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# WCMM
**WCMM** (102.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format licensed to Gulliver, Michigan
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# Tom Sherman (American football)
**Thomas Joseph Sherman** (born December 5, 1945) was an American football quarterback for the American Football League\'s Cincinnati Bengals (1968), Boston Patriots (1968--69), and Buffalo Bills (1969). In two seasons in the AFL, he played in 19 games and completed 92 of 228 passes for 1,219 yards, 13 touchdowns and 16 interceptions. He also had 58 rushing attempts for 468 yards and one touchdown.
Sherman signed with the New York Stars of the World Football League in 1974. The Stars moved to Charlotte, North Carolina midway through the 1974 WFL season and became the Hornets. Sherman played for the Charlotte Hornets in 1975, until the league folded in the twelfth week of the season on October 22, 1975
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# The End Is Begun
***The End Is Begun***, released on July 24, 2007, is 3\'s fourth full-length studio album, and the second to be released by Metal Blade Records. (The band\'s previous album, Wake Pig, was initially released on Planet Noise Records, but was later re-released on Metal Blade.) On February 19, 2008, a special edition was released with one extra track and a bonus DVD.
On May 8, 2007, the twelfth track from the album was released as part of the iTunes exclusive EP *These Iron Bones*. Later on, the fourth track (\"All That Remains\") was released for free on [DownloadPunk.com](http://www.downloadpunk.com/?webaction=AlbumDetail&albumid=18551). Although no other tracks from the album were officially distributed before the album\'s release date, bootleg recordings of live performances of several songs were leaked to the internet and/or posted with permission. As early as June 24, 2007, an unmastered promo copy was leaked onto the internet.
The seventh track, \"Been to the Future,\" was originally released on Joey Eppard\'s 2002 solo album of the same name, although the new version contains added instrumentals and altered lyrics. The rest of the tracks on the album were never before included on any of the band\'s albums. However, a solo version of \"Shadow Play\" has also been available on [Joey Eppard\'s MySpace profile](https://www.myspace.com/joeyeppard) since before the album\'s release.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs are written by 3 except where noted otherwise.
### Original Version {#original_version}
1. \"The Word Is Born of Flame\" - 3:25
2. \"The End Is Begun\" - 3:42
3. \"Battle Cry\" - 4:03
4. \"All That Remains\" - 3:54
5. \"My Divided Falling\" - 3:51
6. \"Serpents in Disguise\" - 3:24
7. \"Been to the Future\" - 4:21
8. \"Bleeding Me Home\" - 3:47
9. \"Live Entertainment\" - 3:27
10. \"Diamond in the Crush\" - 3:41
11. \"Shadow Play\" - 4:07
12. \"These Iron Bones\" - 4:09
13. \"The Last Day\" (with Jerry Marotta) - 7:51
### Special Edition {#special_edition}
: 14.\"See Emily Play\" (Pink Floyd cover)
#### Bonus DVD {#bonus_dvd}
1. \"Alien Angel\" video
2. \"All That Remains\" video
3. \"Monster\" (live)
4. \"Bramfatura\" (live)
5. \"Amaze Disgrace\" (live)
### Alternative titles {#alternative_titles}
During live performances prior to the album\'s release, the song \"The End Is Begun\" was referred to as \"10-10 Wins.\" Also, a live version the song \"My Divided Falling\" was previously titled \"D-Ripper\" on [the band\'s purevolume profile](http://www.purevolume.com/3), but has since been removed. On the band\'s [official website](http://www.theband3.com/music.html), the first track of the album was listed as \"The World is Born in Flame,\" while the title on the album cover and insert reads \"The Word is Born of Flame\" but has since been fixed. Also, the solo acoustic version of \"Shadow Play\" that is featured on Joey Eppard\'s MySpace profile is spelled as one word (\"shadowplay\") instead of two.
## Credits
- Joey Eppard --- Vocals, guitar
- Billy Riker --- Guitar
- Daniel Grimsland --- Bass guitar
- Joe Stote --- Percussion, keyboards
- Chris \"Gartdrumm\" Gartmann --- Drums
- Jerry Marotta --- Additional percussion and taos drums (track 13)
- Roman Klum --- Production Engineer
- Toby Wright --- Mixing
- Louie Toran --- Mastering
- Daniel Grimsland --- String arrangements
- Dennis Sibeijn --- Artwork and design
- All music by 3
- All lyrics by Joey Eppard, except \"Serpents in Disguise,\" by Joey Eppard and Billy Riker
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# WSJM-FM
**WSJM-FM** (94.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Benton Harbor, Michigan, and also serving nearby St. Joseph. The station broadcasts a News/Talk/Sports radio format. It is owned by Mid-West Family Broadcasting with studios on East Napier Avenue in Southwest Benton Harbor.
WSJM is powered at 2200 watts and broadcasts from an antenna in Sodus Township near US-31. Its signal covers much of Michiana and can be heard as far south as South Bend, Indiana.
Programming includes a local morning talk show with syndicated news and sports programs the rest of the day. The WSJM call sign was first used on AM sister station WQYQ prior to the station\'s switch to alternative rock in 2020.
Most hours begin with an update from ABC News Radio. The station is also a partial affiliate of Fox Sports Radio. Play by play sports coverage comes from the Detroit Tigers Radio Network, Detroit Lions Radio Network, and Michigan Sports Network.
## History
The WSJM-FM callsign was originally assigned to 107.1 MHz in 1964 as a classical music outlet to sister station WSJM (which, at the time, had a \"top-forty\" rock-and-roll format) and owned by Mid-West Family Broadcasting (MWF), which is based in Madison, Wisconsin. The callsign was changed to WIRX in 1979 and became dormant until 2008. The station is still managed on a local level to this day, much as it was when it first began broadcasting.
It is thought`{{by whom|date=December 2012}}`{=mediawiki} that WSJM-FM was one of the world\'s first completely automated radio stations, built and designed by Brian Brown in 1963 when Brown was only 10 years old. The station broadcast in a classical format, called \"More Good Music (MGM)\" and five-minute bottom-of-the-hour news feeds from the Mutual Broadcasting System. The heart of the automation was an 8 x 24 telephone stepping relay which controlled two reel-to-reel tape decks, one twelve inch Ampex machine which provided the main program audio and a second RCA seven inch machine which provided \"fill\" music. The tapes that these machines played were originally produced in the MWF\'s Madison, Wisconsin production facility by WSJM Chief Engineer Richard E. McLemore (and later in-house at WSJM) with special sub-audible cue tones used to signal the end of a song. The stepping relay was \"programmed\" by slide switches in the front of the two relay racks which housed the equipment. The news feeds were triggered by a microswitch which was attached to a Western Union clock and tripped by the minute hand of the clock. and then reset the stepping relay. Originally, 20-minute station identification was accomplished by a simulcast switch in the control booth for sister station WSJM, whereupon the disc jockey in the booth would announce \"This is WSJM AM and\... (then pressing the momentary contact button) \...WSJM-FM, St. Joseph, Michigan.\" This only lasted about six months, however, and a standard tape cartridge player was wired in to announce the station identification and triggered by the Western Union clock.
The station callsigns had previously been WCNF \"The Coast\" until the station was moved to the 98.3 FM frequency (with new calls WCXT) on January 24, 2008, in a 3 station swap that started on January 7. The WCSY call letters as well as the \"Cosy FM\" name, which had been on the 98.3 FM frequency, were moved the 103.7 FM frequency. The WHIT-FM call letters were dropped from 103.7 FM, but the oldies format and \"SuperHits\" branding were retained.
The 94.9 facility first began broadcasting in 1998 as WYKL with an oldies format. Following competitor WHFB-FM\'s format change from hot AC to country, 94.9 FM changed to a hot AC format that lasted until the recent change. Mid-West Family Broadcasting owns all three stations involved in the format swap.
WSJM-FM formerly simulcasted with WSJM except for Fox Sports Radio programming on AM and for most weekend programs. The simulcast ended in late August 2014 when WSJM switched to all-sports; WSJM-FM\'s news/talk format continued as before.
Programming was consolidated between the AM and FM signals on July 20, 2020, when the AM format changed to alternative rock as WQYQ
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# 2007 FIBA Asia Champions Cup
The **FIBA Asia Champions Cup 2007** was the 18th staging of the FIBA Asia Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of FIBA Asia. The tournament was held in Tehran, Iran. Saba Battery of Tehran, Iran won the tournament after beating Al-Jalaa of Aleppo, Syria
## Preliminary round {#preliminary_round}
### Group A {#group_a}
Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts
-------------- ---------- --- --- ----- ----- ----- -------
Blue Stars 2 2 0 177 128 +49 **4**
Al-Rayyan 2 1 1 168 123 +45 **3**
Young Cagers 2 0 2 107 201 −94 **2**
Arena Withdrew
Al-Qadsia Withdrew
### Group B {#group_b}
Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts
--------------------- ----- --- --- ----- ----- ------ -------
Saba Battery Tehran 4 4 0 352 267 +85 **8**
Al-Jalaa 4 3 1 350 290 +60 **7**
Astana Tigers 4 2 2 291 298 −7 **6**
San Miguel-Magnolia 4 1 3 333 370 −37 **5**
Al-Muharraq 4 0 4 233 334 −101 **4**
## Knockout round {#knockout_round}
### Championship
### 5th--7th places {#th7th_places}
### Quarterfinals
### Semifinals
### Finals
## Final standings {#final_standings}
Rank Team Record
------ --------------------- --------
Saba Battery Tehran 6--0
Al-Jalaa 5--2
Al-Rayyan 3--2
4th San Miguel-Magnolia 2--5
5th Blue Stars 4--1
6th Astana Tigers 2--4
7th Young Cagers 0--4
8th Al-Muharraq 0--4
## Awards
- **Most Valuable Player**: `{{flagicon|IRI}}`{=mediawiki} S
| 229 |
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| 0 |
11,113,562 |
# Boydtown, New South Wales
**Boydtown** is a village on Twofold Bay near Eden, on the far south coast of New South Wales, Australia. It was the original settlement in the bay, founded by Benjamin Boyd in 1843 to service his properties on the Monaro plains. The remains of whaling stations and the local landmark Boyd\'s Tower, a stone spotting tower used to look for whales, are all nearby.
Boyd imported sandstone from Sydney to construct a lighthouse on south head. He also commissioned inns and churches, housing and store rooms, wharves and stock-yards.
When Boyd\'s finances collapsed, the town was abandoned from the 1840s until the first renovation of the Seahorse Inn in the 1930s.
In modern times, Boydtown is the smaller of the two towns in the bay, consisting mainly of housing, tourist caravan parks and the more recently (2006) refurbished Seahorse Inn
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# Andre Turner
**Andre Devalle Turner** (born March 13, 1964) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently on the basketball staff at Memphis after three seasons as head coach at Lane College. A 5\'11\", 177 lb point guard, he played collegiately at Memphis State University (now the University of Memphis). Born in Memphis, Tennessee, his nickname in college was the \"Little General\".
## College career {#college_career}
The shining moment of Andre Turner\'s career was in his junior season, when he, along with teammates Keith Lee, Baskerville Holmes, and William Bedford made it to the Final Four, on the strength of three consecutive game winning shots by Turner.
The first was in an overtime win against UAB. Ironically, Gene Bartow was UAB\'s head coach, the last coach to lead Memphis State to the Final Four, eventually losing in the 1973 championship game against UCLA.
The second game winner came against Boston College, and the third, coming against the University of Oklahoma, propelled the Tigers back to the Final Four, only to lose to eventual champ Villanova, one of three Big East teams in the Final Four that year.
### College statistics {#college_statistics}
\|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1982--83 \| align=\"left\" \| Memphis \| 31 \|\| - \|\| 32.5 \|\| **.518** \|\| - \|\| .806 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 2.4 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 9.9 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1983--84 \| align=\"left\" \| Memphis \| 33 \|\| - \|\| 31.9 \|\| .457 \|\| - \|\| .667 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.8 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 8.2 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1984--85 \| align=\"left\" \| Memphis \| **34** \|\| - \|\| **34.0** \|\| .498 \|\| - \|\| .714 \|\| **2.3** \|\| 6.6 \|\| 1.6 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 11.4 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1985--86 \| align=\"left\" \| Memphis \| **34** \|\| - \|\| 33.4 \|\| .478 \|\| - \|\| **.854** \|\| 2.0 \|\| **7.7** \|\| **2.6** \|\| **0.1** \|\| **13.9** \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 132 \|\| - \|\| 33.0 \|\| .487 \|\| - \|\| .757 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.9 \|}
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Turner was selected in the third round of the 1986 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Lakers, but traded to the Boston Celtics. He played for seven teams in the NBA: the Boston Celtics, Houston Rockets, Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Clippers, Charlotte Hornets, Philadelphia 76ers, and Washington Bullets. In 170 games with these seven teams, he holds career averages of 4.1 points, 1.5 rebounds, and 1.5 assists per game. His most productive year was in 1990--91, when he averaged 5.9 points and 4.4 assists in 70 games for the Philadelphia 76ers. Turner also played in the Continental Basketball Association for the La Crosse Catbirds, where he led the team to the 1989--1990 CBA Championship, and in the World Basketball League for the Memphis Rockers.
After leaving the NBA, he played professionally in Spain. In 1997, while playing with Joventut Badalona, Turner won the Spanish King\'s Cup title and the tournament\'s MVP award. With Sevilla, he played in the European-wide top-tier level EuroLeague, in the 1999--00 season.
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# Andre Turner
## NBA career statistics {#nba_career_statistics}
### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1986--87 \| align=\"left\" \| Boston \| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 6.0 \|\| .400 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1987--88 \| align=\"left\" \| Houston \| 12 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.3 \|\| .353 \|\| .143 \|\| .714 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 0.6 \|\| **0.1** \|\| 2.9 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1988--89 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 3.3 \|\| **.500** \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.5 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1989--90 \| align=\"left\" \| Los Angeles \| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.3 \|\| .154 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1989--90 \| align=\"left\" \| Charlotte \| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.5 \|\| .360 \|\| .000 \|\| **1.000** \|\| 0.4 \|\| 2.5 \|\| **0.9** \|\| 0.0 \|\| 2.8 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1990--91 \| align=\"left\" \| Philadelphia \| **70** \|\| 1 \|\| **20.1** \|\| .439 \|\| **.364** \|\| .736 \|\| **2.2** \|\| **4.4** \|\| **0.9** \|\| 0.0 \|\| **5.9** \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1991--92 \| align=\"left\" \| Washington \| **70** \|\| **3** \|\| 12.4 \|\| .425 \|\| .063 \|\| .792 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.1 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 170 \|\| 4 \|\| 14.8 \|\| .422 \|\| .237 \|\| .764 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.5 \|}
### Playoffs
\|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1990--91 \| align=\"left\" \| Philadelphia \| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 23.6 \|\| .438 \|\| .333 \|\| .813 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 7.3 \|}
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Turner was an assistant basketball coach at Mitchell High in Memphis for four years before being named head coach in 2015. The school,won three state championships during his time there, in 2014, 2015 and 2016.
On April 15, 2021, Turner was named head coach for Division II Lane College of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC)
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# John Cassidy (journalist)
**John Joseph Cassidy** (born 1963) is a British-American journalist and a staff writer at *The New Yorker*. He is a contributor to *The New York Review of Books*, and previously, an editor at *The Sunday Times* of London and a deputy editor at the *New York Post*.
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Cassidy received his undergraduate degree from University College, Oxford, studied at Harvard University on a Harkness Fellowship, and received a master\'s degree in journalism from Columbia University and a master\'s in economics from New York University.
## Economics writing {#economics_writing}
Cassidy wrote *Capitalism and Its Critics, A History: From the Industrial Revolution to AI* (2025). It is described as \"A sweeping, dramatic history of capitalism as seen through the eyes of its fiercest critics.\" The Financial Times lists it as Most Anticipated Book of 2025. Cassidy is the author of the well-received *Dot.con: The Greatest Story Ever Sold*, which examines the dot-com bubble, and *How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities*, which combines a skeptical history of economics with an analysis of the housing bubble and credit bust. He is also well known for his biographical and economic writing on the famous Cambridge economist John Maynard Keynes, whom he interprets in a largely positive light
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# E. M. Page
**Everil Max \"E.M.\" Page** (April 28, 1893 -- March 15, 1959) was an American lawyer and judge in the state of Oregon. He was appointed as the 63rd justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, serving for less than a year between 1949 and 1950.
## Early life {#early_life}
Page was born in Marion County, Oregon, on April 28, 1893, near Salem, Oregon. He received his high school education at Salem High School, and in 1913 he graduated from Willamette University College of Law. In 1914 he passed the bar examination.
## Judicial career {#judicial_career}
In 1941, after the state legislature created a new judicial district, E.M. Page was appointed to the new court as circuit judge for Marion County, Oregon. Then, on July 8, 1949, Oregon Governor Douglas McKay appointed Page to replace Percy R. Kelly on the Oregon Supreme Court. Due to \"ill health\", Page resigned from Oregon's high court less than a year later on January 18, 1950, and McKay replaced him with Earl C. Latourette.
## Later years {#later_years}
Everil Max Page died on March 15, 1959, at the age of 65
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| 0 |
11,113,666 |
# Gifu City Museum of History
The `{{nihongo|'''Gifu City Museum of History'''|岐阜市歴史博物館|Gifu-shi Rekishi Hakubutsukan}}`{=mediawiki} is a city-supported history museum located in the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Located in Gifu Park at the base of Mount Kinka, it is in the heart of Gifu City\'s sightseeing area.
The museum primarily focuses on the history and traditional crafts of the surrounding area and includes a recreation of a Warring States Period free market that was created by Oda Nobunaga, a leading feudal lord of the 16th century, as well as many hands-on exhibits. However, the museum often hosts special exhibitions, which cover a wide variety of themes.
## History
Planning for the museum began in 1972 as a result of an initiative by the local Social Education Committee. Construction was completed in 1985 and the museum opened in November of that year. In March 2005, after undergoing extensive renovations, the museum held a grand renewal opening, just in time for its 20th anniversary that November.
Currently, both the Eizō & Tōichi Katō Memorial Art Museum in Gifu Park and the Yanaizu Folklore Museum in Yanaizu-chō serve as branches to the museum.
## Hands-on activities {#hands_on_activities}
The history museum offers the following activities:
- **Historical Gifu**
: The first area of the permanent exhibit is dedicated to Gifu\'s early history, going back to the Jōmon period. Visitors can try their hand at putting together a broken vase, making their own designs on a clay vase, ringing an ancient bell, or wearing old armor.
- **Warring States period**
: The second permanent area focuses on the Warring States period of Gifu\'s history, when Gifu received its name and first flourished. Men and women can try on period clothing, visit recreated stores and houses, have *koma* battles, or practice *ryūgo* or *sugoroku*.
- **Modern Gifu**
: The last section of the permanent exhibit focuses on Gifu\'s more recent history. There are scent boxes that represent each of Gifu\'s traditional industries, musical recordings and pictorial slides from decades ago, and an opportunity for visitors to make their own *ukiyo-e* (*see right*) of Gōdo-juku, one of Gifu\'s two former post towns on the Nakasendō.
## Facilities information {#facilities_information}
- **Contact**
: Address: 2-18-1 Ōmiya-chō, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture
- **Hours of Operation**
: 9:00am to 5:00pm (entry until 4:30pm)
- **Holidays**
: Mondays (Tuesday, if Monday is a holiday)
: Day after national holidays
: Dec. 29 to Jan. 3
- **Entrance Fee**
: {\| class=\"wikitable\"
\|- ! Permanent Exhibit ! Individual Rate ! Group Rate \|- \| **Adult** \| 300 yen \| 240 yen \|- \| **Child** \| 150 yen \| 90 yen \|}
:\*Group discounts are available to parties of 20 or larger.
:\*Those over 70 years of age are allowed free admission.
:\*Special exhibit fees are separate.
## Access
From JR Gifu Station (Bus Platform 11) or Meitetsu Gifu Station (Bus Platform 4), board any bus operated by Gifu Bus heading towards Nagara. Get off the bus at \"Gifu Kōen, Rekishi Hakubutsukan-mae,\" approximately 15 minutes from the train stations
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# Cathedral of Christ the King, Katowice
**Archikatedra Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach** (*Archcathedral of Christ the King in Katowice*) is a classicist and modernist archcathedral in Katowice-Śródmieście, Katowice, Poland. Constructed between 1927 and 1955, the Archcathedral of Christ the King is the largest archcathedral and cathedral in Poland, 120,000 metres cubed large.
Construction began in the inter-war period and was funded by the autonomous Silesian Parliament (located within the Second Polish Republic). In the year 1983 the archcathedral was visited by Pope John Paul II. The throne he sat on is on display in the chapel devoted to him within the archcathedral.
The archcathedral is faced in stone but constructed from brick.
## Gallery
<File:Archikatedra> Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach (2).jpg <File:Archikatedra> Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach (1).jpg <File:Archikatedra> Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach (6).jpg <File:Archikatedra> Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach (5).jpg <File:Archikatedra> Chrystusa Króla w Katowicach (7)
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11,113,678 |
# WCXT
**WCXT** (98.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an alternative rock format, serving the southwestern Michigan area. WCXT is licensed to Hartford, Michigan, and is focused on the cities of St. Joseph, Benton Harbor and South Haven. The station broadcasts in HD on 98.3-HD1 and is owned by Mid-West Family Broadcasting (WSJM, Inc.).
## History
It was announced on January 7, 2008, that the station would move from the 94.9 FM frequency to 98.3 FM, which had previously been the home of WCSY-FM and briefly WSJM-FM. The satellite-fed smooth jazz programming from Jones Radio Networks (now owned by Dial Global) that was part of WCSY-FM\'s \"Cosy-FM\" AC format continued after the move to 98.3 MHz. In 2009, the smooth jazz programming was dropped in favor of a live and local night show featuring the station\'s daytime format of hot AC.
The call letters were changed once again on February 8, 2008, from the 94.9 FM transferred WCNF to WCXT when the heritage call letters became available. The WCXT calls were used for many years on the 105.3 FM frequency in Hart, Michigan, which is now WHTS licensed to Coopersville and serving the Grand Rapids market.
Veteran air personalities included Phil McDonald, Robin Van Dyke, Jim Gifford, Robb Rose, and Tamisha Hill from the 94.9 The Coast era. Zack East, a former air personality on sister station WIRX and also at Big Rapids stations WYBR, WWBR and WBRN, hosts a music-intensive morning show on the station.
On March 6th, 2025, 98.3 The Coast has been retired and shut down after 20 years, it is now ceased operations. And has been replaced with WNSN
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| 0 |
11,113,708 |
# WCTP
**WCTP** (88.5 FM, \"Smile FM\") is a radio station broadcasting a Christian contemporary music format. Licensed to Gagetown, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 2006 under the WPEE call sign.
The station was assigned the WCTP call sign by the Federal Communications Commission on December 28, 2006
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WCTP
| 0 |
11,113,710 |
# Fokker S.III
The **Fokker S.III** was a biplane trainer aircraft of the 1920s. It was of conventional configuration, seating the pilot and instructor in tandem, open cockpits. The single-baywings were staggered and of unequal span.
In 1927, Fokker\'s US subsidiary, Atlantic Aircraft imported a single example, in an attempt to interest the US Army in the type, but this did not result in a sale. The aircraft was eventually purchased by the Wright Aeronautical Corporation and used as an engine testbed until broken up in 1929.
## Variants
- **S.III** : Two-seat primary trainer biplane.
- **S-3** : One aircraft imported into the United States by Atlantic Aircraft.
## Operators
`{{flag|Denmark}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Danish Air Force - Two aircraft
`{{flag|Netherlands}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Netherlands Navy
## Specifications (S.III) {#specifications_s
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# Luca Saudati
**Luca Saudati** (born 18 January 1978 in Milan) is an Italian footballer who played as a winger or as a second striker.
## Football career {#football_career}
Saudati started his career at the A.C. Milan youth system. After relatively unsuccessful loan stints at various clubs - including Lugano of the Swiss Super League, Monza of Serie B, Lecco and Como of Serie C1, Empoli of Serie B and Perugia of Serie A - he eventually joined Atalanta of Serie A in June 2001, tagged for 18 billion Italian lire. as part of Massimo Donati and Cristian Zenoni\'s deal to Milan for 60 billion lire.
However, after scoring no goals in a whole season for Atalanta, he was loaned out again to Empoli of Serie A in the summer of 2002 after poor performance. He broke his leg in November, ruling him out of training and play. When he returned to Atalanta in the summer of 2003, they had dropped to Serie B; despite them being promoted that season, he made just 5 appearances and was loaned once again to Empoli of Serie B in January 2005.
He returned to Atalanta once again in summer 2005, again in Serie B. He scored 3 goals in 12 games before loaned out again to Serie A team Lecce, to join his former coach Silvio Baldini while at Empoli during the 2002--03 season, but soon Baldini was sacked by the club and Saudati only made 4 appearances in Serie A.
Fortunes changed for Saudati in the summer of 2006. He joined Empoli of Serie A on free transfer in summer 2006, and signed a three-year contract, where he became team-topscorer of the 2006--07 season with 14 league goals and four in the Italian Cup. Saudati\'s natural position is left winger but during his time at Empoli enjoyed much success as a second striker.
Saudati was, not surprisingly, voted into the 2006--07 Italian PFA Giocatori Squadra Dell\'Anno (Italy\'s PFA player\'s team of the season) whilst he also became Empoli\'s player of the year and received an award for most improved player in the 2006--07 season
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# Joe Caldwell (archaeologist)
**Joseph Ralston Caldwell** (June 14, 1916 -- December 23, 1973) was an American archaeologist. In the late 1930s he conducted major excavations in the Savannah, Georgia area at the Irene site as part of Depression-era archaeology program. He also led excavations at other archaeology sites in Georgia, such as the Summerour Mound site in the early 1950s. He was among those conducting extensive excavations prior to the development of Lake Hartwell and Lake Strom Thurmond, which flooded numerous archeological sites.
During his career Caldwell also served as a professor in the United States and for a year in Iran as a Fulbright scholar. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees in archeology at the University of Chicago.
## Career
### United States {#united_states}
Joe Caldwell was a prominent figure in Georgia archaeology. In 1937, Caldwell began work at the Irene site in Chatham County, Georgia. This work was done as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Caldwell\'s workforce was made up of nearly all African-American women. Their excavation of this site is still recognized as some of the best of the era. Caldwell remained at this site until 1941. During this time he worked with several other prominent Georgia archaeologists, including Antonio J. Waring, Jr., Preston Holder and Catherine McCann.
In the late 1930s he also visited Stallings Island with Waring, Jr. and collected a large number of artifacts during a surface survey. From 1939 to 1940, Caldwell also excavated at Wilmington Island, Georgia.
Caldwell served as a scientific aide to the Director of Anthropology of the United States National Museum from 1943 to 1945.
Caldwell returned to Georgia for more excavations in the 1950s. He did large block excavations at the Lake Spring site in 1951. He conducted survey and excavation at Lake Hartwell and Lake Strom Thurmond as part of the Smithsonian Institution's River Basin Survey prior to construction of dams and reservoirs. This survey located and excavated hundreds of archaeological sites that were later inundated and destroyed when man-made lakes were created. In 1957, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.
### Iran
From 1963 to 1964, Caldwell was a Fulbright professor of Archaeology at the University of Tehran and a professor of Anthropology at the Medical School of the National University of Iran. He worked on the Jiroft culture while in the Middle East.
### Later years {#later_years}
In 1967 Caldwell accepted a position at the University of Georgia as a professor of Anthropology and the Director of the Laboratory of Archaeology. He taught there until his death in 1973.
Caldwell's contribution to devising ceramic sequences included the St. Catherine's series type. In addition to papers about the excavations he conducted, he published two works regarding ceramic sequencing; one appeared in 1971 and the second posthumously in 1977.
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# Joe Caldwell (archaeologist)
## Published works {#published_works}
Author
- *Recent discoveries at Irene mound, Savannah.* Proceedings of the Society for Georgia Archaeology, 1939, v. 2, no. 2, pp. 31-36.
- *The results of archaeological work in Chatham County.* Proceedings of the Society for Georgia Archaeology, 1940, v. 3, pp. 29-33.
- *Cultural relations of four Indian sites on the Georgia coast.* Unpublished M.A. thesis, 1943, Department of Anthropology, Univ. of Chicago.
- \"The Archaeology of Eastern Georgia and South Carolina.\" In Griffin, J.B., ed., *Archaeology of Eastern United States.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952. pp. 312--321.
- *The Old Quartz Industry of Piedmont Georgia and South Carolina.* Southern Indian Studies, 1954. 5:37-38.
- \"Trend and Tradition in the Prehistory of the Eastern United States,\" *Scientific Papers,* 1958, Vol. 10, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, and *Memoir 88,* American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin.
- \"Chronology of the Georgia Coast.\" *Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin,* 1971, v. 13, pp. 88--92.
- *Appraisal of the Archaeological Resources of Hartwell Reservoir, South Carolina and Georgia.* South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, The Notebook, 1974. 6(2):35-44. Originally prepared in 1953.
Co-author
- Caldwell, Joseph R., and Waring, A.J., Jr., 1939, \"The Use of a Ceramic Sequence in the Classification of Aboriginal sites in Chatham County, Georgia.\" *Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter,* vol. 2, no. 1: 6--7.
- Caldwell, Joseph R., and Waring, A.J., Jr., 1939, \"Some Chatham County pottery types and their sequence.\" *Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter,* v. 1(5): 4--12; v.1(6). 1--9.
- Caldwell, Joseph and Catherine McCann, 1941, *Irene Mound Site, Chatham County, Georgia,* Athens: University of Georgia Press.
- Caldwell, Joseph R., and Antonio J. Waring, Jr., 1977, \"Some Chatham County Pottery Types and Their Sequence.\" In The Waring Papers, *The Collected Works of Antonio J. Waring, Jr.,* edited by Stephen Williams. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Volume 58:110-134
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# Substation Configuration Language
**System Configuration description Language** formerly known as **Substation Configuration description Language** (**SCL**) is the language and representation format specified by IEC 61850 for the configuration of electrical substation devices. This includes representation of modeled data and communication services specified by IEC 61850--7--X standard documents. The complete SCL representation and its details are specified in IEC 61850-6 standard document. It includes data representation for substation device entities; its associated functions represented as logical nodes, communication systems and capabilities. The complete representation of data as SCL enhances the different devices of a substation to exchange the SCL files and to have a complete interoperability.
## Parts of SCL files {#parts_of_scl_files}
An SCL file contains the following parts:
1. Header: This part is used to identify version and other basic details of an SCL configuration file.
2. Substation: This is the part dealing with the different entities of a substation including various devices, interconnections and other functionalities. The elements include power transformers, Voltage Levels, bays, General Equipment, conducting equipment like breakers. From the Substation part logical nodes that represent functionality related to the object in the Substation are referred.
3. Communication: This section deals with different communication points (access points) for accessing the different IEDs of the complete system. This part contains different Sub Networks and access points.
4. IED: The IED section describes the complete configuration of an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). It contains different access points of the specific IED, the logical devices, and logical nodes, report control blocks etc. coming under the IED. It describes what data an IED publish as reports and as Generic Substation Events (GSE; divided into GOOSE and GSSE) and what GOOSE/GSSE data from other IEDs an IED is configured to receive.
5. DataTypeTemplates: It defines different logical devices, logical nodes, data and other details separated into different instances. The complete data modeling according to IEC 61850-7-3 & 7-4 are represented in this part of SCL. It is again subdivided into LNodeType, DOType, DAType and EnumType.
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# Substation Configuration Language
## Types of SCL files {#types_of_scl_files}
Depending on the purpose of SCL file, it is classified into the following types:
1. IED Capability Description (ICD) file: It defines complete capability of an IED. This file needs to be supplied by each manufacturer to make the complete system configuration. The file contains a single IED section, an optional communication section and an optional substation part which denotes the physical entities corresponding to the IED.
2. System Specification Description (SSD) file: This file contains complete specification of a substation automation system including single line diagram for the substation and its functionalities (logical nodes). This will have Substation part, Data type templates and logical node type definitions but need not have IED section.
3. Substation Configuration Description (SCD) file: This is the file describing complete substation detail. It contains substation, communication, IED and Data type template sections. An `{{Not a typo|.SSD}}`{=mediawiki} file and different `{{Not a typo|.ICD}}`{=mediawiki} files contribute in making an SCD file.
4. Configured IED Description (CID) file: It is a file used to have communication between an IED configuration tool to an IED. It can be considered as an SCD file stripped down to what the concerned IED need to know and contains a mandatory communication section of the addressed IED.
5. Instantiated IED Description (IID) file: It defines the configuration of one IED for a project and is used as data exchange format from the IED configurator to the system configurator. This file contains only the data for the IED being configured: one IED section, the communication section with the IED\'s communication parameters, the IED\'s data type templates, and, optionally, a substation section with the binding of functions (LNodes) to the single line diagram.
6. System Exchange Description (SED) file: This file is to be exchanged between system configurators of different projects. It describes the interfaces of one project to be used by another project, and at re-import the additionally engineered interface connections between the projects. It is a subset of an SCD file with additional engineering rights for each IED as well as the ownership (project) of SCL data.
The last two file types were introduced with Edition 2
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# WCUP
**WCUP** is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to L\'Anse, Michigan, serving the Keweenaw Peninsula. WCUP is owned and operated by Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
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# Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia
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Error at (line 327, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
^
``
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# Fremantle City FC
**Fremantle City Football Club** is an Australian soccer club based in Fremantle, Western Australia. Formed in 2014 through the merger of Fremantle United and East Fremantle Tricolore, the club competes in the men\'s and women\'s divisions of the National Premier Leagues Western Australia. Tricolore was one of the state\'s most prominent clubs in the post-war period, winning five top-flight titles, while Fremantle United enjoyed sustained success in the amateur leagues, claiming eight championships between 1988 and 2008.
## History
Fremantle City was formed in 2014 through the merger of Fremantle United, formed in 1979, and East Fremantle Tricolore, founded in 1953. Both clubs had roots in the local Italian-Australian community.
### East Fremantle Tricolore {#east_fremantle_tricolore}
Tricolore was founded in 1953. After entering the state league in 1960, the club clinched three consecutive league titles from 1963 to 1965 and added two more championships in 1970 and 1972. Their success extended to the D\'Orsogna Cup, securing victories in 1961, 1962, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1978, and 1979. In 1987, Tricolore joined with Perth Azzurri and Balcatta Etna to form Perth SC. In 2004, Tricolore left Perth SC to compete again in their own right.
### Fremantle United {#fremantle_united}
Fremantle United was formed in 1979. They played in black and white stripes, in tribute to Italian club Juventus. Between 1982 and 2011, Fremantle United competed in the amateur leagues, spending most of the time in the Amateur Premier Division. They won the Amateur Premier Division eight times - in 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2000, and 2008 - and were runners-up on seven occasions. They joined the State League Second Division in 2012, where they played until the formation of Fremantle City.
### Fremantle City {#fremantle_city}
In 2018, Fremantle City submitted a formal expression of interest to join the A-League
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# WCVM
**WCVM** (94.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to Bronson, Michigan. The station rebroadcasts WBCL, the contemporary Christian music station owned and operated by Taylor University in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The station\'s transmitter is located near the corner of County Roads E700N and N950E, southwest of Greenfield Mills, Indiana.
Prior to being purchased by Taylor University, the station had aired the Christian modern rock format of Calvary Chapel (originally known as \"Effect Radio\" and then \"Radio X\")
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# Euan Mason
**Euan G. Mason** (born c.1953`{{Note|He entered college in 1971}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Professor at the School of Forestry in the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand.
## Biography
Mason was born in Invercargill, New Zealand but raised in Lower Hutt and Geneva before moving on to New Jersey. His hobbies include astronomy, music, computer programming and football. Mason completed a PhD at the University of Canterbury in 1992.
His main research areas include silviculture, growth and yield modelling, hybrid modelling and decision-support (applied artificial intelligence). He is skilled in the field of dendrology, the identification of tree species. He was editor of the *New Zealand Journal of Forestry* from 2006.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
-
-
- Mason, E.G. 2000. \'Evaluation of a model of beech forest growing on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand\'. *New Zealand Journal of Forestry*, 44 (4): 26--31.
- Mason, E.G. 2001. \'A model of the juvenile growth and survival of Pinus radiata D. Don: Adding the effects of initial seedling diameter and plant handling\'. *New Forests*, 22: 133--158
- Lassere, J., Mason, E.G, & Watt, M.S. 2004. \'The influence of initial stocking on corewood stiffness in a clonal experiment of 11-year-old Pinus radiata D.Don\'. *New Zealand Journal of Forestry*, 44 (3), 18--23.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Waghorn, M.J., Mason, E.G., & Watt, M.S. 2007. \'Assessing interactions between initial stand stocking and genotype on growth and form of 17-year-old Pinus radiata in Canterbury, *New Zealand Journal of Forestry*, 52 (1)
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# Charles H. Fairbanks
`{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} **Charles Herron Fairbanks** (June 3, 1913 -- July 17, 1984) was an archaeologist/anthropologist. He conducted archaeology at the Ocmulgee National Monument in Macon, Georgia where he developed rigorous, painstaking field methodology. His 1967--1969 excavations on the slave cabins at Kingsley Plantation, Fort George Island, Florida---the southernmost of the Sea Islands---were the first of their kind in the United States. Undertaken to \"learn more about slave life,\" he called his practice \"Plantation Archaeology,\" and for more than a decade the graduate program he led at the University of Florida was the only one in the nation with a concentration in African American archaeology.
## Biography
He was born on June 3, 1913, in Bainbridge, New York. He served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945.
He worked on the Tennessee Valley Authority archaeology projects during his college years in 1937 and 1938. He graduated in 1939. He later went on to the University of Michigan graduate school. Later he became the superintendent at Fort Frederica National Monument and was eventually a professor at University of Florida, Gainesville.
In 1983 Fairbanks received the J. C. Harrington Award, presented by the Society for Historical Archaeology for his life-time contributions to archaeology centered on scholarship.
Charles Herron Fairbanks died on July 17, 1984
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# Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa
***Al-Shifa bi Ta\'rif Huquq al-Mustafa***, (*الشفا بتعريف حقوق المصطفى*, *The Remedy by the Recognition of the Rights of the Chosen One \[Muhammad\]*), of Qadi Ayyad (d. 544H / 1149CE) is perhaps the most frequently used and commented upon handbook in which Muhammad\'s life, his qualities and his miracles are described in every detail. Generally known by its short title, ***ash-Shifa*** or ***al-Shifa*** (*The Healing*), this work was so highly admired throughout the Muslim world that it soon acquired a sanctity of its own, for it is said, \"If *al-Shifa* is found in a house, this house will not suffer any harm\... when a sick person reads it or it is recited to him, Allah will restore his health.\"`{{page needed|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
*Ash-Shifa* remains one of the most commentated books of Islam after the *Sahih\'s* of Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Commentaries and partial explanations written on *al-Shifa* include:
- *Majlis fi Khatmi Kitab al-Shifa\' bi Taʿrif Huquq al-Muṣṭafá* by Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn ʿAbdullah ibn Muhammad al-Qaysi al-Dimashqi.
- *Al-Intihad fi Khatmi al-Shifa\' li-ʿIyad* by al-Sakhawi.
- *Nasim al-Riyad fi Sharh Shifa\' li-Qadi ʿIyad* in 4 volumes by Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji.
- *Sharh al-Shifa\' li-al-Qadi ʿAyyad* in 2 volumes by Ali al-Qari.
- *Manahil as-Safa fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Shifa* by al-Suyuti.
- *Al-Shifāʾ bī Taʾrif Ḥuqūq al-Muṣṭafá* and *al-ʿAta fī Maʿrifa al-Muṣṭafá* (4 volumes) by Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.
- *Al-Madad al-ʿIyad* by al-Shaykh Hasan al-ʿAdawi al-Hamzawi.
- *Mazil al-Khafa\' ʿan alfaz al-Shifa* by al-ʿAllama Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Shamsi al-Tamimi al-Dari al-Hanafi.
- *Al-Muqtafa fi hal alfaz al-Shifa*\' by al-ʿAllama Burhan al-Din Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Khalil al-Halabi Sibt ibn al-ʿAjami.
*Ash-Shifa* has been translated into numerous languages such as English, Turkish, and Urdu
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# Louis Krasner
**Louis Krasner** (`{{OldStyleDate|21 June|1903|8 June}}`{=mediawiki}`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}4 May 1995) was a Russian-born American classical violinist who premiered the violin concertos of Alban Berg and Arnold Schoenberg.
## Biography
Louis Krasner was born in Cherkassy, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine). He arrived in the United States at the age of 5, and graduated from the New England Conservatory of Music in 1922. He continued his studies with Lucien Capet in Paris, Otakar Ševčík in Písek, Czechoslovakia, and Carl Flesch in Berlin. His concert career began in Europe, where he championed the concertos of Joseph Achron and Alfredo Casella.
In 1935 he commissioned Alban Berg\'s Violin Concerto, which he premiered on 19 April 1936 in Barcelona, with Hermann Scherchen conducting the Pablo Casals Orchestra. He also premiered Arnold Schoenberg\'s Violin Concerto in December 1940, with Leopold Stokowski leading the Philadelphia Orchestra. Among the American composers whose works he premiered were Roger Sessions, Henry Cowell, and Roy Harris.
Krasner retired from solo performing to become concertmaster of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, a position he held from 1944 to 1949. From 1949 to 1972 he was professor of music at Syracuse University. In 1976 he joined the faculties of the New England Conservatory of Music and the Berkshire Music Center. He won the 1983 Sanford Medal from Yale University and the 1995 Commonwealth Award.
He died in 1995 in Brookline, Massachusetts, aged 91.
## Stradivarius guitar {#stradivarius_guitar}
Krasner owned one of the only surviving guitars made by Antonio Stradivari. He purchased the guitar from London based dealer W.E. Hill & Sons through Rembert Wurlitzer Co. in 1934. The antique guitar, made of spruce and maple, is not quite as large as the modern instrument and has five double strings. It is embellished with a decorative carved rose and inlaid mother-of-pearl. In 1986 the guitar was purchased for \$165,000 by the Shrine to Music Museum at the University of South Dakota
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# WCXI
**WCXI** (1160 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Fenton, Michigan. The station broadcasts to Metro Detroit and the Flint area. It is owned by the Birach Broadcasting Corporation and it airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format.
By day, WCXI is powered at 15,000 watts. It uses a directional antenna with a three-tower array. But 1160 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for KSL in Salt Lake City, the dominant Class A station. To protect KSL from interference, WCXI must greatly reduce power at night to 400 watts. The transmitter is off North Maple Avenue in Milford Charter Township, Michigan.
## History
The station signed on the air on `{{Start date and age|1985|11|15}}`{=mediawiki}. The original call sign was WFEN. It had a Middle of the Road (MOR) format. In its early years, it tried several other formats including country, oldies, urban gospel and classic country.
As of September 2010, WCXI has dropped its classic country format and switched back to oldies in a temporary relocation of the format of sister station WPON 1460 AM in Walled Lake, Michigan. The station received a construction permit to increase its daytime power to 15,000 watts, effectively making it a suburban Detroit station. WPON went silent in October 2010 so improvements could be made to its signal with WPON\'s programming continuing on WCXI.
The WCXI call letters were used in Detroit from the late 1970s to the early 1990s at what is now WDFN 1130 AM, and also in the early 1980s as WCXI-FM at 92.3 FM (now WMXD). It has also been used at 1450 AM in Jackson, Michigan. Fittingly, all stations previously using the WCXI call sign played country music.
A new transmitter site was proposed in Milford Township, Michigan to serve both WCXI and WPON.
WCXI 1130 was widely known throughout Detroit\'s large Indian American and South Asian population. It had many shows featuring Hindi and other Indian language songs in the superhit Rockin\' Raaga hosted by Anu, Geetmala and Voice of Pakistan. WPON returned to the air in late 2019 and re-assumed the oldies format that had been airing on WCXI. At that time, WCXI switched to an automated mix of pop music in various languages.
On June 29, 2020 WCXI flipped to talk from Fox News Radio.
May 9, 2022 the station flipped to recordings of the preaching of radio evangelist Brother Stair, heard 24/7
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# Paddy Crick
**William Patrick Crick** (10 February 1862 -- 23 August 1908) was an Australian politician, solicitor and newspaper proprietor. He was described by author Cyril Pearl as an irresistible demagogue, who \"looked like a prize fighter, dressed like a tramp, talked like a bullocky, and to complete the pattern of popular virtues, owned champion horses which he backed heavily and recklessly.\" William Willis, a political collaborator, described him as a \"conservative dressed in the garments of democracy \[with an\] unbridled ambition and craving for public notice\"
## Early life {#early_life}
Crick was born at Truro, South Australia and in about 1868 the family moved into western New South Wales, settling at Spicer\'s Creek near Wellington. He attended St Stanislaus\' College, Bathurst. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1886 and developed a successful practice in the criminal courts. In 1890 he married Mary Catherine Kelly, but they separated in 1892.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1885 Crick and Edward O\'Sullivan founded the Land and Industrial Alliance, a protectionist party aimed at country selectors and city workers, and ran unsuccessfully for election to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1887. As an independent protectionist he was elected in 1889 as the member for West Macquarie, aged `{{ayd|1862|2|10|1889|2|16|format=dmy}}`{=mediawiki}.
He was notable for his verbal aggression in the house, especially when drunk, and in October 1889 he called several parliamentarians \"bloody Orange hounds and thieves\" and William McMillan moved a motion that \"That Mr. Crick, the hon. member for West Macquarie, is guilty of having wilfully and vexatiously interrupted tho committee in the orderly conduct of the business of the House, wherefore this House adjudges him guilty of contempt of the House\". The motion was passed by the Assembly and Crick stated \"If any hon. member thought he was going to apologise to the Government he was making a great mistake. \... he would sooner be kicked out of the House on what he considered a looting of the Treasury than remain a member of it\". Crick then walked out of the house.
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# Paddy Crick
## 1890 expulsion
On 12 November 1890 there was a debate involving McMillan when Crick interjected, with McMillan stating to Crick \"You are nobody\", with Crick responding in kind and describing McMillan as a makeshift. Ninian Melville, the Chairman of Committees called on McMillan to withdraw the expression and he did so. The Chairman then asked Crick to withdraw his expression. Crick debated the matter with the Chairman before withdrawing it. The Chairman then repeatedly asked Crick to apologise for interjecting during proceedings and he refused to do so until after McMillan had apologised for the insult. The Chairman instructed the serjeant-at-arms, Laurence Harnett, to remove Crick, who resisted stating \"Don\'t you handle me. I will not be bullied by Melville or any one else. I will not go out, and I say so point-blank\". Crick was then physically removed by the serjeant-at-arms and attendants. The disturbance was reported to the Speaker, Joseph Abbott, who directed that Crick be allowed into the chamber to provide his explanation. Crick argued with Speaker stating \"I am certainly not going to allow the Chair to knock me into a sort of pulverised sausage\". Crick continued to argue with the Speaker who then instructed the serjeant-at-arms to again remove Crick. Whilst he was being forcibly removed, Crick stated \"you got £2,000 for putting the Broken Hill Water Supply Bill through. That is what I tell you; and I tell the Chairman of Committees that he got £1,000; and I tell you you are both a pair of thieves and robbers of the country\". Sir Henry Parkes moved that Crick be expelled for his disorderly conduct before the committee.
After debate had commenced on the motion, Crick attempted to resign with his letter stating \"Mr Speaker, I consider Parliament rotten and corrupt. You put me out to-night, fearing my tongue and consequent exposure. I resign my seat, and intend to appeal to my constituents against a rotten and corrupt parliament, in which freedom of speech is brutally stifled and suppressed in order to cover up crime\". In the debate various euphemisms were put as to the extent of Crick\'s consumption of alcohol, including that he was not in a fit condition to be heard, was slightly excited, having just returned from the Melbourne Cup, where \"joviality \... reigned triumphant \... where Bacchus is the chief god\". Alexander Hutchison stated that \"it was worse than useless to ask a drunken man to come into an assemblage of gentlemen to make an explanation of his conduct\". Crick\'s resignation was not treated as effective and he was expelled.
Crick repeated his accusations of corruption in his campaign speeches, and was re-elected in the resulting by-election, with a slightly increased margin.
At a meeting at the Lagoon, Major Butler asked \"Is it true, Mr. Crick, that you stated that there was not a virtuous woman in West Macquarie?\" Crick alleged he then stated \"I was told so; and, more than that, I believe that you did say so\". Crick sued Butler for slander, however the jury found for Butler. The Full Court of the Supreme Court held that a question put bona fide by an elector in the course of an election meeting would not be slanderous. Further the charge was so improbable that Crick\'s reputation was not injured.
## Ministerial positions {#ministerial_positions}
In August 1890 Crick was involved with William Nicholas Willis in founding the *Truth* newspaper, which was intended to promote their political and social views, but instead became largely a scandal sheet. He succeeded in having enacted a first offenders\' probation bill in 1894. He was charged with conspiracy in 1895 in relation to the George Dean case, but managed to evade conviction. By the mid-1890s he was said to be one of the biggest betters on Sydney horse racing and lived in hotels near Randwick Racecourse.
Nevertheless, as a master parliamentary tactician, he had become a leading member of the Protectionist Party and having helped defeat the Free Trade government in 1899, was rewarded with the position of Postmaster-General in the Lyne government from 14 September 1899, a position he held until 28 February 1901.
Crick was Secretary for Lands from April 1901 to June 1904. He was elected as member for Blayney on the abolition of West Macquarie in 1904. He expected to become Premier when John See resigned and See recommended him for the position but Governor Sir Harry Rawson refused to appoint Crick because of his excessive drinking in Executive Council meetings, and in due course asked Thomas Waddell to be Premier.
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# Paddy Crick
## 1906 expulsion {#expulsion_1}
In 1905 Justice William Owen was appointed a Royal Commissioner to investigate the administration of the Lands Department. The Royal Commission handed down an interim report in May 1906, which found that Crick had overruled departmental advice on 35 occasions when granting leases to pastoralists in the Western Division, that 50% of the sums received by a land agent Peter Close were paid to Crick whilst he was Minister for Lands and that Crick was corrupt. The Legislative Assembly proposed to immediately deal with Crick, however the Speaker ruled that the Assembly could not deal with the matter as it might prejudice his criminal trial. Instead the assembly amended its standing orders and suspended Crick pending the outcome of his criminal trial. The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict. and the Attorney General declined to prosecute the matter again as evidence before the Royal Commission had been ruled inadmissible in his criminal trial. Crick then submitted his resignation from parliament, however before it was accepted the assembly passed a motion that he was guilty of conduct that rendered him ineligible to sit as a member. Rutledge and Nairn stated this was due to old scores being paid off, while Anne Twomey stated that this motion was passed to influence future voters not to vote for Crick. In any event Crick did not nominate for the by-election.
The Full Court of the Supreme Court found that the evidence before the Royal Commission showed that Crick was not a fit and proper person to be a solicitor and he was struck off the roll on 23 August 1907. He challenged the validity of his suspension in the Supreme Court and was successful before the Full Court, however this was overturned on appeal to the Privy Council which held that the Legislative Assembly was the sole judge whether an \"occasion\" had arisen that affected the orderly conduct of the Assembly.
## Subsequent life and death {#subsequent_life_and_death}
Crick stood for parliament again at the September 1907 election for Surry Hills but was unsuccessful.
Although he had reportedly been going to quit smoking and drinking in 1903, Crick suffered increasingly from cirrhosis of the liver and died of hematemesis at the Sydney suburb of Randwick. Crick was buried at Waverley Cemetery on 25 August 1908
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# Stonestown Galleria
**Stonestown Galleria** is a shopping mall located in San Francisco, on the West Side of the city It is located immediately north of San Francisco State University and near the former campus of Mercy High School which closed in 2020 and Lowell High School.
Currently, the mall\'s anchor stores are Target and a Regal Cinemas. The anchor store spaces are each two stories, but most in-line stores are one story. The hallways form a plus shape, with the former Macy\'s on the north side, and Target, Trader Joe\'s, Chase, Shake Shack and Bank of America, on the south side. There are four wings, two on level one and two on level two, with a food court on the center upper level. Marble columns and skylights follow the wings of the mall as staples of its architecture. A demolition/rebuilding project in the late 1980s added many of the current architectural features. The former Macy\'s anchor space was demolished in 2019 and renovated, as it now houses a Regal Cinemas, Whole Foods Market, and Sports Basement, a California chain of sporting goods stores. Brookfield Properties, the owners and managers of the mall, announced in 2021 their plans to further renovate the mall into a \'town center\' under their Stonestown Reimagined vision.
## History
Stonestown Galleria, originally called Stonestown Shopping Center, was built in 1952 by the Stoneson brothers. It was built in the Lakeside neighborhood, bordering Lake Merced, along with apartments that could house 3,000 to 3,500 people.
The anchor store, The Emporium, opened on July 16, 1952. Other early businesses included Walgreens, Butler Brothers Department Stores, Gallenkamp Shoes, the Red Chimney restaurant and Woolworth\'s. There were stores for local residents, including a grocery store, a bakery, and movie theaters.
Stoneson Brothers also developed the Stoneridge Shopping Center in Pleasanton and Lakeside Village.
In 1970, a United Artists Cinema opened in what is now the parking lot behind the Stonestown Galleria. The cinema was designed by San Francisco architect George K Raad. The movie theater closed in Spring 2020, due to the `{{smallcaps2|COVID}}`{=mediawiki}-19 pandemic.
In 1977, Bullock\'s opened at the mall, which was later converted to Nordstrom in 1988.
In 1987, Stonestown went through a renovation and major redevelopment spearheaded by architect John Field. Field\'s plan added one story of stores, including a food court, a glass ceiling and marble floors, plus 350 new underground parking spaces. These changes led to the Stonestown Shopping Center being renamed Stonestown Galleria.
In 1996, The Emporium was converted to Macy\'s when Federated Stores bought Broadway Stores Inc. in 1995.
In December 2003, Heitman Financial, the manager, abandoned efforts to construct nearly 300 new residential units and a grocery store on a parcel next to the mall\'s 42 acre site. Neighborhood groups complained that the project would worsen traffic congestion in the area and create safety and environmental problems.
In 2004, General Growth Properties bought the mall from Pacific Acquisition Corp. for \$312 million.
In November 2017, Macy\'s announced plans to close its store at the mall. The store closed in March 2018.
On June 6, 2018, an article reported that Nordstrom would also be closing within the next 18 months which would leave the mall with no anchors, however, the article also reported that Nordstrom \"has no store closures to announce\".
Nordstrom eventually closed on September 14, 2019, therefore leaving Target as one of the last anchor tenants.
On September 8, 2023, Japanese arcade and entertainment company Round1 announced plans to take over the space that used to be occupied by Nordstrom. The arcade opened on November 9, 2024
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# 2006 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament
The **2006 Atlantic 10 men\'s basketball tournament** was played from March 8 to March 11, 2006, at U.S. Bank Arena in Cincinnati, Ohio. The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA Men\'s Division I Basketball Tournament. Xavier won the tournament. The top four teams in the conference received first-round byes, while `{{cbb link|2005|team=Duquesne Dukes|title=Duquesne}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{cbb link|2005|team=St. Bonaventure Bonnies|title=St. Bonaventure}}`{=mediawiki} were left out of the tournament as the bottom two teams in the conference standings. George Washington entered the tournament undefeated in Atlantic 10 play, but lost to Temple in the quarterfinals. George Washington earned an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament.
## Bracket
All games played at U.S. Bank Arena in Cincinnati
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# WUPY
**WUPY** (101.1 FM / RF channel 266, \"Y-101\") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format in Ontonagon, Michigan, where it is licensed by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. The station is owned by BTC USA Holdings Management, Inc. The studio is located at 622 River Street in downtown Ontonagon.
## Programming
WUPY exclusively airs a country music format, including all genre artists dating as far back as the 1930s. The station includes regular weekly and daily programs. The station features local talent programs including: Jan Tucker (host of The Jan Tucker Show), Tom Schneider (host of The Tom Schnieder Polka Show), and \"Deer Hunters Round-Up\" (during the local deer hunting season).
WUPY also includes church service program broadcasting (often live) on Sundays, typically from 7:00 AM to 10:00 AM EST. In support of the local community, WUPY also routinely broadcasts coverage of high school sporting events including basketball and football games when in season. The station also broadcasts at specific local interest events when held.
The station also features syndicate shows including: \"The Lia Show\", \"After Midnight\", \"The Crook & Chase Countdown\", \"Into the Blue\", and \"Country Hit Makers.\"
## Technical details {#technical_details}
WUPY broadcasts on 101.1 Mhz FM or FCC RF channel 226. The transmitter broadcasts at 100,000 watts effective radiated power (ERP) and has an effective coverage radius of 105 km under typical atmospheric conditions. The station can typically be received as far south as Eagle River, Wisconsin, as far west as Ironwood, Michigan and as far east as Three Lakes, Michigan.
The station transmitter tower is located outside of Rockland, Michigan just east of U.S. Highway 45. The transmitting antenna is mounted at the top of a private tower which stands at 128 meters above ground level. The tower itself is located on a natural bluff which gives the transmitter an effective height above average terrain (HAAT) of 212 meters
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# WUPY
## History
Under the ownership of Ontonagon County Broadcasting, Inc. (d.b.a. S & S Broadcasting, Inc.), the station was granted a construction permit for the original tower by the Federal Communications Commission on December 12, 1982. A broadcast license was subsequently granted on September 29, 1987. The station signed on the air on October 1, 1987 under the callsign \"WONT\" at 98.3 MHz (RF channel 252) broadcasting at 30,000 watts effective radiated power (ERP).
As part of a major refit of station operations, the station changed its callsign to \"WUPY\" and its frequency to its present 101.1 MHz (RF channel 266) on May 24, 1989. The station began formally broadcasting under the \"WUPY\" callsign on August 18, 1989.
On September 22, 1998, the station received authorization from the Federal Communications Commission to bring their second generation transmitter online which increased their broadcast effective radiated power to 100,000 watts.
In September of 2005, the station filed a request with the Federal Communications Commission to temporarily go silent as the station experienced severe financial instability that threatened continued operation of the station. The request was granted and the station indeed went off the air on September 26, 2005.
S & S Broadcasting, Inc. transferred station ownership to SNRN Broadcasting, Inc. via buyout process on December 15, 2005. The station returned to on-air service on January 26, 2006 after being off-air for 4 months.
In late 2006, the station got approval from the Federal Communications Commission to move transmitter operations from the original station tower (which the station directly privately owned) to leased space on a third-party owned tower (which they presently use). The two towers were approximately 800 meters apart from one another.
In January of 2023, the station was acquired by BTC USA Holdings Management, Inc. (d.b.a. Frontier Media) as part of a multi-station purchase agreement with SNRN Broadcasting Inc
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# Shrewlike rat
The **shrewlike rats**, genus ***Rhynchomys***, also known as the **tweezer-beaked rats** are a group of unusual Old World rats found only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They look a great deal like shrews and are an example of convergent evolution. Shrewlike rats evolved to be vermivores and insectivores feeding on soft-bodied invertebrates associated with leaf litter.
## Characteristics
The snout and rostrum are very long. Eyes are small. Head and body is 18.8--21.5 cm with a tail 10.5--14.6 cm. Only two molars are present on each side of the upper and lower jaws; these are small and peg-like. Incisors are described as needle-like and mandibles as delicate. Their characteristic method of locomotion has given rise to the epithet \"hopping rats,\" describing their method of pouncing on an earthworm prey before it can slide back into its hole.
## Distribution
Shrewlike rats are found at elevations of 1,100 to 2,460 meters. They are restricted to moist, mossy highland regions with ample rainfall and large populations of earthworms. Populations appear to be very isolated, restricted to \"sky islands\" of Luzon. Specimens have been collected from Mt. Bali-it and Mt. Data of the Central Cordillera (*R. soricoides*), Mt. Tapulao of the Zambales Mountains (*R. tapulao*), Mount Banahao (*R. banahao*), Mount Isarog (*R. isarogensis*), Mt. Labo of the Bicol Peninsula (*R. labo*) and Mt. Mingan of the Sierra Madre (*R. mingan*).
## Relationships
*Rhynchomys* is an old endemic of the Philippines. The genus is distinct enough to give it its own group distinct from all other old endemics. It was classified as part of the *Chrotomys* division along with *Apomys*, *Archboldomys*, and *Chrotomys*. Within this division, *Rhynchomys* is most closely related to the other Philippine shrew-rats in the genera *Archboldomys* and *Chrotomys*.
## Species
From 1895 until 1981, *Rhynchomys* was only known from a few specimens taken from near the type locality of *R. soricoides*. In 1981, this was expanded by one species with the discovery and description of *R. isarogensis*. In 2007, two species, *R. banahao* and *R. tapulao*, were described from Mt. Banahao and Mt. Tapulao, respectively. In 2019, two additional species were described, *R. labo* and *R. mingan* from Mt. Labo and Mt. Mingan, respectively.
- Banahao shrew-rat (*Rhynchomys banahao*) Balete *et al.*, 2007
- Isarog shrew-rat, (*Rhynchomys isarogensis*) Musser and Freeman, 1981
- Labo shrew-rat (*Rhynchomys labo*) Rickart *et al.*, 2019
- Mingan shrew-rat (*Rhynchomys mingan*) Rickart *et al.*, 2019
- Mount Data shrew-rat (*Rhynchomys soricoides*) Thomas, 1895
- Tapulao shrew-rat (*Rhynchomys tapulao*) Balete *et al
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# WTCK
**WTCK** (90.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Catholic religious format. Licensed to Charlevoix, Michigan, United States, the station is currently owned by Relevant Radio and currently airs programming from the network. The station\'s former owner, Baraga Broadcasting, was named for the Catholic missionary to Native American tribes and later Venerable Bishop Frederik Baraga. It served as the first originating station of Baraga\'s six station network airing local Catholic programming in addition to network programming from EWTN Global Catholic Radio and from Ave Maria Radio based at WDEO in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Its main office and studio was located at Indian River near The Cross in the Woods Catholic Shrine and has since moved in the spring of 2015 to Traverse City.
## History
WTCK began as a construction permit issued by the FCC to Broadcasting For The Challenged Inc. in April 2003. On May 15 of that year the call letters WWCZ were granted. In May 2006, the new FM, after having its construction permit modified, began broadcasting Catholic programming. Later, in September Baraga Broadcasting purchased WWCZ from the original licensee, which was approved by the FCC in November of that same year.
On December 11, 2019, WTCK and its sister stations were acquired by Immaculate Heart Media, bringing Relevant Radio programming to Northern Michigan.
## Baraga Broadcasting {#baraga_broadcasting}
WTCK programming is also heard in St. Ignace on simulcast station WIDG 940 AM (formerly a commercial station that had a variety of formats through the years).
On October 22, 2011, another station was added to the Baraga Broadcasting family when WRQC at 91.3 FM in East Tawas returned to the air after a lengthy period of silence, prior to which the station had programmed a contemporary Christian music format under the ownership of Northern Christian Radio. WRQC has since changed its call letters to **WGJU**.
In July 2012, Baraga also began broadcasting on **WGZR** 89.1 FM in Alpena, at first licensed to All Saints School, then sold to Baraga in October 2011 which was given FCC approval the following month of that year. [1](http://www.michiguide.com/dials/rad-g/wgzr.html)
A new logo and branding \"Baraga Radio\" was introduced in the fall of 2014 in addition to announcing that its offices and studios will be moving to the Traverse City area .
## Sister stations (on FM) {#sister_stations_on_fm}
- WTCY 88.3 mHz licensed to Greilickville serving the Traverse City area.
- WGZR 88.9 mHz in Alpena
- WGJU 91.3 mHz in East Tawas
## AM sister station {#am_sister_station}
- WIDG 940 kHz in St
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# George Milner Stephen
**George Milner Stephen** (18 December 1812 -- 16 January 1894), often written G. Milner Stephen, was a South Australian and Victorian politician and faith healer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stephen born in Wells, Somerset, England, the sixth son of John Stephen, later judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and his wife Mary Anne, *née* Pasmore. G. M. Stephen was the younger brother of Sir Alfred Stephen. Stephen was educated at Honiton Grammar School, topping every class. Stephen moved to Sydney with his father, arriving in the *Prince Regent* in July 1824.
Stephen won the silver medal for classics at Sydney Grammar School within his first year.
## Career
Stephen was a man of unusual ability, a good administrator and a capable lawyer, interested in science, art and music, all of which he had studied. In 1831 Stephen was appointed clerk of the Supreme Court at Hobart, went to South Australia in 1838, and became advocate-general at Adelaide and a member of the South Australian Legislative Council. When Governor John Hindmarsh left the colony in 1838 Stephen administered the colony under great difficulties from July to October. There were no funds in the treasury, and Stephen had to advance the pay of the police force from his own pocket. He \"carried out a heavy duty with honour, zeal, intelligence and integrity\" (A. G. Price, *Foundation and Settlement of South Australia*, p. 130).
On 9 February 1838, Stephen was appointed advocate-general and crown solicitor in South Australia. Stephen was Colonial Secretary of South Australia from October 1838 to July 1839. He served as Acting Governor in the interregnum (16 July 1838 -- 17 October 1838) between Governors Hindmarsh and Gawler, appointing Robert Bernard to succeed him as crown solicitor and advocate-general. Stephen was appointed colonial secretary by the incoming Governor.
In July 1839 Hindmarsh and his wife Susan transferred ownership of the Section 353 (the Town of Hindmarsh) from themselves to Stephen and the surveyor Arthur Fydell Lindsay.
Stephen became involved in land speculation, the promotion of which led to his being accused of forgery and perjury. Stephen was acquitted, but was unsuccessful in an action for libel brought against the *South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register* in connection with this matter.
Stephen went to England to continue his law studies and was called to the bar early in 1845. He then returned to Adelaide and practised as a barrister (one of his high-profile clients was *The Register*\'s editor John Stephens), and moved to Melbourne about 1851 where he also practised with success. Stephen was in England from 1853 to 1856 and then returned to Australia. In the 2 July 1856 edition of the Melbourne Argus, an unfavourable article was printed regarding Stephen, part of which stated \"We are unwilling to say more about Mr. George Milner Stephen than will suffice to save the constituency he persists in seeking to represent from the regrets that would assuredly follow his election\...\"
In August 1859 Stephen was elected a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Collingwood and served until July 1861.
## Spirituality and faith healing {#spirituality_and_faith_healing}
A few years later Stephen went to Sydney where for two years he was acting parliamentary draughtsman. He became interested in spiritualism and believed that he could heal people by the \"laying on of hands\". For many years both in Sydney and Melbourne he practised in this way, and received hundreds of letters testifying to the benefits received by his patients. While his early unfortunate experience in speculating in land was continually brought up against him in later years, and militated against his public career, Stephen\'s work as a healer created a great deal of interest at the time.
## Death
Stephen died at the Brunswick, Victoria home of his adopted daughter, Mrs. Tomlinson, following surgery to remove a large bladder stone.
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# George Milner Stephen
## Family
The Stephen family is a prominent legal dynasty in Australia. His father, John Stephen, was a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and his brother, Sir Alfred Stephen, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|KCMG|CB}}`{=mediawiki} (20 August 1802 -- 15 October 1894), was Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Justice of New South Wales. Another brother, John Stephen, (died 1854) was the earliest created alderman for the City of Melbourne.
George married Mary ( -- 27 December 1887), daughter of Sir John Hindmarsh on 9 July 1840 They had seven children, including an adopted daughter:
- Harold Wilberforce Hindmarsh Stephen (1841 -- 30 November 1889) journalist and MLA for Monaro in New South Wales parliament
- Alfred Farish Hindmarsh Stephen (ca.1844 -- 18 April 1928) married Annie Muriel Beaumont on 9 August 1883 minister of religion
- Florence Mary Hindmarsh Stephen (10 June 1846 -- 13 July 1916) married Fredrick Albert Wilkinson on 12 May 1875
- George Shadforth Hindmarsh Stephen (28 November 1848 -- 12 September 1890) married Alice
- Lionel Viney Hindmarsh Stephen (5 December 1854 -- 3 December 1922) planted \"Ivanhoe\" vineyard at Pokolbin, New South Wales
- Evelyn A. Hindmarsh Stephen (14 June 1861 -- 7 August 1951) Registrar with Department of Mines
- adopted daughter Zenobia Virginia Broderick (ca
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
`{{Scramble for Africa}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Stairs Expedition to Katanga** (1891−92), led by Captain William Stairs, was the winner in a race between two imperial powers, the British South Africa Company BSAC and the Congo Free State, to claim Katanga, a vast mineral-rich territory in Central Africa for colonization. The mission became notable when a local chief, (Mwenda Msiri), was killed, and also for the fact that Stairs, the leader of one side, actually held a commission in the army of the other.
This \"scramble for Katanga\" was a prime example of the colonial Scramble for Africa, and one of the most dramatic incidents of that period.
## Historical background {#historical_background}
On one side of the race was the Congo Free State, Belgian King Leopold II\'s instrument for private colonisation in Central Africa. On the other was the company chartered by the British government to make treaties with African chiefs, the BSAC of Cecil Rhodes, who mixed a determined approach to gaining mineral concessions with a vision for British imperial development spanning the continent.
Caught between them, and attempting to play one off against the other, was Msiri, the big chief of Garanganze or Katanga, a tribal land not yet claimed by a European power, and larger than many European countries in acreage. Msiri, like many African chiefs, had started as a slave trader, and had used superior weapons obtained by trading ivory, copper and slaves, to conquer and subjugate neighbouring tribes, taking many of them as slaves for resale. By the time of the Stairs Expedition, Msiri was the unchallenged despot of the area. Like the newcomers, he had plenty of cunning and strategic sense, but this time he was the one with the inferior military technology (as well as being totally opposed to the British concept of abolitionism).
### The Berlin Conference {#the_berlin_conference}
At the 1884--85 Berlin Conference and related bilateral negotiations between Britain and Belgium, the land west and north of the Luapula River−Lake Mweru system (Katanga) was allocated to the Congo Free State while the land to the east and south was allocated to Britain and the BSAC. However the agreements included a Principle of Effectivity under which each colonial power had to set up an effective presence in the territory---by obtaining treaties from local tribal chiefs, flying their flag, and setting up an administration and police force to keep order---to confirm the claim. If they did not, a rival could come in and do so, thereby \'legally\' taking over the territory in the eyes of the civilized powers. In 1890 neither colonial power had treaties or an effective presence in Katanga, and as reports came of gold and copper being found in Katanga, the stage was set for a race between the BSAC and Free State.
Treaties obtained from local chiefs in Africa were not aimed at having them accept their subjugation − superior force did that (just as it had for the chiefs themselves, earlier) − but were solely to impress on rival colonial powers that they had the means to convince their own populations of the justice of any military action they might have to take to defend their claim to civilize the area, and that was all that mattered. The idea of democracy was spreading in Europe all throughout the nineteenth century, and, increasingly, governments were required to take account of public opinion. Public opinion in Europe could be a powerful motivator of colonial actions, as the Fashoda Incident a few years later demonstrated.
### Previous expeditions {#previous_expeditions}
First off the mark was Rhodes who sent Alfred Sharpe from Nyasaland in 1890, backed up by Joseph Thomson coming from the south, but Sharpe failed to persuade Msiri, and Thomson didn\'t make it to Msiri\'s capital at Bunkeya. Sharpe\'s reports were complacently dismissive about the likelihood of their rivals having any success, and he said that once the 60-year-old Msiri was gone, Katanga would be theirs. In this case it would probably have become part of Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia, with which it shares strong cultural and ethnic links.
Leopold responded in 1891 by sending two expeditions, and Sharpe\'s view seemed to be borne out. The Paul Le Marinel expedition only managed to obtain a vaguely worded letter (the Le Marinel letter) from Msiri agreeing to Free State agents having a presence in Katanga, but nothing more. This expedition was hampered by an accident when the gunpowder it was bringing for Msiri blew up, killing several men and damaging some of the other gifts being brought to sweeten the deal. A Belgian officer from the expedition, Legat, stayed behind with a group of askaris at a boma on the Lufoi River about 40 km from Bunkeya to keep an eye on Msiri. (Msiri later accused Legat of actually having kept the supplies lost in the explosion for himself).
Le Marinel was followed by the Delcommune Expedition, which tried to persuade Msiri on the basis of the Le Marinel letter to accept the Free State flag and Leopold\'s sovereignty. It also failed, and moved off to the south to explore Katanga\'s mineral resources.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Preparations and outward journey {#preparations_and_outward_journey}
### Personnel
Belgium was short of people with tropical experience but Leopold was adept at recruiting other European nationalities for his schemes. Central Africa was a wild frontier attracting mercenaries for hire. At the recommendation of British-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who had already acted for Leopold in the Congo, the 27 year old Swahili speaking Captain William Stairs was appointed to lead the expedition, on the basis of his experience on the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition on which he had become Stanley\'s second in command. He had a reputation of someone who would obey orders and get the job done. That previous expedition had been marked by violence and brutality against any Africans who stood in its way as well as against its own African members. Canadian born at a time when it was part of the British Empire, Stairs had been educated partly in Britain and had joined a British regiment. He was considered to be and considered himself English or British.
Stairs\' second-in-command was the only Belgian on the expedition, Captain Omer Bodson, who had already served the Free State in the Congo, and had had some contact with the Emin Pasha Relief expedition\'s controversial \'rear column\'. Third in command was the Marquis Christian de Bonchamps, a French adventurer and hunter. There were two other whites: Joseph Moloney, the expedition doctor and also something of an adventurer, had previous African experience as a medical officer in the Boer War, and on an expedition in Morocco; and Robinson, the carpenter and fixer.
Unlike Sharpe, Stairs was not at all complacent about being in a race, and thought it likely that Joseph Thomson would be sent to negotiate with Msiri for the BSAC before they could get there.
The expedition hired 400 Africans, consisting of four or five Zanzibari \'chiefs\' or supervisors including Hamadi bin Malum and Massoudi, about 100 askaris or African soldiers, a number of cooks and personal servants for the whites, and the rest, the majority, were porters or \'pagazis\'. Most were from Zanzibar, some were from Mombasa, 40 were hired later in Tabora, Msiri\'s birthplace. At Bunkeya the expedition also had use of eight tough Dahomeyan askari stationed at Legat\'s boma on the Lufoi who knew Bunkeya well.
The expedition\'s askaris were armed with 200 \'Fusil Gras\' rifles (a standard French army weapon of the time) while the officers each had several weapons including Winchester repeating rifles. Msiri\'s army had muskets, and needed gunpowder.
### Orders and objectives {#orders_and_objectives}
Stairs\' orders were to take Katanga with or without Msiri\'s agreement. If they found a BSAC expedition had beaten them and had a treaty with Msiri they should await further orders. If they obtained a treaty and a BSAC expedition arrived, they should ask it to withdraw and use force to make them comply if necessary. Moloney and Stairs were quite prepared for this eventuality. They were aware that in 1890, Cecil Rhodes had seized Manicaland in the face of Portuguese claims by sending an armed unit under Frederick Selous to occupy the territory and force the Portuguese to withdraw.
Having taken Katanga they should then await the arrival of a second Free State column, the Bia Expedition led by two Belgian officers, which was coming down from the Congo River in the north to meet them.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Preparations and outward journey {#preparations_and_outward_journey}
### Route and journey {#route_and_journey}
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Map of Central and East Africa showing route of the Stairs Expedition to Msiri\'s Yeke \'kingdom\' in Katanga in 1891--2. Borders are approximate. Owing to a civil war, Msiri was not in control of all his kingdom\'s lands at the time of the expedition.
The island of Zanzibar was the expedition\'s base, as it was for most ventures into Central Africa. They left Zanzibar on June 27, 1891. The preferred route was via the Zambezi and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) but Harry Johnston, British Commissioner in Nyasaland who had acted for Rhodes by sending Sharpe on his failed mission to Msiri, advised that military action he was taking against slave traders made that route unsafe. Instead they crossed German East Africa from Zanzibar, marching 1050 km during the dry season to Lake Tanganyika through country with potentially hostile tribes and slave traders. They crossed the lake by boat, then marched 550 km to Bunkeya as extreme heat and humidity indicated the build-up to the rainy season which then brought chilling rain, mosquitoes and unsanitary conditions.
Averaging 13.3 km per day, it took them 120 days\' marching spread over five months (with rest days and delays). The journey included extremes of thick forest, swamps and desolate stony plains. It also included beautiful landscapes, fertile woodland and game-rich grasslands. In one afternoon, Bodson shot a dozen antelope; on another occasion, the men feasted on hippopotamus until they could not move.
The officers had donkeys to ride on, but these died after crossing Lake Tanganyika. The expedition was not attacked by hostile tribes or raiders as were weaker caravans going to Lake Tanganyika that year.
As they approached Bunkeya, they found the land affected by famine and strife, with a number of burnt and deserted villages. Moloney attributed this to Msiri\'s tyranny, other accounts suggested that some of the Wasanga chiefs Msiri had forcibly subjugated were taking advantage of the arrival of European powers in the land to rebel against his 30-year rule and, at the age of 60, Msiri was perceived as near the end of his time.
Some accounts say that the Delcommune Expedition, still in the south of Katanga but out of contact with Stairs, was fomenting revolt among Msiri\'s subject tribes. Bonchamps noted that as Msiri\'s main army of 5000 warriors had gone south led by one \'Loukoukou\' to put down a rebellion by a subject tribe, he was less belligerent, at least on the surface.
On being told by some local people that there were three Europeans in Bunkeya, for a time the expedition thought that Thomson had beaten them. They sent one of their chiefs ahead to ask Msiri for an audience, and he returned with a letter from one of the Europeans, Dan Crawford --- they were Plymouth Brethren missionaries. Near Bunkeya they were met by Legat, the officer from the Le Marinel expedition with his elite Dahomeyan askari. There was no news of the Bia Expedition.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Msiri
--
--
Msiri\'s capital at Bunkeya consisted of a very large boma surrounded by numerous villages spread over an area several kilometres across. The expedition was directed to set up camp within a few hundred metres of the boma. Heads and skulls of Msiri\'s enemies and victims were mounted on the palisades and on poles at the front. Moloney and Bonchamps referred to these as examples of Msiri\'s barbarity, and later found it necessary to treat Msiri\'s own head in the same way, in order to impress his former slaves and warriors.
After the traditional three-day wait before one can see an African big chief, Msiri received them courteously on 17 December 1891. Gifts were presented and negotiations started. Both sides feigned the possibility of future compliance with the other\'s demands. Msiri wanted gunpowder and removal of Legat, Stairs wanted to fly the Free State flag over Bunkeya. Stairs seemed to think that the Le Marinel letter indicated Msiri\'s acquiescence, but it was vague, and Msiri repudiated any such interpretation.
During a stand-off in the negotiations, Msiri used a technique to spy on Stairs\' camp which the latter only discovered later, shown in the illustration, *Msiri\'s spies*.
Of Msiri\'s physical presence, Joseph Moloney wrote:*\"In his prime, Msiri, must have looked the ideal of a warrior-king; he was by no means contemptible in his decline... there was a sphinx-like impenetrability about his expression... his demeanour was thoroughly regal\".*
On December 19, Stairs realised that Msiri\'s intention was to delay as long as possible and play the Free State and BSAC off against each other. Concern was growing that Thomson might appear at any time, or that the 5000 warriors would return from the south, so Bonchamps proposed capturing Msiri when he went out at night relatively unguarded to see his favourite wife, Maria de Fonseca, and holding him hostage. Stairs rejected the idea partly because the three British missionaries were not under the expedition\'s protection at that time, and Stairs felt they were in effect hostages who would be killed in retaliation. He decided instead on an ultimatum: he told Msiri to sign a treaty and hold a ceremony of blood brotherhood with him the next day, and that he would fly the Free State flag without his consent, which he proceeded to do.
Msiri\'s response was to leave in the night for Munema, a fortified village outside Bunkeya. The next day, December 20, finding him gone, Stairs sent Bodson and Bonchamps with 100 askari to bring Msiri back to him under arrest.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## The killing of Msiri {#the_killing_of_msiri}
At Munema Bodson and Bonchamps found a large guarded stockade surrounding a hundred huts and a maze of narrow alleys, with Msiri somewhere inside. Despite Bonchamps\' protests about the danger, Bodson decided to go inside with just ten askari including a Dahomeyan and Hamadi-bin-Malum to find Msiri, while Bonchamps and the remaining askari waited outside. Bodson would fire his revolver if he needed assistance.
Bodson found Msiri sitting in front of a large hut with 300 men in the background, many armed with muskets. Bodson told Msiri he had come to take him to Stairs, and Msiri did not reply but became angry, rose and put his hand on his sword (a gift brought by Stairs). Bodson drew his revolver and shot Msiri three times, and one of Msiri\'s men --- his son Masuka --- fired his musket hitting Bodson in the abdomen and spinal column. The Dahomeyan askari shot and killed Masuka, and in the general firing Hamadi was hit in the ankle.
Bonchamps and the remaining askari ran to the sound, and chaos took over. Most of Msiri\'s men fled, the askaris shot at anything, and then started looting. It took nearly an hour for Moloney to arrive with reinforcements. He and Bonchamps restored order among the askaris and, under sporadic fire from Msiri\'s men under the command of his adopted son Mukanda-Bantu and brothers, Chukako and Lukuku, retreated with Bodson and the other wounded, and Msiri\'s body, to prevent his men pretending to the populace that he was still alive. They took up a defensive position on a hill near their camp where Stairs had been waiting.
This account of the killing was attributed by Moloney to a verbal report by Hamadi, while Bonchamps wrote that the injured Bodson gave him the same account before he died in the night. Stairs wrote a letter to Arnot with the same details of the attempted arrest at Munema, but also said that Msiri\'s men had \'cocked their guns\' when Bodson confronted Msiri.
On the hill to which they retreated, according to Bonchamps but not mentioned by Moloney, the expedition cut off Msiri\'s head and hoisted it on a palisade in plain view, to show the people their king was dead. Bonchamps, who had written about the disgust of seeing how Msiri had put heads of his enemies on poles outside his boma, admitted this was barbaric, but claimed it was a necessary lesson aimed at those who had attacked the expedition \'without provocation\'.
Munema was littered with bodies and the expedition\'s askaris carried out a general massacre. Dan Crawford wrote:*\"The population completely dispersed. No one dared walk openly abroad. The paths became lined with corpses, some of whom had died of starvation and some of the universal mistrust which keeps spears on the quiver\".*
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Aftermath
The expedition quickly strengthened their defences but were not attacked in retaliation. Msiri\'s brothers and Mukanda-Bantu sent messages the next day asking for the body to bury, and Stairs agreed to release it. Msiri\'s head is not mentioned again by Bonchamps, Garanganze sources say they buried a body without a head. After the burial, negotiations re-opened and included Maria de Fonseca (later executed by Mukanda-Bantu in horrible fashion for \'betrayal\') and her brother, Msiri\'s Portuguese-Angolan trading partner, Coimbra.
The expedition\'s weaponry and askaris had proved their superiority over muskets and Msiri\'s people were more interested in the succession than revenge. Stairs backed Mukanda-Bantu to succeed Msiri, but as chief of a reduced territory, and he restored the Wasanga chiefs overthrown by Msiri 30 years before. Mukanda-Bantu signed the treaties, and the restored Wasanga chiefs were very happy to do so too. Msiri\'s brothers were unhappy with the sub-chieftainships they were given and refused to sign up, until threatened with the same fate as Msiri. By early January 1892 the expedition had the papers sufficient to convince their British rivals that they now had Katanga.
During that January though, the food ran out and none was left in the district --- already affected by famine, the population took what little there was with them when they fled. The rainy season brought malaria and dysentery, all four surviving officers fell sick, and floods cut Bunkeya off from the game-rich plains to the north where they might have hunted. Moloney recovered first and took charge of the expedition\'s task of building a more permanent fort and trying to find food. 76 of the expedition\'s askaris and porters died that month of dysentery and starvation. Stairs had severe fevers, and in his delirium he imagined Thomson had arrived, and yelled for his revolver with which to repel the BSAC man; Moloney had wisely taken it from him.
At the end of the January the new season\'s crop of maize was ready for harvest, and this saved the expedition. Then the delayed Bia Expedition of about 350 men arrived from the Free State in the north.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Return journey {#return_journey}
As Captain Stairs, the Marquis Bonchamps and Robinson were still incapacitated, it was agreed that Captain Bia would take over the consolidation of Congo Free State control of Katanga, and the Stairs expedition would return by the originally-planned route via Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi.
As they left carrying the sick officers in hammocks they experienced some harassment and raids by natives ruled by Lukuku, and the march was exceptionally hard owing to the heavy rains at the end of the wet season (as well as to the continuing illness and weakness of expedition members). Bonchamps had recovered by the time they reached Lake Tanganyika and was put in charge by Stairs, who had not fully recovered. This caused some friction between Bonchamps and Moloney, and there are some contradictions between their accounts.
From the north end of Lake Nyasa onwards the route was by steamer, except for a march of about 150 km around the rapids on the Shire River. Here the route took them past Zomba and Blantyre, headquarters of the British Commissioner for Central Africa, none other than Alfred Sharpe, the BSAC agent whom they had beaten in the race. They met but the conversation has not been recorded.
On a second steamer down the Zambezi, Stairs, who seemed to have recovered, suddenly took sick again and died on June 3, 1892, of haematuric fever, a severe form of malaria, before they reached Chinde, a river transport base, where he was buried in the European cemetery.
The expedition reached Zanzibar a year after their departure. Of 400 Africans on the expedition to leave Tabora, only 189 reached Zanzibar, most of the other 211 had died, a few had absconded. Bonchamps, Moloney and Robinson reached Europe barely two weeks after sailing from Zanzibar, and just over 14 months after having left Paris and London on the expedition.
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# Stairs Expedition to Katanga
## Consequences
On his return to London, Moloney learned that Thomson had not tried to reach Katanga again. The British Government had quietly ordered him not to go.
The expedition had only survived through the strength and endurance of the Zanzibari porters and askaris, as well as the tendency of a loyal core of them, epitomised by Hamadi bin Malum, to come to the rescue when mutiny, treachery, robbery or some other disaster threatened.
### Leopold and the Belgian Congo {#leopold_and_the_belgian_congo}
The expedition was regarded by the Belgians as a complete success. Leopold used his influence and that of the British directors he had appointed to his companies to gain acceptance of the treaties signed to place Katanga securely in Leopold\'s realm, adding about half a million square kilometres to it (16 times the area of Belgium). Keeping it separate from the rest of the Free State, Leopold delegated the administration of Katanga to another of his companies, which set up on the northern and western shores of Lake Mweru. This meant it was not associated with the Red Rubber problems of Free State rule in the rest of the Congo. The Katanga company\'s main achievement was helping to stamp out the slave trade, but it did little in the rest of the territory until after 1900. Katanga remained affected by instability and conflict, as various chieftainships struggled to fill the vacuum left by Msiri\'s death.
Katanga and the Congo were both taken over by the Belgian government in 1908 in response to the international outcry over the brutality of Leopold\'s Congo Free State, and were merged in 1910 as the Belgian Congo, but the legacy of the previous separation was a tendency of Katanga to secede.
The Belgian Congo administration with its policy of direct rule did nothing to prepare the country for independence in 1960 and within a few years *Congo* and *Katanga* became such bywords for strife and chaos that the Mobutu regime, in a futile effort to improve its image, changed the names to *Zaire* and *Shaba* respectively (since reverted).
### Rhodes and the BSAC {#rhodes_and_the_bsac}
Cecil Rhodes got over any disappointment at losing the scramble for Katanga by doing what he did best − he invested in mineral prospecting and mining in Katanga. When the British in the Rhodesian territories realised in the 1920s the extent of Katanga\'s mineral wealth, which was more than the equal of Northern Rhodesia\'s own Copperbelt, the most polite epithet for Captain Stairs was \'mercenary\', and some regarded him as a traitor to the British Empire.
### The Garanganze people {#the_garanganze_people}
The population in and around Bunkeya numbered 60−80 000 but most dispersed in the disorder. The Belgians forcibly moved Mukanda-Bantu and about 10,000 of his people to the Lufoi River where they continued the chieftainship under the title \'Mwami Mwenda\' in honour of Msiri. They eventually returned to Bunkeya where today Mwami Mwenda VIII is the reigning chief of about 20,000 Yeke/Garanganze people.
Dan Crawford moved to the Luapula-Lake Mweru valley and set up two missions to which many Garanganze people gravitated.
#### The DR Congo-Zambia border {#the_dr_congo_zambia_border}
The Stairs Expedition confirmed that the border between Belgian and British colonies would lie along the Zambezi-Congo watershed, the Luapula River, Lake Mweru and an arbitrary line drawn between Mweru and Lake Tanganyika. This divided culturally and ethnically similar people such as the Kazembe-Lunda and created the Congo Pedicle, an example of the arbitrary nature of colonial borders.
## Msiri\'s head: a curse and a mystery {#msiris_head_a_curse_and_a_mystery}
In the traditional belief systems of the Garanganze people, as with other Central and Southern African cultures, illness and disease are not caused by pathogens but by magic and supernatural forces. The sickness suffered by Stairs and the expedition members was attributed by them to Msiri\'s spirit and his people taking revenge, and a rumour took hold that Stairs had kept Msiri\'s head and it cursed and killed all who carried it. The Mwami Mwenda chieftainships\' history says that the expedition fled with Msiri\'s head intending to present it to Leopold, but \'Mukanda-Bantu and his men\' caught and \'killed all the Belgians\' and the head was buried \'under a hill of stones\' in what is now Zambia.
Another account says that when Stairs died he had with him Msiri\'s head in a can of kerosene, but there is no mention of it in Moloney\'s or Bonchamps\' journals. The whereabouts of Msiri\'s skull remains a mystery today
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# Collected Short Stories (Huxley)
***Collected Short Stories*** is a collection of short fiction by Aldous Huxley, published in 1957. The book consists of twenty stories compiled from five of Huxley\'s earlier collections (18 short stories and two novelettes) and one from his novel *Crome Yellow*. It was published by Harper & Row in the US and Chatto & Windus in the UK
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# Irbe Strait
**Irbe Strait**, also known as **Irben Strait** (*Kura kurk, Irbe väin*, *Irbes jūras šaurums*, *Sūr meŗ*), forms the main exit out of the Gulf of Riga to the Baltic Sea, between the Sõrve Peninsula forming the southern end of the island Saaremaa in Estonia and Courland Peninsula in Latvia. It is 27 km wide at its narrowest point. A shipping channel has been dredged along its southern shore to allow larger ships to pass.
The strait is named after the Irbe River, which flows into it along the Livonian Coast in Latvia.
See also Saunags
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# Love Love (Amy Macdonald song)
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# WSNL
**WSNL** (600 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Flint, Michigan. It is owned by the Christian Broadcasting System and broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching radio format. The studios and offices are on Saginaw Street in Flint.
By day, WSNL is powered at 440 watts. At night, power is reduced to 250 watts. It uses a directional antenna with a three-tower array. The transmitter is on Morrish Road at Grand Blanc Road in Swartz Creek, Michigan. Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator **W293CA** at 106.5 MHz in Flint. The two stations are collectively known as **Christian Talk AM 600 and 106.5 FM.**
## Programming
WSNL carries brokered programming, where hosts buy time on the station and may use their programs to seek donations to their ministries. National religious leaders heard on WSNL include David Jeremiah, Charles Stanley, Jim Daly, Joyce Meyer and John MacArthur.
On weekday afternoons, WSNL carries the family finances program *The Ramsey Show with Dave Ramsey*. Weekday evenings, it airs conservative political talk from Bill O\'Reilly. Some hours on weekends, WSNL plays Christian contemporary music and Southern Gospel music.
## History
### NBC programming {#nbc_programming}
The station first signed on the air on `{{Start date and age|1946|4|26}}`{=mediawiki}. The original call sign was **WFLM**, standing for **FL**int, **M**ichigan. The station was purchased in December 1946 by George W. Trendle and H. Allen Campbell, who changed the call letters to **WTCB** and made the station into Flint\'s NBC Red Network affiliate. WTCB carried NBC\'s dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the \"Golden Age of Radio.\"
The call sign changed to **WTAC** October 13, 1948. It was still under Trendle and Campbell\'s ownership. WTAC popularly stood for \"**T**he **A**uto **C**ity\", referring to Chevrolet and Buick plants formerly located in Flint, but the call letters actually stood for Trendle and Campbell.
### Top 40 {#top_40}
Trendle and Campbell sold WTAC to a Hawaii-based group in 1954. Under the ownership of Radio Hawaii, Inc., WTAC shed its NBC affiliation to become one of Michigan\'s first Top 40 music stations in 1956. Its original program director was Mike Joseph, who would launch the legendary WKNR \"Keener 13\" in Detroit in 1963 and later went on to create the Hot Hits format in the early 1970s.
J.P. McCarthy, later an institution in morning drive time radio for decades at 760 WJR Detroit, was WTAC\'s original Top 40 nighttime disc jockey in 1956. The station was also owned for a time by the Chess brothers, who owned and operated Chess Records. Chess sold the station in 1961 to a Philadelphia group that included Gene Milner who became manager of the station.
During WTAC run as a Top 40 rock station, WTAC\'s engineer was Robert \"Bob\" Garner, who said he hated rock music except for Chuck Berry\'s \"My Ding-a-Ling.\" In its final years as a Top 40, WTAC helped introduce the Australian heavy metal band AC/DC to American audiences.
### Country music and Christian radio {#country_music_and_christian_radio}
\"The Big 600\" flourished as a Top 40 contemporary station during the 1960s and 1970s. But by the 1980s, most listeners to contemporary music had switched to FM stations. WTAC flipped to a full service, country music format in 1981. The country sound lasted more than a decade, but again, country listeners began to tune to FM stations for their music.
During the early and mid-1990s, WTAC operated as a Contemporary Christian music station. The WTAC call letters are now used on Smile FM\'s 89.7 FM signal in the Flint area. Christian Broadcasting System purchased the station in 1997 and installed the current **WSNL** call sign and its Christian talk and teaching format. In the 2010s, WSNL added an FM translator station at 106.5 MHz, for listeners who prefer FM radio.
The station had been based in Grand Blanc Township for much of its early history. Its studios were located near the corner of Hill and Center Roads for decades until moving to South Saginaw Street in 2003
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# Lakeland Prowlers
The **Lakeland Prowlers** were a minor professional ice hockey team located in Lakeland, Florida. They began play as the **Lakeland Ice Warriors** in the Sunshine Hockey League from 1992 to 1995. In 1995, the Sunshine Hockey League became the Southern Hockey League, and the team changed their name to the Lakeland Prowlers. Following the 1995--96 season both the Southern Hockey League and the team folded
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# Belle Rive, Edmonton
Belle Rive}} `{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Belle Rive
|other_name =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|pushpin_map = Canada Edmonton <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Belle Rive in [[Edmonton]]
|pushpin_mapsize = 250
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Canada
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Alberta]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities in Alberta|City]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Edmonton]]
|subdivision_type3 = Quadrant<ref name=wardsnbhds>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf |title=City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100206/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>
|subdivision_name3 = NW
|subdivision_type4 = Ward<ref name=wardsnbhds/>
|subdivision_name4 = tastawiyiniwak
|subdivision_type5 = Sector<ref name=sectors>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf |title=Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011 |publisher=City of Edmonton |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904040707/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf |archive-date=September 4, 2013 }}</ref>
|subdivision_name5 = [[List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton#North sector|North]]
|subdivision_type6 = Area<ref name=MDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf |title=The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100 |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=2010-05-26 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502001321/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=plans>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf |title=City of Edmonton Plans in Effect |publisher=City of Edmonton |date=November 2011 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194152/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2013 }}</ref>
|subdivision_name6 = [[Lake District, Edmonton|Lake District]]
|government_footnotes = <ref name=councillors>{{cite web | url=http://edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/city-councillors.aspx | title=City Councillors | publisher=City of Edmonton | access-date=February 13, 2013}}</ref>
|government_type =
|leader_title = Administrative body
|leader_name = [[Edmonton City Council]]
|leader_title1 = Councillor
|leader_name1 = {{Edmonton City Council|3}}
|leader_title2 = <!--[[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|MLA]]-->
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 = <!--[[Members of the Canadian House of Commons|MP]]-->
|leader_name3 =
|established_title = <!--Established-->
|established_date =
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|area_footnotes = <ref name=nbhds/><!--area generated using GIS in NAD83 UTM Zone 11 projection-->
|area_total_km2 = 1.17
|population_as_of = 2012
|population_footnotes = <ref name=2012population/>
|population_total = 3945
|population_density_km2 = 3371.8
|population_blank1_title = Change <small>(2009–12)</small>
|population_blank1 = {{increase}}0.6%
|population_blank2_title = Dwellings
|population_blank2 = 1182
|coordinates = {{coord|53.623|N|113.475|W|region:CA-AB|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 683
|website =
|footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Belle Rive** is a residential neighbourhood in north Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
It is bounded on the north by 167 Avenue, on the south by 153 Avenue, and on the east by 82 Street. The western boundary, which it shares with Eaux Claires runs along a line located between 89 Street and 90 Street.
Housing in the neighbourhood is a mixture of single-family dwellings (93%), duplexes (4%) and row houses (3%). Substantially all residences in the neighbourhood are owner-occupied.
The neighbourhood was initially intended to be named Belle Riva, to honour the city\'s large Italian community, however the spelling error was never corrected.
## Demographics
In the City of Edmonton\'s 2012 municipal census, Belle Rive had a population of `{{nts|3945}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{nts|1182}}`{=mediawiki} dwellings, a 0.6% change from its 2009 population of `{{nts|3921}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 1.17 km2, it had a population density of `{{nts|3371.8}}`{=mediawiki} people/km^2^ in 2012
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# Hacienda El Jibarito
***Hacienda El Jibarito*** is a 19-room agro-hotel located in San Sebastián, Puerto Rico designed to attract people to appreciate the countryside and historic elements of Puerto Rico. It is isolated within the mountainous central region of the island and offers its visitors the chance learn more about Puerto Rican culture through typical clothing, music, and cuisine.
## Attractions
- **Colonial Square** (Placita Colonial) is a colonial square where visitors can enjoy products cultivated in the hacienda\'s farm.
- **Greenhouses** (Invernaderos) - visitors can learn more about how some products are produced in an artificial microclimate.
- **The Farm** (Ranchos) - visitors can tour the farm where the hacienda\'s animals are raised.
A nearby waterfall in the hacienda grounds is another place of interest for visitors and tourists
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# WSAG
**WSAG** (104.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Linwood, Michigan, providing a rimshot service to the Saginaw, Bay City, and Midland markets. The station is simulcasted with AM sister station WSAM at 1400 kHz in Saginaw, Michigan, and are collectively known as **The Bay**, in reference to their close proximity to the Saginaw Bay.
## History
The current format began in April 2005. Previously, WSAM had programmed adult standards under the name \"Sam 1400 AM\", and WSAG (originally licensed to Pinconning, Michigan before the city of license changed to Linwood, an unincorporated community north of Bay City) had broadcast an automated, commercial-free mix of 1950s-1970s oldies since opening in November 2002. During the 1960s and 1970s, WSAM was a popular top 40 music station; during the 1980s, it played oldies. Serendipitously, during WSAM\'s period as an oldies station, the long-held call letters lent themselves to the tagline \"Play it Again, Sam\". WSAM\'s original FM station at 98.1 MHz is now WKCQ and has programmed a highly rated country music format since 1968. MacDonald Broadcasting has owned WSAM-AM and WSAM-FM/WKCQ continuously since 1962, with sister stations WSAG and WMJO added later.
## Programming
WSAM and WSAG are simulcast around the clock, except for some popular weekend polka shows on WSAM which are a holdover from the now-defunct adult standards format. Like most other adult contemporary music stations, The Bay switches to a format of continuous Christmas music during the months of November and December, competing with crosstown adult contemporary formatted WHNN for the holiday music audience.
\"The Bay\" is the current home in the Tri-Cities of Delilah Rene\'s syndicated love-songs show, which was formerly heard on crosstown WGER until its replacement by John Tesh.
## Technical
WSAG-FM\'s reception is strongest in the Bay City area but is very difficult to receive near the Flint and Lapeer area, as WOMC-FM tends to phase out the signal that far south, as well as WRSR 103.9; however, its signal can be received as far north as West Branch and Tawas City. WSAG\'s signal is also scratchy in parts of Saginaw itself, perhaps due to the proximity of WILZ on 104.5 FM. WSAM-AM is more easily received in Flint and Lapeer on car radios, but farther south it too runs into reception problems due to co-channel WDTK in Detroit
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# Bertram Steele
**Bertram Dillon Steele** FRS (30 May 1870 -- 12 April 1934) was an Australian scientist, foundation professor of chemistry at the University of Queensland .
## Early life {#early_life}
Steele was born in Plymouth, England, the son of Samuel Madden Steele, a surgeon, and his wife Hariette Sarah, *née* Acock. Steele was educated at the Plymouth Grammar School; he then began an apprenticeship with his father. Steele migrated to Australia in 1889, where he qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist at the Victorian College of Pharmacy where he won a gold medal in 1890. He then practised as a pharmacist.
## Scientific career {#scientific_career}
Steele enrolled in medicine before transferring to the science course at the University of Melbourne in 1896, being then nearly 26 years of age, and did such distinguished work that when still only a second year student he was appointed tutorial lecturer in chemistry at the three affiliated colleges, Trinity, Ormond and Queen\'s. Steele graduated BSc in 1898 with first-class honours in chemistry, having during his course won exhibitions in chemistry, natural philosophy and biology, and the Wyselaskie and university scholarships in chemistry. In 1899 Steele was appointed acting-professor of chemistry at the University of Adelaide, married Amy Woodhead of Melbourne, and at the end of that year went to Europe with an 1851 scholarship.
Steele worked with Professor J. Norman Collie at London and did research work under Professor Abegg at Breslau, Germany. Returning to London he did research work with Sir William Ramsay, and then went to Canada and became a senior demonstrator in chemistry at McGill University, Montreal. The University of Melbourne granted him a D.Sc. *in absentia*, in 1902. Steele returned to Europe to become assistant professor of chemistry at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh.
In 1905 Steele was appointed senior lecturer and demonstrator in chemistry at the University of Melbourne. While in this position Steele, working in conjunction with Kerr Grant (who later became professor of physics at the University of Adelaide), constructed a micro-balance that was sensitive to 4 nanograms. An account of this balance written by Steele and Grant was published in Vol. 82A of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London in 1909. As a result of their work the remarkable researches of Dr Whytlaw Gray and Sir William Ramsay on the direct estimation of the density of the Radium emanation was made possible.
On 20 December 1910 Steele was appointed professor of chemistry at the newly established University of Queensland. He was elected president of the board of faculties and his experience was of great use in setting the university on its course. Steele\'s academic work was interrupted by World War I; from June 1915 he was working for the Ministry of Munitions, London. Steele had a new type of gas mask which he had invented, and an invention to be used against submarines, both of which were presented to the British government. While working for the government he was able to show that synthetic phenol could be produced for less than half the price then being paid for it. He worked out an entirely new process, and designed and had erected a large government factory for its production. While working for the government he refused an offer to go to America at £5000 a year and when it was suggested that an honour might be conferred courteously intimated that he was glad to work for his country without either additional salary or honours. Later on he did important work for the government in connection with poison gases.
On leaving England at the end of the war Steele received letters of thanks from Mr Winston Churchill and Lord Moulton for the great services he had rendered. He took up his university work again in 1919 and in that year was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
## Later life {#later_life}
Steele had overworked during the war and his constitution never fully recovered from the strain. He resigned his chair in 1931 and lived in retirement at Brisbane until his death. His wife would survive him. They had no children.
Steele was a man of medium height with a frank and open countenance, with an unselfish outlook on life, and a personality that attracted both his students and his associate workers. He was a tireless worker and an ideal researcher -- honest, patient, imaginative and cautious. Circumstances prevented him doing a large amount of original work, but much of the work he did during the war years was of a secret nature, the value of which cannot be estimated. Earlier in his career he did research in connection with the determination of transport numbers of electrolytes and the electrochemistry of non-aqueous solutions. The heavy workload of organising and carrying on a new department at the University of Queensland left him little time for research, but as chairman of the Royal Commission for the control of prickly pear he was associated with the successful solution of a problem which was a great danger to Queensland.
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# Bertram Steele
## Legacy
A major building fronting the Great Court of the University of Queensland is named for him. An annual lecture is given in his name at the university, since 1982
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# WSAM
**WSAM** (1400 AM) is a radio station licensed to Saginaw, Michigan and broadcasting at 1400 kHz with 1,000 watts of power. The station is simulcasted with FM sister station WSAG-FM at 104.1 MHz and are collectively known as **The Bay**, in reference to their close proximity to the Saginaw Bay.
## History
WSAM was one of the first broadcasters in the Tri-Cities, predated only by WBCM in Bay City (which signed on in 1925). The original licensee was the Saginaw Broadcasting Company, owned by Milton Greenebaum. A construction permit for WSAM was issued by the Federal Communications Commission in March 1940. The original frequency of WSAM was 1200kHz with 100 watts of power. In June 1940, a license to cover was granted, moving WSAM up the dial to 1230 kHz which allowed for extended hours of nighttime operation, provided that co-channel WMPC in Lapeer signed off for the night. WSAM\'s studio and transmitter were originally located at Bay Road and Weiss Street on Saginaw\'s West side. The tower has been removed but the building still stands as part of an auto service garage.
In 1942, WSAM moved to its current frequency of 1400kHz with 250 watts of power. In 1949, WSAM moved to its current transmitter site on Whittier Street on Saginaw\'s East Side. The station\'s over 300 foot tall self-supporting tower is a local eastside Saginaw landmark, and was originally constructed for both the radio station and television station WNEM. The TV station later abandoned their plans to broadcast from the MacDonald tower and moved to Indiantown. WSAM was one of the first to invest in Frequency Modulation as it added an FM antenna to its AM tower that same year. In 1955, WSAM was bought by Michigan broadcasting mogul Fred Knorr, who was program director at WHLS in Port Huron before buying WKMH in Detroit. Knorr would later own the Detroit Tigers with partner John Fetzer. Following Knorr\'s death, the Saginaw Broadcasting Company was sold to Kenneth H. MacDonald of Ann Arbor in 1962.
For much of the \'60s and \'70s, WSAM had a top 40 CHR format at the time. \"Sam\" saw local competition from 1210 WKNX up until the format gave way to FM radio. In 1968, \"Sam\" got a sister station at FM 98.1. It was originally known as WSAM-FM and its call letters were changed to WKCQ, and has had a country music format since its inception.
In the 1980s, the station switched to an oldies format. Serendipitously, during WSAM\'s period as an oldies station, the long-held call letters lent themselves to the tagline \"Play it Again, Sam\". WSAM eventually becoming an adult standards station in the 90s and early 2000s.
The current format began in April 2005 with the purchase of WSAG at 104.1FM. The two stations are almost completely simulcasted and automated, except for some popular weekend polka shows on WSAM which are a holdover from the now-defunct adult standards format. Like most other adult contemporary music stations, The Bay switches to a format of continuous Christmas music during the months of November and December, competing with crosstown classic hits WHNN for the holiday music audience
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# Michael Benedetto
**Michael Benedetto** (born June 2, 1947) is a Member of the New York State Assembly representing the 82nd Assembly District, which covers the Co-op City, Throggs Neck, Westchester Square, City Island, Country Club, and Pelham Bay sections of the East Bronx. After a 35-year teaching career at the elementary and secondary school level, he was first elected to the State Assembly in 2004. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Benedetto was born in the Bronx in 1947. He holds a B.A. in History/Education from Iona College and a M.A. in Social Studies/Education. In 1981, Benedetto co-founded the *Bronx Times-Reporter*, a weekly newspaper, with John Collazzi.
## Political career {#political_career}
### Running for Office {#running_for_office}
Benedetto first ran for office in 1976, losing to Republican Assemblyman Guy Velella. Two years later, Benedetto ran against Republican State Senator John D. Calandra and lost by 1,121 votes.
In 1980, Benedetto attempted to run again against Calandra. Bronx Democratic leaders, who maintained a non-aggression pact with Calandra, allowed him to run in the Democratic primary. Calandra defeated Benedetto to win the Democratic nomination, and in the general election as the candidate of both the Republican and Democratic parties, Calandra easily defeated Benedetto, who ran on the Liberal Party ticket.
### New York State Assembly {#new_york_state_assembly}
Benedetto was elected to the State Assembly in 2004. Since 2019, he has served as chair of the Education Committee. City & State ranked him 8th on \"The most powerful education leaders in New York\" and 18th on \"The 2021 Bronx Power 100\" in 2021.
Many of his legislative priorities relate to children and education. With the support of teachers\' unions, he has opposed the expansion of charter schools in New York State.
He has introduced laws aimed at protecting young children from concussion-related developmental problems. Since 2013, he has worked to prohibit tackle football for children. The proposed law is named the John Mackey Youth Football Protection Act after the former NFL star who developed dementia. He has also sponsored a bill that would require youth baseball players to wear helmets with chin straps.
Benedetto supports the repeal of the Hecht-Calandra Act, a state law which established the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test as the only admissions criteria for the city\'s specialized high schools. He believes that the state should have less control over the city\'s educational policies.
In 2022, Benedetto negotiated with fellow legislators to pass bills extending Mayoral control of schools and reducing class sizes in New York City. The class size reduction bill was opposed by Mayor Eric Adams as being too costly and by some parents who believed that it would disproportionately benefit schools in richer neighborhoods and reduce access to popular schools.
### Primary Challenges {#primary_challenges}
Since 2010, Benedetto has faced several primary challenges, including two challenges from former Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez staffer Jonathan Soto.
In the 2024 Democratic primary, Soto critiqued Benedetto\'s role in the Education Committee, saying that there is a lack of accountability, while Benedetto said: \"We have allocated and sent more money to the schools of the state of New York more than any other time in the history of this state\". *New York Focus* reported that Benedetto received support from Solidarity PAC, a Pro-Israel group that \"resembles\" AIPAC. Additionally, he received support from two pro-charter school groups, New Yorkers for a Balanced Albany and Moving New York Families Forward, that are supported by Michael Bloomberg. Benedetto won the 2024 Democratic primary with 62% of the vote
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# Hyderabad Urban Development Authority
The **Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA)** was created in 1975, vide an act of the State Assembly of Andhra Pradesh.
## History
Its jurisdiction was expanded in 2008 by merging it with the surrounding mandals to form the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority. Devireddy Sudheer Reddy was the Chairman of HUDA from 2004 to 2008.
Called HUDA from its 1975 foundation to 1980, the body was called the Bhagyanagar Urban Development Authority (BUDA or BDA) for 1980-1981, then reverted back to the original name Hyderabad Urban Development Authority after 1981 until its dissolution in 2008.
## Overview
This statutory authority was charged with the acquisition, planning and development of urban facilities and infrastructure in the city of Hyderabad with powers to delineate urban areas and to set up development authorities in these areas. Its first Chairperson was Sarojini Poula Reddy, a Congress Party Member of the State Assembly. The first Vice Chairman and chief executive officer, was Vasant Bawa, of the Indian Administrative Services. The HUDA\'s first activities were in the Hyderabad metropolitan area. In early 1976 the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) from Ahmedabad was engaged to prepare a zonal plan, and Christopher Charles Benninger was engaged to prepare a low income township at Yousufguda, which included more than 2000 \"growing houses\" on plots ranging from two hundred to one thousand square feet. The idea was to provide a hygienic wet core for each house, a plinth and to allow the participants to construct their own homes. Paved footpaths, street lighting, water supply and sewerage were provided. Participants were extended low interest loans through the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), a central development finance agency. The Authority is currently in the process of being expanded to form the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority(HMDA).
The Chief Planner of HUDA was Anant Bhide, a professional architect and urban planner
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# Little Mexican and Other Stories
***Little Mexican and Other Stories**\'\' (***Young Archimedes**\'\' in the United States) is the third collection of short fiction written by Aldous Huxley, published in 1924. The book consists of four short stories, a novelette and a novella
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# Carl Heastie
**Carl Edward Heastie** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|eɪ|s|t|i}}`{=mediawiki}; born September 25, 1967) is an American politician from New York. Heastie has served in the New York State Assembly since January 2001, and was elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly on February 3, 2015.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in New York City, Heastie earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Mathematics and Statistics from Stony Brook University in Suffolk County, New York, and a M.B.A. in Finance from Baruch College in New York City.
## Career
Before his election to the Assembly, Heastie worked as a budget analyst for the New York City Comptroller. Heastie has also worked as an adjunct professor at Monroe College.
### New York State Assembly {#new_york_state_assembly}
Heastie was first elected to the New York State Assembly in 2000 and represents the 83rd District, which covers the Williamsbridge, Wakefield, Edenwald, Eastchester, and Baychester sections of the Northeast Bronx.
Since joining the Assembly, Heastie became one of the lead negotiators for the construction of a new K-8 school in his district. He has also sponsored legislation to require mandatory reporting of alleged child abuse of students in New York City. He became Chair of the Assembly Labor Committee in 2013.
Heastie became Chair of the Bronx Democratic Party in 2008, a post that he relinquished after becoming Assembly Speaker in 2015.
### Speaker of New York State Assembly {#speaker_of_new_york_state_assembly}
In January 2015, Heastie\'s Assembly colleagues considered him a frontrunner to be elected Speaker, following the arrest of Sheldon Silver on federal corruption charges arising from an investigation led by U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara. On February 2, Assembly Democrats voted unanimously for Heastie to become the new Speaker. The full Assembly elected him Speaker of the Assembly the next day.
Heastie is the first African-American to serve as speaker of the Assembly. One of his first New York City appearances after becoming speaker was at Al Sharpton\'s rally in Harlem, where he told the crowd, \"This is a tremendous opportunity for our community, for the first time, to have one of us sit at the table,\" and added \"All of you are going to be sitting at that table with me for the first time\".
In April 2015, it was reported that\--contrary to a judge\'s instructions\--Heastie had neglected to sell a home that his mother, Helene Heastie, allegedly purchased with money embezzled from a nonprofit charity. After his mother\'s death, Heastie ceased attempts to sell the home, having been advised by his lawyer that he was no longer obligated to do so; he later sold it for a profit of \$200,000. An independent forfeiture law expert consulted by the *New York Times* asserted that the judge\'s order was \"probably legally unenforceable without a formal forfeiture agreement,\" which prosecutors had not obtained. In 2015, Heastie\'s office issued a statement about the incident, saying that \"the lessons imparted to the speaker \[Heastie\]\... included owning up to mistakes and taking responsibility.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Heastie has a daughter from a previous marriage
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# Matthew Friedman (musician)
**Matthew Friedman** is an American musician, singer and performer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Friedman is from New York. His family has several other musicians, including three of his siblings. He attended Haverford College (1986-1987), then transferred to Hofstra University, where he graduated with a B.A. in Liberal Arts. Matthew was the student director of the Hofstra University Vocal Jazz Chorus, under the supervision of Professor David Lalama. He also played piano for the University Jazz Band, and founded the University Fusion Jazz Ensemble. Matthew also studied extensively with Herbert Deutsch, chairman of the electronic music department and co-creator of the Moog Synthesizer. He continued his education at Hofstra Law School, where he was awarded a J.D. in 1994. He was selected to write for the Entertainment Law Journal.
## Career
Friedman played the role of the Piano Man in the First National Touring Company of the Billy Joel--Twyla Tharp musical, *MOVIN\' OUT*. He served the same role in the show\'s Second and Third National Tours. Friedman left his job as an attorney to take the Piano Man role.
Following MOVIN' OUT, Friedman played keyboards for the Broadway production of JERSEY BOYS (2009-2017), and keyboards and guitar for the off-Broadway revival of SMOKEY JOE'S CAFE (2018).
As a songwriter, Friedman has been selected twice as a featured artist at the Alternative Torch Concert Series where Broadway performers play their original compositions. With the Friedman Brothers Band, which also features three of his siblings, he plays and records his original songs. In addition to piano, Friedman plays acoustic and 12-string guitars and bass guitar.
Matthew has his own wedding and corporate event band, Matthew Friedman & Stiletto, which he founded in 2011. The band also performs as a Billy Joel and Elton John tribute act (focusing on authenticity of the music and less so on the costumes).
Additionally, Matthew has been performing as a dueling pianist since 2013, primarily for Shake, Rattle & Roll Pianos, and also for several additional regional agencies. He performs all over the eastern seaboard, from Virginia to Canada
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# Luis Diaz (politician)
**Luis M. Diaz** is a former New York State Assembly member for the 86th district, first elected in 2002 when the Bronx district was created. In 2008, he stepped down as assemblyman to take a community affairs position in the administration of Governor David A. Paterson. Diaz was appointed Bronx County Clerk for the New York State Supreme Court in 2009. He was suspended in 2020 and resigned in 2022, when he pleaded guilty for falsely certifying that an organized-crime defendant had completed his court-mandated community service from a previous sentence.
Diaz was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. He moved to the Bronx as a child, attended public schools, and received a B.A. in Political Science from SUNY Old Westbury. Prior to his election, he served as executive director of Neighborhood Enhancement Training and Services, a nonprofit social service organization in the Bronx. He has five children
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# Ann Rabbitt
**Ann G. Rabbitt** (born December 20, 1960) is a Republican politician from the State of New York. Rabbitt has served as Orange County Clerk from 2014 to 2021.
## Career
Rabbitt served as a trustee for the village of Greenwood Lake from 1999 to 2002. From 2002 to 2005, she served on the Warwick town board. In 2005, she became a member of the New York State Assembly and served in that role until 2013.
In 2013, she was elected to the position of Orange County Clerk. In 2018, Rabbitt was the Republican candidate for New York State Senate in Senate District 42, but was defeated by Democrat Jen Metzger. Rabbitt retired from the county clerk role in December, 2021.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Rabbitt\'s husband, former Greenwood Lake Chief of Police Robert \"Bobby\" Rabbitt Jr., died on February 26, 2017, at the age of 57
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# Tamworth, Ontario
**Tamworth** is a small community in Stone Mills township in Lennox and Addington County, Ontario, Canada. Tamworth is located due north of Napanee, and northeast of Belleville, near Beaver Lake. Beaver Lake flows into the Salmon River which runs through Tamworth and this flowing water was the source of much of the commerce of Tamworth\'s former mills.
## History
Originally settled in 1826, Calvin Wheeler built several mills here in the 1840s and it was originally known as **Wheeler\'s Mills**. In 1848, a post office opened under the current name, named after Tamworth, Staffordshire. Wheeler was an admirer of Sir Robert Peel, member of Parliament for Tamworth.
The area was settled by many Irish immigrants and by 1865 the population of the area was 500. In 1884 the Tamworth and Quebec Railway had three trains departing to Napanee each day. Once the forest cover had been removed the soil that remained was not of the best quality, but farmers persevered and the area included many cheese factories. Farmers could supplement their incomes cutting trees in winter to be floated down the Napanee River to mills in the south.
Tamworth today is a mix of farms, homes and cottages on Beaver Lake and includes the services such as churches, hockey arena, car wash, restaurants, a hardware store, grocery store, pharmacy, liquor store, library and many others.
## Gaeltacht
Tamworth is also home to the first Irish language-speaking area, or Gaeltacht, outside Ireland. Plans for the site include cabins to house upwards of 100 people, classrooms, and a museum.`{{update inline|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
## Sports
Tamworth had a Senior A amateur team from 2003 to 2005. The Braves played in the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League. A Tier II Junior \"A\" team, known as the Tamworth Cyclones, operated from 2007 to 2009 in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
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# Richard and Esther Shapiro
**Richard Allen Shapiro** (born June 27, 1934) and **Esther June Shapiro** (née **Mayesh**; born June 6, 1928) are an American married couple who work as television screenwriters and producers, through their Shapiro Film Corporation. They are best known as the creators of the long-running 1980s prime time soap opera *Dynasty*, its spin-off series *The Colbys*, and the 1991 miniseries *Dynasty: The Reunion*.
In 1984, Doubleday/Dolphin published the companion book *Dynasty: The Authorized Biography of the Carringtons*, which included an introduction by Esther Shapiro.
## *Dynasty*
The Shapiros created and produced the prime time soap opera *Dynasty*, which debuted in 1981. Written as the Shapiros\' creative response to the 1979 oil crisis, and intended by ABC to be a competitor for CBS\'s *Dallas*, the series ranked #28 its first season. Ratings steadily grew, with *Dynasty* reaching #1 for the 1984--85 season. A spin-off, *The Colbys*, debuted in 1985, but was cancelled after two seasons. *Dynasty* was cancelled in 1989, with the Shapiros writing and producing a reunion miniseries in 1991.
During *Dynasty*{{\'s}} run, the Shapiros also co-created the prime time soap opera *Emerald Point N.A.S.*, which lasted for one season from 1983 to 1984, and the medical drama *HeartBeat*, which ran two seasons from 1988 to 1989.
At the height of *Dynasty*{{\'s}} popularity in 1985, Joe Klein of *New York* called Esther \"the ABC network\'s most valuable asset \... and perhaps the most influential woman executive in television\". *Dynasty* producer Aaron Spelling and others compared Esther to her creation, Blake Carrington (John Forsythe).
## *Dynasty* legacy {#dynasty_legacy}
In January 2004, Esther Shapiro participated in a marathon of the show\'s episodes on SOAPnet, *Serial Bowl: Alexis vs. Krystle*, giving behind-the-scenes tidbits and factoids.
In 2005 Ritchie Singer and Pamela Reed portrayed the Shapiros in *Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure*, a fictionalized ABC television movie based on the creation and behind the scenes production of *Dynasty*.
The first season of *Dynasty* was released on Region 1 DVD an April 19, 2005 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. This edition includes audio commentary by Esther Shapiro.
The Shapiros announced on January 12, 2011, that they had written a *Dynasty* prequel feature film script set in the 1960s, and were shopping it to studios for a possible film franchise. In a September 2011 interview, *Dynasty* actress Joan Collins chatted about a *Dynasty* television revival: \"I\'ve been in constant contact with Esther Shapiro, who wrote it, and apparently they\'ve written a script.\"
In September 2016, it was announced that a *Dynasty* reboot was in development at The CW, with the Shapiros attached as producers. The project received a series order in May 2017, and premiered in the US on October 11, 2017. *Dynasty* ran for five seasons, ending in September 2022.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
The Shapiros are Jewish, with Esther\'s family being Sephardic Jews from Greece and Turkey.
## Credits
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Year | Project | Position | Notes |
+============+===============================================+=======================================================================================================+=======================================+
| 1962 | *Route 66* | Co-writers (story credit only, as Richard Shapiro and Esther Mayesh; teleplay by Stirling Silliphant) | Episode: \"A Long Piece of Mischief\" |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1964 | *Bonanza* | Co-writers (as Richard Shapiro and Esther Mayesh) | Episode: \"A Dime\'s Worth of Glory\" |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1966 | *Combat!* | Writer: Richard Shapiro only | Episode: \"Gulliver\" |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1966--1967 | *Iron Horse* | Co-writers | \(2\) episodes |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1968 | *Tarzan* | Co-writers | \(3\) episodes |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1968 | *Garrison\'s Gorillas* | Co-writers: Richard Shapiro & Shimon Wincelberg | Episode: \"Run from Death\" |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1969--1970 | *Land of the Giants* | Writer: Richard Shapiro only | \(4\) episodes |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1971 | *Medical Center* | Writer: Richard Shapiro only | \(1\) episode |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1975 | *Sarah T. -- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic* | Co-writers | Television film |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1976 | *The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday* | Writer: Richard Shapiro only | Film |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1977 | *Intimate Strangers* | Co-writers/Co-producers | Television film |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1977 | *Minstrel Man* | Co-writers | Television film |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1979 | *The Cracker Factory* | Writer/producer: Richard Shapiro only | Television film |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1981 | *East of Eden* | Writer: Richard Shapiro only | Miniseries |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1981--1989 | *Dynasty* | Co-creators/Co-executive producers | \(220\) episodes |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 1983--1984 | *Emerald Point N.A.S
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# RoAnn Destito
**Ro Ann Maggiolino Destito** (born January 15, 1956) was appointed Commissioner of the New York State Office of General Services overseeing all state contracts, by Governor Andrew Cuomo in 2011. She resigned from this position in October 2021 and was succeeded by Jeanette M. Moy who was appointed by Governor Hochul in October 2021 (https://ogs.ny.gov/commissioner-jeanette-m-moy). Prior to becoming Commissioner she was a member of the New York State Assembly for the 116th district (which includes Rome and Utica) from 1993 to 2011 when she resigned. She is a Democrat.
## Career
Her tenure included a seat on the New York State Liquor Authority Board. While she was on the SLA, her husband\'s liquor wholesale client the Oneida Indian Nation\'s Turning Stone Resort & Casino was granted the legal right to have alcohol served at the casino. In 2009, Oneida County Legislator Michael Hennessy spoke out against issuing the permit and requested an investigation. To comply with this deal approximately 1,200 employees were switched from working for Turning Stone to now being employed by CD Food & Beverage.
In September 2011, Destito proclaimed a curfew of 7pm to help Albany State Park Police break up a demonstration. Protesters argued that by sleeping in a public park they were expressing a protected First Amendment right to free speech and were not subject to curfews. Albany police did not make any arrests.
In 2013, she was accused`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} of ethics violations by lobbying for the casino\'s gaming deal.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She is the widow of Chris Destito, former President of the Rome Chamber of Commerce and owner of the Beeches Restaurant and Convention Center; and the mother of one son
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# Brief Candles
***Brief Candles*** is the fifth collection of short fiction written by Aldous Huxley, published in 1930. The book consists of three short stories and a novella.
*Brief Candles* takes its title from a line in William Shakespeare\'s *Macbeth*, from Macbeth\'s famous soliloquy:
> Out, out, brief candle! Life\'s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing
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# William, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo
**William** (died after 1104) was the Count of Monte Sant\'Angelo from 1102 to 1104. He succeeded his brother, Henry, on his death.
According to the *Chronica Montasterii Casinensis* of Leo of Ostia, William (*Guilelmus*), whom Leo calls *comes civitatis montis Sancti Michahelis archangeli* (\"count of the city of Saint Michael the Archangel\"), made a donation to Montecassino in April 1100. The passage mentions his brother with no indication of his death, but he had perhaps already died by then, though he was not certainly dead until August 1103, probably dying 21 December 1102.
In October 1104, Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia and William\'s nominal overlord, besieged William in Monte Sant\'Angelo and expelled him, abolishing his county. William\'s subsequent fate is unknown
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# Mike Holston
**Michael Anthony Holston** (born January 8, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Holston was selected in the third round by the Houston Oilers out of Morgan State University in the 1981 NFL draft
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# St. Mary's Church, Katowice
**St. Mary\'s Church in Katowice** (*Kościół Mariacki w Katowicach*) is one of the oldest churches in Katowice, Poland, dating back to 19th century. This neo-Gothic church is located in the Śródmieście district. The architectural design was entrusted to Alexis Langer, a renowned architect from Breslau (Wrocław). Although the original plans envisioned a much grander scale, the final neo-Gothic building spans 43 meters in length and 31 meters in width. Its most distinctive feature is the 71-meter octagonal tower, a signature trademark of Langer\'s craftsmanship.
## History
The plans for establishing the Katowice parish date back to the mid-19th century, during the industrialization of Upper Silesia, leading to rapid population growth in the region. In 1858, the Catholics of Katowice began discussions about relocating a wooden church from Biskupice to Katowice (which was then a village). Meanwhile, a timber framing church was erected, later dismantled. The decision to build a larger church was made by the then-Bishop of Wrocław, Heinrich Förster, who, during a visit to the canon in Racibórz in the spring of 1861, appointed Alexis Langer as the architect. The cornerstone for the construction of the church was consecrated in 1862.
Initially, the concept of the church was quite monumental. Bishop Förster, recognizing the rapid population growth driven by the development of Silesian mining, instructed the architect to design a massive, three-aisled basilica and provided significant financial support for the project. However, the grandiose plan proved too costly for the still relatively small parish, prompting changes to the architectural design. The main alteration was the reduction of the side aisles to a series of chapels placed between buttresses. Ultimately, a four-bay, single-aisled church with a row of side chapels and passages pierced between the buttresses was constructed, giving the impression of aisles.
In the 1970s, the church lost some of its original furnishings, including the main altar and altar rail. In 2001, the stained glass windows underwent thorough conservation.
## Gallery
<File:Katowice> St Mary church at night N 2021.jpg\|Northern facade (2021) <File:Katowice> St Mary church apse at night NE 2021.jpg\|Apsis (2021) <File:Katowice> Mary church south.jpg\|View from the south (2019) <File:Katowice> - Kościół NMP - Gargulec 01.jpg\|Gargoyle on the tower (2008) <File:Katowice> - Kościół NMP 2.JPG\|Mosaic above the main entrance (2006) <File:Katowice> St Mary church interior 2021.jpg\|Interior (2021) <File:Katowice> St Mary church matroneum 2 2021.jpg\|Organ gallery (2021) <File:Katowice> Immaculate Conception church triptych.jpg\|Gothic triptych <File:Józef> Unierzyski Descent from the Cross.jpg\|Painting with a motif of the Crucifixion by J. Unierzyski <File:Kaplica> Golgota Ojczyzny
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# Scott Woerner
**Scott Allison Woerner** (born December 18, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons and the New Orleans Saints. He played college football for the University of Georgia Bulldogs. In the 1981 Sugar Bowl, Woerner intercepted a pass by the Notre Dame quarterback Blair Kiel in the closing minutes of the game which sealed Georgia\'s national championship for that year. He still holds several return records at the University of Georgia. He had the most kickoff return yards (190) in a single game (vs. Kentucky, 1977). He also holds the most punt return yards (488) in a season (1980). Woerner was selected in the third round of the 1981 NFL draft by the Falcons. He played for the Atlanta Falcons during that 1981 season and was their leading punt returner. The Falcons cut him before the start of the 1982 season. In 1983, 1984, and 1985 he played safety for the Philadelphia Stars of the short-lived United States Football League (USFL). The Philadelphia Stars won 2 of the 3 USFL championships. The *Sporting News* selected him as a USFL All-League player both of those seasons. Woerner played briefly for the New Orleans Saints during the NFL Players Strike.
After retiring from pro football, Woerner became a physical education teacher
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# Yume Kira Dream Shoppe
is a Japanese manga series by Aqua Mizuto. It originally ran in Shogakukan\'s manga magazine *Shōjo Comic* and then was serialized in Viz Media\'s *Shojo Beat* magazine from April 2007 to July 2007.
The manga composes of a collection of short stories connected by the concept of the Dream Shoppe; as a result, it introduces new characters with each chapter and how the Dream Shoppe comes to change the characters\' lives.
## Story
Rin is the mysterious shopkeeper of the Yume Kira Dream Shoppe, a magical storefront shop which flies through the sky at dusk. Listening for wishes that travel on the wind and aided by an assistant named Alpha, Rin offers magical wares to grant these wishes at the cost of something dear to the customer.
## Characters
Rin
: The mysterious but kind shopkeeper of the Yume Kira Dream Shoppe. Rin\'s shop is filled with wondrous items and Rin offers them to customers as a means to grant their wishes\... at a price. Rin\'s gender remains ambiguous for most of the story and a conversation between Alpha and King implies that Rin is female. The author\'s notes at the end of the volume reveal that she prefers to leave Rin\'s gender undisclosed.
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Alpha (**α**)
: Rin\'s assistant, an excitable plush rabbit without a mouth though he can speak and move on its own. He originally belonged to a lonely girl named Noa, who confided in Alpha often. Wanting to end her loneliness, he wished to be able to speak and move to help her; Rin appeared to him, offering the means to do so until Christmas at the price of Alpha\'s red eyes. However, when the time came to collect his fee, Alpha fell into a river because he believed he was the reason Noa couldn\'t find her courage. Rin saves him and offers him a job as his assistant because it was lonely working at the shop with no one to talk to.
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Hazuki
: A tree who considers itself a failure because it is unable to blossom. It falls in love with a young composer, whose music gives it strength. Rin offers the tree the power to become a human so it may confess its love for the composer, but at the cost of all its beautiful leaves. When she finally blossoms, Rin gives her a drink of green tea containing the Wings of the Thousand Year Crane (since she paid too much) to allow her to continue living as a human.
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Kana Shinya
: A young composer who stays in a hospital because he has a tumour in his brain that slowly takes away the use of his hands. The sound of his music gives Hazuki strength to begin blossoming. He is initially cynical and cold because the pop group he was supposed to tour with found a replacement when he became hospitalized. He finds inspiration again when he falls in love with Hazuki, who wishes to give up her life to cure him of his disease.
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Noa Ozawa
: A shy girl who often confides in her plush rabbit, Alpha, and is happy when Alpha suddenly develops the ability to speak and move. While she was initially hindered by her dependence on relieving her loneliness with Alpha\'s company, the plush rabbit eventually helps her find the courage to admit her feelings to the boy she likes.
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Yuki Umeda
: The boy Noa likes, who has a slightly strange sense of humour. Yuki finds Noa\'s antics charming and likes her in return. He does not know Noa\'s own feelings for him until Alpha brings him a present that Noa had made for Yuki, but could not bring herself to give him.
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Miki
: A young woman in college who shows up at the Dream Shoppe, wounded and missing her memory. She is allowed to use the King\'s Hourglass to relive a portion of her past in hopes of changing it. She rediscovers her love for Renji, but is unable to reveal her doubts concerning their relationship. She is nearly run over a car until Renji saves her, though at the cost of his life - the event that caused her to lose her memory. However, Rin uses Miki\'s payment to change the outcome and save them both.
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Renji Yakumo
: A talented jewellery designer who goes to Miki\'s college and wishes to study art abroad someday. He and Miki start going out after they become friends. Though he is quite busy, he makes time for Miki and truly cares about her, despite the fact Miki feels as they have not become closer during the time they have spent together. He saves her from being hit by a car but is injured along the way. Fortunately, Rin had dropped the earring collected from Miki, redirecting the trajectory of the car and saving them.
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```
Koyoru Hino
: A girl who is too shy to even speak to the guy she likes and longs for a way to meet him. She finds herself in the Labyrinth Sea and is subsequently brought to the Dream Shoppe by Jack and King. Koyoru accepts the Nightmare Candy in hopes of finding a way to change herself in exchange for the forms she tries with the Nightmare Candy she chooses not to become. She realizes she wishes for the one she likes to call her by her name instead of telling her that he loves her in her dream and chooses her true self.
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Eito Kudoh
: An rising actor and model who attends Koyoru\'s school, though he is frequently absent because of his career. Koyoru is in love with him and to get closer to him, accepts the Nightmare Candy to enter his dreams and find a way to become closer to him. He appears to be kind and friendly, especially when he meets Koyoru in real life. During Koyoru\'s last dream, she smiles at him and thanks him for saying he loved her in her dream. The next day, in a magazine, he states that he would fall in love with someone with a beautiful smile like the girl in his dreams.
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```
Jack
: A pirate and King\'s older brother, a responsible and level-headed young man. Together, Jack and King sail across the Labyrinth Sea on their ship, the Silver Queen. He appears to have a close and understanding relationship with Rin. The brothers deliver goods to Rin\'s Dream Shoppe in the dusk sky.
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```
King
: Jack\'s younger brother, upbeat and somewhat reckless, but friendly and generous. He is infatuated with Rin and wishes to marry her. Though he first appears as a young adult, he is actually just a child. He was self-conscious about being younger than Rin, so he changed his appearance to look her age.
## Chapters
1. The Sound that Brings Blossoms
2. Beyond the Red Eye
3. A Promise to a Grain of Time
4. The Labyrinth Wave of Dreams
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# Yume Kira Dream Shoppe
## Relics
- **Silver Rabbit\'s Clock**
- **Moon Maiden\'s Tears** - An item that allows the drinker use the moon\'s power to transform into anything it wants until the next full moon. According to Alpha, the \"Maiden\'s Tears\" series are a big hit at the Yume Kira Dream Shoppe.
- **Wings of the Thousand Year Crane** - The wings of a crane said to have lived for one thousand years. If drunk in green tea, it will grant the drinker one hundred years of life.
- **Space Garnet** - A jewel the colour of Alpha\'s eye that comes from a part of space not shared by any world. Its magical properties allows the plush rabbit to move and speak on its own. The effects work only until Christmas.
- **Forest Maiden\'s Tears** - Presumably part of the \"Maiden\'s Tears\" series of items. Alpha uses it to decorate a Christmas tree.
- **Purple Coral** - Alpha uses it to decorate a Christmas tree.
- **Snow Ring** - Alpha uses it to decorate a Christmas tree.
- **King\'s Hourglass** - An hourglass that can chisel time into golden sand, allowing someone to travel through time. As the grains of sand drop into the lower bulb, the past will move to the present, regardless of the actions of the person who uses it. Normally not for sale, Rin makes an exception to allow Miki to use it.
- **Nightmare Candy** - Take one and go to bed and one can enter someone else\'s dream in any form of their choosing. The candy allows a person to try different forms and become the form most to their liking in reality in exchange for the forms they have rejected. Should a person choose to remain as they are, the rejected dream forms return to being candy
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# Russell Gary
**Russell Craig Gary** (July 31, 1959 -- March 10, 2019) was an American professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints and the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. In 1983, Gary was voted first-team All-Pro for the NFL. Russell also worked under head coacher Shannon Currier coaching the defensive backs at Concordia University, St. Paul
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# Henry Eckford (horticulturist)
**Henry Eckford** (17 May 1823 -- 5 December 1905) was a Scots horticulturist and reputedly the most famous breeder of sweet peas, transforming the plant from a minor horticultural subject into the *queen of annuals*. U.S. horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey called him \"the prince of specialists\". In 1888 he moved to the town of Wem in Shropshire, England. It was in Wem that he perfected the breeding of his Grandiflora sweet peas, which in size of bloom and general performance were a great improvement over previous varieties.
## Chronology
- 1823 - born in Stenhouse, near Edinburgh, Scotland.
- 1839 - apprenticed in the gardens of Beaufort Castle near Inverness (estate of Lord Lovat).
- After completing apprenticeship employed consecutively in gardens of New Liston near Edinburgh, Fingask Castle, Perthshire, Penicuik House, and Oxenfoord Castle.
- 1854 - became head gardener at Coleshill, Berkshire, England (gardens of Earl of Radnor).
- 1854-1870 - experimented with the breeding of dahlias, pelargoniums and verbenas.
- 1870 - in charge of the garden of Dr. Sankey at Sandywell, Gloucester. Here he was particularly encouraged in plant breeding work.
- 1879 - major work on sweet peas commenced.
- Moved with employer to Boreatton (which gave name to one of his sweet pea varieties), Baschurch, Shropshire.
- 1888 - moved to Wem, Shropshire, where he established Eckford\'s Nursery. In Wem, he became a member of Wem Parish Council and Wem Urban District Council.
- 1905 - Awarded Victoria Medal of Honour by the Royal Horticultural Society and was presented with an illuminated parchment address and silver tea and coffee service subscribed by more than 200 admirers worldwide.
- 25 December 1905 - died aged 82 at his house in Noble Street, Wem; buried in Whitchurch Road Cemetery, Wem.
Henry Eckford was a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society. From horticultural shows he gained \"upwards of 85 gold and silver medals\" among his prizes.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Eckford was twice married. His first wife, who predeceased him, was Charlotte, daughter of Job Stainer of Queen Camel, Somerset, by whom he had two sons and a daughter who survived him. His second wife was Emily, daughter of Godfrey Gerring, of Coleshill, Berkshire.
## Legacy
In 1907 it was written that because of Eckford\'s work, sweet peas \"are now of such world-wide importance that many hundreds of acres are annually cultivated, and through their general popularity Wem has become famous throughout the world, and is looked upon as the Mecca of sweet peas.\"
In honour of Henry Eckford the town of Wem (specifically the Eckford Sweet Pea Society of Wem) has held each year in July (except in 2020 and 2021) a sweet pea show. In this there is a section for old fashioned varieties, always including many bred by Henry Eckford.
His family name is perpetuated in the name of Eckford Park, a residential road in Wem
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# Gary Lewis (tight end)
**Gary Wayne Lewis** (born December 30, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). Lewis was selected in the second round by the Green Bay Packers out of the University of Texas at Arlington in the 1981 NFL draft. He played high school football at Dangerfield High School. Lewis\'s brother, Darryl, also played in the National Football League (NFL)
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# AGEod
**AGEod** (AGE Online Distribution) is a developer and publisher of PC games. The company is incorporated in France and has its head office located in Grenoble. The company specializes in developing history oriented strategy video games built with its proprietary Adaptive Game Engine (AGE), and also publishes third-party titles. AGEod\'s main goal is offering to players original, cultural, and gaming creations developed by small independent studios and producers that have trouble finding an outlet within the traditional organization of the market.
## History
AGEod was founded by Philippe Thibaut (designer of board game Europa Universalis, Pax Romana and Great Invasions) and Philippe Malacher (AGE engine creator) in 2005.
The first game distributed by AGEod was *Birth of America*, a turn-based strategy game about the French and Indian War that took place in the Seven Years\' War, and also the American War of Independence. The second game, *Ageod\'s American Civil War*, is also a realistic historical turn-based strategy game about the American Civil War including political and economic options. The third game, *Napoleon\'s Campaigns*, is the successor of \"Birth of America\" with a tight focus on strategy during the Napoleonic Wars. In 2008, AGEod released *Birth of America 2: Wars in America*, which expanded the previous game *Birth of America* by a larger map, new rules, and new scenarios and campaigns.
On 17 December 2009, AGEod was acquired by Paradox Interactive. In 2012, Paradox France was split away from Paradox Development Studio to work exclusively on games utilizing the AGE engine, with full autonomy. Development of *Napoleon\'s Campaigns II* was shifted from being partially developed by Paradox Development Studio to being solely developed by them, utilizing the Clausewitz engine, that later become *March of the Eagles*.
## Adaptive Game Engine (AGE) {#adaptive_game_engine_age}
For its own titles, AGEod created and further developed AGE, a generic platform for turn-based strategy games, that is expandable and adaptable to different game scenarios. The engine comes in three main versions which in simplest terms determines the breadth and depth of the game which is built upon it. The scope may be heavily oriented towards a traditional war game (e.g., *Birth of America*, *Napoleon\'s Campaigns*, *Birth of America 2: Wars in America*) or much higher level with elements of country management, diplomacy, resource management (e.g., *Ageod\'s American Civil War*), and grand strategy considerations (e.g., *Pride of Nations*). The modularity of AGE allows AGEod to back port many features of recent releases to existing titles, practising a patch policy that goes beyond mere bug fixing
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# John Harty (American football)
**John Daniel Harty** (born December 17, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). Harty was selected in the second round by the San Francisco 49ers out of the University of Iowa in the 1981 NFL draft.
After he retired from the sport, he completed his bachelor degree and became a businessman, including the presidency of Westmar University in the late 1990s
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# Wilhelm Wolff
**Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Wolff**, nicknamed **\"Lupus\"** (21 June 1809 -- 9 May 1864) was a German schoolmaster, political activist and publicist.
## Life
Wolff was born in Tarnau, a village in the Schweidnitz district of Silesia, Prussia (now Tarnawa (Lower Silesian Voivodship), Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Gmina Żarów, Poland). His family were mainly farmers, his father being a hereditary serf. His mother was well-educated despite her low social class. He went to grammar school in Świdnica and university in Wrocław, mainly studying classical philology.
In 1831 he became a member of a radical students\' association, for which he was imprisoned between 1834 and 1838 (mainly in Fort Srebrna Góra), following the resumption of persecution of these types of organisations by the *Bundestag\]\]*, in line with the Carlsbad Decrees. He was released on 30 July 1838, and moved back to Wrocław. There, he attempted to become a private tutor, having been legally excluded from public teaching due to the interruption of his studies by his arrest. However, his licence to teach privately was denied by the government there. Accordingly, he moved to Posen where he worked as a tutor until 1840, in the service of Tytus Działyński, a Polish landowner.
In 1846, in Brussels, Wolff became a close friend of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He was active in the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee and a member of the League of the Just, in addition to being co-founder of the League of Communists in 1848, as a member of its central authority. He served as an editor of the *Neue Rheinische Zeitung* newspaper in 1848-1849, and as a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly.
Wolff emigrated to Switzerland in 1849 and then to England in 1851.
## Legacy
Upon his death, Wolff left a large fortune, earned through various business dealings, to Marx, who dedicated the first volume of *Das Kapital* to him with the line \"To my unforgettable friend, Wilhelm Wolff. Intrepid, faithful, noble protagonist of the proletariat.\"
Gerhart Hauptmann\'s play *Die Weber* (*The Weavers*) is based on Wolff\'s essay about the weavers\' uprising in Silesia in 1844 and its suppression, *Das Elend und der Aufuhr in Schlesien*
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# Mardye McDole
**Mardye McDole** (May 1, 1959 -- March 28, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). McDole was selected by the Vikings in the second round of the 1981 NFL draft out of Mississippi State University. He was a physical education teacher and the varsity wide receiver coach at Murphy High School in Mobile, Alabama.
McDole was the first receiver in Mississippi State Bulldogs history to have had a 1,000-yard season.
McDole died on March 28, 2023, at the age of 63
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# Lloyd Allen
**Lloyd Cecil Allen** (born May 8, 1950) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the California Angels (`{{by|1969}}`{=mediawiki}-`{{by|1973}}`{=mediawiki}), Texas Rangers (`{{by|1973}}`{=mediawiki}-`{{by|1974}}`{=mediawiki}), and Chicago White Sox (`{{by|1974}}`{=mediawiki}-`{{by|1975}}`{=mediawiki}). He was the first big league player born in the 1950s to appear in a regular-season game.
## Early life {#early_life}
Allen was born in Merced, California. He is Jewish, having converted to Judaism. He attended Selma High School in Selma, California and Fresno City College.
## Baseball career {#baseball_career}
Allen was selected by the California Angels with its first round (12th overall pick) of the 1968 amateur draft.
In 1969, Allen was the youngest player in the American League (AL). In 1971, his 15 saves ranked seventh in the AL. He was traded along with Jim Spencer from the Angels to the Texas Rangers for Mike Epstein, Rich Hand and Rick Stelmaszek on May 20, 1973. Arm problems led to him retiring from baseball, in 1979.
In seven MLB seasons, Allen had an 8--25 win--loss record, in 159 games, with 19 games started, 22 saves, `{{fraction|297|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched, 291 hits allowed, 183 runs allowed, 155 earned runs allowed, 19 home runs allowed, 196 walks, 194 strikeouts, 11 hit batsmen, 27 wild pitches, 18 intentional walks, and a 4.69 earned run average (ERA)
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# River North
**River North** is a Chicago neighborhood located north of the Chicago River, south of Division Street, and west of Wabash Avenue. It is adjacent to the Magnificent Mile retail and tourism corridor.
River North has become one of Chicago\'s top neighborhoods for nightlife especially on and around Hubbard Street. It once hosted the largest concentration of art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan. River North has experienced the development of large high-rise buildings, nightclubs and restaurants.
Along with a handful of art galleries today, the area holds many bars, dance clubs, popular restaurants and entertainment venues, and a design district with shops and showrooms selling commercial and luxury interior furnishings in the blocks north of the Merchandise Mart. Kingsbury Park is an area of newly built residential high-rises at Erie Street and the Chicago River.
## History
### Smokey Hollow {#smokey_hollow}
River North was named Smokey Hollow around the turn of the 20th century due to the many factories and forges in the area. The smoke was often so thick that sunlight was blocked. At the time Smokey Hollow was a major transportation hub with railroad tracks linking the ports along the Chicago River with the surrounding areas. The Merchandise Mart still has railroad tracks underneath the building. Massive coal bins were throughout the neighborhood both bringing coal into the area from ships and storage for the multitude of factories and forges in River North. The Merchandise Mart was a major storage warehouse for goods and was purchased by the Kennedy family. Former retailer Montgomery Ward had a major transportation and storage facility in River North.
### Little Sicily {#little_sicily}
Little Sicily in Chicago was also located in River North. The city\'s first Italian Roman Catholic Church in Chicago was Assumption Parish on Illinois Street, with a mandate to be the Parish for all Italians living between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. Later Sicilians began to move northward from the immediate vicinity of Assumption and began to form their own parishes. Italians whose family roots were from other parts of Italy tended to move west along Grand Street and formed Parishes west of Assumption.
### Prohibition
In 1921, Dean O\'Banion married Viola Kaniff and bought an interest in William Schofield\'s River North flower shop, near the corner of West Chicago Avenue and North State Street. O\'Banion needed a legitimate front for his bootlegging operation. In addition, he was fond of flowers and was an excellent arranger.
Schofield\'s became the florist of choice for many funerals.
The shop happened to be directly across the street from Holy Name Cathedral, where O\'Banion and Weiss attended Mass. The rooms above Schofield\'s were used as the headquarters for the North Side Gang which controlled the bootlegging operations in what would later be called River North and the Gold Coast area of Chicago.
On the morning of November 10, 1924, O\'Banion was clipping chrysanthemums in Schofield\'s back room. Frankie Yale entered the shop with Torrio and Capone gunmen John Scalise and Albert Anselmi. When O\'Banion attempted to greet Yale with a handshake, Yale clasped O\'Banion\'s hand in a death grip. At the same time, Scalise and Anselmi fired two bullets into O\'Banion\'s chest, two in his cheeks, and two in his throat and Dean O\'Banion died instantly.
### Punk rock history {#punk_rock_history}
One of the biggest punk rock clubs of the 1970s was located in River North - called O\'Banion\'s after the infamous hit on Dean O\'Banion.
The River North neighborhood fell on difficult times starting in the 1960s with many families moving into the suburbs to escape urban blight. Many buildings were torn down and became parking lots. Crime was a dangerous part of daily life.
Assumption Church on Illinois Street during this time reported that many of its Parishioners had moved to the suburbs and that few people remained living within its Parish boundaries as established by the Archdiocese of Chicago. Assumption Parish survived during this time on Parishioners who traveled from the suburbs to attend Mass in the old neighborhood every Sunday.
### Development of the River North neighborhood {#development_of_the_river_north_neighborhood}
The River North neighborhood got its name from Chicago real estate developer Albert Friedman (chief executive of Friedman Properties Ltd.), who in 1974 started to buy, restore and build commercial property in the southeast sector. Much of the area was a skid row at the time, so in an effort to attract tenants Friedman started calling the area \"River North\". Within a few years, Friedman found photographers, ad agencies and art galleries willing to rent the low cost space and coalesce into what became the River North Gallery District, which had the largest concentration of art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan.
### Recent developments {#recent_developments}
River North from 1990 to 2012 became one of Chicago\'s top neighborhoods for nightlife especially along Franklin Street and Hubbard Street. It is a top destination for restaurants, nightclubs and living for people who move to Chicago. During this time numerous highrises have been developed, dramatically increasing the population of River North.
## Consular offices {#consular_offices}
The Consulate-General of the People\'s Republic of China in Chicago is located at 100 West Erie Street in River North. The Royal Thai Consulate-General of Chicago is located at 700 North Rush Street in River North
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# Jimmy Archey
**Jimmy Archey** (12 October 1902 -- 16 November 1967) was an American jazz trombonist born in Norfolk, Virginia, perhaps most noteworthy for his work in several prominent jazz orchestras and big bands of his time (including his own). He performed and recorded with the James P. Johnson orchestra, King Oliver, Fats Waller and the Luis Russell orchestra, among others.
In the late 1930s, Archey participated in big bands that simultaneously featured musicians such as Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington and Claude Hopkins. In the 1940s and 1950s, Archey spent much of his time working with New Orleans revivalist bands with artists such as Bob Wilber and Earl Hines
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11,114,650 |
# The Very Best of Santana
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{{album chart|Netherlands|20|artist=Santana|album=The Very Best Of|rowheader=true|access-date=June 6, 2024}}
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``
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# County of Monte Sant'Angelo
The **County of Monte Sant\'Angelo** or **Gargano** was a large Norman county in southern Italy, covering the Gargano Peninsula and much of the later Province of Foggia. Its comital seat was Monte Sant\'Angelo.
The ruling family was a cadet branch of the Drengots. The first count, Robert, inherited the Monte Sant\'Angelo from his uncle Ranulf Drengot, to whom it had been granted as his share (a twelfth) of the Apulian conquests in 1042. Ranulf died in 1045. Robert founded the importance of his fief by marrying Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno and Drogo of Hauteville, the two most powerful south Italian lords of the day. Robert was succeeded by his sons, Richard, Henry, and William, in succession.
Henry renounced the suzerainty of the Duke of Apulia, Roger Borsa, and began to chart an independent course, giving his allegiance to the Byzantine Empire and dating his charters by the reign of Alexius I Comnenus. His county was the most powerful Norman state after the Principality of Capua and the Duchy of Apulia and the last foothold the Greeks had in Italy when it was conquered by Borsa from William in 1104. It was never recreated
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# Gamestah
**Gamestah**, also referred to as **Gamestah Radio**, is an Australian Shoutcasting and media organisation, best known for their role as the commentators of the \"Roffle Cup\" segment of the Australian gaming television show *Good Game*. They have also covered many large electronic sports events such as World Cyber Games (both Singapore and Sydney, Australia) and Electronic Sports World Cup. The organisation is currently made up of more than 25 volunteers who use the Shoutcast plugin for Winamp, developed by Nullsoft, to broadcast commentary of online computer game matches, as well as LAN events. Recently, Gamestah was interviewed by Good Game as well as Tektime Radio, a radio station dedicated to gaming news and interviews in Melbourne.
## History
Gamestah was formed in 2003, after *Return to Castle Wolfenstein* players with the game-names \"Russkie\", \"Spot\" and \"D-FENZ\" wanted to begin a service for the Australian gaming community, to provide commentary of *Return to Castle Wolfenstein* matches that took place on gaming ladders such as GameArena and Netspace\'s \"Gamespace\" gaming ladder. Gamestah shoutcaster Stewart \"Ej\" Brumm revealed in an interview for TV show *Good Game* that \"before Gamestah, shoutcasting in Australia was a very ad hoc thing.\" Through time and resources provided by volunteers, Gamestah quickly became well known through the communities which it had covered extensively. It became approved shoutcasters for GameArena in 2005, and became closely associated with GameArena and AusGamers, both run by Australian games software company [Mammoth Media](http://www.mammoth.com.au/).
In 2008, Gamestah began providing videocasts of important matches as well as launching GTV-VOD, a video-on-demand service providing streaming video of its videocasts.
Toby \"TobiWan\" Dawson was involved with Gamestah in the beginning of his career.
## Covered games {#covered_games}
Gamestah focuses on first-person shooters. The games that Gamestah cover include:
- *Battlefield 3*
- *Battlefield 2*
- *Battlefield Bad Company 2*
- *Battlefield 2142*
- *Call of Duty* series (including *United Offensive*)
- *Counter-Strike: Source*
- *Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory*
- *Enemy Territory: Quake Wars*
- *Team Fortress 2*
- *Warcraft 3* series (including *DOTA*)
- *Heroes of Newerth*
- *League of Legends*
- *Left 4 Dead*
The group has also done some coverage of racing simulation games such as *rFactor*.
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# Gamestah
## Featured content {#featured_content}
Aside from commentary of various online matches, Gamestah also provides some shows to fill up timeslots which are generally quiet:
- **eSports weekly** -- A weekly show which currently through 2009 running and on its 17th episode, featuring \"Bob\", \"Ej\" and \"Arseynimz\", with guest appearances by \"SuperRoach\" for a tech spot.
The show like the other weekly formats covers mainly *eSports*-related news, with a large focus on CyberGamer leagues and its ladders.
- **Craptastic Chatback** -- A weekly show which ran from late 2004 to late 2006 on Thursday nights, it was hosted by gaming commentators *Ej* and *Bob*. The show started off as a way of bringing IRC conversations to a different medium, the show quickly evolved into a general gaming show which hosted interviews of gamers and prominent gaming figures, skits and discussions. The show was frequently followed up with a \"Game of the Week\" shoutcast of an online match which was to take place after the show. The show is currently on indefinite hiatus.
- **The Harry and Momo Show** -- A weekly show which ran from late 2006 to early 2007, it was hosted by gaming commentators \"Harry\" and \"MomoWang\". The show\'s premise was mainly situated with the popular first-person shooter game *Battlefield 2*, which Harry and MomoWang both frequently shoutcasted for. The content was mainly the same as *Craptastic Chatback*, however it was mainly focussed on *Battlefield 2* and provided interviews and discussion of many events that are taking place in the *Battlefield 2* community. It too was followed by a \"Game of the Week\" shoutcast which showcased a largely requested *Battlefield 2* match. Harry had to withdraw from the show in early 2007 for personal reasons, which also put this show on indefinite hiatus.
- **Gamestah Review Hour** -- A regular show which ran in 2005, the show reviewed the latest PC games which had recently been released
| 320 |
Gamestah
| 1 |
11,114,709 |
# Chamillionaire discography
This is the discography of Chamillionaire, an American rapper.
## Albums
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
+========================+===========================================+======================+======+
| US\ | US R&B\ | NZ\ | SWI\ |
+------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *The Sound of Revenge* | - Released: November 22, 2005 | 10 | 2 |
| | - Label: Chamillitary, Universal | | |
| | - Format: CD, LP, digital download | | |
+------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
| *Ultimate Victory* | - Released: September 18, 2007 | 8 | 3 |
| | - Label: Chamillitary, Universal Motown | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | |
+------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+------+
: List of albums, with selected chart positions
### Collaborative albums {#collaborative_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+----+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
+=======================================================================================+==================================+======================+====+
| US\ | US R&B\ | US Rap\ | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+----+
| *Get Ya Mind Correct*\ | - Released: June 25, 2002 | --- | 67 |
| (with Paul Wall) | - Label: Paid in Full | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+----+
| *Controversy Sells*\ | - Released: January 25, 2005 | --- | 50 |
| (with Paul Wall) | - Label: Paid in Full | | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+----+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+----+
: List of albums, with selected chart positions and sales
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Title | Album details |
+==================================+==================================+
| *Greatest Hits* | - Released: 2003 |
| | - Label: Chamillitary |
| | - Format: CD, digital download |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| *Chamillitary*\ | - Released: 2005 |
| (with The Color Changin\' Click) | - Label: Chamillitary |
| | - Format: CD, digital download |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
: List of compilation albums
## Extended plays {#extended_plays}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | EP details | Peak chart positions |
+====================================================================================+==================================+======================+
| US R&B | US Rap | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Ammunition* | - Released: March 20, 2012 | --- |
| | - Label: Chamillitary | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Elevate* | - Released: February 12, 2013 | --- |
| | - Label: Chamillitary | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Reignfall* | - Released: July 23, 2013 | 40 |
| | - Label: Chamillitary | |
| | - Format: CD, digital download | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------+
: List of extended plays, with selected chart positions
| 464 |
Chamillionaire discography
| 0 |
11,114,709 |
# Chamillionaire discography
## Mixtapes
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Title | Mixtape details |
+=====================================+=================================+
| *King Koopah: The Mixtape Messiah*\ | - Released: February 15, 2004 |
| (see also Mixtape Messiah) | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *The Truth: From the Ground Up* | - Released: 2005 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Man on Fire* | - Released: 2005 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 2* | - Released: 2006 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Chamillitary Therapy* | - Released: 2006 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 3* | - Released: July 18, 2007 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 4* | - Released: August 27, 2008 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 5* | - Released: 2008 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Hangin\' Wit\' Mr. Koopa* | - Released: 2009 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 6* | - Released: 2009 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Digital Dynasty 4*\ | - Released: 2009 |
| (with Advocate & BallerStatus) | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *I Am Legend: Greatest Verses* | - Released: 2009 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Mixtape Messiah 7* | - Released: August 4, 2009 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Major Pain* | - Released: 2010 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Major Pain 1.5* | - Released: 2011 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Badazz Freemixes* | - Released: 2011 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Badazz Slow-Mixes* | - Released: 2011 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Badazz Freemixes 2* | - Released: 2011 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Greatest Verses, Vol. 2* | - Released: 2014 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| *Greatest Verses 3* | - Released: 2018 |
| | - Label: Self-released |
| | - Format: Digital download |
+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
: List of mixtapes, with year released
| 501 |
Chamillionaire discography
| 1 |
11,114,709 |
# Chamillionaire discography
## Singles
### As lead artist {#as_lead_artist}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | |
+====================================================================================+=========+======================+======+======+
| US\ | US R&B\ | US Rap\ | AUS\ | CAN\ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Turn It Up\"\ | 2005 | 41 | 31 | 9 |
| (featuring Lil\' Flip) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Ridin\'\"\ | 2006 | 1 | 7 | 2 |
| (featuring Krayzie Bone) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Grown and Sexy\" | | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Not a Criminal\"\ | 2007 | 103 | 105 | 21 |
| (featuring Kelis) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Hip Hop Police\"`{{Ref label|note_a1|A|}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | 101 | 76 | --- |
| (featuring Slick Rick) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"The Bill Collecta\" | | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Industry Groupie\" | | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Creepin\' (Solo)\"`{{Ref label|note_b1|B|}}`{=mediawiki}\ | 2009 | --- | 101 | --- |
| (featuring Ludacris) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"I\'m So Gone (Patron)\"\ | | --- | --- | --- |
| (featuring Bobby V) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Good Morning\" | | 40 | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"The Main Event\"\ | 2010 | --- | --- | --- |
| (featuring Paul Wall, Slim Thug and Dorrough) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"This My World\"\ | 2011 | --- | --- | --- |
| (featuring Big K.R.I.T.) | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Show Love\"\ | 2012 | --- | --- | --- |
| (featuring \"D.A\") | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Don\'t Shoot\" | 2013 | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Some Things Never Change\" | | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Go Getta\" | 2014 | --- | --- | --- |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"---\" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------------------+------+------+
: List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
### As featured artist {#as_featured_artist}
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | |
+========================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+======================+=====+=====+
| US | US R&B | US Rap | GER | NZ\ |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"Get Up\"\ | 2006 | 7 | 10 | --- |
| (Ciara featuring Chamillionaire) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"That Girl\"\ | | 43 | --- | --- |
| (Frankie J featuring Mannie Fresh & Chamillionaire) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"Bet That\"\ | | --- | 66 | --- |
| (Trick Daddy featuring Chamillionaire & GoldRu\$h) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"King Kong\"\ | | 54 | 32 | 18 |
| (Jibbs featuring Chamillionaire) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"Doe Boy Fresh\"\ | 2007 | 54 | 74 | --- |
| (Three 6 Mafia featuring Chamillionaire) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"I\'m On 3.0\"\ | 2017 | --- | --- | --- |
| (Trae tha Truth featuring T.I., Dave East, Tee Grizzley, Royce da 5\'9\", Curren\$y, DRAM, Snoop Dogg, Fabolous, Rick Ross, Chamillionaire, G-Eazy, Styles P, E-40, Mark Morrison and Gary Clark, Jr.) | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
| \"---\" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------+-----+-----+
: List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
### Promotional singles {#promotional_singles}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
+============================================================================================================+======+======================+=======================+
| US\ | | | |
| R&B | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"Draped Up\" (Remix)\ | 2005 | 45 | *Trill* |
| (Bun B featuring Lil\' Keke, Slim Thug, Chamillionaire, Paul Wall, Mike Jones, Aztek, Lil\' Flip and Z-Ro) | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"Make a Movie\"\ | 2010 | --- | *Venom* (Unreleased) |
| (featuring Lloyd & Twista) | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"When Ya On\"\ | 2011 | --- | *Poison* (Unreleased) |
| (featuring Nipsey Hussle) | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"Charlie Sheen\"\ | | --- | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"Passenger Seat\"\ | | --- | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-----------------------+
: List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
| 772 |
Chamillionaire discography
| 2 |
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