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# Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics
The Philippines competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan with two athletes who competed in alpine skiing. The country was also the first tropical nation and Southeast Asian country to feature in the Winter Olympics.
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
Cousins Juan Cipriano and Ben Nanasca represented the Philippines in alpine skiing. They were adopted as teenagers by a family in New Zealand and were part of a development team funded by the Swiss government.
Men
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2
--------------- -------------- --------- ------ ---------
Time Rank Time Rank Time
Juan Cipriano Giant Slalom 1:58.00 51 DNF
Ben Nanasca 1:54.59 48 2:11.61
Men\'s slalom
Athlete Classification
--------------- ---------------- --------
Time Rank Time 1
Juan Cipriano DNF --
Ben Nanasca 2:07.69 7
To commemorate the first participation of the above Filipino athletes in the first Winter Olympic Games in Asia, a leading Manila film company, Sampaguita Pictures and the Vera-Perez family behind it, filmed a feature film, Winter Holiday, on location in Sapporo and around the Games. Winter Holiday was a musical film which starred the most popular duo of singing film stars in Filipino movies at that time\--Nora Aunor and Tirso Cruz; and also the above-named skiers, Ben Nanasca and Johnny Cipriano, in minor roles playing themselves. The film debuted at the Manila Film Festival that year
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# Lough Carra
**Lough Carra** (`{{Irish place name|Loch Ceara}}`{=mediawiki}) is a marl lake of 4000 acre, in County Mayo, Ireland, about 8 mi south of Castlebar. It is approximately 6 mi long and varies in width from 400 yd to one mile (1.6 km). The average depth is 6 ft, with a maximum of 60. It drains into Lough Mask via the Keel River.
Lough Carra was part of the estate of the well-known Moore family of Moore Hall.
It is a well-known brown trout lough, and is situated northeast of Lough Mask
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# My Funny Friend and Me
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{{singlechart|Switzerland|91|artist=Sting|song=My Funny Friend And Me|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 October 2014}}
^
``
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# Capriccio Italien
***Capriccio italien***, Op. 45, is a 15-minute fantasy for orchestra by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Composed between January and May 1880, it premiered on 18 December that year (New System) in Moscow with Nikolay Rubinstein conducting the Orchestra of the Imperial Russian Musical Society. The dedicatee was cellist Karl Davydov. The work\'s initial name was *Italian Fantasia*, after Mikhail Glinka\'s Spanish pieces.
## Background
*Capriccio italien* was inspired by a trip Tchaikovsky took to Rome with his brother Modest as respite from the composer\'s disastrous marriage with Antonina Miliukova. It was there that the observant Tchaikovsky called Raphael a \"Mozart of painting.\" And from Rome he wrote to his friend Nadezhda von Meck:
> I have already completed the sketches for an Italian fantasia on folk tunes for which I believe a good fortune may be predicted. It will be effective, thanks to the delightful tunes which I have succeeded in assembling partly from anthologies, partly from my own ears in the streets.
Conductor JoAnn Falletta says:
> We are hearing foreigners\' views of Italy. \[...\] *Capriccio Italien* has great power even though it\'s practically a pops piece. Tchaikovsky knows what the instruments can do in a virtuoso way. He brings them to their limit in the most thrilling fashion. He has a gift for mixing families of instruments just right, like cantabile strings along with mighty brass. I hear the ballet element in everything Tchaikovsky writes, in his sense of rhythm. You can practically dance to \[this score\]!
## Structure
*Capriccio italien* is scored for: 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 2 cornets in A, 2 trumpets in E, 3 trombones (2 tenor, 1 bass), tuba, 3 timpani, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, bass drum, glockenspiel, harp and strings.
After a brief bugle call, inspired by a *Il Silenzio d'Ordinanza*, a bugle call Tchaikovsky heard daily in his rooms at the Hotel Costanzi, next door to the barracks of the Royal Italian Cuirasseurs, a stoic, heroic, unsmiling melody is played by the strings. Eventually, this gives way to music sounding as if it could be played by an Italian street band, beginning in the winds and ending with the whole orchestra. Next, a lively march ensues, followed by a lively tarantella. One of the main themes is another Italian folk song, precisely from Tuscany, *Bella ragazza dalle trecce bionde*.
The brothers were there during Carnival, and, despite calling it \"a folly,\" the composer was able to soak up Italian street music and folk songs which he then incorporated into his *Capriccio*. This enables some \"bright primary colors and uncomplicated tunefulness
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# Cedarview Middle School
**Cedarview Middle School** is a dual-track English/French immersion middle school in the Barrhaven neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Ottawa-Carleton District Board (OCDSB). Cedarview was opened in 1994. The building is characterized by its bright blue roof.`{{According to whom|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} As of the 2023-2024 school year, the principal is Shelley Neill and the vice-principal is Jennifer Stadler. The school is also home to a Grade 7 and 8 Congregated Gifted class and an autism program.
Cedarview holds a world record for Largest Simultaneous Yo-yo, which they broke on June 8, 2006. On June 6, 2006, the record was attempted by the entire staff and students, and the attempt was successful, beating the previous record by a mere six people. The record was featured in the Canadian edition of the Guinness Book of World Records 2008, in the upper right corner of page 7.Students have also participated in the Annual Cedarview Middle School Walkathon and raised over \$96,000 toward help for adults with multiple disabilities. Grade 8 teacher Barbara Troutman was awarded the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board\'s 2007 Community Award for her role in organising the event to raise funds and awareness within the school and community.
## Extra-curricular activities {#extra_curricular_activities}
The 2004 Cedarview Middle School flag football team won the Reebok NFL/CFL Flag Football national championship tournament at the 92nd Grey Cup in Regina, Saskatchewan. They went on to win the bronze medal at the 2004 NFL Reebok Flag Football World Championship
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# Don Mitchell (geographer)
**Don Mitchell** (born 1961) is professor of human geography at Uppsala University and Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the geography department at the Maxwell School, Syracuse University.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
From an academic household in California, he is a graduate of San Diego State University (1987) and Pennsylvania State University (1989), as well as receiving his PhD from Rutgers University in 1992, working with Neil Smith. He taught at the University of Colorado Boulder before joining Syracuse University in the late 1990s.
In 1998, he became a MacArthur Fellow, and in 2008 a Guggenheim Fellow. He was awarded the Retzius Medal from the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in 2012.
## Scholarship
Considered an influential Marxist scholar, he is best known for his work on cultural theory, showing how landscapes embody historical links to struggle, oppression, and the unacknowledged labor involved in their creation and maintenance. He has applied this to the history of immigrant labor in California\'s agricultural landscapes, privatized public spaces, and public parks where homeless people are threatened or evicted.
Mitchell has written extensively on homelessness in the United States. In his 2020 book *Mean Streets*, he examines the structural causes of homelessness and the role capitalism has played in creating and exacerbating it. He posits that as racist and unjust as U.S. capitalism was during the Keynesian period following the New Deal, social welfare programs mitigated its harshest excesses, a situation which changed during the transition to a neoliberal economy starting in the 1970s and accelerating under the Reagan administration. He argues: \"The world can be organized such that it doesn't simultaneously produce the people we call homeless and the thinking that we have to get rid of them.\"
## Books
### As author {#as_author}
- *Mean Streets: Homelessness, Public Space, and the Limits of Capital* (2020). University of Georgia Press.
- *They Saved the Crops: Labor, Landscape, and the Struggle over Industrial Farming in Bracero-Era California* (2012). University of Georgia Press.
- *The People's Property? Power, Politics, and the Public* (with Lynn Staeheli, 2008). New York: Routledge.
- *The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space* (2003). New York: Guilford Press.
- *Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction* (2000). Blackwell Publishing. `{{ISBN|1-55786-892-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape* (1996). University of Minnesota Press.
### As editor {#as_editor}
- *Justice, Power and the Political Landscape* (ed. with Kenneth Olwig, 2009). London: Routledge
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# Otto von Bülow
**Otto von Bülow** (16 October 1911 -- 5 January 2006) was a German U-boat commander in World War II, and a captain in the *Bundesmarine*. He was a recipient of the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.
## Family
Bülow was born in Wilhelmshaven as the son of Captain Otto von Bülow (1874--1930) and Johanna Meyer (1883--1937). He was descended from the Bülow family, an old aristocratic family from Mecklenburg. On 5 June 1937 he married Helga Christiansen (born 2 April 1914 in Rødding, Denmark, then a part of Germany). Bülow was the chairman (1970--1988) and afterwards honorary chairman of the Bülow Family Association.
## Military career {#military_career}
Bülow joined the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1930, and completed his basic training in Stralsund. His first assignment was on the *Niobe*, a German training ship, from July until October 1930. He then served on the Light Cruiser *Emden* until the start of 1932. He then went back to Stralsund for more training, and between 1932 and 1933 he trained at the Naval Academy Mürwik.
In 1933 he was stationed on the cruiser *Deutschland*, where he was Battery commander. He later served on the *Emden*, the `{{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}}`{=mediawiki}, and later on a landbased assignment in Pillau until 1940.
In April 1940 Bülow transferred to the U-boat service, and completed his training on 11 November 1940. He was posted as commander of the `{{GS|U-3|1935|2}}`{=mediawiki} in the 21st U-boat Flotilla. On 6 August 1941 he took command of `{{GS|U-404||2}}`{=mediawiki} in the 6th U-boat Flotilla. He sank 15 ships whilst in *U-404*, including a Royal Navy destroyer (`{{HMS|Veteran|D72|6}}`{=mediawiki}), and damaged 2 other ships. He received the Knight\'s Cross on 20 October 1942, and in April, 1943, the Knight\'s Cross with Oak Leaves for the assumed [sinking](http://www.airgroup4.com/bulow.htm) of `{{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}}`{=mediawiki}. On 1 September 1943 he was reassigned as commander of the 23rd U-boat Flotilla based in Danzig.
In May 1945, Bülow was taken prisoner by the British, and was released in August of that year. In 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and was the garrison chief of Bremerhaven. He received command of the German Destroyer *Z-6* in 1962. In 1963, he became commander of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron. Before he retired in 1970 he was the garrison chief of Hamburg for five years. He died in Wohltorf
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# Anthony Adducci
**Anthony J. Adducci** (August 14, 1937 -- September 19, 2006) was a pioneer of the medical device industry in Minnesota. He is best known for co-founding Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., the company that manufactured the world\'s first lithium battery-powered artificial pacemaker. The lithium-iodide cell revolutionized the medical industry and is now the standard cell for pacemakers.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Adducci was born in Chicago, Illinois on August 14, 1937, to Alexander James Adducci and Valeria Maria (Vigna, Bona) Adducci. Adducci\'s maternal grandfather, Lorenzo Valerio Bona, was Juventus FC forward and Commander and Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Adducci\'s family originated from the town of Alessandria del Carretto in Italy.
In 1951, he graduated from St. Catherine of Genoa Grammar School, in the Roseland neighborhood of Chicago. He attended Saint Mary\'s University of Minnesota, receiving the BS in Physics in 1959. He pursued additional study in electrical engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology and in business administration at the University of Minnesota.
## Career
### Jensen Manufacturing {#jensen_manufacturing}
In 1960, Adducci was employed as an acoustical engineer for the Jensen Manufacturing Company in Chicago, Illinois where he engaged in the design and development of loudspeakers and horns.
### International Telephone and Telegraph {#international_telephone_and_telegraph}
In 1961, he joined International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation in Chicago Illinois where, as a development engineer, he instructed numerous training courses on digital data communication systems and as a senior test engineer directed ITT personnel in electro-interference testing of the Boeing Minuteman (missile) for the Strategic Air Command. He also taught high-level courses to the United States Air Force in Biloxi, Mississippi.
While in Chicago in 1963, Adducci worked with a local physician and developed an electronic ear thermometer used to detect the time of ovulation in the human female. He developed an earplug and a recording device that would measure the tympanic temperature and got his wife, who was a nurse, to measure her temperatures, and they were able to predict ovulations. They published a paper in an IEEE journal (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) biomedical area.
### Sperry Rand Corporation {#sperry_rand_corporation}
In August 1964, he accepted a position with the Sperry Rand Corporation\'s UNIVAC Division in St. Paul, Minnesota as a system design engineer engaged in the logic design of computer peripheral equipment.
### Medtronic
In April 1966, he was hired by Earl Bakken, CEO of Medtronic as a Sales Engineer. Adducci was the ninetieth employee at the time. While at Medtronic he served in various technical and marketing responsibilities including, sales administration manager, and pacemaker consulting specialist. He taught surgeons around the United States the basics of how pacemakers work and how to insert the pacemaker into the body. Adducci was involved in over fifty surgeries while at Medtronic.
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# Anthony Adducci
## Career
### Cardiac Pacemakers Inc. (CPI) {#cardiac_pacemakers_inc._cpi}
Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. was founded by Anthony Adducci, Manny Villafaña, Arthur Schwalm, and James Baustert, each with experience in a different aspect of the pacemaker business. All four had built their careers at Medtronic. The founding partners had multiple lawsuits by and against Medtronic, all settled out of court. The first \$50,000 capitalization for CPI was raised from a phone booth on the Minneapolis skyway system. They began designing and testing their implantable cardiac pacemaker powered with the world\'s first longer-life lithium battery in 1971. The first CPI pacemaker was implanted in June 1973.
#### Acquisition and mergers {#acquisition_and_mergers}
In early 1978, CPI was concerned about a friendly takeover attempt. Despite impressive sales, the company\'s stock price had fluctuated wildly the year before, dropping from \$33 to \$11 per share. Some speculated that the stock was being sold short, while others attributed the price to the natural volatility of high-tech stock. As a one-product company, CPI was susceptible to changing market conditions, and its founders knew they needed to diversify. They considered two options: acquiring other medical device companies or being acquired themselves. They chose the latter.
Several companies expressed interest in acquiring CPI, including 3M, American Hospital Supply, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson. However, Eli Lilly, one of America\'s premier pharmaceutical companies, was the most enthusiastic suitor. \"Lilly had the research expertise, highly compatible interests, and similar values,\" Anthony Adducci recalls. \"At CPI, we haven\'t been able to dedicate the dollars and time necessary to develop new products beyond our staple lithium-powered pacemaker. Lilly was a \$2 billion company. We knew they had tremendous resources, especially in research and development.\" Additionally, Eli Lilly and CPI were already interested in developing insulin pumps, and Lilly was working with cardiovascular drugs, a natural link to CPI\'s heart pacemaker business.
Before the final negotiations in late 1978, there were numerous flights between Minneapolis and Indianapolis for CPI principals and representatives of Piper, Jaffray & Hopwood\'s corporate finance department. Finally, both sides sat down at the bargaining table at a motel in suburban Bloomington, Minnesota -- Lilly, the pharmaceutical giant, and CPI, the upstart pacemaker company. CPI\'s negotiation team included Anthony Adducci, Art Schwalm, Tom King, and Hunt Greene.
The company sold 8,500 pacemakers increasing sales from zero in 1972 to over \$47 million. In December 1978, it was acquired by Eli Lilly and Company for \$127 million.
## Board of directors {#board_of_directors}
- Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of St. Paul/Minneapolis
- Trustee of Saint Mary\'s University of Minnesota.
- Development Committee of the North American College of Rome
- Health Advisory Council of the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota
- Horizon Industries (founding director)
- Deltec in Arden Hills (founding director)
- Check Technology (founding director)
- Medical Graphics Corporation in Vandais Heights (founding director)
- Dimensional Medicine in Minnetonka (founding director)
- Delphax in Minnetonka (founding director)
- [CAPSULE](http://www.capsule.us/) design in Minneapolis (founding director)
- [North American Banking Companies](http://www.nabankco.com/) (founding director)
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# Anthony Adducci
## Philanthropy
Adducci founded The Adducci Family Foundation. A Charitable foundation with a special interest in child abuse, battered woman and special educational programs for the elderly.
With donations and support, Saint Mary\'s University of Minnesota named the science building to Adducci Science Center.
## Honors
- Induction into the Minnesota Science and Technology Hall of Fame
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
- Knight in the Order of Malta.
- Commander of the Maricopa County Sheriff\'s Office Community Service Posse.
- 2nd degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do Karate
- 4th degree black belt in Aikido and founder of the Minnesota Ki Society.
- Saint Mary\'s University Distinguished Alumnus
- Saint Mary\'s University Heritage Award
## Publications
- \"Transient Distortion in Loudspeakers\", May--June 1961
- \"Ovulation Detection by Internal Cranial Temperature Measurements\", January, 1965
## Held patents {#held_patents}
- [PT#: 3822707 Metal-Enclosed Cardiac Pacer with Solid-State Power Source -- Image Document](https://patents.google.com/patent/US3822707?oq=anthony+adducci)
- [PT#: 3822707 Metal-Enclosed Cardiac Pacer with Solid-State Power Source -- Text Document](https://archive.today/20121214080953/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/3822707/)
An improved heart pacer including the conventional combination of a pulse generator, electrode means, and electrode leads coupling the pulse generator to the electrodes, wherein the battery power source of the pulse generator is a solid-state battery with a lithium anode and a lithium-iodide electrolyte.(see Wilson Greatbatch, ed.). The pacer structure is enclosed in a hermetically sealed metallic enclosure, with means being provided in the enclosure for passing electrode leads in sealed relationship therethrough. The outer surface of the casing is polished metal and is continuous in all areas. In certain instances, the continuity may be with the exception of the zone through which the external electrode leads pass.
## Personal
In August 1998 he became the Commander of the Maricopa County Sheriff\'s Office Community Service Posse in Arizona.
Adducci was married to Sandra Gordon. They had three children: Michael, Brian, and Alicia and six grandchildren.
Adducci died in Scottsdale, Arizona on September 19, 2006, of Multifocal motor neuropathy at the age of 69
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# Burton Paulu
**Burton Paulu** (June 25, 1910 -- March 8, 2003) was a pioneer in American educational radio and television, an internationally recognized scholar of comparative broadcasting, and a lifelong lover of classical music.
Based for five decades at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Paulu was the author of five books and dozens of articles on radio and television in Great Britain and on the continent of Europe. His work introduced American scholars and the interested public to broadcasting systems in Eastern and Western European countries where the role of the government and of advertising contrasted sharply with US practices. He taught and lectured widely in the US and Europe and held three appointments in the journalism department of Moscow State University, the first at a time when academic contacts between the US and the then - Soviet Union were rare and the last, when he was 81 years old, as the Soviet Union was collapsing.
Paulu became manager of University of Minnesota radio station KUOM in 1928, in the early years of broadcasting, and participated in the development of public radio and television in the US, presiding as the University of Minnesota expanded its broadcasting activities to include short-lived innovations such as the use of closed circuit television to teach college courses and permanent changes to the American broadcasting landscape such as the introduction of educational television to the general public. He taught classes on American and international broadcasting until he retired with the title of professor and director of the University\'s Media Resources Department in 1978.
Born in Pewaukee, Wisconsin, and raised in small towns in South Dakota, Paulu developed an early interest in classical music as a result of hearing the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra perform when he was a boy. His broadcasting career began in 1929, when he was working toward a degree in music at the University of Minnesota and took a part-time job as a student announcer at the university\'s young radio station WLB (later KUOM). He earned a BA (1931) and BS (1932) in music along with an MA degree in history from the University of Minnesota. While stationed in London and Luxembourg with the United States Office of War Information during World War II he developed an interest in European broadcasting, and in 1949 was awarded a PhD in communications from New York University.
He was a frequent substitute trombonist for the Minnesota (formerly Minneapolis) Orchestra from the 1940s to the 1960s and contributed significantly to the Orchestra\'s oral history project through a series of taped interviews with performing artists.
Among Paulu\'s numerous awards were five Fulbright Scholarships, three Ford Foundation grants, and a Sigma Delta Chi Award for journalism research. He served as president of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters and was a member of US delegations to UNESCO.
Paulu was married for 60 years to the former Frances Tuttle Brown and was the father of three; he died at age 92 of Parkinson\'s
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# Aubrietia-class sloop
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# Thomas Tharayil (bishop of Kottayam)
**Thomas Tharayil** (5 May 1899 -- 26 July 1975) was an eparchial bishop of the Knanaya Catholic Eparchy of Kottayam, belonging to the Syro-Malabar Church. He was born in Kaipuzha, India. He is buried in Christ the King Cathedral Kottayam
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# Lists of schools in South Africa
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# Helicocranchia pfefferi
***Helicocranchia pfefferi***, the **banded piglet squid**, is a small squid of the genus *Helicocranchia*. Adults of this species are mesopelagic.
## Physical characteristics {#physical_characteristics}
The average size of adult *H. pfefferi* is 100 mm in mantle length (ML). The body consists of a large funnel with small paddle-like fins. They have small tentacles above their eyes. The funnel does not have valves, but contains a dorsal pad with three papillae as organs. Paddle-shaped fins are attached to a part of the gladius. *H. pfefferi* has a single ocular photophore and does not have photophores at its arm tips.
## Habitat
*H. pfefferi* can be found in subtropical areas of the Atlantic Ocean. As paralarvae (\<30 mm ML), they live near the surface of the oceans, between 100 m and 200 m deep. They descend to the mesopelagic zone as they mature, but exhibit a diel vertical migration pattern.
## Prey
Its diet resembles that of most squid: fish, shrimp, and squid
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# Fjellfly
**Fjellfly** (literally \"Mountain Fly\") was a Norwegian airline which operated between 1954 and 1972. The airline was based at Skien Airport, Geiteryggen and served a diverse range of general aviation activities and a limited scheduled services. Major undertakings included distribution of the newspaper *Dagbladet*, flying tourists into mountainous areas such as Hardangervidda and crop dusted forest areas. A scheduled service was introduced from Skien to Oslo Airport, Fornebu in 1963, and was extended to Sandefjord Airport, Torp and Hamar Airport, Stafsberg four years later. At its peak in 1965, the airline had a fleet of fourteen aircraft.
Owned by Snorre and Reidun Kjetilson, the airline was established in 1954 in Drammen. Operations started out of Skien the following year. In addition to a range of Cessna, Piper, Fairchild and other smaller aircraft, Fjellfly operated the 10-passenger Noorduyn Norseman for most of its existence. From the mid-1960s it introduced the 16-passenger Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer on the scheduled flights, at the time the only aircraft of such a size that could land at Geiteryggen. From 1967, the airline started flying out of Vest-Telemark Airport, Fyresdal and established a pilot school at Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. With the runway at Geiteryggen extended in 1970, the airline went over the de Havilland Heron on the scheduled services. Fjellfly filed for bankruptcy in 1972.
## History
The airline was established by Snorre Sturla Kjetilson and his wife Reidun. Originally from Rjukan, Snorre lived in Drammen when he decided to take his pilots\' license. Along with an investor, Kjetilson bought a Cessna 180 from Thor Solberg in 1954 and established Drammen Flyselskap. The investor quickly lost faith in the airline and sold his share to Kjetilson. To secure sufficient business, he contacted several newspapers, and agreed to fly *Dagbladet* from Oslo to the Grenland area daily. From 1955 the airline flew from the seaplane aerodrome at Oslo Airport, Fornebu to Herøya in Porsgrunn and onwards to Hjellevatnet in Skien. Later in the year, wheels were mounted on the aircraft, and it started flying to Geiteryggen. Geiteryggen became the airline\'s base, and the Kjetilsons moved to Skien in 1957.
The airline took delivery of a used Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer on 3 September 1963. The remainder of the year the aircraft was grounded at Geiteryggen for an overhaul. Among the planned uses of the aircraft had originally been crop dusting, but this was never carried out. The aircraft\'s test flight took place on 24 April 1964 and the aircraft entered service on 2 May, flying FC Odd to Bergen to play a football match. In addition to charter, the 16-passenger aircraft was sometimes used on the round trips to Oslo. Fjellfly was the only Norwegian operator of the Twin Pioneer.
Fjellfly received permission to operate a scheduled \"line taxi\" service from Skien to Fornebu. This implied that the route was flown with less administrative work, but limited the size of the aircraft. The services started on 1 March 1963 using the Twin Pioneer. At the time, only a single pilot in the country had the necessary type rating for the aircraft. The Twin Pioneer was expensive, having high fuel consumption, high maintenance costs and slow speed. In addition, it had too high capacity for the Fornebu route. Kjetilson considered purchasing the de Havilland Dove, but no deal was struck. A scheduled service from Skien via Sandefjord Airport, Torp and Oslo Airport, Fornebu to Hamar Airport, Stafsberg was established from 2 May 1967.
Kjetilson was one of the driving forces behind Vest-Telemark Airport, Fyresdal. He had faith in that the area was superb for tourism and told *Telemark Arbeiderblad* on 16 September 1967 that he would donate the airline to the municipality if Fyresdal did not have continental traffic within two years. The airport opened on 23 September. Fjellfly established a pilot school at Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik the same year. With the upgrading of Geiteryggen to a longer, paved runway, the airline started looking for a more economical aircraft. In 1969, Fjellfly bought a de Havilland Heron from Tokyo, Japan, and flew it home, arriving in February 1970. After a minor renovation, which included a renewal of the interior, the aircraft was put into service in the scheduled traffic.
A second Heron was bought in 1971 and registered on 10 February 1972. However, it would never enter service. By March Fjellfly was bankrupt. As Geiteryggen was operated by the airline, the airfield also closed, but was soon reopened. After the bankruptcy the aviation authorities were criticized for giving the schedule concession in 1967 to Fjellfly, as the privilege was granted based on rural politics concessions while the company did not have sufficient financial security to operate the route.
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# Fjellfly
## Operations
Newspaper flying was one of the airline\'s main contracts. *Dagbladet* and *Verdens Gang*, the two main non-subscription newspapers, had a fierce competition to bring their newspapers first to the market. Fjellfly had a contract to distribute *Dagbladet* from Oslo to Hamar, Tønsberg, Sandefjord, Skien, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Bergen and Trondheim. If weather conditions did not allow visual flight rules, the latter four would be transported by scheduled services instead. In extreme cases where the weather did not allow flights to the airports in Eastern Norway, Fjellfly was responsible for distributing the newspaper by road.
To supplement the newspaper flights, Kjetilson started a systematic campaign to fly tourist into the mountain areas of Hardangervidda and Setesdalsheiene. The airline established a summer base at Møsvatn. The Cessna 180 was equipped with hydraulic skis, allowing the aircraft to land both on runways and frozen lakes. The peak period was during the hunting season in September. The airline also flew a route with *Dagbladet* which it dropped at about 65 hotels and resorts in a six- to seven-hour trip. By the 1960s, the airline flew a regular service Skien--Oslo--Sandefjord--Larvik--Skien.
From 1963 Fjellfly started crop dusting forests with fertilizer on a contract with Felleskjøpet. A Cessna 185 seaplane was bought for the job, which allowed it to be used for crop dusting in May and June, and for passenger flights the rest of the year. The first such flight took place on 3 May 1963. Although some of these operations took place from airstrips, most of the work was carried out using seaplanes. At the peak, four aircraft were used for crop dusting: two 185s, a Piper Super Cub and a Pilatus Porter. During the 1960s, Fjellfly had two domesticated bears which were held at the airport.
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# Fjellfly
## Fleet
Aircraft No
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| 2 |
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# Bife a cavalo
`{{steak}}`{=mediawiki} ***Bife a cavalo***, ***bife com ovo a cavalo***, or ***bife a caballo*** is a traditional dish in Portugal, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It consists of a grilled, or sometimes pan-fried steak, with fried eggs on top. It is usually served with rice and beans, a salad, and French fries. Its name literally means \"horseback-riding steak\", as an allusion to the appearance that the fried eggs are \"riding\" the steak. In Argentina, *bife a caballo* is usually served with French fries.
It may be prepared from several beef cuts, such as *alcatra*, *coxão-mole*, *maminha*, or *fraldinha*.
## Origin
\"Steak on horseback\" is a recipe of European origin, believed to be from England. In France, it was known as *bifteck à cheval* or *œuf à cheval* (\"egg on horseback\"), consisting of grilled beef steak, with fried eggs on top. Its appearance resembled riding saddles. It arrived in Brazil with the Portuguese, under the influence of the French name
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# George Carew, 4th Baron Carew
**George Patrick John Carew, 4th Baron Carew** (1 February 1863 -- 21 April 1926), was an Anglo-Irish hereditary peer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carew was the younger son of Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, and his wife Emily Anne Philips, daughter of Sir George Philips, 2nd Baronet. He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge.
## Later life {#later_life}
Carew succeeded to the Carew baronies and to a seat in the House of Lords upon the death of his childless elder brother Robert Carew, 3rd Baron Carew, in 1923.
## Marriage
Carew married Maud Beatrice Ramsay on 5 October 1888. They had no children.
## Death
Lord Carew died in April 1926 at the age of 63. As he had no son, he was succeeded in the baronies by his first cousin, Gerald
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# Concierto heroico
The ***Concierto heroico*** for piano and orchestra was composed by Joaquín Rodrigo for pianist Leopoldo Querol between 1935 and 1943.
Rodrigo began work on the concerto in 1935 and completed the first two movements before setting the work aside; having forgotten about it, he returned and completed it in 1945. The piece is called \"heroic\" because of the martial rhythms and fanfares of the first movement. Such touches were common to the era and were sometimes erroneously taken to suggest Rodrigo\'s support of Francisco Franco.
A modified version of the concerto, produced for Joaquín Achúcarro, was first performed in 1999; this removed two virtuosic cadenzas and balanced the relationship between the piano and orchestral parts.
## Movements
The piece is in four movements:
- *Allegro con brio*
- *Scherzo* (allegro molto ma pesante)
- *Largo*
- *Finale*
A typical performance of the concerto lasts about 30 minutes
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# HoopWorld
***HoopWorld*** is a 3-on-3 multiplayer arcade basketball game with a kung-fu power-up twist, released in North America on July 19, 2010 and in the PAL region on August 13, 2010 exclusively for WiiWare. HoopWorld utilizes power-up gameplay, basketball and Kung-fu to create a unique and competitive experience reminiscent of *Arch Rivals*, *NBA Jam*, and *Power Stone*.
## Gameplay
HoopWorld is an action sports basketball game in arcade style where two teams fight each other in order to defend their home courts. The point of the game is to get the highest score possible before match time runs out. The player runs, fights, kicks, steals the ball from opponents, and performs dunks and ball passes to win the match. Mystery Boxes will appear randomly on the court during the match revealing one of eight power-ups that impact game play.
The game comes with three game modes (Quick Match, Tournament, and Survival) and has four difficulty levels (easy, normal, difficulty, and crazy) that enable the player to unlock teams and courts when played in Tournament mode. HoopWorld is an offline multiplayer game that can be played with 1-2 players. There is also an online leader board allowing players to upload their accumulated scores generated in Tournament mode. There are six available courts that are set in nature and outdoor locations, such as a jungle, a volcano, a Caribbean island, a Greek village, a desert, and a mystical forest. Each court is defended by its respective team that the player can pick from.
## History
*HoopWorld* was first announced in 2005 for release on XBLA in spring 2006. In September 2006, the game was postponed due to quality and gameplay concerns and Streamline Studios announced engineering support from Spanish developer and publisher Virtual Toys. In 2008, the developers decided to release *HoopWorld* as a WiiWare title slated for release in 2010. The game launched in North and South America on July 19, 2010, and in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand on August 13, 2010, where it is available for the same amount of 1000 Wii Points under the title *HoopWorld BasketBrawl*.
Programmer Tommy Refenes of *Super Meat Boy* fame was a member of the development team.
## Reception
*HoopWorld* has received a variety of reactions from varying media outlets. 1UP cited that the game\'s controls come with a learning curve, but it does \"deliver\... its promise of old-school three-on-three fun\".
Continuing with the thought of difficulty, RunDLC commented that the AI will make you \"scream\" at times, but it was still considered to be a \"cool new take\" on the sport.
Wiiloveit.com praised the game for its \"new dimension of gameplay\" and \"extremely intense\" matches. Although the lack of online play was commented on, it was highlighted that the game is \"a lot of fun\", especially from the standpoint of it being a quality multiplayer game for the service.
IGN mentioned that the control scheme \"can take some adjustment\" but described HoopWorld overall as one of \"the most attractive WiiWare titles\" and an \"impressive alternative\" to the NBA Jam experience that excels beyond nostalgia memories of arcade classics
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# Chemical technologist
**Chemical technologists** and **technicians** (abbr. **chem techs**) are workers who provide technical support or services in chemical-related fields. They may work under direct supervision or may work independently, depending on their specific position and duties. Their work environments differ widely and include, but are not limited to, laboratories and industrial settings. As such, it is nearly impossible to generalize the duties of chem techs as their individual jobs vary greatly. Biochemical techs often do similar work in biochemistry.
## Technologists
Chemical technologists are more likely than technicians to participate in the actual *design* of experiments, and may be involved in the interpretation of experimental data. They may also be responsible for the operation of chemical processes in large plants, and may even assist chemical engineers in the design of the same.
Some post-secondary education is generally required to be either a chemical technician or technologist. Occasionally, a company may be willing to provide a high school graduate with training to become a chemical technician, but more often, a two-year degree will be required. Chemical technologists generally require completion of a specific college program---either two year or four year--- in chemical, biochemical, or chemical engineering technology or a closely related discipline. They usually work under or with a scientist such as a chemist or biochemist.
## Technicians
Chemical or biochemical technicians often work in clinical (medical) laboratories conducting routine analyses of medical samples such as blood and urine. Industries which employ chem techs include chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Companies within these industries can be concerned with manufacturing, research and development (R&D), consulting, quality control, and a variety of other areas. Also, chem techs working for these companies may be used to conduct quality control and other routine analyses, or assist in chemical and biochemical research including analyses, industrial chemistry, environmental protection, and even chemical engineering.
## Duties
As a general rule, chemical technologists are more likely to be provided with greater autonomy and more complex responsibilities than chemical technicians.
### Chemical technicians {#chemical_technicians}
The most common work done by chemical technicians is in R&D. They often work in a laboratory environment under the supervision of a chemist or a chemical engineer.
They may typically assist in setting up and conducting chemical experiments, and may operate lab equipment under supervision. They are expected to maintain established quality control standards. They may also compile records for analytical studies, and sometimes are involved in writing reports on studies.
National certification for chemical technologists and technicians is required in some countries
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# Antinea Airlines
**Antinea Airlines** was a passenger and cargo airline based in Algiers Houari Boumedienne Airport, Algeria that was founded in June 1999. The airline was merged into Khalifa Airways in 2001, and the company ceased to exist in 2003
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# John Taylor, Baron Ingrow
**John Aked Taylor, Baron Ingrow** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|TD|DL}}`{=mediawiki} (15 August 1917 -- 7 February 2002) was a British soldier, brewer and Conservative politician.
Born to Percy and Gladys Taylor, he was educated at Shrewsbury School. During World War II Taylor served in the Duke of Wellington\'s Regiment and subsequently with the Royal Signals with whom he carried out decoding work in Norway, the Middle East, north Africa, Italy, north-west Europe, and Burma and was decorated with the Territorial Decoration (TD) in 1951.
Taylor was for 40 years chairman and managing director of Timothy Taylor & Co, the family brewery in Keighley, West Yorkshire founded by his grandfather Timothy Taylor in 1858.
Taylor was a member of Keighley Town Council for 21 years from 1946, serving as mayor in 1956. For nearly 20 years (1964--83) Taylor was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations; for five years (1971--76) he served as its chairman.
In 1960, Taylor was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). He was knighted in 1972 and created a life peer as **Baron Ingrow**, of Keighley in the County of West Yorkshire on 31 January 1983. From 1985 to 1992 he was Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire, having been a Deputy Lieutenant before.
Lord Ingrow was married to Barbara Stirk from 1949 until her death in 1997. They had two daughters. `{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = Vert two chevronels between in chief as many garbs of barley and in base a talbot sejant Or holding in the mouth an arrow in bend the head downwards Proper.
|crest = A demi-talbot Or holding in the mouth an arrow in bend the head downwards Proper.
|supporters = Dexter, a shire horse Argent harnessed and bridled Proper; Sinister, a lion Or head and mane Gules gorged with a chaplet of roses Argent barbed and seeded Proper.
|compartment = A grassy mount growing therefrom on each side a rose Argent barbed, seeded and leaved Proper between two sprigs of oak fructed also Proper
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# 1742 English cricket season
The **1742 English cricket season** was the 46th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of ten significant matches, including two famous matches London and Slindon in September.
## Recorded matches {#recorded_matches}
Records have survived of ten significant matches:
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| Date | Teams | Venue | Result | Source |
+==============+=========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+======================+========================+========+
| 14 June | London v Bromley | Artillery Ground | match tied | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | The second known instance in eleven-a-side cricket of a tied match. | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 7 July | London v Richmond | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 26 July | London v Croydon | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 2 August | Kent & Surrey v London | Duppas Hill, Croydon | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | The counties team is described as \"the Gentlemen of Kent and Surry and the Sussex Man from Slending\". A large sum of money was at stake with play due to begin at noon. The announcement says \"the booths (retail) are to be set back and the ground to be roped round\" (i.e., forming a boundary). | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 9 August | London v Bromley | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | \"Played for a considerable sum\". Wickets were pitched at twelve o'clock. Waghorn\'s source remarked that this was a return to the \"tie game\" on 14 June \"which gave so much satisfaction to the spectators\". | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 16 August | London v Croydon | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | It is known that two Kent players and \"the noted bowler from Slendon\" assisted Croydon; while two Surrey players were given men to London. Played for a \"considerable sum of money\" with the ground to be roped round. | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 23 August | Surrey v Rest of England | Moulsey Hurst | Surrey won | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | The original notice describes Surrey\'s opponents as \"London, Westminster, Middlesex, Southwark and Part of Kent\". | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 2 September | London v Surrey | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | The match was originally scheduled for 6 September and was rearranged because of the visit of Slindon to London on that date. | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 6 September | London v Slindon | Artillery Ground | London won | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | \"London won with great difficulty. The wickets were pitched at twelve o'clock on the forfeit of 100 guineas. During the last innings of the match, the betting was as much as 20 to 1 in favour of Slindon\". Slindon had only lost one match before the match. | | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| 10 September | London v Slindon | Artillery Ground | London won by 184 runs | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+--------+
| | Was originally to have been played on 8 September, but was postponed on account of rain. At the conclusion of the above match Slindon offered to play again, either at Guildford or on the South Downs, for £100, but the challenge was not accepted
| 556 |
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| 0 |
7,746,308 |
# Washington Township School District (Warren County, New Jersey)
The **Washington Township School District** is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade from Washington Township, in Warren County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
As of the 2018--19 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 422 students and 46.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 9.2:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group \"GH\", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades attend the schools of the Warren Hills Regional School District, which also serves students from the municipalities of Franklin Township, Mansfield Township and Washington Borough, along with those from Oxford Township who attend for grades 9-12 only. Schools in the district (with 2018--19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Warren Hills Regional Middle School located in Washington Borough with 542 students in grades 7-8 and Warren Hills Regional High School located in Washington Township with 1,205 students in grades 9-12.
## Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018--19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
- Port Colden School with 163 students in grades 1-3
- Michael Neu, principal
- Brass Castle School with 258 students in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten and grades 4-6
- Jessica L. Garcia, principal
## Administration
Core members of the district\'s administration are:
- Keith Neuhs, superintendent
- Jean Flynn, business administrator and board secretary
## Board of education {#board_of_education}
The district\'s board of education, comprised of seven members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board\'s trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district\'s day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district
| 390 |
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| 0 |
7,746,348 |
# Khairlanji massacre
The **Khairlanji massacre** (or **Kherlanji massacre**) was the murder of four Scheduled Caste citizens by villagers of Khairlanji on 29 September 2006. The killings took place in the small Indian village of Khairlanji (Kherlanji), located in the Bhandara district of the state of Maharashtra.
## History
On 29 September 2006, four members of the Bhotmange family belonging to a Scheduled caste were murdered in a small village called Kherlanji in Maharashtra. Enraged by a police complaint lodged the previous day by Surekha over a land dispute, the accused dragged out Surekha Bhaiyyalal Bhotmange and two of her sons and daughter, paraded naked in the village and then hanged them to death. The accused were members of various backward castes. The criminal act was in fact carried out by assailants from the numerically dominant Kunbi caste(classified as Other Backward Classes) for \"opposing\" the requisition of their field to have a road built over it. Initial reports suggested that the women were gang-raped before being murdered. Though CBI investigations concluded that the women were not raped, serious doubt was cast on the reliability of these probes, amid allegations of bribery of doctors who performed the post-mortem, and of corruption.
There were allegations that the local police shielded the alleged perpetrators in the ongoing investigation. A government report on the killings, prepared by the social justice department and YASHADA ---the state academy of developmental administration, has implicated top police officers, doctors and even a BJP member of the Legislative Assembly, Madhukar Kukade in an alleged coverup and hindering the investigations. Kukade has denied these charges, saying that he had not even been in Kherlanji in months. However, the state Home Minister R. R. Patil admitted to initial lapses in police investigation and said that five policemen suspended in the investigation of the killings have been dismissed. In December 2006, CBI filed a chargesheet against 11 persons on charges of murder, criminal conspiracy, unlawful assembly with deadly weapons and outraging the modesty of women. CBI also said that it will investigate the role of the 36 people under detention.
The media coverage of the incident was initially weak and omitted any mention of caste, but picked up momentum after the Dalit-led protests across Maharashtra grew stronger. An investigative feature article by Sabrina Buckwalter with the help of social activist Deelip Mhaske in *The Times of India* provided the first mainstream, in-depth coverage of the massacre.
In September 2008, six people were given the death sentence for the crime. However, on 14 July 2010, the Nagpur bench of the High Court commuted the death penalty awarded to the six convicted to a 25-year rigorous imprisonment jail sentence.
## Protests
Protests against the killings in the Kherlanji village took place in various parts of Maharashtra. On 19 November 2006, over 4,000 Scheduled Caste citizens gathered at the Azad maidan in Mumbai to protest against the Khairlanji incident. On 23 November 2006, several members of the Scheduled Caste community in the nearby district of Chandrapur staged a protest over the Khairlanji killings. The protesters allegedly turned violent and threw stones. The police baton-charged the protesters to control the situation. Scheduled Caste leaders, however, denied that they had caused any violence and claimed that they were \"protesting in peace\".
Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs 600,000 to the next of kin of the victims\' family, and housing and job awards to the affected family members. He also assured that his government would give an additional Rs 200,000 to them from the Chief Minister\'s Relief Fund.
In November and December 2006, the desecration of an Ambedkar statue in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh triggered off violent protests by Buddhists in Maharashtra. Several people, including the Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and the Mumbai Police Commissioner A N Roy remarked that the protests were fuelled by the Khairlanji killings.
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# Khairlanji massacre
## Court case {#court_case}
### 2008 September Verdict by the Bhandara court {#september_verdict_by_the_bhandara_court}
The verdict in the 2006 Khairlanji court case was announced on 15 September 2008. Bhandara Sessions court has held eight people guilty of murder and acquitted three.
List of people held guilty of murder:
- Gopal Sakru Binjewar
- Sakru Binjewar
- Shatrughna Dhande
- Vishwanath Dhande
- Prabhakar Mandlekar
- Jagdish Mandlekar
- Ramu Dhande
- Shishupal Dhande
List of acquitted people:
- Mahipal Dhande
- Dharmpal Dhande
- Purshottam Titirmare
The first ad hoc sessions judge, S S Dass, had heard the arguments of prosecution and defence on the quantum of punishment and had fixed 24 September for his pronouncement. Special public prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam had made a forceful plea for capital punishment to all the convicts. Defence lawyers Sudip Jaiswal and Neeraj Khandewale pleaded for leniency in view of the act committed in the heat of the moment and clean past record of the convicts.
On 24 September 2008, six people were awarded the death sentence, while two others were given life imprisonment. The ruling was appealed to the Nagpur division bench of the Bombay High Court where hearings began in April 2010. Justices A P Lawande and R C Chavan heard arguments in the case until 21 April 2010, at which point they announced the verdict would be announced on 15 June 2010. However, Justice Lawande on 15 June said the decision would be deferred until 14 July 2010 as Justice Chavan is posted in Bombay.
### 2010 July verdict by the Bhandara court {#july_verdict_by_the_bhandara_court}
On 14 July, the Nagpur bench of the High Court commuted the death penalty awarded to the six convicted to a 25-year rigorous imprisonment jail sentence. The two others who received life sentences received a similar sentence.
The ruling touched off statewide protests and re-kindled the fury of injustice felt by local Scheduled Caste organizations and the sole survivor, Bhaiyyalal Bhotmange. The court ruled that the murders resulted from an act of revenge and was not caste related.
Bhotmange was told that the CBI would appeal the commutation to the Supreme Court, however, after over two weeks of no action, Bhotmange announced he would appeal the decision himself.
An appeal against the judgment of the High Court is pending before the Hon\'ble Supreme Court of India. It was last listed for hearing on 14 August 2015.
### Death of Bhaiyyalal Bhotmange {#death_of_bhaiyyalal_bhotmange}
The lone survivor of the 2006 Khairlanji Scheduled Caste family massacre, Bhaiyyalal Bhotmange died on 20 January 2017 due to heart attack. He was 62 years old
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# Concierto pastoral
The ***Concierto pastoral*** is a flute concerto by Joaquín Rodrigo. Rodrigo wrote the work during 1977--1978 on commission from James Galway, who had first encountered the composer\'s work in 1974 when he asked permission to transcribe the *Fantasia para un Gentilhombre* for flute. Galway gave its premiere on October 17, 1978, in London, with Eduardo Mata conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra.
As the concerto being labeled pastoral, it has hints of shepherd themes and folk melodies as part of a nostalgic Spanish rural idyll of Andalusia. The concerto has gained a reputation among flautists for its exceptional technical requirements.
## Movements
The concerto is in three movements, the second of which is the source of the name \"pastoral\":
- *Allegro*
- *Adagio*
- *Rondo* (allegro)
The first and third movements contain many intervals of sevenths, octaves and ninths, as well as considerable use of grace notes and appoggiaturas
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| 0 |
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# Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay
**Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay** (September 20, 1663 -- November 28, 1741) was bishop of the diocese of Quebec from 1727 to 1733, although he never went to Canada. From a noble family, he joined the Capuchins. Appointed Vicar-General for Louisiana, he supervised the various orders conducting missions through correspondence.
## Life
Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay was born to a family of high nobility on September 20, 1663, at Vannes in Bretagne. He became a Capuchin and was later Guardian of the Capuchin Friary at Meudon.
## Vicar-General of Louisiana {#vicar_general_of_louisiana}
From the beginning of French involvement in the area, Louisiana had been placed under the bishop of Quebec. In August, 1717, the Duc d\'Orléans, as Regent of France, issued letters patent establishing a joint-stock company to be called \"The Company of the West\", to which Louisiana was transferred. The company applied to the bishop of Quebec for priests, and on 16 May 1722, Louisiana was divided into three vicariates. The district north of the Ohio was entrusted to the Society of Jesus and the Priests of the Foreign Missions of Paris and Quebec; that between the Mississippi and the Rio Perdito, to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers with headquarters at Mobile. The Carmelites were recalled, not long after, and their district was given to the Capuchins. A different arrangement was made for the Indian and new French settlements on the lower Mississippi. With the Capuchins of New Orleans reporting directly to a Capuchin bishop in Paris (Mornay), this meant that the Church in Louisiana had a good deal of autonomy, \"\...separate from Quebec for all practical purposes -as the Capuchins expanded into Mobile and other nearby settlements.\"
Because of the remoteness of this district from Quebec, in 1713 Mornay was appointed, at the request of Jean-Baptiste de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec, his coadjutor. On 22 April 1714 Mornay was consecrated titular bishop of Eumenia. Bishop Saint-Vallier appointed him vicar-general for Louisiana. Bishop Saint-Vallier wrote asking him to go to Louisiana. The King tried to impress upon him the importance of his presence in Quebec. But nothing could prevail on him to cross the ocean. Mornay did what he could through correspondence.
When the Company of the West applied to him for priests for the lower Mississippi Valley he offered the more populous field of colonists to the Capuchin Fathers of the province of Champaigne, who, however, did not take any immediate steps, and it was not until 1720 that any of the order came to Louisiana. In 1721 New Orleans, named after the Duc d\'Orléans, was described by Father Roulleaux de la Vente as \"a little village of about one hundred cabins dotted here and there, a large wooden warehouse in which I said Mass, a chapel in course of construction and two storehouses\". In 1722 Bishop Mornay entrusted the spiritual jurisdiction of the Indians to the Jesuits, who were to establish missions in all parts of Louisiana with residence at New Orleans, but were not to exercise any ecclesiastical function there without the consent of the Capuchins, though they were to minister to the French in the Illinois District, with the Priests of the Foreign Missions, where the superior of each body was a vicar-general, just as the Capuchin superior was at New Orleans.
| 549 |
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# Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay
## Bishop of Quebec {#bishop_of_quebec}
Bishop Saint-Vallier died on December 26, 1727, at the Hôpital-Général de Québec which he had founded in 1692. In March 1728, before news of Saint-Vallier\'s death reached Paris, Morney resigned as coadjutor. His resignation was accepted and Abbé Machuco de Presnaux was named in his place. However, as Mornay was named coadjutor with right of succession, He became, de facto, Bishop of Quebec immediately upon Saint-Vallier\'s death, thus, rendering both the later resignation and appointment null and void.
Fearing any confusion a resignation might inspire, Mornay wrote to Archdeacon Louis-Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere asking him to take possession of the see in his name. However, a dispute had arisen between Lotbiniere and the canons over who should preside over Saint-Valleir\'s funeral. It became a long and bitter dispute over precedence, with the canons refusing to acknowledge Lotbiniere\'s authority and Canon Boullard placing the Hôpital-Général under interdict and removing the mother superior from office. The civil authorities attempted to arbitrate the matter. When the King was informed, he restored order. And still, Mornay declined to proceed to his see.
In May 1729, Pierre-Herman Dosquet was appointed administrator of the diocese; the following year Dosquet was appointed coadjutor. Faced with the responsibility but not the revenues attached to the bishopric of Quebec, in 1732 Dosquet he returned to France to either get Mornay to come to Quebec or resign. Mornay was then about seventy years old. Dosquet persuaded the King\'s minister to write Mornay a severe letter, whereupon Mornay tendered his resignation. Dosquet became Bishop of Quebec.
Mornay died in Paris, where he lived since 1713 on November 28, 1741
| 278 |
Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay
| 1 |
7,746,429 |
# Yuvaraja
**Yuvaraja** (*translit=Yuvarāja*), also rendered **Yuvraj**, is an Indian title for the crown prince, and the heir apparent to the throne of an Indian (notably Hindu) kingdom, empire or (notably in the Mughal Empire or Indian Empire) princely state. It is usually applied to the eldest son of a Raja (King), Maharaja (Great King) or Chakravarti (Emperor), traditionally a Kshatriya chief ruling one of the former kingdoms or vassal-rank princely states. The female equivalent or consort of a Yuvaraja is **Yuvarani
| 82 |
Yuvaraja
| 0 |
7,746,448 |
# Si Sakhon district
**Si Sakhon** (*ศรีสาคร*, `{{IPA|th|sǐː sǎː.kʰɔ̄ːn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Narathiwat province, southern Thailand.
## History
Originally Tambon Sa Ko was a part of the Rueso district, but the development division of the Thai military settled in the area from 1963--1974, thus developing the infrastructure of Tambon Sa Ko. The interior ministry subsequently created Si Sakhon Minor District (*king amphoe*) consisting of the two *tambons*, Sako and Tamayung, on 23 September 1974. It was upgraded to a full district on 25 March 1979.
## Etymology
The name Si Sakhon refers to the Sai Buri River, which flows through the middle of the district.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Rueso, Ra-ngae, and Chanae of Narathiwat Province; Than To and Bannang Sata of Yala province.
## Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 39 villages (*mubans*). The township (*thesaban tambon*) Si Sakhon covers parts of *tambons* Si Sakhon and Sako. There are a further six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Sako ซากอ 6 6,992
2\. Tamayung ตะมะยูง 6 4,734
3\. Si Sakhon ศรีสาคร 10 8,473
4\. Choeng Khiri เชิงคีรี 4 4,750
5\. Kalong กาหลง 4 2,730
6\
| 211 |
Si Sakhon district
| 0 |
7,746,490 |
# Gerald Carew, 5th Baron Carew
**Gerald Shapland Carew, 5th Baron Carew** (26 April 1860 -- 3 October 1927), was an Anglo-Irish hereditary peer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Carew was the son of the Hon. Shapland Francis Carew, younger son of Robert Carew, 1st Baron Carew, and his wife Lady Hester Georgiana Browne, daughter of Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo.
## Later life {#later_life}
Carew succeeded to the Carew baronies and to a seat in the House of Lords upon the death of his childless first cousin George Carew, 4th Baron Carew, in April 1926.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Carew married Catherine Conolly, daughter of Thomas Conolly. They had three sons:
- William Francis Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew (23 April 1905 -- 27 June 1994)
- Major The Hon. Gavin George Carew (21 September 1906 -- 11 October 1997)
- Lieutenant Commander The Hon. Peter Cuthbert Carew (31 December 1908 -- 17 January 1980)
## Death
Lord Carew died in October 1927 at the age of 67. He was succeeded in the baronies by his eldest son, William
| 182 |
Gerald Carew, 5th Baron Carew
| 0 |
7,746,491 |
# Jim Neilson
James Neilson}} `{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = Jim-Neilson-1961.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Neilson in KW Beavers jersey. (1961)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|11|28}}
| birth_place = [[Big River, Saskatchewan]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|6|1941|11|28}}
| death_place = [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 205
| position = [[Defenceman|Defence]]
| shoots = Left
| played_for = [[New York Rangers]]<br>[[California Golden Seals]]<br>[[Cleveland Barons (NHL)|Cleveland Barons]]<br>[[Edmonton Oilers]]
| career_start = 1962
| career_end = 1979
}}`{=mediawiki} **James Anthony Neilson** (November 28, 1941 -- November 6, 2020) also known as \"The Chief\", to colleagues and friends, was an indigenous Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played over 1000 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, California Golden Seals, and Cleveland Barons. He ended his career playing 35 games with the Edmonton Oilers which were in the World Hockey Association (WHA) at the time.
## Early life {#early_life}
Neilson was born in Big River, Saskatchewan on November 28, 1941. His mother, Rosie Rediron, was Cree from the Big River First Nation and his father, Olaf Neilson, was of a mink rancher who had immigrated from Denmark in the late 1920s. When he was five years old he and his two sisters were taken in at the St. Patrick's Orphanage in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. He first began playing hockey during his time living at the orphanage.
## Career
From age 17 to 19, Neilson played three seasons of Junior A hockey for the Prince Albert Mintos in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. He scored 21 goals and 33 assists in 57 games as a defenseman in his first year of junior. This was enough for professional scouts to determine that this six-foot-two, 205-pound defenceman, could add depth, grit, and talent to an NHL roster. In August of 1961, He was invited to try out for the New York Rangers but subsequently did not make the 1961-62 Rangers roster, instead, he continued to improve and play for an associated Ranger\'s minor league team, the Kitchener-Waterloo Beavers in the EPHL, where he put up a respectable 42 points in 70 games. He was named the EPHL\'s 1961 rookie of the year, selected by sports journalists in league cities. The following year, Neilson made the opening night roster for the New York Rangers where he would play the next twelve seasons. In the 1967-68 season, he was nominated for the Norris Cup, the annual award for the best defenseman in the National Hockey League. He placed second in the voting and was runner-up to the winner for that season, Bobby Orr. He was traded by the Rangers before the 1974-75 NHL season to the fledgling California Golden Seals, which played out of the Bay Area in California.
At the time, Neilson brought an abundance of experience and leadership to what was one of the youngest NHL rosters in the league and was a welcome addition to the Seals\' blue line. He was paired up on defense with George Pesut, a young and highly talented, but inexperienced defenseman playing in his first NHL season. Pesut was a high NHL and WHA draft pick in 1973 from the Saskatoon Blades, and like Neilson, had grown up in Saskatchewan. Neilson\'s experience and mentoring were a driving force for Pesut to grow his talent, which he outlines in his upcoming memoir, \"The Fourth Period: Between The Ice Sheets\".
Neilson was also named captain of the Seals and named the Seals\' Most Valuable Player in the 1975-76 season.
Neilson played for 16 seasons in the NHL, 12 of which with Rangers. During his career in the NHL he played 1,023 games, scoring a total of 69 goals, logging 299 assists, and earning 368 points. He played from 1962--63 season to 1977--78 season in the NHL. After the Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976, Neilson played two more seasons for the struggling Cleveland Barons which eventually folded into merging with the Minnesota North Stars. During his NHL career, he was named a four-time NHL all-star. In his last season, Neilson played 35 games for the Edmonton Oilers in 1978--79 in the World Hockey Association.
In the 2009 book *100 Ranger Greats*, the authors ranked Neilson at #42 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team\'s first 82 seasons.
Neilson was inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame in 2018. Neilson died in Winnipeg on November 6, 2020.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Jim Neilson was an avid sportsman, including being a talented baseball player during the Saskatchewan summers, he enjoyed fishing and was also an excellent golfer. Neilson has three children and numerous grandchildren. After his hockey career as a player ended, he briefly scouted for the Edmonton Oilers, before moving to California for a business opportunity. In 1983, he relocated back to Winnipeg, Manitoba, taking up such causes as advancing the interests of indigenous peoples, continuing to play oldtimer hockey, and spending time traveling to see his children and grandchildren. He lived in Winnipeg until his passing. Jim Neilson died of complications from a rare skin disorder at age 78
| 873 |
Jim Neilson
| 0 |
7,746,523 |
# Henry Beaufort School
**Henry Beaufort School** is a secondary school in Harestock, a suburb of Winchester, in the county of Hampshire in England.
## History
The school was built in 1971 as the first purpose-built, co-educational, comprehensive school in Winchester to serve the new developments created by the new Teg Down, Weeke Manor , and Harestock estates. The school had a full complement of year 7 students and about half a complement of year 8 students in its first year of operation. The school grew each year until 1975, when it had a full five years of intake.
The school is named after Henry Beaufort, who was Bishop of Winchester and three times Lord Chancellor.
On 10 September 2020, three students were severely injured after the Stagecoach bus carrying them to school collided with a bridge it was too high to pass under. Bus driver Martin Walker pleaded guilty to causing injury by dangerous driving.
### Refurbishments
#### 2009 refurbishment
In January 2009, most buildings were refurbished, including exteriors and interiors. This included painting the building the new navy blue and white as opposed to the pale blue and black before. Construction for a new astroturf pitch started in June 2009 and is now complete.
#### 2013-14 refurbishment {#refurbishment_1}
The largest of the school buildings, known as \"Tower Block,\" housing the languages and humanities departments, started a refit in 2012. While work was being done, the two departments were required to relocate to temporary buildings at the top of the site, but they have now returned to the newly refurbished building. Work on the block was completed in March 2014
| 271 |
Henry Beaufort School
| 0 |
7,746,533 |
# Kunkhyen Pema Karpo
**Kunkhyen Pema Karpo** (`{{bo|t=ཀུན་མཁྱེན་པདྨ་དཀར་པོ་|w=kun-mkhyen pad-ma dkar-po}}`{=mediawiki}) (1527--1592 CE) was the fourth Gyalwang Drukpa, head of the Drukpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He was the most famous and learned of all the Gyalwang Drukpas. During his lifetime, he was known as the grand lama amongst all grand lamas, and was a teacher to many lamas and disciples all over Tibet.
Pema Karpo authored twenty-four volumes writing on philosophy, logic, literature, history, and astrology which have since formed a widely studied corpus of work. He is also quite famous for his writings on Mahamudra. He founded Druk Sangag Choeling monastery at Jar in southern Tibet, establishing it as the new seat of the Drukpa lineage.
This omniscient master was the first Gyalwang Drukpa to concoct the famous enlightenment pill known as Ja-Tsukma, utilizing esoteric ingredients offered by the dakinis. Before he died, Pema Karpo promised that he would have two incarnations to propagate the spiritual teachings. In accordance with this prophecy, two incarnations were discovered.
## Texts
- Practice Guidelines of the Simultaneous School of Mahamudra
- The Oral transmission of the Six Cycles of Same Taste: Rolled into a ball \[Path walking\] instructions
- A Casket of Sacred Dharma: Stages of Meditation on Dependent Arising
- Commentary on the *Bodhicharyavatara*
## Trivia
The multi-award winning Druk White Lotus School in Shey, Ladakh, is named after him
| 229 |
Kunkhyen Pema Karpo
| 0 |
7,746,549 |
# William Allan (classicist)
**William R. Allan** (born 1970) is a Scottish classicist specializing in Greek epic and tragedy, particularly the plays of Euripides. He is currently McConnell Laing Fellow and Tutor in Greek and Latin Languages and Literature at University College, Oxford and Professor of Greek, Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford. He was formerly Assistant Professor of Classics at Harvard University.
## Background
He was educated at Glenrothes High School in Fife, then studied at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Oxford, receiving an MA and DPhil, respectively.
## Works
- *The Andromache and Euripidean Tragedy* (Oxford University Press, 2000; paperback edn. 2003)
- *Euripides: The Children of Heracles* (Aris and Phillips, 2001)
- *Euripides: Medea* (Duckworth, 2002)
- *Helen* (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
| 128 |
William Allan (classicist)
| 0 |
7,746,569 |
# Cerealicious
**Cerealicious** was a fast-food restaurant and cereal cafe chain based in the Philippines. Cerealicious offered Post, Nestle, and Kellogg\'s cereals with milk and a wide range of additional toppings and incorporated local flavors to serve Filipino taste.
## History
The start up business was the brainchild of a group of students back in 2005 with the concept of reinventing cereals by adding candies and mix-ins then naming the \"creation\" after movie titles. On January 4, 2006, the first Cerealicious store was opened at the University of Santo Tomas campus in Sampaloc, Manila.
Aside from cereals, the business grew and had evolved to a fast food restaurant offering pasta, fries, and beverages.
## Products
Create-Your-Own allows customers to experiment with the assorted cereal brands with either dry or low-fat milk topped off by a variety of toppings such as nuts, fruits, cookies, and candies.
Cerealicious offers a drink made of cereals called \"Cerealicious Smoothies\". These are shakes that are mixed with cereals to give them a crunchy texture. They are branded as \"cereal meal\[s\] on the go\".
### Cereal Blockbusters {#cereal_blockbusters}
Cerealicious offers Cereal Blockbusters, which are set combinations of cereals, milk slush, and toppings. Each is named after a hit movie. Available Blockbusters include:
- Jumanggo (*Jumanji*)
- Apple-O 13 (*Apollo 13*)
- Cashewblanca (*Casablanca*)
- Froot Loose (*Footloose*)
- Jelly Maguire (*Jerry Maguire*)
- Nutting Hill (*Notting Hill*)
- Pirates of the Cadbury-Ean (*Pirates of the Caribbean*)
- Oreo X Juliet (*Romeo and Juliet*)
- Arr-oats Caldo (*Arroz caldo*)
- The Gummi Returns (*The Mummy Returns*)
- Harry Butterfinger of Azkaban (*Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban*)
- Mintception (*Inception*)
- A Walk To ReM&Mber (\"A Walk To Remember\")
- Mint Joe Black (\"Meet Joe Black\")
- Erin Brocko-Peach (\"Erin Brockovich\")
- Lemony Snickers (\"Lemony Snicket\")
- K-Sino Royale (\"Casino Royale\")
- My Bestfriend\'s Pudding (\"My Best Friend\'s Wedding\")
- About A-Hoy (\"About A Boy\")
- The K After Tomorrow (\"The Day After Tomorrow\")
- Nerd Of The Rings (\"The Lord Of The Rings\")
- Banana Jones & The Temple Of Doom (\"Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom\")
- Charlie & The Chocnut Factory (\"Charlie And The Chocolate Factory\")
- The Hurt Loacker (\"The Hurt Locker\")
- Term-I-Nator (\"The Terminator\")
- I-Rone Man (\"Iron Man\")
- Maltey & Me (\"Marley & Me\")
- The Karate Kit (\"The Karate Kid\")
### Other cereals {#other_cereals}
- Munchsters Inc. (\"Monsters Inc
| 403 |
Cerealicious
| 0 |
7,746,602 |
# Ectomesenchyme
**Ectomesenchyme** has properties similar to mesenchyme. The origin of the ectomesenchyme is disputed. It is either like the mesenchyme, arising from mesodermic cells, or conversely arising from neural crest cells. The neural crest is a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck, such as bones, muscles, teeth, and notably, the pharyngeal arches
| 80 |
Ectomesenchyme
| 0 |
7,746,612 |
# Paul Gann
thumb\|right\|upright=0.8\|Gann as a candidate for Modesto City Council, 1955 **Paul Gann** (June 12, 1912 -- September 11, 1989) was a Sacramento, California-based conservative political activist and founder of People\'s Advocate, Inc. Along with Howard Jarvis, Gann was co-author of Proposition 13, a 1978 property-tax-cutting initiative in California credited with sparking \"a nationwide tax revolt.\" In 1979, Gann sponsored Proposition 4, placing \"Gann limits\" on state and local spending and giving rise to the broader spending limits of Proposition 98.
Gann was born in Clark County, Arkansas and moved to California in 1935. He was the Republican candidate for United States Senator from California in 1980, but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat, Alan Cranston.
Gann received blood-transfusions during open-heart surgery in 1982, before uniform HIV-antibody blood-screening was in effect. He later tested positive on an HIV test. Ten days after breaking his hip in a fall at his Carmichael home in September 1989, Gann died at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Sacramento. He was 77. The hospital announced the cause of death as pneumonia \"complicated by his battle against the AIDS virus.\"
Gann devoted the last years of his life to AIDS treatment advocacy. California\'s \"Paul Gann Blood Safety Act\" (California Health and Safety Code Section 1645(b)) took effect in 1990, mandating that physicians discuss the risks of blood transfusion with their patients
| 226 |
Paul Gann
| 0 |
7,746,619 |
# Pasha of Tripoli
**Pasha of Tripoli** was a title that was held by many rulers of Tripoli in Ottoman Tripolitania. The Ottoman Empire ruled the territory for most time from the Siege of Tripoli in 1551 until the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, at the onset of the Italo-Turkish War.
## List
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Tenure | Portrait | Incumbent | Notes |
+=============================================+==========+====================================================+=========================================================+
| **Tripoli Province (*Ottoman Suzerainty*)** | | | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 August 1551 to 1556 | | **Murad Agha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1556 to 23 June 1565 | | **Turgut (Dragut) Reis**,\ | Died during the Great Siege of Malta |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1565 to 27 June 1568 | | **Kiliç Ali Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 27 June 1568 to 28 March 1571 | | **Yahya Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 28 March 1571 to 1572 | | **Cafer Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1572 to 1574 | | **Mustafa Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1574 to 5 July 1577 | | **Haydar Pasha**,\ | 1st time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 July 1577 to 1578 | | **Hasan Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1578 to 1584 | | **Haydar Pasha**,\ | 2nd time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1584 to 1585 | | **Sakizli Mehmed Pasha**,\ | 1st time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1585 to 1589 | | **Ramazan Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1589 | | **Sakizli Mehmed Pasha**,\ | 2nd time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1589 to October 1590 | | **Istanköylü Ahmed Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| October 1590 to 1595 | | **Sakizli Mehmed Pasha**,\ | 3rd time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1595 to December 1603 | | **Memi Mehmed Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| December 1603 to 1614 | | **Safer Dey**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1614 to 1626 | | **Sherif Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1626 | | **Ramazan Dey**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1626 to January 1631 | | **Sakizli Mehmed Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| January 1631 to 29 April 1672 | | **Sakizli Osman Pasha**,\ | Longest-serving Ottoman governor of Tripolitania |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 29 April 1672 to July 1672 | | **Osman Reis as-Suhali**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1672 to May 1675 | | **Bali Çavush**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 18 May 1675 to January 1677 | | **Misirliohlu Ibrahim Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| January 1677 | | **Inebolulu Ibrahim Çelebi**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| January 1677 to April 1677 | | **Istanköylü Büyük Mustafa**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| April 1677 to 1678 | | **Baba Osman**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1678 to 1682 | | **Ak Mehmed Timur**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1682 to 21 June 1682 | | **Abaza Hüseyin**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 21 June 1682 to 1683 | | **Cezayirli Abdullah**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1683 | | **Terzi Ibrahim**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1683 to October 1687 | | **Halil Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| October 1687 to 1689 | | **Mehmed Pasha**,\ | 1st time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1689 to 3 February 1695 | | **Bosnak Ismail Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 February 1695 to 1 August 1700 | | **Destari Mehmed Pasha**,\ | 2nd time |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 August 1700 to 20 November 1700 | | **Turgutlulu Kahveci Osman**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 20 November 1700 to December 1702 | | **Gelibolulu Haci Mustafa**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| December 1702 to 23 November 1710 | | **Halil Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 23 November 1710 to 20 January 1711 | | **Ismail Hoça**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 20 January 1711 to 4 July 1711 | | **Mehmed Hüseyin Çavush**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 July 1711 to 29 July 1711 | | **Abu Umays Mahmud**,\ | |
| | | Beylerbey | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| **Tripoli Regency (*Karamanli dynasty*)** | | | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 29 July 1711 to 2 November 1745 | | **Ahmad I Pasha** (Sidi Hamid Qaramanli Quluglu),\ | Took power in the 1711 Karamanli coup |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 November 1745 to 24 July 1754 | | **Mehmed Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 24 July 1754 to 30 July 1793 | | **Ali I Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 30 July 1793 to November 1794 | | **Seydi Ali (II) Pasha**,\ | Usurper |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| November 1794 to 24 January 1796 | | **Ahmad II Bey**,\ | |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 24 January 1796 to 5 August 1832 | | **Yusuf Pasha**,\ | Ruled during the Barbary Wars against the United States |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1817 | | **Mehmed**,\ | In rebellion, 1st time |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1824 | | **Mehmed ibn \`Ali**,\ | In rebellion, 1st time |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1826 | | **Mehmed**,\ | In rebellion, 2nd time |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1832 | | **Mehmed**,\ | In rebellion, 3rd time |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1835 | | **Mehmed ibn \`Ali**,\ | In rebellion, 2nd time |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 August 1832 to 26 May 1835 | | **Ali II Pasha**,\ | |
| | | Sultan | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| **Tripoli Province (*Ottoman Suzerainty*)** | | | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 26 May 1835 to 7 September 1835 | | **Mustafa Negib Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 September 1835 to 6 May 1837 | | **Mahmud Raif Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 May 1837 to 5 September 1838 | | **Çeshmeli Hasan Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 September 1838 to 15 July 1842 | | **Ali Asker Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 15 July 1842 to 22 April 1847 | | **Mehmed Emin Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 22 April 1847 to 13 September 1849 | | **Ragib Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 13 September 1849 to 16 September 1852 | | **Izzet Ahmed Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 16 September 1852 to 1 November 1855 | | **Mustafa Nuri Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 November 1855 to 1 October 1857 | | **Osman Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 October 1857 to 4 August 1860 | | **Ahmed Izzet Pasha**,\ | Governor, 1st time |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 August 1860 to 18 June 1867 | | **Mahmud Nedim Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| June 1867 to July 1867 | | **Hassan Pasha**,\ | acting Governor |
| | | acting Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1867 to May 1870 | | **Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha**,\ | Governor, 1st time |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| May 1870 to June 1870 | | **Mustafa Pasha**,\ | acting Governor |
| | | acting Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| June 1870 to September 1871 | | **Mehmed Halet Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| September 1871 to April 1872 | | **Bostancibahizade Mehmed Rashid Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| April 1872 to 6 June 1873 | | **Cezayrli Ali Reza Pasha**,\ | Governor, 2nd time |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 June 1873 to November 1874 | | **Hasan Samih Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| November 1874 to February 1875 | | **Mustafa Asim Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| February 1875 to August 1877 | | **Mustafa Sidki Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1877 | | **Mehmed Çelaleddin Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| December 1877 to February 1878 | | **Söylemezoglu Ali Kemali**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| February 1878 to July 1879 | | **Mehmed Sabri Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1879 to May 1880 | | **Ahmed Izzet Pasha**,\ | Governor, 2nd time |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| May 1880 to October 1881 | | **Mehmed Nazif Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| October 1881 to June 1896 | | **Ahmed Rasim Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| June 1896 to March 1899 | | **Nemik Bey**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| March 1899 to July 1900 | | **Haçim Bey**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| July 1900 to December 1903 | | **Hafiz Mehmed Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| December 1903 to May 1904 | | **Hasan Husni Pasha** (Hüseyin Effendi),\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| May 1904 to August 1904 | | **Abderrahman Bey**,\ | acting Governor |
| | | acting Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| August 1904 to August 1908 | | **Rexhep Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| December 1908 to August 1909 | | **Ahmed Favzi Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| August 1909 to August 1910 | | **Hüseyin Husni Pasha**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| August 1910 to 1911 | | **Ibrahim Pasha**,\ | acting Governor |
| | | acting Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1911 | | **Bekir Samih Bey**,\ | Governor, did not take office |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1911 to 5 October 1911 | | **Besim Bey**,\ | acting Governor |
| | | acting Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1911 to 15 January 1913 | | **Neshet Bey**,\ | Governor |
| | | Wali | |
+---------------------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1913 to 1915 | | **\...
| 1,987 |
Pasha of Tripoli
| 0 |
7,746,654 |
# Grosses Wasser
***Großes Wasser*** is the seventh album by the electronic music outfit Cluster. It was co-produced by former Tangerine Dream member Peter Baumann. *Großes Wasser* marked the return to Cluster working as a duo of Hans-Joachim Roedelius and Dieter Moebius after two albums collaborating with Brian Eno.
*Großes Wasser* was recorded and released in 1979 on the Hamburg, Germany-based Sky label. It featured a wide variety of styles, including some of the most avant-garde material created by Moebius and Roedelius since the demise of Kluster with Conrad Schnitzler\'s departure in 1971, particularly during the middle section of the title track, which occupied all of side 2. Other tracks, including \"Manchmal\" and both the opening and closing sections of \"Großes Wasser\" continued the gentle, melodic style of the previous three albums, while others echoed the rhythmic style of *Zuckerzeit*, albeit with more of an edge. Steven and Alan Freeman, writing in their book *The Crack in the Cosmic Egg*, describe the title track, in part, as \"\... a lengthy suite growing out of silence with atmospheric Florian Fricke-like sustained piano tones, via bizarre crackling electronics onto almost tribal-industrial rock percussives.\"
*Großes Wasser* was first reissued on CD by Sky Records in 1992. It was first released in the U.S. by the Gyroscope label on March 19, 1996. A 1,000-copy limited edition digitally remastered CD was released on the Japanese Captain Trip label on September 20, 2007.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Avanti\" -- 4:44
2. \"Prothese\" -- 2:04
3. \"Isodea\" -- 4:03
4. \"Breitengrad 20\" -- 4:04
5. \"Manchmal\" -- 2:05
6
| 263 |
Grosses Wasser
| 0 |
7,746,681 |
# Say It's Possible
\"**Say It\'s Possible**\" is Terra Naomi\'s first single and first solo release on a major label. The song originated on YouTube, and due to its origins the song has been covered on the website in a variety of different styles and languages. In March 2007, it won the first YouTube Video Award in the category Best Music.
## Videos
The first video appeared on YouTube in June 2006, five days after Naomi had written the song and quickly became a featured video. A second video was released in December 2006, compiling amateur footage of YouTubers from around the globe. The third video, which will be used to promote the single, reuses the concept of the second video.
## Inspiration
Naomi stated that she was inspired to write the song after seeing the film *An Inconvenient Truth*.
## Other media {#other_media}
- *Say It\'s Possible* was featured at the end of the *Private Practice* episode, \"In Which Sam Gets Taken For a Ride\"
| 166 |
Say It's Possible
| 0 |
7,746,699 |
# Victoria Strait
**Victoria Strait** is a strait in northern Canada that lies in Nunavut off the mainland in the Arctic Ocean. It is between Victoria Island to the west and King William Island to the east. From the north, the strait links the M\'Clintock Channel and the Larsen Sound with the Queen Maud Gulf to the south. The strait is about 100 mi long and anywhere from 50 to wide.
The strait is wide, with almost no islands, save for the rather large Royal Geographical Society Island near the Queen Maud Gulf at the extreme south of the strait. The strait has never been comprehensively surveyed, however, charted portions indicate several patches where the water is only 30 ft deep. Ships drawing up to 30 ft have navigated the strait, but it is made very difficult by the ice. Most of the year the strait is covered with rough, heavy ice. Much of this is polar ice which has flowed down the M\'Clintock Channel from the Viscount Melville Sound. Large-scale breakup of the ice in the strait begins by late July and continues into late September when it begins to freeze again.
Near the entrance of Victoria Strait was where HMS *Terror* and HMS *Erebus* became trapped during John Franklin\'s expedition and were abandoned in 1848. Due to the hazards of the strait, a longer route was used which went around King William Island. This route was easier despite having an even shallower bottom. In 1967, the Victoria Strait was used for the first time by an icebreaker, the CCGS *John A. Macdonald*, when travelling to the western Arctic to assist shipping. It was crossed again by the same icebreaker in 1975, and later in 1976 by the icebreakers CCGS *Louis S. St-Laurent* and CCGS *J.E. Bernier*
| 298 |
Victoria Strait
| 0 |
7,746,720 |
# Starr Mill Road Bridge
The **Starr Mill Road Bridge** is a historic bridge in Middletown, Connecticut. It is a single span Warren through truss bridge, spanning the Coginchaug River near the Starr Mill complex on the west bank of the river. Built in 1927 by the Berlin Construction Company, it is one of a shrinking number of period metal truss bridges in the state. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It is closed to all forms of passage.
## Description and history {#description_and_history}
The Starr Mill Road Bridge is located in western Middletown, spanning the Coginchaug River just below (east of) the Starr Mill dam. It is accessible via Middlefield Road (Connecticut Route 157) on the south, and Beverly Heights, the mill access road, on the north. The bridge is 46 ft long with a roadway 14 ft wide, and stands about 12 ft above the river on concrete abutments, which were poured over rubble abutments of earlier bridges. The bridge deck and structure are in deteriorating condition.
The bridge was built by the city in 1927, as a part of a bridge-building program in the outer portions of the city. The bridge was constructed by the Berlin Construction Company, one of Connecticut\'s leading bridge makers of the early 20th century. The company was created by principals of the Berlin Iron Bridge Company after that company was merged into the American Bridge Company, and continued to be a major regional supplier of bridge trusses until they were broadly supplanted in road engineering practices by steel girder bridges. The bridge has an unusual combination of riveted and bolted joints, an indication of the difficulty of performing riveting in the field
| 287 |
Starr Mill Road Bridge
| 0 |
7,746,806 |
# Bill McCreary Sr.
**William Edward McCreary Sr.** (December 2, 1934 -- November 25, 2019) was an ice hockey left winger, coach and general manager. He played in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and the St. Louis Blues from between 1953 and 1971, and then coached in the league with the Blues, Vancouver Canucks, and California Golden Seals between 1971 and 1975. After stepping down as coach of the Golden Seals he served as their general manager from 1975 to 1977, including their first year as the Cleveland Barons.
## Early life {#early_life}
McCreary was born in Sundridge, Ontario.
## Career
During his pro career, McCreary played for the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and the St. Louis Blues. He later coached the Vancouver Canucks for the first half of the 1973--74 season and then became general manager of the California Golden Seals in August 1974. Although the Seals were performing fairly well, McCreary did not like the coaching methods of Marshall Johnston, and fired Johnston on January 22, 1975, taking over the position himself. He hired Jack Evans, who had coached their minor league affiliate the Salt Lake Golden Eagles, as coach the following year, while remaining as general manager. The team moved to Cleveland in 1976 and became the Cleveland Barons. Yet, the club struggled and McCreary was fired as general manager in January 1977, and was replaced by Harry Howell, who had been serving as the assistant general manager.
He was the elder brother of Keith McCreary, also an NHL left winger. His son Bill McCreary Jr. played 12 games in the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1980--81 season. He is also the brother-in-law of Ron Attwell.
McCreary died on November 25, 2019.
## Awards and achievements {#awards_and_achievements}
- WHL Prairie Division Second All-Star Team (1957)
- CPHL First All-Star Team (1964, 1966)
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ----------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1951--52 Guelph Biltmores OHA 52 30
1951--52 Guelph Biltmores M-Cup --- ---
1952--53 Guelph Biltmores OHA 50 32
1952--53 Guelph Biltmores M-Cup --- ---
1953--54 Guelph Biltmores OHA 59 35
1953--54 New York Rangers NHL 2 0
1954--55 Guelph Biltmores OHA 48 46
1954--55 New York Rangers NHL 8 0
1955--56 Providence Reds AHL 37 8
1955--56 Saskatoon Quakers WHL 25 12
1956--57 Edmonton Flyers WHL 69 33
1957--58 Detroit Red Wings NHL 3 1
1957--58 Edmonton Flyers WHL 21 7
1957--58 Hershey Bears AHL 31 4
1958--59 Springfield Indians AHL 65 14
1959--60 Springfield Indians AHL 69 19
1960--61 Springfield Indians AHL 72 33
1961--62 Springfield Indians AHL 69 27
1962--63 Montreal Canadiens NHL 14 2
1962--63 Hull-Ottawa Canadiens EPHL 46 15
1963--64 Omaha Knights CHL 72 24
1964--65 Omaha Knights CHL 70 24
1965--66 Houston Apollos CHL 70 26
1966--67 Houston Apollos CHL 56 22
1967--68 St. Louis Blues NHL 70 13
1968--69 St. Louis Blues NHL 71 13
1969--70 St. Louis Blues NHL 73 15
1970--71 St. Louis Blues NHL 68 9
NHL totals 309 53
## Coaching record {#coaching_record}
Team Year Regular season
------------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----
G W L T
St
| 539 |
Bill McCreary Sr.
| 0 |
7,746,922 |
# Norton Museum of Art
The **Norton Museum of Art** is an art museum in West Palm Beach, Florida. The museum has a collection that includes over 8,200 works, with a concentration in European, American, and Chinese art as well as in contemporary art and photography. In 2003, it overtook the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, in Sarasota, to become the largest museum in Florida.
## History
The Norton Museum of Art was founded in 1941 by Ralph Hubbard Norton (1875--1953) and his first wife, Elizabeth Calhoun Norton (1881--1947).
Norton, the former head of the Chicago-based Acme Steel Co., moved to West Palm Beach upon retirement and decided to share his collection of paintings and sculptures. The late Art Deco/Neoclassical building designed by Marion Sims Wyeth opened its doors to the public on Feb. 8, 1941. Its mission statement is \"to preserve for the future the beautiful things of the past.\"
## Building
In 2001, the Norton Museum of Art underwent a significant expansion when the 45000 sqft Gail and Melvin Nessel Wing was built and increased the size of the museum to 122500 sqft.
In 2013, the museum unveiled a \$60 million master plan designed by the British architect Norman Foster that would nearly double its gallery space and add an education center, auditorium and restaurant. The new West Wing added a 43-foot-high Great Hall. A parking lot next to the museum was converted into a 9,000-square-foot sculpture garden. A new entrance and forecourt along the main thoroughfare, South Dixie Highway, re-established the axial layout of Norton\'s original 1941 Art Deco building. As planned, the museum broke ground in 2016.
The museum closed in July 2018 for renovations. It reopened on February 9, 2019, adding 12,000 sqft of gallery space, new classrooms, a restaurant, a 210-seat auditorium, and the sculpture garden.
Norton Museum closed for eight months in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic and reopened in November 2020 with new exhibits and safety precautions. Its current hours are Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday from 10 am to 5 pm. It is closed on Tuesday. It is open Friday from 10 am to 10 pm and Sunday from 11 am to 5 pm. Art after Dark occurs on Friday nights.
## Collection
The ground-level galleries showcase contemporary and 20th-century American and European art and a comprehensive collection of Chinese works. On the top floor of the museum, there are noteworthy paintings by late Medieval Italian painter Jacopo Da Firenze, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Joos Van Cleve and Studio, Marcantonio Franceshini, Nicolas Largilliere, Peter Paul Rubens, Anton Van Dyck, David Teniers and Studio, Jan Thomas Yperen, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, and Giovanni Panini. There also are examples of Chinese Export porcelain.
In 2018, the Norton Museum of Art received a gift of more than 100 works from the collection of Howard and Judie Ganek, including artworks by Damien Hirst, Anselm Kiefer, Sigmar Polke, Ed Ruscha, Kara Walker, Donald Judd, Matthew Barney, Nan Goldin, Cindy Sherman, Lorna Simpson, and Pipilotti Rist, among others.
## Rudin Prize for Emerging Photography {#rudin_prize_for_emerging_photography}
In 2012, the Norton Museum of Art launched the Rudin Prize for Emerging Photographers with a \$20,000 prize. It was initiated by Beth Rudin DeWoody and is given biennially to an emerging photographer who has never had a museum show.
Programs The Norton Museum of Art hosts several special programs. They are Lectures & Conversations, Art After Dark, Special Performances, Art Classes and Workshops, Families & Teens, Students & Teachers, and the Artist in Residence Program.
**2012**
The inaugural Rudin Prize was awarded to Analia Saban, nominated by John Baldessari. The other nominees were:
- Eunice Adorno, nominated by Susan Meiselas
- Mauro D'Agati, nominated by Michal Rovner
- Gabriela Nin Solis, nominated by Graciela Iturbide
- Bjørn Venø, nominated by Yinka Shonibare
**2014**
The second Rudin Prize was awarded to Rami Maymon, nominated by Adi Nes. The other nominees were:
- Miriam Böhm, nominated by Thomas Demand
- Delphine Fawundu, nominated by Deborah Willis
- Renato Osoy, nominated by Luis González Palma
**2016**
The third Rudin Prize was awarded to Elizabeth Bick, nominated by Shirin Neshat. The other nominees were:
- Clare Benson, nominated by Arno Rafael Minkkinen
- Wesley Stringer, nominated by Michael Kenna
- Alexandra Hunts, nominated by Rineke Dijkstra
**2020**
The Rudin Prize was awarded to Kristin-Lee Moolman, nominated by Cindy Sherman. The other nominees were:
- David Spero, nominated by Ori Gersht
- Jess T
| 741 |
Norton Museum of Art
| 0 |
7,746,939 |
# 1743 English cricket season
The **1743 English cricket season** was the 47th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. Details have survived of 18 eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.
Two paintings of cricket matches date from this year. *The Cricket Match* by Francis Hayman hangs at Lord\'s and depicts a game at the Artillery Ground and *An Exact Representation of the Game of Cricket* by Louis Philippe Boitard now hangs in the Tate Gallery.
## Recorded matches {#recorded_matches}
Records have survived of ten significant matches:
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| Date | Teams | Venue | Result | Source |
+================+========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=====================+===============================================+========+
| 16 May | Kent v London, Middlesex & Surrey | Bromley Common | Kent forfeited | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores at eight o'clock pm: London, Middlesex & Surrey 97 & 112--3; Kent 69. It was initially agreed to continue next day but Kent later \"gave up the match\". The London, Middlesex & Surrey team was also described as Lord Montfort's XI. Montfort was associated with the London club and seems to have been a noted patron of the game, although this match is the only one with which he can be directly associated. The Kent side was organised by Lord John Philip Sackville. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 27 May | Woburn v London | Woburn Park | London won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Woburn was the seat of the John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford who was a noted patron. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 28 May | Woburn v London | Woburn Park | Woburn won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 9 June | Deptford & Greenwich v London | Blackheath | Deptford & Greenwich won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Played for a \"considerable sum\". | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 13 June | London v Woburn | Artillery Ground | Woburn won by 54 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 13 June | Dartford v Rochester | Dartford Brent | Dartford won by 30 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | The report pre-announced a return match at Rochester on the 23rd. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 23 June | Rochester v Dartford | Marsh\'s, Rochester | unknown | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | The return to the above, but no details are known. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 24 June | Bromley & Chislehurst v London | Bromley Common | Bromley & Chislehurst won \"with difficulty\" | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 27 June | London v Bromley & Chislehurst | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 July | Kingston & Richmond v London | Richmond Green | London won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Robert \"Long Robin\" Colchin of Bromley played for London as a given man. This is the earliest known mention of Colchin. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 18 July | London v Kingston & Richmond | Artillery Ground | London won by 67 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores are known: London 57 & 117; Richmond &c 55 & 52. This was a return to the match at Richmond Green on 4 July). | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 25 July | London v Addington | Artillery Ground | Addington won by an innings & 4 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores are known: London 32 & 74; Addington 110. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 1 August | Woburn v London | Woburn Park | London won by 3 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores: London 46 & 60; Woburn 72 & 31. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 August | London v Woburn | Artillery Ground | London won by 1 wicket | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores are known: Woburn 104 & 36; London 93 & 48/9. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 23--24 August | Sevenoaks v London | Sevenoaks Vine | London won 6 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores are known: London 41 & 54; Sevenoaks 49 & 40. Sevenoaks had been 24/6 in the second innings at close of play on the first day, needing 23 to win. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 29 August | London v Sevenoaks | Artillery Ground | London won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | The match report states that London won \"with great difficulty\". | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5--6 September | London v Horsmonden & Weald | Artillery Ground | London won by 1 wicket | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 12 September | London v Horsmonden & Weald | Artillery Ground | London won | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | No details were reported of this return match which London won. A third game was to be played. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 14 September | London v Sevenoaks | Artillery Ground | unknown | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Pre-announced as \"the third great match of cricket\" between the two sides. It followed the games on 23 & 20 August. | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| 19 September | London v Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Middlesex | Artillery Ground | London won by 53 runs | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Scores are known: London 70 & 97; BB&M 71 & 43. It was announced beforehand that: \"the days being short, it is ordered that the wickets be pitched at 10 o'clock. This will be the last great match of the season\". | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| September | London v Horsmonden & Weald | venue unknown | unknown | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
| | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------+
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A three-a-side game was played at the Artillery Ground on 11 July with six players who were stated to be \"the best in England\". They were William Hodsoll (Dartford), John Cutbush (Maidstone) and Val Romney (Sevenoaks) playing as Three of Kent; and Richard Newland (Slindon), William Sawyer (Richmond) and John Bryant (Bromley) playing as Three of All-England. Hodsoll and Newland were captains and Kent won by 2 runs. The *London Evening Post* says the crowd was computed to be 10,000\". A return match was arranged at Sevenoaks Vine on Wednesday, 27 July but it did not take place.
A five a side game on Richmond Green between Five of Richmond and Five of London was played on 16 August and on 31 August a five-a-side match was plated Artillery Ground between Five of London and Five of Richmond.
## Other events {#other_events}
A match at Finningham between teams from Finningham and Stradbroke in September is the earliest known reference to cricket in the county of Suffolk
| 1,131 |
1743 English cricket season
| 0 |
7,746,957 |
# Somebody Loves You (1932 song)
**\"Somebody Loves You\"** is a popular song.
The music was written by Peter DeRose and the lyrics by Charlie Tobias. The song was published in 1932.
One of the earliest recordings of the song was by Ted Lewis and his Band, recorded March 16, 1932 and released by Columbia under catalog number 2635-D. A British cover version was issued by Bob and Alf Pearson.
The song is now a standard, recorded by many artists. Among the best-known versions were recordings by Eddy Arnold and Dean Martin
| 92 |
Somebody Loves You (1932 song)
| 0 |
7,746,959 |
# Concierto serenata
The ***Concierto serenata*** for harp and orchestra was composed in 1952 by Joaquín Rodrigo. It was written for Nicanor Zabaleta, who premiered the work in Madrid on November 9, 1956; Odón Alonso conducted the Spanish National Orchestra. Zabaleta recorded it with the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra under Ernst Märzendorfer for Deutsche Grammophon three years later.
The concerto is in three movements; a typical performance lasts around 20 minutes. The first of the three movements represents a group of young musicians walking in the street; the third represents evening. The second is written in form of a canon
| 100 |
Concierto serenata
| 0 |
7,746,985 |
# Shinya (musician)
, better known by his mononymous stage name `{{Nihongo|'''Shinya'''|真矢}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese musician, media personality and entrepreneur. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Luna Sea since 1989. He released the solo album *No Sticks* in 1997, and has supported other recording acts such as Maki Ohguro, Nanase Aikawa, Kyosuke Himuro, and Miyavi. Shinya has also done session work for a variety of artists. Luna Sea are regarded as one of the most influential bands in the visual kei scene. In addition to his former pupil Jun-ji (Siam Shade), musicians such as Pierre Nakano (Ling Tosite Sigure), Shinya (Dir En Grey), and Satoyasu Shomura (Alexandros) have cited Shinya as an influence.
## Early life {#early_life}
Shinya grew up in a family with two older brothers, an older sister, and a younger step-brother from his father\'s second marriage. His family were Noh performers, and Shinya was forced to practice the art from the age of three until sixth grade. He was also trained in the traditional Japanese taiko drums as a child. Shinya attended Shiritsu Honchō Kindergarten, Shiritsu Suehiro Elementary, Honchō Junior High, and Kanagawa Kenritsu Isehara High.
In high school, he became best friends with Sugizo, whose stage name Shinya originally coined as a nickname. Although his parents had bought him a drum set, Shinya said it was not enough and he soon went to a store to buy his first real kit. Coincidentally, Sugizo was at the music store in Ochanomizu and helped him make his selection. Already determined to become a professional musician, he successfully convinced his parents to take out a loan for the expensive drum kit.
| 277 |
Shinya (musician)
| 0 |
7,746,985 |
# Shinya (musician)
## Career
In high school, Shinya and Sugizo were members of the power metal band Pinoccio. They were then briefly both in Kashmir. When Shinya was asked to join Lunacy on January 16, 1989, he insisted that Sugizo also join. In 1991, the band changed their name to Luna Sea and released their self-titled first album. They went on to become very successful, having sold more than 10 million certified units in Japan, and are considered one of the most influential bands in the visual kei movement. In 2003, HMV Japan ranked Luna Sea at number 90 on their list of the 100 most important Japanese pop acts.
When Luna Sea took a brief break in 1997, Shinya started a solo career where he was vocalist and drummer. His first single, \"Rakkasuru Taiyō\", was released by Mercury Music Entertainment on September 26. It was written and produced by Yasushi Akimoto, and composed by Tsugutoshi Gotō. For his next song, the drummer wanted to perform a duet. Hekiru Shiina was offered the job as she and Shinya were both hosts at the Japan FM Network radio program *Deeper Street*. Two versions of the resulting single, \"Hyoryusya\", were released on November 21; one by Mercury and the other by Sony. Shinya\'s first album *No Sticks* was released on December 10, 1997, and produced by Akimoto. Shinya played drums on the track \"Back Line Best\" for his fellow Luna Sea bandmate J\'s 1997 debut solo album *Pyromania*, and on Tak Matsumoto\'s 1999 song \"Go Further\", which also features Billy Sheehan. He also contributed to tribute albums to the recording artists Hideki Saijo, Cozy Powell, John Bonham, and Rainbow. After Luna Sea disbanded in 2000, Shinya worked as support drummer for musicians such as Miyavi, Nanase Aikawa, Kyosuke Himuro, and numerous others. He also occasionally taught drums to students at the Osaka School of Music.
In 2002, Shinya was recruited by Satoshi Takebe to be part of a backing band for pop singer Maki Ohguro. With a lineup that also included The Street Sliders guitarist Kouhei Tsuchiya and Judy and Mary bassist Yoshihito Onda, they released the cover album *Copy Band Generation Vol. 1* on March 17, 2004, under the name `{{Nihongo|Maki Ohguro and Friends|大黒摩季とフレンズ|Ōguro Maki to Furenzu}}`{=mediawiki}. In 2003, Shinya held an audition for a female singer. Okinawa native Milky was selected from more than 300 applicants, and the duo made their live debut as Potbelly that April at the Heaven\'s Party Scene 1 event that the drummer produced at Shinjuku LiquidRoom. Two years later, they released the album *Crash, Crash, Crash* on August 22, 2005 through Nippon Crown. Produced by Shinya, it also features hide with Spread Beaver bassist Chirolyn, Siam Shade guitarist Daita, and Wands guitarist Hiroshi Shibasaki. In 2006, Shinya collaborated with his fellow Luna Sea member Inoran\'s band Fake? for the song \"Disco\" on their mini-album *Songs From Beelzebub*. Also in 2006, he became a support drummer for Morrie\'s project, Creature Creature, and teamed up with La\'cryma Christi drummer Levin for several exhibitions in celebration of the 60th anniversary of Pearl Drums.
Maki Ohguro and Friends temporarily reunited for a tour in October 2007. On December 24, 2007, Shinya reunited with Luna Sea to play a one-night only concert at the sold-out 55,000 seat Tokyo Dome. The band would reunite once again at the hide memorial summit on May 4, 2008. From 2008 to 2009, Shinya was support drummer for X Japan vocalist Toshi\'s project, Toshi with T-Earth. Shinya opened Re:soul, a jewellery shop specializing in healing stones, in Daikanyamachō on April 23, 2008. In 2009, he began \"producing\" the Tokyo ramen shop `{{Nihongo|Tenraiken|天雷軒}}`{=mediawiki}. That year, he also played on L\'Arc-en-Ciel guitarist Ken\'s first solo album *In Physical*, and provided live support for the recently reunited Dead End. On August 31, 2010, he appeared with the other members of Luna Sea at a press conference in Hong Kong, where they officially announced their reunion and their 20th Anniversary World Tour Reboot -to the New Moon-.
In response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan on March 11, Shinya supported Toshi at eight concerts throughout western Japan. All of the shows were acoustic due to the electricity shortage and also featured X Japan\'s Heath and the Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa. All proceeds were donated to the Japanese Red Cross to aid the victims. Shinya provided drums to the 2011 album *Matsuri-bayashi* by Vocaloid musician BuzzG. On June 9, 2011, he joined Yellow Fried Chickenz, a rock band formed the previous year by vocalist Gackt and guitarists Chachamaru and You. Other members who joined at the same time include former Rize basssist U:zo, Fade vocalist Jon, and third guitarist Takumi. The band toured Europe that summer, performing 14 shows in nine countries, before returning to Japan for 19 shows in nine cities. However, after only a year together as a septet, they disbanded following their July 4, 2012 Nippon Budokan concert. With Shinya, Yellow Fried Chickenz released two singles, one studio album, and three concert videos. Shinya played drums on Granrodeo\'s 2012 single \"Can Do\", which was used as the theme song to the *Kuroko\'s Basketball* anime. Shinya participated in the HIV/AIDS benefit concert Hope and Live \~ HIV/AIDS Support and Treatment Benefit Concert 2013, which was held on August 26--28 at Club Citta and included many other artists such as Zigzo and his Luna Sea bandmate Ryuichi. He also contributed to that year\'s Dead End tribute album, *Dead End Tribute - Song of Lunatics -*. Shinya and Sugizo played together on \"Ai no Uta\" for Ryuichi\'s 2014 mini-album *Concept RRR 「Never Fear」*. In 2016, Shinya began contributing to solo recordings by D vocalist Asagi with the triple A-side single \"Seventh Sense / Shikabane no Ōja / Anpusai\".
Having had to postpone most of their 2020 30th anniversary tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, Luna Sea were set to perform at Saitama Super Arena on December 26 and 27, 2020. However, both were also postponed after Shinya tested positive for COVID-19 on the morning of December 26. On May 6, 2023, Shinya was appointed an ambassador of his hometown of Hadano, Kanagawa.
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# Shinya (musician)
## Musicianship
When asked about his drumming style, Shinya said his concept is *wa* or \"harmony\"; he enjoys making other people happy, and therefore believes it is his \"duty\" to play drums for others. He also used *hana* (Japanese for \"flower\") as a word to describe his style, explaining that a flower blooms at all times, even when no one is watching. So one should try to \"shine\" at all times; \"it is beautiful when you are blooming for yourself.\" In contrast, the third and final word he listed was *in\'yō* (Japanese for \"yin and yang\"), referring to how a drummer must act according to the circumstances, including staying in the \"shadows\" if appropriate; \"When you are playing a dark song, if you try to shine, there\'s no point to it.\" He speculated that his training in Noh as a child might be the cause for his unique drumming style. Gota Nishidera wrote that the biggest difference between Luna Sea and their contemporaries was their rhythm section, who created a \"rhythm revolution\" in Japanese rock with their exquisite control and ability to freely manipulate silence and explosion. Sugizo stated that it was the Noh background that taught Shinya that knowing when not to hit, or when to mute, is more important than playing a note.
Shinya cited Led Zeppelin\'s John Bonham as his favorite drummer. His drum instructor was Soul Toul, drummer of Daddy Takechiyo & Tokyo Otoboke Cats. Shinya said he normally does not practice drums at all in his daily life; \"If you keep on thinking \'I have to get better at drums\', then playing would be like studying, and your playing style would get more and more restricted and rigid. To me, that\'s horrible.\" After singing on his own 1997 solo album, Shinya said his drumming style changed to became more conscious of vocals. Hisaaki Komatsu, Luna Sea\'s front of house engineer since 2011, said that Shinya is particular about his drum sounds in concerts. He said that after a show, Shinya listens to a recording on the way home and messages Komatsu to make changes for the next day. Shinya\'s protégé and roadie was Siam Shade drummer Jun-ji.
Pierre Nakano of Ling Tosite Sigure holds Shinya in high esteem, as does Masahiro Matsuoka. Reportedly, Alexandros drummer Satoyasu Shomura is largely influenced by Shinya, and Shinya of Dir En Grey cited him as the number one drummer. Kra\'s Yasuno was inspired to start playing the drums because of Shinya, and Dio -- Distraught Overlord drummer Denka cited him as one of his two biggest influences.
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# Shinya (musician)
## Equipment
The first drum kit Shinya ever bought was a Pearl President Export in high school. He chose an expensive, double bass drum set because he already knew he wanted to be a professional musician. He said his love for large kits originated from Munetaka Higuchi. Throughout the majority of the 1990s, Shinya used Yamaha Drums. In 1999, he signed an endorsement contract with Pearl. In addition to liking the variety they offered and their appearances, he said the fact that both Higuchi and Reaction drummer Yasuhiro Umezawa used Pearl was a factor in signing. Since then, Shinya has continued to alter his kit, including using three bass drums, acrylic shells, and electronic drums. He said this is because he views drums like toys, and compared it to how other people often tinker and customize their automobiles. Komatsu said that Shinya is always willing to try new things. When Pearl began re-manufacturing their Crystal Beat acrylic shells, Shinya requested see-through pink ones in 2014, before switching to green ones in 2017. The drummer said he particularly liked the tone of the acrylic shells. In 2019, Shinya began using Pearl\'s e/Merge electronic drums. Although he had incorporated some electronic drums in his kits before, this time he went completely electronic.
Between 1994 and 1998, Yamaha produced Shinya\'s signature snare drum, the SD-255. In 2020, Sabian Cymbals released Shinya\'s signature model cymbal, The Star. Featuring small holes positioned to form the shape of a star, three types were produced; an 18\" crash, an 18\" Chinese, and a 10\" china splash. Shinya has signature drum sticks with Pearl. He prefers the stick in his left hand to be heavier than the one in his right, using a 53g stick in his left hand, and a 50g in his right.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Shinya married former Morning Musume member `{{Nihongo|Aya Ishiguro|石黒 彩}}`{=mediawiki} in May 2000. Eight years his junior, Aya largely retired from the entertainment industry and became a housewife shortly after giving birth to their first child. They have three children: daughters `{{Nihongo|Rimu|玲夢||born November 2000}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Nihongo|Sona|宙奈||born September 2002}}`{=mediawiki}, and son `{{Nihongo|Youta|耀太||born August 2004}}`{=mediawiki}. Due to Shinya\'s unusual schedule for work, he rents a workspace separate from their home, and has spent more than a week there without returning home. In 2019, Rimu made her first television appearance and announced she was taking vocal lessons to become a singer.
Shinya said his three favorite things are drums, cars and golf. He became an avid golfer in his 40s for health reasons. He and Aya said they had no hobbies in common until she also became hooked on the sport in 2017. Shinya does not normally listen to music in his daily life, explaining, \"I don\'t want making music to be a routine thing. I want to be in love with music.\" But when he does, he prefers Japanese pop music and enka, such as Ikuzo Yoshi and Saburō Kitajima.
## Discography
Singles and studio albums
- , Oricon Singles Chart Peak Position: #15
- #19
- *No Sticks* (December 10, 1997), Oricon Albums Chart Peak Position: #74
Home videos
- *Melody* (August 21, 1997)
- *No Sticks* (December 10, 1997)
- *Shinya London Calling* (February 1998)
-
- *Shinya Jikiden Pro-Drummer no Kokoroe Best Price* (October 27, 2011, re-release)
With Luna Sea
```{=html}
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```
With Maki Ohguro and Friends
- *Copy Band Generation Vol. 1* (March 17, 2004) #23
- *Copy Band Generation Live Vol. 1* (September 29, 2004)
With Potbelly
- *Crash, Crash, Crash* (August 22, 2005)
With Yellow Fried Chickenz
- \"The End of the Day\" (September 14, 2011) #7
- \"All My Love/You are the Reason\" (December 28, 2011) #10
- *Yellow Fried Chickenz I* (March 14, 2012) #7
- *World Tour \*Show Your Soul. I\* Yo Kai Kizu Ketsu Ai Tamashii Matsuri at Makuhari 2011* (April 18, 2012), Oricon DVDs Chart Peak Position: #7
- *World Tour \*Show Your Soul. I\* Yo Kai Kizu Ketsu Ai Tamashii Matsuri at Berlin 2011* (April 18, 2012) #17
- *Toriaezu Kaisanssu. Sunmasenssu.* (December 5, 2012)
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# Shinya (musician)
## Other work {#other_work}
All credits are adapted from *Luna Sea Complete Works Perfect Discography 30th Anniversary \[Revised Edition\]* (2020) unless another source is given.
- J; *Pyromania* (July 24, 1997) -- drums on \"Back Line Beast\"
- Various artists; *Hideki Saijo Rock Tribute: Kids\' Wanna Rock!* (July 24, 1997) -- sings with Daisuke Kikuchi on \"Minami Jūjisei\"
- Sugizo; *Truth?* (November 19, 1997) -- drums on \"Chemical\" and \"Sperma\"
- d-kiku; *Miniature Garden* (August 1, 1998) -- drums on \"Tamarisque\"
- Various artists; *Cozy Powell Forever* (September 19, 1998) -- drums on \"Kill the King\"
- Shuichi Murakami; *Welcome to My Life* (September 30, 1998) -- drums on \"Welcome to My Rhythm \[Kon\'na Oira ni Dare ga Shita\]\"
- Hekiru Shiina; *Face to Face* (January 21, 1999) -- drums on \"Fly Away\"
- Various artists; *Super Rock Summit \~Tengoku e no Kaidan\~* (March 17, 1999) -- drums on \"Moby Dick (Bonzo\'s Montreux)\" and \"We\'re Gonna Groove\"
- Tak Matsumoto; *Knockin\' \"T\" Around* (April 14, 1999) -- drums on \"Go Further\"
- Various artists; *Super Rock Summit Rainbow Eyes* (June 30, 1999) -- drums on \"I Surrender\" and \"Still I\'m Sad\"
- The Me to Puririnsha; \"No No Crying\" (January 13, 2000) -- lyricist
- Olivia; \"Dekinai\" (July 26, 2000) -- drums
- Vivian Hsu; *Pretend Angel* (September 20, 2000) -- drums on \"Devil\'s Tear\"
- Inoran; *Fragment* (July 25, 2001) -- drums on \"Bay\"
- Nicholas Tse; *Jade Butterfly* (August 10, 2001) -- drums on \"Today, Your Birthday\" and \"Kujaku\"
- Amii Ozaki; *Amii-Phonic* (August 22, 2001) -- drums on \"Yukkuri Odoru Bear no Yōna Yoru o Iku\"
- Chirolyn & The Angels; \"Yume no El Dorado\" (September 19, 2001) -- drums
- Sing Like Talking; *Metabolism* (September 26, 2001) -- drums on \"Jack Lemmon\"
- Various artists; *Reaction Tribute Album: Always On My Mind* (October 24, 2001) -- drums on \"Follow the Shadow\"
- Toranoko Trash; *Four Leaf Clover* (November 8, 2001) -- producer
- Junpei Kokubo; *Ichininmae ni Naritakute* (December 12, 2001) -- drums on \"Michishirube\"
- Chirolyn; \"Kimi wa Kiseki wo Shinjiru Kai?\" (January 23, 2002) -- drums
- Sugizo feat. Bice; \"Rest in Peace & Fly Away\" (April 10, 2002) -- drums
- Chachamaru; *Air* (December 21, 2002) -- drums on \"Metamorphose\"
- Sugizo & the Spank Your Juice; \"No More Machine Guns Play the Guitar\" (January 24, 2003) -- drums on the title track, \"Remind\" and \"Uso\"
- Sugizo & the Spank Your Juice; *Brilliant Days* (January 11, 2005) -- appears in the music video for \"Remind\"
- Maki Ohguro; *Happiness* (June 22, 2005) -- drums on \"Lehman Blues\"
- Nanase Aikawa; *R.U.O.K?!* (November 9, 2005) -- drums
- Kyosuke Himuro; *Soul Standing By* (December 24, 2005) -- drums
- Nanase Aikawa; *7.7.7* (January 1, 2006) -- drums
- The Flare; *The Flare* (February 8, 2006) -- drums on \"Free Your Mind\"
- Nami Tamaki; *My Way/Sunrize* (March 24, 2006) -- drums on \"Prayer -Programless Beat Mix-\"
- Fake?; *Songs From Beelzebub* (May 24, 2006) -- drums on \"Disco\"
- Creature Creature; *Light & Lust* (August 30, 2006) -- drums on \"Red\", \"Hoshi Suki\", \"Paradise\" and \"Sen no Yamiyo ni\"
- Rock Fujiyama Band; *Rock Fujiyama* (January 24, 2007) -- drums on \"Basket Case\", \"Hound Dog (You Ain\'t Nothing but a Hound Hog)\", \"Purple Haze\", \"Summer of \'69\", \"Ben\", \"Don\'t Stop Believin\'\" and \"Are You Gonna Go My Way\"
- Leonard Eto; *Blendrums* (April 25, 2007) -- drums on \"Midnight Theater\" and \"No Elephant (Live)\"
- LM.C; \"Liar Liar/Sentimental Piggy Romance\" (October 10, 2007) -- drums on \"Liar Liar\"
- Maki Ohguro; *Positive Spiral* (January 30, 2008) -- drums on \"Eikō no Kin Batch\"
- LoveFixer; \"Yakō/Crystal Rain\" (August 27, 2008) -- drums on \"Crystal Rain\"
- Norimasa Fujisawa; \"Vincero\" (August 27, 2008) -- drums on \"Genei\"
- Binecks; \"The Sun\" (February 4, 2009) -- drums on \"Desert Rose\"
- Bad Blood Project; \"Maria no Yūutsu\" (March 4, 2009) -- drums on the title track
- Miyavi; *Second Live 「Nariagari (Shaku)」 2003.10.19 at Hibiya Yagai Dai Ongakudō* (April 5, 2009) -- drums
- Ken; *In Physical* (April 22, 2009) -- drums on \"My Angel\" and \"Save Me\"
- Takeshi Tsuruno; *Tsuruno Uta* (April 22, 2009) -- drums on \"Pegasus Fantasy\"
- Koda Kumi; *3 Splash* (July 8, 2009) -- drums on \"Hashire\"
- Seven; \"Killer Tune\" (September 9, 2009) -- drums on \"Hana\", \"Kingdom\", \"Saw\" and \"Darkness\"
- Takeshi Tsuruno; *Tsuruno Oto* (September 16, 2009) -- drums on \"Kimi Dake o Mamoritai\"
- Abingdon Boys School; \"From Dusk Till Dawn\" (December 16, 2009) -- drums
- Various artists; *Higuchi Munetaka Tsuitō Live 2009: Munetaka Higuchi Forever Our Hero* (July 14, 2010) -- drums on \"Black Widow\", \"Pray for the Dead\", \"Drum Solo Performances\" and \"Let It Go\"
- Maki Ohguro; *Suppin* (August 25, 2010) -- drums on \"It\'s All Right\"
- BuzzG featuring Gumi x Vocalists; *Matsuri-bayashi* (June 29, 2011) -- drums
- Sugizo; *Flower of Life* (December 14, 2011) -- drums on \"Conscientia\" and \"Forry\"
- Granrodeo; \"Can Do\" (April 18, 2012) -- drums on the title track and \"Love in Shelter\"
- Yuina; \"Kabuki On\'na no Nare no Hate/Shiawase Neiro\" (February 6, 2013) -- drums
- AKB48; *Dai 2-kai AKB48 Kōhaku Taikō Utagassen* (March 27, 2013) -- drums on \"Give Me Five!\"
- Various artists; *Dead End Tribute - Song of Lunatics* (September 4, 2013) -- drums on \"So Sweet So Lonely\"
- Dempagumi.inc; \"W.W.D II\" (October 2, 2013) -- remixed \"W.W.D II (Shinya Tataitemita Remix)\"
- Nanase Aikawa; \"Sakura Maioriru Koro, Namidairo\" (March 5, 2014) -- drums on \"Sakura Maioriru Koro, Namidairo feat. Nanase\"
- Ryuichi Kawamura; *Concept RRR 「Never Fear」* (October 1, 2014) -- drums on \"Nagaiyo no Owari ni\" and \"Ai no Uta\"
- Asagi; \"Seventh Sense / Shikabane no Ōja / Anpusai\" (April 27, 2016) -- drums on \"Shikabane no Ōja\"
- Asagi; *Madara* (January 31, 2018) -- tsuzumi on \"Tenchi Ikikuru Kofune\", drums, tsuzumi, ōtsuzumi and taiko on \"Tsuki-kai no Miko\" and Japanese drums on \"Yōtō Gyokuto\"
- Asagi; \"Yōko no Yomeiri\" (September 24, 2018) -- tsuzumi, ōtsuzumi, and taiko
- Maki Ohguro; *Music Muscle* (December 5, 2018) -- drums on \"Because, You\...\"
- Sugizo feat
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# 1991 NBA playoffs
The **1991 NBA playoffs** was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association\'s 1990--91 season. The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals. Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP.
The Lakers reached the Finals despite not being the top seed in the Western Conference for the first time since 1981, and for just the second time since drafting Magic Johnson first overall in 1979.
After the Detroit Pistons had ended their season the last three years, the Bulls got revenge in the Eastern Conference Finals by sweeping the two-time defending NBA champions. It was the first time the Bulls won a playoff series over the Pistons since 1974, when both teams were still part of the Western Conference. Game 4 ended with some of the Pistons walking off the court before time expired, refusing to shake the Bulls\' hands.
This edition marked the first of four consectutive seasons the Bulls and the New York Knicks faced off in the playoffs with the Bulls sweeping the Knicks out of the first round.
The seventh seeded Golden State Warriors stunned the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs, defeating them 3 games to 1. It would be Golden State\'s last playoff series win until 2007.
The 76ers and the Bucks met in the first round of the playoffs where the 76ers swept the series. It would be both teams last playoff appearance until 1999.
Game 4 of the Blazers--Jazz series was the last game ever played at the Salt Palace. The Jazz moved to the Delta Center the following season.
The Spectrum hosted its final NBA playoff game in Game 4 of the Bulls--76ers series. When the 76ers returned to the playoffs in 1999, they had moved to the CoreStates Center, their home since the 1996--97 season.
This was the first year that NBC aired the NBA Playoffs.
## Bracket
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# 1991 NBA playoffs
## First round {#first_round}
### Eastern Conference first round {#eastern_conference_first_round}
#### (1) Chicago Bulls vs. (8) New York Knicks {#chicago_bulls_vs._8_new_york_knicks}
- Michael Jordan\'s famous dunk on Patrick Ewing.
Chicago won 4--0 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bulls winning the first two meetings.
Chicago leads 2--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) Boston Celtics vs. (7) Indiana Pacers {#boston_celtics_vs._7_indiana_pacers}
- Larry Bird came back in the middle of the third quarter despite suffering a concussion in the second and inspired the Celtics\' rally.
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Celtics and the Pacers.
#### (3) Detroit Pistons vs. (6) Atlanta Hawks {#detroit_pistons_vs._6_atlanta_hawks}
Detroit won 5--0 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Hawks winning three of the first five meetings.
Atlanta leads 3--2 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (4) Milwaukee Bucks vs. (5) Philadelphia 76ers {#milwaukee_bucks_vs._5_philadelphia_76ers}
- Jay Humphries hits three pointer at the buzzer to force OT.
```{=html}
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```
- Adrian Dantley and Jack Sikma\'s final NBA game.
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the 76ers winning four of the first seven meetings.
Philadelphia leads 4--3 in all-time playoff series
----------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
### Western Conference first round {#western_conference_first_round}
#### (1) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (8) Seattle SuperSonics {#portland_trail_blazers_vs._8_seattle_supersonics}
Portland won 4--0 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the SuperSonics winning two of the first three meetings.
Seattle leads 2--1 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) San Antonio Spurs vs. (7) Golden State Warriors {#san_antonio_spurs_vs._7_golden_state_warriors}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the first playoff meeting between the Warriors and the Spurs.
#### (3) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (6) Houston Rockets {#los_angeles_lakers_vs._6_houston_rockets}
- Byron Scott hits the clutch shot with 15 seconds left.
Los Angeles won 3--1 in the regular-season series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Rockets winning two of the first three meetings.
Houston leads 2--1 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (4) Phoenix Suns vs. (5) Utah Jazz {#phoenix_suns_vs._5_utah_jazz}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Suns winning the first two meetings.
Phoenix leads 2--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
## Conference semifinals {#conference_semifinals}
### Eastern Conference semifinals {#eastern_conference_semifinals}
#### (1) Chicago Bulls vs. (5) Philadelphia 76ers {#chicago_bulls_vs._5_philadelphia_76ers}
- 76ers final playoff game at the Spectrum.
Philadelphia won 3--1 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Bulls winning the first meeting.
Chicago leads 1--0 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (2) Boston Celtics vs. (3) Detroit Pistons {#boston_celtics_vs._3_detroit_pistons}
Tied 2--2 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning three of the first five meetings.
Boston leads 3--2 in all-time playoff series
----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
### Western Conference semifinals {#western_conference_semifinals}
#### (1) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (5) Utah Jazz {#portland_trail_blazers_vs._5_utah_jazz}
- This was the last game ever played at the Salt Palace.
Portland won 3--1 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Jazz winning the first meeting.
Utah leads 1--0 in all-time playoff series
--------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
#### (3) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (7) Golden State Warriors {#los_angeles_lakers_vs._7_golden_state_warriors}
- Sam Perkins hits the game-tying lay-up with 2.4 seconds left to force OT.
Los Angeles won 3--2 in the regular-season series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the seventh playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning five of the first six meetings.
Los Angeles leads 5--1 in all-time playoff series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
## Conference finals {#conference_finals}
### Eastern Conference finals {#eastern_conference_finals}
#### (1) Chicago Bulls vs. (3) Detroit Pistons {#chicago_bulls_vs._3_detroit_pistons}
- In their last show of defiance, Isiah Thomas, Bill Laimbeer, and Mark Aguirre of the Pistons walked off the court with 7.9 seconds left in Game 4 so as not to congratulate the Bulls. Only Joe Dumars and John Salley shook hands with any of the Bulls. It was later revealed that the reason why the Pistons walked off the court without shaking hands with the Bulls was due to comments said by Michael Jordan in a pre-game interview, where he stated that "The Pistons are undeserving champions", and that "The Bad Boys are bad for basketball."
Chicago won 3--2 in the regular-season series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Pistons winning three of the first four meetings.
Detroit leads 3--1 in all-time playoff series
-----------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
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# 1991 NBA playoffs
## Conference finals {#conference_finals}
### Western Conference finals {#western_conference_finals}
#### (1) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (3) Los Angeles Lakers {#portland_trail_blazers_vs._3_los_angeles_lakers}
Portland won 3--2 in the regular-season series
------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning three of the first four meetings.
Los Angeles leads 3--1 in all-time playoff series
---------------------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Previous playoff series
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# 1991 NBA playoffs
## NBA Finals: (E1) Chicago Bulls vs. (W3) Los Angeles Lakers {#nba_finals_e1_chicago_bulls_vs._w3_los_angeles_lakers}
- Sam Perkins hits the game-winning 3 with 14 seconds left.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Michael Jordan does \"The Move\".
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Michael Jordan hits the game-tying shot with 3.4 seconds left to force OT.
Tied 1--1 in the regular-season series
----------------------------------------
{{basketballbox
: Regular-season series
This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning the first four meetings
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# Pieter Nieuwland College
The **Pieter Nieuwland College** is a secondary school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in the district Watergraafsmeer. The school is named after Pieter Nieuwland. It is a school of further education with the directions VWO and HAVO. The school is a part of the ZAAM Group.
From this school a new Gymnasium was started, the Cygnus Gymnasium. The Gymnasium is the same level of education as Atheneum but with an additional focus on ancient languages such as Greek and Latin
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# Monument Snowboards
**Monument Snowboards** is a snowboard company based in the Mid-Atlantic founded in late 2001 by David Tran. It was first started as a house brand for Capitol Board Room (originally owned by Chad and Mike Ellis), a snowboard shop based in Virginia, then emerged into its own brand with a full team by 2003.
The original Capitol Board Room Snowboard/Skateboard/Surf shop was open from 1996-1998 under the Ellis brothers. Tran kept the web site up as part of his portfolio after the shop closed. After a trip out west in 1999, owner Dave Tran had all of his equipment stolen from Dulles Airport (\$2,500 value) from United Airlines on his way out to Steamboat Springs, Colorado. He then decided to start up the online Capitol Board Room after talking with Chad Ellis and getting his blessing to use the name ^[1](http://www.ontaponline.com/view_article.php?article_id=10463)^.
Two years after starting up Capitol Board Room, Tran started Monument Snowboards. After picking up local Virginia rider, Jeremy Cline from Massanutten Mountain, Virginia, the company started to move from a generic house brand to its own entity by adding team members who worked at June Mountain, California, for the 2005 Transworld Snowboarding Magazine Team Challenge. In 2005, several team members were featured in DFI\'s snowboard video, \"the over surveillance.\" In 2006, the company put a video called \"Clouds Happen.\" For 2007, the company filmed and edited another film short called \"Frontcountry.\"
Ethan Deiss is featured in 2009\'s \"Think Positive\" (Role Model Productions), putting him in the spotlight with \"Jibber of the Year\" mentions from Transworld Magazine.
Monument Snowboards has participated in numerous events including 2005 Transworld Snowboarding Team Challenge, and the 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 Snowboarder Magazine SuperPark event.
Monument snowboards have been featured in the Washington Post, and numerous international publications.
## Links
- [Monument Snowboards website](http://www.monumentsnowboards.com)
- [Capitol Board Room website](http://www.capitolboardroom.com)
- [Washington Post Sunday Source Article: 1/14/07](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011101844.html)
^1^[Ontap Magazine Article - Background of Monument Snowboards](http://www.ontaponline.com/view_article.php?article_id=10463)
- [DC Snowboarding Scene](http://gonzorangers.com/?p=170)
- [TimeOut NY Product Showcase](http://www.timeoutny.com/newyork/Details.do?page=1&xyurl=xyl://TONYWebArticles1/585-586/check_out/express_lane.xml)
- [Southmain Interview with Jeremy Cline](https://web.archive.org/web/20070102144643/http://www.southmainonline.com/cline/cline.html)
- [Rocktown Weekly interview with Jeremy Cline](http://www.rocktownweekly.com/rocktown/search_rockdetails.php?AID=209&key=jeremy%20cline&title=&author=&date1=&date2=)
- [Jeremy Cline Deaflympics Results](http://www.deaflympics.com/games/result.asp?GamesID=34&EID=579)
- [Doug Mercer profile on Northwave](http://www.northwave.com/?q=/team_rider/20)
- [K5 Board Shop News with Doug Mercer Update](https://web.archive.org/web/20061106103518/http://www.k5.com/page.asp?itemid=382)
- [Doug Mercer Video Clip on SnowboardRevolution.com](http://www.snowboard-revolution.com/module.php?name=WatchVideo&id=134)
- [Surfrider Foundation - DC Surfrider Raises \$4,500 for Tsunami Relief](https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141029/http://www.surfrider.org/capitol/whatwedo/news.html)
- [Press Release on Snowboard Magazine 11.16.06](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927091922/http://www.snowboard-mag.com/node/16524)
- [Press Release on Transworld Snowboarding](http://www.twsbiz.com/twbiz/industrynews/article/0,21214,708533,00.html)
- [Monument Snowboards on video.google.com](http://video.google
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# James Hepburn Campbell
**James Hepburn Campbell** (February 8, 1820 -- April 12, 1895) was an Opposition Party and Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
## Biography
James Hepburn Campbell was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the law department of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1841. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. In 1842, he married author Juliet Hamersley Lewis, the daughter of Judge Ellis Lewis, Pennsylvania Attorney General and Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Campbell was a delegate to the 1844 Whig National Convention.
Campbell was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1856 to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He was again elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1862.
During the American Civil War, Campbell served as major of the Twenty-fifth Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry. He was appointed Minister to Sweden by President Abraham Lincoln in May 1864 and served until March 29, 1867. He declined the diplomatic mission to Colombia in 1867. He located in Philadelphia in 1867 and continued the practice of law. He died on his estate \"Aeola,\" near Wayne, Pennsylvania, in 1895. He was interred in Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia
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# Treaty of Montpellier
The **Treaty of Montpellier** (or the **Peace of Montpellier**) was signed in Montpellier on 18 October 1622 between King Louis XIII of France and Duke Henry II of Rohan. The treaty followed the siege of Montpellier and ended hostilities between French royalists and the Huguenots. It confirmed the religious tenets of the Edict of Nantes and pardoned Rohan, but reduced the number of Huguenot *places de sûreté* (military installations) to two: in La Rochelle and Montauban. The Huguenots would have to raze their other fortifications. They also would thenceforth be forbidden from holding their general assemblies and synods.
This peace would last only two years, as neither the King for the Huguenots were ready to respect its terms. The brother of Rohan, Benjamin, Duke of Soubise, attacked a royal fleet in the battle of Blavet in January 1625
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# German submarine U-99 (1940)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 4, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
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| 0 |
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# Apocalypse of Golias
The ***Apocalypse of Golias*** (*Apocalypsis Goliae*) is a satirical Latin poem of the 12th century, probably written in England or France. Like the Biblical Book of Apocalypse, the poem is addressed to the \"Seven Churches\", but manuscripts differ as to whether they are the \"Seven Churches in England\" or \"Seven Churches in Neustria\".
The *Apocalypse of Golias* has been ascribed by different scholars to Alan of Lille, Walter of Châtillon, Hugh Primas and Walter Map, but the evidence is against these attributions. The poem is one of a group of about the same date, all connected with the fictional \"Bishop Golias\", but these poems are not all by the same author.
The poet narrates a vision, a summer dream, in which Pythagoras offers to act as his guide, and gives him a quick view of the scholars and writers of the classical world from Priscian to Hippocrates. An angel then appears to introduce the main theme, a fierce criticism of pope, bishops, priests, archdeacons and deacons, who are successively likened to different animals. Monks are the worst of all, and their greed, gluttony and lust are described in colourful detail
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# Linköpings ASS
**Linköpings Allmänna Simsällskap**, commonly known as **Linköpings ASS** or **LASS**, is a Swedish swimming club based in Linköping and founded on 4 June 1824. The founding date makes Linköpings ASS one of the oldest Swedish swim teams. The club is active in swimming and diving
## History
An initiative of Per Westman, Linköpings ASS was founded in 1824 as Linköpings Simsällskap. On 18 August 1824, the club organised their first swimming graduation ceremony (*simpromotion*), where 9 bachelors and 20 masters graduated. In 1891, the club took its current name, Linköpings ASS.
Linköpings ASS had their first Olympic swimmer at the 1948 Summer Olympics, when Elisabeth Ahlgren participated. In 1988, Linköpings ASS had their first Olympics synchronized swimmer at the 1988 Summer Olympics, when Marie Jacobsson participated.
Led by coach Mikael Holmertz and swimmer Lars Frölander, Linköpings ASS was Sweden\'s best swimming club four years in a row from 2007 to 2010.
In 2009, the water polo team of Linköpings ASS left the swimming club and started Linköpings VF.
Bertil Wennberg became the swimming head coach in 2013. In August 2021, Rebecka Lester became swimming head coach of Linköpings ASS after Niklas Larsson. In 2022, Robin van Aggele, became swimming head coach of Linköpings ASS
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# Minyar
**Minyar** (*Минья́р*) is a town in Ashinsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the valley of the Sim River at its confluence with the Minyar River, 370 km west of Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: `{{ru-census|p2010=10,194|p2002=11,032|p1989=12,930}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
It was founded in 1771. Town status was granted to it on May 14, 1943.
## Administrative and municipal status {#administrative_and_municipal_status}
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality (the settlement of Volkovo), incorporated within Ashinsky District as the **Town of Minyar**. As a municipal division, the Town of Minyar is incorporated within Ashinsky Municipal District as **Minyarskoye Urban Settlement**
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# Jared Y. Sanders Sr.
**Jared Young Sanders Sr.** (January 29, 1869 -- March 23, 1944) was an American journalist and attorney from Franklin, the seat of St. Mary Parish in south Louisiana, who served as his state\'s House Speaker (1900--1904), lieutenant governor (1904--1908), the 34th Governor (1908--1912), and U.S. representative (1917--1921). Near the end of his political career he was a part of the anti-Long faction within the Louisiana Democratic Party. Huey Pierce Long Jr., in fact had once grappled with Sanders in the lobby of the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans.
He married Ada Veronica Shaw on May 31, 1891, and they had one son, Jared Y. Sanders Jr. They divorced in 1912. Sanders remarried to Emma Dickinson in 1916.
Jared Y. Sanders died at Our Lady of the Lake Hospital in Baton Rouge on March 23, 1944
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
The **13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion** (*link=no*), was created in 1940 and was the main unit of the 1st Free French Division, Free French Forces (FFL). From the coast of Norway to Bir Hakeim, to Africa then the Alsace, while passing by Syria and Italy, the 13th Demi-Brigade would be part of most of the major campaigns of the French Army during the Second World War.
After having been engaged in Indochina from 1946 to 1954, the 13^e^ DBLE joined the Algerian War, and left in 1962. The 13^e^ DBLE was based until 2011 at *Quartier-Général Monclar* in Djibouti, in virtue of an accord between France and the Republic of Djibouti in 1977. During 2011, the unit moved to the United Arab Emirates. In 2016, the unit returned to France, based at the same camp where it was first formed (and took its designation on 27 March 1940) -- *Camp du Larzac*.
## Creation and different designations {#creation_and_different_designations}
This unit of the Legion was created on 1 March 1940 within the cadre of the Franco-British expeditionary corps intended to intervene in Finland. The first designation of this unit was **13th Mountain Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion** (13^e^ DBMLE).
In lieu of the kepi, The formation was issued the 1935 pattern Fortress troops khaki beret with the Foreign Legion grenade hat badge.
On 1 July 1940, the 1st battalion, 900 men, were based in England as troops of the Free French Forces, the **14^e^ DBMLE**, while the remainder of the demi-brigade, 800 men principally from the 2nd battalion, returned to Morocco and preserved the designation of 13^e^ DBMLE.
On 4 November 1940, the demi-brigade of Morocco was dissolved which allowed the troops which remained in England to readopt the designation of **13^e^ DBLE**.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### Second World War {#second_world_war}
The unit was constituted in North Africa from volunteers of other foreign units stationed there. The unit was then commanded by lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey and was initially composed of two battalions:
- The 1^er^ bataillon -- Chef de bataillon (CBA) Guéninchault -- Sidi bel-Abbès
- The 2^e^ bataillon -- Chef de bataillon (CBA) Boyer Ressès -- Fez
Starting 13 May 1940, the unit took part in the Norwegian Campaign in the corps commanded by Général Béthouart, fighting in Bjerkvik and Narvik. The operation was a success, however, with the invasion of France, the unit was obliged to repatriate to the national territory. Losses in Norway were 8 Officers, and 93 Legionnaires including Chef de Bataillon Guéninchault.
The unit disembarked in Brittany on 4 June to reinforce the proposed national redoubt(*link=no*). On 21 June, the survivors of the demi-brigade embarked for Scotland. Those troops which did not heed the Appeal of 18 June (*link=no*) joined other units of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (*link=no*) in the region of Trentham.
Adhering to this appeal, recently promoted captain Pierre Kœnig adjoint (assistant) of lieutenant-colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, convinced the latter to head to London, where they met Général De Gaulle. Magrin-Vernerey met with Général Antoine Béthouart, chief 1st *Chasseurs* Division of the French Scandinavian Expeditionary Corps (*link=no*), who allowed him to meet the men at the garrisoned camp on the night of 30 June. Out of the 1,619 Legionnaires present on 28 June 1940, a little less than 900 rallied to Free France (*link=no*), the others joined Morocco under the command of Général Béthouard. Joining later the camp, where were regrouped the garrisoned Free French Forces, the 13^e^ DBLE participated to the 14 July parade in London.
The units of the Free French Forces took temporarily, between 1 July 1940 and 2 November 1940, the designation of 14th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion 14^e^ DBLE, while composed of the following:
- Headquarters staff commanded by commandant Alfred Maurice Cazaud (*link=no*)
- 3 combat units
- 1 support unit
The demi-brigade had a strength of 25 officers, 102 NCOs and 702 other ranks.
At the end of September 1940, the unit participated in the Battle of Dakar against Dakar. Following the failure of the landing in Senegal, the unit finished by disembarking, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Cazaud, in Equatorial French Africa (*link=no*) to partake, in November 1940, to the Battle of Gabon (*link=no*) and the rallying of Gabon to Free France (*link=no*), under the command of général de Larminat.
The unit accordingly assumed its original denomination, and at the corps of the French Orient Brigade, the unit circled Africa and disembarked at Port Soudan on 12 February 1941 to take part in combats in the East African Campaign. The brigade accordingly distinguished itself during the Battle of Keren, on 27 March 1941, then Massaoua on 8 April 1941.
In the following month, the unit joined Palestine in order to participate to the Syria--Lebanon Campaign. The demi-brigade entered into Syria on 8 June and following harsh combats, managed to enter into Damascus on 21 June. On 6 September 1941, lieutenant-colonel prince Amilakvari assumed command of the unit. In December, the 2nd battalion (commandant René Babonneau (*link=no*)) and 3rd battalion made way to North Africa where the unit, at the corps of the *Koenig Brigade*, front faced the forces of the Afrika Korps.
Promoted to *chef de bataillon* in September 1941, excellent instructor of men, René Babonneau assumed command of the 2nd Battalion, which at Bir Hakeim, on 27 May 1942, held back more than 70 tanks of the division Ariete, by destroying 35 out of them. His battalion received a citation at the orders of the armed forces. Remaining at the rear to uphold the unfolding, on the night of 10--11 June 1942 he was made prisoner and transferred to Italy, where he twice attempted to escape.
From May to June 1942, a part of the unit was successful at Bir Hakeim. This would be the occasion for Pierre Messmer, captain commanding a company to write later, a book: *The Lost Patrol* (*link=no*). Then the \"13^e^\" took part to the Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the commanding officer of the unit - Dimitri Amilakhvari - was killed.
During the assembly of the 1st Free French Division (1^re^ DFL), beginning of 1943, the DBLE disappeared as far as a troop corps and the three constituting units (1^er^ BLE, 2^e^ BLE and the anti-tank company) were incorporated into the 1st Brigade of the Division.
The unit later engaged in combat at the corps of the French Expeditionary Corps then disembarked in Provence within the cadre of Operation Dragoon in mid-August 1944. The demi-brigade took part in the Liberation of France (*link=no*) as part of the 1st Free French Division (1st Army) (*link=no*), notably during the course of the Battle of the Vosges (*link=no*).
During late 1944, a nominally Ukrainian battalion of the FFI -- composed of recent defectors from the 30th Waffen SS Grenadier Division --- was attached to the 13th Demi-Brigade. Two groups from the SS division had defected to the FFI on 27 August. One included 818 Ukrainians based at Vesoul, under the direction of Major Lev (Leon) Hloba, who had shot their German officers and surrendered to the Haute-Saône arm of the FFI in the Confracourt Woods. They brought with them 45-mm antitank guns, 82-mm and 50-mm mortars, 21 heavy machine guns, as well as large amounts of small arms and small-caliber ammunition. That same day, a similar defection occurred near Camp Valdahon -- hundreds of men brought with them an antitank gun, eight heavy machine guns, four mortars, and small arms and ammunition. The defectors became known as the *Bataillon de Résistants Ukrainiens*.
On 6 April 1945, the unit was seen attributed the Ordre de la Libération.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### Indochina War {#indochina_war}
Destined to be part of the French Expeditionary in Extreme-Orient, the 13^e^DBLE disembarked of the *SS Ormonde* on 6 February 1946 at Saigon and garrisoned north of the town, in the triangle of Gia Định -Thu Duc -- Hoc Mon.
Operations commenced, with 19 June 1946, the first combat at Mat Cat (Cochinchine). The 13^e^ DBLE was engaged in the frontiers of Siam until Tourane, while passing by the fields of Joncs. The battalions were spread.
- The 1st Battalion at Cambodia, pursued the Khmers issarak, which refuged in Siam.
- The 2nd Battalion at the center of Annam, defended Tourane, emptied Hué and installed a series of posts around Quảng Nam.
- The 3rd Battalion confronted hard combat at Cochinchine, where local ambushes alternated with action forces.
The 13^e^ DBLE participated to operations \"Vega\", \"Dragon II et III\", \"Geneviève\", \"Jonquille\", and \"Canigou\", with the adversary often leaving combatants behind, such as at Largauze on 26 March 1949. In 1950 the 13^e^ DBLE assembled in Cochinchine and received in support a fourth battalion. The latter was destined to join the units that had the mission to clean up the fields of Joncs.
The rhythm of operations accelerated with the beginning of the dry season: \"Potager\", \"Normandie\", \"Ramadan\", \"Trois Provinces\", \"Tulipes\", \"Ulysse 3\", \"Neptune\", and \"Revanche\". Following this operation, the 13^e^ DBLE was again split. Three battalions remained in Cochinchine where they participated to different operations: \"Araba\", \"Mandarine\", \"Pamplemousse\", and \"Caïman\".
On 31 January 1953, the 4th battalion was dissolved and the 3rd battalion transformed into an itinerary battalion: the latter would be found in Tonkin, then at Hué, Na Sam, Xoang Xa, at Than Hoa, engaged in a series of hard combats.
#### Combat engagements {#combat_engagements}
- The 13^e^ DBLE was attacked at Cà Mau by 700 combatants on 13 June 1947.
- At Cau Xang, nine legionnaires defended the guard tower, until their death.
- On 23 August 1947, the intervention company of the 3rd battalion was surprised with a larger superior number enemy. The legionnaires formed the Infantry square and repelled all the assaults while singing « *Le Boudin* » (*link=no*). When the rescue column arrived, the post deplored one killed and four wounded; however, the enemy retreated with three full chariots.
- On 1 March 1948, a free escorted civilian convoy passed by Saigon to Dalat and fell in an ambush. Lieutenant-colonel de Sairigné, regimental commander of the 13^e^ DBLE was part of the first killed. The adversaries took 134 civilians to serve them as shields. The pursuit led to the recuperation of a part of the innocent hostages which the enemy was constrained to abandon.
#### Hòa Bình 1952 {#hòa_bình_1952}
The 13^e^ DBLE participated in the Battle of Hòa Bình from 14 November 1951 to 24 February 1952. Hòa Bình (the name means \"peace\" in Vietnamese) was the capital of the Muong ethnic minority. By road, Hòa Bình lay a mere 67 kilometers of map distance from Hanoi via Colonial Route 6 (Fr: *Route Coloniale 6*). The Việt Minh had controlled Hòa Bình since October 1950 and used the district as a logistics staging area for operations in north central Vietnam. The French commander in Indochina, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, ordered the retaking of Hòa Bình in late 1951.
The 2nd Battalion of 13^e^ DBLE fought in a key engagement at Xóm-Pheo from 8--9 January 1952. The legionnaires held a vital hill at Xóm-Pheo astride Colonial Route 6, and they fortified their positions with trenches, bunkers, barbed wire, and minefields. On the night of 8 January, troops from the Việt Minh 102nd Infantry Regiment infiltrated through the minefields and attacked the 2/13^e^ DBLE positions. The Việt Minh forces overran the 5th Company position and destroyed bunkers with TNT satchel charges and Bangalore torpedoes. With many of their officers and NCOs killed or wounded, and half of their position overrun, the legionnaires counterattacked with fixed bayonets and hand grenades.
The legionnaires later counted 700 Việt Minh dead around the position at Xon-Pheó.
#### Dien Bien Phu 1953--1954 {#dien_bien_phu_19531954}
End of 1953, the 13^e^ DBLE assembled at Tonkin, the 2nd battalion in the Delta, the 1st and 3rd battalion (*link=no*) where at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, where they respectively held « Claudine » and « Béatrice ». On the night of 13 March 1954, after five assaults, « Béatrice » was submerged. The 3rd battalion was annihilated with Lieutenant-colonel Jules Gaucher, the regimental commander. The survivors barely represented the numbers of an actual company, and in the rear, efforts were made to reconstitute the battalion, however, time seemed to be missing. on 7 May, all was finished. The camp of Dien Bien Phu was submerged and 1st battalion disappeared to the turn. The Fanions of these units were destroyed at the last minute. Only a couple of fragments of the 2nd company were able to be brought back to Sidi bel-Abbès by a couple of legionnaires, whom share it before falling in the hands of the enemy.
Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher was killed on the first day of the battle (13 March 1954), when his command post suffered a direct hit from Việt Minh artillery. Suffering from serious wounds -- the loss of both arms, severe injuries to both legs, and an open chest wound -- he died at the hospital. Gaucher was replaced as 13^e^ DBLE commander on 23 March by Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier who was helicoptered into the fortress. Until the end of the battle, Lemeunier would be the most senior Foreign Legion officer present at Dien Bien Phu.
The unit suffered heavy casualties during fighting in March and April. On 14 April the Dien Bien Phu garrison reported that I/13^e^ DBLE was reduced to 354 effectives and III/13^e^ DBLE was reduced to 80 effectives.
On 30 April, the legionnaires at Dien Bien Phu celebrated the anniversary of the Legion\'s historic Battle of Camarón (*Bataille de Camerone*). The celebration took place at the 13^e^ DBLE command post where Lieutenant-colonel Lemeunier read the traditional Camarón proclamation over a radio hook-up that could be heard throughout Dien Bien Phu.
The 13^e^ DBLE was the only French unit present at Dien Bien Phu that saved one of its battle flags from destruction or capture. The guidon of 4th Company, III/13^e^ DBLE was initially captured by the Việt Minh during the assault on \"Béatrice\" on 13 March. On 19 May, while the Việt Minh were celebrating Ho Chi Minh\'s birthday, Sergeant Beres, a Hungarian legionnaire serving with 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1^er^ B.E.P), crawled into a Việt Minh command post and rescued the flag. The seriously wounded Beres was evacuated by helicopter from Dien Bien Phu on 24 May with the guidon hidden under his clothes.
During its 9-year service in Indochina (1946--1955), the 13^e^ DBLE suffered 2,721 killed in action (2334 Legionnaires, 307 Warrant Officers, 80 Officers). This included two commanding officers -- Lieutenant-colonel Brunet de Sairigné and Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### Algeria War {#algeria_war}
In 1955, the 13^e^ DBLE was found back on the African continent. Engaged in the operations of maintaining order (*link=no*), the regiment disembarked in Tunisia on 28 June 1955. Based in Guelma, the regiment radiated in Constantinois, North and South in the Nemencha. Hiding places were found but no combatants. Accordingly, the phase of \"pacification\" commenced.
The 13^e^ DBLE constructed or restored posts: Khsirane. The fight followed in the djebels, marked by hard combats: Zaouia, Bou Zakadane, Ouindj, djebel Seike. In July 1957, a combatant group of the ALN was destroyed.
Leaving then Nemenchta, the 13^e^ DBLE reduced to two battalions garrisoned at Aurès. Steep peaks were succeeded by wooded massifs. At the beginning of 1958, three combats against the ALN, obliged the latter to refuse to get in contact, and accordingly reacted by taking up violence on the civilian population. Nearly 800 families came, in the middle of the winter, and massed around the post of Bou Hamama. Accordingly, On 7 May 1958, the unit responded and combat engaged at Oued Kelaa with firm resolution.
In October 1958, the 13^e^ DBLE became an intervention regiment. The regiment was articulated into eight combat companies, including the mounted company, support company, employed at the exception, as companies of Fusiliers--Voltigeurs. Two tactical headquarter staff (EMT) mounted several companies on demand. In general, the first three were subordinated to FEMTI, the 4,5,6 to FEMT2, the CP and CA often in support of one or the other EMT. The composition number was 1778 men : 57 Officers, 249 Sous-Officiers and 1472 men. Such was put into effect for the officers due to a dozen of volunteers, out of which three were from the medical service, and lesser than a couple of dozens for the sous-officiers and the legionnaires. They had of a little harka, which was dissolved in June 1961.
The mission of this itinerary unit covered all Algeria, in a series of operations: « Emeraude », « Dordogne », « Georgevie », « Isère ». From Kabylie to the Atlas Mountains, Algiers to the Challe Line (*link=no*) designated as « Barrage est » at the Tunisian frontiers, then in the Aurès, where on 10 February 1961, the unit placed out of combat some 49 combatants and recuperated some 29 arms. The unit made way back to the « Bec de Canard », on the « Barrage est », where operations, patrols and ambushes succeeded until the end of combats in March 1962. At the independence of Algeria, the regiment left 214 tombs.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### 1962--1977
A first detachment joined Bougie (*link=no*) to be embarked at the end of April 1962, destination French Somaliland (*link=no*) (Actual Republic of Djibouti). Progressively, the remainder units would follow. The regimental colors arrived on the territory on 15 October of the same year. The companies disembarked one after the other in the new lieu. Having not known peace for the last 22 years since existence, the \"13^e^\" was at last able to justify reputation as \"bâtisseur\" which other units in the Legion rejoiced of.
The unit constructed and ameliorated various existing posts:
- The CCAS garrisoned at Gabode;
- The 1st company at Dikhil;
- The 2nd company at Gabode (works company);
- The 3rd company at Ali Sabieh;
- The 4th company at Holl-Holl;
- The ER (Reconnaissance squadron) at Oueah.
During this époque, the numbers in the regiment reached almost those of a sizeable battalion. On 1 October 1968, the regiment integrated a reconnaissance squadron. The 1st company ceded the respective lieu of implementation and went on to garrison in Dikhil. The 2nd company left Obock, took the denomination of 2nd works company (2^e^ CT) and joined the headquarter staff and the CCAS at Gabode, Djibouti headquarters.
On 25 August 1966, the President of the Republic, général de Gaulle, visited the territory. The units of the regiment in parade uniform rendered the respective honors of homage. Following the appearance of a banderole reclaiming the territory, manifestations were launched, and the sections of the 2nd company intervened in their parade uniform at 2000 and 2200 respectively. A dozen of ranked and legionnaires were wounded in the confrontation which caused officially thirty-six wounded with forces of the order and nineteen wounded with the manifesting groups. The next day, after the death of two manifesting individuals in the morning, at 1400, the regimental commander received the order to evacuate the place Lagarde where général de Gaulle was supposed to pronounce his speech. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies as well as two section of the CCAS were designated. The place was cleared in twenty five minutes starting at 1620. The confrontations continued at the level of blocked « Bender » by forces of the police reinforced by the Legion. In total, there were one killed and forty-six wounded in the forces of the order, three killed and two hundred and thirty eight wounded among the manifesting contingents.\
The following days, a cover fire was established on the « ville indigène », which was quarantined and searched by patrols. Starting 14 September, the « 13^e^ » as well as the 5th Inter-arm Oure-Mer Regiment (*link=no*) installed a barrage which encircled the town to filter the exit and entry points. Composed of rows of barbed wire («*ribard*») and miradors stretching over 14 kilometers, this barrier was maintained until the independence and beyond. The number of individuals killed trying to cross it remains undetermined. On 20 March 1967, the following day of a referendum on the autonomy of the territory, independent manifestations were suppressed again by the men of the 3rd company. The end of 1967 and the year of 1968 were again occasions of numerous tensions and operations of maintaining order.
In 1976, the regiment and notably the reconnaissance squadron intervened during the Loyada Hostage Rescue Mission (*link=no*).
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### 1977--2011 {#section_1}
Following the independence of the Republic of Djibouti in 1977, the 13^e^ DBLE participated regularly to military or humanitarian missions at the profit of the territories or in the Horn of Africa.
In 1979, the 4th company was dissolved. Their post of Holl-Holl was ceded to the National Army of Djibouti (AND). The regiment then consisted of only the 3rd company, the 2^e^ CT, the CCAS, the squadron and a company of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2^e^ REP on a 4-month rotation, based in Arta.
The operational engagements succeeded. In May 1991 the regiment assured the control of country\'s border, which were submerged by a massive influx of refugees coming from Ethiopia, while simultaneously rescue collecting some, welcoming others and disarming an Ethiopian division (Operation Godoria (*link=no*). In March 1992, it would be the turn of Operation Iskoutir (*link=no*). In December 1992, its Operation Oryx (*link=no*), in Somalia, then a couple of month later, Operations of the United Nations in Somalia (*link=no*), where the legionnaires of the \"13^e^\" served for a first time in their history under the Blue-Helmets (*link=no*) of the United Nations U.N. In June 1994, the third company was rushed to Rwanda within the cadre of Operation Turquoise (*link=no*) and the regiment participated also to Operation Diapason (*link=no*) in Yemen. During the same year, in May, the COMPARA (paratrooper company), stationed in Arta and which was armed by the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2^e^ REP was dissolved.
It is convenient to add to all these operations, of the punctual assistance brought forth by the regiment to the young Republic during natural catastrophic disasters which saved the latter regularly. The legionnaires intervened also within the cadres of assuming relief measures, facing flooding disasters, but also facing dryness, to aid humanly populations affected harshly by weather circumstances as well. The 2^e^ CT (works company) was regularly placed on call to execute diverse works, including various numerous constructions on the territory. The commemorative steles of the Legion marked the efforts of a section which worked for collective goals and these commemorations can be seen across all routes of the territory.
in addition, this last specialty, the 2^e^CT would assume the denomination of 2^e^ CAT (support and works company) by adding two support sections, one composed of six 120 mm mortars and the other section composed of 8 missile launcher posts.
This company was dissolved in 1998 to give place to a turning engineer company armed by the legionnaires of the 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment 1^e^ REG, then the 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment 2^e^ REG.
In 2000, it is the turn of the 3rd infantry company to disappear, also replaced by a turning company, armed however alternatively by units of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2^e^ REI and 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2^e^ REP. This last infantry company of the \"13^e^\" had a unique character. In fact, at the instar of the companies of the 2^e^ REP, each section had a specialty. The command section consisted of an 81 mm mortar group. The 1st section perfected the savoire-faire in the domain of sabotage and manipulation of explosives. The 2nd section regrouped the reconnaissance divers which were charged with infiltration missions by maritime means utilizing pneumatic boats or palms. The 3rd section regrouped the elite snipers of the regiment, equipping 12.7 mm Barret and 7.62 mm FRF2. The 4th section, consisted of five Véhicule de l\'Avant Blindé VABs out of which two were equipped with 20 mm cannons.
In 2001, the maintenance company of French Forces stationed in Djibouti (*link=no*) was attached to the Demi-Brigade.
In 2002, elements of the regiments were projected to the Ivory Coast within the cadre of Operation Unicorn (*Opération Licorne\]\]*).
After an intervention of a humanitarian character, where a section of the engineers were projected to Indonesia in 2005 (Opération Béryx (*link=no*), to assist and aid the victims of 2014 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean (*link=no*), the \"13^e^\" revived operational capacities in March 2007. The tactical headquarter staff, the infantry company and an engineer detachment were sent in urgency, north of the Central African Republic to secure and contain the propagation of violence in the zone of the three frontiers (Tchad, RCA, Soudan) to Birao.
In addition, the legionnaires of the unit are, since the beginning of the years 2000, regularly engaged under form of instruction operational detachment (*link=no*) (DIO) assisting neighboring countries (Ethiopia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait and numerous others).
### 2011--2015: United Arab Emirates {#united_arab_emirates}
On 31 July 2011, the 13^e^ DBLE left Djibouti and garrisoned in the United Arab Emirates at Camp de la Paix, the French military implementation in the United Arab Emirates, as a result of a defense cooperation agreement with France. This move was at the occasion of restructuring, the unit passing from a unit status of combat operational arm to that of a projected support force unit. The unit also bridged operations around the region in 2012 (Operation Tamour (*link=no*) in Jordan) and sent a quick detachment of almost 50 personnel to assist the counter-terrorism units of Iraq.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## History of campaigns, battles and garrisons {#history_of_campaigns_battles_and_garrisons}
### Since 2016: Camp du Larzac {#since_2016_camp_du_larzac}
On 30 July 2015, the transfert of the 13^e^ DBLE at Camp du Larzac in Aveyron, was announced in 2016. As of January 2016, with a demi-command company and logistics (CCL), two combat companies, numbers will pass from 69 to 390 then 450 legionnaires, followed in 2017 with the remainder of the CCL and two other combat companies, and in 2018 of a fifth combat company and the company of reconnaissance and support.
In 2022, the composition is about 1300 legionnaires at in five combat companies, one support company (CCL), and one reconnaissance and support company.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## Organization
### Djibuti (2001) {#djibuti_2001}
- The **CCS** or command and support company, is mixed, composed of legionnaires in MCD and permanently based. The unit regrouped all projectable services, necessary to command the regiment (signals, operations section, medics, transport section). The unit also armed the CECAP which organized the various tactical desert training courses in desert zones. This unit formed the French Forces stationed in Djibouti (FFDj), as well as the recently commissioned infantry officers of the various institutions and foreign military units;
- The **CM** or maintenance company. This company is mixed, consisting of both legionnaires and soldiers of the arms material branch, in MCD or permanently posted. This unit assured the maintenance of all units of the French Army present on the territory;
- The **ER** or reconnaissance squadron (permanent unit). The squadron formed mainly of legionnaires from the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment 1^e^ REC and stationed in isolated posts, at Brunet de Sairigné, at Oueah, 40 km from Djibouti since 1968. The unit was equipped with light armor type ERC 90 Sagaie. The unit was autonomous at the scale of maintain materials and infrastructure;
- The **Compagnie d\'Infanterie**. Manned alternatively by a company of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2^e^ REI or 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2^e^ REP, the unit was equipped with VAB and VLRA. The unit is formed of one section command, one support section (one group of 81 mm and another missile group), and three combat sections;
- The **Compagnie de Génie**. Hailing from the 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment 1^e^ REG and 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment 2^e^ REG, is composed of a command section, three combat engineer sections, one support section and one works section. The latter was in charge in general of preparing roads or landing strips. Sometimes, one of these sections can pass all the MCD time in the desert, under tents, drawing a landing strip, in the most purest tradition of legionnaires bâtisseurs (builder).
### United Arab Emirates (2011) {#united_arab_emirates_2011}
The unit became, in 2011, the support corps *Groupement terre* of the French Military Implementation in the UAE (*Forces françaises aux Émirats arabes unis*). The unit is decomposed of a support unit as well other units sent on the spot in short duration (4 months):
- Between 80 and 100 men seconded from units of the French Foreign Legion as support elements;
- A legion infantry company (provided alternatively by the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2^e^ REP and the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2^e^ REI);
- An artillery unit armed with CAESAR;
- An infantry unit armed with VBCI.
### France (2018) {#france_2018}
As an infantry regiment within the format defined in the cadre plan of the French Army \"Au contact\", the 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion is composed of 1300 men grouped in eight companies:
- One CCL, command and logistics company, regrouping all necessary projectable services to the regiment\'s command engaged in operations (signals, operations section, medics, transport section and maintenance);
- Five combat companies each with a command section, a support section (81 mm mortar and anti-tank missiles), and three combat sections;
- One CEA (reconnaissance and support company), with a command section, a regimental reconnaissance section (patrols of VBL), an anti-tank missile section, and a 12.7mm sniper section paired with 7.62mm snipers.
- One reserve company composed of a command section and two combat sections.
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## Traditions
### Insignia
<File:Insigne> régimentaire de la 13e Demi-brigade de Légion étrangère SVG.svg\| Regimental Insignia of the 13^e^ DBLE, other known as the \"*La Phalange Magnifique*\" Image:13DBLE-béret.jpg\|Beret insignia of the 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
### Regimental colors {#regimental_colors}
### Regimental Song {#regimental_song}
*Chant de Marche : Nos Képis Blancs (Sous le soleil brulant d\'Afrique)* featuring:
*1st couplet* Sous le soleil brûlant d\'Afrique, Cochinchine, Madagascar, Une phalange magnifique, A fait flotter nos étendards, Sa devise «Honneur et vaillance», Forme des soldats valeureux, Son drapeau celui de la France, Est un emblème des plus glorieux.
*Refrain* Vive la Légion étrangère, Et quand défilent les képis blancs, Si leur allure n\'est pas légère, Ils portent tous tête haute et fière, Et s\'élançant dans la fournaise, Le cœur joyeux jamais tremblant, Au son de notre Marseillaise, Savent combattre les képis blancs.
*2nd couplet* C\'est une chose d\'importance, La discipline à la Légion, L\'amour du chef, l\'obéissance Sont de plus pure tradition, Et pour notre France chérie, Tous ces étrangers bravement, Viennent défendre la patrie, Avec honneur et dévouement.
### Decorations
Image:Croix de la liberation.jpg\|`{{center|[[Order of Liberation|Croix de la libération]]}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Croix de Guerre 39 45.jpg\|`{{center|[[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de Guerre 39-45]]}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Croix de guerre des TOE.jpg\|`{{center|[[Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures|Croix de guerre des TOE]]}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Croix_de_l’Ordre_de_la_Libération.JPG>\|`{{center|[[Fourragère]] at the ruban colors of the Croix de la libération}}`{=mediawiki} Image:13e DBLE.jpg\|`{{center|Fourragère at the ruban colors of the [[Médaille militaire]]}}`{=mediawiki}
The Regimental colors of the 13e DBLE is decorated with the following:
- The companion of the Order of Liberation
- Four citations at the orders of the armed forces with attribution of the Croix de Guerre 39--45
- Four citations at the orders of the armed forces with attribution of the Croix de guerre des TOE
- Officer cross of the order of 27 June (independence order of the Djibouti).
### Battle honours {#battle_honours}
- Camerone 1863
- Bjerkvik-Narvik 1940
- Keren-Massouah 1941
- Bir-Hakeim 1942
- El Alamein 1942
- Rome 1944
- Colmar 1945
- Authion 1945
- Indochine 1946--1954
- AFN 1952--1962
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## Regimental commanders {#regimental_commanders}
- Lt. Col. Raoul Magrin-Vernerey (1940)
- Lt. Col. Alfred Cazoud (1940--1941)
- Lt. Col. Dimitri Amilakhvari (1941--1942)
- Major Gabriel Bablon (1942--1944)
- Major Paul Arnault (1944--1945)
- Lt. Col. Bernard Saint-Hillier (1945)
- Lt. Col. Gabriel Bablon (1946)
- Lt. Col. Gabriel Brunet de Sairigné (1946--1948)
- Lt. Col. Paul Arnaud (1948--1949)
- Lt. Col. René Morel (1949--1951)
- Lt. Col. Pierre Clément (1951--1953)
- Lt. Col. Guigard (1952--1953)
- Lt. Col. Jules Gaucher (1953--1954)
- Lt. Col. Lemeunier (1954)
- Lt. Col. Rossi (1954--1956)
- Lt. Col. Marguet (1956--1957)
- Lt. Col. Sanges (1957--1958)
- Lt. Col. Roux (1958--1961)
- Lt. Col. Vaillant (1961)
- Lt. Col. Dupuy de Querezieux (1961--1962)
- Lt. Col. Lacôte (1962--1965)
- Lt. Col. Geoffrey (1965--1968)
- Lt. Col. Gustave Fourreau (1968--1970)
- Lt. Col. Buonfils (1970--1972)
- Lt. Col. Pêtre (1972--1974)
- Lt. Col. Paul Lardry (1974--1976)
- Col. Jean-Claude Coullon (1976--1978)
- Lt. Col. Gillet (1978--1980)
- Lt. Col. Loridon (1980--1982)
- Lt. Col. Vialle (1982--1984)
- Lt. Col. Rideau (1984--1986)
- Lt. Col. Champeau (1986--1988)
- Lt. Col. Le Flem (1988--1990)
- Colonel Ibanez (1990--1992)
- Colonel J.P. Perez (1992--1994)
- Lt. Col. Emmanuel Beth (1994--1996)
- Lt. Col. Daniel Nougayrède (1996--1998)
- Lt. Col. Debleds (1998--2000)
- Colonel Jean Maurin (2000--2002)
- Colonel Chavancy (2002--2004)
- Lt. Col. Henri Billaudel (2004--2006)
- Colonel Marchand (2006--2008)
- Colonel Thierry Burkhard (2008--2010)
- Colonel Cyrille Youchtchenko (27 July 2010 to 21 July 2011)
- Lieutenant-colonel Tony Maffeis ( 21 July 2011 to 30 July 2013)
- Colonel Nicolas Heuze (30 July 2013 to 30 July 2015)
- Colonel Arnaud Goujon (30 July 2015 to 31 May 2016)
- Lieutenant-colonel Guillaume Percie du Sert (20 June 2016 to 30 June 2018)
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# 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
## Notable officers and Legionnaires {#notable_officers_and_legionnaires}
- Général Marie-Pierre Kœnig, elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France at posthumous title in 1984, Captain of the 13^e^DBLE during World War II.
- Général Raoul Magrin-Vernerey *Ralph* Monclar, first commander of the Demi-Brigade, the 1st Free French Division, and the French Battalion of the United Nations Organisation during the Korean War.
- Général d\'armée Jean Simon, Captain of the 13^e^ DBLE beginning of 1940, regimental commander of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (1948), division commander of the 27th Alpine Infantry Division (1961), Chancellor of the Ordre de la Libération, military medaled as a général.
- Prince de Géorgie Dimitri Amilakvari, killed at the head of the demi-brigade on 4 October 1942.
- Pierre Messmer, Prime Minister of France, Ministre de la Défense, Captain during World War II.
- Général de brigade Jacques Pâris de Bollardière, 1^e^ REI, 4^e^ REI, captain 13^e^ DBLE (1940), regimental commander 3^e^ RCP/3rd SAS (1944), regimental commander 2^e^ RCP and 3^e^ RCP (1946); the only senior army officer to denounce the practice of torture during the Algerian War.
- Général de corps d\'armée Bernard Saint-Hillier, Captain 13^e^ DBLE (1940), regimental commander 13^e^ DBLE (1945), Division commander 10th Parachute Division (1960).
- Susan Travers
- Capitaine de frigate Roger Barberot, Commandant squadron of the 1^er^ Régiment de Fusiliers Marins.
- Général André Lalande, designated as Chef de Bataillon of the 1st battalion of the *Phalange magnifique* in June 1943, Compagnon de la Libération.
- Général Hugues Geoffrey alias Hugo Gottlieb (former legionnaire), regimental commander 1965 to 1968.
- Général René Imbot, Lieutenant and Captain of the 13^e^ DBLE.
- Sergent-Chef Siegfried Freytag, from the German aviation (102 victories), served in the 13^e^ DBLE in Djibouti.
- Lieutenant-colonel Jacques Hogard, French paratrooper officer in the Legion
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# Jujiro Wada
**Jujiro Wada** (*和田重次郎*) (ca. 1872-5 March 1937) was a Japanese adventurer and entrepreneur who achieved fame for his exploits in turn-of-the-20th-century Alaska and Yukon Territory.
## Early life {#early_life}
According to his own account, Wada was born on February 12, 1872, in Ehime Prefecture, Japan, to wealthy parents. Wada said that he arrived in San Francisco in late 1891, and that his purpose of traveling to the United States was to attend Yale University.
Researcher Yuji Tani provides an alternative story. According to Tani, Wada was born on January 6, 1875, in Komatsu, Ehime Prefecture. He was the second son of a former samurai fallen on hard times, and his father died when Jujiro was four. Subsequently, Jujiro and his mother went to live with his mother\'s relatives in what is today Matsuyama City. In 1886, when he was 13 or 14 years of age (by Japanese counting, which would mean 12 or 13 by American), Jujiro went to work at Toda-Seishi Company, which was a local paper factory. In 1890, he went to work for the Yamaya Transport Company in Mitsuhama. Meanwhile, he heard tales about the fabulous wealth of America.
According to subsequent US immigration data, Wada took a steamship to San Francisco in March 1890. However, according to his own account, he stowed away aboard a ship out of Kobe in 1891.
## Whaling
Wada was a cabin boy and cook aboard the Pacific Steam Whaling Company\'s bark *Balaena* from March 1892 until October 1894. During this time, the ship was hunting baleen whales in the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans. Wada learned English during this voyage. His teacher was the ship\'s master, H. Havelock Norwood.
Wada returned to Alaska in 1895, this time as a shore hunter at Utqiagvik. Shore hunters hunted whales using land-based boats, and also hunted caribou with which to provision visiting whale ships. Wada worked for the Cape Smythe Whaling and Trading Company. The local manager was Charles Brower. This is probably when and where Wada learned to handle sled dogs and speak Alaska native languages.
In 1896, Wada returned to Japan to see his mother. He was in Japan about three months.
Following his trip to Japan, Wada returned to Alaska, where he went back to working as a shore whaler at Utqiagvik. In September 1897, an early freeze trapped eight ships of the U.S. whaling fleet in the ice off Point Barrow. Naturalist Edward Avery \"Ned\" McIlhenny (of the Tabasco sauce family) and two assistants were then living at the Point Barrow refuge station, and during the next few months, the McIlhenny party and the Barrow shore whalers helped the crews of the stranded whale ships.
## Prospector and cook {#prospector_and_cook}
Wada was in San Francisco during 1898-1899, and in August 1914, a young girl from San Francisco calling herself Helen Wada Silveira wrote the postmaster in Fairbanks, claiming to be Wada\'s daughter. She wrote a message to the Fairbanks Times and when presented to him by an acquaintance, Wada replied back, calling her \"Himeko.\" Her sixteen children and their families live throughout Northern California today.
Wada was in Nome during 1901. He apparently spent the winter of 1901-1902 in Seattle, because on May 26, 1902, he arrived in Skagway on a steamer out of Seattle.
From Skagway, Wada caught a different ship to St. Michael, and then took a gasoline launch up the Koyukuk River. In August 1902, Wada took a job as a cook for E.T. Barnette, who had established a trading post on the banks of the Chena River that subsequently became the site of modern Fairbanks.
## Fairbanks
On December 28, 1902, Wada drove one of Barnette\'s dog teams into Dawson City to tell the Canadians about the recent gold strikes near Fairbanks. Reporter Casey Moran of the *Yukon Sun* subsequently wrote a front-page story whose headline screamed \"Rich Strike Made in the Tanana.\" The story caused several hundred miners to leave Dawson City for Fairbanks, where most were disappointed to find that prices were high and the best sites were already staked. An angry mob approached Barnette\'s store, and threatened violence against both Barnette and Wada. Nonetheless, said Wada in September 1907:
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# Jujiro Wada
## More trials {#more_trials}
After this experience, Wada left Fairbanks for Nome, where, in July 1903, he was arrested on the charge of failing to report the sale of 40 mink pelts. He paid the fine, and left town.
During the winter of 1904-1905, Wada was hunting seals along the Beaufort Sea. He was accompanied by several Indians. In August 1906, he was back in Nome. He promptly lost the money he\'d made selling pelts in a card game, and he was arrested yet again, this time because some of the money he\'d lost belonged to his Indian companions. The two Indians testified against him, but an all-white jury acquitted him anyway. Wada was arrested a third time, in Candle, on the same charges, and he spent the rest of the year in and out of court.
## Marathon runner {#marathon_runner}
Needing money to pay his lawyers, Wada began running indoor marathon races. These were gambling events, in which prizes were measured in thousands of dollars. Wada ran well, too, winning a Nome marathon in March 1907. Said the *Dawson Daily News* on May 6, 1908:
In August 1907, Wada took his money to Vancouver, British Columbia. The *Vancouver Daily Province* of August 7, 1907 reported that Wada was a fine storyteller, a favorite being the one about the time he trained two polar bear cubs to pull his sled.
After a month in Vancouver, Wada returned to Dawson City. He secured a dog team, and then drove to Rampart, Alaska, to do some prospecting. He visited whalers wintering at Herschel Island on March 15, 1908. He left the whalers on March 21, and returned to Dawson City via Rampart House, Yukon Territory. It was on this trip that Wada, running short of dog food, reportedly fed the animals his sealskin pants. \"Fortunately,\" he said, \"the spring days were so warm that I did not suffer so keenly as such a sacrifice would have entailed in winter.\" Then, after filing some mining claims and buying a new worsted suit and brown derby, Wada caught a series of steamers to Nome.
Wada left Nome on December 18, 1908, and arrived in Fairbanks on January 11, 1909. This meant his sustained rate by dog team was about 35 miles per day. The reason for this haste was an indoor marathon scheduled for January 15, 1909. Wada finished second.
Wada signed up to run in Fairbanks\' Independence Day Marathon, which was scheduled for July 1, 1909, but he fell ill and so didn\'t participate. After recovering, Wada went south, to run in more long-distance races. On October 7, 1909, he ran a 20-mile race in Vancouver, British Columbia. He lost. He was scheduled to run an officially sanctioned marathon in Seattle on October 17, but did not. The winner, Henri St. Yves, set a world record in that race (2 hours, 32 minutes, 9 and 1/5 seconds).
## Establishing the Iditarod Trail {#establishing_the_iditarod_trail}
Wada left Seattle on November 24, 1909. The *Seattle Times* published later that day recorded his departure. Said the newspaper article:
After arriving in Seward, Wada and Alfred Lowell, Dick Butler, and Frank Cotter helped pioneer the Iditarod Trail. After finishing this project, Wada returned to Seattle. From Seattle, he went to Louisiana, where he visited Edward McIlhenny, probably to raise money for further expeditions. He returned to Alaska via Seattle in April 1911.
In early 1912, Wada was in the Kuskokwim area, looking for traces of a Japanese man known locally as Allen, who had disappeared there. On March 11, 1912, Wada was in Iditarod. In July 1912, he and his partner, John Baird, made a gold strike on the Tulasak River. Wada took about \$12,000 in gold with him when he went to Seattle to report the findings to his backers, who included McIlhenny and the Guggenheim brothers.
Wada returned to Seward in November 1912. He brought with him two sled loads of mining equipment, another sled load of miscellaneous supplies, and four Japanese companions who would serve as assistant dog drivers. The Japanese and their twenty dogs then drove to the Bear Creek strike. Wada remained at the Bear Creek site until February 1913.
| 700 |
Jujiro Wada
| 1 |
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# Jujiro Wada
## Late life {#late_life}
Wada went to Seattle for a short while, then he returned to Alaska in May 1913. That same year, he was described in John Underwood\'s *Alaska, an Empire in the Making,* as one of Alaska\'s best long-distance dog sled drivers.
In 1915, a man named Ernest Blue wrote in the *Cordova Daily Times* that Wada was a Japanese spy asserting that Blue had seen cash and a map of Alaska in Wada\'s possession. This story reappeared in 1923 and during WWII. During May 1915, Wada was in San Pedro, California, working at Van Camp\'s tuna packing plant, but left town swiftly after receiving a phone call. As with many stories about Wada, the published accounts are contradictory. In the *Seattle Times* on May 15, 1916, Wada insisted the phone call was a job offer in Alaska, and he traveled to New York. However, on page 217 of Tani, 1995, Wada wrote a letter to his friend Sunada, written on Van Camp Sea Food Company stationery. that reads, \"Sorry to say but I am compelled to leave here \... otherwise they will kill me.\"
During 1917-1918, Wada resumed prospecting in the Yukon, mostly along High Cache Creek. In 1919, he went to the Northwest Territories.
On September 6, 1920, he entered New York State via Niagara Falls. He listed his last residence as Herschel Island, Northwest Territories, and his employer as E.F. Lufkin. He listed his height as 5\'2\", his hair as black, and his complexion as dark.
From 1920-1923, he was trapping foxes on the Upper Porcupine. He also searched for gold around Herschel Island and for oil around Fort Norman (modern Norman Wells). His business partners during this time included the veteran trader Poole Field.
Wada left Canada in April 1923. On May 3, 1923, he arrived at Ketchikan aboard the SS *Princess Mary*. He listed himself as a citizen of Canada, but was not allowed entry into Alaska because he had no passport.
His subsequent whereabouts are not currently documented, but in 1930, he was in Chicago, Illinois. In May 1934, he was in Seattle, having recently arrived from San Francisco. During January 1936, he was in Green River, Wyoming. During the winter of 1936-1937, he was in Redding, California.
He died at the San Diego County hospital on March 5, 1937. The cause of death was listed as peritonitis caused by diverticulitis.
Wada was buried at county expense, probably in the city-owned Mount Hope cemetery. But he was not forgotten, at least not in Alaska and the Yukon, and in 2007, a Yukon Quest sled dog race was dedicated to his memory
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# Bond 875
The **Bond 875** is a small three-wheeled car partly designed by Lawrence \"Lawrie\" Bond and manufactured by Bond Cars Ltd in Preston, United Kingdom, from 1965 to 1970. There was also a van version from 1967, known as the **Ranger**.
The car was announced in August 1965, though volume production got under way only during summer 1966. The 875 used the lower-compression (8:1) four-cylinder 875 cc 34 b.h.p. four-stroke engine used in the Commer Imp Van from the Rootes Group. Crucially for the dynamics of the vehicle, this was rear-mounted, unlike in most other British three-wheelers of the era. It was the same basic layout as used in the Hillman Imp, installed as a complete package along with the Imps\' transmission, rear suspension and rear wheels. However, because the 875 had a fibreglass body along with aluminium doors, and weighed less than 400 kg, the performance was good -- better than the Imp. The low-compression engine meant it was able to run on \"2-star\" low-octane petrol, which was cheaper than varieties used by larger and more highly tuned engines.
The car\'s light weight enabled it to qualify for motorcycle road tax rates, and be driven on a motorcycle licence, but in order to keep the weight down, the interior trim and fittings were minimal.
Racing driver John Surtees drove the car at Brands Hatch in 1965, setting a fastest lap of 1:22 for the 1.24-mile circuit and attaining speeds over 100 mph. Bond played on the car\'s sporty reputation, track-testing a standard production version around the Silverstone Circuit in 1966, setting a lap time of 1:43.34 and reaching 76 mph through a timing trap along the Hanger Straight. Following the test, Bond refused to confirm or deny that they would be building a racing version of the car for 1967.
## Development
A van version, the **Ranger**, was introduced in April 1967.
Styling changes, including rectangular headlamps, a new front grille, a larger bonnet opening, and revised seats, heralded the \"**Mark II**\", announced in April 1968. Other changes included the fitting of a heater as standard equipment.
## Specification and performance {#specification_and_performance}
- Capacity: 875 cc, 34 b.h.p.
- Weight: \< 400 kg
- 0-60 mph: 16 seconds
- Top speed: 80 mph
- Fuel economy: 50 mpgimp - 55 mpgimp
- Tyres: Michelin X radial
- Price new: £500
## Road test {#road_test}
The British *Autocar* magazine tested a Bond 875 in September 1966. The car\'s superior power-to-weight ratio converted into superior performance outcomes. It had a top speed of 82.8 mph and accelerated from 0-60 mph in 22.5 seconds. An \"overall\" fuel consumption of 34.5 mpgimp was recorded. That put it usefully ahead of the contemporary 850 cc Morris Mini on maximum speed and acceleration, as well as on fuel economy. The manufacturer\'s recommended price of the Bond was £506, which was higher than the £478 price for the Mini, but less than the recommended retail price of £549 for the comparably sized Imp. The testers commended the Bond\'s performance and economy, but found the three-wheeler unstable at high speed. They thought the gear box and brakes good, but were disappointed by \"poor seats and detail finish\"
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Bond 875
| 0 |
7,747,273 |
# Nyazepetrovsk
**Nyazepetrovsk** (*Нязепетро́вск*) is a town and the administrative center of Nyazepetrovsky District in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Nyazya River (a tributary of the Ufa), 150 km northwest of Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: `{{ru-census|p2010=12,451|p2002=13,405|p1989=17,133}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
It was founded in 1747. Town status was granted to it in 1944.
## Administrative and municipal status {#administrative_and_municipal_status}
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nyazepetrovsk serves as the administrative center of Nyazepetrovsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with three rural localities, incorporated within Nyazepetrovsky District as the **Town of Nyazepetrovsk**. As a municipal division, the Town of Nyazepetrovsk is incorporated within Nyazepetrovsky Municipal District as **Nyazepetrovskoye Urban Settlement**
| 115 |
Nyazepetrovsk
| 0 |
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# Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Slovenia participated at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, held between 8 and 23 February 1992. The country\'s participation in the Games marked its first appearance at the Winter Olympics after its independence from Yugoslavia.
The Slovenian team consisted of 27 athletes who competed across six sports. Franci Petek served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Slovenia did not win any medals in the Games.
## Background
Slovenian athletes competed as a part of Yugoslavia till 1988. The National Olympic Committee of Slovenia was founded on 15 October 1991. The Olympic Committee of Slovenia was provisionally granted approval by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 17 January 1992 and was fully recognized on 5 February 1992. The 1992 Winter Olympics marked Slovenia\'s first participation in the Winter Olympics.
The 1992 Winter Olympics were held in Albertville, France between 8 and 23 February 1992. The Slovenian team consisted of 27 athletes who competed across six sports. Franci Petek served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Slovenia did not win any medals in the Games.
## Competitors
The Slovenian team consisted of 27 athletes including seven women who competed across six sports.
Sport Men Women Total
---------------------- ----- ------- -------
Alpine skiing 5 6 11
Biathlon 5 0 5
Cross-country skiing 2 0 2
Figure skating 1 1 2
Freestyle skiing 2 0 2
Ski jumping 5 0 5
Total 20 7 27
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
Alpine skiing competitions for men were held at Val d'Isère and Les Menuires while the women\'s competitions were held at Méribel. Eleven athletes including six women participated across the eight events in alpine skiing. In the men\'s individual events, only Gregor Grilc in giant slalom , and Andrej Miklavc and Jure Košir in the slalom events recorded top 20 finishes. In the women\'s events, Urška Hrovat was ranked 10th in the slalom event, while Nataša Bokal and Katjuša Pušnik finished in the giant slalom and slalom top 20 in the events respectively.
Men
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
---------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Gregor Grilc Super-G rowspan=\"3\" colspan=\"2\"`{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} 1:15.71 20
Jure Košir 1:16.56 29
Mitja Kunc 1:16.49 27
Andrej Miklavc Giant slalom 1:07.91 1:05.04 2:12.95
Gregor Grilc 1:06.80 1:04.70 2:11.50
Jure Košir 1:07.41 1:04.82 2:12.23
Mitja Kunc 1:07.48 1:05.40 2:12.88
Andrej Miklavc Slalom 55.02 54.45 1:49.47
Gregor Grilc 54.73 55.22 1:49.95
Jure Košir 54.88 54.61 1:49.49
Klemen Bergant 56.27 56.25 1:52.52
Athlete Event Downhill Slalom
------------ ---------- ---------- -------- -------
Time Time 1 Time 2 Points Rank
Jure Košir Combined 1:49.60 51.32 51.95
Women
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
---------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Barbara Brlec Super-G rowspan=\"4\" colspan=\"2\"`{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} --
Nataša Bokal 1:27.42 32
Špela Pretnar --
Urška Hrovat --
Barbara Brlec Giant slalom 1:09.50
Katjuša Pušnik 1:08.99
Nataša Bokal 1:07.20 1:08.44 2:15.64
Špela Pretnar --
Katjuša Pušnik Slalom 50.06 46.39 1:36.45
Nataša Bokal 48.62
Urška Hrovat 49.04 45.46 1:34.50
Veronika Šarec --
Athlete Event Downhill Slalom
-------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------
Time Time 1 Time 2 Points Rank
Nataša Bokal Combined 1:29.02 35.05 34.60
| 524 |
Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics
| 0 |
7,747,274 |
# Slovenia at the 1992 Winter Olympics
## Biathlon
Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies between 9 and 11 February. Five Slovenian athletes participated across the five events in biathlon. The biathlon events consisted of a skiing a specific course multiple times depending on the length of the competition, with intermediate shooting at various positions. For every shot missed, a penalty of one minute is applied in individual events, and the participant is required to ski through a penalty loop in sprint events. Sašo Grajf and Boštjan Lekan registered the best finish amongst the Slovenians in the men\'s sprint and individual events respectively.
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Athlete | Event | Time | Misses ^1^ | Adjusted Time ^2^ | Rank |
+================+=====================+============+============+=====================================+======+
| Boštjan Lekan | Men\'s 10 km sprint | 28:42.4 | 1 | rowspan=\"4\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | 51 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Janez Ožbolt | | 28:31.1 | 0 | 43 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Sašo Grajf | | 27:58.8 | 0 | 33 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Uroš Velepec | | 29:54.3 | 2 | 68 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Boštjan Lekan | Men\'s 20 km | 59:26.8 | 1 | 1\'00:26.8 | 21 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Janez Ožbolt | | 1\'00:47.2 | 1 | 1\'01:47.2 | 33 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Jure Velepec | | 1\'02:12.6 | 2 | 1\'04:12.6 | 56 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Sašo Grajf | | 57:39.2 | 3 | 1\'00:39.2 | 24 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Boštjan Lekan\ | Men\'s relay | 1\'39:03.2 | 6 | | 20 |
| Janez Ožbolt\ | | | | | |
| Jure Velepec\ | | | | | |
| Uroš Velepec | | | | | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
: ^1^ A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
: ^2^ One minute added per missed target.
## Cross-country skiing {#cross_country_skiing}
Cross-country skiing events were held between 9 and 22 February at Les Saisies. Jožko Kavalar and Robert Kerštajn represented the nation, and competed in four events. Kavalar achieved a best place finish of 24th in the Men\'s 50 km freestyle event.
Event Athlete Race
----------------- ----------------------------------- ------------
Time Rank
Jožko Kavalar Men\'s 10 km classical 32:49.6
Robert Kerštajn 33:37.5
Jožko Kavalar Men\'s 15 km freestyle pursuit^1^ 46:36.9
Robert Kerštajn 48:05.3
Jožko Kavalar Men\'s 30 km classical 1\'35:16.3
Robert Kerštajn 1\'32:17.6
Jožko Kavalar Men\'s 50 km freestyle 2\'13:17.9
Robert Kerštajn 2\'26:26.3
: ^1^ Starting delay based on 10 km results.
## Figure skating {#figure_skating}
Figure skating events were held at La halle de glace Olympique. Luka Klasinc and Mojca Kopač participated in the men\'s singles and women\'s singles categories. Both of them were eliminated in the first round and did not advance to the free skate round.
Athlete Event Short program Free skating Final
-------------- ------------------ --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------
Luka Klasinc Men\'s singles 26 colspan=\"2\" `{{n/a|Did not advance}}`{=mediawiki}
Mojca Kopač Ladies\' singles 26 colspan=\"2\" `{{n/a|Did not advance}}`{=mediawiki}
## Freestyle skiing {#freestyle_skiing}
Freestyle skiing events were held between 9 and 16 February. Aleksander Peternel and Marko Jemec represented Slovenia, and both of them did not advance to the finals.
Athlete Event Qualification
--------------------- --------------- --------------- -------
Time Points Rank Time
Aleksander Peternel Men\'s moguls 38.25 18.70
Marko Jemec 36.78 16.92
## Ski jumping {#ski_jumping}
Ski jumping competitions were held at Stade de Saut in Courcheval. Five Slovenian athletes participated across the three events in Ski jumping. Flag-bearer Franci Petek recorded the only top ten result in the individual events. In the team event, where each of the four member team did two jumps, the Slovenian team finished sixth with a combined tally of 543.3 points.
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Athlete | Event | Jump 1 | | Jump 2 |
+===============+====================+=====================================+========+========+
| Distance | Points | Distance | Points | Points |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Franci Petek | Normal hill | 79.5 | 93.7 | 83.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Zupan | | 82.5 | 97.5 | 83.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Primož Kopač | | 82.0 | 98.2 | 79.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Samo Gostiša | | 84.0 | 101.4 | 84.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Damjan Fras | Large hill | 101.5 | 79.6 | 84.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Franci Petek | | 107.0 | 94.8 | 99.5 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Zupan | | 101.5 | 81.6 | 96.0 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Samo Gostiša | | 97.5 | 72.5 | 103.5 |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Franci Petek\ | Large hill team^1^ | colspan=\"4\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | 543.3 | 6 |
| Matjaž Zupan\ | | | | |
| Primož Kopač\ | | | | |
| Samo Gostiša | | | | |
+---------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
: ^1^ Four teams members performed two jumps each. The best three were counted
| 781 |
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# Slovenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Slovenia participated at the 1994 Winter Olympics held between 12 and 27 February 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. The country\'s participation in the Games marked its second appearance at the Winter Olympics since its debut in the 1992 Games. The Slovenian team consisted of 22 athletes who competed across three sports. Jure Košir served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Slovenia was ranked 20th in the overall medal table with three bronze medals.
## Background
SLovenian athletes competed as a part of Yugoslavia till 1988. The National Olympic Committee of Slovenia was founded on 15 October 1991. The Olympic Committee of Slovenia was provisionally granted approval by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 17 January 1992 and was fully recognized on 5 February 1992. The 1992 Winter Olympics marked Slovenia\'s first participation in the Winter Olympics. After the nation made its debut in the Winter Olympics at the 1992 Games, this edition of the Games in 1994 marked the nation\'s second appearance at the Winter Games.
The 1994 Winter Olympics was held between 12 and 27 February 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. The Slovenian team consisted of 22 athletes who competed across three sports. Jure Košir served as the country\'s flag-bearer during the opening ceremony.
## Medalists
Slovenia was ranked 20th in the overall medal table with three bronze medals.
Medal Name Sport Event Date
------- ------ --------------- ------------------- -------------
Alpine skiing Women\'s combined 21 February
Alpine skiing Women\'s slalom 26 February
Alpine skiing Men\'s slalom 27 February
## Competitors
The Slovenian team consisted of 22 athletes including five women who competed across three sports.
Sport Men Women Total
--------------- ----- ------- -------
Alpine skiing 6 4 10
Biathlon 5 1 6
Ski jumping 6 0 6
Total 17 5 22
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| 0 |
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# Slovenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
Alpine skiing competitions were held at Kvitfjell Alpinsenter, Ringebu. Ten athletes including four women participated across the ten events in alpine skiing. Slovenia won all the three bronze medals in the current Games in the alpine skiing competitions. While Jure Košir won the bronze medal in the men\'s slalom event, Katja Koren and Alenka Dovžan won bronze medals in the women\'s slalom and combined events respectively.
Men
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
---------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Miran Ravter Downhill rowspan=\"4\" colspan=\"2\"`{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} 1:48.48 35
Jernej Koblar Super-G 1:35.16 29
Mitja Kunc 1:35.15 28
Miran Ravter 1:34.73 22
Gregor Grilc Giant slalom 1:31.38 1:25.75 2:57.13
Jure Košir 1:31.30 1:25.80 2:57.10
Jernej Koblar 1:30.75 1:25.92 2:56.67
Mitja Kunc 1:28.90 1:25.17 2:54.07
Andrej Miklavc Slalom 1:02.57 1:01.78 2:04.35
Gregor Grilc --
Jure Košir 1:02.55 59.98 2:02.53
Mitja Kunc 1:02.82 59.80 2:02.62
Athlete Event Downhill Slalom
-------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------
Time Time 1 Time 2 Time Rank
Gregor Grilc Combined 1:45.61 50.97 49.45
Jure Košir 1:42.17 50.23 48.18
Mitja Kunc 1:40.01 50.88 48.66
Miran Ravter 1:38.88 52.46 49.34
Women
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
--------------- -------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Alenka Dovžan Downhill colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"7\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} 1:38.07 16
Katja Koren 1:37.69 10
Špela Pretnar 1:38.50 23
Alenka Dovžan Super-G --
Katja Koren 1:22.96 7
Špela Pretnar --
Urška Hrovat 1:24.49 26
Alenka Dovžan Giant slalom 1:22.66
Katja Koren --
Špela Pretnar 1:22.81 1:13.30 2:36.11
Urška Hrovat 1:23.61 1:14.55 2:38.16
Alenka Dovžan Slalom --
Katja Koren 59.00 57.61 1:56.61
Špela Pretnar 1:00.78 57.87 1:58.65
Urška Hrovat 1:00.38 57.69 1:58.07
Athlete Event Downhill Slalom
--------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------
Time Time 1 Time 2 Time Rank
Alenka Dovžan Combined 1:28.67 50.01 47.96
Katja Koren 1:30.59 50.28 48.72
Špela Pretnar 1:29.91 --
Urška Hrovat 1:34.60 51.72 48.43
| 313 |
Slovenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics
| 1 |
7,747,282 |
# Slovenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics
## Biathlon
Biathlon competitions were held at Birkebeineren Skistadion, Lillehammer. Six Slovenian athletes participated across the five events in biathlon. The biathlon events consisted of a skiing a specific course multiple times depending on the length of the competition, with intermediate shooting at various positions. For every shot missed, a penalty of one minute is applied in individual events, and the participant is required to ski through a penalty loop in sprint events. Janez Ožbolt registered the best finish amongst the men\'s team, with a top ten finish in the sprint event. Andreja Grašič was the lone woman participant from the nation in the event.
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Athlete | Event | Time | Misses ^1^ | Adjusted Time ^2^ | Rank |
+================+=====================+============+============+=====================================+======+
| Janez Ožbolt | Men\'s 10 km sprint | 29:35.8 | 0 | rowspan=\"3\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | 9 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Jože Poklukar | | 32:31.7 | 3 | 59 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Uroš Velepec | | 31:07.5 | 2 | 36 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Boštjan Lekan | Men\'s 20 km | 1\'00:12.3 | 5 | 1\'05:12.3 | 59 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Janez Ožbolt | | 58:19.1 | 3 | 1\'01:19.1 | 29 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Jure Velepec | | 59:58.0 | 2 | 1\'01:58.0 | 38 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Boštjan Lekan\ | Men\'s relay | 1\'34:19.6 | 1 | rowspan=\"2\"`{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | 10 |
| Janez Ožbolt\ | | | | | |
| Jure Velepec\ | | | | | |
| Uroš Velepec | | | | | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| Andreja Grašič | Women\'s sprint | 27:17.9 | 3 | 18 | |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
| | Women\'s 15 km | 50:09.3 | 9 | 59:09.3 | 44 |
+----------------+---------------------+------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------+
: ^1^ A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
: ^2^ One minute added per missed target.
## Ski jumping {#ski_jumping}
Ski jumping competitions were held at Lysgårdsbakkene, Lillehammer. Six Slovenian athletes participated across the three events in Ski jumping. Robert Meglič recorded the only top ten result in the individual events. In the team event, where each of the four member team did two jumps, the Slovenian team finished ninth with a combined tally of 739.4 points.
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Athlete | Event | Jump 1 | | Jump 2 |
+=================+====================+=====================================+========+========+
| Distance | Points | Distance | Points | Points |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Dejan Jekovec | Normal hill | 74.0 | 79.0 | 82.0 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Kladnik | | 92.5 | 119.0 | 87.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Robert Meglič | | 93.0 | 121.0 | 88.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Samo Gostiša | | 86.5 | 105.5 | 85.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Franci Petek | Large hill | 95.0 | 69.5 | 91.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Kladnik | | 105.5 | 85.4 | 96.5 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Zupan | | 95.0 | 67.5 | 98.0 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Robert Meglič | | 122.0 | 114.1 | 113.0 |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
| Matjaž Kladnik\ | Large hill team^1^ | colspan=\"4\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | 739.4 | 9 |
| Matjaž Zupan\ | | | | |
| Robert Meglič\ | | | | |
| Samo Gostiša | | | | |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------+--------+--------+
: ^1^ Four teams members performed two jumps each
| 552 |
Slovenia at the 1994 Winter Olympics
| 2 |
7,747,290 |
# Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting
A series of meetings between Sicilian Mafia and American Mafia members were allegedly held at the Grand Hotel et des Palmes in Palermo, Sicily, between October 12--16, 1957. Also called the **1957 Palermo Mafia summit**, the gathering allegedly discussed the transatlantic illegal heroin trade between the American and the Sicilian Mafia. The FBI believed it was this meeting that established the Bonanno crime family from New York in the heroin trade.
## Origins of reputed purpose {#origins_of_reputed_purpose}
This \"heroin summit\" was described by journalist Claire Sterling: \"Although there is no firsthand evidence of what went on at the four-day summit itself, what followed over the next thirty years has made the substance clear. Authorities on both sides of the Atlantic are persuaded by now that the American delegation asked the Sicilians to take over the import and distribution of heroin in the United States, and the Sicilians agreed.\" However, she fails to back this claim with solid evidence, and even has the dates of the alleged meeting wrong.
At the time, although the Sicilian Mafia was involved to some extent in the heroin business in the 1950s and 1960s, it never had anything more than a secondary role. According to the McClellan Hearings, Sicily was no more than a staging-post in the shipment of French-produced heroin to the US. Sicilian mafiosi did not acquire an oligopoly on the transatlantic heroin market until the 1970s, because they were not initially competitive compared to other criminal groups, in particular the French Connection by Corsican groups in Marseille.
The first mention of the \"summit\" in the United States was during the McClellan Hearings on October 10--16, 1963. Among the American mafiosi present were Joe Bonanno, his underbosses and advisors Carmine Galante, John Bonventre and Frank Garofalo, as well as Lucky Luciano, Santo Sorge, John Di Bella, Vito Vitale and Gaspare Magaddino. While among the Sicilian side there were Salvatore \"Little Bird\" Greco and his cousin Salvatore Greco, also known as \"l\'ingegnere\" or \"Totò il lungo\", Giuseppe Genco Russo, Vincenzo Rimi and Filippo Rimi, Angelo La Barbera, Gaetano Badalamenti, Totò Minore, Rosario Mancino, Calcedonio Di Pisa, Cesare Manzella, Gioacchino Pennino and Tommaso Buscetta.
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# Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting
## No first-hand accounts {#no_first_hand_accounts}
There are no first-hand accounts of the meeting, except for the version of Mafia turncoat Tommaso Buscetta, who denied a summit ever took place at all. According to Buscetta, Bonanno did stay at the Grand Hotel des Palmes and received many guests all the time, but there was no summit as such. In his memoirs, Joe Bonanno mentions his trip to Palermo, but says nothing about a summit. Professor Alfred W. McCoy does not mention the summit in his landmark book *The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia*, a detailed account of the heroin trade after World War II.
According to Buscetta a gathering took place in a private room at the Spanò seafood restaurant on the evening of October 12, 1957, where Bonanno was fêted as the guest of honour by his old friend Lucky Luciano. Among the other guests were Bonanno's underboss Carmine Galante, the brothers Salvatore and Angelo La Barbera, Salvatore \"Little Bird\" Greco, Gaetano Badalamenti, Gioacchino Pennino, Cesare Manzella, Rosario Mancino, Filippo and Vincenzo Rimi, and Tommaso Buscetta. According to Buscetta, it was at this dinner that Bonanno suggested to form a Sicilian Mafia Commission to avoid violent disputes, following the example of the American Mafia that had formed their Commission in the 1930s.
The Italian police had been following Luciano and in so doing found out about the meetings. They observed the gatherings. However, the report was buried in some filing cabinet in Palermo. A copy was sent to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in Washington. Only eight years later the report was used to indict the participants and some of their associates in Palermo.
## Trial against participants {#trial_against_participants}
In August 1965, the Palermo public prosecutors issued 14 arrest warrants and arrested 10 defendants all over Italy at the crack of dawn. Among those arrested were Genco Russo, Garafolo and Frank Coppola. They were charged with criminal conspiracy and narcotics and currency rackets and tobacco smuggling and had been present at the 1957 Palermo summit.
In the end, 17 Sicilians and Italo-Americans associated with the Sicilian and American Mafia were indicted by judge Aldo Vigneri for criminal conspiracy and narcotics and currency rackets. Among the indicted were Bonanno, Bonventre, Galante, Sorge, Magaddino, John Priziola, Raffaele Quasarano, Frank Coppola and Joe Adonis. The trial began on 14 March 1968, after a five-year investigation that uncovered a transatlantic drug trafficking network operating since 1957. Judge Vigneri had travelled to the U.S. to interrogate Joe Valachi, the first member of the Italian-American Mafia to testify against the organisation. The Court of Palermo dismissed the charges in June 1968 because of lack of evidence.
## Status as heroin summit {#status_as_heroin_summit}
What can be said about the events in October 1957 in Palermo is that the gatherings reforged the links between the most Sicilian of the American Five Families, the Bonanno Crime Family, and the most American of the Sicilian Mafia families. It was not a conference between \"the\" Sicilian Mafia and \"the\" American Cosa Nostra as such, according to historian John Dickie. Rather than a diplomatic summit, it was a business convention where heroin trafficking between these two groups might have been discussed, but there certainly was not a general agreement on the heroin trade between \"the\" Sicilian Mafia and \"the\" American Cosa Nostra.
In his testimonies to judge Giovanni Falcone, Buscetta, questioned nearly three decades later and the only participant in the meetings who has spoken publicly about it, consistently avoided the topic of heroin trafficking and his potential involvement in it, and denied that any meeting ever took place. Unsurprisingly, both Bonanno and Luciano did not mention a meeting in their memoirs. That said, the amount of arrests and heroin seizures in the years after Bonanno's sojourn in Palermo did rise significantly.
The important result of 1957 Palermo gatherings was that the Sicilian Mafia composed its first Sicilian Mafia Commission and appointed \"Little Bird\" Greco as its first \"primus inter pares\"
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# Slovenia at the 1998 Winter Olympics
**Slovenia** competed in the **1998 Winter Olympics** in Nagano, Japan. The country earned no medals.
## Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport Men Women Total
---------------------- ----- ------- -------
Alpine skiing 9 6 15
Biathlon 5 4 9
Cross-country skiing 0 1 1
Figure skating 0 1 1
Freestyle skiing 1 0 1
Nordic combined 1 -- 1
Ski jumping 5 -- 5
Snowboarding 0 1 1
Total 21 13 34
## Alpine skiing {#alpine_skiing}
Men
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
----------------- -------------- --------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Peter Pen Downhill DNF
Aleš Brezavšček DNF
Jernej Koblar 1:52.79
Aleš Brezavšček Super-G 1:38.54
Peter Pen 1:37.81
Jernej Koblar 1:36.84
Bernhard Knauss Giant Slalom DNF -- DNF
Jernej Koblar 1:23.49 1:20.47 2:43.96
Mitja Kunc 1:22.66 1:20.43 2:43.09
Jure Košir 1:20.97 1:19.01 2:39.98
Jure Košir Slalom DNF -- DNF
Andrej Miklavc DNF -- DNF
Matjaž Vrhovnik 57.36 57.29 1:54.65
Drago Grubelnik 57.06 DSQ DSQ
**Men\'s combined**
Athlete Slalom Downhill
----------------- -------- ------- ------------
Time 1 Time 2 Time Total time
Jernej Koblar DNF -- --
Aleš Brezavšček 55.33 48.82 1:35.94
Peter Pen 54.21 49.62 1:36.98
Women
Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total
---------------- -------------- --------- --------- ---------
Time Time Time Rank
Špela Bračun Downhill 1:31.54
Špela Bračun Super-G 1:20.29
Mojca Suhadolc 1:19.66
Špela Pretnar Giant Slalom DNF -- DNF
Nataša Bokal 1:22.86 1:35.60 2:58.46
Alenka Dovžan 1:22.57 1:34.78 2:57.35
Urška Hrovat 1:21.61 1:35.83 2:57.44
Alenka Dovžan Slalom 47.95 48.71 1:36.66
Nataša Bokal 47.72 47.87 1:35.59
Špela Pretnar 47.11 DNF DNF
Urška Hrovat 47.02 DNF DNF
## Biathlon
Men
Event Athlete Misses ^1^ Time Rank
-------------- ----------------- ------------ --------- ------
10 km Sprint Tomaž Žemva 1 30:32.1 42
Sašo Grajf 3 30:24.2 40
Tomaž Globočnik 3 30:04.4 33
Jože Poklukar 1 29:00.5 16
Event Athlete Time Misses Adjusted time ^2^ Rank
------- ----------------- ------------ -------- ------------------- ------
20 km Tomaž Žemva 57:27.0 8 1\'05:27.0 61
Janez Ožbolt 1\'00:18.9 5 1\'05:18.9 58
Sašo Grajf 58:18.2 2 1\'00:18.2 25
Tomaž Globočnik 56:55.5 2 58:55.5 11
Men\'s 4 × 7.5 km relay
+-----------------+------+
| Athletes | Race |
+=================+======+
| Misses ^1^ | Time |
+-----------------+------+
| Sašo Grajf\ | 2 |
| Jože Poklukar\ | |
| Janez Ožbolt\ | |
| Tomaž Globočnik | |
+-----------------+------+
Women
Event Athlete Misses ^1^ Time Rank
--------------- ------------------ ------------ --------- ------
7.5 km Sprint Lucija Larisi 4 27:14.9 59
Tadeja Brankovič 3 25:20.1 36
Andreja Grašič 1 24:05.2 12
Event Athlete Time Misses Adjusted time ^2^ Rank
------- ------------------ --------- -------- ------------------- ------
15 km Tadeja Brankovič 53:19.1 8 1\'01:19.1 36
Lucija Larisi 55:05.8 6 1\'01:05.8 35
Andreja Grašič 52:01.0 4 56:01.0 5
Women\'s 4 × 7.5 km relay
+------------------+------+
| Athletes | Race |
+==================+======+
| Misses ^1^ | Time |
+------------------+------+
| Lucija Larisi\ | 3 |
| Andreja Grašič\ | |
| Matejka Mohorič\ | |
| Tadeja Brankovič | |
+------------------+------+
: ^1^ A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
: ^2^ One minute added per missed target.
## Cross-country skiing {#cross_country_skiing}
Women
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| Event | Athlete | Race |
+=============+==============+============+
| Time | Rank | |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| 5 km\ | Nataša Lačen | 19:09.3 |
| C | | |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| 10 km\ | Nataša Lačen | 32:03.6 |
| pursuit^2^\ | | |
| F | | |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| 30 km\ | Nataša Lačen | 1\'29:10.4 |
| F | | |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
: ^2^ Starting delay based on 5 km results.
: C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
## Figure skating {#figure_skating}
Women
Athlete SP FS TFP Rank
------------- ---- ---- ------ ------
Mojca Kopač 22 23 34.0 23
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# Slovenia at the 1998 Winter Olympics
## Freestyle skiing {#freestyle_skiing}
Men
Athlete Event Qualification
----------- --------- --------------- ------
Points Rank Points Rank
Miha Gale Aerials 154.68 22
## Nordic combined {#nordic_combined}
**Men\'s individual**
Events:
- normal hill ski jumping
- 15 km cross-country skiing `{{small|(Start delay, based on ski jumping results.)}}`{=mediawiki}
+-------------+------------+-------------+----+----------------+
| Athlete | Event | Ski Jumping | | Cross-country\ |
| | | | | time |
+=============+============+=============+====+================+
| Points | Rank | | | |
+-------------+------------+-------------+----+----------------+
| Roman Perko | Individual | 180.0 | 46 | 49:07.4 |
+-------------+------------+-------------+----+----------------+
## Ski jumping {#ski_jumping}
Athlete Event Jump 1
---------------- ------------- -------- ---------- ----------
Distance Points Rank Distance Points
Urban Franc Normal hill 74.0 79.5 42
Peter Žonta 74.0 80.5 39
Blaž Vrhovnik 74.5 81.0 38
Primož Peterka 87.0 109.0 9 **Q**
Miha Rihtar Large hill 108.0 93.4 34
Peter Žonta 114.5 105.1 23 **Q**
Blaž Vrhovnik 116.0 107.3 20 **Q**
Primož Peterka 119.0 115.2 8 **Q**
Men\'s team large hill
+----------------+--------+
| Athletes | Result |
+================+========+
| Points ^1^ | Rank |
+----------------+--------+
| Miha Rihtar\ | 610.3 |
| Peter Žonta\ | |
| Blaž Vrhovnik\ | |
| Primož Peterka | |
+----------------+--------+
: ^1^ Four teams members performed two jumps each.
## Snowboarding
Women\'s giant slalom
Athlete Race 1 Race 2 Total
-------------- --------- -------- -------
Time Time Time Rank
Polona Zupan 1:16
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# Jean-Drapeau Park
**Jean Drapeau Park** (formerly called *Parc des Îles*) is the third-largest park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It comprises two islands, Saint Helen\'s Island and the artificial island Notre Dame Island, situated off the shore of Old Montreal in the Saint Lawrence River.
The islands were the site of the Expo 67 World\'s Fair. Notre Dame Island was constructed for the exposition, and Saint Helen\'s Island artificially extended at its north and south ends. The park was renamed in honour of Jean Drapeau, the late mayor of Montreal and initiator of Expo 67.
## History
Saint Helen\'s Island was discovered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1611, who named it in honour of his wife, Hélène de Champlain, née Boullé. It also bears the name of Helena, mother of Roman emperor Constantine the Great.
The island belonged to the family of Le Moyne de Longueuil from 1665 until 1818, when it was sold to the British government. The British built a fort, a magazine and a bunker after the War of 1812. The new Canadian government acquired it in 1870, and it was converted into a park in 1874.
The islands of the archipelago were chosen as the site of Man and His World (Expo 67). To prepare for this role, Mayor Jean Drapeau expanded Saint Helen\'s Island and consolidated it with several neighboring islands (including Round Island) and created Notre Dame Island using the fill excavated during the construction of the Montreal Metro in the early 1960s. 28 million tons of fill were needed for this massive undertaking. When the work was completed, Notre-Dame Island and St. Helen\'s Island hosted Expo 67, which featured pavilions from over sixty countries.
After the closing of Expo in late 1967, the site continued its fair vocation under the name Man and His World until 1984, and finally, most facilities were dismantled and the island was converted into a park. In 1999, the Parc des Îles de Montreal was renamed Parc Jean-Drapeau in honour of former Mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau, who had re-shaped the islands, built the Montreal Metro and brought Expo 67 to the city.
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# Jean-Drapeau Park
## Attractions
Summer is the high season for the park, as the majority of attractions are open to the public. These include:
- An amusement park, La Ronde operated by Six Flags under an emphyteutic lease
- The Montreal Casino
- An environmental museum at the Montreal Biosphere (United States pavilion during Expo 67)
- The early Victorian Era fortifications at Saint Helen Island Fort
- A Formula One race track, the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, which hosts the Canadian Grand Prix
- The city\'s largest outdoor concert venue, regularly hosting the Vans Warped Tour, Osheaga Festival and Heavy MTL, and as of 2014, an EDM festival known as île Soniq
- An Olympic rowing basin
- An aquatics centre, which hosted the 2005 World Aquatics Championships
- A beach, Plage Jean-Doré
During winter for several weekends, the park throws the winter carnival Fête des neiges de Montréal which is a free event that offers a variety of winter activities.
The islands also boast numerous hiking and skiing trails, bike paths, large athletic grounds and diverse other services and conveniences. During the more temperate months, a diverse array of free and pay activities are offered on a weekly basis in addition to the aforementioned attractions. There\'s also a weekly electronic dance festival located under Alexander Calder\'s sculpture Man, commissioned for Expo 67.
The islands are also notable for the remnants of Expo 67, most of which are still in use, though few are still standing. The American and French pavilions are the best preserved, functioning today as the Biosphere and Casino respectively. The Canadian pavilion contains administrative offices, rental halls, and is the site of the studio of Radio-Classique Montréal. The former Tunisian and Jamaican pavilions are also in use, the former for bike rentals while the latter is used principally for receptions.
A considerable portion of Île Notre-Dame was redeveloped into an intricate and elaborate flower garden in the early 1980s, which remains today. The only other significant remnant of the former World\'s Fair is the Place des Nations at the western end of Île Sainte-Hélène, though this is abandoned and officially off-limits. As such, it\'s become a popular spot for fishing.
A snowboarding park was added in winter 2009.
Image:Parc Jean-Drapeau, Montreal, Quebec 2.jpg\|Parc Jean-Drapeau <File:Le> Phare du Cosmos.JPG\|\"Le Phare du Cosmos\" (1967) by Yves Trudeau (created for Expo 67) in St. Helen\'s Island in Parc Jean-Drapeau, Montréal, Quebec Image:Lavilleimaginaire
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# 1745 English cricket season
The **1745 English cricket season** was the second season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.
## Recorded matches {#recorded_matches}
Details of 22 eleven-a-side matches between significant teams have survived:
- 6 May -- London v Addington -- Kennington Common
- 23 May -- Addington v London -- Addington Hills
- 24 May -- Bromley v London -- Bromley Common
- 27 May -- London v Addington -- Artillery Ground
- 10 June -- London v Bromley -- Artillery Ground
- 17 June -- London v Bromley -- Artillery Ground
- 26 June -- Long Robin\'s XI v Richard Newland\'s XI -- Artillery Ground
- 5 July -- Long Robin\'s XI v Richard Newland\'s XI -- Artillery Ground
- 12 July -- Kent v England -- Bromley Common
- 13 July -- Trial Match -- Artillery Ground
- 15 July -- England v Kent -- Artillery Ground
- 22 July -- Addington & Lingfield v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 23 July -- Croydon v Lambeth -- Kennington Common
- 24 July -- Kingston v Lambeth -- Kennington Common
- 3 August -- Addington v Lingfield -- Addington Hills
- 7 August -- London v Kingston -- Artillery Ground
- 12 August -- London v Addington -- Artillery Ground
- 19 August -- Surrey v Sussex -- Artillery Ground
- 21 August -- Surrey v Sussex -- Moulsey Hurst
- 26 August -- Sussex v Surrey -- Bury Hill, Arundel
- 16 September -- Addington & Lingfield v Surrey -- Artillery Ground
- 28 September -- Hills of Kent v Dales of Kent -- Artillery Ground
### Single wicket matches {#single_wicket_matches}
A single wicket match between two teams of three took place on 24 June at the Artillery Ground.
## Other events {#other_events}
On 10 May, the *Ipswich Journal* reported that: \"All lovers of Cricket are hereby desired to meet at Gray\'s Coffee House (in Norwich) on Friday 17th inst. at 6 pm to settle rules for that manly diversion\". The report is the earliest known mention of cricket in the county of Norfolk.
A ladies match took place on Gosden Common, near Guildford, between \"XI Maids of Bramley\" and \"XI Maids of Hambledon\" on 26 July. The players dressed in white but the Hambledon team wore red ribbons on their heads and the Bramley team wore blue ribbons. A return match was played on 6 August
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# Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
**Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de St. Vallier** (November 14, 1653 -- December 26, 1727) was a French Catholic prelate who served as the second bishop of the Diocese of Quebec in the French colony of New France.
Born in Grenoble, France, in 1653 to a wealthy land owning family, Saint Vallier swiftly became a community figure, known for founding a hospital.He was named bishop of Quebec in 1685 by King Louis XIV on the recommendation of Bishop François de Laval, the first bishop of Quebec. Often referred to as **Abbé Saint-Vallier**, he was a controversial figure as Bishop of Quebec, since he rarely listened to advice. He spent large amounts of money that left the seminary in great debt at the time of death in 1727. He was deeply involved in the Catholic reform tradition and promoted several missions throughout Canada.
He was seen as a very strict leader for most of his reign. He refused demands for his resignation both by the King and the religious of New France. He was suspected of Jansenism, and his administration of the diocese led to popular revolts and struggles with various religious groups. Accomplishments during his 42-year reign include: the founding of the Hôpital-Général de Québec (1692); the edifice for the bishop (1688); commissioning architect Hilaire Bernard de La Rivière to build Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church; and the installations of religious reformist communities in the Montreal area. The development of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec and Roman Catholic faith was his utmost priority and interest; he was particularly sensible on the point of morality, which he believed was failing in his see. He was also greatly involved with the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris.
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# Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
## Early life {#early_life}
Jean-Baptiste Saint-Vallier was born on November 14, 1653, to Jean de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier and Marie de Sayve. His father was a magistrate in Grenoble who later worked for the French diplomatic services. He belonged to the La Croix family of the French province of Dauphiné; his family included country noblemen, army officers, magistrates and ambassadors other royal courts. Jean-Baptiste\'s mother was the daughter of a magistrate in Dijon.
A wealthy family, the La Croixs held large landholdings in France, including Saint-Vallier Castle, a chateau in the Rhone Valley. Jean and Marie had ten children, three of whom would enter the religious life. Jean-Baptiste spent most of his childhood at Saint-Vallier Castle. Educated at Lycée Stendhal, the Jesuit college in Grenoble, he quickly gained a reputation for his charitable deeds.
Deciding to become a priest, Saint-Vallier entered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, where he obtained his Licentiate in Theology in 1672 at age 19 years. In 1676, he was appointed as almoner-in-ordinary, in charge of helping the poor, to King Louis XIV, probably due to the La Croix family connections.
Saint-Vallier was ordained a priest in 1681. Using his personal funds, he built a small hospital in Saint-Vallier in 1683. A close friend of the bishop of Grenoble, Étienne Le Camus, Saint-Vallier would regularly visit hospitals, prisons and country parishes in the diocese. When attending the royal court of Louis XIV, Saint-Vallier always wore his religious attire.
Saint-Vallier rose quickly within the Catholic and social hierarchies in France. In 1685, Francois de Laval, bishop of Quebec, sent his resignation to Louis XIV and proposed Saint-Vallier as his replacement. Saint-Vallier\'s friends advised him to refuse the appointment. They argued that the Diocese of Quebec was too new and impoverished. In addition, it was too far from the royal court, the center of power in France. An observer termed Quebec as \"\...perhaps the most wretched and difficult of all the dioceses in mission lands\".
However, Saint-Vallier saw the position of bishop as a chance to bring the reforms of the Counter-Reformation to the new world and spread the gospel to the native peoples. Despite all shortcomings of the assignment, Saint-Vallie in 1685 accepted the appointment as bishop and left for New France.
## Diocese of Quebec {#diocese_of_quebec}
During 17th and early 18th centuries, the Diocese of Quebec covered all of the French colonies in North America, known collectively as New France. These colonies included:
- Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay and Quebec, all in present-day Canada
- Louisiana, Illinois, and Upper Country, all in the present-day United States
The French colonies were inhabited by numerous First Nations tribes and European settlers. The European colonists included farmers, fishermen, sailors, merchants and 'coureurs des bois. New France was governed by a French aristocratic elite in Quebec City. Like many of them, St. Vallier was a slave owner.
Between 1685 and 1730, the European population in New France jumped from 12,000 to 41,500. However, during the same period the First Nations population decreased from 163,500 to 61,500 due to diseases from Europe and warfare.
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