169639229774475,
-0.03778056427836418,
-0.02476746216416359,
-0.007448111195117235,
-0.0665215328335762,
0.024583378806710243,
-0.0379040353000164,
0.008477669209241867,
0.031475313007831573,
0.013031166978180408,
0.0524895042181015,
-0.030807506293058395,
-0.0013500202912837267,
0.04683658853173256,
0.045757781714200974,
0.03326059505343437,
-0.010682179592549801,
-0.02672128565609455,
0.06337945908308029,
-0.018547458574175835,
-0.007310362067073584,
0.02352011576294899,
0.028085093945264816,
0.01928495243191719,
-0.0046655903570353985,
-0.0016874655848369002,
-0.01700439676642418,
-0.2674350142478943,
0.004016190301626921,
-0.006556382868438959,
-0.0196123868227005,
0.04182949289679527,
-0.0329369381070137,
0.038115791976451874,
-0.03461694344878197,
-0.017085745930671692,
-0.0019491076236590743,
0.0317404679954052,
0.03214073181152344,
-0.007654866669327021,
0.03393644094467163,
0.022580930963158607,
0.04235321655869484,
-0.005129088647663593,
-0.028372982516884804,
-0.00322843249887228,
0.06748881191015244,
0.006564074661582708,
-0.08515921980142593,
-0.020992543548345566,
0.06292300671339035,
0.02536150813102722,
0.034349314868450165,
-0.09467311948537827,
0.0021834392100572586,
-0.033908993005752563,
-0.00981997698545456,
0.03112250193953514,
-0.03234481066465378,
0.021545158699154854,
0.06832168996334076,
-0.03955599293112755,
0.017210498452186584,
0.053001321852207184,
-0.0003673951723612845,
0.018605912104249,
0.01171109639108181,
0.0010575047926977277,
-0.0179078858345747,
-0.02852013148367405,
-0.014399927109479904,
0.03992454335093498,
-0.017621779814362526,
-0.03086155466735363,
-0.037481825798749924,
0.01441460382193327,
0.0430171974003315,
-0.007920758798718452,
-0.03009316883981228,
-0.044417284429073334,
0.01816769503057003,
0.02445117197930813,
-0.010520849376916885,
-0.007992039434611797,
-0.02239108271896839,
-0.019323432818055153,
-0.02821103297173977,
-0.0058577824383974075,
-0.03579613193869591,
-0.04584382101893425,
-0.019833024591207504,
-0.04707486182451248,
-0.050183556973934174,
-0.07857326418161392,
-0.04363025352358818,
0.04556329548358917,
0.037172235548496246,
-0.03130945563316345,
0.017298920080065727,
0.013573243282735348,
-0.08847955614328384,
-0.024236205965280533,
-0.011047424748539925,
-0.01733829826116562,
-0.017443597316741943,
-0.0019235749496147037,
0.0524345338344574,
-0.06142350286245346,
-0.04970141872763634,
-0.02185162715613842,
0.002150410320609808,
0.03180287778377533,
-0.05291559547185898,
-0.004253122489899397,
-0.04749087244272232,
0.004229217302054167,
-0.030217399820685387,
0.06037520989775658,
-0.010203241370618343,
-0.025194687768816948,
0.016343792900443077,
0.05218270421028137,
0.005508149042725563,
0.03491587191820145,
0.07863674312829971,
0.013675647787749767,
0.04186668619513512,
0.02670399099588394,
-0.05829741060733795,
-0.01095022913068533,
-0.030882926657795906,
-0.007250083144754171,
0.004041492473334074,
-0.051373548805713654,
-0.005915283691138029,
0.025271451100707054,
-0.024175474420189857,
-0.05146569758653641,
-0.013913404196500778,
0.0035111652687191963,
-0.012652560137212276,
0.001105217612348497,
-0.01999012753367424,
0.028721636161208153,
0.06925138086080551,
0.02677922323346138,
-0.011904816143214703,
-0.024526914581656456,
0.028871269896626472,
0.021127974614501,
-0.01351667009294033,
-0.0053321789018809795,
-0.01976693980395794,
0.014114463701844215,
-0.011717484332621098,
-0.005996134597808123,
-0.021233320236206055,
-0.004557954613119364,
0.0068550435826182365,
-0.033958934247493744,
0.006111535243690014,
0.03253478929400444,
-0.052526965737342834,
-0.016251342371106148,
-0.00804528035223484,
0.01702624000608921,
-0.004707220941781998,
-0.0036982595920562744,
-0.024059845134615898,
0.01872427947819233,
0.051207635551691055,
0.0062143150717020035,
0.00990108773112297,
0.010040891356766224,
0.018720269203186035,
-0.018669957295060158,
0.006285850889980793,
0.027600932866334915,
-0.04250394552946091,
-0.027329526841640472,
-0.034256577491760254,
0.0219732616096735,
0.010911702178418636,
0.027058707550168037,
0.025065092369914055,
-0.010613396763801575,
-0.06491634249687195,
0.03773793205618858,
-0.00027506015612743795,
0.0015431024366989732,
0.004798982758074999,
0.003521142527461052,
0.02320134826004505,
-0.003167855553328991,
0.03442934527993202,
0.031177788972854614,
0.008407809771597385,
0.0016252740751951933,
-0.035715196281671524,
-0.044881176203489304,
-0.015465321950614452,
-0.024561148136854172,
0.020703747868537903,
0.024477792903780937,
0.007784612942487001,
-0.025859009474515915,
0.03218269720673561,
-0.007962719537317753,
-0.04736502468585968,
0.025185968726873398,
0.01817607320845127,
0.08006509393453598,
0.01573844999074936,
0.03642818704247475,
0.0059418706223368645,
-0.05344799906015396,
-0.007587857078760862,
-0.009267442859709263,
-0.014869100414216518,
0.011685250326991081,
-0.04849368706345558,
-0.04362201690673828,
-0.07227706164121628,
0.04893812537193298,
-0.013034177012741566,
-0.006751394364982843,
-0.0013536924961954355,
-0.01745392382144928,
-0.019759714603424072,
-0.0641058161854744,
-0.011311634443700314,
0.01750118099153042,
-0.06992994993925095,
-0.028579488396644592,
-0.012701639905571938,
0.017646146938204765,
-0.0005540125421248376,
-0.034014277160167694,
-0.05988677591085434,
-0.03985382243990898,
-0.017878560349345207,
0.00802047923207283,
0.011053090915083885,
-0.022059539332985878,
-0.027506250888109207,
-0.014914033003151417,
-0.029264045879244804,
0.0020725582726299763,
-0.00772828608751297,
0.009226255118846893,
-0.054900649935007095,
0.025499310344457626,
0.08751804381608963,
-0.0171495471149683,
-0.03814062103629112,
-0.012539422139525414,
-0.03909182921051979,
0.03911810740828514,
-0.04140156880021095,
0.06668824702501297,
0.032746728509664536,
-0.01793680340051651,
0.015105233527719975,
-0.0641721561551094,
0.019293077290058136,
0.009217658080160618,
-0.0024587635416537523,
0.025271864607930183,
-0.012062778696417809,
-0.019138861447572708,
0.0221751369535923,
-0.026423856616020203,
0.03605688363313675,
0.04158620908856392,
0.03270082175731659,
-0.018223794177174568,
0.01860656775534153,
0.006151397246867418,
0.02448808029294014,
-0.030721168965101242,
-0.0449841134250164,
0.04601193591952324,
-0.01685742288827896,
-0.020594237372279167,
-0.0496058315038681,
-0.0915098711848259,
0.016772661358118057,
0.007764692418277264,
0.027822185307741165,
-0.07524541765451431,
0.05572976544499397,
0.02333761192858219,
0.0382402278482914,
0.04727943241596222,
-0.029896538704633713,
0.05018233880400658,
-0.02431385964155197,
-0.02498011849820614,
-0.09106717258691788,
-0.0185775738209486,
0.07067468762397766,
-0.038949836045503616,
0.012632808648049831,
0.001592010143212974,
-0.01832490600645542,
0.03712915629148483,
0.008477599360048771,
-0.01812868006527424,
0.010431661270558834,
-0.02769620530307293,
-0.002352867042645812,
0.056246545165777206,
-0.021357912570238113,
0.04562211409211159,
-0.0019837073050439358,
-0.02139030024409294,
-0.02778863161802292,
-0.010345120914280415,
0.041745226830244064,
-0.015212650410830975,
0.03746437653899193,
-0.02123693749308586,
0.0040123555809259415,
0.020582076162099838,
0.05208704248070717,
0.03378975763916969,
0.02121007815003395,
-0.02379261888563633,
0.05635734647512436,
0.039640188217163086,
-0.0006887174095027149,
0.0006366309826262295,
0.02887614816427231,
-0.02975638210773468,
-0.06840892881155014,
0.07482677698135376,
0.00013840034080203623,
0.018708419054746628,
-0.05631088837981224,
0.06048158183693886,
0.02748459205031395,
-0.047325171530246735,
-0.040818918496370316,
-0.011771896854043007,
-0.04422590136528015,
0.025588352233171463,
-0.008197316899895668,
0.009938281960785389,
-0.02248551696538925,
0.05864448845386505,
0.046223171055316925,
0.030942866578698158,
0.08944259583950043,
-0.013757440261542797,
-0.026913823559880257,
-0.01599365659058094,
0.058667998760938644,
0.05774584412574768,
0.07693894952535629,
-0.0063277240842580795,
0.06770682334899902,
-0.0423843078315258,
-0.05332436412572861,
0.023261357098817825,
0.02269711159169674,
-0.012491129338741302,
-0.02654077112674713,
0.010618550702929497,
0.07293205708265305,
-0.0049430993385612965,
0.051627445966005325,
-0.038776498287916183,
0.009581528604030609,
0.03200824186205864,
0.03297900781035423,
0.00716825108975172,
0.08874485641717911,
0.01576383039355278,
0.0297002661973238,
-0.02196398749947548,
-0.025691090151667595,
0.01605433039367199,
-0.007525672670453787,
-0.020329687744379044,
0.03733139857649803,
-0.0015865002060309052,
-0.0019534023012965918,
-0.019832812249660492,
0.05966596305370331,
0.10618263483047485,
-0.015021993778645992,
-0.012426505796611309,
0.032220736145973206,
0.006230175029486418,
0.027733126655220985,
0.04505857080221176,
0.007432430982589722,
-0.017019735649228096,
-0.012501692399382591,
-0.043671827763319016,
-0.025431517511606216,
0.012130730785429478,
-0.015150466002523899,
0.024172935634851456,
-0.034879669547080994,
0.007129485718905926,
0.04285229369997978,
0.021075762808322906,
-0.07761358469724655,
-0.021849479526281357,
-0.028287269175052643,
-0.03477080911397934,
-0.0243416465818882,
-0.033388081938028336,
0.013435421511530876,
0.010540071874856949,
-0.03559510409832001,
-0.025663472712039948,
-0.036566995084285736,
-0.00435318797826767,
0.006866039242595434,
-0.05353090912103653,
0.026299433782696724,
0.029745638370513916,
0.0034954040311276913,
-0.024848585948348045,
0.05250420793890953,
0.02973558008670807,
-0.022199301049113274,
0.004883493296802044,
0.02699906751513481,
0.015956033021211624,
0.022948112338781357,
0.03420628607273102,
-0.03517655283212662,
-0.08161822706460953,
-0.014265896752476692,
0.012467573396861553,
-0.002178854076191783,
-0.06901408731937408,
0.017792893573641777,
-0.03961111605167389,
0.0220048688352108,
0.0630098357796669,
0.025972148403525352,
0.0449962317943573,
-0.003756928723305464,
-0.021170256659388542,
0.012651338241994381,
0.008756340481340885,
0.02502080798149109,
-0.0036893398500978947,
0.06048686057329178,
0.036656711250543594,
0.007013208698481321,
-0.060875795781612396,
0.01951616071164608,
-0.00461963564157486,
-0.03302164748311043,
-0.021938826888799667,
-0.014840085990726948,
-0.04128767549991608,
-0.05953172966837883,
-0.011844470165669918,
0.011704881675541401,
-0.04444778338074684,
-0.03969578444957733,
0.019799552857875824,
-0.010200892575085163,
-0.06311682611703873,
0.023142853751778603,
-0.013637634925544262,
-0.004912348929792643,
-0.019695954397320747,
-0.034732650965452194,
-0.050371430814266205,
-0.0024379852693527937,
-0.02862764149904251,
-0.030950181186199188,
-0.003158378880470991,
-0.03263246268033981,
0.00984925776720047,
0.007128071505576372,
0.025763455778360367,
-0.009450900368392467,
0.007782880682498217,
-0.05712062865495682
] |
279 |
Look Before You Leap: Universal Emergent Mechanism for Retrieval in Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=eIB1UZFcFg
|
[
"Alexandre Variengien",
"Eric Winsor"
] |
Poster
|
When solving challenging problems, language models (LMs) are able to identify relevant information from long and complicated contexts. To study how LMs solve retrieval tasks in diverse situations, we introduce ORION, a collection of structured retrieval tasks spanning six domains, from text understanding to coding. Each task in ORION can be represented abstractly by a request (e.g. a question) that retrieves an attribute (e.g. the character name) from a context (e.g. a story). We apply causal analysis on 18 open-source language models with sizes ranging from 125 million to 70 billion parameters. We find that LMs internally decompose retrieval tasks in a modular way: middle layers at the last token position process the request, while late layers retrieve the correct entity from the context. After causally enforcing this decomposition, models are still able to solve the original task, preserving 70% of the original correct token probability in 98 of the 106 studied model-task pairs. We connect our macroscopic decomposition with a microscopic description by performing a fine-grained case study of a question-answering task on Pythia-2.8b. Building on our high-level understanding, we demonstrate a proof of concept application for scalable internal oversight of LMs to mitigate prompt-injection while requiring human supervision on only a single input. Our solution improves accuracy drastically (from 15.5% to 97.5% on Pythia-12b). This work presents evidence of a universal emergent modular processing of tasks across varied domains and models and is a pioneering effort in applying interpretability for scalable internal oversight of LMs.
|
Interpretability, LLM, Universality
|
We show that LM decompose retrieval internally by first compiling a representation of the query, and then looking for matching elements in the context.
| 13,760 | null |
[
-0.029045866802334785,
-0.01208167988806963,
-0.014760356396436691,
0.042142730206251144,
0.05436471104621887,
-0.0074949418194592,
0.009007520973682404,
0.039235908538103104,
-0.02301129885017872,
0.010942607186734676,
-0.0545760877430439,
0.04658975079655647,
-0.05160699784755707,
-0.014511468820273876,
0.007174207828938961,
0.05390365794301033,
0.024285728111863136,
-0.007052678149193525,
0.0027790602762252092,
-0.00998679455369711,
0.004353221505880356,
-0.006943208631128073,
0.024092931300401688,
0.004421851597726345,
0.04068686440587044,
0.00977947935461998,
0.01642851158976555,
0.022390348836779594,
-0.054127562791109085,
0.03304873779416084,
0.020312679931521416,
-0.01361776888370514,
0.025180552154779434,
-0.01618225686252117,
0.009606991894543171,
-0.015453015454113483,
-0.052247773855924606,
0.011304544284939766,
0.004662807565182447,
0.01765390858054161,
-0.015652921050786972,
0.011144354939460754,
-0.0031905872747302055,
0.010150921531021595,
-0.06677570194005966,
0.004736315459012985,
-0.13486775755882263,
0.03120620921254158,
0.020671192556619644,
-0.036761607974767685,
-0.11099230498075485,
0.02014068141579628,
-0.0056116883642971516,
-0.031322263181209564,
0.01846170611679554,
0.052318572998046875,
0.05388743057847023,
-0.095915786921978,
0.005694069899618626,
-0.014912407845258713,
-0.011419074609875679,
0.0301212128251791,
0.010378805920481682,
0.013349983841180801,
-0.01590932160615921,
-0.030360788106918335,
-0.016674412414431572,
0.03227200731635094,
-0.09135960787534714,
-0.03990260139107704,
0.007414486724883318,
0.00842173770070076,
-0.028472432866692543,
0.009176506660878658,
0.00021055388788226992,
-0.028491346165537834,
0.026059335097670555,
0.01971171610057354,
0.050353553146123886,
0.025084657594561577,
-0.011278302408754826,
0.022647589445114136,
0.01250256597995758,
0.038453515619039536,
0.02439185231924057,
0.0024885814636945724,
-0.059814829379320145,
-0.04096859320998192,
-0.05238207429647446,
0.030168861150741577,
0.017957624047994614,
-0.05440104007720947,
0.009062781929969788,
0.032282665371894836,
0.00949676614254713,
0.012793119996786118,
0.023439573124051094,
0.01296350359916687,
-0.012418484315276146,
0.007647309452295303,
-0.02226814441382885,
-0.023075412958860397,
0.031472135335206985,
-0.0021589091047644615,
-0.10702384263277054,
-0.0013004349311813712,
-0.0033846579026430845,
-0.01904006116092205,
0.017535222694277763,
-0.024552378803491592,
-0.023727355524897575,
-0.011844499036669731,
-0.009547899477183819,
0.0055946712382137775,
-0.07207692414522171,
0.026782803237438202,
0.00865541584789753,
0.02889310009777546,
0.0015817700186744332,
0.019398612901568413,
0.024970846250653267,
0.03181683272123337,
0.009470947086811066,
0.08286242187023163,
-0.020327651873230934,
-0.007982286624610424,
0.018408192321658134,
0.022635595872998238,
-0.032066769897937775,
-0.040467169135808945,
0.012299587018787861,
0.038547076284885406,
0.012240716256201267,
0.008607923984527588,
-0.007995382882654667,
0.014824011363089085,
0.009831620380282402,
0.021351568400859833,
0.05967811122536659,
-0.0013478263281285763,
-0.000058624227676773444,
-0.024738863110542297,
0.023733749985694885,
-0.012498511001467705,
0.07740305364131927,
0.009779308922588825,
-0.040086302906274796,
-0.02598404325544834,
-0.02649763412773609,
-0.009863517247140408,
0.013579332269728184,
-0.003829619847238064,
0.001121829729527235,
-0.07738503068685532,
0.01786128804087639,
0.0801892876625061,
0.007337963208556175,
0.009655773639678955,
0.0151014793664217,
0.01824147254228592,
-0.010569143109023571,
-0.014458348974585533,
-0.08785759657621384,
0.036910779774188995,
-0.011826747097074986,
-0.05511888861656189,
0.008542160503566265,
0.001509163761511445,
-0.04272543638944626,
-0.007326242979615927,
-0.03908057138323784,
-0.033182740211486816,
0.08337180316448212,
-0.0447482205927372,
-0.043440233916044235,
-0.03533827140927315,
0.07340652495622635,
0.01608128473162651,
0.048364851623773575,
0.0322163887321949,
-0.07647477090358734,
0.02190180867910385,
-0.020887140184640884,
-0.0047109657898545265,
0.01734069734811783,
-0.02827809751033783,
0.10045180469751358,
-0.02787737175822258,
-0.014564711600542068,
0.028322895988821983,
-0.09363879263401031,
-0.024455798789858818,
0.017915574833750725,
0.025244759395718575,
0.04951680824160576,
-0.01947527937591076,
0.0014955089427530766,
0.07535073906183243,
0.017472846433520317,
0.06373506784439087,
0.05093000456690788,
0.001330759609118104,
0.04516005888581276,
-0.010818136855959892,
-0.01871993951499462,
-0.008097846060991287,
0.03435199707746506,
-0.0552290640771389,
-0.032728418707847595,
0.02935166098177433,
-0.011094378307461739,
0.0214868001639843,
0.011051487177610397,
-0.022529693320393562,
-0.006802910938858986,
0.0047807530499994755,
0.010875437408685684,
-0.0003374196821823716,
-0.0073404512368142605,
-0.04784098267555237,
0.04433034732937813,
0.01759076677262783,
0.0039754705503582954,
-0.027773156762123108,
-0.025404054671525955,
0.09782258421182632,
0.06028103455901146,
-0.010833420790731907,
-0.004153866320848465,
0.02987033687531948,
0.03111378289759159,
-0.022808577865362167,
0.002832152182236314,
-0.022264936938881874,
0.006123996339738369,
-0.01706850714981556,
0.0019420544849708676,
-0.036127861589193344,
0.05384152755141258,
-0.01898554340004921,
-0.028335044160485268,
0.052957192063331604,
-0.024941442534327507,
0.0391647145152092,
0.01366553083062172,
0.006554934661835432,
0.013525438494980335,
-0.03514225035905838,
-0.00002546541509218514,
-0.04225838556885719,
-0.017415516078472137,
-0.017909716814756393,
-0.016142437234520912,
-0.03653383627533913,
0.007570852991193533,
-0.04905688762664795,
-0.016781184822320938,
-0.0246087908744812,
0.06566255539655685,
0.054162267595529556,
-0.00951343309134245,
0.05853228271007538,
0.020553071051836014,
-0.037285663187503815,
-0.0008060389081947505,
-0.09665113687515259,
-0.029766622930765152,
-0.037090715020895004,
0.012334706261754036,
0.0022044635843485594,
0.05656042695045471,
0.0022397609427571297,
0.016144562512636185,
-0.031021738424897194,
-0.025900768116116524,
0.019888432696461678,
0.03644644469022751,
-0.021208630874753,
-0.046695783734321594,
-0.03311358019709587,
-0.024744341149926186,
0.05360707268118858,
-0.04459740221500397,
-0.030208028852939606,
-0.03582268953323364,
-0.038626059889793396,
-0.0014017581706866622,
-0.06171967089176178,
-0.011616092175245285,
0.024442629888653755,
0.021969830617308617,
0.012735454365611076,
-0.03330249711871147,
0.0193190760910511,
0.06905874609947205,
0.06001458317041397,
0.03129394352436066,
0.0007326006889343262,
-0.0218448918312788,
0.055611323565244675,
-0.03982444107532501,
0.0007980990340001881,
0.006512914784252644,
0.032190870493650436,
0.003128807758912444,
-0.01625039428472519,
0.009527802467346191,
0.004070837516337633,
-0.30145853757858276,
-0.02736024744808674,
0.003440896514803171,
-0.01046663522720337,
0.020596206188201904,
-0.02003173902630806,
0.030546464025974274,
-0.029030881822109222,
-0.015484326519072056,
-0.010672708041965961,
0.026304027065634727,
0.04636191204190254,
0.01646854355931282,
0.05540172755718231,
0.05044085904955864,
0.04176144674420357,
-0.006918338593095541,
-0.019040746614336967,
-0.00573146203532815,
0.049115415662527084,
0.0036301768850535154,
-0.05714258924126625,
-0.04066396877169609,
0.05224103853106499,
-0.018173804506659508,
0.03972023352980614,
-0.07681392133235931,
0.006294809747487307,
-0.019381962716579437,
-0.020845239982008934,
0.010896335355937481,
-0.02766535058617592,
-0.013499025255441666,
0.024770934134721756,
0.004291070159524679,
0.012263761833310127,
0.08668988943099976,
-0.005975822452455759,
0.04392566159367561,
0.025594864040613174,
-0.002964343875646591,
-0.03957470878958702,
-0.022346002981066704,
-0.027943605557084084,
0.0602620393037796,
-0.004428493790328503,
-0.040670257061719894,
-0.027465278282761574,
0.0016139080980792642,
0.029374977573752403,
-0.01183570921421051,
-0.035658132284879684,
-0.0396425686776638,
-0.0006904504261910915,
0.04141475632786751,
-0.0210660919547081,
-0.006038544233888388,
-0.025710593909025192,
-0.017943082377314568,
-0.019610965624451637,
0.005576453171670437,
-0.05560955032706261,
-0.014617901295423508,
-0.06343308836221695,
-0.03270430490374565,
-0.031253017485141754,
-0.05236813426017761,
-0.043137021362781525,
0.056103941053152084,
0.03310205787420273,
-0.028595460578799248,
0.04133496806025505,
-0.008423238061368465,
-0.08361072093248367,
0.003728096140548587,
0.015088316053152084,
-0.006466222461313009,
-0.0011543066939339042,
-0.011037945747375488,
0.019264165312051773,
-0.06687626242637634,
-0.046699002385139465,
-0.01588161289691925,
0.027340620756149292,
0.028279326856136322,
-0.05396100506186485,
0.015017973259091377,
-0.04195455089211464,
-0.03352237865328789,
-0.009887970052659512,
0.025288306176662445,
0.012348619289696217,
-0.009395558387041092,
0.01840195804834366,
0.06436361372470856,
0.035428956151008606,
0.019918041303753853,
0.04800768196582794,
0.0628390684723854,
0.03302890807390213,
0.012665048241615295,
-0.08064290881156921,
-0.009539490565657616,
-0.020808085799217224,
-0.00994354672729969,
0.020036835223436356,
-0.048244934529066086,
-0.014499546028673649,
0.053865816444158554,
-0.007138903718441725,
-0.04193878918886185,
-0.014292293228209019,
-0.02107706479728222,
-0.0027583600021898746,
-0.014371813274919987,
-0.018925504758954048,
0.013558339327573776,
0.04302234575152397,
0.033002372831106186,
-0.01244344376027584,
-0.03453807160258293,
0.03245692700147629,
-0.001442991546355188,
-0.0023388671688735485,
-0.009826801717281342,
-0.03403482586145401,
0.014394269324839115,
-0.014602399431169033,
0.00024459269479848444,
-0.023580128327012062,
0.009312286972999573,
0.009832827374339104,
-0.025400828570127487,
0.010565713979303837,
0.036217883229255676,
-0.010838053189218044,
0.012996712699532509,
0.015581410378217697,
0.03140813857316971,
0.0003035440167877823,
0.000059838665038114414,
-0.0052117579616606236,
0.019972382113337517,
0.03414313122630119,
0.041782595217227936,
-0.0009902751771733165,
0.025064589455723763,
0.035067059099674225,
-0.007704093120992184,
0.017105109989643097,
0.01104038767516613,
-0.03475605323910713,
-0.008675779215991497,
-0.042706556618213654,
0.021762551739811897,
-0.020738430321216583,
0.01991269551217556,
-0.0059883673675358295,
0.028875328600406647,
-0.050560858100652695,
0.030290674418210983,
-0.0031402769964188337,
0.03622942790389061,
0.007131310645490885,
-0.003247784450650215,
0.012332066893577576,
-0.047634825110435486,
0.027526073157787323,
0.025255754590034485,
0.017373891547322273,
-0.001422456349246204,
-0.01594989001750946,
-0.01633698120713234,
0.007607990875840187,
-0.021068377420306206,
0.01942240633070469,
0.0011569048510864377,
0.026153111830353737,
-0.04037686437368393,
0.049564607441425323,
0.0167616605758667,
-0.03365796431899071,
-0.0032284779008477926,
0.0018077311106026173,
0.08850497752428055,
0.010918274521827698,
0.028242984786629677,
0.004082695115357637,
-0.03786228224635124,
0.014118382707238197,
-0.010445460677146912,
0.0033717150799930096,
-0.008001251146197319,
-0.033707961440086365,
-0.033389851450920105,
-0.04813119396567345,
0.029262617230415344,
0.016505667939782143,
-0.023762667551636696,
0.008064026944339275,
-0.026039455085992813,
0.0005999121349304914,
-0.06033536046743393,
-0.024096613749861717,
0.017601478844881058,
-0.07741545885801315,
-0.00268225627951324,
0.01394593808799982,
0.004929858725517988,
0.016957027837634087,
-0.018636735156178474,
-0.05450715497136116,
-0.046746138483285904,
-0.007561964448541403,
0.016081489622592926,
0.00882668700069189,
-0.012233627960085869,
-0.01987321674823761,
0.013864369131624699,
-0.003055776935070753,
0.023942450061440468,
0.012782392092049122,
0.009415440261363983,
-0.0037911112885922194,
0.00708379689604044,
0.030284876003861427,
-0.039782918989658356,
-0.028627363964915276,
0.00023933756165206432,
-0.039936501532793045,
0.0379997193813324,
-0.03427087515592575,
0.02272575907409191,
0.03292544186115265,
0.02020316570997238,
-0.023521730676293373,
-0.036445122212171555,
0.02752586267888546,
0.013553118333220482,
0.009877726435661316,
0.0356496162712574,
-0.02786301262676716,
0.02433774620294571,
0.009380373172461987,
-0.002689814893528819,
0.03741885721683502,
0.026212088763713837,
0.022847242653369904,
0.009880638681352139,
0.03651409596204758,
0.020755622535943985,
0.0106398556381464,
-0.06009490415453911,
-0.024602875113487244,
0.05079849809408188,
-0.015937628224492073,
-0.03808983042836189,
-0.06427263468503952,
-0.050862282514572144,
0.016088861972093582,
0.023745326325297356,
0.03255078196525574,
-0.07060939818620682,
0.05552447587251663,
0.011590477079153061,
0.06693924218416214,
0.0013332264497876167,
-0.02387283742427826,
0.05220673978328705,
-0.04161825776100159,
0.005932023283094168,
-0.05582208186388016,
-0.017753366380929947,
0.10213916003704071,
-0.032996490597724915,
0.02296082302927971,
-0.004356900695711374,
-0.040454477071762085,
0.037976738065481186,
0.004405769053846598,
-0.031272195279598236,
0.02387467958033085,
-0.03071700409054756,
-0.0021017498802393675,
0.04786700755357742,
-0.05081992968916893,
-0.047077011317014694,
-0.013778535649180412,
-0.020028160884976387,
-0.0006823104340583086,
-0.014052316546440125,
0.07752534747123718,
-0.036810971796512604,
0.029656464233994484,
-0.0004317800048738718,
-0.021099301055073738,
0.025179453194141388,
0.06816073507070541,
0.0061988672241568565,
0.0458257831633091,
-0.028282830491662025,
0.055635590106248856,
0.03200498968362808,
-0.0063943034037947655,
0.02004854567348957,
0.005650366190820932,
-0.028752900660037994,
-0.05385643616318703,
0.05201612412929535,
-0.0073809633031487465,
-0.02024642750620842,
-0.049249328672885895,
0.07548374682664871,
0.019913149997591972,
-0.062016963958740234,
-0.028300674632191658,
0.015829844400286674,
-0.045735690742731094,
0.005228677298873663,
-0.02485312893986702,
-0.007931020110845566,
0.006911453325301409,
0.05812699720263481,
0.03538999333977699,
0.055810339748859406,
0.08351920545101166,
0.00031913467682898045,
-0.02956501394510269,
0.0021140764001756907,
0.05780704319477081,
0.059120722115039825,
0.0727834478020668,
0.0005798449274152517,
0.055669110268354416,
-0.04383119195699692,
-0.04657625034451485,
0.002082183724269271,
0.016994336619973183,
-0.0024266273248940706,
-0.02362615242600441,
0.017549151554703712,
0.07852199673652649,
-0.003336886875331402,
0.05286761000752449,
-0.053962741047143936,
0.005816207267343998,
0.0336034931242466,
0.008765069767832756,
0.009906826540827751,
0.052509382367134094,
0.03624650835990906,
0.005616647191345692,
-0.023861903697252274,
-0.02288016863167286,
-0.004149175249040127,
-0.0136409355327487,
-0.017354406416416168,
0.0034306091256439686,
0.005725068971514702,
-0.00014773996372241527,
-0.042306508868932724,
0.04436976835131645,
0.12488522380590439,
-0.04801735281944275,
-0.036418795585632324,
0.02802918665111065,
0.010693658143281937,
0.012926086783409119,
0.0659802183508873,
0.010073407553136349,
-0.008564209565520287,
0.0014682989567518234,
-0.04813876375555992,
-0.0017997946124523878,
0.02949533425271511,
-0.013892486691474915,
0.029136110097169876,
-0.028337307274341583,
-0.03042416460812092,
0.002951941220089793,
0.03760875388979912,
-0.0403631366789341,
-0.049833666533231735,
-0.03903626278042793,
-0.02748522162437439,
-0.03488922864198685,
-0.022073617205023766,
0.050554610788822174,
0.016584444791078568,
-0.01589716225862503,
-0.004156432114541531,
-0.04652879014611244,
0.01551045197993517,
0.011998787522315979,
-0.039284151047468185,
0.014627854339778423,
0.02195865660905838,
0.007686796598136425,
-0.03169596195220947,
0.04997468739748001,
0.02857312001287937,
-0.0372474230825901,
0.0035121955443173647,
0.0016152416355907917,
0.02126160077750683,
0.01958572492003441,
0.007570116315037012,
-0.03872116655111313,
-0.08940412849187851,
0.0028245795983821154,
0.016113165766000748,
-0.005692766979336739,
-0.09075634181499481,
0.00038860220229253173,
-0.014172033406794071,
0.0091630220413208,
0.05632445216178894,
0.015123753808438778,
0.03226320445537567,
-0.006081022322177887,
-0.0027699985075742006,
0.025513583794236183,
0.013244370929896832,
0.0535518117249012,
-0.006694768089801073,
0.05967433378100395,
0.029605548828840256,
-0.010361063294112682,
-0.04135178029537201,
0.014617237262427807,
-0.016136743128299713,
-0.01988586038351059,
-0.03425745293498039,
-0.03405940160155296,
-0.04038717970252037,
-0.07790233939886093,
-0.03172626718878746,
0.045774322003126144,
-0.028359532356262207,
-0.05238863825798035,
-0.011844679713249207,
-0.018704408779740334,
-0.01474815420806408,
-0.028339983895421028,
-0.01557496190071106,
-0.020497972145676613,
-0.012532981112599373,
-0.025097623467445374,
-0.0647909939289093,
-0.007036988623440266,
-0.03435914218425751,
0.015330163761973381,
-0.03382522985339165,
-0.01422898843884468,
0.0009438306442461908,
-0.011772332713007927,
0.03666771575808525,
-0.009716556407511234,
0.03130635246634483,
-0.02658781409263611
] |
280 |
A Multi-Power Law for Loss Curve Prediction Across Learning Rate Schedules
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=KnoS9XxIlK
|
[
"Kairong Luo",
"Haodong Wen",
"Shengding Hu",
"Zhenbo Sun",
"Maosong Sun",
"Zhiyuan Liu",
"Kaifeng Lyu",
"Wenguang Chen"
] |
Poster
|
Training large models is both resource-intensive and time-consuming, making it crucial to understand the quantitative relationship between model performance and hyperparameters. In this paper, we derive an empirical law that predicts pretraining loss for large language models for every intermediate training step across various learning rate schedules, including constant, cosine, and step decay schedules. Our proposed law takes a multi-power form, combining a power law based on the sum of learning rates and additional power laws to account for a loss reduction effect as learning rate decays. We validate this law extensively on Llama-2 models of varying sizes and demonstrate that, after fitting on a few learning rate schedules, it accurately predicts the loss curves for unseen schedules of different shapes and horizons. Moreover, by minimizing the predicted final pretraining loss across learning rate schedules, we are able to find a schedule that outperforms the widely-used cosine learning rate schedule. Interestingly, this automatically discovered schedule bears some resemblance to the recently proposed Warmup-Stable-Decay (WSD) schedule (Hu et al, 2024) but achieves a slightly lower final loss. We believe these results could offer valuable insights for understanding the dynamics of pretraining and for designing learning rate schedules to improve efficiency.
|
Large language model, Learning rate scheduler, Scaling Law, Hyperparameter optimization
|
Loss curve prediction and optimized learning rate schedule
| 13,754 |
2503.12811
|
[
-0.03182128816843033,
-0.0024222456850111485,
0.00033058892586268485,
0.04064088314771652,
0.02750549092888832,
0.0084310881793499,
0.03102649189531803,
0.0042274752631783485,
-0.007370414212346077,
-0.006729979999363422,
0.012678250670433044,
0.025752535089850426,
-0.04468704015016556,
-0.011584123596549034,
0.009044021368026733,
0.054360531270504,
0.05543685331940651,
-0.002889643656089902,
0.008202515542507172,
0.004948544781655073,
0.009706715121865273,
-0.022828344255685806,
0.03201085701584816,
0.021823037415742874,
0.04319586604833603,
0.0064988755621016026,
-0.010868794284760952,
0.00933302752673626,
-0.03445015102624893,
0.0018314504995942116,
0.03582759201526642,
0.011606724001467228,
0.008393912576138973,
-0.002818017965182662,
0.04188819229602814,
0.008494745008647442,
-0.02615668810904026,
0.008608967065811157,
0.013440636917948723,
0.04155063256621361,
-0.035342879593372345,
-0.0008400518563576043,
-0.012443186715245247,
-0.010523633100092411,
-0.06029216945171356,
-0.006923491135239601,
-0.10755729675292969,
0.02640407159924507,
0.020733749493956566,
-0.06444894522428513,
-0.1159491240978241,
0.035655248910188675,
-0.0026305634528398514,
-0.02264862135052681,
-0.009582136757671833,
0.025856398046016693,
0.036733053624629974,
-0.09073831886053085,
-0.006969497073441744,
-0.01907857321202755,
-0.008330903016030788,
0.009755008853971958,
-0.005532877519726753,
0.007911761291325092,
-0.00128552271053195,
-0.028606902807950974,
0.022101566195487976,
0.037062425166368484,
-0.04081841558218002,
-0.04036973789334297,
-0.03987957164645195,
0.0037541561760008335,
-0.025111977010965347,
0.022705432027578354,
-0.005197867751121521,
-0.052375685423612595,
0.002958883298560977,
0.004429743625223637,
0.1048397347331047,
0.017786862328648567,
-0.015442303381860256,
0.01900956779718399,
0.03586510196328163,
0.03989072144031525,
-0.005027316976338625,
0.015878422185778618,
-0.01981281116604805,
-0.04428600147366524,
-0.08745359629392624,
0.04565231502056122,
-0.023249195888638496,
-0.05659595876932144,
0.017547843977808952,
0.028114644810557365,
-0.01997259445488453,
-0.002559443237259984,
0.019557224586606026,
0.012563738971948624,
-0.0012894816463813186,
0.0022490243427455425,
-0.03093194030225277,
-0.055124253034591675,
0.0063644517213106155,
0.012047519907355309,
-0.1176590546965599,
-0.02077026665210724,
-0.003044432494789362,
-0.008559348993003368,
0.03063245490193367,
-0.00017079676035791636,
-0.04725664108991623,
0.00008118403638945892,
0.025186413899064064,
-0.012997020035982132,
-0.0957178846001625,
0.0020564626902341843,
-0.007489807903766632,
0.0032342092599719763,
-0.023217584937810898,
-0.020931001752614975,
-0.007781101390719414,
0.013422897085547447,
0.015702147036790848,
0.06308948248624802,
-0.033972106873989105,
-0.0037483712658286095,
0.015600766986608505,
0.009461740963160992,
-0.04390530660748482,
-0.026803206652402878,
0.020007988438010216,
0.03192896023392677,
0.041452497243881226,
0.013281086459755898,
0.0035794368013739586,
0.013941348530352116,
0.0027408648747950792,
0.028187118470668793,
0.05853138864040375,
0.02317601628601551,
0.0172420684248209,
0.0002655972202774137,
0.061040204018354416,
-0.03224513307213783,
0.059510014951229095,
0.014538952149450779,
-0.052824925631284714,
-0.040446486324071884,
-0.04161744937300682,
-0.011364826932549477,
0.012884673662483692,
-0.025668136775493622,
-0.024069610983133316,
-0.042639631778001785,
0.03197801858186722,
0.01058191992342472,
-0.009686239063739777,
-0.0003892949898727238,
0.010238424874842167,
0.018634619191288948,
-0.01399474311619997,
-0.0014490282628685236,
-0.03527815267443657,
0.04760868102312088,
-0.014531923457980156,
-0.04400995373725891,
0.053064052015542984,
0.033614665269851685,
-0.01735425926744938,
0.016108551993966103,
-0.06015103682875633,
-0.020454423502087593,
0.06902606040239334,
0.0024063733872026205,
-0.035242754966020584,
-0.006704206578433514,
0.06581474095582962,
-0.00027553702238947153,
0.04794798791408539,
0.024223878979682922,
-0.08357302844524384,
0.05271649733185768,
0.04217220097780228,
0.0317273773252964,
0.01681191846728325,
-0.04979328066110611,
0.08823590725660324,
-0.06488822400569916,
0.01441932562738657,
0.02096785232424736,
-0.08249538391828537,
-0.009867305867373943,
0.03456387296319008,
-0.01565229520201683,
0.0675550028681755,
-0.01855100505053997,
0.00888332724571228,
0.021079769358038902,
0.03721216693520546,
0.05997038260102272,
0.05151648074388504,
-0.027570413425564766,
0.05689163878560066,
-0.0215116199105978,
-0.0459563210606575,
0.010433786548674107,
0.0145781971514225,
-0.0796867161989212,
-0.056833334267139435,
0.0036196743603795767,
-0.04114941507577896,
0.010576927103102207,
0.010672586038708687,
0.02066839300096035,
-0.007349788676947355,
0.019092842936515808,
0.009008688852190971,
-0.025996431708335876,
0.013917965814471245,
-0.059915002435445786,
0.030945755541324615,
0.016141247004270554,
-0.04010755568742752,
0.010352409444749355,
-0.030626244843006134,
0.08793521672487259,
0.06849510967731476,
-0.011791911907494068,
-0.01047516893595457,
0.028155475854873657,
0.016386663541197777,
-0.02464178390800953,
0.011818792670965195,
-0.0063330973498523235,
0.027691416442394257,
0.007703268900513649,
-0.021698251366615295,
-0.04229959845542908,
0.0650523453950882,
-0.028047524392604828,
0.0037294840440154076,
0.08450762927532196,
-0.006293348036706448,
0.040554534643888474,
-0.01933722198009491,
0.027608763426542282,
0.02351311221718788,
-0.006021157838404179,
-0.00020378366752993315,
-0.026781897991895676,
-0.0018099957378581166,
0.016112610697746277,
0.015793634578585625,
-0.03561745584011078,
0.003829606808722019,
-0.04027344658970833,
-0.03960142284631729,
-0.011264092288911343,
0.07286054641008377,
0.03924984484910965,
0.03000999614596367,
0.03222920373082161,
-0.016077538952231407,
-0.006728844251483679,
0.02023083157837391,
-0.10064099729061127,
-0.02225627191364765,
-0.0349288247525692,
0.04032459110021591,
-0.008640379644930363,
0.04974930360913277,
0.0008287766831927001,
0.03171605244278908,
-0.04164178669452667,
-0.025482293218374252,
-0.0118563212454319,
0.046815741807222366,
-0.0027082092128694057,
-0.05849827826023102,
0.003556386800482869,
0.006561158690601587,
0.05947169288992882,
-0.046683162450790405,
-0.03999051824212074,
-0.05050090700387955,
-0.0467718243598938,
-0.016800880432128906,
-0.027866391465067863,
0.002048427937552333,
-0.012337010353803635,
0.00907604768872261,
0.03176440671086311,
-0.005652884021401405,
0.028773805126547813,
0.02266823500394821,
0.0722799301147461,
0.04491345211863518,
0.02052784524857998,
0.014502113685011864,
0.04569602012634277,
-0.011615692637860775,
0.007790524046868086,
0.0019526004325598478,
0.03715413808822632,
-0.019222356379032135,
-0.021366609260439873,
0.008094067685306072,
0.01387009397149086,
-0.2721644937992096,
-0.007114415057003498,
0.014531927183270454,
0.01628062129020691,
0.026462838053703308,
-0.027308151125907898,
0.02516585774719715,
-0.01844734139740467,
-0.03885944187641144,
0.020192988216876984,
0.011270487681031227,
0.031065527349710464,
0.0024247458204627037,
0.052146267145872116,
0.03894176334142685,
0.03528931364417076,
-0.01680675335228443,
-0.009843014180660248,
-0.008810940198600292,
0.05361904203891754,
-0.0061857267282903194,
-0.07194490730762482,
-0.025085147470235825,
0.02992924116551876,
-0.022805623710155487,
0.05129450559616089,
-0.06994634121656418,
-0.014307894743978977,
-0.03125905618071556,
-0.009458877146244049,
0.0025478629395365715,
-0.04341627284884453,
-0.0005891742184758186,
0.05817735195159912,
0.012805732898414135,
0.01791016198694706,
0.013036788441240788,
0.014742349274456501,
0.007020086050033569,
0.035138219594955444,
0.010937010869383812,
-0.035081807523965836,
-0.00028013112023472786,
0.010943419300019741,
0.07444436103105545,
0.036571286618709564,
-0.051175449043512344,
-0.023491425439715385,
-0.0315069742500782,
0.04174894094467163,
0.006354953162372112,
-0.01865657977759838,
-0.013321858830749989,
0.012252582237124443,
0.02086750604212284,
-0.02997579425573349,
-0.007090950850397348,
-0.017879290506243706,
-0.01831270195543766,
-0.016111180186271667,
-0.012015121057629585,
-0.06338533759117126,
-0.013850096613168716,
-0.045770008116960526,
-0.02475491352379322,
-0.008975564502179623,
-0.06000258028507233,
-0.03736453130841255,
0.018634822219610214,
0.04040902480483055,
-0.04798334464430809,
0.03608587756752968,
-0.004977693315595388,
-0.09900528937578201,
0.008559863083064556,
-0.0061383857391774654,
-0.00448252959176898,
0.01455411221832037,
-0.009834440425038338,
0.06676969677209854,
-0.013664497062563896,
-0.04431387782096863,
-0.00493593467399478,
-0.004745773039758205,
0.02231786772608757,
-0.021933332085609436,
0.03207729384303093,
-0.025910278782248497,
0.004426309373229742,
-0.0359950065612793,
0.034524936228990555,
0.02428755909204483,
0.006717989221215248,
0.009694892913103104,
0.05117056146264076,
0.018565718084573746,
-0.003897550515830517,
0.05683718994259834,
0.018637115135788918,
-0.018875591456890106,
0.006267901975661516,
-0.06327789276838303,
-0.03097161091864109,
-0.07550977170467377,
-0.043869681656360626,
0.030256003141403198,
-0.0527091920375824,
-0.029067911207675934,
0.04085808992385864,
0.00045264503569342196,
-0.010647268034517765,
-0.010608687996864319,
-0.008337631821632385,
-0.0008713408606126904,
-0.009719030931591988,
-0.016560746356844902,
-0.010392016731202602,
0.021412426605820656,
0.010413630865514278,
-0.027223918586969376,
-0.030262531712651253,
0.060374774038791656,
-0.05494909733533859,
-0.015637163072824478,
-0.0022177668288350105,
-0.002352341078221798,
0.018515480682253838,
-0.044863443821668625,
-0.01687288098037243,
-0.0021540257148444653,
-0.005826455075293779,
0.00414261082187295,
0.023564446717500687,
0.02402878925204277,
0.03796379640698433,
0.037241216748952866,
0.0003451959346421063,
-0.017605746164917946,
0.02419636771082878,
-0.02776184491813183,
0.019676608964800835,
-0.010527353733778,
0.049604013562202454,
0.014538719318807125,
0.02697022631764412,
0.023794956505298615,
-0.008872909471392632,
-0.022041020914912224,
-0.0019328421913087368,
-0.024319663643836975,
0.032062824815511703,
-0.03329664468765259,
-0.01918523572385311,
-0.02974996343255043,
-0.009334210306406021,
0.0016515552997589111,
0.05100434646010399,
0.011214271187782288,
0.012837518006563187,
-0.050557367503643036,
0.06829873472452164,
-0.031700633466243744,
-0.03246692940592766,
0.024870924651622772,
0.038933221250772476,
0.03878956288099289,
-0.05604000762104988,
0.017692334949970245,
0.036962032318115234,
0.008906961418688297,
0.008926798589527607,
-0.028382066637277603,
-0.022182447835803032,
-0.011333457194268703,
-0.012671859934926033,
-0.007478245534002781,
-0.010527187958359718,
-0.0005281693302094936,
-0.003051519161090255,
0.025220651179552078,
0.014688264578580856,
-0.0430881641805172,
-0.021388517692685127,
0.011658555828034878,
0.08064521849155426,
0.0023982475977391005,
0.01209432352334261,
0.010837643407285213,
-0.042111609131097794,
0.030735289677977562,
-0.024992341175675392,
-0.020815227180719376,
-0.026309244334697723,
-0.04975418746471405,
-0.01405283436179161,
-0.03840918466448784,
0.028491193428635597,
0.02708606980741024,
0.01121160015463829,
-0.008867403492331505,
-0.0015429975464940071,
0.023309173062443733,
-0.03790414333343506,
-0.046702295541763306,
0.01110402774065733,
-0.07568944990634918,
-0.015245545655488968,
0.013303716666996479,
-0.018258076161146164,
0.0256740041077137,
0.006593072321265936,
-0.02691129595041275,
-0.06478513032197952,
-0.016828544437885284,
0.016439251601696014,
-0.0396500788629055,
-0.01921432465314865,
-0.004886499606072903,
0.030654331669211388,
-0.01636463776230812,
0.04674610123038292,
-0.01574735715985298,
-0.008628997951745987,
-0.030834706500172615,
0.003859411459416151,
0.0525691844522953,
-0.03237651661038399,
0.018303845077753067,
-0.0030310670845210552,
-0.030807340517640114,
0.04213912412524223,
-0.04895230755209923,
0.02062760852277279,
0.06945844739675522,
-0.00934657920151949,
0.004781290888786316,
-0.02904185652732849,
0.03422589972615242,
0.0035170912742614746,
-0.02221176028251648,
-0.0193937998265028,
0.026656942442059517,
-0.02932201884686947,
0.01031448133289814,
-0.015092941001057625,
0.06290606409311295,
0.018218211829662323,
-0.003200044622644782,
0.007339861243963242,
-0.014884820207953453,
0.015036043711006641,
0.0485648587346077,
-0.04014876112341881,
-0.001593282911926508,
0.051444754004478455,
-0.030831314623355865,
-0.02697046287357807,
-0.0727664902806282,
-0.03044201247394085,
0.025399930775165558,
-0.035068120807409286,
0.023977825418114662,
-0.017545189708471298,
0.057402078062295914,
0.02788001112639904,
0.045212194323539734,
0.031155308708548546,
-0.009374936111271381,
0.04171616956591606,
-0.04560280218720436,
-0.01137829665094614,
-0.07191003859043121,
-0.0418570414185524,
0.06750665605068207,
-0.013368245214223862,
0.011097264476120472,
-0.02050715871155262,
-0.04799816012382507,
0.03592846915125847,
-0.009526235982775688,
-0.0292588472366333,
-0.007298110984265804,
-0.05009032040834427,
-0.0009722616523504257,
0.0378875806927681,
-0.05223172903060913,
-0.02902749925851822,
-0.03361376002430916,
-0.03994651138782501,
0.02426302619278431,
0.015799077227711678,
0.048194270581007004,
-0.03332909196615219,
0.02335953526198864,
-0.041530098766088486,
0.006870778277516365,
0.029035773128271103,
0.04431198909878731,
0.018115343526005745,
0.029998259618878365,
-0.017232710495591164,
0.06928689777851105,
0.021014254540205002,
0.013393416069447994,
-0.0018219209741801023,
0.006800180766731501,
-0.03939274698495865,
-0.07092436403036118,
0.03538751229643822,
-0.007244097534567118,
-0.022589832544326782,
-0.02080419473350048,
0.05650269240140915,
0.030057253316044807,
-0.038491882383823395,
-0.02669594995677471,
0.029721969738602638,
-0.03558260202407837,
-0.019766684621572495,
-0.0037431386299431324,
-0.01106260996311903,
-0.032361723482608795,
0.08308861404657364,
0.025481360033154488,
0.06441255658864975,
0.08548109233379364,
-0.005130499601364136,
-0.027927258983254433,
-0.008196581155061722,
0.08169679343700409,
0.05666237324476242,
0.037093907594680786,
-0.006242598406970501,
0.06310348957777023,
-0.039080627262592316,
-0.054926324635744095,
0.024755463004112244,
0.02459767833352089,
-0.030148833990097046,
-0.05373481661081314,
0.024079661816358566,
0.09687811136245728,
0.02328747883439064,
0.07120013982057571,
-0.02494100295007229,
0.011463630013167858,
0.01509926375001669,
0.005439119879156351,
0.004407645668834448,
0.052414651960134506,
0.029167521744966507,
0.015027825720608234,
-0.008100828155875206,
-0.03573127090930939,
0.014172556810081005,
-0.015430185943841934,
0.02796880342066288,
0.014659046195447445,
-0.01957635022699833,
-0.019251734018325806,
-0.015280509367585182,
0.06615003198385239,
0.10918442159891129,
-0.022748172283172607,
-0.025900227949023247,
-0.0032737315632402897,
0.008701779879629612,
0.015027027577161789,
0.03067012131214142,
-0.024473678320646286,
-0.04744657129049301,
0.0343601368367672,
-0.053709086030721664,
0.03478941693902016,
0.02245219424366951,
-0.014754450879991055,
0.02087041363120079,
-0.01911127381026745,
-0.02229902148246765,
0.009069923311471939,
0.0077892630361020565,
-0.044074662029743195,
-0.047402601689100266,
-0.040279142558574677,
-0.05390169471502304,
-0.06719570606946945,
-0.04516895115375519,
0.03812147676944733,
0.009052586741745472,
0.0027913583908230066,
0.03972574323415756,
-0.02666572481393814,
0.009617251344025135,
0.033087849617004395,
-0.0660463497042656,
0.025419432669878006,
0.030602313578128815,
-0.00006448507338063791,
0.0041377306915819645,
0.04004647955298424,
0.03611504286527634,
-0.023407232016324997,
-0.03498758748173714,
0.039936378598213196,
0.016218343749642372,
0.004642948973923922,
-0.019264940172433853,
0.002755142282694578,
-0.10683393478393555,
0.02019134908914566,
0.010450280271470547,
-0.012781811878085136,
-0.0793154165148735,
0.05204255133867264,
-0.030216338112950325,
0.03167741373181343,
0.057910796254873276,
-0.008236669935286045,
0.03573540598154068,
-0.06389080733060837,
-0.004903406370431185,
-0.01449657417833805,
0.017092518508434296,
0.04866686463356018,
-0.011033492162823677,
0.05491071194410324,
0.03252246975898743,
-0.00563271576538682,
-0.030661553144454956,
0.015199275687336922,
-0.030720548704266548,
-0.006435626186430454,
-0.011457427404820919,
-0.020267879590392113,
-0.0203696396201849,
-0.09585997462272644,
-0.01784437894821167,
0.009655045345425606,
-0.005214969627559185,
-0.03025067411363125,
0.00727445725351572,
-0.014150937087833881,
0.008786582387983799,
-0.018225815147161484,
-0.013205933384597301,
-0.039925482124090195,
-0.018318647518754005,
-0.03845007345080376,
-0.055181827396154404,
0.027681024745106697,
-0.03180116042494774,
0.03262883797287941,
-0.017898162826895714,
-0.0475994348526001,
-0.01336591225117445,
0.011288625188171864,
0.060237813740968704,
-0.0003233164025004953,
-0.006922171451151371,
-0.021938884630799294
] |
281 |
LLaVA-Mini: Efficient Image and Video Large Multimodal Models with One Vision Token
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=UQJ7CDW8nb
|
[
"Shaolei Zhang",
"Qingkai Fang",
"Zhe Yang",
"Yang Feng"
] |
Poster
|
The advent of real-time large multimodal models (LMMs) like GPT-4o has sparked considerable interest in efficient LMMs. LMM frameworks typically encode visual inputs into vision tokens (continuous representations) and integrate them and textual instructions into the context of large language models (LLMs), where large-scale parameters and numerous context tokens (predominantly vision tokens) result in substantial computational overhead. Previous efforts towards efficient LMMs always focus on replacing the LLM backbone with smaller models, while neglecting the crucial issue of token quantity. In this paper, we introduce LLaVA-Mini, an efficient LMM with minimal vision tokens. To achieve a high compression ratio of vision tokens while preserving visual information, we first analyze how LMMs understand vision tokens and find that most vision tokens only play a crucial role in the early layers of LLM backbone, where they mainly fuse visual information into text tokens. Building on this finding, LLaVA-Mini introduces modality pre-fusion to fuse visual information into text tokens in advance, thereby facilitating the extreme compression of vision tokens fed to LLM backbone into one token. LLaVA-Mini is a unified large multimodal model that can support the understanding of images, high-resolution images, and videos in an efficient manner. Experiments across 11 image-based and 7 video-based benchmarks demonstrate that LLaVA-Mini outperforms LLaVA-v1.5 with just 1 vision token instead of 576. Efficiency analyses reveal that LLaVA-Mini can reduce FLOPs by 77%, deliver low-latency responses within 40 milliseconds, and process over 10,000 frames of video on the GPU hardware with 24GB of memory.
|
Large Multimodal Models, Large Language Models
| null | 13,752 | null |
[
0.009340420365333557,
-0.020433813333511353,
-0.0035682928282767534,
0.03555597737431526,
0.012887698598206043,
0.03994230553507805,
-0.01773989200592041,
0.046599023044109344,
-0.05189390107989311,
-0.02068517543375492,
-0.027925506234169006,
-0.0028799655847251415,
-0.05407391116023064,
0.02079453505575657,
-0.011460469104349613,
0.05243457481265068,
0.02134937234222889,
-0.011118961498141289,
0.04006894677877426,
0.05050474777817726,
-0.020856725051999092,
-0.006680880207568407,
0.0331973098218441,
0.0326971672475338,
0.012343715876340866,
0.001978357322514057,
0.036167990416288376,
0.04271502420306206,
-0.05791300907731056,
-0.005578701384365559,
0.023787252604961395,
-0.021045424044132233,
0.015368051826953888,
-0.020294366404414177,
0.049040939658880234,
-0.012504607439041138,
-0.06965228170156479,
0.02161458693444729,
0.0248193871229887,
0.03405620902776718,
-0.026330823078751564,
0.007582030259072781,
0.007430957164615393,
-0.011400680989027023,
-0.05113659054040909,
0.015031140297651291,
-0.08705633133649826,
0.03900592401623726,
0.005353498738259077,
-0.010282545350492,
-0.08546934276819229,
0.025929776951670647,
-0.021046489477157593,
0.009534383192658424,
0.022308720275759697,
0.015979548916220665,
0.019930019974708557,
-0.061042800545692444,
-0.014637460000813007,
-0.04300480708479881,
-0.0301947183907032,
-0.009594442322850227,
0.04080798104405403,
-0.0047006490640342236,
-0.008704188279807568,
-0.02600901946425438,
0.01579333283007145,
0.03106399066746235,
-0.053007449954748154,
-0.07383640855550766,
0.010260370559990406,
0.01488147396594286,
-0.03137946501374245,
-0.018845323473215103,
-0.007383688353002071,
-0.04809574782848358,
0.013006383553147316,
-0.019429011270403862,
0.08190185576677322,
-0.01868188939988613,
0.014032657258212566,
0.017709514126181602,
0.0035882587544620037,
0.08408165723085403,
0.005034673493355513,
0.038134705275297165,
-0.018676457926630974,
-0.027184734120965004,
-0.07489391416311264,
0.04546111077070236,
-0.039970021694898605,
-0.03755934163928032,
0.004679450299590826,
0.05183958262205124,
-0.013812743127346039,
0.007640677969902754,
0.017612960189580917,
0.018243245780467987,
-0.0003658158821053803,
0.01117449440062046,
0.007987262681126595,
-0.042176488786935806,
0.01015778910368681,
-0.021363019943237305,
-0.09527189284563065,
-0.015382443554699421,
-0.04261625185608864,
-0.005900153890252113,
0.001253451220691204,
0.01987302303314209,
-0.038654714822769165,
-0.02217598631978035,
0.005471065640449524,
-0.014751468785107136,
-0.06873840093612671,
0.04048014059662819,
-0.00705206161364913,
0.0005230047972872853,
-0.022356346249580383,
0.009272280149161816,
0.06219213455915451,
0.07583329826593399,
-0.006850271485745907,
0.05652638524770737,
0.004626426380127668,
0.013289116322994232,
0.015865441411733627,
0.024242032319307327,
-0.022681429982185364,
-0.0342073030769825,
0.023913081735372543,
0.02680097706615925,
0.011108984239399433,
0.013363958336412907,
0.021236343309283257,
-0.006741294637322426,
0.01726134493947029,
-0.005984201095998287,
0.043196145445108414,
-0.059170857071876526,
0.019095106050372124,
-0.022838212549686432,
0.04514510929584503,
-0.040548309683799744,
0.0974804237484932,
0.014276484027504921,
0.01616589166224003,
-0.02939339354634285,
-0.05636541545391083,
-0.03884321078658104,
0.018380213528871536,
-0.03118179179728031,
0.0021581172477453947,
-0.04028380662202835,
0.031219657510519028,
0.06467967480421066,
0.017410924658179283,
-0.010663744062185287,
0.02411099150776863,
-0.0030437216628342867,
0.004119177348911762,
-0.01779128797352314,
-0.03889214247465134,
0.022455034777522087,
-0.029188206419348717,
-0.04612460732460022,
0.040258824825286865,
0.02442079596221447,
-0.024989480152726173,
0.011377712711691856,
-0.04263082519173622,
-0.05032721906900406,
0.03983777016401291,
0.00035339457099325955,
-0.04948543384671211,
0.03740519657731056,
0.06934364885091782,
0.012564099393785,
0.013642938807606697,
0.042102549225091934,
-0.07100649178028107,
-0.004722703713923693,
0.011007514782249928,
-0.014202987775206566,
0.020769180729985237,
-0.020512480288743973,
0.09014171361923218,
-0.046427171677351,
-0.03807716444134712,
-0.025612734258174896,
-0.08232725411653519,
0.02042122557759285,
0.023988425731658936,
0.019585976377129555,
0.05855131521821022,
-0.01764889620244503,
-0.01591533236205578,
0.024938179180026054,
0.06534091383218765,
0.042333006858825684,
0.03062179870903492,
-0.012579281814396381,
0.06712677329778671,
-0.029751723632216454,
-0.026898322626948357,
-0.011040727607905865,
0.061278920620679855,
-0.02765166573226452,
-0.05633313208818436,
-0.012671079486608505,
-0.014022826217114925,
-0.011173350736498833,
0.020190875977277756,
0.029356207698583603,
0.01640813797712326,
0.01572527177631855,
0.0033423590939491987,
-0.012928585521876812,
0.021080244332551956,
-0.043042343109846115,
0.02708323672413826,
0.014694102108478546,
-0.03366352245211601,
-0.007528739050030708,
-0.019270161166787148,
0.09189856797456741,
0.0396568663418293,
-0.046862415969371796,
-0.010401424020528793,
-0.007968899793922901,
-0.005507135298103094,
-0.0028593142051249743,
-0.012960593216121197,
-0.023897890001535416,
-0.005725073162466288,
-0.05411825329065323,
0.02470553107559681,
-0.014924650080502033,
0.06549268215894699,
-0.048331160098314285,
-0.0306552704423666,
0.0434524230659008,
0.0011170579819008708,
0.027163328602910042,
0.0011983639560639858,
-0.0019662475679069757,
0.05677695572376251,
-0.025189675390720367,
0.0014756524469703436,
-0.010100548155605793,
-0.013341368176043034,
0.0019884889479726553,
0.0009878320852294564,
-0.003105170326307416,
0.016871705651283264,
-0.06117163598537445,
-0.025951197370886803,
-0.030451925471425056,
0.050943080335855484,
0.057834692299366,
0.034367118030786514,
0.04029737412929535,
0.015104343183338642,
-0.012407775968313217,
-0.04050596430897713,
-0.1077030748128891,
-0.034528933465480804,
-0.010033867321908474,
0.04172877222299576,
-0.004000756423920393,
0.047655317932367325,
0.03611944243311882,
0.007472099270671606,
-0.0269471425563097,
0.009770345874130726,
-0.002483888529241085,
0.04800155758857727,
0.012479906901717186,
-0.056540459394454956,
-0.013311835937201977,
0.007074572611600161,
0.06334177404642105,
0.03333328291773796,
-0.024881426244974136,
-0.04195208474993706,
-0.02284121885895729,
0.015605033375322819,
-0.043211668729782104,
0.0035569798201322556,
-0.018823079764842987,
0.021166957914829254,
0.028345007449388504,
-0.02326047420501709,
0.004671698436141014,
0.014687100425362587,
0.06370220333337784,
0.04575985297560692,
-0.028904927894473076,
-0.03911076486110687,
0.01746336929500103,
-0.005018848460167646,
0.027670715004205704,
0.019177740439772606,
-0.0033692349679768085,
-0.036129068583250046,
-0.015466547571122646,
0.02715744450688362,
-0.021845076233148575,
-0.28110072016716003,
0.0018298682989552617,
0.026111716404557228,
-0.027825219556689262,
0.03850632533431053,
-0.04753138870000839,
0.016657568514347076,
-0.025709418579936028,
-0.014221074059605598,
-0.002414075192064047,
0.00979703851044178,
0.03905855864286423,
-0.01695667952299118,
0.01422460563480854,
0.0431845597922802,
0.041618671268224716,
-0.027775103226304054,
-0.019859692081809044,
0.018914861604571342,
0.032001007348299026,
-0.0014831408625468612,
-0.08737510442733765,
-0.03218899667263031,
0.03842318430542946,
-0.02032996527850628,
0.01664796657860279,
-0.07994068413972855,
-0.004146308172494173,
-0.02749497815966606,
0.0022352859377861023,
-0.0005498638493008912,
-0.01608722284436226,
-0.00790136493742466,
0.05359285697340965,
-0.0237735603004694,
0.031192811205983162,
0.07940357178449631,
-0.02816888689994812,
0.03174775466322899,
-0.033843375742435455,
0.03336220607161522,
-0.01592370681464672,
-0.01651967130601406,
0.013821299187839031,
0.07314062863588333,
0.003554008435457945,
-0.04720275476574898,
-0.020157936960458755,
-0.016211101785302162,
0.021974412724375725,
-0.008844255469739437,
-0.030276020988821983,
-0.019241217523813248,
0.019349100068211555,
-0.008659697137773037,
-0.018859947100281715,
-0.004783253651112318,
0.004860348533838987,
-0.02103915438055992,
0.020771007984876633,
-0.02193419821560383,
-0.04828982055187225,
-0.046320050954818726,
-0.03137139976024628,
-0.025366637855768204,
-0.03334911912679672,
-0.04594448581337929,
-0.057180192321538925,
0.042806223034858704,
0.03959256038069725,
0.003459049854427576,
0.017530350014567375,
-0.03855655714869499,
-0.0937739685177803,
0.005504088941961527,
-0.004206123296171427,
-0.014002904295921326,
0.000340995320584625,
-0.018249766901135445,
0.07647115737199783,
-0.01803470030426979,
-0.05300784856081009,
0.03058050386607647,
-0.005669977981597185,
0.00917375460267067,
-0.04045552387833595,
-0.007022869307547808,
-0.03032214567065239,
0.02403966523706913,
-0.021030254662036896,
0.036012813448905945,
-0.004091949202120304,
-0.004892928991466761,
-0.004707615356892347,
0.037657927721738815,
-0.005525724031031132,
0.029863405972719193,
0.06068369001150131,
0.020981892943382263,
0.024137474596500397,
0.02720751240849495,
-0.05636649206280708,
-0.025346364825963974,
-0.05084472522139549,
-0.04277099668979645,
0.04171855375170708,
-0.02515450306236744,
-0.020133404061198235,
0.05476067587733269,
0.009453454986214638,
-0.042149074375629425,
-0.020912956446409225,
0.03186802938580513,
-0.019043665379285812,
-0.018234580755233765,
0.004019793588668108,
0.026244940236210823,
0.03207775950431824,
0.03217565268278122,
-0.021866848692297935,
-0.03638540208339691,
0.021386712789535522,
-0.02973642200231552,
-0.01705740951001644,
0.003529362380504608,
-0.002005932852625847,
-0.016398008912801743,
-0.006187051068991423,
-0.062151599675416946,
0.0030409954488277435,
0.008224502205848694,
0.03477892652153969,
0.019441552460193634,
0.0043321275152266026,
0.05873296782374382,
-0.026026006788015366,
0.009633643552660942,
-0.003553802380338311,
0.052803076803684235,
-0.03398241847753525,
0.029901934787631035,
-0.04887663200497627,
0.012480963952839375,
0.029958924278616905,
0.014666739851236343,
0.020449886098504066,
0.015828881412744522,
0.026507865637540817,
-0.012072871439158916,
-0.018454670906066895,
0.024900654330849648,
-0.08454098552465439,
-0.052122026681900024,
-0.021881047636270523,
0.01280042715370655,
-0.031714532524347305,
-0.02284299209713936,
-0.014740785583853722,
0.024233294650912285,
-0.08179599046707153,
0.05365704745054245,
0.04533454775810242,
-0.01779782399535179,
0.00518381129950285,
0.034284885972738266,
0.037928637117147446,
0.023230351507663727,
-0.012262442149221897,
0.040442027151584625,
0.015768136829137802,
-0.015914741903543472,
-0.03815735504031181,
-0.028600117191672325,
-0.038994625210762024,
-0.015018285252153873,
0.03554140403866768,
-0.0036811602767556906,
0.0023147568572312593,
-0.03946337848901749,
0.052700646221637726,
0.015169771388173103,
-0.009439610876142979,
0.03222859650850296,
0.00007498357445001602,
0.07185442000627518,
0.012648520059883595,
-0.04571026191115379,
0.005451344884932041,
-0.028206946328282356,
0.03411231189966202,
0.016828371211886406,
0.030144577845931053,
-0.011431229300796986,
-0.030027691274881363,
-0.03242724761366844,
-0.03758426383137703,
0.0036574124824255705,
0.0042235408909618855,
-0.01572461426258087,
-0.03112119995057583,
-0.0028397548012435436,
0.034275684505701065,
-0.04822567477822304,
-0.0278115626424551,
0.011643001809716225,
-0.047486089169979095,
0.01362479105591774,
0.03255581110715866,
-0.03900504484772682,
0.009691755287349224,
-0.027515161782503128,
-0.02405734173953533,
-0.03159863129258156,
-0.0019961060024797916,
0.005334092304110527,
-0.0038285262417048216,
-0.012811294756829739,
-0.011399836279451847,
-0.002158082090318203,
-0.029764831066131592,
-0.003878258867189288,
0.004338226281106472,
-0.03224634379148483,
-0.006464906502515078,
-0.023470522835850716,
0.05081973224878311,
-0.015961548313498497,
0.005710997153073549,
0.0036791767925024033,
-0.018368389457464218,
0.04591065272688866,
-0.060414135456085205,
0.005476764868944883,
0.06784123182296753,
-0.01217736303806305,
0.06056749075651169,
-0.017632214352488518,
0.029680294916033745,
0.016560086980462074,
-0.01311216875910759,
0.011968901380896568,
0.029940186068415642,
-0.04415247216820717,
0.041758377104997635,
0.008773382753133774,
0.05354771763086319,
0.006733442656695843,
0.03572060167789459,
-0.007488112431019545,
0.007416548673063517,
-0.012726807035505772,
-0.0180679801851511,
-0.029327204450964928,
-0.0021152189001441,
0.04314615577459335,
-0.057581230998039246,
-0.00283500156365335,
-0.05163967236876488,
-0.04010964184999466,
0.012965759262442589,
-0.026010869070887566,
0.012536856345832348,
-0.010368050076067448,
0.044087689369916916,
0.03461908549070358,
0.0457821860909462,
0.016212694346904755,
-0.038785967975854874,
0.04133237898349762,
-0.03820967301726341,
0.012631370685994625,
-0.046652086079120636,
-0.04603730887174606,
0.02618773654103279,
-0.05129775404930115,
0.027279436588287354,
-0.008218999020755291,
-0.07132025808095932,
0.03279910609126091,
-0.02833443507552147,
-0.03446221724152565,
0.019983572885394096,
-0.029844528064131737,
-0.0011472078040242195,
0.03164113312959671,
-0.022343456745147705,
0.021468928083777428,
-0.0076241702772676945,
-0.01824755221605301,
-0.0012622115900740027,
-0.026593202725052834,
0.030558057129383087,
-0.005978497210890055,
0.021127978339791298,
-0.011375751346349716,
0.001077612629160285,
0.023927945643663406,
0.03403394669294357,
-0.001143153291195631,
0.015483404509723186,
0.010555043816566467,
0.06085725873708725,
0.02776288613677025,
-0.006051523145288229,
0.020568938925862312,
-0.011544954963028431,
-0.04088418930768967,
-0.04335266351699829,
0.053888265043497086,
0.0035543455742299557,
-0.032120682299137115,
-0.07551942765712738,
0.06585373729467392,
0.054279010742902756,
-0.04634317755699158,
-0.012054919265210629,
0.017836512997746468,
-0.030092228204011917,
0.00026764077483676374,
-0.029958829283714294,
0.01777510531246662,
-0.0001403238420607522,
0.06443589925765991,
-0.020432155579328537,
0.054166458547115326,
0.08099672198295593,
0.009680431336164474,
-0.012153415940701962,
0.01880914717912674,
0.0627661943435669,
0.0566711388528347,
0.03737744688987732,
0.004531028214842081,
0.07754045724868774,
-0.04352178797125816,
-0.03197978809475899,
0.0515870600938797,
0.013447625562548637,
-0.026660289615392685,
-0.03863721340894699,
0.029986169189214706,
0.07556384801864624,
-0.00001934438660100568,
0.06323044747114182,
-0.055229950696229935,
-0.009442636743187904,
0.05676838755607605,
0.015431506559252739,
-0.001444216351956129,
0.04149828478693962,
0.04067422077059746,
-0.017865439876914024,
-0.02474529854953289,
-0.012272289022803307,
-0.02091069146990776,
-0.019374484196305275,
0.02416025847196579,
-0.0005776515463367105,
-0.021865371614694595,
0.02548881061375141,
-0.049456045031547546,
0.056650396436452866,
0.09595688432455063,
-0.018965525552630424,
-0.05619547516107559,
-0.013681547716259956,
0.00026437061023898423,
0.028240809217095375,
0.05230401083827019,
-0.01657959818840027,
-0.006371389143168926,
0.03565763682126999,
-0.03151371330022812,
0.04857166111469269,
0.04021075740456581,
-0.01418361347168684,
0.006835195701569319,
-0.027293596416711807,
-0.041088592261075974,
0.021302539855241776,
0.013140121474862099,
-0.06501370668411255,
-0.006444919388741255,
-0.07091712206602097,
-0.04889604076743126,
-0.06450658291578293,
-0.010157926939427853,
0.014219843782484531,
0.037043437361717224,
-0.06002598628401756,
-0.016774000599980354,
-0.023202015087008476,
0.03925234451889992,
0.04166903346776962,
-0.05907877907156944,
-0.003201510524377227,
0.03404465317726135,
-0.005259132012724876,
-0.018672578036785126,
0.058544453233480453,
0.015172385610640049,
-0.024045472964644432,
-0.006430814974009991,
0.034039370715618134,
0.06631924957036972,
0.007750995922833681,
-0.01919151470065117,
-0.03685859218239784,
-0.0924934595823288,
0.0027722944505512714,
0.049816619604825974,
-0.02828908897936344,
-0.0607382096350193,
-0.007631986401975155,
-0.0321960374712944,
0.031119918450713158,
0.09949074685573578,
-0.0031561146024614573,
0.04173734784126282,
-0.05531450733542442,
-0.030549369752407074,
-0.03128589689731598,
0.021335743367671967,
0.05171091854572296,
0.007879115641117096,
0.058983977884054184,
0.018010152503848076,
-0.002880288753658533,
-0.02007090114057064,
0.031830158084630966,
0.004388831090182066,
0.026671109721064568,
-0.0030457463581115007,
0.013718998990952969,
-0.04208365082740784,
-0.08534892648458481,
-0.016248559579253197,
0.05392465740442276,
-0.00493872445076704,
-0.04867812991142273,
-0.012274525128304958,
-0.025868402794003487,
-0.017689140513539314,
-0.028592461720108986,
0.010655204765498638,
-0.025869593024253845,
-0.03582526743412018,
-0.0347372330725193,
-0.07888351380825043,
0.03420297056436539,
-0.03835665434598923,
0.005428589880466461,
0.013413683511316776,
-0.024972932413220406,
-0.004515467677265406,
0.03498315438628197,
0.017416007816791534,
-0.007518986240029335,
0.022193055599927902,
-0.016188252717256546
] |
282 |
URLOST: Unsupervised Representation Learning without Stationarity or Topology
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=MBBRHDuiwM
|
[
"Zeyu Yun",
"Juexiao Zhang",
"Yann LeCun",
"Yubei Chen"
] |
Poster
|
Unsupervised representation learning has seen tremendous progress. However, it is constrained by its reliance on domain specific stationarity and topology, a limitation not found in biological intelligence systems. For instance, unlike computer vision, human vision can process visual signals sampled from highly irregular and non-stationary sensors. We introduce a novel framework that learns from high-dimensional data without prior knowledge of stationarity and topology. Our model, abbreviated as URLOST, combines a learnable self-organizing layer, spectral clustering, and a masked autoencoder (MAE). We evaluate its effectiveness on three diverse data modalities including simulated biological vision data, neural recordings from the primary visual cortex, and gene expressions. Compared to state-of-the-art unsupervised learning methods like SimCLR and MAE, our model excels at learning meaningful representations across diverse modalities without knowing their stationarity or topology. It also outperforms other methods that are not dependent on these factors, setting a new benchmark in the field. We position this work as a step toward unsupervised learning methods capable of generalizing across diverse high-dimensional data modalities.
|
Unsupervised learning, Self-Supervised Learning, NeuroAI, Multi-Modality, Human Vision, Biologically-inspired Models
| null | 13,751 |
2310.04496
|
[
0.000165487130288966,
-0.032735440880060196,
0.004563885275274515,
0.04272913187742233,
0.012985366396605968,
0.01594374142587185,
0.03430989384651184,
0.026112180203199387,
-0.039718929678201675,
-0.034804634749889374,
-0.008250472135841846,
-0.009295832365751266,
-0.07713773846626282,
0.011634682305157185,
-0.0008979563135653734,
0.048720940947532654,
0.033014751970767975,
-0.0029450207948684692,
-0.008880611509084702,
0.04126729443669319,
-0.009463382884860039,
-0.028377041220664978,
-0.02081439085304737,
0.004024879075586796,
0.03387758880853653,
-0.008519803173840046,
0.016512714326381683,
0.013627168722450733,
-0.008940399624407291,
-0.0016815558774396777,
0.0353107750415802,
-0.0069449241273105145,
0.007090619299560785,
-0.015440886840224266,
0.025596201419830322,
-0.025162415578961372,
-0.04395867884159088,
0.004022982437163591,
-0.004711325280368328,
0.017320336773991585,
-0.04842997342348099,
0.007392105646431446,
-0.004164997022598982,
0.03564554825425148,
-0.04517829790711403,
0.007630860898643732,
-0.13857296109199524,
0.025052163749933243,
0.012881501577794552,
-0.023714439943432808,
-0.0838584303855896,
0.012368862517178059,
0.034673530608415604,
-0.03054730035364628,
-0.024230938404798508,
0.015245669521391392,
0.03905116021633148,
-0.06109107285737991,
-0.022836100310087204,
-0.04806036874651909,
-0.038289908319711685,
0.014041448943316936,
0.02112657204270363,
0.024659328162670135,
-0.034311357885599136,
0.00932786613702774,
0.019887587055563927,
0.05389459431171417,
-0.03680188208818436,
-0.033314067870378494,
-0.013699628412723541,
-0.01873089000582695,
-0.022978251799941063,
0.017699457705020905,
0.0007227700552903116,
-0.03596523404121399,
0.03852325305342674,
-0.002392752096056938,
0.08240820467472076,
0.003030122257769108,
0.023869581520557404,
0.03939732164144516,
0.017032966017723083,
0.0416497178375721,
0.007075832225382328,
-0.006959091406315565,
-0.04002809152007103,
-0.019136762246489525,
-0.08254017680883408,
0.04329586774110794,
-0.051278285682201385,
-0.01940012536942959,
0.027735143899917603,
0.021332446485757828,
0.01825634017586708,
-0.0014661559835076332,
0.029630981385707855,
-0.0009635976748540998,
0.008263172581791878,
-0.014089071191847324,
-0.05024436116218567,
-0.006680030841380358,
0.0019544651731848717,
-0.008605284616351128,
-0.09190860390663147,
-0.005850822199136019,
-0.022968735545873642,
-0.03427080810070038,
-0.01916748285293579,
0.01884506084024906,
-0.048962872475385666,
-0.016180451959371567,
0.030908716842532158,
-0.029719775542616844,
-0.050849173218011856,
0.021934427320957184,
0.0006428422057069838,
0.005994449835270643,
0.011987883597612381,
-0.0017703893827274442,
0.02037706784904003,
0.047712575644254684,
-0.011966574005782604,
0.06606779992580414,
-0.008742846548557281,
0.0029138298705220222,
-0.011403128504753113,
0.015291837975382805,
-0.0705658569931984,
-0.005310541018843651,
0.0011719702742993832,
0.03858650103211403,
-0.024629265069961548,
0.04325290396809578,
0.023902729153633118,
-0.010546951554715633,
0.028174232691526413,
-0.007132239174097776,
0.04507298022508621,
0.007093941327184439,
-0.011106274090707302,
-0.01345552783459425,
0.047318071126937866,
-0.02887691557407379,
0.08268007636070251,
-0.05031992495059967,
-0.01298873033374548,
-0.025427598506212234,
-0.029536735266447067,
-0.007576235570013523,
-0.013585750013589859,
-0.011069757863879204,
-0.01693381555378437,
-0.058345977216959,
0.029230762273073196,
0.05610039830207825,
0.007214335724711418,
0.02140536531805992,
0.02578415721654892,
0.018806301057338715,
0.008967556059360504,
0.015805883333086967,
-0.018397044390439987,
0.007677913643419743,
-0.0009194123558700085,
-0.06787101179361343,
0.039899129420518875,
0.026941517367959023,
-0.03514482453465462,
-0.013743407092988491,
-0.039876557886600494,
-0.0397365465760231,
0.0679071694612503,
-0.014417611993849277,
-0.028422215953469276,
-0.0317750982940197,
0.06471043080091476,
0.010563758201897144,
0.03924977034330368,
0.025610778480768204,
-0.08353551477193832,
0.02636086568236351,
0.018657628446817398,
-0.02725582756102085,
0.0053427256643772125,
-0.05355403572320938,
0.07992775738239288,
-0.02709953300654888,
0.014114262536168098,
0.02072412148118019,
-0.0553746372461319,
-0.030488360673189163,
0.01048507634550333,
-0.015698477625846863,
0.06863908469676971,
0.002556212479248643,
-0.005032629705965519,
0.03393782302737236,
0.01778821460902691,
0.07015558332204819,
0.02113508991897106,
-0.021131714805960655,
0.042998526245355606,
-0.016674485057592392,
-0.02352740243077278,
0.004646731074899435,
0.03850479796528816,
-0.07627883553504944,
-0.035075172781944275,
-0.01956040970981121,
0.005401946138590574,
0.001672457903623581,
0.017975596711039543,
-0.010920904576778412,
0.0014428840950131416,
0.01663961261510849,
0.007392780389636755,
0.004030739888548851,
-0.0016230434412136674,
-0.05023471638560295,
0.03509668633341789,
0.013319573365151882,
-0.03739671781659126,
0.0063951024785637856,
-0.00992659479379654,
0.10586623847484589,
0.08458379656076431,
-0.033235542476177216,
-0.019913963973522186,
-0.012523984536528587,
0.00024998217122629285,
0.008846024051308632,
0.0026506560388952494,
0.00689546437934041,
-0.02431074157357216,
0.019706977531313896,
0.00439712917432189,
-0.05442013964056969,
0.06709466129541397,
-0.05751067027449608,
-0.023329466581344604,
0.06704649329185486,
0.015233473852276802,
0.028191331773996353,
0.024248594418168068,
0.00138469401281327,
0.05123908072710037,
-0.03809177502989769,
-0.01921035349369049,
-0.03646254912018776,
-0.022892886772751808,
-0.004671837203204632,
-0.007009591441601515,
0.000020310748368501663,
0.010227552615106106,
-0.05044048652052879,
-0.014613996259868145,
-0.04053711146116257,
0.07866646349430084,
0.04190756008028984,
-0.0065682316198945045,
0.041010063141584396,
-0.012107137590646744,
-0.03886697068810463,
0.001117957173846662,
-0.11036130040884018,
-0.04438324645161629,
-0.021111004054546356,
0.06535181403160095,
-0.00783796887844801,
0.03715161234140396,
-0.006562771275639534,
0.02474351041018963,
0.026180686429142952,
-0.027521364390850067,
-0.01707909256219864,
0.025955837219953537,
0.009632740169763565,
-0.047094933688640594,
0.019916146993637085,
0.019495058804750443,
0.07188425958156586,
-0.0087619349360466,
-0.01640009693801403,
-0.0542546771466732,
-0.05132404714822769,
-0.016788406297564507,
0.014222082681953907,
-0.0057547553442418575,
0.01163430418819189,
0.04147034138441086,
0.015610161237418652,
-0.008371498435735703,
0.0080527039244771,
0.01687072217464447,
0.06587660312652588,
0.0702238529920578,
0.024391835555434227,
-0.007807475980371237,
0.009225231595337391,
0.0027920298743993044,
0.01823338493704796,
0.011028925888240337,
0.008947230875492096,
-0.005082248710095882,
0.02143239788711071,
0.01656063087284565,
-0.007075570058077574,
-0.259792298078537,
-0.018276020884513855,
0.03559793159365654,
-0.00018835568334907293,
0.0649142935872078,
-0.03723626956343651,
0.01268820371478796,
-0.002540276385843754,
-0.019800856709480286,
0.007591350935399532,
0.02121146395802498,
0.04233052581548691,
-0.00035218047560192645,
0.03863544017076492,
0.050786133855581284,
-0.014594553038477898,
-0.0009367050370201468,
-0.009303144179284573,
0.041384145617485046,
0.029607929289340973,
-0.02906637080013752,
-0.06883342564105988,
-0.01940714195370674,
0.0784514844417572,
-0.059675708413124084,
0.040729064494371414,
-0.06579264998435974,
-0.007766413036733866,
-0.04120709002017975,
-0.02388075366616249,
-0.007803210522979498,
-0.053068775683641434,
0.012604900635778904,
0.06197961047291756,
-0.010174366645514965,
0.017208894714713097,
0.03887929022312164,
0.0013081562938168645,
0.02596641704440117,
0.03222249075770378,
-0.003804827108979225,
-0.02088046818971634,
-0.02360091358423233,
0.03533800691366196,
0.07004443556070328,
0.005795643199235201,
-0.03836345300078392,
-0.0015263604000210762,
-0.0020861541852355003,
0.03366328775882721,
-0.008471136912703514,
-0.001748572918586433,
-0.005837313365191221,
0.00902557373046875,
-0.017326559871435165,
-0.04099290072917938,
0.005486009176820517,
-0.015868203714489937,
-0.02392972633242607,
-0.02027065120637417,
0.007032261695712805,
-0.05414727330207825,
0.007429644465446472,
-0.05682455375790596,
-0.012652871198952198,
-0.028350289911031723,
-0.071140356361866,
-0.05011303350329399,
0.05455811694264412,
0.02470427006483078,
-0.02027021162211895,
0.024241842329502106,
-0.03907354921102524,
-0.09873145073652267,
0.029900304973125458,
0.008955743163824081,
-0.027252085506916046,
-0.027584681287407875,
-0.01761036366224289,
0.028925061225891113,
-0.021941078826785088,
-0.04844002053141594,
-0.005274470895528793,
0.02588324062526226,
0.006567888893187046,
-0.05085592716932297,
0.02941485121846199,
-0.03972790762782097,
-0.02425568550825119,
-0.014874043874442577,
0.0444604754447937,
0.0010270928032696247,
0.0234239399433136,
-0.007746660150587559,
0.032481156289577484,
0.07495314627885818,
0.04016485437750816,
0.05861791968345642,
0.03579976037144661,
-0.0053961630910634995,
0.034267984330654144,
-0.07586774975061417,
-0.027336344122886658,
-0.043508779257535934,
-0.022385073825716972,
0.04409218207001686,
-0.04065552353858948,
-0.018604537472128868,
0.03475223481655121,
-0.005466391798108816,
-0.018665511161088943,
-0.02984839305281639,
-0.010687096044421196,
0.004694313742220402,
0.006366221699863672,
-0.00040052065742202103,
0.0032036597840487957,
-0.0015126940561458468,
0.05826351419091225,
-0.003413564758375287,
-0.03293244168162346,
0.02312079630792141,
0.004325697664171457,
0.01796078123152256,
0.008556165732443333,
-0.04620460420846939,
0.020281082019209862,
-0.014663053676486015,
0.01780014857649803,
-0.011781296692788601,
0.08997499942779541,
0.04676201567053795,
0.0029896327760070562,
0.056146979331970215,
0.06163373216986656,
-0.005896225571632385,
0.009738235734403133,
0.006171242333948612,
0.02213498391211033,
-0.012546146288514137,
0.028180763125419617,
-0.004584289155900478,
0.056175488978624344,
0.0066340467892587185,
0.0032639114651829004,
0.007999982684850693,
-0.025851745158433914,
-0.0022558991331607103,
-0.004872026387602091,
-0.01774538680911064,
-0.003576843533664942,
-0.046902623027563095,
-0.01963694393634796,
-0.03975464403629303,
0.0038611639756709337,
-0.04641624912619591,
0.024523254483938217,
-0.012588574551045895,
-0.005399644374847412,
-0.0627875030040741,
0.03518710285425186,
0.004785181023180485,
-0.028323810547590256,
-0.017518768087029457,
-0.029086807742714882,
0.043454330414533615,
-0.002731453161686659,
-0.017370738089084625,
0.025589605793356895,
0.015376430936157703,
0.031955402344465256,
-0.004668949171900749,
0.017695369198918343,
-0.02372356504201889,
-0.047463420778512955,
-0.0021030318457633257,
-0.022466013208031654,
-0.0009603138896636665,
-0.03791069984436035,
0.06807268410921097,
0.016415933147072792,
-0.007044986356049776,
0.0028084299992769957,
0.008419333025813103,
0.08545497059822083,
0.0028786605689674616,
0.0005091451457701623,
-0.01429129857569933,
-0.040943458676338196,
0.06277139484882355,
0.0045133959501981735,
0.01753302849829197,
-0.0499294139444828,
-0.04899892210960388,
-0.027845220640301704,
-0.05413934215903282,
0.016586562618613243,
0.027738263830542564,
-0.016416268423199654,
-0.0009951564716175199,
-0.009539710357785225,
0.027979351580142975,
-0.04431961476802826,
-0.028385799378156662,
0.0452742725610733,
-0.07868456095457077,
0.026573946699500084,
0.046473365277051926,
-0.040936559438705444,
0.014761184342205524,
-0.04025328904390335,
-0.0301128588616848,
-0.045969408005476,
-0.05609428510069847,
0.019187619909644127,
-0.007022114936262369,
-0.02194831147789955,
-0.04825003072619438,
-0.004979452583938837,
-0.010590357705950737,
0.019313016906380653,
0.014551657252013683,
-0.01829451136291027,
-0.014227325096726418,
-0.024769429117441177,
0.03511691838502884,
-0.02028617449104786,
-0.0022789593786001205,
-0.004700077697634697,
-0.007342788856476545,
0.003804547246545553,
-0.02444930374622345,
0.01056832354515791,
0.052895817905664444,
-0.007618419826030731,
-0.034608714282512665,
-0.014904889278113842,
0.020084088668227196,
-0.007146300747990608,
0.017151327803730965,
0.012673096731305122,
0.02057109959423542,
-0.024820424616336823,
0.027163268998265266,
0.045753080397844315,
0.03197461739182472,
-0.013756374828517437,
-0.010645699687302113,
0.030852442607283592,
0.003862073877826333,
0.02486627921462059,
-0.009249153546988964,
-0.04295920953154564,
-0.025279708206653595,
0.06266920268535614,
-0.021230926737189293,
-0.01579076237976551,
-0.06949149072170258,
-0.007686281576752663,
0.029389843344688416,
0.005435547325760126,
0.009776229038834572,
-0.004430318716913462,
0.04126432538032532,
0.02262185513973236,
0.03408454731106758,
-0.007310283370316029,
-0.022923465818166733,
0.04985979571938515,
-0.050417203456163406,
0.029960570856928825,
-0.04162154346704483,
-0.056254368275403976,
0.07812854647636414,
-0.033969447016716,
0.023676259443163872,
-0.008808202110230923,
-0.01900641620159149,
0.02942361682653427,
-0.043968696147203445,
-0.05337803438305855,
0.016965573653578758,
-0.022098330780863762,
0.0013203896814957261,
0.027078434824943542,
-0.024238063022494316,
0.018389279022812843,
-0.029183421283960342,
-0.06136292591691017,
-0.00888507254421711,
0.013730176724493504,
0.05409732088446617,
-0.0015964305493980646,
0.02367803268134594,
-0.009360325522720814,
0.048088863492012024,
0.01693243905901909,
0.09549762308597565,
0.017020462080836296,
0.03788871690630913,
-0.05282745882868767,
0.0822538286447525,
0.04269922524690628,
-0.012906963005661964,
0.005305027589201927,
-0.01449702586978674,
0.017351701855659485,
-0.042397670447826385,
0.028428932651877403,
-0.014240339398384094,
-0.01599898561835289,
-0.04872095584869385,
0.0397794283926487,
0.011946463957428932,
-0.03356347978115082,
-0.0038659460842609406,
0.030882228165864944,
-0.04638766497373581,
0.03884699568152428,
0.004271743819117546,
0.01293240301311016,
0.004514372907578945,
0.0618358813226223,
0.004354787524789572,
0.05781659111380577,
0.08085273206233978,
0.021629279479384422,
-0.007058394607156515,
-0.0065694330260157585,
0.04662233963608742,
0.06487381458282471,
-0.0001938455825438723,
-0.01755240559577942,
0.08301308006048203,
-0.043590396642684937,
-0.030687008053064346,
0.031053543090820312,
-0.011118979193270206,
0.011415897868573666,
-0.04976959526538849,
0.029945814982056618,
0.07658247649669647,
0.012362704612314701,
0.06228725239634514,
-0.08194556832313538,
-0.00641239807009697,
0.042122986167669296,
0.008999580517411232,
-0.013026745058596134,
0.018259620293974876,
0.04324346408247948,
0.004513651132583618,
-0.0033045881427824497,
0.004170844331383705,
-0.03066227026283741,
-0.030731167644262314,
0.024174068123102188,
0.012929770164191723,
0.0007628472521901131,
0.018790626898407936,
-0.014118827879428864,
0.051813509315252304,
0.09006574749946594,
-0.02642623707652092,
-0.03440680727362633,
0.0072905211709439754,
0.019865304231643677,
-0.009754414670169353,
0.04576601833105087,
-0.0005332523141987622,
-0.024274054914712906,
0.004323831293731928,
-0.03986280784010887,
0.04575067386031151,
-0.0020454677287489176,
0.03613264486193657,
0.01538810133934021,
-0.03869147598743439,
-0.06602510809898376,
-0.013584581203758717,
0.007001329679042101,
-0.013846085406839848,
-0.0357082225382328,
-0.029902154579758644,
-0.012739729136228561,
-0.05194580927491188,
-0.06906233727931976,
0.02133657969534397,
0.016220396384596825,
-0.049301400780677795,
-0.03673383593559265,
-0.028270648792386055,
0.028217650949954987,
0.034360792487859726,
-0.04627774655818939,
0.03888837993144989,
0.045334454625844955,
0.008595404215157032,
-0.012394328601658344,
0.0297224260866642,
0.00973601546138525,
0.0005834805779159069,
-0.032966431230306625,
0.049802206456661224,
-0.02626229077577591,
0.02348596602678299,
-0.03823813050985336,
-0.016512807458639145,
-0.09859775006771088,
0.04346907511353493,
0.020042214542627335,
-0.02190222032368183,
-0.09632351994514465,
0.03371039405465126,
-0.035151157528162,
0.06466919183731079,
0.0565660260617733,
-0.023164117708802223,
-0.003967611584812403,
-0.05958060920238495,
-0.0012897879350930452,
-0.025603119283914566,
-0.004283662885427475,
0.0702512264251709,
-0.021896202117204666,
0.03878245875239372,
0.06276196986436844,
0.023416807875037193,
-0.014728937298059464,
0.033536963164806366,
-0.01164179015904665,
-0.002387130632996559,
-0.03278486058115959,
-0.05755366012454033,
-0.021810660138726234,
-0.11258997768163681,
-0.04008388891816139,
0.029044849798083305,
-0.01676054671406746,
-0.057514872401952744,
-0.012114737182855606,
-0.02432788722217083,
-0.02110174670815468,
-0.025969253852963448,
-0.014328192919492722,
-0.006222046911716461,
-0.018578579649329185,
-0.03687317669391632,
-0.0642954558134079,
0.013069364242255688,
-0.008532469160854816,
0.01919187605381012,
-0.0386071614921093,
-0.012601436115801334,
-0.02020777016878128,
-0.013916101306676865,
-0.005072322208434343,
0.02284827269613743,
0.015210838988423347,
-0.0035833874717354774
] |
283 |
One-for-All Few-Shot Anomaly Detection via Instance-Induced Prompt Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=Zzs3JwknAY
|
[
"Wenxi Lv",
"Qinliang Su",
"Wenchao Xu"
] |
Poster
|
Anomaly detection methods under the 'one-for-all' paradigm aim to develop a unified model capable of detecting anomalies across multiple classes. However, these approaches typically require a large number of normal samples for model training, which may not always be feasible in practice. Few-shot anomaly detection methods can address scenarios with limited data but often require a tailored model for each class, struggling within the 'one-for-one' paradigm. In this paper, we first proposed the one-for-all few-shot anomaly detection method with the assistance of vision-language model. Different from previous CLIP-based methods learning fix prompts for each class, our method learn a class-shared prompt generator to adaptively generate suitable prompt for each instance. The prompt generator is trained by aligning the prompts with the visual space and utilizing guidance from general textual descriptions of normality and abnormality. Furthermore, we address the mismatch problem of the memory bank within one-for-all paradigm. Extensive experimental results on MVTec and VisA demonstrate the superiority of our method in few-shot anomaly detection task under the one-for-all paradigm.
|
Anomaly detection, few-shot, vision-language model
| null | 13,750 | null |
[
0.0016706101596355438,
-0.02835899218916893,
-0.014080900698900223,
0.035495251417160034,
0.04106398671865463,
0.0017406559782102704,
0.045903656631708145,
0.0054377405904233456,
-0.03607214614748955,
-0.010953923687338829,
-0.05283329635858536,
0.030886024236679077,
-0.07248044013977051,
-0.017889633774757385,
0.0029789155814796686,
0.022580569609999657,
0.016071530058979988,
-0.0070985364727675915,
0.022000232711434364,
0.01688278093934059,
0.0017480927053838968,
-0.021966831758618355,
0.05826210603117943,
-0.010016705840826035,
-0.01008740533143282,
-0.021725814789533615,
0.033223822712898254,
-0.004521756432950497,
-0.07014665752649307,
0.008883031085133553,
0.03693945333361626,
0.013948893174529076,
0.0029713809490203857,
-0.03431221842765808,
0.03970346227288246,
0.01608867198228836,
-0.03501024842262268,
0.017291320487856865,
0.014871872961521149,
0.02762553095817566,
-0.023925378918647766,
0.004861101973801851,
-0.016341127455234528,
-0.0024785262066870928,
-0.07398350536823273,
-0.011041007936000824,
-0.11025351285934448,
0.03240988403558731,
0.03291378542780876,
-0.01868741773068905,
-0.08557463437318802,
0.03361530601978302,
0.011595724150538445,
-0.02071545459330082,
0.031918950378894806,
0.03806959465146065,
0.036489665508270264,
-0.08450905978679657,
-0.01386871188879013,
-0.04547138884663582,
-0.029961900785565376,
0.02161340042948723,
0.0049758232198655605,
0.010462365113198757,
-0.0051305838860571384,
-0.0014819528441876173,
0.040494926273822784,
0.036691803485155106,
-0.01855170540511608,
-0.04053254798054695,
-0.01004116889089346,
0.014935015700757504,
-0.01550206821411848,
0.010529694147408009,
-0.002803902607411146,
-0.017704127356410027,
0.049816977232694626,
-0.012560498900711536,
0.04359285905957222,
-0.011668307706713676,
0.031081104651093483,
0.005729760974645615,
0.03741730749607086,
0.03322470188140869,
0.012118425220251083,
-0.011313834227621555,
-0.05007524415850639,
-0.012556214816868305,
-0.022489672526717186,
0.03662476688623428,
0.0011645799968391657,
-0.03986804187297821,
0.03146517276763916,
0.05004262551665306,
0.012949291616678238,
0.012005272321403027,
0.010893099009990692,
-0.006415389012545347,
0.001689811353571713,
-0.016717374324798584,
-0.010071218013763428,
-0.0020117126405239105,
-0.0016038563335314393,
0.027184631675481796,
-0.09501653164625168,
0.014477542601525784,
-0.005423754919320345,
-0.02878754585981369,
-0.05281835421919823,
0.012164365500211716,
-0.03722009062767029,
0.007236074190586805,
0.016398079693317413,
-0.0024266536347568035,
-0.09368674457073212,
0.03097013384103775,
-0.008125046268105507,
0.0030292472802102566,
0.008100048638880253,
-0.007299935445189476,
0.05280114337801933,
0.0455518513917923,
0.012858035042881966,
0.05480171740055084,
-0.0034641542006284,
0.006135888397693634,
0.007100993301719427,
0.04244150221347809,
-0.016464266926050186,
-0.014585969038307667,
-0.008634436875581741,
0.05161350220441818,
0.019832341000437737,
0.029343919828534126,
0.01785794086754322,
0.003132060868665576,
0.006956131663173437,
-0.018724368885159492,
0.013763541355729103,
-0.0045416345819830894,
0.0369483157992363,
0.005317296367138624,
0.04574843496084213,
-0.014781661331653595,
0.051248516887426376,
-0.017576197162270546,
-0.02921004220843315,
0.01079539954662323,
-0.03807789087295532,
0.007319070398807526,
-0.0025200669188052416,
-0.020800070837140083,
0.007717023137956858,
-0.08018948137760162,
0.006860196124762297,
0.07927201688289642,
0.02828456275165081,
0.04197096452116966,
0.0028724127914756536,
-0.00710746506229043,
0.0013828010996803641,
0.012221934273838997,
-0.051447395235300064,
0.03106999583542347,
0.0017530323239043355,
-0.06805949658155441,
0.036372244358062744,
0.014562930911779404,
-0.012169907800853252,
0.03738177940249443,
-0.040931928902864456,
-0.08481021970510483,
0.05044093355536461,
-0.027652854099869728,
-0.022110575810074806,
0.01507495529949665,
0.04882297292351723,
-0.012113373726606369,
0.049953214824199677,
0.04791098088026047,
-0.08280739188194275,
0.017668303102254868,
-0.0012577336747199297,
-0.006608698051422834,
0.01730862818658352,
-0.01893475092947483,
0.06342961639165878,
-0.008829549886286259,
-0.0008682708721607924,
-0.015787603333592415,
-0.06918365508317947,
-0.02253420650959015,
0.05547390878200531,
-0.01051249634474516,
0.06368216872215271,
0.014852453954517841,
0.004740225151181221,
0.04336849972605705,
0.0007794342818669975,
0.04228735342621803,
0.060002315789461136,
-0.025576354935765266,
0.029475528746843338,
0.0027875141240656376,
-0.020627211779356003,
-0.007295433431863785,
0.03164452686905861,
-0.04347304254770279,
-0.04603001847863197,
-0.008045735768973827,
-0.03316739946603775,
0.04139486327767372,
0.009985946118831635,
0.02552933804690838,
0.030370239168405533,
0.035840630531311035,
0.015210522338747978,
-0.008633172139525414,
0.02866096794605255,
-0.09073487669229507,
0.035205136984586716,
-0.01627424545586109,
-0.04101301357150078,
-0.003945133648812771,
-0.002374437404796481,
0.09942159056663513,
0.05780103802680969,
-0.055525779724121094,
0.008703376166522503,
-0.004485968966037035,
0.010956771671772003,
-0.008206849917769432,
-0.0010729137575253844,
-0.037367429584264755,
-0.018322963267564774,
0.0013585255946964025,
0.030995257198810577,
-0.017564404755830765,
0.060463692992925644,
-0.03011181205511093,
-0.014274834655225277,
0.07626809924840927,
-0.05095335841178894,
0.03304482251405716,
0.018972063437104225,
0.013764520175755024,
0.06216764077544212,
0.033001888543367386,
-0.010748065076768398,
-0.04610465094447136,
-0.020194590091705322,
0.002973757451400161,
-0.007497147191315889,
-0.04426054656505585,
0.00041632127249613404,
-0.03853273019194603,
0.005739827640354633,
-0.008105752989649773,
0.06899109482765198,
0.06451047211885452,
0.006697830278426409,
0.02320699766278267,
0.0029274660628288984,
-0.04051689803600311,
-0.007465778384357691,
-0.09815007448196411,
-0.05470268800854683,
-0.007814394310116768,
0.018461544066667557,
-0.0058369385078549385,
0.057141922414302826,
0.0070549058727920055,
0.0025045715738087893,
-0.018705051392316818,
0.01583225280046463,
0.008103049360215664,
0.04944046959280968,
0.04981948807835579,
-0.017184769734740257,
0.009943651035428047,
-0.008784987963736057,
0.07285019010305405,
-0.015050048008561134,
0.0007094378815963864,
0.00004201270712655969,
-0.025969982147216797,
-0.02251097932457924,
-0.03341387212276459,
-0.03974756971001625,
0.03757348284125328,
-0.01654799096286297,
0.031006919220089912,
0.002288876799866557,
0.0062906318344175816,
0.031165508553385735,
0.07357348501682281,
0.0062181283719837666,
0.005873099900782108,
-0.022620972245931625,
0.018723834306001663,
0.027923015877604485,
0.03623935207724571,
-0.037405047565698624,
-0.018634039908647537,
-0.016566921025514603,
0.012631511315703392,
0.018231648951768875,
-0.0278147142380476,
-0.294194757938385,
-0.036335743963718414,
0.02130367048084736,
0.0012843693839386106,
0.01508889440447092,
-0.02207122929394245,
0.07056984305381775,
-0.04381135106086731,
-0.009675157256424427,
0.026993798092007637,
0.015469382517039776,
0.03608422726392746,
0.026889048516750336,
0.07534028589725494,
0.04286283999681473,
0.025984641164541245,
0.01791541650891304,
-0.008154190145432949,
0.031857650727033615,
0.05393068492412567,
-0.0019843587651848793,
-0.054163724184036255,
-0.06272806227207184,
0.05438089370727539,
-0.030915146693587303,
0.052393145859241486,
-0.09127361327409744,
0.0024017239920794964,
-0.032036662101745605,
-0.027065757662057877,
0.013983950950205326,
-0.01349211297929287,
-0.060622572898864746,
0.010545582510530949,
0.009100665338337421,
0.027523770928382874,
0.026166316121816635,
-0.03851718083024025,
-0.00579835893586278,
-0.006783106829971075,
0.018628787249326706,
-0.037442803382873535,
-0.0014959877589717507,
0.028121497482061386,
0.06159767508506775,
0.015135044232010841,
-0.04519660025835037,
-0.014449773356318474,
0.014486431144177914,
0.0028053810819983482,
-0.028243636712431908,
-0.02326771430671215,
-0.026917502284049988,
0.0072350637055933475,
-0.017790324985980988,
-0.012570837512612343,
0.00008730888657737523,
0.0034342787694185972,
-0.03612230718135834,
0.020571710541844368,
-0.0017082825070247054,
-0.04837034270167351,
-0.007582335267215967,
-0.026603812351822853,
-0.004077429883182049,
-0.028145041316747665,
-0.055801570415496826,
-0.06403976678848267,
0.03859622776508331,
0.024884670972824097,
-0.011586671695113182,
0.02298923395574093,
-0.014841863885521889,
-0.09543988853693008,
0.03318018838763237,
0.019306255504488945,
-0.00809348002076149,
-0.01352430135011673,
0.004775368608534336,
0.03972098231315613,
-0.03770861402153969,
-0.04830986261367798,
0.020670490339398384,
-0.003714056685566902,
0.026332801207900047,
-0.06507578492164612,
0.04010023921728134,
-0.021661117672920227,
-0.028045307844877243,
-0.011447103694081306,
0.055030521005392075,
0.004310287535190582,
0.04860991984605789,
0.02737601287662983,
0.05380634218454361,
0.06273484975099564,
0.0305055920034647,
0.0529850497841835,
0.03661347180604935,
0.029670266434550285,
0.013280116021633148,
-0.0909501314163208,
-0.02245165966451168,
-0.0649004578590393,
-0.04233585298061371,
0.024657918140292168,
-0.028449956327676773,
-0.024253912270069122,
0.027400175109505653,
-0.017547521740198135,
-0.014822540804743767,
-0.02652539312839508,
0.003131953999400139,
0.002526562660932541,
0.0327318012714386,
-0.01044186856597662,
-0.0017968728207051754,
0.029012493789196014,
0.030567912384867668,
-0.02807934209704399,
-0.02011215128004551,
0.030326807871460915,
-0.02187662571668625,
0.02379213459789753,
0.018412968143820763,
-0.05687043443322182,
-0.010498576797544956,
0.012494039721786976,
-0.016768205910921097,
0.008351108059287071,
0.021670609712600708,
0.027786018326878548,
-0.00012111628893762827,
0.017672810703516006,
0.046800896525382996,
-0.0185357928276062,
-0.01067828107625246,
-0.003395912004634738,
-0.0007582695689052343,
0.004231102764606476,
0.039394378662109375,
0.010524576529860497,
0.03254345431923866,
0.02170143648982048,
0.02864931896328926,
-0.017264584079384804,
0.01540792640298605,
0.03383013233542442,
-0.014878635294735432,
-0.02345547080039978,
0.03259489685297012,
-0.03677807375788689,
-0.01551743783056736,
-0.00732782855629921,
-0.01640145853161812,
-0.0008838069625198841,
0.028683898970484734,
-0.018134623765945435,
-0.013037007302045822,
-0.06161658093333244,
0.06911464035511017,
0.04290395602583885,
-0.0013088047271594405,
0.003370362799614668,
0.03647362068295479,
0.03400961682200432,
-0.007385841570794582,
-0.002174134599044919,
0.005233354866504669,
0.016516167670488358,
0.007998094893991947,
-0.043610505759716034,
-0.04075314849615097,
-0.012168515473604202,
-0.010913465172052383,
0.019987856969237328,
0.010100203566253185,
-0.03291184455156326,
-0.04436241462826729,
0.040637705475091934,
-0.005190159194171429,
0.006820274516940117,
0.007401210721582174,
0.013088447041809559,
0.08617425709962845,
-0.003434934187680483,
-0.014367406256496906,
-0.003051792038604617,
-0.028573261573910713,
0.05688798427581787,
-0.012238304130733013,
0.019236374646425247,
-0.035473890602588654,
-0.03592177480459213,
-0.012996525503695011,
-0.053785357624292374,
-0.004213287495076656,
0.01320610661059618,
-0.001034569344483316,
-0.0325155146420002,
-0.04250493273139,
0.03828714042901993,
-0.027309410274028778,
-0.017722489312291145,
0.02269863709807396,
-0.07499820739030838,
0.03543044999241829,
0.028247574344277382,
-0.022835368290543556,
0.05039045959711075,
-0.044679127633571625,
-0.04401597008109093,
-0.05088108405470848,
-0.04967285320162773,
-0.006980732548981905,
-0.02060970477759838,
-0.05426839739084244,
-0.039471324533224106,
0.019911086186766624,
-0.019229330122470856,
-0.00965740904211998,
0.009047343395650387,
0.022125855088233948,
-0.022253165021538734,
-0.015902308747172356,
0.02060781605541706,
-0.024781858548521996,
-0.011088862083852291,
0.02900209091603756,
-0.010868733748793602,
0.012738140299916267,
-0.03756515309214592,
-0.002838678890839219,
0.033485326915979385,
-0.02193157933652401,
-0.023131979629397392,
-0.05054231360554695,
0.025980204343795776,
0.0028057934250682592,
-0.025621728971600533,
-0.015760082751512527,
-0.007725153584033251,
-0.04307608678936958,
0.017147094011306763,
0.009657952934503555,
0.05313354358077049,
0.0007684588781557977,
-0.007346901576966047,
0.00933267455548048,
0.030979754403233528,
0.013522617518901825,
0.02846158854663372,
-0.04608957841992378,
-0.005684086121618748,
0.03195730224251747,
-0.049802303314208984,
0.008453264832496643,
-0.07663501054048538,
-0.042802806943655014,
0.04435953497886658,
-0.014507376588881016,
0.019580570980906487,
-0.02765953354537487,
0.018355511128902435,
0.013911314308643341,
0.033912092447280884,
-0.02204320952296257,
0.01055613812059164,
0.021453171968460083,
-0.06637080758810043,
-0.009965484030544758,
-0.08135706186294556,
0.018779970705509186,
0.08332785218954086,
-0.05912525951862335,
0.0010553466854617,
-0.014504249207675457,
-0.023232311010360718,
0.04171173647046089,
-0.017458688467741013,
-0.06199180707335472,
0.00011523547436809167,
-0.009992117062211037,
-0.006531504448503256,
0.016016360372304916,
0.004645152483135462,
-0.027048295363783836,
0.0026717635337263346,
-0.044309958815574646,
0.02797340787947178,
0.009495744481682777,
0.06176465004682541,
-0.024083876982331276,
-0.0005916401278227568,
-0.013343572616577148,
0.019640330225229263,
0.021254563704133034,
0.07000141590833664,
0.014129672199487686,
0.02969064936041832,
-0.02792399190366268,
0.038746606558561325,
0.03832356631755829,
-0.005017865914851427,
0.011588968336582184,
0.01012339722365141,
-0.04755053296685219,
-0.058789342641830444,
0.05039997026324272,
-0.02363855391740799,
-0.04616928473114967,
-0.07468253374099731,
0.04824668914079666,
0.007877698168158531,
-0.05569254979491234,
-0.02646726928651333,
0.013716368936002254,
-0.056020189076662064,
-0.021864505484700203,
-0.015652155503630638,
-0.009425058029592037,
0.01523146778345108,
0.05991343781352043,
0.005317389033734798,
0.052176035940647125,
0.05353575572371483,
0.0007117137429304421,
0.027227206155657768,
-0.006471473723649979,
0.07541567087173462,
0.055509716272354126,
0.04985189065337181,
0.018541086465120316,
0.054238591343164444,
-0.0618404857814312,
-0.052006494253873825,
0.019966576248407364,
-0.02250361442565918,
-0.028146760538220406,
-0.06597579270601273,
0.015134030021727085,
0.07450593262910843,
0.01146719977259636,
0.06025068089365959,
-0.0347164161503315,
-0.00411371560767293,
0.05412657558917999,
0.03368520364165306,
-0.016818879172205925,
0.03879455476999283,
0.02047141082584858,
0.02268524095416069,
-0.021505044773221016,
-0.005309445317834616,
-0.015768378973007202,
-0.03820997476577759,
0.010774539783596992,
0.017614513635635376,
-0.02739437110722065,
0.021000878885388374,
-0.03388810157775879,
0.039692141115665436,
0.10368762165307999,
-0.017208706587553024,
-0.04062001779675484,
0.021672986447811127,
0.017033686861395836,
0.02816450037062168,
0.052025601267814636,
-0.03794827312231064,
-0.006033984944224358,
0.005767373833805323,
-0.030737632885575294,
0.02644752338528633,
0.03534158319234848,
-0.008267790079116821,
0.02211545594036579,
-0.026049382984638214,
-0.026697250083088875,
0.012067697942256927,
0.014511911198496819,
-0.0030936638358980417,
-0.04583108052611351,
-0.04677417129278183,
-0.029385576024651527,
-0.036530375480651855,
-0.04029780626296997,
0.021665526553988457,
0.037990015000104904,
-0.009563932195305824,
-0.016559818759560585,
-0.047754887491464615,
0.03876520320773125,
0.04364114999771118,
-0.05300883203744888,
-0.014811359345912933,
0.039523009210824966,
0.006373085081577301,
-0.021132919937372208,
0.026299946010112762,
0.011700768955051899,
-0.013226349838078022,
-0.029777325689792633,
0.023916048929095268,
0.0068356432020664215,
-0.007218777202069759,
-0.01943277381360531,
-0.017081433907151222,
-0.10711117088794708,
0.013786667957901955,
0.023297812789678574,
-0.027022015303373337,
-0.07465238869190216,
0.020652903243899345,
-0.034965962171554565,
0.02880239114165306,
0.07839763164520264,
-0.013561266474425793,
0.0008214307017624378,
-0.01776803843677044,
-0.015878532081842422,
-0.02134934440255165,
0.029090367257595062,
0.027966678142547607,
-0.02556147240102291,
0.07164506614208221,
0.04839581251144409,
-0.002120983088389039,
-0.03160091117024422,
0.05761302635073662,
-0.016015296801924706,
-0.025707177817821503,
0.015388302505016327,
-0.042409203946590424,
-0.03468100726604462,
-0.11892683804035187,
-0.012931017205119133,
0.03941918537020683,
0.01438542827963829,
-0.0481451079249382,
0.0000027750265871873125,
-0.011876496486365795,
-0.014437349513173103,
-0.016986293718218803,
0.006335740443319082,
-0.0027078455314040184,
-0.06566308438777924,
-0.04770476743578911,
-0.06865916401147842,
-0.014034377411007881,
-0.02834448404610157,
0.019507354125380516,
-0.034560102969408035,
-0.032987743616104126,
-0.01873181387782097,
-0.023531345650553703,
0.028466077521443367,
-0.005234031472355127,
-0.004722712095826864,
-0.0174102783203125
] |
284 |
K-HALU: Multiple Answer Korean Hallucination Benchmark for Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=VnLhUogHYE
|
[
"Jaehyung Seo",
"Heuiseok Lim"
] |
Poster
|
Recent researchers and companies have been developing large language models (LLMs) specifically designed for particular purposes and have achieved significant advancements in various natural language processing tasks. However, LLMs are still prone to generating hallucinations—results that are unfaithful or inconsistent with the given input. As a result, the need for datasets to evaluate and demonstrate the hallucination detection capabilities of LLMs is increasingly recognized. Nonetheless, the Korean NLP community lacks publicly available benchmark datasets demonstrating the faithfulness of knowledge-based information. Furthermore, the few existing datasets that evaluate hallucination are limited in their access to the entire dataset, restricting detailed analysis beyond simple scoring, and are based on translated English knowledge. To address these challenges, we introduce K-HALU, a Korean benchmark designed to evaluate LLMs' hallucination detection in Korean. This benchmark contains seven domains, considering the faithfulness of statements based on knowledge documents compiled from Korean news, magazines, and books. For more strict evaluation, 40% of the dataset is structured as multiple-answer questions, requiring models to select all possible correct answers from the given options. Our empirical results show that open-source LLMs still struggle with hallucination detection in Korean knowledge, emphasizing the need for a more detailed analysis of their limitations.
|
Hallucination, Benchmark dataset, Multiple answer, Korean, Large language model
|
Multiple-answer Korean hallucination benchmark for large language models
| 13,748 | null |
[
-0.0008197393035516143,
0.005599022842943668,
-0.0013327249325811863,
0.04117061197757721,
0.011257180012762547,
0.015520679764449596,
0.054357320070266724,
0.027774319052696228,
-0.027977081015706062,
-0.002338755177333951,
-0.036685872822999954,
0.013084053993225098,
-0.07391183078289032,
-0.0019441347103565931,
0.0109840277582407,
0.04489766061306,
0.046155110001564026,
0.0014534324873238802,
0.0003061647294089198,
-0.004003302659839392,
0.01822308637201786,
-0.02290128730237484,
0.040431909263134,
-0.004896814469248056,
0.021249430254101753,
0.003915684763342142,
0.01358252763748169,
0.023590661585330963,
-0.04818597435951233,
-0.01510525494813919,
0.028938282281160355,
-0.029977168887853622,
0.005908561870455742,
-0.012732531875371933,
0.02963980659842491,
0.012963191606104374,
-0.036934077739715576,
0.007701930124312639,
0.025887655094265938,
0.0020075165666639805,
-0.0375049002468586,
0.023240409791469574,
0.005108891054987907,
0.021915314719080925,
-0.05543176829814911,
-0.00048235064605250955,
-0.07827714830636978,
0.035934098064899445,
-0.009707781486213207,
-0.015956256538629532,
-0.10103678703308105,
0.023769494146108627,
0.012892363592982292,
-0.012275070883333683,
0.003381730057299137,
0.05417751893401146,
0.03764685243368149,
-0.09160175919532776,
0.0027512393426150084,
-0.02833072654902935,
-0.005681135691702366,
0.00979597121477127,
0.031906016170978546,
0.0022436350118368864,
0.003315615002065897,
-0.01831372082233429,
-0.020965194329619408,
0.029104210436344147,
-0.043679192662239075,
-0.01947225257754326,
0.016060655936598778,
0.005789534654468298,
-0.019814463332295418,
-0.00019660744874272496,
-0.003782742889598012,
-0.051131777465343475,
0.016817813739180565,
0.03665205463767052,
0.05773018300533295,
-0.01590520516037941,
-0.0018410803750157356,
0.039691779762506485,
0.022561974823474884,
0.04235529154539108,
-0.019147343933582306,
-0.025734709575772285,
-0.029329316690564156,
-0.03092089481651783,
-0.07593027502298355,
0.01685738004744053,
-0.0024499446153640747,
-0.027256900444626808,
0.005814555566757917,
0.008323769085109234,
0.0246955007314682,
0.04610862582921982,
0.043357379734516144,
0.021076848730444908,
-0.012127334251999855,
-0.01935902237892151,
-0.015854844823479652,
-0.022986114025115967,
0.018855147063732147,
0.02822795882821083,
-0.10457571595907211,
-0.03114679455757141,
0.00003730376192834228,
0.009010083973407745,
0.0009779466781765223,
0.0032091427128762007,
-0.035833775997161865,
0.018273180350661278,
0.037938278168439865,
-0.02788434363901615,
-0.04081568866968155,
0.03587720915675163,
-0.0048785340040922165,
-0.011435178108513355,
-0.02042742259800434,
0.028399022296071053,
0.031404223293066025,
0.03972339257597923,
-0.004803563002496958,
0.06963861733675003,
-0.0012853137450292706,
0.003694795537739992,
-0.009043000638484955,
0.018345903605222702,
-0.019568150863051414,
-0.020646322518587112,
0.0063748848624527454,
0.04632231965661049,
0.017238782718777657,
0.005399584770202637,
0.014400329440832138,
-0.023500533774495125,
0.03685755282640457,
-0.011447926983237267,
0.03467758744955063,
0.016670821234583855,
0.010623931884765625,
-0.0007952157175168395,
0.023190278559923172,
-0.026116754859685898,
0.07518976181745529,
-0.003825357649475336,
-0.03733690083026886,
-0.03318499028682709,
-0.04330487921833992,
0.014556282199919224,
0.015508191660046577,
0.021542245522141457,
-0.007476545870304108,
-0.043770644813776016,
0.029566418379545212,
0.04386892914772034,
0.007664110977202654,
-0.0029534432105720043,
0.013200460933148861,
-0.007429046090692282,
0.005096028558909893,
0.036975596100091934,
-0.02680247835814953,
-0.026631904765963554,
-0.03161104768514633,
-0.06436371803283691,
0.022079311311244965,
0.016215123236179352,
-0.033086638897657394,
0.042521171271800995,
-0.029242174699902534,
-0.038214344531297684,
0.04339616000652313,
-0.03363692760467529,
-0.01535246055573225,
0.00988080259412527,
0.058599796146154404,
0.03629560023546219,
0.026243720203638077,
0.05624689534306526,
-0.08013849705457687,
0.026467494666576385,
0.01171113271266222,
-0.018193382769823074,
0.0034787708427757025,
-0.006873483769595623,
0.06729622930288315,
-0.014795027673244476,
0.008657791651785374,
0.03125240281224251,
-0.07706679403781891,
-0.0023341679479926825,
0.02866649627685547,
0.0187798161059618,
0.06838521361351013,
-0.009593337774276733,
-0.001840306562371552,
0.05784134194254875,
0.027271075174212456,
0.04567983001470566,
0.06614315509796143,
-0.017440292984247208,
0.04390363767743111,
0.0046035791747272015,
-0.023406168445944786,
0.02371324971318245,
0.015515245497226715,
-0.038103993982076645,
-0.032023634761571884,
-0.004370939917862415,
-0.008410054259002209,
-0.021641725674271584,
0.01370540913194418,
0.015072877518832684,
0.0013974640751257539,
0.009935437701642513,
0.009431984275579453,
0.004441197030246258,
0.02004152350127697,
-0.03984646499156952,
0.06568904221057892,
0.014979854226112366,
-0.02091318741440773,
-0.028449203819036484,
-0.05283092334866524,
0.09149687737226486,
0.05134141445159912,
-0.03475211560726166,
-0.007257974706590176,
0.01498639676719904,
0.007232353091239929,
0.007393984589725733,
0.004185141995549202,
-0.025108328089118004,
-0.0005039096577093005,
-0.02505429834127426,
0.00826776959002018,
-0.040699366480112076,
0.07648766785860062,
-0.04028208553791046,
-0.03840833157300949,
0.050041329115629196,
-0.01942046731710434,
0.060047317296266556,
0.03212819993495941,
-0.00827026180922985,
0.014545152895152569,
-0.01197739876806736,
-0.014772521331906319,
-0.03169853985309601,
-0.01831717975437641,
-0.002217875560745597,
-0.005458957515656948,
-0.015760034322738647,
0.04236658662557602,
-0.044459156692028046,
-0.0208447128534317,
-0.03096506930887699,
0.058210041373968124,
0.04470086097717285,
0.026823915541172028,
0.036140430718660355,
0.010703964158892632,
-0.062147919088602066,
0.01114604901522398,
-0.06986042112112045,
-0.01741017773747444,
-0.024061137810349464,
0.016302451491355896,
-0.01418349426239729,
0.03985419496893883,
-0.021598592400550842,
0.013354785740375519,
-0.023928118869662285,
0.003044555429369211,
0.017603877931833267,
0.03191973268985748,
0.00417739013209939,
-0.04280194640159607,
-0.018100988119840622,
-0.013829519040882587,
0.07801653444766998,
-0.00975937768816948,
-0.03781132027506828,
-0.02664085663855076,
-0.061539482325315475,
-0.0029397602193057537,
-0.04691024497151375,
-0.004393271170556545,
0.02260347455739975,
-0.005672411527484655,
0.026598701253533363,
-0.013120449148118496,
-0.029528798535466194,
0.025790546089410782,
0.03000958450138569,
0.04333491995930672,
0.014841930009424686,
-0.03222610801458359,
0.03832322731614113,
-0.03301245719194412,
0.004496813286095858,
0.010886196047067642,
0.04432051628828049,
-0.01505175419151783,
0.018508778885006905,
0.0018046648474410176,
-0.010461180470883846,
-0.2838066816329956,
-0.02618088573217392,
-0.0023625981993973255,
-0.03269165754318237,
0.039976805448532104,
-0.006039973348379135,
0.04176679998636246,
-0.042575981467962265,
-0.019471023231744766,
-0.0035226570907980204,
0.025624671950936317,
0.011224149726331234,
-0.03262488543987274,
0.052918143570423126,
0.029917610809206963,
0.025163479149341583,
-0.010698317550122738,
-0.008010264486074448,
-0.014347662217915058,
0.0410347618162632,
0.007116286084055901,
-0.040532443672418594,
-0.036824196577072144,
0.08167403936386108,
-0.0009397219400852919,
0.06844127923250198,
-0.08624734729528427,
-0.010343543253839016,
-0.029660064727067947,
-0.0017602083971723914,
0.019965000450611115,
-0.025167575106024742,
-0.027332589030265808,
0.030956659466028214,
-0.011879682540893555,
0.014001411385834217,
0.06193365901708603,
-0.0025144782848656178,
0.023643355816602707,
0.00901842676103115,
-0.0028556310571730137,
-0.032410718500614166,
-0.05709744244813919,
0.01805036887526512,
0.09299042075872421,
0.004486066289246082,
-0.07376866787672043,
-0.01711425371468067,
-0.042176369577646255,
0.039161473512649536,
-0.03056081011891365,
-0.021979857236146927,
-0.04873606935143471,
0.019025979563593864,
-0.01627085730433464,
-0.005433436017483473,
0.0019146688282489777,
-0.0029202629812061787,
-0.030914591625332832,
-0.02459101565182209,
-0.003413144266232848,
-0.02969891019165516,
-0.04699217528104782,
-0.045787911862134933,
-0.03214355558156967,
-0.031890105456113815,
-0.042947810143232346,
-0.04517552629113197,
0.04165831208229065,
0.010809998959302902,
-0.05739077180624008,
0.029750913381576538,
-0.03922063484787941,
-0.0978425070643425,
-0.003980592824518681,
-0.0058130486868321896,
-0.02922900579869747,
-0.005304956808686256,
0.01438966765999794,
0.04957633092999458,
-0.03950255364179611,
-0.03900548443198204,
0.0008698504534550011,
0.009968023747205734,
0.01620195433497429,
-0.03486847132444382,
0.0034479598980396986,
-0.02548246644437313,
-0.0031471617985516787,
-0.04915943741798401,
0.04875212162733078,
-0.021159760653972626,
-0.0028854054398834705,
0.013735934160649776,
0.04401201754808426,
0.04258298873901367,
0.03309726342558861,
0.05855942144989967,
0.018834488466382027,
0.0060202134773135185,
0.0193293746560812,
-0.08092590421438217,
-0.011127931997179985,
-0.030337629839777946,
-0.04379633814096451,
0.032559413462877274,
-0.06728671491146088,
-0.017909638583660126,
0.028321335092186928,
-0.02543134242296219,
-0.03234808146953583,
-0.03422633185982704,
0.013367906212806702,
0.005468057002872229,
-0.00041026491089724004,
-0.02454431913793087,
0.023953814059495926,
0.048194773495197296,
0.01951516978442669,
-0.01791626214981079,
-0.0037849543150514364,
0.0306378323584795,
-0.008084438741207123,
-0.014463675208389759,
-0.002255928236991167,
-0.002630053786560893,
-0.012097468599677086,
-0.022656280547380447,
-0.026018470525741577,
0.001461185165680945,
0.028653495013713837,
0.012998271733522415,
0.0017842872766777873,
0.016306433826684952,
0.04017731919884682,
-0.007691206410527229,
0.00024089356884360313,
-0.007191179785877466,
0.026372496038675308,
-0.007162090390920639,
0.012325430288910866,
-0.021316297352313995,
0.03944074362516403,
0.062477435916662216,
0.0026267273351550102,
-0.010479201562702656,
0.018404141068458557,
-0.03699234127998352,
-0.007361297030001879,
0.024442337453365326,
0.04376766085624695,
-0.05137680843472481,
-0.01394171267747879,
-0.05047134310007095,
0.021099820733070374,
0.01702120341360569,
0.023205216974020004,
0.017434054985642433,
-0.012590226717293262,
-0.07294011116027832,
0.04382101818919182,
-0.02514498494565487,
-0.023447345942258835,
-0.00632093008607626,
0.0026016144547611475,
0.038074370473623276,
-0.022426700219511986,
0.01442964281886816,
0.027540329843759537,
0.026329001411795616,
0.04158896952867508,
-0.047764748334884644,
-0.03707611933350563,
0.0008965359884314239,
-0.022318527102470398,
0.012524302117526531,
-0.022723259404301643,
0.023187760263681412,
-0.010147382505238056,
0.036871571093797684,
0.022806385532021523,
-0.011235539801418781,
0.0003742956032510847,
-0.02388664335012436,
0.09856049716472626,
0.03236423805356026,
0.00833980180323124,
-0.015054412186145782,
-0.024469895288348198,
0.015222834423184395,
-0.018761899322271347,
0.013428360223770142,
-0.02186223864555359,
-0.04447551444172859,
-0.023435285314917564,
-0.09311587363481522,
0.010462324135005474,
-0.0028705440927296877,
0.00945214368402958,
-0.010809820145368576,
-0.010049457661807537,
-0.02443140372633934,
-0.0645446628332138,
-0.02124929241836071,
0.058340996503829956,
-0.09079466760158539,
0.011393874883651733,
0.030249446630477905,
0.01907077059149742,
-0.021206365898251534,
-0.0395299568772316,
-0.041165873408317566,
-0.06333183497190475,
-0.04386257752776146,
0.0175522118806839,
-0.04057173430919647,
-0.022815482690930367,
-0.03527476266026497,
0.00675251055508852,
-0.028226038441061974,
0.0021462508011609316,
-0.01308016199618578,
-0.005761421285569668,
0.01881290040910244,
-0.00034615705953910947,
0.029565948992967606,
-0.040021657943725586,
0.01088736578822136,
-0.017206817865371704,
-0.05779511481523514,
0.02840004302561283,
-0.03614509850740433,
0.07134535163640976,
0.05672476813197136,
-0.01935969479382038,
0.023184102028608322,
-0.04139874875545502,
-0.006017019972205162,
-0.001724732923321426,
0.028914855793118477,
0.006303304340690374,
0.01724122278392315,
-0.014284591190516949,
0.026517018675804138,
-0.0009512552642263472,
0.03866975009441376,
0.012399893254041672,
-0.013524044305086136,
0.018154412508010864,
0.02935337834060192,
0.032108716666698456,
0.013392310589551926,
-0.020552169531583786,
-0.04316863790154457,
0.07280336320400238,
-0.029665902256965637,
-0.02551284432411194,
-0.06005946546792984,
-0.03622114285826683,
0.024919327348470688,
0.008615437895059586,
0.017312627285718918,
-0.034780774265527725,
0.03922317177057266,
0.02804575301706791,
0.03126315400004387,
-0.0003207318368367851,
-0.02474590390920639,
0.057659346610307693,
-0.03908936306834221,
0.005554132163524628,
-0.08648999035358429,
-0.021003365516662598,
0.0696701928973198,
-0.028774762526154518,
0.010110062547028065,
-0.017955489456653595,
-0.04672853276133537,
0.0016711052739992738,
-0.02178032137453556,
-0.013315979391336441,
0.014181013219058514,
-0.026821065694093704,
-0.013051986694335938,
0.02057523839175701,
-0.060659464448690414,
0.0178973525762558,
-0.03285816311836243,
-0.03478123992681503,
-0.02781662717461586,
-0.031442705541849136,
0.07652828842401505,
-0.012223430909216404,
0.05491892993450165,
-0.01388807687908411,
0.016294360160827637,
0.014239873737096786,
0.08422263711690903,
0.038543377071619034,
0.022714242339134216,
-0.003125685965642333,
0.05595355108380318,
0.043723102658987045,
-0.002314008539542556,
-0.0016647661104798317,
0.01296178437769413,
-0.04770516976714134,
-0.09113828092813492,
0.09823808819055557,
-0.0016018777387216687,
0.009203601628541946,
-0.028853368014097214,
0.06942296773195267,
0.04137100651860237,
-0.042739130556583405,
-0.010636785998940468,
0.033329010009765625,
-0.061794131994247437,
0.022170068696141243,
0.01300523430109024,
0.000547492119949311,
-0.03592965751886368,
0.039969976991415024,
0.037143487483263016,
0.046044185757637024,
0.05617805942893028,
-0.0023051160387694836,
-0.019279422238469124,
0.0072911325842142105,
0.06929022073745728,
0.03405694663524628,
0.05375567823648453,
0.034347135573625565,
0.048199377954006195,
-0.041953153908252716,
-0.06028786674141884,
0.004548804368823767,
0.061172615736722946,
-0.016042601317167282,
0.0029511430766433477,
0.01426865253597498,
0.061257556080818176,
-0.019608233124017715,
0.046932511031627655,
-0.014859288930892944,
-0.0068998490460217,
0.04146381840109825,
0.0228045005351305,
0.007444849703460932,
0.07957278192043304,
0.027726350352168083,
0.018985720351338387,
-0.015393177978694439,
-0.03627108782529831,
0.01678820513188839,
-0.0018927218625321984,
-0.0023649989161640406,
-0.0018819194519892335,
-0.022086629644036293,
0.04104099050164223,
-0.005909414496272802,
0.06891218572854996,
0.09898203611373901,
-0.010152149014174938,
-0.01915227435529232,
0.01829265058040619,
-0.0024148488882929087,
0.03002849780023098,
0.056209251284599304,
0.016879789531230927,
-0.020877620205283165,
-0.001749310176819563,
-0.05080298334360123,
0.024387570098042488,
0.003475997131317854,
0.003080007154494524,
0.028669558465480804,
-0.045791249722242355,
-0.037741769105196,
0.021018382161855698,
0.0353209562599659,
-0.07810084521770477,
-0.0629243329167366,
-0.026535043492913246,
-0.0452243871986866,
0.00197417289018631,
-0.04613052308559418,
0.022263551130890846,
-0.021040918305516243,
-0.02841344103217125,
0.004064594395458698,
-0.029981914907693863,
0.015229585580527782,
0.003351910039782524,
-0.06769894063472748,
0.01758413016796112,
0.04165069758892059,
-0.010389539413154125,
-0.0387527160346508,
0.036918334662914276,
0.041256148368120193,
-0.03485625982284546,
-0.013643176294863224,
0.07134046405553818,
-0.003602383891120553,
0.016072746366262436,
0.004899758379906416,
-0.009327978827059269,
-0.10716258734464645,
-0.00990323256701231,
-0.028139416128396988,
0.007070628926157951,
-0.0695890486240387,
0.023733513429760933,
-0.011014747433364391,
0.034616563469171524,
0.0609922893345356,
0.05739948898553848,
0.03976460546255112,
-0.003964106552302837,
-0.030814075842499733,
-0.011963454075157642,
-0.007092091254889965,
0.06477860361337662,
-0.01142309419810772,
0.08561813831329346,
0.057680170983076096,
-0.009261316619813442,
-0.026041582226753235,
0.004996997304260731,
-0.03507735952734947,
-0.027037082239985466,
-0.01941540837287903,
-0.04334811866283417,
-0.02686901018023491,
-0.09218583256006241,
-0.03028717264533043,
0.031779516488313675,
-0.02448315918445587,
-0.050027430057525635,
0.01556444726884365,
-0.03975367546081543,
-0.04747612029314041,
0.010571971535682678,
-0.02581173926591873,
-0.01632596179842949,
-0.018363118171691895,
-0.016050098463892937,
-0.07057413458824158,
-0.006758084986358881,
-0.011190311051905155,
-0.029938125982880592,
-0.022597502917051315,
-0.046509213745594025,
0.03564537316560745,
0.019302960485219955,
0.05000905320048332,
-0.0006750285974703729,
0.014534362591803074,
-0.07873513549566269
] |
285 |
Charting the Design Space of Neural Graph Representations for Subgraph Matching
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=5pd78GmXC6
|
[
"Vaibhav Raj",
"Indradyumna Roy",
"Ashwin Ramachandran",
"Soumen Chakrabarti",
"Abir De"
] |
Poster
|
Subgraph matching is vital in knowledge graph (KG) question answering, molecule design, scene graph, code and circuit search, etc.
Neural methods have shown promising results for subgraph matching.
Our study of recent systems suggests refactoring them into a unified design space for graph matching networks.
Existing methods occupy only a few isolated patches in this space, which remains largely uncharted.
We undertake the first comprehensive exploration of this space, featuring such axes as attention-based vs. soft permutation-based interaction between query and corpus graphs, aligning nodes vs. edges, and the form of the final scoring network that integrates neural representations of the graphs.
Our extensive experiments reveal that judicious and hitherto-unexplored combinations of choices in this space lead to large performance benefits.
Beyond better performance, our study uncovers valuable insights and establishes general design principles for neural graph representation and interaction, which may be of wider interest.
|
Graph Retrieval, Graph Neural Networks, Subgraph Matching
|
We propose a unified framework for graph matching networks and experiment with various alternatives for each design axis to obtain state-of-the-art results on the subgraph isomorphism task.
| 13,746 | null |
[
-0.0006676872144453228,
-0.01448645070195198,
0.0006428764318116009,
0.04726940765976906,
0.049262646585702896,
0.031501106917858124,
0.005020426120609045,
-0.004755895584821701,
0.01540050096809864,
-0.057495053857564926,
0.014549068175256252,
-0.0035253488458693027,
-0.07469277083873749,
-0.008685745298862457,
0.011149189434945583,
0.0445619560778141,
0.044741738587617874,
0.0395299568772316,
0.02970990538597107,
0.006014876067638397,
0.011292224749922752,
-0.023190736770629883,
0.014752114191651344,
0.029543014243245125,
0.027192726731300354,
-0.002064374042674899,
-0.00752146216109395,
-0.028532033786177635,
-0.018356461077928543,
0.05197610706090927,
0.026453975588083267,
-0.003435566322878003,
0.0049767098389565945,
-0.06352362781763077,
0.030498361214995384,
-0.05508478358387947,
-0.07312022894620895,
0.029450085014104843,
0.012867432087659836,
-0.0063684615306556225,
-0.0603056401014328,
0.017077716067433357,
-0.00432113092392683,
0.022979605942964554,
-0.015601097606122494,
0.022126637399196625,
-0.12088149040937424,
0.03322896361351013,
0.009287077002227306,
0.0022430317476391792,
-0.1070479229092598,
0.031086206436157227,
0.010618489235639572,
0.009585621766746044,
-0.025863610208034515,
0.010272468440234661,
0.05980600789189339,
-0.03295298293232918,
0.009271710179746151,
-0.03625044971704483,
-0.018209083005785942,
0.03822041302919388,
0.04478208348155022,
0.04400785639882088,
-0.008304767310619354,
-0.03261249139904976,
-0.01153664942830801,
0.05758242309093475,
-0.0459614135324955,
0.0033587957732379436,
-0.004528329707682133,
0.004989173263311386,
-0.004276077263057232,
0.023780854418873787,
0.019332358613610268,
-0.022543352097272873,
-0.002471183193847537,
-0.0014211885863915086,
0.06685794144868851,
-0.008650088682770729,
-0.0002925694570876658,
0.06778228282928467,
0.0015710400184616446,
0.03151102364063263,
0.00141968484967947,
0.016090432181954384,
-0.06181042641401291,
-0.0785604938864708,
-0.08868781477212906,
0.01116251666098833,
-0.042672254145145416,
-0.044722460210323334,
0.01963374949991703,
0.023635396733880043,
0.0144119281321764,
0.013221611268818378,
0.026689447462558746,
0.005454425700008869,
0.01637769490480423,
-0.015362828969955444,
0.00970009621232748,
-0.05075625702738762,
0.0019359237048774958,
0.0165692288428545,
-0.0650014653801918,
-0.05287064239382744,
0.00004832854028791189,
-0.03140713647007942,
0.006883775815367699,
-0.018914129585027695,
-0.04558487609028816,
-0.006653779651969671,
0.030090926215052605,
0.0012407224858179688,
-0.06433100253343582,
0.029759300872683525,
0.0030707749538123608,
-0.0019456978188827634,
-0.02895396016538143,
0.012421926483511925,
0.003502105362713337,
0.03436526283621788,
0.016406036913394928,
0.09178667515516281,
-0.023679859936237335,
-0.005385772790759802,
0.009842398576438427,
0.036314379423856735,
-0.07558619230985641,
-0.0730210691690445,
0.02469255030155182,
0.03450528532266617,
-0.019355259835720062,
-0.012526307255029678,
0.0016917812172323465,
-0.03177771717309952,
0.021230680868029594,
-0.0012115775607526302,
0.03281274065375328,
-0.014625582844018936,
0.026986951008439064,
-0.02549632266163826,
0.06537730246782303,
-0.03822905942797661,
0.09097445756196976,
-0.03656957671046257,
-0.013795053586363792,
-0.01639002561569214,
-0.030484706163406372,
-0.025791484862565994,
-0.014418688602745533,
0.01736358553171158,
-0.004677223041653633,
-0.033558011054992676,
0.02246548794209957,
0.09053442627191544,
0.01767141744494438,
0.02841140329837799,
0.005084392614662647,
0.005567335058003664,
0.021223539486527443,
-0.026636986061930656,
-0.031897105276584625,
0.032834216952323914,
-0.016911925747990608,
-0.0435405969619751,
0.01322928536683321,
0.047150515019893646,
-0.01929040439426899,
-0.01643933542072773,
-0.018952423706650734,
-0.06951335817575455,
0.043200768530368805,
-0.039669815450906754,
-0.019275564700365067,
-0.02283295802772045,
0.06513896584510803,
0.005183212459087372,
0.0014725882792845368,
0.00946864578872919,
-0.06690643727779388,
0.02981911413371563,
0.012761849910020828,
-0.002402486279606819,
-0.029984522610902786,
-0.03082953952252865,
0.06983345746994019,
-0.011714770458638668,
-0.019280366599559784,
0.0069686053320765495,
-0.0657389834523201,
-0.031740181148052216,
0.019091429188847542,
-0.011826293542981148,
0.0791878029704094,
0.0326809324324131,
0.0036256383173167706,
0.0009218206396326423,
-0.007504765409976244,
0.03188794478774071,
0.0322260707616806,
-0.005827350541949272,
0.060339588671922684,
-0.03156551718711853,
-0.015902899205684662,
0.014584742486476898,
0.0007868890534155071,
-0.07196193188428879,
-0.06711935997009277,
0.02427629753947258,
0.03771945834159851,
-0.00024465727619826794,
0.01585746370255947,
-0.024517962709069252,
0.009001301601529121,
-0.019133305177092552,
0.01764482818543911,
-0.005926364567130804,
0.028505677357316017,
-0.04661910980939865,
0.04215312376618385,
0.0072302622720599174,
-0.02890031784772873,
0.01919945888221264,
-0.03312709927558899,
0.10796025395393372,
0.07162106782197952,
-0.026628276333212852,
-0.00017789547564461827,
0.017212260514497757,
0.019121890887618065,
0.019589388743042946,
0.034567926079034805,
-0.022640539333224297,
-0.008804185315966606,
-0.033962540328502655,
-0.006458817981183529,
-0.008257938548922539,
0.05870137736201286,
-0.06713259220123291,
-0.017710048705339432,
0.058887556195259094,
-0.028403526172041893,
0.03588633984327316,
0.014230882748961449,
0.004664520267397165,
0.029689595103263855,
0.0026605043094605207,
0.0007447184761986136,
0.01475379429757595,
-0.012670655734837055,
0.010211531072854996,
0.018515942618250847,
-0.027748312801122665,
-0.018239721655845642,
-0.04007469117641449,
0.02179943397641182,
-0.03963903337717056,
0.07238191366195679,
0.05567716434597969,
0.023571820929646492,
0.00020111816411372274,
-0.011457004584372044,
-0.014265725389122963,
-0.0207908283919096,
-0.08822863548994064,
-0.03340119495987892,
-0.022245194762945175,
0.04177381843328476,
0.016480039805173874,
0.04376602545380592,
-0.00982433371245861,
0.02849290892481804,
-0.01661079004406929,
-0.02780897542834282,
0.004464317113161087,
0.007720221299678087,
-0.0025571805890649557,
-0.037615928798913956,
-0.02237517386674881,
0.012090368196368217,
0.025451555848121643,
-0.015369589440524578,
-0.01847762055695057,
-0.02747487463057041,
-0.04785516485571861,
0.002069855807349086,
-0.029131073504686356,
0.0016992212040349841,
0.018922312185168266,
0.06326641887426376,
0.05156954750418663,
-0.0334956981241703,
-0.004774687346071005,
0.05026267468929291,
0.05206849426031113,
0.03754114732146263,
-0.0016089879209175706,
-0.024168813601136208,
0.035410866141319275,
-0.011189740151166916,
0.05853184685111046,
0.015602187253534794,
0.01973738707602024,
0.0013503609225153923,
0.007447041105479002,
0.011508289724588394,
-0.00523150060325861,
-0.26847735047340393,
-0.029556630179286003,
-0.016153519973158836,
-0.012557024136185646,
0.02196541801095009,
-0.02236999198794365,
0.026747526600956917,
-0.02629227004945278,
-0.0019209223100915551,
-0.021521998569369316,
0.0024108586367219687,
0.015492411330342293,
0.003758817445486784,
0.05725656822323799,
0.049439456313848495,
0.029995128512382507,
-0.0031132951844483614,
-0.06528544425964355,
-0.006787128746509552,
0.021388471126556396,
-0.002571071730926633,
-0.07142206281423569,
-0.03314563259482384,
0.048203613609075546,
-0.0018625364173203707,
0.027945660054683685,
-0.14556527137756348,
-0.01929689757525921,
-0.027103697881102562,
-0.00788344256579876,
-0.017738379538059235,
-0.01354267355054617,
-0.03280029818415642,
0.03588077425956726,
-0.017100876197218895,
0.002813694067299366,
0.008125489577651024,
-0.05281510576605797,
0.006165718659758568,
0.033144883811473846,
0.014709308743476868,
-0.00003103756898781285,
-0.039671096950769424,
0.00926343072205782,
0.05287235975265503,
0.003578088479116559,
-0.05439140647649765,
-0.0021445557940751314,
-0.008164428174495697,
0.024365060031414032,
-0.005608523264527321,
-0.01628059893846512,
-0.013720015995204449,
0.011415032669901848,
-0.018678659573197365,
-0.05503610149025917,
0.018006764352321625,
0.017212145030498505,
-0.040034566074609756,
-0.009438066743314266,
0.002771638333797455,
-0.054704662412405014,
0.004243767820298672,
-0.047668587416410446,
-0.028673557564616203,
-0.02325870469212532,
-0.06312676519155502,
-0.0631469190120697,
-0.0032285163179039955,
0.02555183880031109,
-0.01882505603134632,
0.05161217227578163,
-0.0028981969226151705,
-0.1028323620557785,
-0.0002684183418750763,
0.004691228736191988,
0.0031635344494134188,
-0.02252715267241001,
-0.0026828625705093145,
0.0005530784837901592,
-0.01272028498351574,
-0.03945537284016609,
-0.015332715585827827,
0.028856700286269188,
0.011692426167428493,
0.00020721956389024854,
-0.012659129686653614,
-0.05114637687802315,
-0.02870824746787548,
-0.0050356024876236916,
0.02748151309788227,
-0.005705546587705612,
0.023269010707736015,
0.0005164284375496209,
0.01784408465027809,
0.03674355521798134,
0.07852915674448013,
0.039850443601608276,
0.024736905470490456,
0.01642775349318981,
0.0630294606089592,
-0.05662352964282036,
-0.02433088980615139,
-0.00312871765345335,
-0.04833422228693962,
0.027999544516205788,
-0.04171633720397949,
-0.006495934911072254,
0.03403104841709137,
0.003928264137357473,
-0.05609700083732605,
-0.043519362807273865,
-0.006132121663540602,
-0.03669729828834534,
0.003650458762422204,
-0.045510172843933105,
0.012873928993940353,
0.022315025329589844,
0.0024525527842342854,
-0.009917715564370155,
-0.037540022283792496,
0.04849906638264656,
-0.019708560779690742,
0.027449961751699448,
-0.025449268519878387,
-0.02307002618908882,
-0.006152135785669088,
-0.04297418147325516,
0.021736953407526016,
0.030271997675299644,
0.018125420436263084,
0.08256315439939499,
-0.007775413803756237,
-0.01223389059305191,
0.02690715529024601,
-0.006689877714961767,
-0.012419372797012329,
0.011166869662702084,
0.04455080255866051,
-0.021428704261779785,
0.0012190781999379396,
0.024320032447576523,
0.03250459209084511,
0.03250778093934059,
0.033159539103507996,
0.015334779396653175,
0.016945730894804,
0.0005344208329916,
0.00679938355460763,
0.014544971287250519,
-0.03058512508869171,
-0.025977715849876404,
-0.006366492249071598,
-0.017670374363660812,
0.03957831487059593,
-0.009641320444643497,
0.04591088369488716,
-0.021466504782438278,
0.03756275027990341,
-0.03530857712030411,
0.053427960723638535,
-0.03746284544467926,
0.016582390293478966,
0.003207359928637743,
-0.00021585929789580405,
0.042009659111499786,
-0.01726793870329857,
-0.0029679967556148767,
0.002440214389935136,
-0.014807098545134068,
0.0075108823366463184,
-0.006636072415858507,
-0.030894890427589417,
0.01358653325587511,
-0.01964808814227581,
0.01111559011042118,
0.001122311339713633,
-0.006026287097483873,
-0.011350132524967194,
0.03955761715769768,
-0.02381518855690956,
-0.02110571414232254,
-0.013597634620964527,
0.009490689262747765,
0.0737534910440445,
0.021405482664704323,
0.0003095246502198279,
-0.000026924217308987863,
-0.033837802708148956,
0.013007146306335926,
0.015732502564787865,
0.018857531249523163,
-0.040155038237571716,
-0.05015024542808533,
-0.03195897489786148,
-0.03072168305516243,
-0.009140863083302975,
0.009096529334783554,
0.023816272616386414,
-0.024570032954216003,
-0.008479219861328602,
0.03589906543493271,
-0.05517071858048439,
0.009723748080432415,
0.0436144657433033,
-0.04817018657922745,
0.020278559997677803,
0.033019356429576874,
-0.011337230913341045,
0.012761041522026062,
-0.0012948369840160012,
-0.025997092947363853,
-0.07994019985198975,
-0.030353909358382225,
0.025604959577322006,
0.019179007038474083,
0.001365629374049604,
-0.010376641526818275,
-0.010952959768474102,
0.013438321650028229,
0.01509875524789095,
0.001852972898632288,
0.02318594418466091,
-0.03974186256527901,
0.022504784166812897,
0.06229499727487564,
-0.014213713817298412,
-0.0014486863510683179,
-0.022819390520453453,
-0.02050063945353031,
0.029311582446098328,
-0.03490957245230675,
0.029740607365965843,
0.035907380282878876,
-0.012019981630146503,
-0.014894901774823666,
-0.0673220232129097,
0.016259295865893364,
0.02605052851140499,
-0.008751441724598408,
0.03032859042286873,
-0.01732202060520649,
-0.04246344789862633,
0.02766379527747631,
0.03296058252453804,
0.032403431832790375,
0.024891316890716553,
0.02615102380514145,
-0.018733741715550423,
-0.012250005267560482,
0.019679302349686623,
-0.01225898414850235,
-0.03625693544745445,
-0.02248513698577881,
0.05767349153757095,
-0.029320210218429565,
-0.05214753374457359,
-0.050798337906599045,
-0.04839932918548584,
-0.0043713729828596115,
-0.04454931244254112,
0.011709114536643028,
-0.020800109952688217,
0.052512314170598984,
0.030055208131670952,
0.05823729559779167,
0.004795995075255632,
-0.017572103068232536,
0.010617650113999844,
-0.038251060992479324,
0.008520958013832569,
-0.040431614965200424,
0.005359438247978687,
0.05187255144119263,
-0.026717226952314377,
-0.031035076826810837,
-0.015038199722766876,
-0.030345110222697258,
0.024379251524806023,
-0.014156640507280827,
-0.04912816733121872,
0.026938267052173615,
0.015780353918671608,
0.021051762625575066,
0.03871868550777435,
-0.03802561014890671,
-0.02305498905479908,
-0.019408157095313072,
-0.03836440294981003,
-0.039177197962999344,
-0.00970810279250145,
0.05331629142165184,
-0.03348233550786972,
0.050290074199438095,
-0.024158915504813194,
0.019986065104603767,
0.04428737983107567,
0.07029175013303757,
0.022463995963335037,
0.04648913815617561,
-0.015888385474681854,
0.04225418344140053,
0.05921080335974693,
-0.002086759777739644,
-0.007755252066999674,
0.06894002854824066,
-0.026822831481695175,
-0.04227719455957413,
0.04168630391359329,
-0.007018294185400009,
-0.0034413691610097885,
-0.1041610911488533,
0.07179123163223267,
-0.0026952289044857025,
-0.077889084815979,
-0.006482463330030441,
0.021482497453689575,
-0.044327348470687866,
0.02877046726644039,
-0.022642694413661957,
0.01418315526098013,
-0.012760579586029053,
0.06986244022846222,
0.006195287685841322,
0.04433673992753029,
0.04961513355374336,
0.0159835834056139,
-0.020732766017317772,
-0.025644317269325256,
0.08365057408809662,
0.06739921867847443,
0.06939946115016937,
0.012119065970182419,
0.08194945752620697,
-0.01742163673043251,
-0.03196406736969948,
0.018436238169670105,
0.03273863345384598,
-0.015112848952412605,
-0.029254809021949768,
0.009619423188269138,
0.06127917394042015,
-0.031149955466389656,
0.07459737360477448,
-0.023300429806113243,
-0.0174136720597744,
0.02597103640437126,
0.009538784623146057,
0.006106095388531685,
0.05333501473069191,
-0.008710980415344238,
0.03960222750902176,
-0.028210973367094994,
0.021446270868182182,
0.0023922945838421583,
-0.008488143794238567,
0.007449569180607796,
0.03638847544789314,
-0.022564781829714775,
0.012460262514650822,
-0.003054413478821516,
0.020818468183279037,
0.09463726729154587,
-0.041275300085544586,
-0.05376099795103073,
0.017216982319951057,
0.0018900289433076978,
-0.002702652709558606,
0.03518083319067955,
0.016058314591646194,
-0.012675457634031773,
-0.01717771217226982,
-0.07543795555830002,
0.003191324882209301,
-0.024184513837099075,
-0.0013124613324180245,
-0.0009675821638666093,
-0.021978305652737617,
-0.041360706090927124,
0.008248374797403812,
0.02122463285923004,
-0.015197237953543663,
-0.03659917041659355,
-0.03846121206879616,
-0.03806385025382042,
-0.07039070874452591,
-0.027005469426512718,
-0.0031553073786199093,
-0.017403529956936836,
-0.04991082847118378,
-0.016355404630303383,
-0.027174806222319603,
0.03473827987909317,
0.030742716044187546,
-0.07529166340827942,
0.018717993050813675,
0.02808142825961113,
0.03334808722138405,
0.009388986974954605,
0.03226231411099434,
0.03679507598280907,
-0.06304247677326202,
-0.00687820091843605,
0.0485306940972805,
0.043592557311058044,
0.009182707406580448,
0.010854327119886875,
-0.0016975484322756529,
-0.11030770093202591,
0.021277932450175285,
-0.025948092341423035,
-0.050097234547138214,
-0.08172902464866638,
0.0014070869656279683,
0.006628334987908602,
0.04834645614027977,
0.026852507144212723,
0.0324101485311985,
0.0036358418874442577,
0.003289962885901332,
0.05687830224633217,
0.043705787509679794,
-0.0031753932125866413,
0.021987028419971466,
-0.03642566502094269,
0.07765594869852066,
0.015888715162873268,
-0.011561483144760132,
0.022470679134130478,
0.012797256000339985,
0.011756018735468388,
0.004057129845023155,
-0.025427622720599174,
-0.05834261327981949,
-0.009551256895065308,
-0.10640542209148407,
-0.01817559450864792,
0.012026087380945683,
0.03459380567073822,
-0.04111577197909355,
-0.02083907648921013,
0.010739482939243317,
-0.012998295947909355,
0.04007706418633461,
-0.0026812872383743525,
0.018142616376280785,
-0.036805056035518646,
-0.04596514254808426,
-0.05983378365635872,
0.010979725979268551,
-0.010783213190734386,
0.03617677837610245,
-0.04101657494902611,
-0.052807748317718506,
-0.025600098073482513,
-0.019776970148086548,
0.03112082928419113,
-0.003878683317452669,
0.029670603573322296,
0.005678173620253801
] |
286 |
Convergence and Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Continual Linear Classification
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=DTqx3iqjkz
|
[
"Hyunji Jung",
"Hanseul Cho",
"Chulhee Yun"
] |
Poster
|
We study continual learning on multiple linear classification tasks by sequentially running gradient descent (GD) for a fixed budget of iterations per each given task. When all tasks are jointly linearly separable and are presented in a cyclic/random order, we show the directional convergence of the trained linear classifier to the joint (offline) max-margin solution. This is surprising because GD training on a single task is implicitly biased towards the individual max-margin solution for the task, and the direction of the joint max-margin solution can be largely different from these individual solutions. Additionally, when tasks are given in a cyclic order, we present a non-asymptotic analysis on cycle-averaged forgetting, revealing that (1) alignment between tasks is indeed closely tied to catastrophic forgetting and backward knowledge transfer and (2) the amount of forgetting vanishes to zero as the cycle repeats. Lastly, we analyze the case where the tasks are no longer jointly separable and show that the model trained in a cyclic order converges to the unique minimum of the joint loss function.
|
Continual Learning, Sequential Learning, Gradient Descent, Linear Classification, Convergence, Implicit Bias
| null | 13,745 | null |
[
-0.01986733451485634,
0.003940069582313299,
-0.017389321699738503,
0.02757885493338108,
0.03096570260822773,
0.02192050963640213,
0.044409263879060745,
0.025259235873818398,
-0.036804601550102234,
-0.03200269117951393,
-0.012853334657847881,
0.01792251132428646,
-0.09489548951387405,
0.009185375645756721,
0.02938879281282425,
0.04741443693637848,
0.04585250839591026,
0.023192094638943672,
-0.001260079094208777,
0.0172734297811985,
-0.018560204654932022,
-0.014012051746249199,
0.0319334901869297,
0.013801771216094494,
0.030168281868100166,
0.014473325572907925,
0.006991197355091572,
0.013929130509495735,
-0.02148406207561493,
0.014563405886292458,
0.0443461537361145,
0.011645348742604256,
0.010112408548593521,
-0.020662184804677963,
0.05348028242588043,
0.020624365657567978,
-0.02521347999572754,
-0.010545600205659866,
0.040367960929870605,
0.016468841582536697,
-0.021033605560660362,
0.0023609327618032694,
-0.048540275543928146,
0.01625918224453926,
-0.06641991436481476,
0.04602721333503723,
-0.10315299779176712,
0.004434993024915457,
0.025414152070879936,
-0.06066102907061577,
-0.106106698513031,
0.03603767231106758,
0.027547257021069527,
-0.04238097369670868,
-0.021185252815485,
0.056221894919872284,
0.03250432386994362,
-0.06073053181171417,
-0.009391755796968937,
-0.04454554244875908,
-0.050720587372779846,
0.013829168863594532,
0.0052759950049221516,
-0.00017887426656670868,
-0.014941691420972347,
-0.03386817127466202,
0.027285300195217133,
0.043278682976961136,
-0.05073145404458046,
-0.014070823788642883,
-0.039313774555921555,
-0.007988146506249905,
0.005628741811960936,
0.04754684120416641,
-0.0028952034190297127,
-0.06113942340016365,
0.011278949677944183,
0.0036447662860155106,
0.07928679883480072,
-0.00602069403976202,
-0.0010106206173077226,
0.035405468195676804,
0.03306061029434204,
0.02948799356818199,
0.002595514990389347,
0.016052206978201866,
-0.023279856890439987,
-0.02516503632068634,
-0.09690169990062714,
0.053851403295993805,
-0.033686134964227676,
-0.0640626847743988,
0.015122806653380394,
0.04683001711964607,
-0.0077514974400401115,
-0.032137446105480194,
0.0025690998882055283,
0.027785351499915123,
0.01695297099649906,
0.0007147118449211121,
-0.03601253777742386,
-0.027278557419776917,
0.0041528912261128426,
0.012983208522200584,
-0.09506934881210327,
-0.009758786298334599,
-0.020232729613780975,
-0.005838825833052397,
-0.016648530960083008,
0.020113715901970863,
-0.05656849965453148,
0.00655546598136425,
0.009653350338339806,
-0.02892831526696682,
-0.07137903571128845,
0.01667848229408264,
-0.020043889060616493,
0.012509935535490513,
-0.025601623579859734,
-0.024143628776073456,
0.045805953443050385,
0.043075818568468094,
-0.006990044377744198,
0.060017772018909454,
-0.01973584108054638,
0.025102972984313965,
0.0005907247541472316,
0.03666120767593384,
-0.041486956179142,
-0.05818234011530876,
0.011691559106111526,
0.02823338657617569,
-0.02980617620050907,
0.026281103491783142,
-0.019749868661165237,
0.01242136675864458,
-0.0237266905605793,
0.018978174775838852,
0.015502185560762882,
0.030938830226659775,
0.007012784946709871,
-0.017430588603019714,
0.0480402335524559,
-0.0287138931453228,
0.059662919491529465,
-0.045965053141117096,
0.01641281694173813,
-0.020770307630300522,
-0.05862501263618469,
-0.01707860454916954,
0.004735384602099657,
-0.011805998161435127,
-0.013347259722650051,
-0.09097946435213089,
0.003328512655571103,
0.034924931824207306,
-0.007923617959022522,
0.05527076497673988,
-0.002952199662104249,
0.017914945259690285,
0.03368746116757393,
-0.00043385050958022475,
-0.020308565348386765,
0.04643511772155762,
0.00009921399760060012,
-0.07308553159236908,
0.05981794744729996,
0.028044050559401512,
-0.02441316470503807,
0.0006319298991002142,
-0.03578764200210571,
0.010471213608980179,
0.040820129215717316,
-0.023030083626508713,
-0.018991481512784958,
0.0038733326364308596,
0.06183483451604843,
0.01845124363899231,
0.04334106296300888,
0.001407348900102079,
-0.10056257992982864,
0.022340958938002586,
0.025224393233656883,
0.021266786381602287,
-0.015086693689227104,
-0.02426525205373764,
0.08231751620769501,
-0.023862455040216446,
0.04455458000302315,
0.014382055029273033,
-0.0655425488948822,
-0.01016328390687704,
0.03576916083693504,
-0.014186962507665157,
0.08737140893936157,
0.008673595264554024,
0.004183266311883926,
-0.009399409405887127,
0.018067948520183563,
0.03446178510785103,
0.08152779936790466,
-0.04694535955786705,
0.041259557008743286,
-0.0002241381589556113,
-0.021346958354115486,
0.02851327694952488,
0.03265601396560669,
-0.05432276800274849,
-0.03182312101125717,
0.043783340603113174,
-0.009056290611624718,
0.025106165558099747,
-0.009738852269947529,
0.03458230942487717,
0.02324756793677807,
0.009097782894968987,
-0.017435111105442047,
-0.0009249260765500367,
0.01624683476984501,
-0.05559074506163597,
0.0368635430932045,
0.01600978709757328,
-0.015808619558811188,
0.0168472770601511,
-0.02352142706513405,
0.08011879026889801,
0.06755116581916809,
-0.025715861469507217,
0.008125313557684422,
0.0016999319195747375,
0.022266514599323273,
-0.001792368246242404,
0.0011040392564609647,
-0.005477013997733593,
0.0011641309829428792,
-0.01343412883579731,
-0.012471785768866539,
-0.03838903829455376,
0.0670357197523117,
-0.048651836812496185,
-0.01756536029279232,
0.07507392764091492,
-0.032951533794403076,
0.061468709260225296,
-0.006117206532508135,
-0.003922638017684221,
0.02870112657546997,
0.03789554908871651,
-0.04431590810418129,
-0.03661451116204262,
-0.02590724639594555,
-0.01717608980834484,
-0.018697641789913177,
-0.022162118926644325,
-0.00722825201228261,
-0.051703039556741714,
-0.032940592616796494,
-0.0076272389851510525,
0.06508298963308334,
0.052214834839105606,
0.024826819077134132,
0.02110922522842884,
-0.0012097525177523494,
-0.042571913450956345,
-0.00399625301361084,
-0.11506856977939606,
-0.05525527894496918,
-0.006256997585296631,
0.062167029827833176,
0.005140676628798246,
0.03773052617907524,
0.007680519483983517,
0.053879301995038986,
-0.011117490008473396,
-0.057005733251571655,
0.01890357956290245,
0.03318661451339722,
0.017695479094982147,
-0.05541280657052994,
-0.012951593846082687,
-0.0020649663638323545,
0.07162443548440933,
-0.02323845960199833,
-0.01965278945863247,
-0.0546862967312336,
-0.05652320757508278,
-0.0029589140322059393,
-0.037450894713401794,
-0.03165255859494209,
0.011494242586195469,
0.016149787232279778,
0.031247766688466072,
-0.022388439625501633,
0.013536201789975166,
0.02184366248548031,
0.06513245403766632,
0.048497434705495834,
0.009116124361753464,
-0.01681472733616829,
0.021369511261582375,
-0.011288045905530453,
0.007471507415175438,
0.015327363274991512,
0.01186281442642212,
-0.02238810807466507,
-0.010997092351317406,
0.01509599294513464,
-0.00400321651250124,
-0.26631730794906616,
-0.03647627308964729,
0.005420789122581482,
0.0005109439371153712,
0.03446563333272934,
-0.025677137076854706,
0.010492137633264065,
-0.03532209247350693,
-0.010006551630795002,
0.000019286733731860295,
-0.008787809871137142,
0.06368566304445267,
0.02941703610122204,
0.05286382883787155,
0.03227448835968971,
0.02350003272294998,
0.031630873680114746,
0.005739405285567045,
-0.007475591730326414,
0.05387241393327713,
-0.015642201527953148,
-0.08906468749046326,
-0.03465644270181656,
0.04525452107191086,
-0.017236704006791115,
0.04292929545044899,
-0.06264910846948624,
-0.026525838300585747,
-0.035475458949804306,
-0.019985761493444443,
-0.04563023895025253,
-0.0171358622610569,
-0.00986548513174057,
0.05954379215836525,
0.0033303559757769108,
0.002239448018372059,
0.014781087636947632,
0.00807791855186224,
0.011531651020050049,
-0.00034191153827123344,
0.0009648006525821984,
-0.026228414848446846,
-0.0186641626060009,
0.023179326206445694,
0.05178120359778404,
0.04549263045191765,
-0.057438671588897705,
-0.010462519712746143,
-0.011066165752708912,
0.02714768797159195,
0.003758735954761505,
0.004299018997699022,
-0.00870820228010416,
0.0018146184738725424,
0.01666572131216526,
-0.045416004955768585,
-0.000053341671446105465,
-0.031167853623628616,
-0.0016428995877504349,
0.017686281353235245,
-0.011491695418953896,
-0.06284009665250778,
-0.013763907365500927,
-0.03871011361479759,
-0.009677795693278313,
-0.03434040769934654,
-0.07917914539575577,
-0.03991139307618141,
0.038122788071632385,
0.026603875681757927,
0.008761908859014511,
0.04071266949176788,
-0.024859953671693802,
-0.08986297249794006,
0.015569213777780533,
-0.021697834134101868,
-0.00033406581496819854,
-0.0019333699019625783,
0.01051257736980915,
0.06537307798862457,
-0.039130985736846924,
-0.05275982990860939,
0.010411467403173447,
0.0005530242924578488,
0.029550466686487198,
-0.02478020451962948,
0.037945110350847244,
-0.012432735413312912,
-0.02320875972509384,
-0.03135797381401062,
0.03750082105398178,
0.0030164974741637707,
0.027852794155478477,
-0.003260621801018715,
0.05305857211351395,
0.06219421699643135,
0.00800643302500248,
0.06221625581383705,
0.07627828419208527,
-0.0221213698387146,
0.030025335028767586,
-0.09248775243759155,
-0.011480572633445263,
-0.03994878754019737,
-0.023507026955485344,
0.01735757291316986,
-0.04598003625869751,
-0.014055530540645123,
0.06399457901716232,
0.028140977025032043,
-0.013811090029776096,
-0.025797775015234947,
-0.0018993099220097065,
-0.02267475612461567,
-0.030171958729624748,
-0.013966085389256477,
0.005730054806917906,
0.04210169240832329,
0.02234358713030815,
-0.02196412719786167,
-0.038050249218940735,
0.0455387607216835,
-0.01922684907913208,
0.0293563324958086,
0.009682172909379005,
0.000563930778298527,
-0.009835145436227322,
-0.022684937343001366,
-0.01601589471101761,
0.016902795061469078,
0.009758688509464264,
0.04495719447731972,
-0.014498436823487282,
0.013691568747162819,
0.06327666342258453,
0.01712636835873127,
-0.00008161128062056378,
-0.02245359681546688,
0.023411307483911514,
-0.016679611057043076,
0.039577666670084,
0.006566385738551617,
0.021080678328871727,
0.012766928412020206,
0.03843792527914047,
0.030747022479772568,
-0.0013396814465522766,
-0.007624965161085129,
0.005232966039329767,
-0.021413180977106094,
0.039620742201805115,
-0.029174495488405228,
-0.023909328505396843,
-0.02178182266652584,
0.03889671713113785,
0.0029549207538366318,
0.027230581268668175,
-0.0030025371816009283,
-0.003143738489598036,
-0.05731520056724548,
0.04228886961936951,
0.01066636759787798,
-0.007166996132582426,
-0.003430374199524522,
0.016388485208153725,
0.058446481823921204,
-0.02669319324195385,
-0.02326234057545662,
0.02354406751692295,
0.020975595340132713,
0.007668219041079283,
-0.0029196548275649548,
-0.024594822898507118,
-0.03916982561349869,
-0.007789404131472111,
-0.015153437852859497,
-0.0035902734380215406,
-0.011219339445233345,
-0.03534458950161934,
0.016787853091955185,
0.011584589257836342,
-0.011532904580235481,
-0.010142951272428036,
0.013806070201098919,
0.08616408705711365,
0.019629087299108505,
-0.00641753152012825,
-0.0011125602759420872,
-0.06376329809427261,
0.03814750909805298,
-0.006320777349174023,
0.008803058415651321,
-0.022963397204875946,
-0.05036969482898712,
-0.03185836225748062,
-0.024659384042024612,
0.008740043267607689,
0.029899949207901955,
-0.01966264098882675,
0.00015014372183941305,
-0.026934616267681122,
0.02642310969531536,
-0.03594442829489708,
0.011141574941575527,
0.03744800388813019,
-0.0821816548705101,
0.000008235120731114876,
0.03981880843639374,
-0.02307807467877865,
0.01121794618666172,
-0.03587856516242027,
-0.03816952183842659,
-0.040979545563459396,
-0.03110637329518795,
0.009293227456510067,
-0.01200864277780056,
-0.005937454290688038,
0.007496783044189215,
0.0002033108175965026,
-0.015314565040171146,
0.029446853324770927,
0.016290754079818726,
-0.0011935161892324686,
-0.009669956751167774,
0.0016359520377591252,
0.055171139538288116,
-0.0014805822866037488,
-0.012497946619987488,
0.004421641118824482,
-0.01703946478664875,
0.020320270210504532,
-0.04622253403067589,
0.014830351807177067,
0.03396018221974373,
0.011602547951042652,
0.00937872938811779,
-0.008700667880475521,
0.054668914526700974,
-0.02853439189493656,
-0.011374594643712044,
-0.02103833295404911,
-0.007163365371525288,
-0.03220401331782341,
-0.025985149666666985,
0.009695857763290405,
0.05023953691124916,
0.022796116769313812,
0.0034555604215711355,
0.004817976150661707,
0.024848949164152145,
0.014829843305051327,
0.056468818336725235,
-0.044427331537008286,
-0.006691600661724806,
0.05054027959704399,
-0.037637803703546524,
-0.01920539140701294,
-0.07067078351974487,
0.0033033147919923067,
0.025463176891207695,
-0.021815268322825432,
0.012776636518537998,
-0.02910454198718071,
0.05073968321084976,
0.038471587002277374,
0.04045930877327919,
0.015599094331264496,
0.013445236720144749,
0.03776324912905693,
-0.05361972376704216,
-0.004961758386343718,
-0.06075424328446388,
-0.018785741180181503,
0.05607422813773155,
-0.026622464880347252,
0.052957840263843536,
0.017299098894000053,
-0.038053516298532486,
0.04192453250288963,
-0.022662727162241936,
-0.05738910287618637,
-0.006331257056444883,
-0.05661292374134064,
0.0023808549158275127,
0.02500183694064617,
-0.03923216089606285,
0.000028523874789243564,
-0.008004259318113327,
-0.05552808940410614,
-0.03551997244358063,
-0.001733449287712574,
0.03621452674269676,
-0.003357975510880351,
-0.0014788656262680888,
-0.03459339216351509,
0.027309544384479523,
0.008250053972005844,
0.05272919312119484,
0.028327301144599915,
0.018136298283934593,
-0.054058898240327835,
0.08043861389160156,
0.0151149807497859,
-0.0044453018344938755,
-0.01104053296148777,
0.0577361099421978,
0.007882564328610897,
-0.05124382674694061,
0.05675055459141731,
-0.03577606379985809,
-0.01373532135039568,
-0.024596456438302994,
0.013991176150739193,
0.03292558342218399,
-0.05521172285079956,
-0.048138584941625595,
0.04999999329447746,
-0.06099896505475044,
-0.0028271274641156197,
-0.00019432848785072565,
0.017108283936977386,
-0.0032523381523787975,
0.08466445654630661,
0.0221293605864048,
0.0024184775538742542,
0.04415885731577873,
0.035807643085718155,
-0.017466338351368904,
-0.023522663861513138,
0.08056779205799103,
0.050111040472984314,
0.03067018836736679,
-0.01606636494398117,
0.054172333329916,
-0.034237027168273926,
-0.05714362859725952,
0.029151495546102524,
-0.009148103184998035,
-0.01559186540544033,
-0.04161303862929344,
0.0023585879243910313,
0.05732787400484085,
0.025852149352431297,
0.07834012806415558,
-0.06595862656831741,
0.005765747744590044,
0.027523662894964218,
-0.013696602545678616,
0.005143996328115463,
0.06074945256114006,
0.01567905582487583,
0.02252703160047531,
-0.03154982626438141,
-0.04429466649889946,
0.011338204145431519,
-0.019553184509277344,
0.04154597222805023,
-0.012119936756789684,
-0.02617272548377514,
0.02779986709356308,
0.013656297698616982,
0.008323569782078266,
0.10032045096158981,
-0.05620088428258896,
-0.02653537131845951,
-0.03710312768816948,
0.013782424852252007,
-0.009110798127949238,
0.027629798278212547,
0.02142801694571972,
-0.0300750769674778,
0.02732011303305626,
-0.04624176025390625,
0.03687971457839012,
0.03382496535778046,
-0.009399437345564365,
0.012136183679103851,
-0.032394889742136,
-0.015056025236845016,
0.022045141085982323,
0.03752690926194191,
-0.01332800928503275,
-0.05469591170549393,
-0.031800754368305206,
-0.08629734814167023,
-0.059358227998018265,
-0.048097774386405945,
0.05706875026226044,
0.027326228097081184,
-0.03969944640994072,
0.0021241342183202505,
-0.01527411863207817,
-0.0012298639630898833,
0.0034020296297967434,
-0.05301446095108986,
-0.020619725808501244,
0.02488645724952221,
0.013303522951900959,
0.007051789201796055,
0.008653503842651844,
0.023177627474069595,
-0.008870999328792095,
-0.015345271676778793,
0.027664799243211746,
-0.019636401906609535,
0.019423531368374825,
-0.02522936835885048,
-0.000024647435566294007,
-0.08032733201980591,
0.02429378591477871,
-0.004587819334119558,
-0.05328119173645973,
-0.07591475546360016,
0.02385747991502285,
-0.041090335696935654,
0.019129939377307892,
0.032488591969013214,
0.004918938037008047,
-0.0003573322610463947,
-0.052499618381261826,
-0.011133459396660328,
-0.007206749636679888,
0.002674710238352418,
0.06944978982210159,
0.007544088177382946,
0.03468995913863182,
0.02994920313358307,
-0.020365824922919273,
-0.03338544815778732,
0.038450706750154495,
-0.008145617321133614,
-0.010632514022290707,
-0.0017821105429902673,
-0.061356447637081146,
-0.018057558685541153,
-0.10715587437152863,
-0.007774363737553358,
0.022620122879743576,
0.0026276290882378817,
-0.05608543008565903,
-0.021954413503408432,
0.010057090781629086,
0.010428394190967083,
-0.0024839024990797043,
-0.018480569124221802,
-0.01054957415908575,
-0.05442027375102043,
-0.03655622527003288,
-0.048834919929504395,
0.026976123452186584,
-0.026165219023823738,
0.020852074027061462,
-0.025435198098421097,
-0.030400970950722694,
0.013200310058891773,
-0.01673337072134018,
0.041560981422662735,
0.004624976310878992,
0.0059938691556453705,
-0.010027362033724785
] |
287 |
The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=ngmEcEer8a
|
[
"Andrey Gromov",
"Kushal Tirumala",
"Hassan Shapourian",
"Paolo Glorioso",
"Dan Roberts"
] |
Poster
|
How is knowledge stored in an LLM’s weights? We study this via layer pruning: if removing a certain layer does not affect model performance in common question-answering benchmarks, then the weights in that layer are not necessary for storing the knowledge needed to answer those questions. To find these unnecessary parameters, we identify the optimal block of layers to prune by considering similarity across layers; then, to “heal” the damage, we perform a small amount of finetuning. Surprisingly, with this method we find minimal degradation of performance until after a large fraction (up to half) of the layers are removed for some common open-weight models. From a scientific perspective, the robustness of these LLMs to the deletion of layers implies either that current pretraining methods are not properly leveraging the parameters in the deeper layers of the network or that the shallow layers play a critical role in storing knowledge. For our study, we use parameter-efficient finetuning (PEFT) methods, specifically quantization and Low Rank Adapters (QLoRA), such that each of our experiments can be performed on a single 40GB A100 GPU.
|
NLP, Pruning, Science of Deep Learning, Efficient Inference
|
We use model pruning as tool to understand how and where knowledge is located in open-weight LLMs: we find that we can remove up to half the layers of Llama-2 70B with essentially no impact on performance on QA benchmarks.
| 13,737 |
2403.17887
|
[
-0.0008830406004562974,
-0.0448157899081707,
0.011366426944732666,
0.03971482813358307,
0.054381512105464935,
0.015572684817016125,
0.003771684831008315,
-0.0110126081854105,
-0.018109530210494995,
-0.005332167726010084,
-0.01544160582125187,
0.023673029616475105,
-0.05815139412879944,
0.00397464819252491,
-0.010387061163783073,
0.060229718685150146,
0.050152119249105453,
-0.020432956516742706,
0.010345849208533764,
0.025373168289661407,
-0.0012566965306177735,
-0.028133217245340347,
0.010929679498076439,
0.008424662053585052,
0.024186350405216217,
-0.02319432981312275,
0.0011497546220198274,
0.026002923026680946,
-0.022738507017493248,
0.024724703282117844,
0.042409397661685944,
-0.014599403366446495,
0.011227094568312168,
-0.04215223714709282,
0.019942419603466988,
-0.02264603227376938,
-0.06897971779108047,
0.03175096958875656,
-0.00034220056841149926,
0.006493945140391588,
-0.03731371834874153,
0.02739262767136097,
-0.02633996494114399,
0.04636327549815178,
-0.04552808031439781,
0.010046837851405144,
-0.09523871541023254,
0.017640413716435432,
-0.0012921203160658479,
-0.03890790790319443,
-0.12409818172454834,
0.04699203372001648,
-0.009111336432397366,
-0.010004229843616486,
0.027297649532556534,
0.022045090794563293,
0.02391267567873001,
-0.07751549035310745,
0.010760233737528324,
-0.02375790663063526,
-0.037376519292593,
-0.024249345064163208,
-0.0068169087171554565,
0.005926200188696384,
-0.010883684270083904,
-0.06766383349895477,
-0.005639602895826101,
0.03284861147403717,
-0.06878617405891418,
-0.02651415765285492,
0.005472073331475258,
0.006129780318588018,
-0.028388286009430885,
0.002420115051791072,
-0.006669084075838327,
-0.0397069975733757,
0.005760591942816973,
0.018422333523631096,
0.10200318694114685,
-0.006640558131039143,
0.0035564531572163105,
0.03814292326569557,
0.028043335303664207,
0.05102232098579407,
0.027700399979948997,
0.0173406470566988,
-0.048474084585905075,
-0.0337124764919281,
-0.07423096895217896,
0.03386494517326355,
-0.018515825271606445,
-0.02001204900443554,
0.027750598266720772,
0.014129145070910454,
-0.006739214528352022,
0.01948695443570614,
0.019946465268731117,
0.015283852815628052,
0.018771646544337273,
0.023546820506453514,
-0.014245041646063328,
-0.03760398551821709,
0.040206629782915115,
0.008104965090751648,
-0.09325864166021347,
0.00143918814137578,
-0.019031090661883354,
-0.008820790797472,
-0.00802067294716835,
0.013474640436470509,
-0.04401756078004837,
0.009439054876565933,
-0.016337880864739418,
-0.022916948422789574,
-0.11547839641571045,
0.003486054949462414,
-0.0060797641053795815,
0.001407536561600864,
-0.01973557472229004,
0.014498269185423851,
0.057425763458013535,
0.05199059471487999,
0.023521894589066505,
0.0740981325507164,
0.0024727871641516685,
-0.0002043706481344998,
0.02384468913078308,
0.021000990644097328,
-0.0361243300139904,
-0.041481588035821915,
0.023864950984716415,
0.03575914353132248,
-0.0010530066210776567,
0.00572982057929039,
-0.0031898932065814734,
-0.02806784026324749,
-0.006688371300697327,
0.018382679671049118,
0.0251566544175148,
-0.007948984391987324,
-0.01331110205501318,
-0.04497215896844864,
0.04310587793588638,
-0.0428013801574707,
0.06521814316511154,
-0.016423197463154793,
-0.011970746330916882,
-0.020985180512070656,
0.002094769151881337,
-0.03556513041257858,
0.01994667574763298,
0.058289892971515656,
-0.01370981801301241,
-0.08077571541070938,
0.006108690053224564,
0.07603338360786438,
-0.0186887439340353,
-0.021091753616929054,
0.0013657190138474107,
0.004802303854376078,
0.015339530073106289,
-0.019625207409262657,
-0.03374484181404114,
0.02482212334871292,
-0.004548218101263046,
-0.053278226405382156,
0.03735485300421715,
-0.00018087908392772079,
-0.02700028568506241,
0.02089499495923519,
-0.05316447839140892,
-0.05145673826336861,
0.05759469047188759,
-0.014612644910812378,
-0.051758889108896255,
0.018351932987570763,
0.05113047733902931,
0.03472985699772835,
0.008111108094453812,
0.03927651792764664,
-0.06636075675487518,
0.008462224155664444,
-0.0199257954955101,
-0.0027798134833574295,
-0.02005464769899845,
-0.022032877430319786,
0.1045897826552391,
-0.025859670713543892,
0.021607913076877594,
0.01771313138306141,
-0.08792311698198318,
0.01597634144127369,
-0.0079448651522398,
0.0073537444695830345,
0.08965420722961426,
0.0034848270006477833,
-0.025154758244752884,
0.045288559049367905,
0.008848313242197037,
0.06747420877218246,
0.05679680034518242,
-0.028374243527650833,
0.05346093699336052,
-0.029990695416927338,
-0.04153710603713989,
0.009748943150043488,
0.02646338753402233,
-0.06003468856215477,
-0.01315663754940033,
0.04009869322180748,
-0.024155156686902046,
-0.019149431958794594,
-0.00023057273938320577,
-0.005096691194921732,
-0.0005803642561659217,
0.003422056557610631,
-0.01670152135193348,
-0.010422773659229279,
0.05540025234222412,
-0.04445670172572136,
0.03223283588886261,
0.026024550199508667,
-0.000726973288692534,
0.001961754634976387,
-0.04495828598737717,
0.09389068931341171,
0.047251079231500626,
-0.022991590201854706,
0.0021110367961227894,
-0.013211795128881931,
0.02494097873568535,
0.0014607569901272655,
0.00833128485828638,
-0.02299814485013485,
0.00752696068957448,
-0.028694434091448784,
-0.014235423877835274,
-0.048626858741045,
0.05738426744937897,
-0.03759295865893364,
-0.050216782838106155,
0.0596420094370842,
0.011511673219501972,
0.06816569715738297,
0.023493537679314613,
0.014211669564247131,
0.037445876747369766,
-0.034820277243852615,
-0.016567396000027657,
-0.021758876740932465,
-0.0063156019896268845,
0.005022897385060787,
-0.012366526760160923,
-0.01792137697339058,
0.029804524034261703,
-0.05839678645133972,
-0.02122846432030201,
-0.028155937790870667,
0.059107910841703415,
0.038991305977106094,
-0.007893175818026066,
0.024023020640015602,
-0.0025643121916800737,
-0.025986306369304657,
-0.005189909599721432,
-0.09246570616960526,
-0.010961185209453106,
-0.03408418223261833,
0.05912807211279869,
-0.008512891829013824,
0.06991126388311386,
-0.004992681089788675,
0.013192013837397099,
-0.032776542007923126,
-0.014959670603275299,
-0.003240924794226885,
0.04928583279252052,
0.005748243536800146,
-0.048714205622673035,
-0.028590384870767593,
0.0016562922392040491,
0.06677084416151047,
-0.02880845032632351,
-0.0323028527200222,
-0.04553179815411568,
-0.03872988000512123,
0.021129585802555084,
-0.024491822347044945,
-0.01935204118490219,
-0.005043467506766319,
0.04483303055167198,
0.04152962937951088,
-0.032475922256708145,
0.006681364960968494,
0.030719416216015816,
0.06611371040344238,
0.047555629163980484,
-0.017561810091137886,
-0.014303178526461124,
0.06732778996229172,
-0.034185390919446945,
0.03503786772489548,
0.010625451803207397,
0.029361210763454437,
-0.02338479645550251,
0.008914072997868061,
0.024863922968506813,
-0.0038357311859726906,
-0.2875882685184479,
0.013872061856091022,
0.039027586579322815,
-0.011629967950284481,
0.018219083547592163,
-0.031072091311216354,
0.010126622393727303,
-0.007506190333515406,
-0.014643234200775623,
-0.01017000526189804,
0.04370765760540962,
0.0363348089158535,
-0.010553177446126938,
0.03989969566464424,
0.037190113216638565,
0.027856135740876198,
0.03271801769733429,
-0.025343643501400948,
0.013414534740149975,
0.038082949817180634,
-0.010987645946443081,
-0.05339425057172775,
-0.008686801418662071,
0.05730844661593437,
-0.007007205858826637,
0.06298859417438507,
-0.05326692759990692,
-0.0067206756211817265,
-0.0325949490070343,
-0.01510495413094759,
-0.013881648890674114,
-0.035022273659706116,
-0.0006678492063656449,
0.04606885835528374,
-0.024031667038798332,
-0.004715804476290941,
0.045989617705345154,
-0.013461903668940067,
0.04732687398791313,
0.04562043026089668,
0.0009287206921726465,
-0.014329897239804268,
-0.007236143574118614,
0.031195327639579773,
0.08220066130161285,
0.023726319894194603,
-0.06504680961370468,
-0.015368396416306496,
0.010195381008088589,
0.024619756266474724,
0.0032356001902371645,
-0.04253576323390007,
-0.027498774230480194,
0.026184383779764175,
-0.01011793501675129,
-0.00890304334461689,
-0.011133648455142975,
0.0035939717199653387,
-0.021963374689221382,
0.008976786397397518,
0.01062979456037283,
-0.05863378196954727,
-0.012584160082042217,
-0.038252074271440506,
-0.015230636112391949,
-0.048344895243644714,
-0.054844532161951065,
-0.04823003336787224,
0.05328744277358055,
0.02040795050561428,
-0.023508436977863312,
0.014595015905797482,
0.01605335623025894,
-0.08592844754457474,
0.010651196353137493,
0.0006014184327796102,
-0.045697666704654694,
0.003506256500259042,
-0.004657961893826723,
0.045825857669115067,
-0.042216572910547256,
-0.06809789687395096,
0.019889691844582558,
0.013807402923703194,
0.00815908145159483,
-0.021626435220241547,
-0.008232677355408669,
-0.007090476807206869,
-0.006766669452190399,
-0.027297118678689003,
0.0404297411441803,
0.02323479764163494,
-0.0027603243943303823,
0.005746697541326284,
0.03823895379900932,
0.024849288165569305,
0.029282541945576668,
0.049400296062231064,
0.02912312000989914,
0.037377018481492996,
0.035072099417448044,
-0.02936733327805996,
0.0009593734284862876,
-0.036082182079553604,
-0.04643926024436951,
0.033638887107372284,
-0.020569952204823494,
0.012943639419972897,
0.03207686170935631,
-0.002193715889006853,
-0.03454365208745003,
-0.020523378625512123,
0.008998134173452854,
-0.004139544442296028,
-0.008257201872766018,
0.0033191924449056387,
-0.0017093896167352796,
0.031766459345817566,
0.00534483976662159,
-0.029132341966032982,
-0.046480558812618256,
0.047986019402742386,
-0.002718500327318907,
-0.01066131703555584,
-0.02250337041914463,
0.0017310536932200193,
0.01396918948739767,
-0.026194827631115913,
-0.003380392910912633,
-0.017375165596604347,
0.012988205067813396,
0.04869646951556206,
-0.012372723780572414,
-0.007505018264055252,
0.046936996281147,
-0.02163378894329071,
0.027046769857406616,
0.0067437454126775265,
0.02583087794482708,
0.012230217456817627,
0.007332729175686836,
0.018499407917261124,
0.05787641555070877,
0.04313710704445839,
0.02023998834192753,
0.0207599475979805,
-0.003504910971969366,
-0.031334348022937775,
-0.01577768847346306,
0.01682797260582447,
0.033572111278772354,
-0.04320541024208069,
0.018625646829605103,
-0.05056697130203247,
0.028380446135997772,
0.001658722059801221,
0.03595590963959694,
-0.013502835296094418,
0.008999010547995567,
-0.05797409266233444,
0.0437701977789402,
0.03023713454604149,
-0.041719354689121246,
0.016932949423789978,
-0.005095359403640032,
0.025537148118019104,
0.006387635599821806,
-0.009484048932790756,
0.017638374119997025,
-0.004800866823643446,
-0.0069868373684585094,
-0.02226095274090767,
-0.03900310397148132,
-0.041501812636852264,
-0.016123007982969284,
0.00962456688284874,
-0.0005201631574891508,
-0.0034242381807416677,
-0.014373406767845154,
0.05441225692629814,
-0.0006146408850327134,
-0.008982759900391102,
0.004933696240186691,
-0.01361787784844637,
0.08651033043861389,
0.00719874631613493,
0.02212425507605076,
0.020031023770570755,
-0.0267473291605711,
0.02517326921224594,
-0.022121520712971687,
-0.01545939315110445,
0.028181320056319237,
-0.011192933656275272,
-0.03862903639674187,
-0.032556332647800446,
0.030715299770236015,
0.02935134246945381,
-0.014992482960224152,
0.007053160574287176,
-0.03362793102860451,
-0.0066471160389482975,
-0.04265449568629265,
-0.011436084285378456,
0.028905466198921204,
-0.08067314326763153,
-0.013227137736976147,
0.027966592460870743,
-0.010617339052259922,
0.010357175022363663,
-0.0356830358505249,
-0.007512366399168968,
-0.05459509417414665,
-0.04788614809513092,
0.029111333191394806,
-0.038389645516872406,
-0.00651071360334754,
-0.0005472891498357058,
-0.015900511294603348,
-0.029318664222955704,
0.016355188563466072,
-0.013664343394339085,
0.007169878575950861,
-0.006461539305746555,
0.01093350350856781,
0.052552592009305954,
-0.0005858219228684902,
0.016171913594007492,
-0.004635413642972708,
-0.029023220762610435,
0.027127889916300774,
-0.0551062636077404,
0.04027116671204567,
0.07394379377365112,
-0.02656383439898491,
0.03558476269245148,
-0.03901340067386627,
0.059485986828804016,
0.00926419161260128,
-0.017336418852210045,
0.022543398663401604,
0.0019030944677069783,
-0.043489523231983185,
0.015193157829344273,
-0.008532697334885597,
0.024886485189199448,
0.008749176748096943,
-0.015042158775031567,
-0.013485546223819256,
0.005260562524199486,
0.042572781443595886,
0.007535723969340324,
-0.058991141617298126,
-0.029894519597291946,
0.07631713151931763,
-0.05712585523724556,
-0.021011102944612503,
-0.08842730522155762,
-0.03304912894964218,
0.005746309645473957,
-0.022511474788188934,
0.007431999780237675,
-0.053124915808439255,
0.03815358877182007,
0.020578233525156975,
0.023781634867191315,
-0.00474437465891242,
-0.017748424783349037,
0.042683426290750504,
-0.023054832592606544,
-0.02254297211766243,
-0.052698150277137756,
-0.050244491547346115,
0.05675436928868294,
-0.041032902896404266,
0.02277805656194687,
-0.02098272554576397,
-0.03530924767255783,
0.04263579472899437,
-0.020919032394886017,
-0.04883871600031853,
0.015191866084933281,
-0.005435660015791655,
-0.019723454490303993,
0.026353273540735245,
-0.030143816024065018,
0.0011170691577717662,
-0.002332642674446106,
-0.03809220343828201,
-0.003438484389334917,
-0.030021145939826965,
0.04981360584497452,
-0.003362709190696478,
-0.006103438790887594,
-0.020600372925400734,
0.0058951182290911674,
-0.004990456160157919,
0.054704900830984116,
0.029776809737086296,
0.008988996967673302,
-0.022465353831648827,
0.07093940675258636,
0.04943181574344635,
0.015716852620244026,
0.008898600935935974,
0.019593888893723488,
-0.007492390461266041,
-0.05664803087711334,
0.06060287728905678,
-0.015203532762825489,
-0.0007174044731073081,
-0.04224224016070366,
0.04907764121890068,
0.029356524348258972,
-0.053128212690353394,
-0.026988429948687553,
0.04555438458919525,
-0.04721766710281372,
0.03180079534649849,
-0.01848766580224037,
-0.00984707847237587,
-0.0027955728583037853,
0.06290248036384583,
0.01144007220864296,
0.03521033748984337,
0.07105954736471176,
0.03170507773756981,
-0.0285992082208395,
0.019686320796608925,
0.06845413893461227,
0.05931537598371506,
0.06346964836120605,
-0.017029346898198128,
0.059981755912303925,
-0.01269435416907072,
-0.051127996295690536,
0.010201895609498024,
0.003631989937275648,
0.0057367547415196896,
-0.027759917080402374,
0.04571109265089035,
0.08064325898885727,
0.002774932887405157,
0.062378913164138794,
-0.039999764412641525,
0.007726715411990881,
0.043063096702098846,
-0.008531490340828896,
-0.0012975381687283516,
0.06083275005221367,
0.014675942249596119,
-0.004815373104065657,
-0.023355497047305107,
-0.025935111567378044,
0.010882199741899967,
0.005627145059406757,
0.025379221886396408,
0.029293078929185867,
-0.019619299098849297,
0.015924427658319473,
-0.013201695866882801,
0.05002175644040108,
0.09705089032649994,
-0.06244252994656563,
-0.05917678400874138,
-0.013025814667344093,
0.016191421076655388,
0.01683022268116474,
0.026505934074521065,
-0.0003984594368375838,
-0.05929861590266228,
0.001398444059304893,
-0.06294175982475281,
0.0060102688148617744,
0.0039195953868329525,
0.009183884598314762,
0.018574008718132973,
-0.040048737078905106,
-0.037343211472034454,
0.02578181028366089,
0.04114129766821861,
-0.07060197740793228,
-0.032907284796237946,
-0.054422780871391296,
-0.04530378803610802,
-0.040599171072244644,
-0.059860680252313614,
-0.0029342682100832462,
0.010548420250415802,
-0.029390836134552956,
-0.02110441029071808,
-0.03731207549571991,
-0.0013823439367115498,
0.05422442778944969,
-0.0686599388718605,
-0.0023588063195347786,
0.010333007201552391,
0.0016187081346288323,
-0.04090805724263191,
0.04534941539168358,
0.04844892397522926,
-0.007662425749003887,
-0.005564291961491108,
0.07937110215425491,
0.00827705767005682,
0.029489612206816673,
-0.016594739630818367,
-0.01749792881309986,
-0.09679072350263596,
-0.0032462002709507942,
-0.002324630506336689,
-0.029212711378932,
-0.07104561477899551,
0.0283079594373703,
-0.013828217051923275,
0.004379106219857931,
0.05618463456630707,
0.024040432646870613,
0.01617901772260666,
-0.01859481818974018,
-0.023408321663737297,
-0.016655510291457176,
-0.0006508738733828068,
0.06138216331601143,
0.008249211125075817,
0.07336694747209549,
0.0390215665102005,
-0.0031859700102359056,
-0.033851075917482376,
0.0024459639098495245,
-0.01499615516513586,
-0.006927058566361666,
-0.05288589373230934,
-0.034561824053525925,
-0.014750220812857151,
-0.07831751555204391,
-0.007974520325660706,
0.021795863285660744,
-0.024553712457418442,
-0.04729972034692764,
-0.012553795240819454,
-0.055590610951185226,
-0.030005915090441704,
-0.03302804380655289,
-0.01851050741970539,
-0.013384692370891571,
-0.041691508144140244,
-0.011936106719076633,
-0.039334408938884735,
0.04127901792526245,
-0.0019900521729141474,
-0.015346908010542393,
0.004453692585229874,
-0.03820705786347389,
0.031540971249341965,
0.012774277478456497,
0.03210821747779846,
0.008110417053103447,
0.009408565238118172,
-0.023915452882647514
] |
288 |
Distilling Dataset into Neural Field
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=nCrJD7qPJN
|
[
"Donghyeok Shin",
"HeeSun Bae",
"Gyuwon Sim",
"Wanmo Kang",
"Il-chul Moon"
] |
Poster
|
Utilizing a large-scale dataset is essential for training high-performance deep learning models, but it also comes with substantial computation and storage costs. To overcome these challenges, dataset distillation has emerged as a promising solution by compressing the large-scale dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset that retains the essential information needed for training. This paper proposes a novel parameterization framework for dataset distillation, coined Distilling Dataset into Neural Field (DDiF), which leverages the neural field to store the necessary information of the large-scale dataset. Due to the unique nature of the neural field, which takes coordinates as input and output quantity, DDiF effectively preserves the information and easily generates various shapes of data. We theoretically confirm that DDiF exhibits greater expressiveness than some previous literature when the utilized budget for a single synthetic instance is the same. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that DDiF achieves superior performance on several benchmark datasets, extending beyond the image domain to include video, audio, and 3D voxel. We release the code at \url{https://github.com/aailab-kaist/DDiF}.
|
Dataset distillation, Dataset condensation, Neural field
|
This paper proposes an utilization framework of neural field for dataset distillation.
| 13,708 |
2503.04835
|
[
0.01322607509791851,
-0.030415387824177742,
-0.024420253932476044,
0.06562459468841553,
0.06020219996571541,
0.029449399560689926,
0.0017879934748634696,
-0.00833943486213684,
0.003096916014328599,
-0.048013363033533096,
0.01588173769414425,
-0.019850322976708412,
-0.053051553666591644,
0.012935535982251167,
0.003964411560446024,
0.06301656365394592,
0.03668994829058647,
-0.03335496783256531,
0.046888045966625214,
0.04314250499010086,
-0.03215525299310684,
-0.06422021239995956,
0.007633910980075598,
0.05602823570370674,
0.006979107391089201,
-0.017928650602698326,
-0.012804707512259483,
0.02071044221520424,
-0.016444867476820946,
-0.0014235487906262279,
0.021420413628220558,
0.0057664853520691395,
0.026589330285787582,
-0.028795449063181877,
0.014558211900293827,
-0.001904503908008337,
-0.06820198148488998,
-0.004159923177212477,
0.02823219820857048,
0.029546398669481277,
-0.04976189136505127,
-0.0020172465592622757,
0.005273566115647554,
0.019338449463248253,
-0.053286273032426834,
0.00396133353933692,
-0.08858069032430649,
0.0330047570168972,
-0.0198229867964983,
0.03041694313287735,
-0.07503487169742584,
0.0011937624076381326,
-0.005207226611673832,
0.009746340103447437,
-0.002275696722790599,
0.01855858787894249,
0.0166226327419281,
-0.06908345967531204,
0.005409888923168182,
-0.0456063374876976,
-0.008485652506351471,
0.034688204526901245,
0.04684828221797943,
0.0022682617418468,
0.017802158370614052,
-0.03227679803967476,
-0.025395721197128296,
0.05192459374666214,
-0.04786166921257973,
-0.009848973713815212,
0.0033063963055610657,
0.006320552434772253,
0.018420064821839333,
-0.0017665426712483168,
0.0011285769287496805,
-0.03238512948155403,
0.02218797244131565,
-0.007662357296794653,
0.10496454685926437,
-0.017624419182538986,
0.008576816879212856,
-0.006170753855258226,
0.021932940930128098,
0.02419486828148365,
-0.0039584138430655,
0.008354175835847855,
-0.017133107408881187,
-0.018215520307421684,
-0.06909720599651337,
0.027272451668977737,
-0.029749246314167976,
-0.009069738909602165,
0.003440542845055461,
0.02073020674288273,
0.021424675360322,
0.024380337446928024,
0.02549055591225624,
-0.029074078425765038,
-0.006383978761732578,
0.02641456574201584,
0.009374124929308891,
-0.03171389922499657,
0.009683694690465927,
0.035130035132169724,
-0.08030413836240768,
-0.015194770880043507,
-0.026831794530153275,
-0.027254348620772362,
0.014777653850615025,
-0.006577464751899242,
-0.03049938566982746,
0.008519994094967842,
0.014225094579160213,
-0.015570547431707382,
-0.06578831374645233,
-0.009011360816657543,
0.024590719491243362,
0.029525764286518097,
-0.023233575746417046,
0.006753722671419382,
0.07406880706548691,
0.031895577907562256,
-0.011265760287642479,
0.02552706003189087,
-0.01461858581751585,
0.0028236841317266226,
-0.009958626702427864,
0.04322604089975357,
0.0017418153584003448,
-0.027467628940939903,
-0.01277631614357233,
-0.015516625717282295,
-0.004055943805724382,
-0.03253132104873657,
0.01839480735361576,
-0.06139485538005829,
0.019571339711546898,
0.03356585279107094,
0.0698627382516861,
-0.023709038272500038,
0.0014544337755069137,
-0.035436149686574936,
0.02143510989844799,
-0.06480294466018677,
0.0718662291765213,
0.01282358355820179,
0.024987027049064636,
-0.01251306664198637,
-0.03663823753595352,
0.013926579616963863,
-0.007148720324039459,
0.04466765746474266,
0.010525538586080074,
-0.04474453255534172,
0.023251911625266075,
0.06433890759944916,
0.002586492570117116,
0.020163310691714287,
-0.005287559237331152,
0.026591751724481583,
0.026759816333651543,
-0.024845389649271965,
-0.035245977342128754,
-0.0005716664018109441,
0.0057680923491716385,
-0.05235413834452629,
0.034121278673410416,
0.02547088824212551,
-0.014542747288942337,
0.013623539358377457,
-0.023271607235074043,
-0.03546836972236633,
0.04845217242836952,
-0.0014923473354429007,
-0.015766173601150513,
-0.008350340649485588,
0.03998351842164993,
0.03718416020274162,
0.04202043265104294,
0.03107551485300064,
-0.09257686883211136,
0.02520487643778324,
0.020151743665337563,
-0.010234815999865532,
0.0022981646470725536,
-0.014797359704971313,
0.09249933063983917,
-0.009812862612307072,
-0.010923061519861221,
0.06269942969083786,
-0.06034490093588829,
-0.04070423170924187,
0.008942563086748123,
-0.005183971952646971,
0.05234449356794357,
0.01125964242964983,
-0.004902819637209177,
0.03150211647152901,
0.049771253019571304,
0.043908193707466125,
0.06948304176330566,
-0.015423845499753952,
0.05315016582608223,
-0.04277806729078293,
-0.013803296722471714,
-0.02101924829185009,
0.018207989633083344,
-0.04901035875082016,
-0.029260173439979553,
-0.010489006526768208,
-0.018471993505954742,
-0.013182093389332294,
0.01296247262507677,
-0.009913761168718338,
0.05103251710534096,
-0.019036687910556793,
-0.01921713352203369,
0.023203233256936073,
0.008930912241339684,
-0.035317666828632355,
0.04735507816076279,
0.01776808686554432,
-0.02652646228671074,
0.01104783359915018,
-0.030053291469812393,
0.11503282189369202,
0.07231035828590393,
-0.01675809733569622,
-0.006299183238297701,
-0.02075464092195034,
-0.018486693501472473,
-0.004169685300439596,
0.012539893388748169,
-0.03030720353126526,
-0.004606333095580339,
-0.015065439976751804,
-0.009151088073849678,
0.002304603112861514,
0.04497005045413971,
-0.052019357681274414,
0.002728907158598304,
0.04107397422194481,
-0.01205770019441843,
0.06366467475891113,
0.0070779710076749325,
0.0008168331696651876,
0.056370340287685394,
-0.009053172543644905,
-0.03842446953058243,
-0.05778341367840767,
-0.02258145622909069,
0.008691773749887943,
-0.03687349334359169,
-0.008634350262582302,
-0.012877702713012695,
-0.06852912157773972,
-0.007958055473864079,
-0.0074514364823699,
0.06230354681611061,
0.04449507221579552,
-0.010573020204901695,
0.03992447257041931,
0.0019291412318125367,
-0.05214085057377815,
-0.026086587458848953,
-0.1248641386628151,
-0.007431963924318552,
0.004406930413097143,
0.05311013013124466,
-0.021018799394369125,
0.04063556715846062,
0.03148360177874565,
0.03358197957277298,
0.00576456543058157,
-0.03953295573592186,
0.0017057514050975442,
0.025957433506846428,
0.027061492204666138,
-0.04689295217394829,
-0.029665403068065643,
-0.00387413427233696,
0.05171259120106697,
0.004855378530919552,
0.00941098015755415,
-0.029556283727288246,
-0.021166382357478142,
-0.03640134632587433,
-0.07000137120485306,
-0.018556013703346252,
-0.006633822340518236,
0.0435524620115757,
-0.004579871892929077,
-0.011172089725732803,
-0.002117714611813426,
0.035084012895822525,
0.05339266359806061,
0.026151414960622787,
-0.006848141085356474,
-0.026939937844872475,
0.002052886877208948,
-0.033066608011722565,
0.03948286175727844,
-0.005065181292593479,
0.004933333955705166,
-0.02088952250778675,
-0.012244815938174725,
0.019803568720817566,
0.013349136337637901,
-0.2827466130256653,
-0.0011775075690820813,
-0.013797210529446602,
0.004180646501481533,
0.058859992772340775,
-0.03177420422434807,
0.02850523218512535,
-0.02974528819322586,
-0.016415853053331375,
-0.01260838471353054,
-0.026415526866912842,
0.008959576487541199,
-0.02904953993856907,
0.05789404734969139,
0.03486289829015732,
0.02961953915655613,
0.03648119792342186,
-0.02488403022289276,
0.015007267706096172,
0.026116520166397095,
-0.036997538059949875,
-0.057840414345264435,
-0.026313431560993195,
0.04734785482287407,
-0.0027059477288275957,
0.04758807271718979,
-0.06493590027093887,
-0.026347611099481583,
-0.024019023403525352,
-0.022171348333358765,
-0.003448468167334795,
-0.04722415655851364,
-0.012778395786881447,
0.05415470898151398,
-0.014762112870812416,
0.012777990661561489,
0.028295744210481644,
0.008662714622914791,
0.030902743339538574,
-0.025758201256394386,
0.024302978068590164,
-0.03249894082546234,
-0.009721657261252403,
0.01730232685804367,
0.0851917564868927,
0.011956506408751011,
-0.0662027969956398,
0.013091495260596275,
-0.025207044556736946,
0.03029879927635193,
-0.005444715730845928,
-0.025420784950256348,
-0.023119235411286354,
-0.014840596355497837,
0.0025581878144294024,
0.0003312892804387957,
-0.010330602526664734,
0.0382390134036541,
0.0031887174118310213,
0.03352263197302818,
0.01565457694232464,
-0.0295940600335598,
-0.026270486414432526,
-0.041131749749183655,
-0.026016173884272575,
-0.03963864594697952,
-0.06276924908161163,
-0.05561460182070732,
0.03828241676092148,
0.060102880001068115,
-0.013216418214142323,
0.022249942645430565,
0.011375810950994492,
-0.10486264526844025,
0.009973065927624702,
0.01400424912571907,
0.014716566540300846,
-0.029686907306313515,
0.0012667652918025851,
0.06351110339164734,
-0.035167813301086426,
-0.02854597009718418,
0.04367556422948837,
-0.0017985505983233452,
-0.026631517335772514,
-0.0476558618247509,
0.005163370631635189,
-0.018189217895269394,
-0.022037554532289505,
-0.008503303863108158,
0.03870057314634323,
-0.02411186322569847,
0.06373200565576553,
-0.012771430425345898,
0.017161503434181213,
0.05339031293988228,
0.04268163442611694,
0.06664666533470154,
-0.0007328593055717647,
0.017085425555706024,
0.0002665742067620158,
-0.04956148564815521,
-0.049255602061748505,
-0.06531994789838791,
-0.03243912756443024,
0.02019263617694378,
-0.058232538402080536,
-0.011233871802687645,
0.027561794966459274,
0.02225290797650814,
-0.04186394810676575,
-0.03296006843447685,
0.02740810252726078,
-0.015590367838740349,
-0.04132736846804619,
-0.005595127120614052,
0.003547550644725561,
0.03638458624482155,
0.029114525765180588,
-0.032947275787591934,
-0.0046754926443099976,
0.05708768963813782,
0.0265389122068882,
-0.010359085164964199,
0.034680455923080444,
-0.01076957955956459,
-0.005392102990299463,
0.0011730592232197523,
0.018107224255800247,
-0.026780253276228905,
0.02282779850065708,
0.025102151557803154,
-0.002552058780565858,
0.03302835673093796,
0.038311850279569626,
-0.0039618127048015594,
0.0010959130013361573,
0.004775840789079666,
0.05170442536473274,
0.0015064768958836794,
0.034626204520463943,
-0.022750191390514374,
0.05010974034667015,
0.016137808561325073,
0.014164846390485764,
0.03091040812432766,
0.01882864721119404,
0.03801783546805382,
0.0010494824964553118,
-0.027643674984574318,
0.017322948202490807,
-0.03853132575750351,
-0.034180887043476105,
-0.04806484654545784,
-0.02397301234304905,
-0.01121262926608324,
0.027908148244023323,
-0.02580394595861435,
0.031026648357510567,
-0.08100783079862595,
0.04947202280163765,
-0.002649321686476469,
-0.022928159683942795,
-0.012144072912633419,
-0.005280058365315199,
0.0655640959739685,
-0.007951096631586552,
-0.033692583441734314,
0.02066861093044281,
-0.020363928750157356,
0.0016043666983023286,
-0.009735221974551678,
-0.04577580466866493,
-0.0075276633724570274,
0.020442480221390724,
0.018929848447442055,
0.04159019887447357,
0.0033468068577349186,
-0.0147218843922019,
0.04299095273017883,
0.02601287141442299,
0.011083433404564857,
0.018584534525871277,
0.01246822252869606,
0.06823704391717911,
0.047051090747117996,
-0.004152756184339523,
0.026047369465231895,
-0.011492710560560226,
0.04146764054894447,
-0.04920724034309387,
0.00013335616677068174,
-0.04372353106737137,
-0.008526277728378773,
-0.018447594717144966,
-0.033676013350486755,
0.02947516366839409,
0.06038646399974823,
-0.03886166587471962,
-0.006390487775206566,
-0.023644132539629936,
0.003126916941255331,
-0.04821745306253433,
0.012179076671600342,
0.021624550223350525,
-0.05951958894729614,
0.03783373162150383,
0.05383475497364998,
-0.011072477325797081,
0.0021395462099462748,
0.002453722059726715,
-0.03661125525832176,
-0.0844305008649826,
-0.041516248136758804,
0.03493586182594299,
0.023350317031145096,
0.011122813448309898,
-0.02498304471373558,
0.03117183782160282,
-0.020229998975992203,
0.027850942686200142,
-0.013634767383337021,
-0.011467796750366688,
0.025566594675183296,
-0.024005083367228508,
0.022149134427309036,
-0.04617021232843399,
0.02541152760386467,
-0.023917168378829956,
-0.007323634345084429,
0.021473219618201256,
-0.03171708807349205,
0.006793005391955376,
0.037632767111063004,
0.012983778491616249,
0.006954997777938843,
-0.027816563844680786,
0.06917209923267365,
-0.01147827785462141,
0.006580965127795935,
-0.004279318731278181,
0.001250188797712326,
-0.02422511577606201,
0.006785603705793619,
0.0049390667118132114,
0.01765931397676468,
0.0004692204820457846,
0.013507002964615822,
0.018362173810601234,
-0.010567981749773026,
0.016283826902508736,
0.007975765503942966,
-0.0649615079164505,
-0.003384168026968837,
0.051415398716926575,
-0.05450664833188057,
0.016565533354878426,
-0.10966509580612183,
-0.06579122692346573,
0.0009193175355903804,
-0.0008285347721539438,
0.047724686563014984,
-0.013306640088558197,
0.033329933881759644,
0.01988348551094532,
0.021396653726696968,
-0.008633472956717014,
-0.02600032091140747,
0.05346549302339554,
-0.041918300092220306,
-0.004635669756680727,
-0.04210706800222397,
-0.04052506759762764,
0.062462177127599716,
-0.012309507466852665,
0.010615081526339054,
-0.004261783789843321,
-0.026182398200035095,
0.03854219615459442,
-0.03351662680506706,
-0.052477870136499405,
0.03634509816765785,
-0.0315447673201561,
-0.009983866475522518,
-0.018427938222885132,
-0.03095640055835247,
-0.018184466287493706,
-0.026403671130537987,
-0.03159666061401367,
-0.012656831182539463,
0.024229243397712708,
0.042185742408037186,
-0.012149295769631863,
0.005695343017578125,
-0.02630426175892353,
-0.028074607253074646,
0.04707791283726692,
0.048573728650808334,
0.012596736662089825,
0.03014727309346199,
-0.018171077594161034,
0.06792870163917542,
0.02720661833882332,
-0.04379941150546074,
0.02022562362253666,
-0.006954895332455635,
-0.0035832799039781094,
-0.07715152949094772,
0.006705934181809425,
0.029685003682971,
-0.00004183760756859556,
-0.083353191614151,
0.05518336966633797,
0.014918358065187931,
-0.03842947259545326,
-0.014737126417458057,
0.04107081517577171,
-0.022483650594949722,
0.0010729874484241009,
0.01513295155018568,
-0.013925416395068169,
-0.02996666170656681,
0.039678290486335754,
-0.004727584309875965,
0.039021287113428116,
0.07370077818632126,
0.0068811699748039246,
-0.047715362161397934,
0.0019120806828141212,
0.062302134931087494,
0.04126841947436333,
0.024317188188433647,
-0.0022799107246100903,
0.06621857732534409,
-0.02115379460155964,
-0.032747600227594376,
0.018525583669543266,
0.0413905531167984,
-0.02716040425002575,
-0.045921165496110916,
0.01504423562437296,
0.11451104283332825,
0.021651502698659897,
0.07900519669055939,
-0.029323214665055275,
-0.024482063949108124,
0.029771525412797928,
0.01804852858185768,
-0.008948761969804764,
0.009178858250379562,
-0.0046317861415445805,
-0.016521800309419632,
0.009663774631917477,
-0.021435175091028214,
0.026987291872501373,
-0.022946249693632126,
-0.00012122243788326159,
0.012623903341591358,
-0.0018151630647480488,
0.04669294133782387,
0.006932086311280727,
0.044616855680942535,
0.08552271872758865,
-0.02825091779232025,
-0.06794575601816177,
-0.010902127251029015,
0.02542460337281227,
0.014354454353451729,
0.047915294766426086,
0.003368762554600835,
-0.00043931795516982675,
-0.00353260594420135,
-0.061630502343177795,
-0.034903254359960556,
0.012650540098547935,
-0.029519911855459213,
-0.004687014501541853,
-0.06814791262149811,
-0.029171310365200043,
0.024501176550984383,
0.01174959633499384,
-0.04878855124115944,
-0.06556014716625214,
-0.03443552926182747,
-0.01839267462491989,
-0.0684107169508934,
-0.08498704433441162,
0.04365994781255722,
0.018078166991472244,
-0.03117099590599537,
-0.0119150560349226,
-0.05176623910665512,
-0.012624731287360191,
0.02892831154167652,
-0.04151236265897751,
0.01201182883232832,
0.05518341436982155,
-0.009695567190647125,
-0.003530214074999094,
0.009758753702044487,
0.03799651563167572,
-0.03292336314916611,
-0.006944549735635519,
0.03504925221204758,
0.026328807696700096,
0.013935520313680172,
-0.0011100125266239047,
-0.015510429628193378,
-0.10724435746669769,
0.002192640444263816,
0.027594808489084244,
-0.05109420046210289,
-0.0816149190068245,
0.039881158620119095,
-0.004880703520029783,
0.052146874368190765,
0.04738627374172211,
-0.016923923045396805,
0.01809588260948658,
-0.031295329332351685,
-0.04516446962952614,
0.0028657095972448587,
-0.0133634889498353,
0.039129216223955154,
-0.01477204542607069,
0.05288345739245415,
0.06942369043827057,
-0.01415849570184946,
0.003160270629450679,
-0.001972825964912772,
-0.02260822243988514,
0.025130419060587883,
-0.027873627841472626,
-0.02141181007027626,
-0.04502503201365471,
-0.0837400034070015,
-0.013212373480200768,
0.061181411147117615,
-0.02056111954152584,
-0.05698375776410103,
-0.036445390433073044,
0.010229252278804779,
0.0002949261397588998,
-0.038395874202251434,
-0.019211219623684883,
0.00018360436661168933,
-0.04341568797826767,
-0.02480192855000496,
-0.0658748522400856,
0.03420189023017883,
0.02533734403550625,
0.016580749303102493,
-0.024903178215026855,
-0.04894499108195305,
-0.020602038130164146,
0.017393887042999268,
0.014970101416110992,
-0.017189232632517815,
0.018754245713353157,
-0.011388881132006645
] |
289 |
Relax and Merge: A Simple Yet Effective Framework for Solving Fair k-Means and k-sparse Wasserstein Barycenter Problems
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=n8h1z588eu
|
[
"Shihong Song",
"Guanlin Mo",
"Hu Ding"
] |
Poster
|
The fairness of clustering algorithms has gained widespread attention across various areas, including machine learning, In this paper, we study fair $k$-means clustering in Euclidean space.
Given a dataset comprising several groups, the fairness constraint requires that each cluster should contain a proportion of points from each group within specified lower and upper bounds.
Due to these fairness constraints, determining the optimal locations of $k$ centers is a quite challenging task.
We propose a novel ``Relax and Merge'' framework that returns a $(1+4\rho + O(\epsilon))$-approximate solution, where $\rho$ is the approximate ratio of an off-the-shelf vanilla $k$-means algorithm and $O(\epsilon)$ can be an arbitrarily small positive number. If equipped with a PTAS of $k$-means, our solution can achieve an approximation ratio of $(5+O(\epsilon))$ with only a slight violation of the fairness constraints, which improves the current state-of-the-art approximation guarantee. Furthermore, using our framework, we can also obtain a $(1+4\rho +O(\epsilon))$-approximate solution for the $k$-sparse Wasserstein Barycenter problem, which is a fundamental optimization problem in the field of optimal transport, and a $(2+6\rho)$-approximate solution for the strictly fair $k$-means clustering with no violation, both of which are better than the current state-of-the-art methods. In addition, the empirical results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can significantly outperform baseline approaches in terms of clustering cost.
|
clustering, k-means, fairness, approxiamte algorithm, optimal transport
|
An improved algorithm for fair k-means problem.
| 13,707 | null |
[
-0.014200086705386639,
-0.030812613666057587,
0.03163991868495941,
0.031803809106349945,
0.02665579319000244,
0.02125987969338894,
0.013058734126389027,
0.0070137991569936275,
-0.0231049545109272,
-0.05828331038355827,
-0.010323171503841877,
-0.0376787967979908,
-0.04894305393099785,
-0.0018444046145305037,
0.01840578392148018,
0.06698773056268692,
0.031175635755062103,
-0.004782205913215876,
-0.01878366246819496,
0.01247360184788704,
0.007279424928128719,
-0.018200892955064774,
0.019048316404223442,
0.005096413195133209,
0.051548637449741364,
-0.007470021024346352,
0.01743033528327942,
0.05911886319518089,
-0.03237004578113556,
-0.0019114190945401788,
0.010529684834182262,
0.03259139508008957,
-0.005711799021810293,
-0.01686112955212593,
-0.008618349209427834,
0.004283997695893049,
-0.010123488493263721,
0.03379548341035843,
0.02053922414779663,
-0.014068868942558765,
-0.030623070895671844,
0.0009127798257395625,
0.007048703730106354,
0.02106013335287571,
-0.026239000260829926,
-0.02218695357441902,
-0.08987490832805634,
0.014234273694455624,
-0.004753251560032368,
-0.043609630316495895,
-0.04865342378616333,
0.03949935361742973,
0.015469733625650406,
0.02338247001171112,
-0.026907997205853462,
0.05199738219380379,
-0.0002103217993862927,
-0.08273547887802124,
0.012010285630822182,
-0.06133801490068436,
-0.06545758247375488,
0.039670515805482864,
0.01388757023960352,
-0.015159131959080696,
-0.0430818647146225,
0.010006255470216274,
-0.0017819710774347186,
0.03473249450325966,
-0.03752069175243378,
-0.043008461594581604,
0.0036692030262202024,
-0.02897869050502777,
0.01150568202137947,
0.009326361119747162,
0.00971760880202055,
-0.0390586256980896,
-0.00868233572691679,
0.010955546982586384,
0.04749082028865814,
-0.036286741495132446,
-0.006368607748299837,
-0.02653561159968376,
-0.004645089618861675,
0.04290543869137764,
0.02923361398279667,
-0.013036716729402542,
-0.059717677533626556,
-0.006220424082130194,
-0.09664611518383026,
0.04748550429940224,
-0.018042175099253654,
-0.03691677004098892,
0.030310558155179024,
0.030560405924916267,
0.025785014033317566,
-0.02236959896981716,
0.04559864103794098,
0.0040144529193639755,
0.05140871927142143,
0.002553028054535389,
-0.038449130952358246,
-0.011903926730155945,
-0.0032523171976208687,
0.026885652914643288,
-0.08868497610092163,
-0.02550557069480419,
-0.011289742775261402,
0.023929571732878685,
0.005163245368748903,
0.014770968817174435,
-0.053711339831352234,
0.007253136020153761,
0.00032293895492330194,
0.011737732216715813,
-0.04572729021310806,
0.02297910675406456,
0.010654045268893242,
-0.013050214387476444,
-0.013526408933103085,
-0.014104916714131832,
0.04909083992242813,
0.06995245814323425,
-0.0023449896834790707,
0.06291671842336655,
0.01035627257078886,
0.021516654640436172,
0.01467218715697527,
0.03770976513624191,
-0.03999040275812149,
-0.03627053648233414,
0.03970000892877579,
0.03768237680196762,
0.025864744558930397,
-0.01425812765955925,
0.002430638764053583,
-0.03155381977558136,
-0.029010197147727013,
0.01996109075844288,
0.024815592914819717,
-0.024950163438916206,
0.006172231864184141,
-0.027894120663404465,
0.04479404538869858,
0.02176082693040371,
0.0468946248292923,
-0.04848475009202957,
-0.006281260401010513,
-0.04673963412642479,
0.0009925360791385174,
0.009635532274842262,
-0.006571315228939056,
-0.02659822627902031,
-0.0005954316002316773,
-0.07413753122091293,
0.0061056045815348625,
0.049809254705905914,
-0.00023828793200664222,
-0.006591866258531809,
-0.012435322627425194,
0.0030368997249752283,
0.02190350741147995,
0.004811918828636408,
-0.06167422607541084,
-0.0394468829035759,
-0.014084489084780216,
-0.05274174362421036,
0.06672300398349762,
0.0619056411087513,
-0.053115300834178925,
0.029125411063432693,
-0.02701236866414547,
-0.019059060141444206,
0.04359162598848343,
-0.004300491884350777,
-0.03254411369562149,
0.004614073317497969,
0.08550366759300232,
0.04438364505767822,
0.03991037234663963,
0.00773520115762949,
-0.09293590486049652,
0.009658843278884888,
0.000986279803328216,
-0.004090604372322559,
0.026943612843751907,
-0.010110132396221161,
0.05008373782038689,
-0.03103303536772728,
0.03298317268490791,
0.021393150091171265,
-0.06318297982215881,
-0.013794624246656895,
0.016604451462626457,
-0.008260543458163738,
0.07160433381795883,
0.014266184531152248,
-0.0066391052678227425,
0.02340221032500267,
-0.017119184136390686,
0.011548837646842003,
0.06985881924629211,
-0.01597595028579235,
0.02932594157755375,
-0.02022443898022175,
-0.057224422693252563,
-0.005039258860051632,
0.03057130239903927,
-0.057674482464790344,
-0.03503192961215973,
0.012437860481441021,
-0.0035939072258770466,
-0.008967201225459576,
-0.008712396025657654,
-0.021888485178351402,
0.04885413497686386,
0.01513433363288641,
0.0184488482773304,
0.01633129082620144,
0.028044946491718292,
-0.05670728534460068,
0.05794519931077957,
0.003918924834579229,
0.01376358326524496,
0.02802281454205513,
-0.02421002835035324,
0.07033906877040863,
0.0929848700761795,
-0.026676427572965622,
-0.000956028641667217,
0.019138332456350327,
0.01991403102874756,
0.020487911999225616,
0.007651195861399174,
-0.015284949913620949,
-0.004506210330873728,
-0.007280608639121056,
-0.020759565755724907,
-0.06496908515691757,
0.0858883336186409,
-0.05076067894697189,
-0.012275331653654575,
0.06655176728963852,
-0.0028141862712800503,
0.05018295720219612,
0.003421262139454484,
0.02195632830262184,
0.013782041147351265,
-0.017803190276026726,
0.009801089763641357,
-0.006648812908679247,
-0.030184565111994743,
-0.001859382726252079,
-0.01459358911961317,
-0.04159219563007355,
0.05327650159597397,
-0.028090056031942368,
0.03457177057862282,
-0.010197467170655727,
0.0850672721862793,
0.057240936905145645,
0.05285820737481117,
0.002539700362831354,
0.017344173043966293,
-0.016083573922514915,
-0.03076646849513054,
-0.10031983256340027,
-0.08008808642625809,
-0.002739522373303771,
0.051525264978408813,
0.01741946116089821,
0.03127887845039368,
-0.0404389388859272,
0.023978643119335175,
-0.0028391852974891663,
0.00023999354743864387,
0.00520646246150136,
0.016432374715805054,
-0.006380082573741674,
-0.03923137113451958,
0.000027935058824368753,
0.03795139491558075,
0.06316549330949783,
0.01500012632459402,
0.0036925775930285454,
-0.01972619816660881,
-0.06535793095827103,
0.009235485456883907,
-0.026918085291981697,
0.003042068565264344,
0.022882701829075813,
-0.019373761489987373,
0.006930176168680191,
0.009971764869987965,
-0.021335585042834282,
0.02749166265130043,
0.07154270261526108,
0.051333945244550705,
-0.01286748331040144,
-0.015949275344610214,
0.007427202071994543,
-0.030632823705673218,
0.03354549780488014,
-0.008030020631849766,
-0.0022552774753421545,
-0.005476979073137045,
-0.005887549836188555,
-0.011186855845153332,
0.008870466612279415,
-0.30550578236579895,
-0.0013819766463711858,
0.00597345968708396,
0.011110406368970871,
-0.014225226826965809,
-0.023703541606664658,
0.04486417770385742,
-0.014061334542930126,
-0.001626098994165659,
-0.0061776707880198956,
0.0032265870831906796,
0.039438046514987946,
0.020516427233815193,
0.04967304319143295,
0.048866983503103256,
0.04301014915108681,
-0.02192423865199089,
-0.014730440452694893,
0.016684722155332565,
0.0006707487045787275,
-0.03783401474356651,
-0.0845307856798172,
-0.012765840627253056,
0.008613049052655697,
0.002870775293558836,
0.047204796224832535,
-0.058521077036857605,
0.025398917496204376,
-0.05346636101603508,
-0.02734171785414219,
-0.008911985903978348,
-0.015386129729449749,
-0.006217748858034611,
0.022740943357348442,
0.019273297861218452,
0.010288284160196781,
0.029849687591195107,
-0.011130903847515583,
0.017897771671414375,
0.02979983761906624,
0.005646767094731331,
-0.013418322429060936,
-0.04993527755141258,
-0.005595590453594923,
0.0782402828335762,
-0.012132171541452408,
-0.0317874401807785,
-0.005522535182535648,
-0.027829894796013832,
0.02372557669878006,
0.006360046099871397,
-0.040093012154102325,
-0.03765454143285751,
0.03219037503004074,
-0.00608855439350009,
-0.03358650207519531,
-0.018536381423473358,
-0.015013819560408592,
0.026619480922818184,
0.01364454347640276,
0.00634569488465786,
-0.06470004469156265,
0.00026670764782465994,
-0.05330837145447731,
-0.01823440007865429,
-0.05697350576519966,
-0.08779595792293549,
-0.07890738546848297,
0.03380630910396576,
0.03594272956252098,
0.003333580680191517,
0.012113933451473713,
-0.01859043352305889,
-0.10097476094961166,
0.004110712092369795,
0.02467346377670765,
-0.009081384167075157,
0.004204037599265575,
-0.018466684967279434,
0.05458691716194153,
-0.0036839107051491737,
-0.04186452552676201,
0.051516056060791016,
0.0024183238856494427,
-0.005444516893476248,
-0.029379861429333687,
0.03169255331158638,
0.0015890079084783792,
-0.001201477600261569,
-0.035658109933137894,
0.017570342868566513,
-0.008141246624290943,
0.037450358271598816,
0.0035598203539848328,
0.05217672139406204,
0.05777191370725632,
-0.015808003023266792,
0.022677995264530182,
0.028437748551368713,
-0.002892610151320696,
0.04648955166339874,
-0.09116312861442566,
-0.020300960168242455,
-0.023630021139979362,
-0.02151733823120594,
0.03238014504313469,
-0.053513240069150925,
-0.03569438308477402,
0.04000995308160782,
-0.010820269584655762,
-0.010934458114206791,
-0.02553926594555378,
-0.012079357169568539,
-0.01560083869844675,
0.0029746335931122303,
-0.04403764382004738,
-0.020865658298134804,
0.050939809530973434,
0.04705102741718292,
0.009988158009946346,
-0.02756849303841591,
0.01214951928704977,
0.0009632779401727021,
0.020159898325800896,
-0.04309063032269478,
0.01329921092838049,
-0.012744870036840439,
-0.0362723246216774,
0.007737908978015184,
0.01912063919007778,
0.04404807463288307,
0.059262964874506,
0.02475001849234104,
0.006614633370190859,
0.06939812749624252,
-0.001108405995182693,
-0.018449122086167336,
-0.013737223111093044,
0.058595869690179825,
0.011467278935015202,
0.07001429051160812,
-0.019471829757094383,
0.008648832328617573,
0.038405630737543106,
0.030421564355492592,
0.03591345250606537,
0.0019079147605225444,
0.006999432109296322,
0.012064778245985508,
0.001976900501176715,
-0.027554742991924286,
-0.010642865672707558,
-0.006273327860981226,
-0.01202357653528452,
0.006323232781141996,
-0.009838858619332314,
0.016209840774536133,
0.009933843277394772,
0.02220866270363331,
-0.07252641767263412,
0.020453806966543198,
0.025041677057743073,
-0.03973079472780228,
-0.00859171524643898,
0.005766041576862335,
0.042447905987501144,
-0.0027132362592965364,
-0.007353567518293858,
-0.006471577566117048,
0.017542541027069092,
0.03262130171060562,
-0.02243107557296753,
-0.031064271926879883,
-0.021024512127041817,
-0.017948994413018227,
-0.042379230260849,
0.0034846430644392967,
-0.018451914191246033,
-0.062225352972745895,
0.014621389098465443,
-0.019687877967953682,
-0.00010402404586784542,
-0.012322579510509968,
0.003584316000342369,
0.06522129476070404,
0.0204406026750803,
-0.005628738086670637,
-0.010661762207746506,
-0.014690029434859753,
0.043918900191783905,
0.011311405338346958,
0.028776027262210846,
-0.025254307314753532,
-0.003747647861018777,
-0.0033284686505794525,
-0.04910959303379059,
0.012318662367761135,
0.032377228140830994,
-0.055686939507722855,
-0.02379242330789566,
-0.025372890755534172,
0.04109098017215729,
-0.01217811182141304,
0.021732818335294724,
0.05160779878497124,
-0.0605904720723629,
0.029652947559952736,
-0.003654927248135209,
-0.02067643031477928,
0.018706707283854485,
-0.04125383123755455,
-0.044585853815078735,
-0.054832909256219864,
-0.019306795671582222,
0.0354577898979187,
-0.03383779153227806,
-0.013503918424248695,
-0.03101729415357113,
0.03062557801604271,
0.01160510815680027,
-0.015234921127557755,
-0.018513057380914688,
-0.011068708263337612,
0.00825001485645771,
0.008876915089786053,
0.06143289431929588,
-0.051382072269916534,
-0.008953602984547615,
-0.005873020738363266,
0.02503117546439171,
0.016058875247836113,
-0.06218324229121208,
-0.00907075870782137,
0.05163165554404259,
-0.010622195899486542,
0.016985686495900154,
-0.04618629813194275,
0.0030996997375041246,
-0.03510589525103569,
0.0005180689040571451,
0.0273925568908453,
-0.010383008047938347,
-0.017445676028728485,
-0.03948650509119034,
0.015382873825728893,
0.016029581427574158,
0.008480514399707317,
0.010030378587543964,
0.015050698071718216,
0.013570619747042656,
-0.03020918183028698,
-0.04108313098549843,
-0.05943731591105461,
-0.016102083027362823,
0.03202539682388306,
-0.006870871409773827,
-0.04279134422540665,
-0.07047226279973984,
-0.002608103444799781,
0.021831398829817772,
-0.032277435064315796,
0.039603542536497116,
0.012806323356926441,
0.015272999182343483,
0.007425136398524046,
0.035207320004701614,
0.008220483548939228,
-0.0377834215760231,
0.02980804070830345,
-0.07845427095890045,
0.003212238661944866,
-0.0649356096982956,
-0.013977067545056343,
0.06021687760949135,
-0.0363478846848011,
0.037295639514923096,
0.03114280290901661,
-0.030526205897331238,
0.020938966423273087,
-0.03286724165081978,
-0.05438825488090515,
-0.006280809640884399,
-0.02962247096002102,
0.0007935890462249517,
0.0379611998796463,
-0.050110429525375366,
0.011105932295322418,
-0.0030358631629496813,
-0.06150057539343834,
0.02447550930082798,
0.015007414855062962,
0.04450272396206856,
-0.00787814799696207,
-0.016159839928150177,
-0.011219837702810764,
-0.009038355201482773,
0.05673894286155701,
0.06568760424852371,
-0.007106074132025242,
0.026666849851608276,
-0.06373134255409241,
0.04081456735730171,
0.05104741081595421,
-0.01090945303440094,
0.013078848831355572,
0.0511966273188591,
0.0063339704647660255,
-0.010586069896817207,
0.08182214200496674,
0.021577084437012672,
-0.010858524590730667,
-0.07170015573501587,
0.058432597666978836,
0.0005730803241021931,
-0.06398491561412811,
-0.014760393649339676,
0.023407233878970146,
-0.04604595899581909,
0.035754259675741196,
0.011543691158294678,
0.014619127847254276,
0.03308016061782837,
0.057152822613716125,
-0.010228398256003857,
0.028468318283557892,
0.06074230745434761,
-0.010969583876430988,
0.032540321350097656,
-0.01544345635920763,
0.08458470553159714,
0.08459831774234772,
0.0257576797157526,
-0.016856610774993896,
0.06176877021789551,
-0.04494236409664154,
-0.04236391559243202,
0.020202016457915306,
-0.0115808742120862,
-0.014628654345870018,
-0.018197063356637955,
-0.00946852471679449,
0.056494586169719696,
0.010823572054505348,
0.06396836042404175,
-0.03135184198617935,
0.02180512621998787,
0.03485284745693207,
-0.01381657924503088,
0.00962282158434391,
0.0013708628248423338,
0.02282535843551159,
0.0603501982986927,
-0.04009096696972847,
-0.0076645114459097385,
0.003642803058028221,
0.032680902630090714,
-0.008843474090099335,
-0.014234540984034538,
-0.02557656355202198,
0.019675401970744133,
0.02365582436323166,
-0.0019119062926620245,
0.07539401948451996,
-0.01846318505704403,
-0.05531834065914154,
0.02004343457520008,
0.03924751281738281,
-0.008640489540994167,
0.007671098690479994,
0.055981263518333435,
-0.040396858006715775,
-0.013279715552926064,
-0.03236236050724983,
0.05270706117153168,
0.01910792849957943,
0.02683725394308567,
0.010136126540601254,
-0.02751322276890278,
0.016750335693359375,
0.010015148669481277,
0.04583745822310448,
-0.06396903842687607,
-0.041732627898454666,
-0.03916200250387192,
-0.045492492616176605,
-0.041242815554142,
-0.045902494341135025,
0.01665411703288555,
0.018251849338412285,
-0.03881891071796417,
0.014502553269267082,
-0.028567073866724968,
0.04809819906949997,
-0.018901264294981956,
-0.06282050162553787,
0.00827351026237011,
0.040079113095998764,
0.008124851621687412,
0.03230975568294525,
0.013709508813917637,
0.04743936285376549,
-0.01978391781449318,
-0.00875421054661274,
0.00917557068169117,
0.014007162302732468,
0.04149538651108742,
-0.0028349817730486393,
-0.011889456771314144,
-0.07075485587120056,
0.021704649552702904,
-0.006486093159765005,
-0.0213610902428627,
-0.09102007746696472,
0.0416385643184185,
0.02595893107354641,
0.023826153948903084,
0.04594211280345917,
-0.02534538321197033,
-0.02217605710029602,
-0.03843563795089722,
-0.0224786214530468,
-0.02508370764553547,
0.005967229139059782,
0.012617383152246475,
-0.023083724081516266,
0.08694170415401459,
0.018972691148519516,
-0.02150747738778591,
-0.05118510127067566,
0.06430673599243164,
-0.027171701192855835,
0.012665961869060993,
-0.05476753041148186,
-0.003483006963506341,
-0.02657381258904934,
-0.08026624470949173,
-0.06662746518850327,
0.039661891758441925,
-0.041273441165685654,
-0.024409981444478035,
-0.0029287615325301886,
-0.005277500953525305,
-0.017314570024609566,
-0.012296073138713837,
0.0031631134916096926,
-0.007813293486833572,
-0.04702327400445938,
-0.030387599021196365,
-0.07482228428125381,
0.0005860987585037947,
-0.04726691171526909,
-0.02123907022178173,
-0.03149548918008804,
-0.040132489055395126,
-0.010076855309307575,
0.008321943692862988,
0.012058854103088379,
0.023253368213772774,
0.021924922242760658,
-0.0219557024538517
] |
290 |
Neural Dueling Bandits: Preference-Based Optimization with Human Feedback
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=VELhv9BBfn
|
[
"Arun Verma",
"Zhongxiang Dai",
"Xiaoqiang Lin",
"Patrick Jaillet",
"Bryan Kian Hsiang Low"
] |
Poster
|
Contextual dueling bandit is used to model the bandit problems, where a learner's goal is to find the best arm for a given context using observed noisy human preference feedback over the selected arms for the past contexts. However, existing algorithms assume the reward function is linear, which can be complex and non-linear in many real-life applications like online recommendations or ranking web search results. To overcome this challenge, we use a neural network to estimate the reward function using preference feedback for the previously selected arms. We propose upper confidence bound- and Thompson sampling-based algorithms with sub-linear regret guarantees that efficiently select arms in each round. We also extend our theoretical results to contextual bandit problems with binary feedback, which is in itself a non-trivial contribution. Experimental results on the problem instances derived from synthetic datasets corroborate our theoretical results.
|
Contextual Dueling Bandits, Preferences Learning, Human Feedback, Neural Bandits, Thompson Sampling
|
We study contextual dueling bandits problem and propose upper confidence bound- and Thompson sampling-based algorithms that use a neural network to estimate the reward function using human preference feedback and have sub-linear regret guarantees.
| 13,697 | null |
[
-0.01803969405591488,
0.008015518076717854,
0.0008779226918704808,
0.05905381962656975,
0.0051042442210018635,
0.02135266549885273,
0.004768214654177427,
0.02590986341238022,
-0.024174658581614494,
-0.04729132726788521,
-0.023455673828721046,
0.043472740799188614,
-0.0464724600315094,
-0.05754309147596359,
-0.004864935763180256,
0.04379834607243538,
0.02530728094279766,
0.00006293695332715288,
0.020682360976934433,
-0.017648858949542046,
0.009714567102491856,
-0.0017046091379597783,
0.0315711535513401,
0.02125106193125248,
0.038857411593198776,
0.0309581495821476,
0.047098882496356964,
0.0291215181350708,
-0.025357764214277267,
-0.017439452931284904,
0.02472418174147606,
-0.00616946816444397,
0.005627118982374668,
-0.03908637911081314,
0.003721637651324272,
-0.001301310956478119,
-0.015519966371357441,
0.005176464561372995,
0.029118916019797325,
0.01780439354479313,
-0.06307875365018845,
0.002631582785397768,
-0.029285144060850143,
0.047323282808065414,
-0.02629714459180832,
0.022016050294041634,
-0.0388297475874424,
0.012180773541331291,
0.013623359613120556,
-0.05862150713801384,
-0.0900643840432167,
0.04468581825494766,
0.02422676980495453,
-0.014305932447314262,
-0.0012399490224197507,
0.03074437752366066,
0.08427595347166061,
-0.062235523015260696,
-0.009187557734549046,
-0.048096299171447754,
-0.013837826438248158,
0.07374446094036102,
0.023519860580563545,
0.02456861361861229,
-0.013634818606078625,
0.027787702158093452,
0.05094226449728012,
0.04968946799635887,
-0.010559105314314365,
0.00625318568199873,
-0.032666537910699844,
-0.00671682832762599,
0.01936875656247139,
0.03781319782137871,
0.014088887721300125,
-0.03846990689635277,
0.019729407504200935,
0.03684750944375992,
0.024388983845710754,
0.0039452179335057735,
0.023797648027539253,
0.019877439364790916,
0.0306750126183033,
0.03878631815314293,
-0.0036898169200867414,
-0.006865155883133411,
-0.019214369356632233,
-0.05241866782307625,
-0.08194079250097275,
0.012472680769860744,
-0.046364035457372665,
-0.04640316590666771,
0.0188472680747509,
0.03365515172481537,
0.004545539151877165,
-0.01500544510781765,
0.02314012311398983,
0.021201102063059807,
0.005984556395560503,
-0.027949457988142967,
0.009936639107763767,
-0.04137890040874481,
0.030071238055825233,
-0.016963018104434013,
-0.11409395933151245,
-0.011916481889784336,
0.004519467242062092,
0.0031876731663942337,
-0.0032315312419086695,
0.007962850853800774,
-0.0802764967083931,
-0.005012580193579197,
0.04532244801521301,
-0.01955869421362877,
-0.07110576331615448,
0.021030455827713013,
-0.004095795564353466,
0.03235027194023132,
-0.008443871513009071,
-0.013090003281831741,
0.03750070929527283,
0.05793274566531181,
-0.01759486459195614,
0.07515232264995575,
0.017787223681807518,
0.005748501513153315,
0.04181739315390587,
0.03155927360057831,
-0.00006894979014759883,
-0.06147588789463043,
0.014413767494261265,
0.03093383088707924,
-0.023199886083602905,
-0.002008361043408513,
-0.023245422169566154,
-0.015812348574399948,
0.025789203122258186,
-0.0003097627777606249,
0.03415260836482048,
0.0020292978733778,
-0.007493665907531977,
-0.02456735260784626,
0.08520655333995819,
-0.0043990230187773705,
0.09193990379571915,
-0.029088815674185753,
0.037189140915870667,
-0.03804178908467293,
-0.03028096817433834,
-0.005906240548938513,
0.027434078976511955,
-0.02653060108423233,
0.0023806251119822264,
-0.04375526309013367,
0.009876574389636517,
0.03222613036632538,
0.03847574070096016,
0.029705936089158058,
-0.03264910727739334,
0.04181686416268349,
0.028710318729281425,
-0.02975577861070633,
-0.03722978010773659,
-0.034082621335983276,
-0.00459987623617053,
-0.08267560601234436,
0.07075329124927521,
0.03477880731225014,
-0.014612589031457901,
0.014113854616880417,
-0.0382588654756546,
-0.02538232132792473,
0.025349685922265053,
-0.020677177235484123,
-0.008829127997159958,
0.014825219288468361,
0.03801394999027252,
0.009199948981404305,
0.04801613464951515,
0.0207831934094429,
-0.08691180497407913,
0.033271674066782,
0.01177090872079134,
0.013091123662889004,
0.00252837548032403,
0.005698894616216421,
0.05601219832897186,
-0.009248047135770321,
0.03725900501012802,
0.0563841238617897,
-0.07732800394296646,
-0.02681189402937889,
-0.006723525933921337,
-0.008911099284887314,
0.0805482268333435,
0.0023649053182452917,
-0.024911336600780487,
0.022448422387242317,
0.02657826989889145,
0.016024770215153694,
0.04944179207086563,
-0.046195607632398605,
0.04114464297890663,
0.010671233758330345,
-0.03888726606965065,
-0.019409097731113434,
0.050713278353214264,
-0.038975220173597336,
-0.022952178493142128,
0.02588040940463543,
-0.03055688366293907,
0.026158377528190613,
-0.009327523410320282,
-0.012844735756516457,
0.06148286908864975,
0.00008965044253272936,
-0.004315465223044157,
0.007052951958030462,
0.03477518633008003,
-0.02249952219426632,
0.020537495613098145,
-0.0029925319831818342,
-0.02007872425019741,
0.014644698239862919,
-0.003383825533092022,
0.10472629964351654,
0.057095013558864594,
-0.03754220902919769,
0.005230390466749668,
-0.011787413619458675,
0.005075440276414156,
0.03404033184051514,
0.030466774478554726,
-0.026124795898795128,
0.04208386689424515,
-0.0006407544715330005,
-0.006841467227786779,
-0.04722461476922035,
0.07396485656499863,
-0.02905929461121559,
-0.030028190463781357,
0.07978355884552002,
-0.037585772573947906,
0.06128104776144028,
-0.016489356756210327,
0.0002330901479581371,
0.008486872538924217,
0.06116409972310066,
-0.004786915611475706,
-0.05308321490883827,
-0.007968082092702389,
-0.015112682245671749,
0.014538854360580444,
-0.011960615403950214,
0.03857600688934326,
-0.0609261579811573,
-0.003135688602924347,
-0.03500021621584892,
0.06305340677499771,
0.044377200305461884,
0.04637221619486809,
0.023904740810394287,
-0.02886001206934452,
-0.04944780096411705,
-0.024903956800699234,
-0.096877820789814,
-0.07313110679388046,
0.0058523183688521385,
0.009868782944977283,
0.014916177839040756,
0.002766519784927368,
-0.02180798165500164,
0.03237313777208328,
-0.010820923373103142,
-0.032974738627672195,
0.02139890566468239,
0.04324222728610039,
0.033077966421842575,
-0.029247932136058807,
-0.04361696541309357,
0.022712817415595055,
0.04124445095658302,
0.008894870989024639,
-0.023570140823721886,
-0.01562829688191414,
-0.06679652631282806,
-0.01044993195682764,
-0.01915367692708969,
-0.02754841558635235,
0.036260560154914856,
-0.0026997732929885387,
0.036099813878536224,
-0.03195314481854439,
0.026208611205220222,
0.030252620577812195,
0.0605945959687233,
0.05385226756334305,
0.035180043429136276,
-0.0025921144988387823,
-0.011758500710129738,
-0.0009646991966292262,
-0.022845767438411713,
-0.04054735600948334,
0.014025002717971802,
-0.0065558175556361675,
-0.022173207253217697,
0.019581837579607964,
-0.007490126416087151,
-0.2685469388961792,
-0.017520464956760406,
0.017060449346899986,
0.018818914890289307,
0.024310516193509102,
-0.025339283049106598,
0.044052693992853165,
-0.02487945184111595,
-0.033060457557439804,
0.00131978711578995,
-0.016777783632278442,
0.02226218394935131,
-0.013466098345816135,
0.035971395671367645,
0.049889303743839264,
0.02851543016731739,
-0.011425478383898735,
-0.006761740893125534,
-0.017340241000056267,
0.009062196128070354,
-0.007764288689941168,
-0.08830967545509338,
-0.006950857117772102,
0.03966764733195305,
-0.006386314984411001,
0.0599447563290596,
-0.04094982519745827,
-0.0063164872117340565,
-0.009370880201458931,
-0.003681964473798871,
-0.009335029870271683,
-0.020761452615261078,
-0.04795243591070175,
0.01525922492146492,
0.03604422137141228,
-0.0031450979877263308,
0.04306267946958542,
-0.03328140452504158,
0.020114755257964134,
0.004112985450774431,
-0.016305945813655853,
0.00996805727481842,
-0.00913485512137413,
0.040699783712625504,
0.060686130076646805,
0.01337014976888895,
-0.042767927050590515,
-0.01267983764410019,
-0.012223390862345695,
0.026174271479249,
0.01231682114303112,
-0.02894144505262375,
-0.024385517463088036,
0.032626923173666,
0.010289766825735569,
-0.02187311090528965,
-0.009751067496836185,
-0.01855122670531273,
-0.0003969236568082124,
0.008636520244181156,
0.0007905259262770414,
-0.0667741671204567,
-0.0038749624509364367,
-0.005201191175729036,
-0.009018794633448124,
-0.039008501917123795,
-0.054088059812784195,
-0.05381288379430771,
0.044843412935733795,
0.050235848873853683,
-0.02102227695286274,
-0.012455154210329056,
0.010569313541054726,
-0.1000940352678299,
0.02651894837617874,
-0.000779924972448498,
-0.0021766372956335545,
0.021310342475771904,
-0.0016576513880863786,
0.057552631944417953,
-0.047418612986803055,
-0.044445447623729706,
0.004148788284510374,
-0.0011020598467439413,
0.022356830537319183,
-0.03194565698504448,
0.014565018936991692,
-0.009904454462230206,
0.00003971181286033243,
-0.023329824209213257,
0.03754093125462532,
0.0077127497643232346,
0.013891486451029778,
-0.01890886388719082,
0.062014784663915634,
0.04986177384853363,
0.04543156921863556,
0.005844823084771633,
0.0479230061173439,
0.020583350211381912,
0.038672734051942825,
-0.11371250450611115,
-0.01839558035135269,
-0.0351620577275753,
-0.05289434269070625,
0.03760017082095146,
-0.0525130033493042,
-0.005359482951462269,
0.054033875465393066,
-0.02652914449572563,
-0.035055097192525864,
-0.04234353080391884,
0.00656961090862751,
0.0017025836277753115,
-0.03953220322728157,
-0.0402340441942215,
0.004698250442743301,
0.02390413172543049,
0.04136357828974724,
0.012914256192743778,
-0.03844137489795685,
0.03993045166134834,
-0.017070919275283813,
0.0025109269190579653,
-0.024793460965156555,
-0.01689770072698593,
-0.013708327896893024,
-0.040311820805072784,
0.011790817603468895,
-0.036967683583498,
0.06118514761328697,
0.05565895512700081,
-0.011861861683428288,
0.04326372966170311,
0.034952301532030106,
-0.005459929350763559,
-0.01296467799693346,
-0.015175549313426018,
0.04843289032578468,
-0.011121872812509537,
0.01978919468820095,
0.006499788723886013,
0.011283345520496368,
0.013548352755606174,
0.014291449449956417,
-0.0022779046557843685,
-0.018441112712025642,
-0.00022518617333844304,
-0.0038477873895317316,
0.035558369010686874,
-0.010551396757364273,
-0.05235243961215019,
-0.00790869165211916,
-0.009008610621094704,
0.010991590097546577,
0.006780729629099369,
0.004838013090193272,
-0.0013814850244671106,
-0.0008689630776643753,
-0.06896401941776276,
0.02212168462574482,
-0.02147158794105053,
-0.014069977216422558,
0.026075711473822594,
0.011512871831655502,
0.04200427234172821,
-0.012683272361755371,
-0.006317117251455784,
0.009874637238681316,
0.028940053656697273,
0.043620482087135315,
-0.012720738537609577,
-0.02047833986580372,
-0.04346325993537903,
-0.04604141786694527,
-0.011959699913859367,
0.022007938474416733,
-0.014278938993811607,
-0.0633547231554985,
-0.013420977629721165,
-0.015600848011672497,
-0.014405230060219765,
0.007630836684256792,
-0.025801604613661766,
0.09000691026449203,
-0.0028628921136260033,
0.014142664149403572,
-0.0019394202390685678,
-0.018562238663434982,
0.0038462579250335693,
-0.008938796818256378,
0.01924140378832817,
-0.026180440559983253,
-0.06447494029998779,
-0.014616862870752811,
-0.0286913700401783,
-0.0041071465238928795,
-0.010912570171058178,
-0.024268142879009247,
-0.002561934059485793,
-0.011424514465034008,
0.008515503257513046,
-0.02252463810145855,
-0.009940073825418949,
0.030471071600914,
-0.07036535441875458,
0.023239141330122948,
0.017516029998660088,
-0.04256435111165047,
0.04134853184223175,
-0.08245829492807388,
-0.0434158518910408,
-0.029141457751393318,
-0.03101114183664322,
0.028436582535505295,
-0.022586392238736153,
-0.039665497839450836,
0.005707376636564732,
-0.04347796365618706,
-0.005237156059592962,
0.01756392791867256,
-0.03517637029290199,
-0.022391196340322495,
0.014060853980481625,
-0.021011142060160637,
0.055415865033864975,
-0.030456047505140305,
-0.06753800809383392,
0.003907537087798119,
-0.016381921246647835,
0.003483567154034972,
-0.05311159789562225,
0.016982870176434517,
0.04195027053356171,
-0.010319268330931664,
0.01901915855705738,
-0.06414172798395157,
0.042717352509498596,
-0.026481186971068382,
-0.02023790404200554,
-0.009333986788988113,
0.010910204611718655,
-0.04739496111869812,
-0.0116303451359272,
-0.004161300603300333,
0.02881651744246483,
0.017557913437485695,
0.013440616428852081,
0.044817209243774414,
-0.0010408235248178244,
0.05374423786997795,
-0.002690762048587203,
-0.04648783802986145,
0.035213422030210495,
0.048770416527986526,
-0.01859970949590206,
-0.02050785720348358,
-0.017152901738882065,
-0.008126729167997837,
0.027260778471827507,
-0.02626607194542885,
0.012804792262613773,
-0.025569861754775047,
0.004678530618548393,
0.012165545485913754,
0.027920562773942947,
0.025235624983906746,
-0.03148096799850464,
0.0017063289415091276,
-0.06928516179323196,
0.012838943861424923,
-0.09074467420578003,
0.0009273453615605831,
0.04081297665834427,
-0.0013487566029652953,
0.023073634132742882,
0.018528569489717484,
-0.03152130916714668,
0.018160449340939522,
-0.03398894518613815,
-0.061564311385154724,
-0.023525597527623177,
-0.04224797338247299,
-0.00409220764413476,
0.05415380746126175,
-0.04494315758347511,
-0.018638676032423973,
-0.029125599190592766,
-0.05102924630045891,
-0.01566006988286972,
-0.010721485130488873,
0.05271102115511894,
0.014116141013801098,
0.021152548491954803,
-0.03677330166101456,
0.01820925623178482,
0.039728596806526184,
0.0295195784419775,
-0.004878033418208361,
0.0305634718388319,
-0.028948158025741577,
0.014961986802518368,
0.040279339998960495,
0.0294803399592638,
0.031210171058773994,
0.0036641438491642475,
0.018953902646899223,
-0.040848828852176666,
0.04531991109251976,
-0.01631864532828331,
-0.020730629563331604,
-0.06276851147413254,
0.05749185383319855,
0.028865601867437363,
-0.03826354816555977,
-0.018693305552005768,
0.005219458602368832,
-0.07478438317775726,
0.004539567045867443,
0.010968830436468124,
-0.016923315823078156,
0.009045868180692196,
0.09125497192144394,
0.042608585208654404,
0.042834874242544174,
0.054023370146751404,
0.0023136776871979237,
-0.017126556485891342,
0.011403492651879787,
0.06450703740119934,
0.03944115713238716,
0.07097791135311127,
-0.031094128265976906,
0.06755141168832779,
-0.047016844153404236,
-0.03790269419550896,
0.025898166000843048,
0.0012377692619338632,
-0.017039215192198753,
-0.03685734048485756,
-0.025245090946555138,
0.02032303996384144,
-0.026973986998200417,
0.056155234575271606,
-0.05321424454450607,
-0.007865854538977146,
0.07065201550722122,
-0.022757060825824738,
0.017724545672535896,
0.044242046773433685,
0.03527096286416054,
0.024512123316526413,
-0.04703314229846001,
-0.03956720978021622,
0.009481349028646946,
-0.011932039633393288,
0.011670060455799103,
0.017937446013092995,
-0.02008812688291073,
0.030126675963401794,
0.04354650154709816,
0.03893005847930908,
0.10152316838502884,
-0.05966542661190033,
-0.0348338782787323,
0.03204222396016121,
0.010358507744967937,
0.033387258648872375,
0.0579085610806942,
0.027220385149121284,
-0.018499454483389854,
0.00021125438797753304,
-0.024100827053189278,
-0.005650939419865608,
0.022884050384163857,
0.004661408718675375,
-0.015123449265956879,
-0.04776005074381828,
-0.0004938018973916769,
0.010857168585062027,
0.019153442233800888,
-0.04252200946211815,
-0.02473457157611847,
-0.015356176532804966,
-0.02689279243350029,
-0.053093429654836655,
-0.0711381807923317,
-0.008227529935538769,
0.0006907993229106069,
-0.0652695894241333,
0.020701143890619278,
-0.00592908076941967,
0.012122935615479946,
0.01491731870919466,
-0.03964943811297417,
-0.01629011146724224,
0.009046749211847782,
0.02663567289710045,
0.044437117874622345,
0.024314777925610542,
0.02403867058455944,
-0.027720551937818527,
-0.03782656788825989,
0.04123663157224655,
0.023204687982797623,
0.030671032145619392,
-0.04721308872103691,
-0.02508864924311638,
-0.08262664824724197,
0.01132102683186531,
0.023694422096014023,
-0.028689568862318993,
-0.07451334595680237,
0.0018281000666320324,
-0.06590695679187775,
0.01812572218477726,
0.0959053635597229,
0.024773765355348587,
-0.01730257086455822,
-0.0571523979306221,
0.00827636569738388,
-0.012324240058660507,
0.0036477462854236364,
0.03897121921181679,
-0.030540868639945984,
0.04731982573866844,
0.016056010499596596,
-0.04140091314911842,
-0.05425232648849487,
0.045253925025463104,
0.030043888837099075,
-0.014201832935214043,
-0.013329816982150078,
-0.007251368369907141,
-0.009666229598224163,
-0.09390316158533096,
-0.014439226128160954,
0.029678361490368843,
0.015567557886242867,
-0.02508120983839035,
-0.005986107978969812,
0.007105191238224506,
0.008378357626497746,
0.015073609538376331,
-0.03576478362083435,
-0.013408131897449493,
-0.018825605511665344,
-0.010727609507739544,
-0.08451443910598755,
0.06345988065004349,
-0.06328116357326508,
0.004041172564029694,
-0.02290143072605133,
-0.030320843681693077,
-0.03267871215939522,
0.008815496228635311,
0.012962494976818562,
0.021404292434453964,
0.0055701844394207,
-0.03934677317738533
] |
291 |
SPORTU: A Comprehensive Sports Understanding Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=x1yOHtFfDh
|
[
"Haotian Xia",
"Zhengbang Yang",
"Junbo Zou",
"Rhys Tracy",
"Yuqing Wang",
"Chi Lu",
"Christopher Lai",
"Yanjun He",
"Xun Shao",
"Zhuoqing Xie",
"Yuan-fang Wang",
"Weining Shen",
"Hanjie Chen"
] |
Poster
|
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are advancing the ability to reason about complex sports scenarios by integrating textual and visual information. To comprehensively evaluate their capabilities, we introduce SPORTU, a benchmark designed to assess MLLMs across multi-level sports reasoning tasks. SPORTU comprises two key components: SPORTU-text, featuring 900 multiple-choice questions with human-annotated explanations for rule comprehension and strategy understanding. This component focuses on testing models' ability to reason about sports solely through question-answering (QA), without requiring visual inputs; SPORTU-video, consisting of 1,701 slow-motion video clips across 7 different sports and 12,048 QA pairs, designed to assess multi-level reasoning, from simple sports recognition to complex tasks like foul detection and rule application. We evaluated four prevalent LLMs mainly utilizing few-shot learning paradigms supplemented by chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting on the SPORTU-text part. GPT-4o achieves the highest accuracy of 71\%, but still falls short of human-level performance, highlighting room for improvement in rule comprehension and reasoning. The evaluation for the SPORTU-video part includes 6 proprietary and 8 open-source MLLMs. Experiments show that models fall short on hard tasks that require deep reasoning and rule-based understanding. GPT-4o performs the best with only 57.8\% accuracy on the hard task, showing large room for improvement. We hope that SPORTU will serve as a critical step toward evaluating models' capabilities in sports understanding and reasoning. The dataset is available at [https://github.com/chili-lab/SPORTU](https://github.com/chili-lab/SPORTU).
|
Multimodal Large Language Models, Sports Understanding, Benchmark
| null | 13,686 |
2410.08474
|
[
-0.0013373990077525377,
-0.01673932373523712,
0.005983095616102219,
0.028335480019450188,
0.021950440481305122,
-0.01871608756482601,
0.02789832279086113,
0.0275384820997715,
-0.015381711535155773,
-0.012584857642650604,
-0.014742261730134487,
0.036413196474313736,
-0.07449286431074142,
-0.008459600619971752,
0.017108134925365448,
0.04708828777074814,
0.01286447886377573,
0.030501121655106544,
0.03170515224337578,
-0.04031430557370186,
-0.007223057094961405,
-0.006919222883880138,
0.024669099599123,
0.009787001647055149,
0.030608754605054855,
0.03682143986225128,
0.05225635692477226,
0.05464166775345802,
-0.047765668481588364,
0.012864277698099613,
0.05015069246292114,
-0.01746710203588009,
-0.0038872621953487396,
-0.01976633071899414,
-0.00977106299251318,
-0.02792816050350666,
-0.02545069344341755,
0.06145240738987923,
0.027517717331647873,
-0.0052378517575562,
-0.0606343150138855,
0.020300308242440224,
-0.025918161496520042,
-0.0019576724153012037,
-0.07451735436916351,
0.02836729772388935,
-0.07723788172006607,
0.024616017937660217,
0.009840681217610836,
-0.03138718381524086,
-0.10631285607814789,
0.04344231262803078,
-0.032619502395391464,
0.004782896023243666,
-0.017717482522130013,
0.0362456813454628,
0.028049735352396965,
-0.07868896424770355,
-0.002833734964951873,
-0.028685929253697395,
-0.034949056804180145,
0.05261574685573578,
0.01073042768985033,
-0.008616246283054352,
0.015404031611979008,
-0.037419725209474564,
-0.01747560128569603,
0.0279438104480505,
-0.028231825679540634,
-0.03613581508398056,
0.002236294327303767,
-0.01398343313485384,
-0.027957497164607048,
0.01064135879278183,
0.01039834227412939,
-0.04618678614497185,
0.026126662269234657,
0.04462099447846413,
0.04999217763543129,
-0.011410050094127655,
0.013836056925356388,
0.02849813923239708,
0.030057396739721298,
0.024092337116599083,
0.031093813478946686,
0.005683138035237789,
-0.011225978843867779,
-0.049494873732328415,
-0.051104817539453506,
0.030988065525889397,
0.020517658442258835,
-0.04103961959481239,
0.0018482533050701022,
0.029193678870797157,
0.019502287730574608,
0.021726375445723534,
0.033398889005184174,
0.023534264415502548,
-0.009022668935358524,
-0.031409986317157745,
-0.03505600988864899,
-0.016037454828619957,
0.05466369912028313,
0.043245721608400345,
-0.10218742489814758,
-0.02415969781577587,
-0.019120220094919205,
0.0017605567118152976,
0.010241513140499592,
0.01988290250301361,
-0.032133035361766815,
-0.005864105653017759,
0.02968023158609867,
-0.01573222503066063,
-0.06734821200370789,
0.030890360474586487,
0.01790120266377926,
0.02092909812927246,
-0.009985407814383507,
0.03800144046545029,
0.017352044582366943,
0.03774363175034523,
0.01160778384655714,
0.053073883056640625,
0.001616985653527081,
0.002118631498888135,
0.009405354969203472,
0.012521103024482727,
-0.016334205865859985,
-0.04017272964119911,
0.018808122724294662,
0.015368510037660599,
-0.004589919000864029,
0.03769931569695473,
0.024309547618031502,
0.004246541764587164,
0.02741134911775589,
-0.03390001505613327,
0.0363110788166523,
-0.001000241725705564,
0.001231073634698987,
-0.008717489428818226,
0.04989277198910713,
-0.03008802980184555,
0.07457998394966125,
-0.010148391127586365,
-0.008756687864661217,
-0.02444807067513466,
-0.007006966043263674,
0.007221133913844824,
0.04403271898627281,
-0.028950193896889687,
0.05582548677921295,
-0.04729133099317551,
-0.005839982535690069,
0.08142587542533875,
0.04826058819890022,
-0.027435241267085075,
0.003970929887145758,
0.005271772388368845,
0.0014538844116032124,
0.01444831769913435,
-0.04839061573147774,
0.01927858591079712,
-0.021254409104585648,
-0.07042624801397324,
0.025032173842191696,
0.020889516919851303,
-0.049864329397678375,
0.027774667367339134,
-0.027757691219449043,
-0.057741954922676086,
0.07052047550678253,
-0.018490096554160118,
-0.01506264228373766,
0.020194942131638527,
0.04522212594747543,
0.021405909210443497,
0.05340936779975891,
0.013412985019385815,
-0.06557873636484146,
0.019947431981563568,
-0.008447971194982529,
0.024859679862856865,
0.02772640623152256,
-0.009438395500183105,
0.10636790096759796,
-0.04506000876426697,
-0.01933727040886879,
0.00226808269508183,
-0.07414541393518448,
-0.04351392388343811,
0.00963086448609829,
0.006775730289518833,
0.05293866991996765,
0.0013103674864396453,
-0.012696621008217335,
0.04946599155664444,
0.01652473956346512,
0.05552927404642105,
0.06966756284236908,
-0.0004530257428996265,
0.05107993260025978,
0.015325892716646194,
-0.03768455982208252,
0.016225403174757957,
0.019387193024158478,
-0.053260594606399536,
-0.070096455514431,
0.032632555812597275,
-0.03349784016609192,
-0.003879653522744775,
-0.001141908811405301,
0.015495151281356812,
-0.025851048529148102,
0.006372316274791956,
0.006712496280670166,
0.02343977801501751,
0.007425103336572647,
-0.04512256011366844,
0.04464874416589737,
0.00548925856128335,
-0.032056525349617004,
-0.030635198578238487,
-0.0640517920255661,
0.07169802486896515,
0.0332430936396122,
-0.026842590421438217,
-0.03039599023759365,
0.04086248576641083,
-0.0012125676730647683,
0.021135296672582626,
-0.020992210134863853,
-0.036112960427999496,
-0.01820203848183155,
-0.05791395157575607,
0.01718127354979515,
-0.04595668241381645,
0.055457692593336105,
-0.0403471402823925,
-0.013228357769548893,
0.06568081676959991,
-0.01196683943271637,
0.03225656598806381,
-0.005156377796083689,
-0.026947926729917526,
0.016878431662917137,
0.007655894849449396,
0.015177947469055653,
-0.02353668585419655,
0.036544546484947205,
-0.0016369614750146866,
-0.009282244369387627,
-0.01687324047088623,
-0.01700109802186489,
-0.05291830003261566,
-0.029474833980202675,
-0.006458175368607044,
0.07311474531888962,
0.03415140509605408,
0.05077507346868515,
0.009435031563043594,
-0.012450137175619602,
-0.012145133689045906,
-0.004284476395696402,
-0.08543504029512405,
-0.02861681953072548,
-0.03229009732604027,
-0.0019221501424908638,
0.00890618097037077,
0.027250496670603752,
0.017940925434231758,
-0.0033272269647568464,
-0.017625993117690086,
-0.00537385419011116,
0.042069241404533386,
0.03294569253921509,
-0.018441349267959595,
-0.047802336513996124,
-0.018136020749807358,
-0.0033484245650470257,
0.06760420650243759,
-0.01596129685640335,
-0.0359506793320179,
-0.018414419144392014,
-0.04228663444519043,
-0.011752068065106869,
-0.02273627370595932,
0.01206937711685896,
0.03732699900865555,
-0.024115126579999924,
0.0045887790620327,
-0.03828649967908859,
0.01908412016928196,
0.030134325847029686,
0.04731205478310585,
0.049790527671575546,
0.011738929897546768,
-0.026969503611326218,
0.04672205075621605,
-0.01391744613647461,
0.01977284625172615,
0.028446726500988007,
-0.008436653763055801,
0.022786272689700127,
0.010268877260386944,
-0.0014084922149777412,
-0.016387498006224632,
-0.2734944224357605,
-0.027620641514658928,
0.007583289407193661,
-0.01148765254765749,
0.05762357637286186,
-0.04124073311686516,
0.03647874668240547,
-0.033469121903181076,
-0.03920847177505493,
0.01994994282722473,
0.03176187723875046,
0.012553529813885689,
0.0032809411641210318,
0.024213600903749466,
0.0638170912861824,
0.04434837028384209,
0.009611502289772034,
-0.032586127519607544,
-0.029160460457205772,
0.052010223269462585,
0.006930154748260975,
-0.03784417361021042,
-0.018024001270532608,
0.05519601330161095,
-0.0015140241011977196,
0.052898798137903214,
-0.0691322535276413,
-0.01117083989083767,
-0.03211481124162674,
-0.02759673446416855,
0.03301713988184929,
-0.017436012625694275,
-0.024456925690174103,
0.03198884055018425,
0.00866005476564169,
0.018467508256435394,
0.052276283502578735,
-0.027182111516594887,
0.007468128576874733,
-0.002034489531069994,
-0.002245256444439292,
-0.014432008378207684,
-0.03961179032921791,
0.013722062110900879,
0.07576017826795578,
0.024036837741732597,
-0.05232103914022446,
-0.0165330171585083,
-0.026138760149478912,
0.04396006837487221,
-0.02398831397294998,
-0.027549201622605324,
-0.03676050528883934,
0.005390884354710579,
0.007336016278713942,
-0.03608432412147522,
0.027463166043162346,
-0.009258484467864037,
-0.01206853985786438,
-0.022398993372917175,
-0.00011765805538743734,
-0.04163579270243645,
-0.024449845775961876,
-0.02774915099143982,
-0.028394032269716263,
-0.037886474281549454,
-0.03863757476210594,
-0.02620820887386799,
0.03776989132165909,
0.027536367997527122,
-0.047553014010190964,
0.02279917523264885,
-0.021068574860692024,
-0.08901122212409973,
-0.004652759991586208,
0.025770407170057297,
-0.022367076948285103,
-0.012446213513612747,
-0.0011157348053529859,
0.049624767154455185,
-0.027530662715435028,
-0.05318082869052887,
-0.028119729831814766,
0.015364605002105236,
0.03511510044336319,
-0.018350712954998016,
0.03977294638752937,
-0.016676923260092735,
0.005463233217597008,
-0.03314778581261635,
0.06525031477212906,
0.0025658742524683475,
-0.0003106672957073897,
0.011357353068888187,
0.017073726281523705,
0.01345264445990324,
0.019949130713939667,
0.036809954792261124,
0.017194624990224838,
-0.011280672624707222,
-0.003064968390390277,
-0.06454137712717056,
0.0005292688147164881,
-0.010655699297785759,
-0.03886532783508301,
0.01418317947536707,
-0.0448051355779171,
-0.018508050590753555,
0.05525851994752884,
-0.0006313357735052705,
-0.02839808352291584,
-0.017852000892162323,
0.017055686563253403,
0.035416629165410995,
0.009044511243700981,
-0.010136841796338558,
-0.0030712150037288666,
0.017437348142266273,
0.026543330401182175,
-0.015477519482374191,
-0.02934054471552372,
0.008852159604430199,
-0.03326791524887085,
-0.005686345510184765,
-0.026650354266166687,
-0.04599804803729057,
-0.019695604220032692,
-0.05348088592290878,
-0.02014957368373871,
-0.01585901342332363,
0.03379487618803978,
0.015975363552570343,
0.02162148244678974,
0.03260562941431999,
0.05303587764501572,
-0.009918694384396076,
-0.037429340183734894,
-0.003897008253261447,
0.009266936220228672,
-0.03010043501853943,
0.006312061101198196,
-0.015648530796170235,
0.03930671140551567,
0.0471721775829792,
0.015363913029432297,
-0.006991732399910688,
0.001910797436721623,
0.014616101048886776,
-0.023567482829093933,
0.03232733905315399,
0.04306044057011604,
-0.06274465471506119,
-0.02863905020058155,
-0.04181725159287453,
0.04896236211061478,
0.0181534755975008,
0.025990139693021774,
0.014036648906767368,
0.011092975735664368,
-0.058135006576776505,
0.05693850666284561,
0.004721994511783123,
-0.04171430319547653,
-0.0022740347776561975,
0.02500978671014309,
0.02765662595629692,
-0.0009619789780117571,
0.010731580667197704,
0.026869207620620728,
0.004854888189584017,
0.02442006953060627,
-0.05196230486035347,
-0.03589378669857979,
-0.03497239574790001,
-0.05626983568072319,
0.02201153337955475,
0.001380495959892869,
-0.0015815580263733864,
-0.04915173724293709,
0.04645288735628128,
0.009910086169838905,
-0.030847126618027687,
0.01630941405892372,
-0.0012800031108781695,
0.07618135213851929,
0.04197309538722038,
0.011337029747664928,
-0.023201236501336098,
-0.02452690340578556,
0.041784465312957764,
-0.005127325188368559,
0.04102007672190666,
-0.005381720140576363,
-0.04298604652285576,
-0.06981870532035828,
-0.06069009751081467,
0.011370467953383923,
0.018959442153573036,
-0.03407026082277298,
-0.034754738211631775,
0.034269459545612335,
-0.04146957769989967,
-0.06117378920316696,
-0.017882030457258224,
0.03327777236700058,
-0.06482308357954025,
-0.002949410118162632,
0.010448712855577469,
0.0022775488905608654,
0.0026664251927286386,
-0.04557947814464569,
-0.057510629296302795,
-0.028394360095262527,
-0.0550520196557045,
0.02555396594107151,
-0.04411713033914566,
-0.009558215737342834,
-0.037845924496650696,
-0.01665308326482773,
-0.02468527853488922,
0.025801295414566994,
-0.009744536131620407,
-0.02609195001423359,
-0.021110322326421738,
-0.01815149374306202,
0.03864452615380287,
-0.0025646414142102003,
-0.019365541636943817,
0.023321179673075676,
-0.046386513859033585,
0.057130031287670135,
-0.04822244495153427,
0.038786664605140686,
0.06441577523946762,
0.013775119557976723,
-0.00032316785654984415,
-0.06916728615760803,
0.013271385803818703,
0.05503268167376518,
-0.017026325687766075,
0.03509587049484253,
0.007598814554512501,
-0.01849260926246643,
0.03618377447128296,
-0.006080105900764465,
0.06184558942914009,
0.017582476139068604,
0.015014839358627796,
0.006452103145420551,
0.015633590519428253,
0.02474660985171795,
0.010127736255526543,
-0.03283015266060829,
-0.009278309531509876,
0.06094566360116005,
-0.019779149442911148,
0.0029300169553607702,
-0.042196087539196014,
-0.03214242309331894,
0.025510823354125023,
-0.008084782399237156,
0.019853996112942696,
-0.0500655397772789,
0.05136588215827942,
0.004469756502658129,
0.022368356585502625,
0.049589283764362335,
-0.00324674928560853,
0.03831452876329422,
-0.04586410149931908,
0.012731106951832771,
-0.10756762325763702,
-0.019554991275072098,
0.07742921262979507,
-0.010371366515755653,
-0.00024003072758205235,
-0.015960680320858955,
-0.058837924152612686,
0.060358766466379166,
-0.0015778897795826197,
-0.03268607333302498,
0.01809568703174591,
-0.020101219415664673,
-0.003882306395098567,
0.03073117323219776,
-0.020762713626027107,
-0.00551565969362855,
-0.003005766309797764,
-0.047756921499967575,
0.002056146739050746,
-0.04787203669548035,
0.036388248205184937,
-0.04960569366812706,
0.03723428398370743,
-0.01777803525328636,
-0.0039820303209125996,
0.009965584613382816,
0.04475177824497223,
0.04074862226843834,
0.016407787799835205,
0.0002221022587036714,
0.06944500654935837,
0.02323869802057743,
0.0029140575788915157,
0.013091013766825199,
-0.00789912510663271,
-0.03914026543498039,
-0.05573572590947151,
0.08135391771793365,
0.0010092754382640123,
0.001050650025717914,
-0.07799892872571945,
0.07384421676397324,
0.01828658953309059,
-0.03527889400720596,
0.017136387526988983,
0.012206108309328556,
-0.032626695930957794,
-0.008022068999707699,
-0.00011400064977351576,
0.01610139012336731,
-0.0035288729704916477,
0.05294352024793625,
0.022165192291140556,
0.050466686487197876,
0.0643409937620163,
0.0034866021014750004,
-0.05331903696060181,
0.04241055250167847,
0.040220558643341064,
0.052373405545949936,
0.044217538088560104,
-0.0034810942597687244,
0.08707321435213089,
-0.021978924050927162,
-0.08333031833171844,
0.04933033138513565,
0.03371461480855942,
-0.01675775647163391,
-0.025486167520284653,
0.01455614808946848,
0.051214974373579025,
0.006179317831993103,
0.043784502893686295,
-0.020726202055811882,
-0.026011811569333076,
0.04655915126204491,
0.012548258528113365,
0.0035379775799810886,
0.04916325584053993,
0.02548992820084095,
0.015203502960503101,
0.004300933331251144,
-0.026891635730862617,
-0.01284046284854412,
-0.049473054707050323,
0.012478816322982311,
-0.006299854721873999,
-0.033355072140693665,
0.019303563982248306,
-0.027477620169520378,
0.07200562208890915,
0.11939437687397003,
-0.03352583572268486,
-0.01914861798286438,
0.04483475536108017,
-0.006967118941247463,
0.03356757387518883,
0.03251081705093384,
-0.005021028220653534,
-0.030066026374697685,
-0.005618090275675058,
-0.05132462456822395,
0.03454584255814552,
-0.00720097916200757,
-0.003997147083282471,
0.02067069709300995,
-0.05380836874246597,
-0.02447732351720333,
0.03253903239965439,
0.007951120845973492,
-0.0495796762406826,
-0.031272076070308685,
-0.0383191742002964,
-0.030978593975305557,
-0.04852600768208504,
-0.0610024631023407,
0.037313323467969894,
0.01828300766646862,
-0.048370297998189926,
-0.03889915347099304,
-0.050938189029693604,
0.00507257180288434,
0.0191817544400692,
-0.05774988234043121,
0.0074823289178311825,
0.015504884533584118,
-0.011181952431797981,
0.026301611214876175,
0.031468313187360764,
0.03523511067032814,
-0.031187597662210464,
-0.0063714925199747086,
0.01270062755793333,
0.0056242081336677074,
0.005741779692471027,
0.004449015483260155,
-0.02604105696082115,
-0.10001534968614578,
0.005935645196586847,
-0.0008444863487966359,
-0.018857082352042198,
-0.06850209087133408,
0.0033571207895874977,
-0.016889069229364395,
0.06638940423727036,
0.0589737631380558,
-0.0017841862281784415,
0.02358969673514366,
-0.06045476719737053,
-0.01205336395651102,
0.011021760292351246,
0.024928012862801552,
0.058475956320762634,
-0.01520207617431879,
0.06343290209770203,
0.024303823709487915,
-0.00150686118286103,
-0.059089358896017075,
0.009159003384411335,
-0.027037309482693672,
-0.0015874376986175776,
-0.021345913410186768,
-0.011470559053122997,
-0.034101057797670364,
-0.10102041065692902,
-0.020969441160559654,
0.04476044699549675,
-0.021656086668372154,
-0.042238812893629074,
-0.0023024713154882193,
-0.023966927081346512,
-0.025280164554715157,
-0.02240223065018654,
-0.025206876918673515,
-0.034403733909130096,
-0.01439204066991806,
-0.026752974838018417,
-0.07144095003604889,
0.03178943321108818,
0.008729962632060051,
-0.030273867771029472,
-0.0340852290391922,
-0.02749081701040268,
0.012747204862535,
0.033044371753931046,
0.008571939542889595,
0.0077841999009251595,
0.025214888155460358,
-0.03879356384277344
] |
292 |
SIM: Surface-based fMRI Analysis for Inter-Subject Multimodal Decoding from Movie-Watching Experiments
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=OJsMGsO6yn
|
[
"Simon Dahan",
"Gabriel Bénédict",
"Logan Zane John Williams",
"Yourong Guo",
"Daniel Rueckert",
"Robert Leech",
"Emma Claire Robinson"
] |
Poster
|
Current AI frameworks for brain decoding and encoding, typically train and test models within the same datasets. This limits their utility for cognitive training (neurofeedback) for which it would be useful to pool experiences across individuals to better simulate stimuli not sampled during training. A key obstacle to model generalisation is the degree of variability of inter-subject cortical organisation, which makes it difficult to align or compare cortical signals across participants. In this paper we address this through use of surface vision transformers, which build a generalisable model of cortical functional dynamics, through encoding the topography of cortical networks and their interactions as a moving image across a surface. This is then combined with tri-modal self-supervised contrastive (CLIP) alignment of audio, video, and fMRI modalities to enable the retrieval of visual and auditory stimuli from patterns of cortical activity (and vice-versa). We validate our approach on 7T task-fMRI data from 174 healthy participants engaged in the movie-watching experiment from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Results show that it is possible to detect which movie clips an individual is watching purely from their brain activity, even for individuals and movies *not seen during training*. Further analysis of attention maps reveals that our model captures individual patterns of brain activity that reflect semantic and visual systems. This opens the door to future personalised simulations of brain function. Code \& pre-trained models will be made available at https://github.com/metrics-lab/sim.
|
movie-watching experiment, fMRI, cortical analysis, surface-based transformers, multimodal learning, contrastive learning, self-supervised learning, generalization, encoding/decoding
|
A surface-based deep learning fMRI model that generalises encoding and decoding of audio-visual stimuli from movie-watching experiments to unseen subjects and unseen stimuli
| 13,684 |
2501.16471
|
[
0.02490704320371151,
0.022275861352682114,
0.013363630510866642,
0.007359199691563845,
0.027895551174879074,
0.02826046571135521,
0.04594480246305466,
0.026340315118432045,
-0.038000866770744324,
-0.05879666656255722,
-0.009720257483422756,
0.019023656845092773,
-0.06275859475135803,
-0.00797377247363329,
-0.007504488807171583,
0.058553773909807205,
0.039263539016246796,
-0.0364762581884861,
-0.016907669603824615,
0.019721558317542076,
-0.02416055276989937,
-0.007257917895913124,
0.05540936440229416,
0.018822195008397102,
0.03348928689956665,
-0.013064312748610973,
0.023513002321124077,
0.006685995496809483,
-0.01453896053135395,
-0.0013529501156881452,
-0.008397934958338737,
0.0013754081446677446,
-0.008779492229223251,
-0.047983236610889435,
0.013177571818232536,
0.03480100259184837,
-0.06374184042215347,
0.017161255702376366,
-0.007821552455425262,
0.01341867633163929,
-0.04541134089231491,
0.007252253592014313,
-0.01694655604660511,
-0.018720829859375954,
-0.05181192234158516,
0.025625858455896378,
-0.08098972588777542,
0.03437548503279686,
0.013932662084698677,
0.0012607421958819032,
-0.04905432462692261,
0.015267777256667614,
0.0260109044611454,
-0.01046511810272932,
0.014142859727144241,
0.029333988204598427,
0.022084606811404228,
-0.06903352588415146,
-0.018215537071228027,
-0.04692699760198593,
-0.017212171107530594,
0.03850441798567772,
0.024335188791155815,
0.01165020652115345,
-0.0034208272118121386,
-0.022159701213240623,
-0.009296406991779804,
0.037740595638751984,
-0.026835454627871513,
-0.02281539887189865,
0.0028390646912157536,
-0.0212111659348011,
-0.012844361364841461,
0.005892959423363209,
0.01153229083865881,
-0.06835314631462097,
0.046653568744659424,
0.018981855362653732,
0.07252863794565201,
-0.0564458929002285,
0.020922064781188965,
0.025860263034701347,
-0.02725571021437645,
0.03671148419380188,
0.02590852975845337,
0.012646480463445187,
-0.008019724860787392,
-0.0293238777667284,
-0.0625104084610939,
0.025948628783226013,
-0.010735058225691319,
-0.012067530304193497,
-0.0022460189647972584,
0.045171890407800674,
0.0008894836064428091,
0.0351899154484272,
0.016223980113863945,
-0.010648423805832863,
0.011492670513689518,
0.022724585607647896,
-0.0006369648035615683,
-0.039749130606651306,
0.019478999078273773,
0.029068706557154655,
-0.07964743673801422,
-0.03769169747829437,
0.015405518002808094,
-0.02408452518284321,
-0.009716675616800785,
0.01145918108522892,
-0.05484936758875847,
-0.015375331975519657,
0.03634363040328026,
-0.01884385198354721,
-0.09346940368413925,
0.009889062494039536,
-0.005629152059555054,
0.03332033008337021,
-0.03597893565893173,
0.03494911268353462,
0.07903627306222916,
0.03896346688270569,
-0.023112930357456207,
0.06530886888504028,
-0.02309601753950119,
0.0023745964281260967,
-0.0002969138149637729,
0.02803816646337509,
-0.025007732212543488,
-0.041640520095825195,
0.028785815462470055,
0.01508712861686945,
0.0005834369221702218,
-0.004280542954802513,
0.015400325879454613,
-0.006027781404554844,
0.055979810655117035,
-0.007308702915906906,
0.025253349915146828,
0.017792798578739166,
0.012285749427974224,
-0.03469812497496605,
0.04453178867697716,
-0.06217030808329582,
0.0882401317358017,
-0.04477299377322197,
-0.012408306822180748,
0.02496904321014881,
-0.03849164396524429,
-0.0035235669929534197,
0.0076380264945328236,
0.0039015100337564945,
0.032378409057855606,
-0.059681300073862076,
0.02988176979124546,
0.07681642472743988,
0.02760501205921173,
0.018952751532197,
0.027513418346643448,
-0.0038124278653413057,
0.007472807541489601,
-0.013083157129585743,
-0.05713680759072304,
0.012848978862166405,
-0.016687758266925812,
-0.015470575541257858,
-0.011168049648404121,
0.0075920820236206055,
-0.03755540773272514,
-0.004940518643707037,
-0.03827836364507675,
-0.024143744260072708,
0.057030051946640015,
-0.01826583407819271,
-0.04395534470677376,
-0.013078313320875168,
0.05107368528842926,
0.009691467508673668,
0.033355943858623505,
0.006193072069436312,
-0.08886110782623291,
0.014161324128508568,
0.00060826021945104,
0.000793185259681195,
0.029363660141825676,
-0.02215736359357834,
0.0780361071228981,
-0.02195104770362377,
-0.0315043069422245,
0.04094158485531807,
-0.03968759626150131,
-0.014441334642469883,
0.034090545028448105,
-0.008058120496571064,
0.07517523318529129,
0.015792999416589737,
-0.017016291618347168,
0.026000794023275375,
0.04206457361578941,
0.038224928081035614,
0.02913053333759308,
-0.038952670991420746,
0.03337797150015831,
0.03987415134906769,
-0.03542622923851013,
-0.018307937309145927,
0.033165447413921356,
-0.06131778284907341,
-0.03153447061777115,
0.004371628165245056,
0.0023637765552848577,
-0.022830767557024956,
0.020197145640850067,
-0.0036391322501003742,
0.019236454740166664,
0.005663570016622543,
-0.018416021019220352,
0.009647240862250328,
-0.014275431632995605,
-0.08253706246614456,
0.01228092610836029,
0.0022884937934577465,
-0.016575874760746956,
-0.01974163018167019,
-0.05142571032047272,
0.10370421409606934,
0.05391825735569,
-0.0422816276550293,
-0.00041750737000256777,
0.004136958625167608,
0.01249387115240097,
0.035524096339941025,
0.01675300858914852,
-0.008696259930729866,
-0.003868433181196451,
-0.005062088370323181,
0.03903453052043915,
-0.020245833322405815,
0.02040088176727295,
-0.047382522374391556,
-0.041768234223127365,
0.055811766535043716,
0.016677051782608032,
0.02019963599741459,
-0.020615819841623306,
0.00922595988959074,
0.05090286210179329,
-0.015576998703181744,
-0.015546738170087337,
-0.014606964774429798,
-0.018653759732842445,
0.01013235468417406,
-0.014127853326499462,
-0.028256945312023163,
-0.009648150764405727,
-0.060655269771814346,
0.020457042381167412,
-0.03774845227599144,
0.0870826467871666,
0.03805624693632126,
0.011250189505517483,
0.03463190048933029,
0.0001977838546736166,
-0.013443663716316223,
-0.02820006012916565,
-0.10782472044229507,
-0.043982744216918945,
-0.02870474010705948,
0.022659985348582268,
-0.03745441511273384,
0.07948009669780731,
-0.02001074329018593,
0.00822377111762762,
-0.0026027862913906574,
-0.003514194395393133,
0.033004987984895706,
0.03952540457248688,
-0.006157349329441786,
-0.032984621822834015,
-0.002249616663902998,
0.014782642014324665,
0.08209578692913055,
0.010354564525187016,
0.02217925153672695,
-0.024362780153751373,
-0.04881475120782852,
-0.07001565396785736,
-0.016383955255150795,
-0.0050820824690163136,
0.0033164534252136946,
0.018987711519002914,
0.00017122345161624253,
0.013900692574679852,
0.020441731438040733,
0.01718696765601635,
0.05608072876930237,
0.04032592475414276,
0.015216046012938023,
-0.016386685892939568,
0.021319253370165825,
-0.01001241896301508,
0.056450992822647095,
0.016991470009088516,
-0.017066266387701035,
0.017631636932492256,
0.011430530808866024,
0.0006138661992736161,
-0.021158991381525993,
-0.26123425364494324,
-0.06481416523456573,
-0.00004594338679453358,
-0.005292551126331091,
0.06374923884868622,
-0.030749483034014702,
0.027295541018247604,
-0.0422171913087368,
-0.025463540107011795,
0.02758605033159256,
0.05049559473991394,
0.027232276275753975,
0.005176577251404524,
0.07752484083175659,
0.05186082422733307,
0.015533285215497017,
0.013215180486440659,
-0.036966465413570404,
0.03918049484491348,
0.0393507219851017,
-0.029949789866805077,
-0.05947021394968033,
-0.037269312888383865,
0.04758065938949585,
-0.026257654651999474,
0.06078314036130905,
-0.06870269030332565,
0.006968316622078419,
-0.026097239926457405,
-0.03412030637264252,
0.006273587234318256,
-0.06432989984750748,
0.014219478704035282,
0.05324051156640053,
0.038565605878829956,
0.007006186526268721,
0.01627565547823906,
-0.013611976057291031,
0.023525329306721687,
-0.006407448556274176,
-0.012820379808545113,
-0.004137611016631126,
-0.02893034927546978,
0.007999425753951073,
0.0701366513967514,
-0.0011611011577770114,
-0.034055985510349274,
-0.030464403331279755,
-0.034445878118276596,
0.0077776615507900715,
-0.014331042766571045,
-0.02011624164879322,
-0.01947912946343422,
0.014477723278105259,
-0.0157376229763031,
-0.03946811705827713,
0.04704117029905319,
0.023471495136618614,
-0.02013268508017063,
-0.013593191280961037,
-0.03797148913145065,
0.003270229557529092,
-0.04844692349433899,
-0.034135136753320694,
0.012274779379367828,
-0.04134569317102432,
-0.08143707364797592,
-0.06397831439971924,
0.044051580131053925,
0.05182558670639992,
-0.005685055628418922,
-0.006700335536152124,
-0.027858266606926918,
-0.09728909283876419,
-0.00597084267064929,
0.004063214175403118,
-0.005998268257826567,
-0.006778318900614977,
0.008669473230838776,
0.01780456118285656,
-0.019870519638061523,
-0.03963885456323624,
0.000775706022977829,
0.013086204417049885,
0.02691076137125492,
-0.025574149563908577,
0.026321277022361755,
-0.009025068022310734,
-0.02327493391931057,
-0.01631135493516922,
0.048910632729530334,
0.020496590062975883,
0.03903528302907944,
0.010789034888148308,
0.035231318324804306,
0.013414699584245682,
0.03493882343173027,
0.060930926352739334,
0.042202241718769073,
-0.023939380422234535,
0.045925840735435486,
-0.10913383960723877,
-0.010274810716509819,
-0.050969500094652176,
-0.032255735248327255,
-0.03405074030160904,
-0.018863456323742867,
-0.028818590566515923,
0.02220156416296959,
-0.0144264567643404,
-0.018481465056538582,
-0.01438256073743105,
-0.004052265547215939,
-0.02407638356089592,
0.005583484657108784,
-0.0033176527358591557,
0.02550859935581684,
0.038130756467580795,
0.023090273141860962,
-0.013343856669962406,
-0.00611822260543704,
-0.007915769703686237,
-0.016931144520640373,
0.016253391280770302,
0.01684175804257393,
-0.01283266581594944,
-0.011432699859142303,
-0.02634553797543049,
-0.02000410109758377,
0.03613750636577606,
0.042261820286512375,
0.04006439074873924,
-0.013690675608813763,
0.04583917558193207,
0.05726606398820877,
0.002800706075504422,
0.014294832944869995,
0.022994693368673325,
0.05018094554543495,
-0.04047154635190964,
0.08071979135274887,
-0.06073073297739029,
0.03969684988260269,
0.023617135360836983,
-0.00980749074369669,
0.008393954485654831,
-0.011884552426636219,
-0.016633963212370872,
-0.042131759226322174,
-0.013359851203858852,
0.030262690037488937,
-0.03961625322699547,
-0.052232131361961365,
-0.016655834391713142,
-0.012063434347510338,
-0.0006215317989699543,
0.02945922128856182,
-0.011594969779253006,
0.008834159933030605,
-0.06863616406917572,
0.04717113822698593,
-0.0050182766281068325,
-0.04332815855741501,
0.003110377350822091,
-0.010190867818892002,
0.0409235917031765,
-0.03036617301404476,
-0.019405627623200417,
0.013218307867646217,
0.005602625664323568,
0.01021412294358015,
-0.014759425073862076,
-0.014286806806921959,
-0.023765262216329575,
-0.04178766906261444,
-0.0056994021870195866,
-0.00512597756460309,
-0.024736935272812843,
-0.005286713130772114,
0.040961071848869324,
0.025452416390180588,
-0.01666061021387577,
-0.0016850990941748023,
-0.01631520874798298,
0.07588966935873032,
-0.0022591818124055862,
0.013370403088629246,
-0.015028737485408783,
-0.015461417846381664,
0.03150814771652222,
-0.0075753917917609215,
0.01672113500535488,
-0.043962761759757996,
-0.011971219442784786,
-0.047532301396131516,
-0.02613462507724762,
-0.011734362691640854,
-0.0018776014912873507,
-0.022707397118210793,
-0.0128802340477705,
0.027858886867761612,
0.030802201479673386,
-0.0339009091258049,
-0.039358559995889664,
0.042313311249017715,
-0.07655081152915955,
-0.007736742962151766,
0.05279963091015816,
-0.04150429740548134,
0.018962860107421875,
-0.022667430341243744,
-0.016314027830958366,
-0.0649561882019043,
-0.026240406557917595,
-0.02439967729151249,
0.012866503559052944,
-0.02873430959880352,
-0.050893254578113556,
-0.010720242746174335,
0.006003250367939472,
-0.029205789789557457,
-0.004241442773491144,
-0.011505724862217903,
-0.03766533359885216,
-0.020566418766975403,
0.02747425064444542,
0.017813388258218765,
-0.01829206757247448,
-0.006740850862115622,
-0.018707826733589172,
0.03159387409687042,
-0.006395595148205757,
-0.020991841331124306,
0.05364168435335159,
-0.005050532519817352,
-0.04906193166971207,
-0.0341515876352787,
0.03158721700310707,
0.037063684314489365,
-0.014764832332730293,
0.024476289749145508,
0.018577761948108673,
-0.023894650861620903,
0.02737806923687458,
0.03609573841094971,
0.05602538585662842,
0.01988977938890457,
-0.009198580868542194,
0.03103502467274666,
0.006303739733994007,
0.009850874543190002,
-0.020929498597979546,
-0.032567888498306274,
-0.011785902082920074,
0.03452612832188606,
-0.02788895182311535,
0.003825926687568426,
-0.05044252797961235,
-0.05087510868906975,
0.010304445400834084,
0.0013968321727588773,
0.04924562945961952,
-0.011476447805762291,
0.04156022146344185,
0.011977309361100197,
0.01889454759657383,
0.03113855980336666,
-0.027318350970745087,
0.03881958872079849,
-0.051470063626766205,
0.015525768510997295,
-0.03722872585058212,
-0.02192833088338375,
0.04759171977639198,
-0.029505662620067596,
-0.035836443305015564,
0.0014647971838712692,
-0.018940063193440437,
0.08129656314849854,
-0.035202767699956894,
-0.020855460315942764,
0.025159386917948723,
-0.053206849843263626,
-0.01990933157503605,
0.028515690937638283,
-0.04545498266816139,
0.02089523710310459,
-0.011659497395157814,
-0.007723354734480381,
0.014302847906947136,
0.02813398651778698,
0.04086289554834366,
-0.015557510778307915,
0.01715380884706974,
-0.01051132008433342,
0.0182587131857872,
0.013489630073308945,
0.06361646950244904,
0.008911864832043648,
0.012068819254636765,
-0.026997527107596397,
0.08375859260559082,
0.01745300367474556,
0.0031450362876057625,
0.02835247293114662,
0.007263106293976307,
-0.01405932754278183,
-0.05809630826115608,
0.013708185404539108,
-0.011428561061620712,
-0.010812921449542046,
-0.08359632641077042,
0.048754431307315826,
0.02960743010044098,
-0.026672303676605225,
-0.0003106416261289269,
0.03405529633164406,
-0.02881608158349991,
-0.0033428471069782972,
0.016315104439854622,
-0.01726706139743328,
-0.008856112137436867,
0.06786651909351349,
0.009535660035908222,
0.05476707965135574,
0.07702276855707169,
0.03070436231791973,
-0.034641679376363754,
-0.007617129012942314,
0.08181342482566833,
0.07071752101182938,
0.03308792784810066,
0.050483278930187225,
0.11834727227687836,
-0.030358023941516876,
-0.033680692315101624,
0.03344660997390747,
0.014254214242100716,
-0.024315301328897476,
-0.005176058039069176,
-0.02435472048819065,
0.11187887191772461,
0.01724916510283947,
0.07921507209539413,
-0.042229846119880676,
0.001630291691981256,
0.040837932378053665,
0.016939403489232063,
-0.023495415225625038,
0.014340431429445744,
0.06671375036239624,
0.012144814245402813,
-0.016262665390968323,
-0.005425456911325455,
-0.028016969561576843,
-0.009247919544577599,
0.031485892832279205,
0.01440414972603321,
-0.021973999217152596,
0.03288787603378296,
-0.033921368420124054,
0.02845781482756138,
0.08867117017507553,
0.0038816852029412985,
0.0014757218305021524,
-0.016936972737312317,
0.0014568674378097057,
0.02226988784968853,
0.036897044628858566,
-0.0005201286403462291,
-0.025561820715665817,
0.04407033696770668,
-0.06876524537801743,
0.011469823308289051,
0.027007829397916794,
-0.00024167413357645273,
0.015124376863241196,
-0.06771354377269745,
-0.02906491793692112,
-0.02013792283833027,
0.004169773776084185,
-0.03519671410322189,
-0.05586281046271324,
-0.040639929473400116,
-0.056803975254297256,
-0.07794889807701111,
-0.04443294182419777,
0.011392543092370033,
-0.010900462977588177,
-0.061934445053339005,
-0.020923059433698654,
-0.009236674755811691,
-0.006128513254225254,
0.016285806894302368,
-0.0763927549123764,
-0.04648778587579727,
0.025264922529459,
-0.0010922775836661458,
0.005072790663689375,
0.0016298682894557714,
0.027517952024936676,
-0.0025591300800442696,
-0.019921377301216125,
0.024953030049800873,
-0.031906768679618835,
0.013190392404794693,
-0.008060852997004986,
-0.03450070321559906,
-0.1149512529373169,
-0.0008519015391357243,
-0.002124485792592168,
-0.0027136027347296476,
-0.09369976818561554,
0.01877633109688759,
-0.01806170865893364,
0.060461852699518204,
0.057096339762210846,
-0.009537294507026672,
0.03972286731004715,
-0.01813516579568386,
-0.0075445896945893764,
0.006323908921331167,
0.015394289046525955,
0.058293454349040985,
-0.006682082079350948,
0.0703081339597702,
0.03415807709097862,
0.008183256722986698,
0.02061607502400875,
0.03758809715509415,
-0.04027187451720238,
0.00021141665638424456,
-0.005789508111774921,
-0.038779109716415405,
-0.01850714720785618,
-0.10957082360982895,
-0.014331972226500511,
0.028552057221531868,
-0.010342649184167385,
-0.04313929006457329,
-0.005837201606482267,
-0.006948779337108135,
0.009689299389719963,
-0.023179881274700165,
0.014977040700614452,
-0.017131268978118896,
0.001284014550037682,
-0.05155611038208008,
-0.0794156938791275,
0.00960567221045494,
-0.010708621703088284,
-0.012371266260743141,
-0.04151726886630058,
-0.047080669552087784,
-0.02350696735084057,
0.024385742843151093,
0.011885414831340313,
-0.0006831898936070502,
0.03219210356473923,
0.0013061732752248645
] |
293 |
Why In-Context Learning Models are Good Few-Shot Learners?
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=iLUcsecZJp
|
[
"Shiguang Wu",
"Yaqing Wang",
"Quanming Yao"
] |
Poster
|
We explore in-context learning (ICL) models from a learning-to-learn perspective. Unlike studies that identify specific learning algorithms in ICL models, we compare ICL models with typical meta-learners to understand their superior performance. We theoretically prove the expressiveness of ICL models as learning algorithms and examine their learnability and generalizability.
Our findings show that ICL with transformers
can effectively construct data-dependent learning algorithms instead of directly follow existing ones
(including gradient-based, metric-based, and amortization-based meta-learners).
The construction of such learning algorithm is determined by the pre-training process, as a function fitting the training distribution, which raises generalizability as an important issue.
With above understanding, we propose strategies to transfer techniques for classical deep networks to meta-level to further improve ICL. As examples, we implement meta-level meta-learning for domain adaptability with limited data and meta-level curriculum learning for accelerated convergence during pre-training, demonstrating their empirical effectiveness.
|
In-Context Learning, Meta-Learning
| null | 13,664 | null |
[
0.012762411497533321,
-0.008504990488290787,
-0.008463527075946331,
0.04075856879353523,
0.03440053015947342,
-0.004857610911130905,
0.03281957656145096,
0.03088061697781086,
-0.02646145597100258,
0.024079635739326477,
-0.028261594474315643,
0.04978567734360695,
-0.040695831179618835,
-0.012599651701748371,
-0.0006790431798435748,
0.05991339311003685,
0.026745226234197617,
-0.010878131724894047,
0.020499449223279953,
0.021323274821043015,
-0.017019236460328102,
-0.03917694464325905,
0.022043468430638313,
0.02947372943162918,
-0.007901626639068127,
0.01943490281701088,
0.03639457747340202,
0.02962188422679901,
-0.03901408985257149,
-0.008234143257141113,
0.021713722497224808,
-0.012749668210744858,
0.025848140940070152,
-0.01902155578136444,
0.023189812898635864,
0.022533319890499115,
-0.010791703127324581,
-0.02101236768066883,
0.018747689202427864,
0.010031207464635372,
-0.027636023238301277,
0.009489757008850574,
0.005577229894697666,
-0.005236312281340361,
-0.05434339493513107,
-0.0063715605065226555,
-0.11647617071866989,
0.024920009076595306,
0.016437845304608345,
-0.06847146153450012,
-0.11396894603967667,
0.04734373837709427,
0.010977444238960743,
-0.02344454638659954,
0.003173750126734376,
0.03762216493487358,
0.050992805510759354,
-0.06615445017814636,
0.010272550396621227,
-0.024642936885356903,
-0.02772529423236847,
0.017309697344899178,
-0.002206243574619293,
0.015780285000801086,
-0.004474628251045942,
-0.0358736589550972,
-0.004094669129699469,
0.030352601781487465,
-0.06369904428720474,
-0.028804557397961617,
-0.05914733558893204,
-0.015559549443423748,
-0.01824243552982807,
0.04029795154929161,
-0.012197641655802727,
-0.016745109111070633,
0.008282947354018688,
-0.000732596789021045,
0.06529086828231812,
0.013342451304197311,
-0.009409003891050816,
0.006389274261891842,
0.03809739276766777,
0.015427983365952969,
0.01978415995836258,
-0.022977329790592194,
-0.02139950916171074,
-0.03478909283876419,
-0.07277227938175201,
0.05269082635641098,
-0.0031385140027850866,
-0.07065622508525848,
0.020399414002895355,
0.03098778985440731,
0.06820233166217804,
-0.007465917617082596,
0.022059116512537003,
0.0016591110033914447,
-0.003067106008529663,
-0.0025962337385863066,
-0.010825498029589653,
-0.02480638585984707,
0.04001443460583687,
-0.030674507841467857,
-0.11384046077728271,
-0.012663374654948711,
0.010315812192857265,
-0.010825522243976593,
-0.005465945228934288,
-0.0016852648695930839,
-0.05861208960413933,
-0.011943025514483452,
0.021925298497080803,
-0.03896895796060562,
-0.07735283672809601,
-0.003587640356272459,
0.025958960875868797,
0.0626574382185936,
-0.013669177889823914,
0.010200852528214455,
0.03453405573964119,
0.05360683426260948,
0.010065902955830097,
0.05914289131760597,
-0.000040075003198580816,
0.009138384833931923,
-0.016957063227891922,
0.023668015375733376,
-0.0362829864025116,
-0.029411226511001587,
0.01301384624093771,
0.02198883332312107,
-0.004153793212026358,
0.004565202631056309,
-0.013623850420117378,
-0.012814966961741447,
-0.007470805197954178,
0.0027150327805429697,
0.02610052190721035,
0.005735725164413452,
0.019997909665107727,
-0.012533220462501049,
0.06876270473003387,
-0.026178615167737007,
0.0885082483291626,
-0.019688637927174568,
-0.037500955164432526,
-0.0033901261631399393,
0.016143621876835823,
-0.031682420521974564,
-0.00727993855252862,
-0.0031234605703502893,
-0.02628583461046219,
-0.0809180736541748,
0.0475672148168087,
0.0706300437450409,
-0.0016934440936893225,
0.02836133912205696,
-0.005861262325197458,
0.02677404321730137,
0.008487477898597717,
-0.007407416123896837,
-0.03028680570423603,
0.007318058982491493,
0.01777934841811657,
-0.08953950554132462,
0.029064487665891647,
0.03482391685247421,
-0.013196363113820553,
0.021491337567567825,
-0.03719433397054672,
-0.05969243869185448,
0.04152007773518562,
-0.027888964861631393,
-0.02452995255589485,
0.014359901659190655,
0.06027011200785637,
-0.014418802224099636,
0.048113852739334106,
-0.0004793167463503778,
-0.08791282773017883,
0.0383232906460762,
0.00680685555562377,
-0.014238545671105385,
0.0048247333616018295,
-0.02442767098546028,
0.04459138587117195,
-0.00560368038713932,
0.004844652954488993,
0.01585954800248146,
-0.08929523825645447,
-0.011203872971236706,
-0.0010859163012355566,
-0.012863319367170334,
0.07195382565259933,
-0.008297027088701725,
-0.008640484884381294,
0.044899992644786835,
0.036374207586050034,
0.04070097580552101,
0.04866810142993927,
-0.025333115831017494,
0.03770245611667633,
0.012418697588145733,
-0.020214077085256577,
0.01485277246683836,
0.022742226719856262,
-0.04486454650759697,
-0.020589979365468025,
0.011546201072633266,
-0.008371335454285145,
-0.0006680454825982451,
0.03697619587182999,
-0.006190808955579996,
-0.03224673122167587,
0.018922392278909683,
-0.013772151432931423,
0.009037147276103497,
0.03320608660578728,
-0.050086043775081635,
0.051303137093782425,
-0.015011016279459,
-0.039817843586206436,
0.006945856846868992,
-0.02882358990609646,
0.09058181941509247,
0.04882534220814705,
-0.018448175862431526,
-0.014907450415194035,
-0.0038648240733891726,
0.023065682500600815,
0.01195145957171917,
0.001611026469618082,
-0.04642529413104057,
0.015303083695471287,
-0.03134419396519661,
-0.022671014070510864,
-0.0227032657712698,
0.03894316405057907,
-0.013184539042413235,
-0.0305226668715477,
0.08059357851743698,
-0.024413015693426132,
0.061564553529024124,
0.01777552254498005,
0.035494424402713776,
0.01185915432870388,
0.01023151259869337,
0.006573875900357962,
-0.020654156804084778,
-0.018677547574043274,
-0.025348680093884468,
-0.01525911595672369,
-0.012847441248595715,
0.007921332493424416,
-0.039237748831510544,
-0.05875830352306366,
-0.00023185860482044518,
0.041661590337753296,
0.046456195414066315,
0.03812522441148758,
0.019145654514431953,
-0.007535923272371292,
-0.0028172372840344906,
0.006882905960083008,
-0.08817270398139954,
-0.056685276329517365,
-0.016177518293261528,
0.05591705068945885,
0.007281082216650248,
0.02836226485669613,
0.0083988131955266,
0.04473167657852173,
-0.016871921718120575,
-0.05118609219789505,
-0.0003889063955284655,
0.04463396593928337,
0.03268326446413994,
-0.03050236403942108,
-0.0249427892267704,
-0.024172410368919373,
0.041950300335884094,
-0.012697177939116955,
-0.04778636246919632,
-0.03988512232899666,
-0.03571617975831032,
-0.015106188133358955,
-0.0347219780087471,
-0.05206610634922981,
0.040931545197963715,
0.017140662297606468,
0.050585124641656876,
-0.019548581913113594,
0.024907533079385757,
0.04483041167259216,
0.07831335067749023,
0.04390307515859604,
0.004740109667181969,
-0.008096914738416672,
0.016478292644023895,
-0.03277928754687309,
0.01643793098628521,
-0.011219421401619911,
0.010966556146740913,
-0.01417305413633585,
-0.01018646638840437,
0.011374523863196373,
0.0016226678853854537,
-0.284666508436203,
0.00783004891127348,
0.011998074129223824,
-0.001701676519587636,
0.018764542415738106,
-0.05528632178902626,
0.03161133453249931,
-0.01278891135007143,
-0.03519338369369507,
0.03659588098526001,
0.01863262988626957,
0.055322498083114624,
0.002146432874724269,
0.03214658424258232,
0.028291668742895126,
0.018983418121933937,
0.015635155141353607,
0.01567145623266697,
0.003834397066384554,
0.06811834871768951,
-0.006949698086827993,
-0.08793652802705765,
-0.03739669546484947,
0.05392482876777649,
-0.018948225304484367,
0.03286720812320709,
-0.08502259850502014,
-0.008527353405952454,
-0.03491862490773201,
0.005109255202114582,
-0.01505238376557827,
-0.027800781652331352,
-0.010431964881718159,
0.008848867379128933,
0.024040011689066887,
0.028622938320040703,
0.09592872858047485,
0.013748936355113983,
-0.0010268758051097393,
-0.02030900865793228,
0.0033980461303144693,
-0.007818427868187428,
-0.01108350045979023,
0.018985766917467117,
0.08354814350605011,
0.0031600468792021275,
-0.06888604164123535,
-0.044828929007053375,
-0.015172733925282955,
0.03263118863105774,
-0.036156415939331055,
-0.017335940152406693,
-0.020364684984087944,
0.010833854787051678,
0.019726302474737167,
-0.026705807074904442,
0.018153425306081772,
-0.028293287381529808,
-0.002074831398203969,
-0.026238111779093742,
0.010131185874342918,
-0.041638270020484924,
-0.01793898083269596,
-0.0652313381433487,
0.0005263059865683317,
-0.02545756660401821,
-0.05545338988304138,
-0.05789214372634888,
0.032861266285181046,
0.04440339282155037,
-0.04189261421561241,
0.02658977173268795,
-0.014855814166367054,
-0.0811559408903122,
0.01012446265667677,
-0.03228900581598282,
0.04396730288863182,
-0.011056388728320599,
0.021938882768154144,
0.07867475599050522,
-0.03039824776351452,
-0.06078994274139404,
0.010566976852715015,
-0.008463127538561821,
0.03857282176613808,
-0.007817069068551064,
0.026822669431567192,
-0.029116051271557808,
0.008930482901632786,
-0.0035758160520344973,
0.0332813486456871,
0.017650531604886055,
0.019389156252145767,
-0.001799856428988278,
0.05659477040171623,
0.02775081805884838,
0.010871365666389465,
0.06116841360926628,
0.06113952770829201,
-0.016210604459047318,
-0.002271560486406088,
-0.0744808167219162,
-0.009546048007905483,
-0.031299468129873276,
-0.01527192909270525,
0.02247380092740059,
-0.04283883422613144,
-0.032527096569538116,
0.04458500072360039,
-0.014740507118403912,
-0.008116810582578182,
-0.05696577951312065,
-0.010926990769803524,
-0.0022613382898271084,
-0.039027873426675797,
-0.01837081089615822,
0.0017607648624107242,
0.011049190536141396,
0.048139575868844986,
-0.013479775749146938,
-0.03754653409123421,
0.05202469602227211,
-0.013533566147089005,
0.010086060501635075,
0.005475029814988375,
-0.05217595770955086,
-0.00201495923101902,
-0.005448129028081894,
-0.021259622648358345,
-0.033940691500902176,
0.03219330310821533,
0.02821575663983822,
-0.00964478962123394,
0.029037021100521088,
0.03696223720908165,
-0.014477232471108437,
0.016711581498384476,
-0.0038413682486861944,
0.033427171409130096,
-0.0007680902490392327,
-0.0032224615570157766,
0.015128187835216522,
0.04953832924365997,
0.019373469054698944,
0.04618949815630913,
0.019771743565797806,
-0.008791923522949219,
0.03008156083524227,
-0.014255584217607975,
0.00431611854583025,
0.03583981841802597,
-0.057152390480041504,
-0.016491036862134933,
-0.019802723079919815,
0.02177155762910843,
-0.01464047934859991,
0.005851931404322386,
-0.003915377892553806,
-0.000995764508843422,
-0.06623785197734833,
0.04254325106739998,
-0.0002718145551625639,
-0.014141391031444073,
-0.02035045437514782,
0.015492841601371765,
0.045298896729946136,
-0.01610071025788784,
0.002409048145636916,
0.016876833513379097,
0.01983189396560192,
0.04625055193901062,
-0.008590864948928356,
-0.041412025690078735,
-0.0012944566551595926,
-0.04964861273765564,
0.008326646871864796,
-0.004851651377975941,
0.009126614779233932,
-0.012725841253995895,
0.010613201186060905,
0.005634450353682041,
-0.03475908935070038,
-0.0037063085474073887,
0.015756214037537575,
0.08587639033794403,
0.012395365163683891,
0.019955582916736603,
0.008043850772082806,
-0.038276609033346176,
0.0372171625494957,
-0.006419092882424593,
0.005162808112800121,
0.001449817093089223,
-0.04840785264968872,
-0.03283502906560898,
-0.034570615738630295,
0.026413708925247192,
0.03782873973250389,
-0.01851547136902809,
0.0007317244308069348,
-0.046344175934791565,
0.025435268878936768,
-0.01991851255297661,
-0.012440732680261135,
0.011446518823504448,
-0.07974297553300858,
0.014446096494793892,
0.02768588252365589,
-0.01664593629539013,
0.020540447905659676,
-0.07316740602254868,
-0.04354153946042061,
-0.05241367220878601,
-0.009662287309765816,
0.0006387822213582695,
-0.0615294873714447,
0.0030620808247476816,
-0.025305619463324547,
0.017777640372514725,
-0.017148364335298538,
0.013656888157129288,
-0.013905208557844162,
-0.010236850008368492,
-0.0235939621925354,
-0.0031641165260225534,
0.06883711367845535,
-0.024768751114606857,
0.0017606687033548951,
-0.013350077904760838,
-0.022212140262126923,
0.020232057198882103,
-0.04605773463845253,
0.038834527134895325,
0.07057402282953262,
-0.029827436432242393,
0.01432296447455883,
-0.0306637492030859,
0.06361888349056244,
-0.003993843216449022,
-0.00936761312186718,
-0.0015719486400485039,
-0.0014802642399445176,
-0.035261958837509155,
-0.012043220922350883,
0.014705715700984001,
0.02707236260175705,
0.024408088997006416,
0.0020791299175471067,
0.015145332552492619,
0.04600132256746292,
0.041218649595975876,
0.010355664417147636,
-0.035381462424993515,
-0.011842622421681881,
0.05957241356372833,
-0.04115957394242287,
-0.025621337816119194,
-0.05506189540028572,
-0.05995652824640274,
0.04600685089826584,
-0.01874524913728237,
0.01631711795926094,
-0.019591664895415306,
0.0342048816382885,
0.045413631945848465,
0.03326970338821411,
0.01291217003017664,
-0.038231149315834045,
0.026698904111981392,
-0.03947093337774277,
0.0023713537957519293,
-0.06998788565397263,
-0.004580059554427862,
0.06147799640893936,
0.010604241862893105,
-0.017248135060071945,
-0.01888318546116352,
-0.028516432270407677,
0.06648817658424377,
-0.024940378963947296,
-0.07749468088150024,
-0.011721353977918625,
-0.02015676721930504,
0.030819110572338104,
0.0023756863083690405,
-0.014039980247616768,
-0.012621507979929447,
-0.011834503151476383,
-0.04830998182296753,
-0.0003286039282102138,
-0.014328411780297756,
0.05459120497107506,
0.007021517492830753,
0.00603126734495163,
0.002036838559433818,
0.020726220682263374,
0.042629893869161606,
0.054748911410570145,
0.04285255819559097,
0.029553847387433052,
-0.011011660099029541,
0.08040991425514221,
0.00955265574157238,
-0.004411468282341957,
0.0174558088183403,
0.009292728267610073,
-0.013598313555121422,
-0.043332941830158234,
0.07033529877662659,
-0.004607937764376402,
-0.04610765725374222,
-0.04692848026752472,
0.04812563583254814,
0.042587101459503174,
-0.024331767112016678,
-0.035003531724214554,
0.014663894660770893,
-0.07661456614732742,
-0.015208418481051922,
0.0288709569722414,
-0.03268977999687195,
-0.013027329929172993,
0.069646455347538,
0.02554304525256157,
0.050529997795820236,
0.04768306016921997,
0.016542654484510422,
-0.043492577970027924,
-0.003673593746498227,
0.04786717891693115,
0.0348769836127758,
0.04432949796319008,
-0.004271063022315502,
0.04638442397117615,
-0.027852648869156837,
-0.046974752098321915,
0.0240767952054739,
0.006255032494664192,
0.00121454952750355,
-0.06359456479549408,
0.023251933977007866,
0.05447257310152054,
0.033994682133197784,
0.06377393752336502,
-0.04809269309043884,
0.007446229457855225,
0.05213554576039314,
0.00924217700958252,
0.02962237037718296,
0.041614312678575516,
0.022892985492944717,
0.019222907721996307,
-0.03708331286907196,
-0.04680963605642319,
0.0015509906224906445,
-0.013521077111363411,
0.014288503676652908,
0.026267975568771362,
-0.008172222413122654,
-0.01173459179699421,
0.012560167349874973,
0.05934442952275276,
0.12470708787441254,
-0.06355399638414383,
-0.017268817871809006,
0.0030587264336645603,
0.00016807125939521939,
0.029277093708515167,
0.030578244477510452,
-0.010695826262235641,
-0.054570525884628296,
0.004333989229053259,
-0.0468154177069664,
-0.002686453051865101,
0.011818308383226395,
0.001283795922063291,
-0.0008678410667926073,
-0.057106900960206985,
-0.03800705075263977,
0.01652488298714161,
0.03405124694108963,
-0.022304825484752655,
-0.05239139869809151,
-0.030808808282017708,
-0.020243462175130844,
-0.05222504958510399,
-0.044671375304460526,
0.040438294410705566,
-0.0014093387871980667,
-0.02549099549651146,
-0.021073555573821068,
-0.03941823169589043,
0.015293661504983902,
0.017351146787405014,
-0.05826172977685928,
0.012755376286804676,
0.0004810533719137311,
-0.001393251121044159,
-0.0014995696255937219,
0.02374686487019062,
-0.00022431074467021972,
-0.0036637727171182632,
-0.01727932319045067,
0.0351693369448185,
0.001766770612448454,
0.0015424053417518735,
-0.02018657699227333,
-0.00018511318194214255,
-0.1073952466249466,
-0.011050903238356113,
0.05264918506145477,
-0.034338828176259995,
-0.06532634049654007,
0.030377153307199478,
-0.042725659906864166,
0.02546122670173645,
0.06400547921657562,
0.014850657433271408,
-0.0027024943847209215,
-0.03238765522837639,
-0.009962854906916618,
-0.013693008571863174,
0.035284627228975296,
0.045731186866760254,
-0.014212043024599552,
0.06975160539150238,
0.04937346652150154,
-0.009891151450574398,
-0.009436247870326042,
-0.005393160041421652,
0.01772802136838436,
-0.007822932675480843,
-0.026482924818992615,
-0.00813635066151619,
-0.020572902634739876,
-0.07125230878591537,
-0.0392647311091423,
0.0180843286216259,
0.00804796814918518,
-0.03723549097776413,
-0.04459855705499649,
-0.04583464562892914,
-0.03770964965224266,
0.006234526168555021,
-0.0018717799102887511,
0.029508627951145172,
-0.027847884222865105,
-0.0455094575881958,
-0.07155890017747879,
0.024285851046442986,
-0.02555999532341957,
-0.002487802179530263,
-0.010870588012039661,
-0.030301980674266815,
0.00475537683814764,
-0.021402232348918915,
0.046633582562208176,
0.024729156866669655,
0.009571882896125317,
-0.037593696266412735
] |
294 |
Evaluating Large Language Models through Role-Guide and Self-Reflection: A Comparative Study
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=E36NHwe7Zc
|
[
"Lili Zhao",
"Yang Wang",
"Qi Liu",
"Mengyun Wang",
"Wei Chen",
"Zhichao Sheng",
"Shijin Wang"
] |
Poster
|
Large Language Models fine-tuned with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF-LLMs) can over-rely on aligned preferences without truly gaining self-knowledge, leading to hallucination and biases. If an LLM can better access its knowledge and know what it knows, it can avoid making false or unsupported claims. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate whether LLMs have the ability to know what they know, as it can help to ensure accuracy and faithfulness in real-world applications. Inspired by research in Educational Psychology, surface learners who don’t really know are easily affected by teacher and peer guidance, we treat LLM as a student, incorporate role guidance in prompts to explore whether LLMs really know. Specifically, we propose a novel strategy called Role-Guided and Self-Reflection (RoSe) to fully assess whether LLM “knows it knows”. We introduce multiple combinations of different roles and strong reminder in prompts combined with self-reflection to explore what local information in prompt LLMs rely on and whether LLMs remain unaffected by external guidance with varying roles. Our findings reveal that LLMs are very sensitive to the strong reminder information. Role guidance can help LLMs reduce their reliance on strong reminder. Meanwhile, LLMs tend to trust the role of authority more when guided by different roles. Following these findings, we propose a double-calibrated strategy with verbalized confidence to extract well-calibrated data from closed-source LLM and fine-tune open-source LLMs. Extensive experiments conducted on fine-tuning open-source LLMs demonstrate the effectiveness of double-calibrated strategy in mitigating the reliance of LLMs on local information. For a thorough comparison, we not only employ public JEC-QA and openBookQA datasets, but also construct EG-QA which contains English Grammar multiple-choice question-answering and 14 key knowledge points for assessing self-knowledge and logical reasoning.
|
LLMs, Verbalized confidence, Shortcut learning
|
Evaluating large language models through role-guide and self-reflection strategy to make comparative study
| 13,663 | null |
[
-0.013698723167181015,
-0.019590027630329132,
-0.007367664948105812,
0.014560660347342491,
0.05616806074976921,
-0.00537517573684454,
0.0334034226834774,
0.01786232553422451,
-0.02571013756096363,
0.015113434754312038,
-0.0326368622481823,
0.05674658343195915,
-0.032463785260915756,
-0.01393311470746994,
0.015548208728432655,
0.03869115561246872,
0.04841840639710426,
0.007228728849440813,
0.023024907335639,
-0.005779961124062538,
0.0012632834259420633,
0.008507002145051956,
0.03494798764586449,
0.018464617431163788,
0.026045603677630424,
0.011537940241396427,
0.06736026704311371,
0.005059635732322931,
-0.0057197934947907925,
0.01599041558802128,
0.028923897072672844,
-0.021082891151309013,
0.02263372205197811,
0.02850448712706566,
-0.01085224561393261,
-0.017462125048041344,
-0.01839396171271801,
-0.0014815713511779904,
0.008852456696331501,
0.018787190318107605,
-0.04849079251289368,
0.030505724251270294,
-0.022998297587037086,
-0.01088323537260294,
-0.0698804184794426,
-0.0014983528526499867,
-0.10627694427967072,
0.01848899945616722,
0.04559583216905594,
-0.03710092604160309,
-0.12452936172485352,
0.05094456300139427,
0.008234349079430103,
-0.031708989292383194,
-0.0021781304385513067,
0.027161099016666412,
0.06924127787351608,
-0.10920696705579758,
-0.00885150209069252,
-0.016542945057153702,
-0.052189406007528305,
0.043398838490247726,
-0.007862179540097713,
0.0006958606536500156,
-0.001663806615397334,
-0.014931347221136093,
0.0032005298417061567,
0.018743425607681274,
-0.08260348439216614,
-0.02546280436217785,
-0.05861007422208786,
0.00895402580499649,
-0.024719109758734703,
-0.02769697643816471,
0.005182594060897827,
-0.03339396044611931,
0.011058482341468334,
0.04092299938201904,
0.0370011143386364,
-0.02108023874461651,
-0.018033349886536598,
0.040053918957710266,
0.007907342165708542,
0.03153179585933685,
0.023020653054118156,
0.0023844691459089518,
-0.001917754067108035,
-0.04401625320315361,
-0.04278699308633804,
0.015365565195679665,
-0.014827503822743893,
-0.04759219288825989,
0.007285557221621275,
0.054022014141082764,
0.04525128751993179,
0.005124771036207676,
0.03324342891573906,
0.02799908258020878,
-0.029299646615982056,
-0.012237844057381153,
-0.02169870398938656,
-0.03644150495529175,
0.029989540576934814,
0.00572559330612421,
-0.10145089775323868,
-0.015745218843221664,
-0.013552297838032246,
-0.016214780509471893,
-0.02643178403377533,
0.0026076524518430233,
-0.01963222771883011,
-0.010081171989440918,
0.009233449585735798,
0.0013891230337321758,
-0.06351523101329803,
0.021671783179044724,
0.001986953429877758,
0.03775015100836754,
-0.0007983234827406704,
0.025449806824326515,
0.031796589493751526,
0.0360872820019722,
0.03244363144040108,
0.0703863725066185,
-0.015220504254102707,
0.02369311824440956,
-0.033068761229515076,
0.02432122267782688,
-0.03161758556962013,
-0.04723934829235077,
0.026378190144896507,
0.041937243193387985,
-0.011628810316324234,
0.027027923613786697,
-0.016267530620098114,
0.014852562919259071,
0.020698441192507744,
0.024312814697623253,
0.04938795417547226,
0.041755080223083496,
-0.007659042254090309,
0.010236458852887154,
0.09186358749866486,
-0.02785937301814556,
0.06810467690229416,
-0.010559442453086376,
-0.006279826629906893,
-0.00025924009969457984,
-0.06799441576004028,
-0.002263301284983754,
0.027395490556955338,
0.02459663152694702,
0.002763047581538558,
-0.0388253852725029,
0.042669132351875305,
0.04790489375591278,
0.005593112204223871,
-0.02284329943358898,
0.006158358417451382,
0.0072858561761677265,
0.013453792780637741,
0.020512785762548447,
-0.046000659465789795,
-0.011059366166591644,
0.01952771656215191,
-0.05235716700553894,
0.00994850043207407,
-0.018666157498955727,
-0.0327051542699337,
0.01651729643344879,
-0.03056548908352852,
-0.014635181054472923,
0.05297032743692398,
-0.0502362884581089,
-0.0434720404446125,
0.010229391045868397,
0.021696370095014572,
0.005013942718505859,
0.04150310531258583,
0.032874803990125656,
-0.06549522280693054,
0.011590809561312199,
-0.0011341803474351764,
-0.01605197601020336,
0.02216377854347229,
-0.0011420417577028275,
0.0674571767449379,
-0.02316642925143242,
0.0047289221547544,
0.015316806733608246,
-0.08108626306056976,
-0.00037312708445824683,
0.037402912974357605,
0.011700920760631561,
0.08429696410894394,
-0.021284466609358788,
-0.010018889792263508,
0.07304040342569351,
0.02485564537346363,
0.06759627908468246,
0.03990870714187622,
0.0032077773939818144,
0.023334043100476265,
0.015539882704615593,
-0.013856947422027588,
0.006561548914760351,
0.033128511160612106,
-0.04635205492377281,
-0.036778733134269714,
0.005261557642370462,
-0.03865009546279907,
0.004983340390026569,
0.024896778166294098,
0.016547678038477898,
-0.01511433906853199,
-0.0030288873240351677,
0.004876835737377405,
0.006082439795136452,
0.022259388118982315,
-0.030493564903736115,
0.051655933260917664,
0.00195013836491853,
0.0008138222619891167,
-0.00909463595598936,
-0.0506155751645565,
0.08172749727964401,
0.04302118346095085,
-0.00800472404807806,
-0.034770552068948746,
0.029064765200018883,
-0.0044377828016877174,
-0.00994165800511837,
0.013000345788896084,
-0.01599220559000969,
0.00795783195644617,
-0.025635289028286934,
-0.02179051749408245,
-0.013103164732456207,
0.05415608733892441,
-0.032340314239263535,
-0.0060407426208257675,
0.06298834830522537,
-0.027511660009622574,
0.06434391438961029,
-0.015297957696020603,
0.010777141898870468,
0.025336137041449547,
0.012852814979851246,
0.0018681230721995234,
-0.008964324370026588,
-0.011773254722356796,
-0.0077095841988921165,
0.009357987903058529,
-0.029401728883385658,
-0.0011734968284144998,
-0.049354273825883865,
-0.03257958963513374,
-0.022006897255778313,
0.046810466796159744,
0.044783931225538254,
0.008466381579637527,
0.049421556293964386,
-0.0126351248472929,
-0.02514098398387432,
0.027050141245126724,
-0.09102332592010498,
-0.026047389954328537,
-0.005624965764582157,
0.0037491347175091505,
0.0037550441920757294,
0.008393791504204273,
-0.008412430062890053,
0.03199547901749611,
-0.05289539694786072,
-0.01641865260899067,
0.036014195531606674,
0.011755605228245258,
-0.0028621451929211617,
-0.04824385419487953,
-0.012806223705410957,
-0.007270501926541328,
0.04819997400045395,
-0.031133325770497322,
-0.03728341683745384,
-0.029374852776527405,
-0.05057438090443611,
-0.014823012053966522,
-0.049915436655282974,
-0.002118600532412529,
0.00039139253203757107,
-0.0005082896677777171,
0.01401904784142971,
0.008706990629434586,
0.004987434949725866,
0.026203660294413567,
0.03241690248250961,
0.026841619983315468,
-0.0032883628737181425,
-0.010116970166563988,
0.04505923390388489,
-0.04074002429842949,
0.004858358297497034,
-0.004161817952990532,
0.07391698658466339,
0.02549913339316845,
0.018390728160738945,
0.012799193151295185,
0.014859052374958992,
-0.2687215209007263,
-0.02615032158792019,
0.03261367976665497,
-0.01683225855231285,
0.046829622238874435,
-0.029739070683717728,
0.07567979395389557,
-0.038700707256793976,
-0.038959234952926636,
0.02812960185110569,
0.02502918615937233,
0.04872822016477585,
-0.009770134463906288,
0.07264403253793716,
0.04417082667350769,
0.0656842514872551,
-0.0030729970894753933,
-0.03919074684381485,
0.015837116166949272,
0.05243010073900223,
0.0027577450964599848,
-0.05522674694657326,
-0.03708284720778465,
0.07007000595331192,
0.0011113500222563744,
0.052651546895504,
-0.08388818055391312,
-0.018569333478808403,
-0.029383713379502296,
0.0028827243950217962,
-0.00899713858962059,
-0.0013118840288370848,
-0.039145760238170624,
0.034963712096214294,
-0.002397730713710189,
0.0038317088037729263,
0.05129168555140495,
0.006363885477185249,
0.05326749011874199,
0.02105742134153843,
-0.011261592619121075,
-0.05117328464984894,
-0.027127180248498917,
0.02235669083893299,
0.043756477534770966,
0.03133303299546242,
-0.06425373256206512,
-0.04861560836434364,
-0.005771821364760399,
0.04740813001990318,
-0.023319996893405914,
-0.041065603494644165,
-0.0091673219576478,
0.014940477907657623,
0.014978942461311817,
-0.008305312134325504,
0.008223692886531353,
-0.02838948555290699,
-0.030162490904331207,
-0.03456611558794975,
-0.0033115369733422995,
-0.01652337983250618,
-0.04570130631327629,
-0.046979766339063644,
-0.03682025149464607,
-0.03653915971517563,
-0.060954224318265915,
-0.03375837579369545,
0.03462190926074982,
0.060913797467947006,
-0.024357864633202553,
0.00037286884617060423,
-0.01856476627290249,
-0.09490101039409637,
0.009603964164853096,
-0.02716122940182686,
-0.018944021314382553,
-0.03348756954073906,
-0.005399888381361961,
0.0465368889272213,
-0.04988865554332733,
-0.01322733424603939,
-0.009550372138619423,
0.014682499691843987,
0.051589373499155045,
-0.008366785012185574,
0.018158169463276863,
-0.02902749739587307,
-0.03543110936880112,
-0.05354636162519455,
0.03581841662526131,
0.0184932854026556,
-0.025806022807955742,
0.0239146426320076,
0.07886157184839249,
0.03766067698597908,
0.022001072764396667,
0.05530795454978943,
0.0489758662879467,
-0.0179427657276392,
0.022516509518027306,
-0.0585579052567482,
0.014791096560657024,
-0.015436235815286636,
-0.0031096336897462606,
-0.0003095678403042257,
-0.07306064665317535,
-0.030595209449529648,
0.0285048745572567,
-0.014448543079197407,
-0.029295971617102623,
0.020314905792474747,
-0.00948265753686428,
0.028356868773698807,
-0.03382384404540062,
-0.018121294677257538,
-0.0015674056485295296,
0.03061079978942871,
0.015006260946393013,
-0.03051140531897545,
-0.038262784481048584,
0.0461566336452961,
-0.02187568135559559,
-0.0008025587303563952,
-0.014020826667547226,
-0.022999446839094162,
0.0015101797180250287,
-0.031203432008624077,
-0.017077410593628883,
0.010729105211794376,
0.03898584097623825,
-0.002411534544080496,
-0.004276728257536888,
0.016680598258972168,
0.05518634244799614,
-0.011224983260035515,
-0.011274782940745354,
0.008733440190553665,
-0.012462178245186806,
-0.014505507424473763,
0.0019481064518913627,
-0.03420316427946091,
0.046584371477365494,
0.03321988880634308,
0.03620827570557594,
-0.03262915462255478,
0.004233343061059713,
-0.008221072144806385,
-0.004776524845510721,
0.014843258075416088,
0.05817269906401634,
-0.05110405012965202,
0.0009015501127578318,
-0.03981814533472061,
0.053422961384058,
-0.018090924248099327,
0.007536887191236019,
-0.012746904045343399,
0.0033210215624421835,
-0.06948097050189972,
0.03619816154241562,
-0.010782800614833832,
0.0001522821985417977,
0.012912390753626823,
0.023662779480218887,
0.02541130781173706,
-0.033996645361185074,
0.04075856879353523,
0.023007720708847046,
0.006447159219533205,
0.002270324155688286,
-0.043630972504615784,
-0.02246096357703209,
-0.004249048884958029,
-0.0491972342133522,
0.007822228595614433,
0.037277258932590485,
-0.06229523569345474,
-0.024268878623843193,
0.031068431213498116,
0.0009613335714675486,
-0.03235112503170967,
-0.0029960130341351032,
0.01140756905078888,
0.08205414563417435,
0.01316467858850956,
0.004899793770164251,
-0.00788898766040802,
-0.05026499554514885,
-0.003873658599331975,
-0.018420645967125893,
-0.01138130109757185,
-0.02143394760787487,
-0.012015602551400661,
-0.06448855996131897,
-0.06467576324939728,
0.015570998191833496,
-0.003543503349646926,
0.010403621010482311,
-0.00030814926140010357,
-0.03093152865767479,
-0.023796917870640755,
-0.059721700847148895,
-0.031948868185281754,
0.018650898709893227,
-0.08558339625597,
-0.0008130936766974628,
0.007528048474341631,
0.016380159184336662,
0.04411574825644493,
-0.06882505863904953,
-0.04861736297607422,
-0.03036278299987316,
-0.04413439705967903,
0.01431486289948225,
-0.06395338475704193,
-0.05124311521649361,
-0.034048475325107574,
-0.02089916169643402,
0.01197138987481594,
0.007344909477978945,
-0.028992343693971634,
-0.02499556913971901,
-0.02770807594060898,
-0.002032721182331443,
0.01827707700431347,
-0.04067080095410347,
-0.01226914580911398,
0.0333615243434906,
-0.0676877498626709,
0.03504091873764992,
-0.014844327233731747,
0.0346352644264698,
0.04326041415333748,
-0.008328338153660297,
-0.001340528717264533,
-0.049881208688020706,
0.03987210616469383,
0.024426592513918877,
-0.024954574182629585,
0.01739644631743431,
0.0011162605369463563,
-0.022837238386273384,
-0.011261965148150921,
-0.0122326435521245,
0.03153914958238602,
0.016214590519666672,
0.01793951541185379,
0.0026808367110788822,
0.02056744322180748,
0.03403307497501373,
-0.00012257476919330657,
-0.01585996150970459,
0.0076023293659091,
0.05588854104280472,
-0.016263172030448914,
-0.041445571929216385,
-0.06658373773097992,
-0.04813634604215622,
0.03852449730038643,
0.0040625110268592834,
0.011386604979634285,
-0.059024304151535034,
0.04899822175502777,
0.011487425304949284,
0.030912386253476143,
0.0064524817280471325,
-0.023487864062190056,
0.0332929901778698,
-0.04553115740418434,
-0.007049426436424255,
-0.06806077063083649,
0.00038919688086025417,
0.053813252598047256,
-0.021875746548175812,
-0.00927746668457985,
-0.02779671922326088,
-0.043318815529346466,
0.06969226896762848,
0.002610779134556651,
-0.03824324160814285,
0.014000932686030865,
-0.005690868012607098,
-0.016314024105668068,
0.039970360696315765,
-0.04398660361766815,
-0.004399450030177832,
-0.03190596029162407,
-0.04550917446613312,
-0.02812875621020794,
-0.041173361241817474,
0.043430838733911514,
-0.009221266023814678,
0.009404925629496574,
-0.027730850502848625,
0.05131981149315834,
-0.013864683918654919,
0.052501700818538666,
0.021662620827555656,
0.020005827769637108,
-0.00835407804697752,
0.06598446518182755,
0.05689951032400131,
0.04793601855635643,
0.023513000458478928,
-0.006212268490344286,
-0.048954449594020844,
-0.05349668860435486,
0.08169558644294739,
-0.006828698329627514,
-0.00016734098608139902,
-0.03332122415304184,
0.049332208931446075,
0.06125602126121521,
-0.05744088068604469,
-0.01763824187219143,
0.025263337418437004,
-0.0524306446313858,
-0.0026538479141891003,
0.010896123945713043,
0.005100868176668882,
0.009883358143270016,
0.05812446400523186,
0.0315265879034996,
0.07255054265260696,
0.06238130107522011,
0.0024728139396756887,
-0.03701776638627052,
-0.012324904091656208,
0.05776340514421463,
0.046248696744441986,
0.06933760643005371,
0.016149941831827164,
0.0743347629904747,
-0.06946638971567154,
-0.059071749448776245,
0.02505151368677616,
0.029864422976970673,
0.014299540780484676,
-0.03981202095746994,
0.02507200464606285,
0.04475458338856697,
0.01565062440931797,
0.02581014111638069,
-0.02557605504989624,
-0.01360287144780159,
0.0510316863656044,
0.04612954333424568,
0.013622986152768135,
0.02638973295688629,
0.029404012486338615,
0.0005587267805822194,
-0.05092936381697655,
-0.009538650512695312,
0.006204012781381607,
-0.05064123123884201,
-0.011169242672622204,
-0.004053712356835604,
-0.04135526344180107,
0.010885197669267654,
-0.011662721633911133,
0.05431073158979416,
0.11671682447195053,
-0.01646742783486843,
-0.005662154406309128,
0.020062893629074097,
0.00480991043150425,
0.011701569892466068,
0.0434623658657074,
-0.0023465894628316164,
-0.004463959950953722,
0.00986180268228054,
-0.032156165689229965,
0.009702074341475964,
0.028200680390000343,
-0.015009988099336624,
0.015922285616397858,
-0.04946634918451309,
-0.016175013035535812,
0.03394690901041031,
0.05080347880721092,
-0.05494930222630501,
-0.038918424397706985,
-0.018584808334708214,
-0.03492852300405502,
-0.014984434470534325,
-0.0305587537586689,
0.03468982130289078,
0.0018129266100004315,
-0.041081614792346954,
0.0020435417536646128,
-0.0317252017557621,
0.027492793276906013,
-0.0011572036892175674,
-0.07887905091047287,
-0.002225851872935891,
0.025023913010954857,
-0.0069824447855353355,
0.001577544491738081,
0.030641550198197365,
0.011906650848686695,
-0.006758479401469231,
0.005600577220320702,
0.04131671413779259,
-0.019492344930768013,
0.01360275223851204,
-0.031764525920152664,
-0.02097717486321926,
-0.10332531481981277,
-0.029988186433911324,
0.03596150875091553,
-0.01535619143396616,
-0.06487434357404709,
0.01761094108223915,
-0.02968425489962101,
0.059261176735162735,
0.07801846414804459,
0.046719491481781006,
0.02918439731001854,
-0.003137290943413973,
-0.012005910277366638,
0.042388029396533966,
0.048254936933517456,
0.040247850120067596,
-0.014910167083144188,
0.06844927370548248,
0.024691151455044746,
-0.009626143611967564,
-0.062233760952949524,
0.01301033329218626,
-0.0020696104038506746,
-0.06355481594800949,
-0.010289633646607399,
-0.01775207370519638,
-0.00121002655941993,
-0.07689616829156876,
-0.021032338961958885,
0.03803853318095207,
-0.01157955639064312,
-0.012825610116124153,
-0.030904177576303482,
-0.03132076561450958,
-0.007133807055652142,
0.0003963569470215589,
-0.01943824253976345,
0.005607776343822479,
-0.022903162986040115,
-0.03490684926509857,
-0.021068772301077843,
-0.021396685391664505,
0.00345035083591938,
-0.004783294629305601,
-0.012610726058483124,
-0.04465490207076073,
0.00037006608908995986,
0.00013872652198188007,
0.020756585523486137,
0.0030741095542907715,
0.025703199207782745,
-0.04217749089002609
] |
295 |
Local Loss Optimization in the Infinite Width: Stable Parameterization of Predictive Coding Networks and Target Propagation
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=g6syfIrVuS
|
[
"Satoki Ishikawa",
"Rio Yokota",
"Ryo Karakida"
] |
Poster
|
Local learning, which trains a network through layer-wise local targets and losses, has been studied as an alternative to backpropagation (BP) in neural computation. However, its algorithms often become more complex or require additional hyperparameters due to the locality, making it challenging to identify desirable settings where the algorithm progresses in a stable manner.
To provide theoretical and quantitative insights, we introduce maximal update parameterization ($\mu$P) in the infinite-width limit for two representative designs of local targets: predictive coding (PC) and target propagation (TP). We verify that $\mu$P enables hyperparameter transfer across models of different widths.
Furthermore, our analysis reveals unique and intriguing properties of $\mu$P that are not present in conventional BP. By analyzing deep linear networks, we find that PC's gradients interpolate between first-order and Gauss-Newton-like gradients, depending on the parameterization.
We demonstrate that, in specific standard settings, PC in the infinite-width limit behaves more similarly to the first-order gradient.
For TP, even with the standard scaling of the last layer differing from classical $\mu$P, its local loss optimization favors the feature learning regime over the kernel regime.
|
deep learning, feature learning, local learning, predictive coding, target propagation, infinite width, maximal update parameterization (muP)
|
We derive the parameterization of major local learning methods that enable feature learning in infinite-width neural networks and demonstrate its benefits.
| 13,642 |
2411.02001
|
[
-0.02426576428115368,
-0.027569912374019623,
0.0029478927608579397,
0.018994837999343872,
0.03021043911576271,
0.04960261285305023,
0.007027293089777231,
-0.014887935481965542,
-0.023691730573773384,
-0.055491868406534195,
0.0008343582157976925,
-0.006201930809766054,
-0.05413490906357765,
0.0005883629783056676,
0.020599860697984695,
0.06098909676074982,
0.043886374682188034,
0.005285528488457203,
0.003904598066583276,
0.018961822614073753,
-0.030137907713651657,
0.004754924215376377,
0.018343323841691017,
0.028847113251686096,
0.012502524070441723,
-0.01515414472669363,
0.011459048837423325,
0.0005043317214585841,
-0.02338116243481636,
0.002574383746832609,
0.025547251105308533,
0.002673932584002614,
0.011825364083051682,
-0.017668720334768295,
0.02142253704369068,
0.02582412399351597,
-0.024944009259343147,
0.0073774890042841434,
0.0040556900203228,
0.01866069808602333,
-0.06288578361272812,
0.017312338575720787,
0.009696230292320251,
0.0415971577167511,
-0.05307166278362274,
0.001077658380381763,
-0.10008540004491806,
0.012323250994086266,
0.00459566805511713,
-0.035828329622745514,
-0.08471278846263885,
0.04916103556752205,
0.004090935457497835,
-0.006603181827813387,
0.003799612633883953,
0.05432372912764549,
0.0557505339384079,
-0.06787905097007751,
-0.02113982103765011,
-0.043808046728372574,
-0.05028156191110611,
0.020984694361686707,
0.03860333189368248,
0.03440741449594498,
-0.018662940710783005,
0.0029008567798882723,
0.008575165644288063,
0.045140162110328674,
-0.04359684884548187,
-0.03671029210090637,
-0.043203383684158325,
0.013831526972353458,
0.0010651807533577085,
-0.013809809461236,
0.008592083118855953,
-0.03129895403981209,
-0.01774854026734829,
-0.013887559063732624,
0.05759147182106972,
0.018679197877645493,
-0.01946912705898285,
0.016795096918940544,
0.017958277836441994,
0.022915396839380264,
-0.00841886643320322,
0.014204982668161392,
-0.034768685698509216,
-0.04156123101711273,
-0.08851176500320435,
0.038994934409856796,
-0.021388905122876167,
-0.037665847688913345,
0.028634071350097656,
0.028509128838777542,
0.0010560728842392564,
0.0014475041534751654,
0.0052604274824261665,
0.02521747164428234,
0.028258386999368668,
0.003398336237296462,
-0.05492096766829491,
-0.037387266755104065,
0.0007331916131079197,
-0.004902062937617302,
-0.1144951656460762,
-0.030248234048485756,
-0.018582837656140327,
-0.010567396879196167,
0.03110799752175808,
0.005086828954517841,
-0.04436565190553665,
0.014442515559494495,
0.028476592153310776,
-0.04449717327952385,
-0.1070062443614006,
0.014325769618153572,
0.001006810343824327,
0.019479554146528244,
-0.018999716266989708,
-0.022791465744376183,
0.030431531369686127,
0.06691428273916245,
-0.00975444819778204,
0.08523747324943542,
-0.019584203138947487,
-0.00715866032987833,
0.03797614946961403,
0.011607170104980469,
-0.04475228860974312,
-0.03596815466880798,
0.020647764205932617,
0.03159594535827637,
0.009034775197505951,
0.005647063720971346,
-0.0037106438539922237,
-0.02647913433611393,
-0.022912418469786644,
0.005760228727012873,
0.007142191287130117,
-0.009768138639628887,
0.0030267685651779175,
-0.030128855258226395,
0.044956643134355545,
-0.01939588598906994,
0.10075271129608154,
-0.027319731190800667,
0.006862103473395109,
-0.03482098877429962,
-0.046738434582948685,
-0.011727642267942429,
0.00031060815672390163,
0.0003697670763358474,
-0.01716400310397148,
-0.06099377200007439,
-0.0021732531022280455,
0.06077262759208679,
0.026088738813996315,
0.04600523039698601,
-0.019209977239370346,
0.010084111243486404,
0.019658148288726807,
-0.0036700766067951918,
-0.008007765747606754,
0.039632074534893036,
0.000501026981510222,
-0.022277075797319412,
0.054435886442661285,
0.05309788137674332,
-0.001023238291963935,
0.03226107731461525,
-0.03785473853349686,
-0.007711360696703196,
0.05337252467870712,
0.017260326072573662,
-0.045713163912296295,
-0.03058331087231636,
0.06003783270716667,
0.0065575214102864265,
0.020704928785562515,
0.03389183431863785,
-0.08999543637037277,
0.03142153099179268,
0.026166729629039764,
0.008282339200377464,
-0.011699028313159943,
-0.0322360023856163,
0.09373783320188522,
-0.022240154445171356,
0.029221994802355766,
0.006462251767516136,
-0.04062846675515175,
-0.0019124271348118782,
0.006443011108785868,
-0.004990134388208389,
0.04698270559310913,
-0.012154064141213894,
-0.03039870411157608,
0.017302071675658226,
0.05308055505156517,
0.029363717883825302,
0.03792108967900276,
-0.03751010820269585,
0.04791543632745743,
0.008103087544441223,
-0.03604767471551895,
0.02400481328368187,
0.0425301268696785,
-0.0779762715101242,
-0.023776475340127945,
0.016463156789541245,
-0.004980560392141342,
-0.04238664358854294,
0.025354420766234398,
0.012697922065854073,
0.007703281473368406,
-0.0044495826587080956,
-0.008884132839739323,
0.01159417163580656,
0.03787053003907204,
-0.0579141229391098,
0.030226318165659904,
0.0013139040675014257,
-0.029788944870233536,
0.013897037133574486,
0.0066038453951478004,
0.0871528759598732,
0.060360655188560486,
-0.03519842028617859,
-0.03804312273859978,
0.0186878964304924,
0.020786210894584656,
-0.01616264134645462,
0.0033674563746899366,
0.01902734860777855,
0.00657271035015583,
-0.015434649772942066,
-0.008172441273927689,
-0.03933989256620407,
0.06471554934978485,
-0.04232732579112053,
-0.009280089288949966,
0.06459726393222809,
0.01710500754415989,
0.03489745035767555,
-0.017831701785326004,
-0.009172770194709301,
0.03438683971762657,
-0.018777864053845406,
-0.017914162948727608,
0.00878062006086111,
-0.03900500759482384,
-0.004284579306840897,
0.007478829473257065,
-0.014392254874110222,
0.007841084152460098,
-0.05132269859313965,
-0.029658876359462738,
-0.003778256243094802,
0.0616866834461689,
0.06061868742108345,
0.023097572848200798,
0.022583823651075363,
0.010215021669864655,
-0.04808460921049118,
-0.039516691118478775,
-0.12224453687667847,
-0.05522574856877327,
-0.015272530727088451,
0.0681099072098732,
0.002402209909632802,
0.03678246960043907,
0.019581442698836327,
0.007931724190711975,
-0.035916153341531754,
-0.03279373049736023,
0.0011603733291849494,
0.05039010941982269,
0.015530613251030445,
-0.06907977163791656,
-0.02031828463077545,
0.009172824211418629,
0.051389001309871674,
-0.02094952017068863,
-0.029655881226062775,
-0.05850709229707718,
-0.02508392371237278,
-0.03512251377105713,
-0.04352116957306862,
-0.030423564836382866,
0.0025962807703763247,
0.015541031025350094,
0.026309892535209656,
-0.0489460751414299,
0.03737964481115341,
0.041030071675777435,
0.042014993727207184,
0.049881890416145325,
0.01726514846086502,
-0.0036024071741849184,
0.003456985345110297,
-0.013328972272574902,
0.031226487830281258,
-0.001974015263840556,
0.02696678414940834,
-0.04288133606314659,
-0.002899514976888895,
0.023123444989323616,
-0.0048437416553497314,
-0.28557178378105164,
0.007359715644270182,
0.01894764043390751,
-0.007673589047044516,
0.03976163640618324,
-0.027732521295547485,
0.0042257183231413364,
-0.014515719376504421,
-0.010610447265207767,
0.00871632806956768,
-0.000680015014950186,
0.01630001701414585,
-0.024147137999534607,
0.049508217722177505,
0.03898053988814354,
-0.008774389512836933,
-0.04845541715621948,
0.011983743868768215,
0.01188314612954855,
0.03490705415606499,
-0.002903994871303439,
-0.0850054919719696,
-0.02137324959039688,
0.04189054295420647,
-0.02923458069562912,
0.04068000987172127,
-0.08704091608524323,
-0.001818572054617107,
-0.016214892268180847,
-0.030382130295038223,
-0.025756556540727615,
-0.03823306784033775,
-0.015526482835412025,
0.037802621722221375,
-0.0039299651980400085,
0.014439910650253296,
0.009524806402623653,
-0.0321098230779171,
0.013441231101751328,
0.0234520323574543,
-0.01243101991713047,
0.0069236657582223415,
-0.016673412173986435,
0.01796851120889187,
0.06178265064954758,
0.002231519902125001,
0.0013102388475090265,
-0.008505373261868954,
-0.009002099744975567,
0.02635069191455841,
0.032356586307287216,
-0.04331579804420471,
-0.018809132277965546,
0.024562399834394455,
0.004321151413023472,
-0.026909463107585907,
-0.01689870096743107,
-0.01658794656395912,
-0.009158279746770859,
0.00805827509611845,
0.010875940322875977,
-0.07236775755882263,
-0.014066335745155811,
-0.021958502009510994,
0.00443772878497839,
-0.03016809932887554,
-0.08435893058776855,
-0.05610056594014168,
0.06248217448592186,
0.05104748532176018,
0.011496699415147305,
-0.008326627314090729,
-0.026792475953698158,
-0.08991704136133194,
0.011751607991755009,
0.007939775474369526,
-0.006702248472720385,
0.015933753922581673,
0.013553203083574772,
0.054309092462062836,
-0.036380842328071594,
-0.03115718439221382,
0.04309336468577385,
0.03216467425227165,
0.0351850688457489,
-0.019436772912740707,
0.039206214249134064,
-0.01932823285460472,
-0.03006068617105484,
-0.04765557870268822,
0.01443477626889944,
-0.005518991034477949,
0.029986489564180374,
-0.015193878673017025,
0.029020285233855247,
0.017490891739726067,
0.023590175434947014,
0.04766612499952316,
0.02294813096523285,
0.00780230900272727,
0.013042722828686237,
-0.05741070955991745,
-0.02909790351986885,
-0.06997328996658325,
-0.02334313467144966,
0.0458066426217556,
-0.05136929452419281,
0.00707706343382597,
0.04064049571752548,
0.0007690658676438034,
-0.013590962626039982,
-0.03206770122051239,
-0.02343224175274372,
-0.008083146996796131,
-0.009068462997674942,
-0.008941635489463806,
-0.002374744275584817,
0.007029786705970764,
0.03408337011933327,
-0.022818908095359802,
-0.023851461708545685,
0.05273693427443504,
-0.02493261732161045,
0.03105028159916401,
0.01490397285670042,
-0.010315469466149807,
-0.005007199477404356,
-0.024091046303510666,
-0.021111387759447098,
-0.030240239575505257,
0.016200844198465347,
0.03391452878713608,
0.0038532332982867956,
0.032253921031951904,
0.05962831899523735,
0.032132893800735474,
-0.007557964883744717,
-0.0052618286572396755,
0.036261703819036484,
-0.024926776066422462,
0.02677513100206852,
0.0459134578704834,
0.05845578387379646,
0.026569001376628876,
0.01573203131556511,
0.0400395393371582,
0.005977163091301918,
0.00907866284251213,
-0.006076364312320948,
-0.046295639127492905,
0.025033339858055115,
-0.047030434012413025,
0.019766639918088913,
-0.05343359708786011,
-0.0009057830320671201,
0.004250775557011366,
0.03654663637280464,
-0.04526697099208832,
0.02870025858283043,
-0.03767973557114601,
0.0596831850707531,
0.014533457346260548,
-0.055198416113853455,
0.01198168657720089,
0.02977813221514225,
0.04430028051137924,
-0.01638898253440857,
-0.007736837025731802,
0.005798556376248598,
-0.004982332233339548,
-0.011555039323866367,
0.004297166597098112,
-0.01608438231050968,
-0.014108716510236263,
-0.017036927863955498,
0.0007469065603800118,
-0.0016263321740552783,
-0.0116195697337389,
-0.045462071895599365,
0.05411488190293312,
0.048119932413101196,
-0.0006437681731767952,
-0.013247339986264706,
0.023425448685884476,
0.076335109770298,
-0.0018124443013221025,
-0.023748524487018585,
-0.005191421136260033,
-0.03563214838504791,
0.04824381321668625,
-0.009007241576910019,
0.020817795768380165,
-0.05301051586866379,
-0.017627645283937454,
-0.023717712610960007,
-0.021322324872016907,
0.018461065366864204,
0.04096803069114685,
-0.010633987374603748,
-0.004114404786378145,
-0.0261355210095644,
0.04640187323093414,
-0.03301553800702095,
0.003667648881673813,
0.04148494824767113,
-0.07292213290929794,
0.012651829048991203,
0.04310326278209686,
-0.014277970418334007,
0.01569468341767788,
-0.018227167427539825,
-0.0397016704082489,
-0.05149802938103676,
0.003708039177581668,
0.015836505219340324,
-0.01982739195227623,
-0.03793526440858841,
-0.01305263489484787,
0.049093395471572876,
-0.05395295098423958,
0.02524670772254467,
-0.00655594514682889,
-0.0026849524583667517,
-0.031983308494091034,
-0.0037818518467247486,
0.08294780552387238,
-0.018718047067523003,
-0.004065433982759714,
0.013730929233133793,
0.0033209517132490873,
0.008640678599476814,
-0.048839446157217026,
0.03744162619113922,
0.07160882651805878,
-0.008777795359492302,
-0.013773366808891296,
-0.030431164428591728,
0.040586140006780624,
-0.03824401646852493,
-0.006962345913052559,
0.009294582530856133,
0.0070436508394777775,
-0.016096534207463264,
0.0024021784774959087,
0.002115722978487611,
0.055145781487226486,
0.017628764733672142,
0.020630020648241043,
-0.005605833139270544,
-0.00838358886539936,
0.01598190702497959,
0.05658392608165741,
-0.05188233405351639,
-0.01702447608113289,
0.0639088898897171,
-0.02483949065208435,
-0.010209636762738228,
-0.061719860881567,
0.010758082382380962,
0.024794764816761017,
-0.0422796905040741,
0.0062663378193974495,
-0.02313927747309208,
0.05104947090148926,
0.019671058282256126,
0.03618466109037399,
-0.0031743119470775127,
-0.02601788192987442,
0.0318281389772892,
-0.04435327649116516,
-0.024856293573975563,
-0.06532954424619675,
-0.02258947119116783,
0.027777764946222305,
0.00014617579290643334,
0.04180809482932091,
-0.01311920490115881,
-0.03942270576953888,
0.029174359515309334,
-0.024404246360063553,
-0.06180351600050926,
0.001005023717880249,
-0.035074252635240555,
-0.005790316499769688,
0.01678880862891674,
-0.04519901052117348,
-0.030079375952482224,
-0.016919922083616257,
-0.0645894780755043,
-0.007923979312181473,
-0.0013308469206094742,
0.023664424195885658,
0.022815769538283348,
0.01984335109591484,
-0.017687082290649414,
0.03658207505941391,
0.05796683579683304,
0.06976161152124405,
0.0539570115506649,
0.008175237104296684,
-0.03377155214548111,
0.08030961453914642,
0.004930098541080952,
0.00410552229732275,
0.0017674529226496816,
0.026958776637911797,
-0.02852584235370159,
-0.061336323618888855,
0.0397316999733448,
-0.006968550384044647,
-0.05855727195739746,
-0.06352972239255905,
0.028028858825564384,
0.0264287106692791,
-0.04725457355380058,
-0.009203056804835796,
0.010060127824544907,
-0.03290316089987755,
0.004033220466226339,
-0.004107268527150154,
-0.01973954401910305,
0.01711815409362316,
0.08684376627206802,
0.020806308835744858,
0.02389192208647728,
0.07024422287940979,
-0.004214711952954531,
-0.021500838920474052,
-0.04823950305581093,
0.10109036415815353,
0.08595399558544159,
0.0328478142619133,
-0.02747950330376625,
0.052212219685316086,
-0.05472222715616226,
-0.041682034730911255,
0.021379144862294197,
0.025128984823822975,
-0.0332394577562809,
-0.05129365250468254,
0.023264657706022263,
0.07330522686243057,
0.011172393336892128,
0.07477474212646484,
-0.040542151778936386,
-0.00923205353319645,
0.054200321435928345,
0.020351123064756393,
0.005068167578428984,
0.028876256197690964,
0.04064388945698738,
0.0010171484900638461,
0.001087479991838336,
-0.020703362300992012,
-0.0013857544399797916,
0.006400976330041885,
0.018768854439258575,
-0.003952594939619303,
0.0027091980446130037,
-0.00018106128845829517,
0.028483949601650238,
0.05060340464115143,
0.08027677237987518,
-0.06564847379922867,
-0.050318654626607895,
-0.007432551588863134,
0.02929101139307022,
0.005405160132795572,
0.031359001994132996,
0.0013462116476148367,
-0.03267950937151909,
0.02052278071641922,
-0.01568899117410183,
0.025184959173202515,
-0.003661093534901738,
-0.004738577175885439,
-0.027606545016169548,
-0.02543337456882,
-0.028534770011901855,
-0.0015247315168380737,
0.04228253290057182,
-0.013399383053183556,
-0.049522873014211655,
-0.03627168387174606,
-0.06220000609755516,
-0.05292874947190285,
-0.07200919836759567,
-0.005074760410934687,
-0.01500123180449009,
-0.00614626519382,
-0.00035247323103249073,
-0.036744125187397,
-0.0035381740890443325,
0.02704685367643833,
-0.05943959951400757,
-0.004902909975498915,
0.027529370039701462,
0.008686056360602379,
0.036435771733522415,
0.03166315704584122,
0.019199134781956673,
-0.02673054113984108,
-0.008981379680335522,
0.048633843660354614,
-0.009657004848122597,
0.028803175315260887,
-0.005663592834025621,
-0.0015441403957083821,
-0.10512806475162506,
0.014396163634955883,
0.04353896155953407,
-0.024563312530517578,
-0.08035321533679962,
0.030916839838027954,
-0.026925096288323402,
0.011313891969621181,
0.06510302424430847,
-0.0022969753481447697,
0.022415805608034134,
-0.06288571655750275,
-0.030360525473952293,
-0.028051314875483513,
0.0002048677415587008,
0.07738980650901794,
-0.006978094577789307,
0.040769804269075394,
0.026127804070711136,
-0.01572503335773945,
-0.040930990129709244,
0.040199361741542816,
-0.032614484429359436,
0.01713978312909603,
-0.03016640804708004,
-0.025080857798457146,
-0.008407024666666985,
-0.08469036966562271,
-0.01324374321848154,
0.0318700335919857,
-0.0031153883319348097,
-0.04313980042934418,
0.005941636860370636,
0.009352272376418114,
-0.010110955685377121,
-0.011218343861401081,
-0.013189784251153469,
-0.010169697925448418,
-0.010676280595362186,
-0.045820459723472595,
-0.06228189542889595,
0.024012234061956406,
0.0027608859818428755,
0.0017786729149520397,
-0.019683029502630234,
-0.02445749193429947,
-0.012571548111736774,
-0.011039347387850285,
0.0570179745554924,
0.012479626573622227,
-0.0032435802277177572,
0.010600932873785496
] |
296 |
Towards Faster Decentralized Stochastic Optimization with Communication Compression
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=CMMpcs9prj
|
[
"Rustem Islamov",
"Yuan Gao",
"Sebastian U Stich"
] |
Poster
|
Communication efficiency has garnered significant attention as it is considered the main bottleneck for large-scale decentralized Machine Learning applications in distributed and federated settings. In this regime, clients are restricted to transmitting small amounts of compressed information to their neighbors over a communication graph. Numerous endeavors have been made to address this challenging problem by developing algorithms with compressed communication for decentralized non-convex optimization problems. Despite considerable efforts, current theoretical understandings of the problem are still very limited, and existing algorithms all suffer from various limitations. In particular, these algorithms typically rely on strong, and often infeasible assumptions such as bounded data heterogeneity or require large batch access while failing to achieve linear speedup with the number of clients. In this paper, we introduce MoTEF, a novel approach that integrates communication compression with $\textbf{Mo}$mentum $\textbf{T}$racking and $\textbf{E}$rror $\textbf{F}$eedback. MoTEF is the first algorithm to achieve an asymptotic rate matching that of distributed SGD under arbitrary data heterogeneity, hence resolving a long-standing theoretical obstacle in decentralized optimization with compressed communication. We provide numerical experiments to validate our theoretical findings and confirm the practical superiority of MoTEF.
|
Optimization, Decentralized Learning, Federated Learning, Communication Compression
| null | 13,638 |
2405.20114
|
[
-0.02312680333852768,
-0.0329427495598793,
-0.015750780701637268,
0.05689172074198723,
0.021559754386544228,
0.05095117539167404,
0.03382599353790283,
-0.024368269369006157,
-0.007720399182289839,
-0.07561495900154114,
-0.005804325919598341,
-0.0074241808615624905,
-0.06873678416013718,
-0.0059024132788181305,
-0.004173289518803358,
0.06881524622440338,
0.03921559453010559,
0.007219268009066582,
0.014653067104518414,
0.02600693143904209,
-0.027444586157798767,
-0.009076166898012161,
0.02184472791850567,
0.032660629600286484,
0.045154690742492676,
0.00034661756944842637,
0.016861680895090103,
0.006366211920976639,
-0.016014304012060165,
0.010159839875996113,
0.0195551048964262,
-0.018043164163827896,
0.025477787479758263,
-0.029494628310203552,
0.030348682776093483,
0.019224563613533974,
-0.0032737702131271362,
0.012453067116439342,
0.025631694123148918,
0.037156425416469574,
-0.030672496184706688,
0.020771676674485207,
0.016716500744223595,
0.04097416251897812,
-0.04598911106586456,
0.0456051304936409,
-0.08039912581443787,
0.010802702978253365,
0.015627548098564148,
-0.01730361208319664,
-0.05864443629980087,
-0.01278612855821848,
0.03593163192272186,
-0.011473908089101315,
0.017713097855448723,
0.048415325582027435,
-0.0013318572891876101,
-0.056323520839214325,
-0.01922084577381611,
-0.04022195562720299,
-0.04438382387161255,
-0.02750776894390583,
0.03336570784449577,
0.009049946442246437,
-0.035165272653102875,
-0.014456410892307758,
0.0036986833438277245,
0.05472138524055481,
-0.03460133075714111,
-0.015451721847057343,
-0.00736730732023716,
-0.01968514174222946,
0.012546971440315247,
0.00046565549564547837,
-0.0074156783521175385,
-0.04487498849630356,
0.02324870601296425,
0.017703019082546234,
0.045889511704444885,
-0.016550511121749878,
-0.0117424251511693,
0.022062009200453758,
-0.016987254843115807,
0.013879307545721531,
-0.025475312024354935,
0.0029123735148459673,
-0.03722746670246124,
-0.02071024663746357,
-0.079788438975811,
0.07150650769472122,
-0.03818374499678612,
-0.05740056559443474,
0.01287424098700285,
0.01479025837033987,
0.0043803113512694836,
-0.014416247606277466,
0.016733596101403236,
0.026951881125569344,
0.03177061304450035,
0.008193224668502808,
-0.016879074275493622,
-0.01297939382493496,
-0.004717389587312937,
0.005939533933997154,
-0.11049257218837738,
-0.011092421598732471,
-0.013079818338155746,
-0.019092369824647903,
-0.009304279461503029,
-0.02546558901667595,
0.003836950985714793,
0.012702610343694687,
-0.01625976525247097,
-0.050541508942842484,
-0.08709636330604553,
0.03434522822499275,
0.009936001151800156,
-0.010730373673141003,
-0.007721235975623131,
-0.029739713296294212,
0.05618998035788536,
0.05301734805107117,
-0.023494238033890724,
0.08680879324674606,
0.01627391204237938,
0.013217205181717873,
0.0381535068154335,
0.02083129808306694,
-0.027344824746251106,
-0.037728697061538696,
0.01774601638317108,
0.03323651850223541,
0.02769763208925724,
-0.0264475978910923,
-0.0005031597102060914,
-0.03505011647939682,
0.0007278969278559089,
0.01665782555937767,
0.01714279316365719,
-0.0071135335601866245,
0.0008453152840957046,
-0.010284091345965862,
0.05055888369679451,
0.0028498813044279814,
0.07121596485376358,
-0.01758786477148533,
0.02349361591041088,
-0.05205380171537399,
-0.04929855093359947,
0.01739143766462803,
-0.022866498678922653,
-0.0033969341311603785,
0.006301390007138252,
-0.06870884448289871,
0.013030245900154114,
0.054121289402246475,
0.018722811713814735,
0.0029874001629650593,
0.024568472057580948,
0.03751740977168083,
0.0071225883439183235,
-0.0021749124862253666,
-0.018501868471503258,
0.0032241479493677616,
-0.028641849756240845,
-0.062126703560352325,
0.04876207187771797,
0.05224131792783737,
-0.028442084789276123,
0.004621526226401329,
-0.026584843173623085,
-0.04904421046376228,
0.03283362463116646,
0.02095038630068302,
-0.0018597556045278907,
-0.00041427576798014343,
0.08321887999773026,
0.002002737717702985,
0.033872101455926895,
0.023718060925602913,
-0.08715636283159256,
0.04478319361805916,
0.026661280542612076,
-0.003718745429068804,
-0.01716611534357071,
0.008045956492424011,
0.09941788762807846,
-0.03617413714528084,
-0.005683334544301033,
0.025195827707648277,
-0.0724615678191185,
-0.017910953611135483,
0.01260136067867279,
-0.022512173280119896,
0.03217771649360657,
-0.026820087805390358,
-0.02601909078657627,
0.011571175418794155,
0.04469722509384155,
-0.005898190662264824,
0.04750891402363777,
-0.04122260957956314,
0.04137936979532242,
0.00824961718171835,
-0.05282110720872879,
0.027379663661122322,
0.030699094757437706,
-0.06565810739994049,
-0.0534186027944088,
0.02178363688290119,
-0.004788619931787252,
-0.014237974770367146,
-0.0018427232280373573,
0.0007830823888070881,
0.02668936178088188,
-0.008927350863814354,
0.007827077992260456,
0.018079131841659546,
0.035514481365680695,
-0.031218506395816803,
0.04420354217290878,
0.004532997962087393,
-0.030301056802272797,
0.05704791471362114,
-0.028580904006958008,
0.09684652835130692,
0.09994462132453918,
-0.01391565427184105,
0.00866661500185728,
-0.0009229034185409546,
0.012073473073542118,
-0.015851754695177078,
0.008567329496145248,
0.006628946866840124,
0.03862166032195091,
0.02296065166592598,
-0.02101818099617958,
-0.02174067310988903,
0.047886382788419724,
-0.039793096482753754,
-0.029096640646457672,
0.03764457255601883,
0.0003839695709757507,
0.06770659983158112,
0.012296237051486969,
-0.0020260571036487818,
0.0301504023373127,
-0.011970213614404202,
-0.013300538994371891,
-0.013851002790033817,
-0.022234374657273293,
-0.0031973069999367,
0.01590406522154808,
-0.0013270971830934286,
0.020816748961806297,
-0.05910922959446907,
0.04149690642952919,
0.019279325380921364,
0.08084721863269806,
0.03487095609307289,
0.042168084532022476,
0.007840633392333984,
0.006144283805042505,
-0.047981780022382736,
-0.0398566797375679,
-0.1206982433795929,
-0.04899981990456581,
-0.004829719662666321,
0.052010394632816315,
0.007755712606012821,
0.0601409412920475,
-0.04746093973517418,
0.03942607715725899,
-0.015787869691848755,
-0.048840634524822235,
-0.0016533923335373402,
0.018433228135108948,
-0.01888972707092762,
-0.030256060883402824,
-0.021797938272356987,
-0.00009150454570772126,
0.06796565651893616,
0.005848529748618603,
0.007721185218542814,
-0.027139214798808098,
-0.021216850727796555,
-0.0009188855183310807,
-0.05849985033273697,
0.007414046674966812,
-0.011574871838092804,
-0.002591395052149892,
0.010687122121453285,
-0.03185296431183815,
0.033145722001791,
0.029740501195192337,
0.06204492226243019,
0.05682278051972389,
0.003144022775813937,
-0.004651421215385199,
-0.003981890622526407,
0.03241077437996864,
-0.007161285262554884,
-0.03736279532313347,
-0.022884152829647064,
-0.047534581273794174,
-0.011881672777235508,
0.025423528626561165,
0.016562113538384438,
-0.27582594752311707,
0.009979094378650188,
-0.001168848481029272,
0.021168235689401627,
0.041518837213516235,
-0.02949071116745472,
0.027445990592241287,
-0.03631432726979256,
-0.033914823085069656,
-0.02850324474275112,
-0.00014093062782194465,
0.0344686321914196,
0.009504236280918121,
0.05259187892079353,
0.02886952832341194,
0.030666111037135124,
-0.03452004864811897,
-0.02204195223748684,
0.02407710812985897,
0.012974689714610577,
-0.022757548838853836,
-0.07937057316303253,
-0.0074538285844028,
-0.000960037054028362,
0.02427736669778824,
0.005554043222218752,
-0.07982610911130905,
-0.01326436921954155,
-0.028565900400280952,
0.003588457126170397,
-0.02606581151485443,
-0.021743161603808403,
0.007101941388100386,
0.03824451565742493,
0.031018005684018135,
-0.0051533980295062065,
0.03224853798747063,
0.010165316052734852,
0.023552749305963516,
0.0009379940456710756,
-0.006993927992880344,
0.01729619689285755,
-0.032976001501083374,
-0.02020297758281231,
0.05818307772278786,
0.054350294172763824,
-0.014264451339840889,
0.0055672903545200825,
-0.01794058457016945,
0.020738419145345688,
0.0039235977455973625,
-0.0685461238026619,
-0.022557592019438744,
0.006523347459733486,
0.025044521316885948,
-0.050000790506601334,
-0.03322107717394829,
-0.019199632108211517,
0.015127874910831451,
0.01742902398109436,
-0.006732592359185219,
-0.06989965587854385,
-0.007681888062506914,
-0.03418104723095894,
0.014132802374660969,
-0.051291439682245255,
-0.10457910597324371,
-0.0497547946870327,
0.03363323584198952,
0.014163273386657238,
0.0023814006708562374,
0.031220614910125732,
-0.016192782670259476,
-0.09034839272499084,
-0.0005204372573643923,
0.016711674630641937,
-0.008874970488250256,
0.0011787696275860071,
0.003977818414568901,
0.10812538117170334,
-0.05261727795004845,
-0.05960077419877052,
0.0055435216054320335,
-0.010131815448403358,
0.015190969221293926,
-0.024101631715893745,
0.010009816847741604,
-0.04319277033209801,
-0.019382277503609657,
-0.03477313369512558,
0.00892943050712347,
-0.0017033448675647378,
0.04998587816953659,
0.020721949636936188,
0.0803174152970314,
0.03541422635316849,
0.00168491224758327,
0.036269135773181915,
0.025073347613215446,
0.019398890435695648,
0.012070085853338242,
-0.07450910657644272,
-0.028015924617648125,
-0.03691912814974785,
0.012401611544191837,
0.03426998853683472,
-0.05746757611632347,
-0.01792687550187111,
0.04522739723324776,
0.006798287387937307,
-0.026441918686032295,
-0.048222869634628296,
0.01615850068628788,
-0.03558439388871193,
0.013940668664872646,
-0.01286949124187231,
0.003069991711527109,
0.042987726628780365,
0.007011412642896175,
-0.0020998180843889713,
-0.03219853341579437,
0.054621294140815735,
0.016665887087583542,
0.0008507485035806894,
0.004543345887213945,
0.021088574081659317,
-0.0029555356595665216,
-0.013673408888280392,
0.00815108884125948,
-0.040576644241809845,
0.01085726823657751,
0.03909524530172348,
0.019608257338404655,
0.0221907626837492,
0.0481463223695755,
0.008058659732341766,
-0.03297959268093109,
-0.017438992857933044,
0.04176837578415871,
-0.02977095916867256,
0.06286884099245071,
0.015941716730594635,
0.02466665767133236,
0.013802863657474518,
0.028309710323810577,
0.03402464836835861,
-0.0010493288282305002,
0.016952715814113617,
-0.021067237481474876,
-0.03265878185629845,
0.0004207043966744095,
-0.05002577230334282,
-0.0038856002502143383,
-0.010703296400606632,
0.032305385917425156,
0.005337818060070276,
0.03949160501360893,
-0.009765380062162876,
0.004125864710658789,
-0.07545115053653717,
0.020137768238782883,
-0.011557136662304401,
-0.017982570454478264,
-0.007284944877028465,
0.023614590987563133,
0.08201643079519272,
-0.02109445445239544,
-0.016454672440886497,
0.01741243712604046,
-0.029718749225139618,
0.005471992306411266,
-0.030260417610406876,
-0.03426634147763252,
-0.008355444297194481,
-0.010665012523531914,
0.015485286712646484,
0.03772891312837601,
0.0013049925910308957,
-0.02017829939723015,
0.0063922712579369545,
0.012073400430381298,
-0.013538893312215805,
-0.035331591963768005,
0.03503138944506645,
0.09192552417516708,
0.01712442748248577,
0.029785970225930214,
0.00004013397847302258,
-0.01661420613527298,
0.05350356549024582,
-0.005628879647701979,
0.043347038328647614,
-0.016393816098570824,
-0.026867154985666275,
0.021577930077910423,
-0.024125343188643456,
0.04697786644101143,
0.025519127026200294,
-0.021435996517539024,
0.02046726644039154,
0.01380681712180376,
0.013274532742798328,
-0.005999441258609295,
0.005424879491329193,
0.023830531165003777,
-0.05772919952869415,
0.02548660896718502,
0.02288706973195076,
-0.039417557418346405,
0.010063962079584599,
-0.02623951993882656,
-0.016634894534945488,
-0.07601853460073471,
0.028759866952896118,
0.0070039983838796616,
-0.012440265156328678,
-0.0436679869890213,
0.014215787872672081,
0.0013897467870265245,
-0.029453925788402557,
0.0030670540872961283,
0.003683199407532811,
-0.0184473879635334,
-0.05593898147344589,
-0.015441727824509144,
0.06553187966346741,
-0.03097405657172203,
-0.007606944534927607,
-0.0372253879904747,
0.020935334265232086,
0.02035430073738098,
-0.06312669068574905,
0.006122238002717495,
0.05848465859889984,
0.009330680593848228,
0.037906330078840256,
-0.03867486119270325,
0.037846241146326065,
-0.04446583613753319,
-0.020400820299983025,
-0.009409386664628983,
-0.0005047302111051977,
-0.042910341173410416,
-0.030408840626478195,
-0.024886883795261383,
0.05164710804820061,
-0.0027366578578948975,
0.01453090738505125,
0.02173992432653904,
0.018293118104338646,
0.016329197213053703,
0.021164238452911377,
-0.05380570888519287,
-0.0068195890635252,
0.05187667906284332,
-0.019232384860515594,
-0.051006853580474854,
-0.054420355707407,
0.017041632905602455,
0.01454978622496128,
-0.053297046571969986,
0.03578457981348038,
-0.033838823437690735,
0.023695915937423706,
0.02270245924592018,
0.05926624312996864,
0.03160933405160904,
-0.03344452753663063,
0.031312551349401474,
-0.03587702661752701,
-0.024979066103696823,
-0.06871815770864487,
-0.019582325592637062,
0.03868814557790756,
-0.015920821577310562,
0.03945282846689224,
0.02467413619160652,
-0.045659273862838745,
-0.00460293423384428,
-0.020345456898212433,
-0.06252911686897278,
0.004761795978993177,
-0.06164299696683884,
-0.012420459650456905,
0.02339322678744793,
-0.07727925479412079,
-0.043950118124485016,
-0.0026956945657730103,
-0.06077621877193451,
0.008049573749303818,
0.012581093236804008,
0.018102915957570076,
0.005804093088954687,
0.015679366886615753,
-0.01146531943231821,
-0.020881813019514084,
0.04655825346708298,
0.0410931296646595,
0.011578531004488468,
0.01743943616747856,
-0.05555958300828934,
0.050051622092723846,
0.038508374243974686,
-0.0019741395954042673,
0.020581480115652084,
0.021315334364771843,
-0.025708355009555817,
-0.024627041071653366,
0.04727604240179062,
-0.015406033024191856,
-0.028856268152594566,
-0.06950341910123825,
0.045596152544021606,
0.026544887572526932,
-0.04088465869426727,
-0.053467947989702225,
0.02070372737944126,
-0.04728560149669647,
0.015683908015489578,
-0.0026287974324077368,
0.007455593440681696,
-0.0016078134067356586,
0.0565607026219368,
0.00917469710111618,
0.01963525265455246,
0.07290367782115936,
0.002288859337568283,
-0.042646266520023346,
-0.02058592438697815,
0.07350944727659225,
0.06001301482319832,
0.026134496554732323,
-0.035306986421346664,
0.06808920204639435,
-0.023718267679214478,
-0.030296791344881058,
0.007115993648767471,
0.03090088628232479,
-0.03279927745461464,
-0.015368654392659664,
-0.010539288632571697,
0.0939767062664032,
-0.008136298507452011,
0.08570053428411484,
-0.06756448745727539,
0.0063837263733148575,
0.03588481247425079,
0.012988514266908169,
0.0012920062290504575,
0.036631856113672256,
0.013287888839840889,
0.05892503261566162,
-0.04972692206501961,
-0.004698846023529768,
-0.011375055648386478,
0.02174786478281021,
0.005644000601023436,
0.0023564943112432957,
-0.0051690940745174885,
0.020313655957579613,
0.01898893341422081,
-0.02104785107076168,
0.06661807000637054,
-0.04261127859354019,
-0.031908221542835236,
0.0021545852068811655,
0.005769253242760897,
-0.028075477108359337,
0.03240746259689331,
0.025712963193655014,
-0.048168376088142395,
0.02532997354865074,
-0.03088848665356636,
0.003088252618908882,
0.005794448312371969,
0.02325262501835823,
0.02080615423619747,
0.002858470194041729,
-0.0031714709475636482,
-0.01666077971458435,
0.0036552634555846453,
-0.04725107178092003,
-0.04587826132774353,
-0.045753803104162216,
-0.08274033665657043,
-0.06545855849981308,
-0.039325304329395294,
0.010160892270505428,
0.0028523309156298637,
-0.03218458965420723,
0.0007129437290132046,
-0.033600546419620514,
0.006436097901314497,
0.016682948917150497,
-0.05618753284215927,
-0.010308208875358105,
0.037556540220975876,
0.0006526219076476991,
0.020938996225595474,
0.015094947069883347,
0.046103715896606445,
-0.03749695047736168,
-0.008801555261015892,
-0.0026470355223864317,
0.014828206971287727,
0.010192382149398327,
0.005933395586907864,
-0.032887816429138184,
-0.06982738524675369,
0.021788954734802246,
0.022550974041223526,
-0.03677299618721008,
-0.06776763498783112,
0.021174361929297447,
-0.0027523839380592108,
0.02487952634692192,
0.06837166845798492,
-0.014001701958477497,
0.015063554979860783,
-0.04440971463918686,
-0.00966617651283741,
0.0036371450405567884,
0.00063390500145033,
0.043021366000175476,
-0.017986634746193886,
0.06119801104068756,
0.04728323593735695,
-0.04801567643880844,
-0.052766237407922745,
0.04476660117506981,
0.008069287985563278,
0.010815190151333809,
-0.012198131531476974,
-0.007614424452185631,
-0.04585842415690422,
-0.09709610044956207,
-0.0241825133562088,
0.053959768265485764,
-0.010464401915669441,
-0.049248646944761276,
-0.003822057042270899,
-0.008862213231623173,
-0.006452823523432016,
0.012270373292267323,
-0.02375909313559532,
0.00821167603135109,
-0.015873342752456665,
-0.01649213209748268,
-0.08237874507904053,
0.03568003326654434,
0.010562790557742119,
-0.018206695094704628,
-0.029906107112765312,
-0.06500714272260666,
-0.011318420059978962,
0.021395497024059296,
0.05110272765159607,
0.0268377847969532,
0.014623410999774933,
0.01545103918761015
] |
297 |
Group-robust Sample Reweighting for Subpopulation Shifts via Influence Functions
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=aQj9Ifxrl6
|
[
"Rui Qiao",
"Zhaoxuan Wu",
"Jingtan Wang",
"Pang Wei Koh",
"Bryan Kian Hsiang Low"
] |
Poster
|
Machine learning models often have uneven performance among subpopulations
(a.k.a., groups) in the data distributions. This poses a significant challenge for the
models to generalize when the proportions of the groups shift during deployment.
To improve robustness to such shifts, existing approaches have developed strategies
that train models or perform hyperparameter tuning using the group-labeled data
to minimize the worst-case loss over groups. However, a non-trivial amount of
high-quality labels is often required to obtain noticeable improvements. Given
the costliness of the labels, we propose to adopt a different paradigm to enhance
group label efficiency: utilizing the group-labeled data as a target set to optimize
the weights of other group-unlabeled data. We introduce Group-robust Sample
Reweighting (GSR), a two-stage approach that first learns the representations from
group-unlabeled data, and then tinkers the model by iteratively retraining its last
layer on the reweighted data using influence functions. Our GSR is theoretically
sound, practically lightweight, and effective in improving the robustness to sub-
population shifts. In particular, GSR outperforms the previous state-of-the-art
approaches that require the same amount or even more group labels. Our code is
available at https://github.com/qiaoruiyt/GSR.
|
distribution shift, subpopulation shift, spurious correlation, influence function, sample reweighting, data selection
|
We introduce Group-robust Sample Reweighting (GSR), which uses group-labeled data to guide the iterative retraining of the model its on group-unlabeled data reweighted using influence functions.
| 13,637 |
2503.07315
|
[
0.0027158644516021013,
-0.041001416742801666,
0.024958528578281403,
0.03845593333244324,
0.023184319958090782,
0.034640394151210785,
0.02963799238204956,
-0.019740695133805275,
-0.010012256912887096,
-0.05560823529958725,
-0.023441528901457787,
-0.008498775772750378,
-0.0830770879983902,
-0.012880565598607063,
-0.045719850808382034,
0.057112228125333786,
0.05256057158112526,
-0.01341205183416605,
-0.04603543505072594,
0.026323653757572174,
0.01858576573431492,
-0.018016137182712555,
0.008240396156907082,
0.019141504541039467,
0.019328398630023003,
-0.01841963455080986,
0.02869369275867939,
0.0030320107471197844,
-0.033622413873672485,
0.030835241079330444,
0.049640998244285583,
0.008498968556523323,
0.01609247364103794,
0.02396039478480816,
-0.007796784397214651,
0.007605975028127432,
-0.016142038628458977,
0.015117263421416283,
0.022625597193837166,
0.02042255364358425,
-0.012522910721600056,
-0.015684757381677628,
-0.026077905669808388,
0.03066224977374077,
-0.036101777106523514,
0.03156287223100662,
-0.11912789195775986,
0.04589797556400299,
-0.013819294050335884,
-0.03996702656149864,
-0.08534777909517288,
0.043542224913835526,
0.008186823688447475,
-0.030562199652194977,
-0.0012516307178884745,
0.03744307905435562,
0.045660123229026794,
-0.06313114613294601,
-0.016403865069150925,
-0.059533748775720596,
-0.007555839605629444,
0.04781120643019676,
0.0026531575713306665,
0.004967079032212496,
-0.006152772810310125,
0.00045644809142686427,
0.011478978209197521,
0.0519171878695488,
0.004434642847627401,
-0.02983180619776249,
-0.013398922048509121,
-0.05265228450298309,
-0.007642571814358234,
0.023464573547244072,
0.012603795155882835,
-0.029687128961086273,
-0.006219374947249889,
0.030997702851891518,
0.04677332565188408,
0.004022054374217987,
0.020576080307364464,
-0.009761051274836063,
-0.006785889156162739,
0.009426586329936981,
0.01041007786989212,
-0.01901758834719658,
-0.018453795462846756,
-0.06222349777817726,
-0.10535914450883865,
0.07405706495046616,
-0.04251730069518089,
-0.03798886761069298,
0.06351970136165619,
0.04818842187523842,
0.019594913348555565,
-0.001973518403246999,
0.03259844332933426,
0.008489458821713924,
0.012317096814513206,
-0.027883384376764297,
-0.042032185941934586,
-0.025527751073241234,
0.009288923814892769,
0.004563699010759592,
-0.12268994748592377,
-0.009463157504796982,
-0.013142487965524197,
0.011699093505740166,
-0.01617969013750553,
0.01194750890135765,
-0.02194923534989357,
0.039117105305194855,
-0.01791333220899105,
0.01314002275466919,
-0.055980827659368515,
0.053721509873867035,
-0.019380969926714897,
0.016655730083584785,
0.011564338579773903,
0.0010144743137061596,
0.05262313410639763,
0.04657299444079399,
-0.013427384197711945,
0.08584809303283691,
-0.02514062263071537,
0.02184286341071129,
0.03778776898980141,
0.045616514980793,
-0.050578564405441284,
-0.012149609625339508,
0.009226789698004723,
0.030410612002015114,
-0.003605199046432972,
0.023761320859193802,
0.0030762809328734875,
-0.0036407511215656996,
-0.02532200887799263,
0.02881844900548458,
0.05654020607471466,
-0.00968104600906372,
0.029498063027858734,
0.0023167389445006847,
-0.00019097398035228252,
-0.035312242805957794,
0.0311493668705225,
-0.02510998211801052,
0.00965159572660923,
-0.03359217569231987,
-0.051380664110183716,
-0.009934474714100361,
0.02902889996767044,
-0.030215466395020485,
0.013227302581071854,
-0.05779676511883736,
0.019288722425699234,
0.018933191895484924,
-0.0016718236729502678,
-0.004115615505725145,
0.0033088119234889746,
0.0024729245342314243,
-0.006351389456540346,
0.0004272812220733613,
-0.009628183208405972,
0.003295963630080223,
0.02935575693845749,
-0.06323815882205963,
0.0708058625459671,
0.028478730469942093,
-0.036579594016075134,
-0.02169177681207657,
-0.045991428196430206,
-0.044938407838344574,
0.015972526744008064,
0.00012177453754702583,
0.0028317072428762913,
-0.006477370858192444,
0.05666571483016014,
0.016998494043946266,
0.05007264018058777,
0.016393830999732018,
-0.08070383220911026,
0.0348174162209034,
0.03919302672147751,
0.037522707134485245,
-0.0005348166450858116,
-0.011451039463281631,
0.07971011847257614,
-0.030738262459635735,
0.035532236099243164,
0.008271871134638786,
-0.10086026042699814,
-0.015084817074239254,
0.03478389233350754,
-0.002798619447275996,
0.06208626925945282,
0.03533218428492546,
0.025371341034770012,
0.03690902888774872,
0.01632923260331154,
-0.006361441686749458,
0.04910920932888985,
-0.006232814863324165,
0.055952467024326324,
0.02342693693935871,
-0.06652100384235382,
-0.018718356266617775,
-0.004207777325063944,
-0.04795638471841812,
-0.030363012105226517,
0.0338185578584671,
-0.055209167301654816,
0.03851430118083954,
0.0008402701350860298,
-0.01509929820895195,
0.005836437921971083,
-0.019581958651542664,
-0.0101265674456954,
0.04492565244436264,
-0.004990852903574705,
-0.037822894752025604,
0.035673756152391434,
0.00446904543787241,
-0.013903023675084114,
0.024539582431316376,
-0.013213805854320526,
0.08447643369436264,
0.07954774796962738,
-0.019484762102365494,
0.000759794027544558,
-0.00014465165440924466,
0.014272482134401798,
-0.008239172399044037,
0.04375210776925087,
-0.029210280627012253,
-0.004854971077293158,
0.016232075169682503,
0.000052150189731037244,
-0.04936403036117554,
0.05547865480184555,
-0.059182487428188324,
0.020920829847455025,
0.057800013571977615,
-0.00457490561529994,
0.053380854427814484,
0.0005712186684831977,
0.015044989064335823,
0.008670857176184654,
0.004595547448843718,
-0.021387863904237747,
-0.021530332043766975,
-0.014112310484051704,
0.022896451875567436,
-0.01425075065344572,
-0.007147668860852718,
0.020820602774620056,
-0.03586321696639061,
0.011486539617180824,
-0.009154422208666801,
0.07385395467281342,
0.04091712459921837,
0.021330324932932854,
0.012337343767285347,
-0.012690787203609943,
-0.05508669465780258,
-0.021873831748962402,
-0.09750118851661682,
-0.06798839569091797,
0.010104019194841385,
0.03151365742087364,
-0.02409283071756363,
0.08036577701568604,
-0.004288604483008385,
0.013415233232080936,
0.019243238493800163,
-0.02172296680510044,
-0.010674487799406052,
0.008113396354019642,
0.015142643824219704,
-0.022888727486133575,
0.02020081877708435,
0.028889350593090057,
0.05660097301006317,
0.013398862443864346,
-0.02261458709836006,
-0.027407532557845116,
-0.03867578133940697,
0.0020163001026958227,
-0.013284108601510525,
0.008909876458346844,
0.023887502029538155,
0.01849675178527832,
0.030664796009659767,
-0.0030475277453660965,
0.009872413240373135,
0.03953000158071518,
0.030916864052414894,
0.05111425742506981,
0.031528960913419724,
-0.00045653246343135834,
0.06758129596710205,
-0.01742849312722683,
0.01774563640356064,
-0.002538849599659443,
0.004449085798114538,
-0.045013271272182465,
-0.04400596767663956,
0.002587770577520132,
-0.0026484569534659386,
-0.27544647455215454,
-0.020182054489850998,
0.025259749963879585,
0.016359249129891396,
-0.00791012030094862,
-0.052639253437519073,
0.06243833526968956,
-0.038473501801490784,
-0.04567670449614525,
0.004400957841426134,
0.04279609024524689,
0.018392978236079216,
0.008033368736505508,
0.0532255545258522,
0.04933638498187065,
0.025551849976181984,
0.02763650193810463,
-0.019722377881407738,
0.022162772715091705,
0.018599551171064377,
0.007715357467532158,
-0.056454408913850784,
0.019519595429301262,
0.044231683015823364,
-0.014529292471706867,
0.06711258739233017,
-0.060978297144174576,
-0.006074137520045042,
-0.04185306653380394,
-0.02115795947611332,
-0.012700770981609821,
-0.04379342123866081,
-0.0019059000769630075,
0.018041767179965973,
0.05008198320865631,
-0.03798781335353851,
0.022735554724931717,
0.024481151252985,
0.0006423560553230345,
0.0005727234529331326,
0.006259177345782518,
-0.0005154571263119578,
-0.009799924679100513,
0.00646384060382843,
0.0870198905467987,
0.030500946566462517,
-0.00019849077216349542,
-0.003423217684030533,
-0.04719363525509834,
0.0496559664607048,
-0.007929260842502117,
-0.03945383056998253,
-0.025074809789657593,
0.01171939354389906,
-0.0006998066091910005,
-0.024389324709773064,
-0.008941548876464367,
-0.0034846956841647625,
-0.017226556316018105,
0.009018379263579845,
0.01608106680214405,
-0.03621675819158554,
0.0060517145320773125,
-0.04608651623129845,
-0.032667383551597595,
-0.025573650375008583,
-0.0814930722117424,
-0.04382985085248947,
0.01708366721868515,
0.014373870566487312,
-0.03263726830482483,
0.016510561108589172,
-0.0055732112377882,
-0.08288468420505524,
0.013995380140841007,
-0.04338117688894272,
0.0017062720144167542,
-0.015863025560975075,
-0.012701963074505329,
0.05146291106939316,
-0.011531262658536434,
-0.04263514652848244,
0.014736801385879517,
-0.007303527090698481,
0.01938164234161377,
-0.015074877068400383,
-0.00647868262603879,
0.015648478642106056,
-0.047751761972904205,
-0.041812337934970856,
0.04741640016436577,
-0.01714142970740795,
0.03603897616267204,
0.02228417433798313,
0.054540228098630905,
0.06626112759113312,
0.043212972581386566,
0.03616469353437424,
0.04213191941380501,
0.006740695796906948,
0.00038596775266341865,
-0.07371361553668976,
-0.03095521777868271,
-0.08547520637512207,
-0.021568438038229942,
0.04388722404837608,
-0.06010666862130165,
-0.007818767800927162,
0.034107986837625504,
-0.03817833587527275,
0.007515165023505688,
-0.036205459386110306,
-0.018064646050333977,
-0.054218124598264694,
0.004456712398678064,
-0.0298940259963274,
-0.04543471708893776,
-0.006656428333371878,
0.03152938559651375,
-0.0030455889645963907,
-0.003178362501785159,
0.04215536639094353,
-0.026029590517282486,
0.028368094936013222,
-0.03790241852402687,
-0.03070726804435253,
0.017080964520573616,
-0.00153933500405401,
-0.00707134697586298,
-0.02804199792444706,
0.020128151401877403,
0.04984283447265625,
-0.01535208709537983,
-0.023915601894259453,
0.05337702855467796,
0.024879686534404755,
-0.01948154903948307,
-0.01894981972873211,
0.03624971956014633,
-0.02014511078596115,
0.008016638457775116,
-0.004184494260698557,
0.03741411492228508,
0.030437324196100235,
0.06569135189056396,
-0.01605849526822567,
-0.0009236314799636602,
0.015340314246714115,
0.007193582598119974,
-0.005826177075505257,
-0.004117047414183617,
-0.03490609675645828,
-0.029488839209079742,
-0.0023794707376509905,
0.01379226241260767,
0.001711764489300549,
0.07068024575710297,
0.01029087882488966,
0.00007969673606567085,
-0.06712205708026886,
0.025295503437519073,
-0.0227248165756464,
-0.02683376707136631,
-0.00994865782558918,
0.03806373476982117,
0.03920966759324074,
-0.00686922250315547,
-0.02080393210053444,
-0.006837750785052776,
0.02234083227813244,
0.009508504532277584,
-0.0000379086886823643,
-0.028593754395842552,
-0.001546919927932322,
-0.03951491042971611,
0.001118639251217246,
0.005555270239710808,
-0.0026908470317721367,
-0.03948314115405083,
0.05366704612970352,
-0.008610142394900322,
-0.005354441702365875,
-0.010006923228502274,
-0.0035796191077679396,
0.06428128480911255,
0.017552582547068596,
-0.0016941661015152931,
-0.019599663093686104,
-0.034083038568496704,
0.038768280297517776,
-0.016232682392001152,
-0.0044750613160431385,
-0.02238767221570015,
-0.03004595637321472,
-0.005451184697449207,
-0.041493795812129974,
-0.0434124618768692,
0.011734003201127052,
-0.002583522582426667,
-0.04824354872107506,
-0.027994049713015556,
0.02996229939162731,
-0.03313107416033745,
-0.007103564217686653,
0.051241613924503326,
-0.07639928162097931,
0.02950931526720524,
0.004860008135437965,
-0.04778621718287468,
0.0098616573959589,
-0.04155031219124794,
-0.05129829794168472,
-0.053318142890930176,
-0.05259532853960991,
0.03165390342473984,
-0.054206375032663345,
-0.041230276226997375,
-0.021128367632627487,
0.025478791445493698,
-0.026601606979966164,
0.008022964932024479,
-0.026165055111050606,
0.00504313176497817,
-0.012740382924675941,
0.013306975364685059,
0.06691181659698486,
-0.015073668211698532,
0.00880567729473114,
0.012005033902823925,
-0.02577648125588894,
0.004124701954424381,
-0.02629181742668152,
0.023993423208594322,
0.03879919275641441,
-0.015085481107234955,
0.03712055832147598,
-0.042328134179115295,
0.03657621145248413,
-0.022553931921720505,
-0.02896158955991268,
-0.014495303854346275,
0.0003256676718592644,
-0.020302176475524902,
0.007438311818987131,
0.0009346089791506529,
-0.010614192113280296,
0.006272210273891687,
0.03350600227713585,
0.00427623838186264,
0.03975542262196541,
0.03589208051562309,
-0.0049009546637535095,
-0.05063416436314583,
0.015636513009667397,
0.0457356758415699,
-0.01743214763700962,
-0.02038605324923992,
-0.05293598398566246,
-0.013041941449046135,
0.011569694615900517,
-0.016694877296686172,
0.04784487932920456,
-0.015600071288645267,
0.025217672809958458,
0.025296436622738838,
0.041120510548353195,
-0.006767150945961475,
-0.033336982131004333,
0.010474921204149723,
-0.07543845474720001,
0.025824924930930138,
-0.021945083513855934,
-0.002851820318028331,
0.03768690302968025,
0.003959193825721741,
0.009326155297458172,
0.0030085770413279533,
-0.05108927935361862,
0.017094535753130913,
-0.027046091854572296,
-0.060984935611486435,
-0.03164123371243477,
-0.024301106110215187,
-0.010989903472363949,
0.03865618258714676,
-0.07290435582399368,
0.005463915877044201,
-0.0058287568390369415,
-0.03705310821533203,
0.004944675602018833,
0.019561855122447014,
0.06510872393846512,
-0.023722009733319283,
0.02186729572713375,
-0.05385100468993187,
0.028106581419706345,
0.020647859200835228,
0.05269533023238182,
-0.006696759257465601,
0.040408290922641754,
-0.06321784108877182,
0.05065150558948517,
0.0456949882209301,
-0.008843382820487022,
-0.004781986586749554,
0.02471809834241867,
0.0077109066769480705,
-0.03480835631489754,
0.05843443423509598,
-0.00915304571390152,
-0.016996361315250397,
-0.06527096033096313,
0.05761977285146713,
0.03376929089426994,
-0.059290505945682526,
-0.04904982075095177,
0.017733993008732796,
-0.046714674681425095,
0.05425288528203964,
0.01443937886506319,
-0.013996022753417492,
-0.015980573371052742,
0.06200975924730301,
0.0018168971873819828,
0.05359799787402153,
0.05883300304412842,
0.021909410133957863,
0.01592486910521984,
-0.009948746301233768,
0.07169859856367111,
0.07782392203807831,
0.07595645636320114,
0.009313772432506084,
0.06303047388792038,
-0.033050987869501114,
-0.05846408009529114,
0.013051243498921394,
0.009456469677388668,
-0.03989902511239052,
0.007949256338179111,
-0.007093183230608702,
0.05576787516474724,
0.004622350446879864,
0.07514137774705887,
-0.04481380805373192,
-0.025194739922881126,
-0.013449241407215595,
-0.012646988965570927,
0.005528552923351526,
0.056784432381391525,
-0.002582953544333577,
0.028204962611198425,
-0.04625977203249931,
0.007917123846709728,
0.00576547347009182,
-0.007301234174519777,
0.0028869733214378357,
-0.0004216596425976604,
-0.004694337956607342,
0.011053350754082203,
-0.006908786483108997,
0.009914693422615528,
0.07211478054523468,
-0.0374009944498539,
-0.03327777236700058,
0.014122902415692806,
0.06449340283870697,
-0.007815062999725342,
0.04471474513411522,
0.031728122383356094,
-0.035502079874277115,
0.007969607599079609,
-0.05412089824676514,
-0.006655414123088121,
0.041948918253183365,
0.026747722178697586,
0.012460746802389622,
-0.03310220688581467,
-0.053083110600709915,
0.01955411583185196,
0.0013335037510842085,
-0.06411947309970856,
-0.029490314424037933,
-0.030620867386460304,
-0.048235006630420685,
-0.05196993798017502,
-0.026863522827625275,
0.014949353411793709,
0.004826889839023352,
0.009891022928059101,
0.011165648698806763,
-0.04903500899672508,
0.006095213815569878,
0.009910091757774353,
-0.06776740401983261,
0.01984705775976181,
0.04724988341331482,
0.005314046982675791,
0.008566007018089294,
0.013939476571977139,
0.015511954203248024,
-0.02201089635491371,
-0.049868758767843246,
0.037318117916584015,
0.019946713000535965,
0.03311939910054207,
-0.00995052419602871,
-0.02845662832260132,
-0.08174316585063934,
0.01139763928949833,
0.004787256009876728,
-0.032637111842632294,
-0.09086590260267258,
0.057910699397325516,
-0.013296968303620815,
0.037739042192697525,
0.045210666954517365,
0.03816717863082886,
-0.029104506596922874,
-0.03647996485233307,
-0.03875749558210373,
-0.01955481804907322,
0.0366901271045208,
0.06745636463165283,
-0.015499360859394073,
0.049813900142908096,
0.028762659057974815,
-0.03714776411652565,
-0.02771938219666481,
0.003386019729077816,
0.01864716224372387,
-0.0031409685034304857,
-0.023222727701067924,
-0.07089180499315262,
-0.02266423963010311,
-0.08311881124973297,
0.018268205225467682,
0.01447587925940752,
-0.01602843962609768,
0.011813109740614891,
-0.0013622662518173456,
-0.02251371368765831,
0.008354426361620426,
-0.005028213374316692,
-0.02043389156460762,
0.009504771791398525,
-0.028711875900626183,
-0.03666168823838234,
-0.09045228362083435,
0.003915394190698862,
-0.031079551205039024,
0.0031408683862537146,
-0.012593136169016361,
-0.07448401302099228,
-0.0002757096663117409,
0.021289827302098274,
0.03430350124835968,
0.02842300944030285,
-0.022226203233003616,
-0.0008726834785193205
] |
298 |
Endless Jailbreaks with Bijection Learning
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=xP1radUi32
|
[
"Brian R.Y. Huang",
"Maximilian Li",
"Leonard Tang"
] |
Poster
|
Despite extensive safety measures, LLMs are vulnerable to adversarial inputs, or jailbreaks, which can elicit unsafe behaviors. In this work, we introduce bijection learning, a powerful attack algorithm which automatically fuzzes LLMs for safety vulnerabilities using randomly-generated encodings whose complexity can be tightly controlled. We leverage in-context learning to teach models bijective encodings, pass encoded queries to the model to bypass built-in safety mechanisms, and finally decode responses back into English. Our attack is extremely effective on a wide range of frontier language models. By controlling complexity parameters such as number of key-value mappings in the encodings, we find a close relationship between the capability level of the attacked LLM and the average complexity of the most effective bijection attacks. Our work highlights that new vulnerabilities in frontier models can emerge with scale: more capable models are more severely jailbroken by bijection attacks.
|
jailbreaking, redteaming, AI safety, AI alignment, adversarial robustness, adversarial attacks
|
We jailbreak frontier language models with a novel state-of-the-art encoding-based jailbreak, and we derive inverse scaling laws regarding the efficacy of our jailbreak.
| 13,633 |
2410.01294
|
[
-0.016481993719935417,
-0.02095223031938076,
-0.0323280394077301,
0.023577360436320305,
0.03959035500884056,
0.01470633689314127,
0.03982127085328102,
-0.01044289581477642,
-0.023250769823789597,
-0.0035969202872365713,
-0.020385174080729485,
-0.011782368645071983,
-0.07326751947402954,
-0.01102782879024744,
-0.01073299627751112,
0.046693697571754456,
0.022540248930454254,
-0.017864538356661797,
0.051178306341171265,
0.040024880319833755,
0.0092548793181777,
0.03298579528927803,
0.006998807657510042,
0.020986031740903854,
0.03881850466132164,
0.024347351863980293,
0.004954963456839323,
0.01246054656803608,
-0.059226490557193756,
0.0031640047673135996,
0.06852250546216965,
0.009525374509394169,
0.02322302758693695,
-0.016170816496014595,
0.016097918152809143,
0.04044805467128754,
-0.051000505685806274,
-0.01343794446438551,
0.015782387927174568,
0.05557193234562874,
-0.01859046332538128,
0.0271819606423378,
-0.015094236470758915,
-0.00434935512021184,
-0.05942487716674805,
0.004896445199847221,
-0.10766689479351044,
0.030257442966103554,
0.0017404003301635385,
-0.013432929292321205,
-0.1126209944486618,
0.04411296918988228,
-0.010901681147515774,
-0.004697699565440416,
0.04482882469892502,
0.027096882462501526,
0.03852545842528343,
-0.09578912705183029,
0.005576299969106913,
-0.05448678508400917,
-0.047447506338357925,
0.006635632831603289,
0.029417552053928375,
0.004627542570233345,
-0.015112149529159069,
-0.02571282722055912,
0.017572486773133278,
0.049425654113292694,
-0.07676693052053452,
-0.03718486428260803,
-0.022875921800732613,
0.01489728968590498,
-0.017221689224243164,
-0.011742212809622288,
0.023037344217300415,
-0.05083002150058746,
0.014093061909079552,
0.021082261577248573,
0.06190241873264313,
0.007532854098826647,
0.021024668589234352,
0.012420528568327427,
0.017245696857571602,
0.04197181016206741,
0.006969591602683067,
0.010853145271539688,
-0.05804309993982315,
0.001288546365685761,
-0.06890706717967987,
0.030814312398433685,
-0.008848000317811966,
-0.02798731066286564,
0.01519154105335474,
0.029491616412997246,
0.0067557985894382,
-0.000700575124938041,
-0.0017242913600057364,
0.047037165611982346,
-0.0035219721030443907,
0.023950137197971344,
0.02102736383676529,
-0.020191451534628868,
-0.0076462943106889725,
-0.020556457340717316,
-0.10587427765130997,
-0.004093072842806578,
-0.0323052704334259,
-0.00985436700284481,
-0.01886434480547905,
-0.03384885936975479,
-0.02230008691549301,
-0.012287362478673458,
-0.006586594972759485,
0.007451277691870928,
-0.07106336206197739,
0.05139203742146492,
-0.0028236291836947203,
-0.012812663801014423,
-0.014610638841986656,
0.01564665138721466,
0.041487179696559906,
0.05131102353334427,
-0.0003512813418637961,
0.06588120758533478,
0.012349537573754787,
0.004440830089151859,
0.011452474631369114,
0.04210515320301056,
0.023078924044966698,
-0.02701229602098465,
0.01361413300037384,
0.05214085057377815,
0.006762185599654913,
-0.001222808612510562,
0.006547694094479084,
0.004441974218934774,
-0.017343761399388313,
0.06691284477710724,
0.017311519011855125,
-0.01975005865097046,
0.007793824654072523,
-0.018382541835308075,
0.058558885008096695,
-0.03978699445724487,
0.06741692125797272,
0.01692727766931057,
-0.030299516394734383,
0.011632531881332397,
-0.010804906487464905,
0.004738163203001022,
0.010912918485701084,
0.003137124003842473,
-0.011603615246713161,
-0.05537395924329758,
0.009685401804745197,
0.06164722517132759,
0.028755318373441696,
0.010225195437669754,
-0.046413686126470566,
-0.01075124554336071,
-0.025132251903414726,
-0.02999047003686428,
-0.06155044212937355,
0.02050531841814518,
0.0007712398073635995,
-0.04127340391278267,
0.030683914199471474,
0.01751566305756569,
-0.004437848459929228,
0.003907542210072279,
-0.05131598562002182,
-0.004721973557025194,
0.04194119572639465,
-0.03806522116065025,
-0.058785807341337204,
-0.013986553996801376,
0.061676617711782455,
-0.01908056065440178,
0.034313738346099854,
0.026700692251324654,
-0.06644351780414581,
0.009566951543092728,
0.008230628445744514,
0.015991607680916786,
-0.0029707883950322866,
0.011041009798645973,
0.09074319899082184,
-0.03716851770877838,
0.03760715201497078,
0.022738691419363022,
-0.06245731934905052,
0.014563268981873989,
0.030365968123078346,
-0.018876617774367332,
0.04683058708906174,
0.0026871596928685904,
0.018340053036808968,
0.019988378509879112,
0.04418572038412094,
0.05599071830511093,
0.012200899422168732,
-0.005108947865664959,
0.041589535772800446,
-0.03189192712306976,
-0.04190027341246605,
0.0005431959289126098,
0.053775615990161896,
-0.05740766599774361,
-0.03473789244890213,
0.009961549192667007,
-0.009148798882961273,
-0.011407685466110706,
0.02440224401652813,
0.0024355086497962475,
-0.0006452301167882979,
-0.003887568600475788,
-0.03224293142557144,
0.015341234393417835,
0.019753439351916313,
-0.0598464235663414,
0.0067323860712349415,
0.0011748216347768903,
-0.006795339286327362,
0.02945266105234623,
-0.003409168217331171,
0.10895204544067383,
0.04330871254205704,
-0.03286299854516983,
0.03190331906080246,
-0.014029066078364849,
0.008466511964797974,
-0.026415476575493813,
-0.011683802120387554,
-0.052359145134687424,
0.01672438718378544,
0.02738792821764946,
0.002361938124522567,
-0.037060488015413284,
0.06095230579376221,
-0.030469020828604698,
-0.004052481148391962,
0.07681351155042648,
-0.048254236578941345,
0.05793111398816109,
-0.01690366305410862,
-0.006663783453404903,
0.03389487788081169,
-0.041963912546634674,
-0.011002537794411182,
-0.021974151954054832,
-0.048283424228429794,
-0.011950715444982052,
0.026032235473394394,
-0.012608214281499386,
0.028593571856617928,
-0.049265056848526,
-0.02879800647497177,
-0.029629964381456375,
0.03945833817124367,
0.049197711050510406,
-0.016207300126552582,
0.03295711800456047,
-0.021770145744085312,
-0.05699525773525238,
0.0032256508711725473,
-0.09827453643083572,
-0.002336794976145029,
0.030972331762313843,
0.04070006310939789,
-0.009975610300898552,
0.02741246111690998,
0.01231677271425724,
-0.002811278449371457,
-0.028660142794251442,
-0.01163729839026928,
0.022902777418494225,
0.041857823729515076,
0.021414797753095627,
-0.06614772230386734,
-0.027236271649599075,
-0.03204156085848808,
0.030489420518279076,
0.013845456764101982,
-0.025493882596492767,
-0.04170921817421913,
-0.047676604241132736,
-0.0027512614615261555,
-0.06047981232404709,
-0.04455501586198807,
0.022605588659644127,
0.0009318325901404023,
0.02155821956694126,
-0.031699568033218384,
0.024881407618522644,
0.010959205217659473,
0.045320793986320496,
0.022861823439598083,
0.03508111089468002,
-0.008955031633377075,
0.056867003440856934,
0.01279247086495161,
0.030582861974835396,
-0.015762263908982277,
0.010768462903797626,
-0.013223360292613506,
0.009817761369049549,
0.01719575934112072,
0.019869890064001083,
-0.2936921715736389,
-0.01509843673557043,
0.016358286142349243,
-0.02905421331524849,
0.0156550332903862,
0.022887807339429855,
0.0172888096421957,
-0.03421780839562416,
-0.03469070419669151,
-0.003935148939490318,
0.007002792786806822,
0.002168136416003108,
0.020508158951997757,
0.005423099268227816,
0.03286663442850113,
0.024065395817160606,
-0.019068453460931778,
-0.04494978487491608,
-0.0021739054936915636,
0.03834996372461319,
-0.020250897854566574,
-0.07893425971269608,
-0.015007322654128075,
-0.004190151579678059,
-0.006560624111443758,
0.05805705487728119,
-0.07030495256185532,
-0.012062420137226582,
-0.03059259243309498,
-0.0013266172027215362,
-0.030725210905075073,
-0.010711551643908024,
-0.028051897883415222,
-0.012913254089653492,
-0.005664570722728968,
0.011608466506004333,
0.03380491957068443,
-0.005874243564903736,
0.0028659505769610405,
0.03366726636886597,
0.016777152195572853,
-0.041009195148944855,
0.04135306179523468,
0.025084270164370537,
0.09778261929750443,
-0.005101285874843597,
-0.034515924751758575,
-0.015824170783162117,
-0.0343480184674263,
0.01307112630456686,
-0.002101021818816662,
-0.05541645735502243,
-0.01916242390871048,
0.029379243031144142,
0.025381438434123993,
-0.005950051825493574,
-0.030487772077322006,
-0.02226746641099453,
-0.035261303186416626,
0.027537861838936806,
0.04370708763599396,
-0.02154618315398693,
-0.03704943135380745,
-0.021988704800605774,
-0.013882443308830261,
-0.027944128960371017,
-0.04010304808616638,
-0.0664379894733429,
0.06673698127269745,
0.060440193861722946,
-0.013933984562754631,
0.03094339370727539,
0.012144668027758598,
-0.09552935510873795,
0.023840900510549545,
0.02583346888422966,
-0.024744633585214615,
-0.029755232855677605,
0.0220906101167202,
0.034454092383384705,
-0.08265870809555054,
-0.034406889230012894,
-0.0009295481722801924,
0.0010665806476026773,
0.034982919692993164,
-0.037236254662275314,
-0.011908215470612049,
-0.024127142503857613,
0.01233214046806097,
-0.022028176113963127,
0.05130649358034134,
0.029952336102724075,
0.011512658558785915,
-0.0023582978174090385,
0.04130157083272934,
0.021938329562544823,
0.07130854576826096,
0.032238833606243134,
0.02906893752515316,
0.03531209006905556,
-0.00732704671099782,
-0.039340272545814514,
0.018582148477435112,
-0.05236007273197174,
-0.009717458859086037,
0.04720056429505348,
-0.04544897750020027,
-0.004472779575735331,
0.05366312712430954,
-0.03579617664217949,
-0.02634553611278534,
-0.014610322192311287,
-0.00021799709065817297,
-0.021239109337329865,
-0.00547929247841239,
-0.01903591863811016,
0.010182191617786884,
0.04080605134367943,
0.048538804054260254,
-0.055123791098594666,
-0.07186410576105118,
0.0573933944106102,
0.02357027307152748,
0.0398678258061409,
-0.03804566338658333,
-0.03215830400586128,
0.010338716208934784,
0.036637283861637115,
0.02474246732890606,
-0.03253387287259102,
0.005875523202121258,
0.03514041006565094,
-0.016765248030424118,
0.019774872809648514,
0.04520570486783981,
0.005293984431773424,
0.003283362602815032,
-0.02414148487150669,
0.0052105700597167015,
-0.028937412425875664,
0.04157637432217598,
-0.02908501587808132,
0.05344751477241516,
0.026307709515094757,
0.009203002788126469,
-0.0009076354908756912,
0.02353109046816826,
0.0029396384488791227,
-0.017672434449195862,
0.011072990484535694,
0.01452244445681572,
-0.07505249977111816,
0.014108498580753803,
-0.057811636477708817,
0.036974579095840454,
0.016476379707455635,
0.021632220596075058,
0.0011758521432057023,
-0.01833559200167656,
-0.061657123267650604,
0.059166986495256424,
0.0013568581780418754,
-0.005162208341062069,
-0.008814733475446701,
0.027902621775865555,
0.06345139443874359,
-0.034695833921432495,
0.004521648399531841,
-0.010969861410558224,
0.0029390829149633646,
-0.024538183584809303,
-0.03239583969116211,
-0.035483118146657944,
-0.015504499897360802,
-0.017314398661255836,
-0.012698988430202007,
-0.014704274013638496,
-0.02217108942568302,
-0.047301456332206726,
0.025919998064637184,
-0.028834965080022812,
-0.01461821235716343,
0.01723148487508297,
0.008271551690995693,
0.08251315355300903,
-0.021066512912511826,
0.000005745564521930646,
-0.0194422397762537,
-0.03290610760450363,
0.019237283617258072,
-0.00825613271445036,
0.01194262970238924,
-0.022805357351899147,
-0.006744264159351587,
-0.02319929376244545,
-0.059922993183135986,
-0.026530539616942406,
0.03490437939763069,
0.015058227814733982,
-0.0030059998389333487,
0.010910590179264545,
-0.000950327783357352,
-0.011578691191971302,
0.0007763109169900417,
0.02376425638794899,
-0.049063052982091904,
0.0178183913230896,
0.04241492599248886,
-0.005033578258007765,
0.029507024213671684,
-0.025568876415491104,
-0.04880044609308243,
-0.02320406213402748,
-0.024484500288963318,
0.016606761142611504,
-0.003688116790726781,
-0.054528262466192245,
0.0005131289944984019,
-0.00946031603962183,
-0.01600872166454792,
0.011076198890805244,
-0.028366370126605034,
-0.013307669200003147,
-0.017215274274349213,
0.0114542031660676,
0.04888294264674187,
-0.029528189450502396,
-0.02534114196896553,
0.04795270040631294,
-0.009170308709144592,
0.06638473272323608,
-0.03518068790435791,
0.07298572361469269,
0.022298624739050865,
-0.027277817949652672,
0.01737235300242901,
-0.060537952929735184,
0.054144661873579025,
-0.03731852024793625,
-0.00403942633420229,
0.011477699503302574,
0.013985342346131802,
-0.02383168786764145,
-0.0029748871456831694,
-0.009107916615903378,
0.0044729202054440975,
0.014252635650336742,
0.030608486384153366,
-0.002876526676118374,
0.007754246238619089,
-0.005717020481824875,
0.07780663669109344,
-0.03226136043667793,
-0.01587928645312786,
0.06445349007844925,
-0.02797515131533146,
-0.005666589364409447,
-0.05921775847673416,
-0.016008129343390465,
0.0022631788160651922,
-0.017354801297187805,
0.044487468898296356,
-0.03881695866584778,
0.035980649292469025,
0.025525154545903206,
0.03079110197722912,
-0.0016895794542506337,
-0.037734970450401306,
0.03557790815830231,
-0.04824722185730934,
-0.0069583747535943985,
-0.04257413372397423,
0.06130172312259674,
0.05112298205494881,
-0.06840595602989197,
0.023793727159500122,
-0.0016959712374955416,
-0.0400497242808342,
0.0010987918358296156,
-0.015041888691484928,
-0.04514169692993164,
0.027627917006611824,
-0.02828066237270832,
-0.03332852944731712,
0.050722308456897736,
-0.03993463143706322,
0.01073647104203701,
-0.0074955676682293415,
-0.028971655294299126,
-0.0007698570843786001,
0.00494737271219492,
0.04148353636264801,
0.02154187485575676,
0.009885822422802448,
-0.0009807803435251117,
0.02732028253376484,
-0.00880100391805172,
0.00526281725615263,
0.03371749445796013,
0.022189615294337273,
-0.03475300222635269,
0.054884422570466995,
0.031302373856306076,
-0.00598139688372612,
0.004452729132026434,
-0.0002614282420836389,
-0.02934492565691471,
-0.08178596198558807,
0.06902915239334106,
-0.006500255782157183,
-0.02855876460671425,
-0.027702266350388527,
0.06956172734498978,
0.03137343004345894,
-0.04716549813747406,
-0.03224750980734825,
0.028839778155088425,
-0.053560588508844376,
-0.02620617114007473,
-0.0003228459390811622,
-0.005279844626784325,
-0.0047082845121622086,
0.07229243218898773,
0.005722423549741507,
0.04746711626648903,
0.06415887922048569,
0.032018568366765976,
-0.03267466276884079,
-0.0017855060286819935,
0.05494196340441704,
0.06373382359743118,
0.02614733576774597,
-0.00253440928645432,
0.06005054712295532,
-0.05786136910319328,
-0.0535084530711174,
0.006022640969604254,
-0.006572141777724028,
-0.019364850595593452,
-0.05111668258905411,
0.01583763025701046,
0.05134574696421623,
-0.007561177480965853,
0.06527983397245407,
-0.050741665065288544,
0.02010396681725979,
0.055136505514383316,
0.04085123911499977,
0.013644590973854065,
0.05220813304185867,
0.03114800527691841,
-0.010442104190587997,
-0.028513336554169655,
-0.0420105941593647,
-0.01529496256262064,
-0.020863739773631096,
-0.0021553407423198223,
0.007779089733958244,
-0.05396467074751854,
0.007721856236457825,
-0.027607042342424393,
0.027896378189325333,
0.09878769516944885,
-0.018131131306290627,
-0.010563458316028118,
0.02129874750971794,
0.028368568047881126,
0.04325759410858154,
0.024768171831965446,
-0.02403341606259346,
-0.010716215707361698,
-0.003955514635890722,
-0.02301640436053276,
0.022365394979715347,
0.0016243965364992619,
-0.017149822786450386,
0.02750863879919052,
0.009431560523808002,
-0.03790782392024994,
-0.0003836708201561123,
0.01804325357079506,
-0.01315263006836176,
-0.04222600534558296,
-0.02741527557373047,
-0.05780880153179169,
-0.03894606977701187,
-0.0530121773481369,
-0.0012449289206415415,
-0.0021610367111861706,
-0.05766928568482399,
0.03151901438832283,
-0.02652301825582981,
0.03337951377034187,
0.01187822688370943,
-0.06763721257448196,
0.02429846301674843,
0.06780819594860077,
0.024578668177127838,
0.020406924188137054,
0.028284139931201935,
0.0168193057179451,
-0.014553681947290897,
-0.0532488115131855,
0.0026767582166939974,
-0.025055015459656715,
0.014788076281547546,
-0.0019052011193707585,
-0.013716624118387699,
-0.10648034512996674,
-0.0017732896376401186,
0.05911480262875557,
-0.0069870552979409695,
-0.06798939406871796,
0.022598909214138985,
-0.03900984674692154,
0.023063458502292633,
0.0812411904335022,
-0.010964074172079563,
0.003990519791841507,
-0.026275934651494026,
0.008092401549220085,
0.009123188443481922,
0.0017250857781618834,
0.050968725234270096,
-0.004914887249469757,
0.06381221860647202,
0.006604449357837439,
-0.02066086418926716,
-0.02802523784339428,
0.043390799313783646,
-0.003981004003435373,
-0.03797980025410652,
-0.03604438528418541,
-0.00613013282418251,
-0.014986935071647167,
-0.0834757462143898,
-0.010255747474730015,
0.03439827635884285,
-0.0024630750995129347,
-0.041363369673490524,
-0.002176470821723342,
0.01338330376893282,
-0.024232877418398857,
-0.023382969200611115,
-0.006218361668288708,
0.012056472711265087,
-0.03284890204668045,
-0.004772435873746872,
-0.0450911819934845,
-0.0026893611066043377,
-0.052309371531009674,
0.02665581740438938,
-0.03809409961104393,
-0.05030835419893265,
0.028300639241933823,
0.015803758054971695,
0.077616386115551,
-0.011602625250816345,
-0.02646060101687908,
-0.00970924086868763
] |
299 |
GotenNet: Rethinking Efficient 3D Equivariant Graph Neural Networks
|
https://openreview.net/forum?id=5wxCQDtbMo
|
[
"Sarp Aykent",
"Tian Xia"
] |
Poster
|
Understanding complex three-dimensional (3D) structures of graphs is essential for accurately modeling various properties, yet many existing approaches struggle with fully capturing the intricate spatial relationships and symmetries inherent in such systems, especially in large-scale, dynamic molecular datasets. These methods often must balance trade-offs between expressiveness and computational efficiency, limiting their scalability. To address this gap, we propose a novel Geometric Tensor Network (GotenNet) that effectively models the geometric intricacies of 3D graphs while ensuring strict equivariance under the Euclidean group E(3). Our approach directly tackles the expressiveness-efficiency trade-off by leveraging effective geometric tensor representations without relying on irreducible representations or Clebsch-Gordan transforms, thereby reducing computational overhead. We introduce a unified structural embedding, incorporating geometry-aware tensor attention and hierarchical tensor refinement that iteratively updates edge representations through inner product operations on high-degree steerable features, allowing for flexible and efficient representations for various tasks. We evaluated models on QM9, rMD17, MD22, and Molecule3D datasets, where the proposed model consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both scalar and high-degree property predictions, demonstrating exceptional robustness across diverse datasets, and establishes GotenNet as a versatile and scalable framework for 3D equivariant Graph Neural Networks.
|
graph neural networks, computational physics, 3D graphs
|
GotenNet: An efficient framework that uses high-degree steerable features to model complex 3D molecular structures while maintaining E(3) equivariance.
| 13,629 | null |
[
-0.005428466480225325,
-0.02334756962954998,
0.023288195952773094,
0.03271272033452988,
0.02121184580028057,
-0.006300627253949642,
0.004083604086190462,
0.02341613918542862,
-0.00814311858266592,
-0.0533689446747303,
0.022964753210544586,
-0.0020747415255755186,
-0.05898824334144592,
0.04394473880529404,
0.022352885454893112,
0.060882002115249634,
0.041344571858644485,
0.014199287630617619,
-0.0006740315002389252,
0.0022002358455210924,
0.038028452545404434,
-0.02807779796421528,
0.012642031535506248,
-0.0019021574407815933,
0.06110725924372673,
-0.0144109558314085,
0.0140459593385458,
-0.025608042255043983,
-0.002048336900770664,
0.008803796954452991,
0.02666696161031723,
0.0016997638158500195,
0.0010663276771083474,
-0.06602385640144348,
0.022979965433478355,
0.021038759499788284,
-0.05348622798919678,
0.02147044986486435,
0.006317120976746082,
0.004969197325408459,
-0.0327712707221508,
-0.019657904282212257,
0.017231641337275505,
0.030449626967310905,
-0.029783256351947784,
0.006340551655739546,
-0.09586656838655472,
0.0579083114862442,
-0.0024040790740400553,
-0.040630605071783066,
-0.07647192478179932,
0.018511490896344185,
0.005542799364775419,
0.013997044414281845,
0.01534917950630188,
0.020390035584568977,
0.009855853393673897,
-0.025952177122235298,
-0.0037506776861846447,
-0.045665111392736435,
-0.020019525662064552,
0.0342073068022728,
-0.0014097109669819474,
0.023980697616934776,
-0.018725339323282242,
0.01889537274837494,
0.028782617300748825,
0.03151111677289009,
-0.07792637497186661,
-0.029386503621935844,
-0.00908259954303503,
0.019577397033572197,
-0.013282718136906624,
0.020609356462955475,
0.028967183083295822,
-0.03515882045030594,
-0.0013945500832051039,
-0.005060042720288038,
0.08402606099843979,
0.01953553967177868,
0.0032542746048420668,
0.039671704173088074,
-0.004527014214545488,
0.02067369967699051,
-0.027450574561953545,
0.017381569370627403,
-0.057471368461847305,
-0.00013280758867040277,
-0.08444087952375412,
0.059737637639045715,
-0.033353280276060104,
-0.0458441786468029,
0.018127327784895897,
0.03224925696849823,
0.019903481006622314,
-0.0429050587117672,
0.02487427368760109,
0.001167666050605476,
0.02351866289973259,
-0.005527894478291273,
-0.000953310402110219,
-0.03797915205359459,
0.004091158043593168,
-0.030195770785212517,
-0.08701091259717941,
-0.011979755014181137,
-0.026930639520287514,
-0.04452069476246834,
-0.03183149918913841,
-0.03249089792370796,
-0.059568651020526886,
0.0061671850271523,
0.0038258591666817665,
-0.009534795768558979,
-0.052845027297735214,
0.032894741743803024,
0.017903411760926247,
0.0064165773801505566,
0.012931776233017445,
0.023844100534915924,
0.06495759636163712,
0.04447411373257637,
-0.005789938382804394,
0.07561632990837097,
0.026583662256598473,
0.01736217364668846,
-0.00975730549544096,
-0.003313753055408597,
-0.01830599270761013,
-0.030813617631793022,
0.02759721875190735,
0.05463161692023277,
0.00017737575399223715,
0.021889332681894302,
0.027722114697098732,
-0.0740550085902214,
0.007570485584437847,
0.020230600610375404,
0.026790518313646317,
-0.011392510496079922,
-0.009552756324410439,
-0.04035625979304314,
0.03900641202926636,
-0.022807244211435318,
0.0702509731054306,
-0.029038680717349052,
-0.028128445148468018,
0.0032180945854634047,
0.001815103110857308,
0.02210390381515026,
0.009302588179707527,
-0.03141676262021065,
-0.007059837691485882,
-0.046057455241680145,
0.007154418621212244,
0.02983340620994568,
0.02369591034948826,
0.055186331272125244,
0.017523154616355896,
-0.02460002526640892,
0.029839826747775078,
-0.0199197456240654,
0.02127249911427498,
0.01399513240903616,
0.0039775073528289795,
-0.03299439698457718,
0.0024366697762161493,
0.038320429623126984,
-0.04723173752427101,
-0.004677492193877697,
-0.005969645455479622,
-0.055832840502262115,
0.036051005125045776,
-0.012124422006309032,
-0.0020035651978105307,
-0.02300882153213024,
0.03454111889004707,
0.006774222478270531,
0.01836068369448185,
-0.005736607126891613,
-0.08377712965011597,
0.05389004200696945,
0.04627833515405655,
-0.035327184945344925,
-0.01230834610760212,
-0.014707298018038273,
0.08879084140062332,
-0.031213931739330292,
0.016580145806074142,
0.02242167666554451,
-0.0626273900270462,
-0.03657955303788185,
0.03194786608219147,
-0.0313432402908802,
0.07367072999477386,
0.013113082386553288,
-0.004476009402424097,
0.038911353796720505,
-0.017436938360333443,
0.009728529490530491,
-0.003399391658604145,
0.0056459372863173485,
0.07924399524927139,
-0.02609987184405327,
-0.03824719786643982,
-0.029708772897720337,
0.039074938744306564,
-0.0601346492767334,
-0.044892411679029465,
-0.003487709676846862,
0.026919396594166756,
-0.02843284234404564,
0.008358773775398731,
-0.045117441564798355,
0.0022539107594639063,
0.0002599974104668945,
-0.008171617053449154,
0.020846489816904068,
0.002342757536098361,
-0.01718059740960598,
0.043554630130529404,
0.027193903923034668,
-0.023412039503455162,
-0.010031256824731827,
-0.04063396528363228,
0.11603301018476486,
0.08640962839126587,
0.0064347973093390465,
-0.0022833847906440496,
0.03148984536528587,
0.016791079193353653,
0.020870832726359367,
0.01427815668284893,
-0.030191749334335327,
0.01026079524308443,
-0.02416645735502243,
0.03399888426065445,
-0.019579363986849785,
0.07516608387231827,
-0.05884280800819397,
-0.017072344198822975,
0.05807306617498398,
0.008144020102918148,
0.03063957393169403,
0.015181889757514,
0.025003282353281975,
0.05121295526623726,
-0.03898269683122635,
-0.050159063190221786,
-0.04505166783928871,
-0.023435788229107857,
0.004671973176300526,
-0.012162315659224987,
-0.0052930149249732494,
0.031864747405052185,
-0.05432354658842087,
-0.0024908888153731823,
-0.012970148585736752,
0.07051238417625427,
0.04706641659140587,
0.007293909788131714,
-0.0002619467559270561,
-0.020752955228090286,
-0.034723591059446335,
-0.03866546228528023,
-0.10253506898880005,
-0.05969427525997162,
-0.03500376641750336,
0.04013484716415405,
0.034861598163843155,
0.08115063607692719,
-0.014421623200178146,
0.01489283237606287,
-0.0029318765737116337,
-0.008032644167542458,
0.00015280635852832347,
0.015332347713410854,
-0.01687541790306568,
-0.04370633140206337,
-0.028799377381801605,
0.04263193905353546,
0.06254875659942627,
0.03009047359228134,
-0.036703966557979584,
-0.01458786427974701,
-0.06065278872847557,
-0.013959812000393867,
-0.03478839620947838,
0.004236482083797455,
-0.01480604987591505,
0.040249377489089966,
-0.005959715694189072,
-0.045196715742349625,
-0.00311639835126698,
0.030444979667663574,
0.039205312728881836,
0.046113211661577225,
-0.012876814231276512,
-0.04904327169060707,
0.017526404932141304,
-0.0010809210361912847,
0.059731923043727875,
-0.013227075338363647,
0.007554496638476849,
-0.012555252760648727,
-0.008558697067201138,
0.00684407027438283,
-0.0011664576595649123,
-0.27965715527534485,
-0.028829023241996765,
0.0004296092374715954,
0.00517096696421504,
0.034608393907547,
-0.020189009606838226,
0.05213489383459091,
-0.04591120034456253,
-0.028821293264627457,
-0.005646767094731331,
0.011005066335201263,
0.03610823303461075,
-0.013012032955884933,
0.027958840131759644,
0.04116254299879074,
0.037513617426157,
0.012755734845995903,
-0.04602601379156113,
0.009341128170490265,
0.0402967669069767,
-0.015515949577093124,
-0.044862277805805206,
-0.05888809263706207,
0.01198157574981451,
-0.018762508407235146,
0.0000372587819583714,
-0.09898998588323593,
-0.026583261787891388,
-0.040022194385528564,
-0.01073367428034544,
-0.012145793065428734,
0.006031741388142109,
0.014546088874340057,
0.035303033888339996,
0.022231481969356537,
-0.014048784039914608,
0.03689059987664223,
-0.04584254324436188,
0.017096146941184998,
0.0009702658280730247,
-0.0030709784477949142,
0.002134382026270032,
-0.04922786355018616,
-0.0022331762593239546,
0.08189795911312103,
-0.011037647724151611,
-0.010676025412976742,
0.004606358241289854,
-0.024958256632089615,
0.0443776473402977,
-0.021375322714447975,
-0.05190054327249527,
-0.0015372547786682844,
-0.019131965935230255,
0.005272231996059418,
0.001957226311787963,
-0.01587378978729248,
0.026630552485585213,
-0.0069270627573132515,
0.02254682220518589,
0.04039149731397629,
-0.052904821932315826,
-0.022982027381658554,
-0.02372913807630539,
-0.036464888602495193,
-0.05322561040520668,
-0.06288919597864151,
-0.05591924116015434,
0.004943089094012976,
0.03143894672393799,
-0.016469916328787804,
0.04780850186944008,
-0.056819479912519455,
-0.07235443592071533,
0.06165961176156998,
0.006342801731079817,
-0.004849444143474102,
-0.03407055884599686,
0.022030340507626534,
0.004782919771969318,
-0.009017226286232471,
-0.02952674776315689,
0.007153602782636881,
0.042758334428071976,
0.034269630908966064,
0.008512903936207294,
0.011361782439053059,
-0.059662897139787674,
-0.01565524749457836,
-0.014277120120823383,
0.03176097571849823,
-0.016553029417991638,
0.05691239610314369,
0.007432591635733843,
0.028870733454823494,
0.01705898903310299,
0.012158659286797047,
0.01103818416595459,
0.042510535567998886,
0.00497817900031805,
0.05556292086839676,
-0.0510454960167408,
-0.018948206678032875,
-0.006825146730989218,
-0.050862278789281845,
0.014933300204575062,
-0.06348367035388947,
-0.001954749459400773,
0.05705860257148743,
0.03593863174319267,
-0.030509071424603462,
-0.016276676207780838,
-0.0018518372671678662,
-0.008987096138298512,
-0.018160387873649597,
-0.03671876713633537,
0.04098212346434593,
0.041204340755939484,
0.030754761770367622,
-0.03716534748673439,
-0.021040262654423714,
0.03902903571724892,
-0.007801066618412733,
0.014957488514482975,
-0.042551156133413315,
0.010052185505628586,
-0.012753628194332123,
-0.04749470204114914,
-0.012889361940324306,
0.024365294724702835,
0.006538497284054756,
0.03805583342909813,
0.011749221943318844,
0.024956878274679184,
0.06060965731739998,
-0.018510466441512108,
-0.025594431906938553,
-0.0011776959290727973,
0.0224501583725214,
-0.019836878404021263,
0.040938735008239746,
0.0024253774899989367,
0.0034608235582709312,
-0.008889004588127136,
0.05780482292175293,
0.020378462970256805,
0.03807273507118225,
0.01938360184431076,
-0.011175718158483505,
0.0128864087164402,
0.02695590816438198,
-0.0464177280664444,
-0.024490823969244957,
-0.0051453192718327045,
0.0026404268573969603,
0.004776707850396633,
0.02670106664299965,
-0.007739105261862278,
0.02703525312244892,
-0.04056829586625099,
0.04478909447789192,
-0.0011059466050937772,
-0.020560497418045998,
-0.024975603446364403,
-0.0038633099757134914,
0.06819560378789902,
-0.0005570831126533449,
0.003195160999894142,
0.01642340049147606,
-0.006205004174262285,
0.010922436602413654,
-0.03031456656754017,
-0.0318143330514431,
-0.025363195687532425,
-0.05141323059797287,
0.04002236947417259,
0.0019229371100664139,
-0.011750818230211735,
0.0007436497835442424,
0.011811683885753155,
0.008424825966358185,
-0.034802962094545364,
-0.006038110237568617,
0.01343686692416668,
0.047384437173604965,
0.0056512681767344475,
-0.012328104116022587,
-0.005715889390558004,
-0.03664500266313553,
0.05229886621236801,
0.03382207453250885,
0.03259575366973877,
-0.05986930802464485,
-0.020132120698690414,
-0.023423589766025543,
-0.029026685282588005,
0.012754102237522602,
0.028945211321115494,
-0.01635797694325447,
-0.015962611883878708,
0.002563257236033678,
0.03523744270205498,
-0.06265571713447571,
0.004148224834352732,
0.031587209552526474,
-0.0624590739607811,
-0.0013348995707929134,
0.040130749344825745,
0.011033119633793831,
-0.019510474056005478,
-0.018049519509077072,
-0.005955420900136232,
-0.06734460592269897,
-0.04472896084189415,
0.016032060608267784,
0.02235637791454792,
0.01908751390874386,
-0.022106563672423363,
-0.012137291952967644,
-0.011394936591386795,
0.01889626868069172,
0.021817702800035477,
0.0073269931599497795,
-0.03047098033130169,
0.0144078079611063,
0.04640921577811241,
0.026333723217248917,
0.005011496599763632,
-0.0247515756636858,
-0.01778116635978222,
0.031600892543792725,
-0.0402010902762413,
0.00938841886818409,
0.06208723038434982,
-0.02227676659822464,
-0.002522197552025318,
-0.050634995102882385,
0.008839488960802555,
0.032211530953645706,
-0.0156606025993824,
0.027684098109602928,
-0.021663501858711243,
-0.057320527732372284,
0.026527846232056618,
-0.008701286278665066,
0.013755373656749725,
0.022832587361335754,
0.006999049801379442,
0.002782383468002081,
0.019718023017048836,
0.02090277709066868,
-0.010249508544802666,
-0.03370232135057449,
-0.05725086107850075,
0.049745526164770126,
-0.024922220036387444,
-0.04041586443781853,
-0.06440448760986328,
-0.0021237870678305626,
-0.00540822371840477,
-0.02321881614625454,
0.0467032864689827,
-0.04422374814748764,
0.040372829884290695,
0.018824240192770958,
0.015247196890413761,
0.01182999461889267,
-0.08670245110988617,
0.041324812918901443,
-0.04764111712574959,
-0.0008423562394455075,
-0.04368002340197563,
-0.022708725184202194,
0.0507497601211071,
-0.03166615217924118,
-0.017648709937930107,
-0.01594902016222477,
-0.03007044829428196,
0.009405925869941711,
-0.018379054963588715,
-0.07796984910964966,
0.01240626722574234,
0.0016158914659172297,
0.020919356495141983,
0.03594188019633293,
-0.03969784080982208,
-0.03213713318109512,
-0.011784222908318043,
-0.034147799015045166,
-0.023382307961583138,
-0.009523437358438969,
0.03230396285653114,
-0.05967080593109131,
0.007891477085649967,
-0.010720474645495415,
0.01402722205966711,
0.02300775982439518,
0.0536012127995491,
0.03191033750772476,
0.053289081901311874,
-0.040944501757621765,
0.0749322846531868,
0.06536915898323059,
-0.016859687864780426,
0.04269997403025627,
0.03392056003212929,
0.0009657506016083062,
-0.0364786796271801,
0.03638247027993202,
0.048990730196237564,
-0.0002044376451522112,
-0.07539437711238861,
0.0726703554391861,
-0.008215176872909069,
-0.06282670795917511,
0.0067056044936180115,
0.05586240068078041,
-0.019510047510266304,
0.005809600930660963,
-0.007906490936875343,
-0.006390309426933527,
0.014519724063575268,
0.0516941174864769,
0.009792964905500412,
0.03599314019083977,
0.07191822677850723,
0.05081064999103546,
-0.015290500596165657,
-0.05600009858608246,
0.09303419291973114,
0.06030966341495514,
0.030411701649427414,
-0.009674200788140297,
0.05138251930475235,
-0.008316796272993088,
-0.05657291039824486,
0.005475729703903198,
0.047464124858379364,
-0.036763470619916916,
-0.028990428894758224,
0.022119656205177307,
0.08311200141906738,
-0.019232671707868576,
0.06841827929019928,
-0.024360818788409233,
0.03038189746439457,
-0.0003356079396326095,
-0.02109612710773945,
-0.007465745788067579,
0.04522543400526047,
0.019912639632821083,
0.04246791824698448,
-0.02485327236354351,
0.0016011990373954177,
-0.06727494299411774,
-0.0016204883577302098,
0.05020645260810852,
0.017570577561855316,
-0.026114486157894135,
0.040841229259967804,
-0.02262181043624878,
0.001939259935170412,
0.0879439264535904,
-0.006335217505693436,
-0.04931457340717316,
0.01760077103972435,
0.019663557410240173,
-0.043768126517534256,
0.04031882807612419,
0.0009350391337648034,
-0.015215287916362286,
-0.004637532401829958,
-0.043845366686582565,
0.028049523010849953,
0.0018314571352675557,
-0.0036326826084405184,
0.005689448211342096,
-0.02157125435769558,
-0.031435687094926834,
-0.013635675422847271,
0.020387817174196243,
-0.03704776242375374,
-0.062402430921792984,
-0.03107604570686817,
-0.07589790970087051,
-0.055711451917886734,
-0.07102832943201065,
0.0036571864038705826,
-0.013173487968742847,
-0.03636522218585014,
-0.011179530993103981,
-0.019255787134170532,
0.03141748160123825,
0.01802431233227253,
-0.0401097871363163,
-0.017980236560106277,
0.05857713520526886,
0.033784475177526474,
-0.014919029548764229,
0.05246336758136749,
0.024938717484474182,
-0.018402766436338425,
-0.015407375991344452,
0.050467394292354584,
0.007573098875582218,
0.04144161939620972,
0.013559618033468723,
-0.004958537872880697,
-0.10469087213277817,
0.02532847970724106,
-0.009033720940351486,
-0.05457423999905586,
-0.09422910958528519,
0.01033107191324234,
-0.017614854499697685,
0.00040777286631055176,
0.0435313954949379,
0.005102222319692373,
0.014149963855743408,
-0.02556237392127514,
0.018242059275507927,
0.002958301454782486,
-0.022205255925655365,
0.05834034085273743,
-0.02087201178073883,
0.051938947290182114,
0.05337408557534218,
-0.018990250304341316,
-0.01580033265054226,
-0.00803533848375082,
0.052917201071977615,
0.0064606801606714725,
-0.04625965282320976,
-0.0006061811000108719,
-0.05333424732089043,
-0.08638729900121689,
-0.0041447896510362625,
0.009035556577146053,
-0.022264618426561356,
-0.02083057537674904,
-0.024431582540273666,
0.0118569890037179,
-0.015065772458910942,
-0.002268519951030612,
-0.03269674628973007,
-0.005336109548807144,
-0.010027100332081318,
-0.027312446385622025,
-0.048281215131282806,
0.0013602599501609802,
-0.010428556241095066,
0.02555067464709282,
-0.035534150898456573,
-0.031866610050201416,
0.007277658209204674,
-0.04444345459342003,
0.009995694272220135,
-0.004919558763504028,
0.0685412660241127,
0.04247593879699707
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.