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http://porocila.imfm.si/2021/mat/clani/kovacevic.tex
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\clan {Nikola Kovačević}
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http://parabix.costar.sfu.ca/export/1399/docs/HPCA2012/01-intro.tex
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\section{Introduction}
Classical Dennard voltage scaling enabled us to keep all of transistors
afforded by Moore's law active. Dennard scaling reached its limits in
2005 and this has resulted in a rethink of the way general-purpose
processors are built: frequencies have remained stagnant
over the last 5 years with the capability to boost a core's frequency
only if other cores on the chip are shut off. Chip makers strive to
achieve energy efficient computing by operating at more optimal core
frequencies and aim to increase performance with a larger number of
cores. Unfortunately, given the limited levels of parallelism that can
be found in applications~\cite{blake-isca-2010}, it is not certain how
many cores can be productively used in scaling our
chips~\cite{esmaeilzadeh-isca-2011}. This is because exploiting
parallelism across multiple cores tends to require heavy weight
threads that are difficult to manage and synchronize.
The desire to improve the overall efficiency of computing is pushing
designers to explore customized hardware~\cite{venkatesh-asplos-2010,
hameed-isca-2010} that accelerate specific parts of an application
while reducing the overheads present in general-purpose
processors. They seek to exploit the transistor bounty to provision
many different accelerators and keep only the accelerators needed for
an application active while switching off others on the chip to save
power consumption. While promising, given the fast evolution of
languages and software, its hard to define a set of fixed-function
hardware for commodity processors. Furthermore, the toolchain to
create such customized hardware is itself a hard research
challenge. We believe that software, applications, and runtime models
themselves can be refactored to significantly improve the overall
computing efficiency of commodity processors.
In this paper, we tackle the infamous ``thirteenth dwarf''
(parsers/finite state machines) that is considered to be the hardest
application class to parallelize~\cite{Asanovic:EECS-2006-183}. We
present Parabix, a novel execution framework and software run-time
environment that can be used to dramatically improve the efficiency of
text processing and parsing on commodity processors. Parabix
transposes byte-oriented character data into parallel bit streams for
the individual bits of each character byte and then exploits the
SIMD extensions on commodity processors (SSE/AVX on x86, Neon on ARM)
to process hundreds of character positions in an input stream
simultaneously. To achieve transposition, Parabix exploits
sophisticated SIMD instructions that enable data elements to be packed
and unpacked from registers in a regular manner which improves the
overall cache access behavior of the application resulting in
significantly fewer misses and better utilization. Parabix also
dramatically reduces branches in parsing code resulting in a more
efficient pipeline and substantially improves register/cache
utilization which minimizes energy wasted on data transfers.
We apply Parabix technology to the problem of XML parsing and develop
several implementations for different computing platforms. XML is a
particularly interesting application; it is a standard of the web
consortium that provides a common framework for encoding and
communicating data. XML provides critical data storage for
applications ranging from Office Open XML in Microsoft Office to NDFD
XML of the NOAA National Weather Service, from KML in Google Earth to
Castor XML in the Martian Rovers. XML parsing efficiency is important
for multiple application areas; in server workloads the key focus in
on overall transactions per second, while in applications in network
switches and cell phones, latency and energy are of paramount
importance. Traditional software-based XML parsers have many
inefficiencies including considerable branch misprediction penalties
due to complex input-dependent branching structures as well as poor
use of memory bandwidth and data caches due to byte-at-a-time
processing and multiple buffering. XML ASIC chips have been around
for over 6 years, but typically lag behind CPUs in technology due to
cost constraints. Our focus is how much we can improve performance of
the XML parser on commodity processors with Parabix technology.
In the end, as summarized by
Figure~\ref{perf-energy} our Parabix-based XML parser improves the
performance %by ?$\times$
and energy efficiency %by ?$\times$
several-fold compared
to widely-used software parsers, approaching the
%?$cycles/input-byte$
performance of ASIC XML
parsers.%~\cite{}.
\footnote{The actual energy consumption of the XML
ASIC chips is not published by the companies.}
Overall we make the following contributions in this paper.
1) We outline the Parabix architecture, tool chain and run-time
environment and describe how it may be used to produce efficient
XML parser implementations on a variety of commodity processors.
While studied in the context of XML parsing, the Parabix framework
can be widely applied to many problems in text processing and
parsing.
2) We compare Parabix XML parsers against conventional parsers and
assess the improvement in overall performance and energy efficiency on
each platform. We are the first to compare and contrast SSE/AVX
extensions across multiple generation of Intel processors and show
that there are performance challenges when using newer generation SIMD
extensions. We compare the ARM Neon extensions against the x86 SIMD
extensions and comment on the latency of SIMD operations across these
architectures.
3) Finally, building on the SIMD parallelism of Parabix technology,
we multithread the Parabix XML parser to to enable the different
stages in the parser to exploit SIMD units across all the cores.
This further improves performance while maintaining the energy consumption
constant with the sequential version.
\begin{comment}
Figure~\ref{perf-energy} is an energy-performance scatter plot showing
the results obtained.
With all this XML processing, a substantial literature has arisen
addressing XML processing performance in general and the performance
of XML parsers in particular. Nicola and John specifically identified
XML parsing as a threat to database performance and outlined a number
of potential directions for potential performance improvements
\cite{NicolaJohn03}. The nature of XML APIs was found to have a
significant affect on performance with event-based SAX (Simple API for
XML) parsers avoiding the tree construction costs of the more flexible
DOM (Document Object Model) parsers \cite{Perkins05}. The commercial
importance of XML parsing spurred developments of hardware-based
approaches including the development of a custom XML chip
\cite{Leventhal2009} as well as FPGA-based implementations
\cite{DaiNiZhu2010}. However promising these approaches may be for
particular niche applications, it is likely that the bulk of the
world's XML processing workload will be carried out on commodity
processors using software-based solutions.
To accelerate XML parsing performance in software, most recent
work has focused on parallelization. The use of multicore
parallelism for chip multiprocessors has attracted
the attention of several groups \cite{ZhangPanChiu09, ParaDOM2009, LiWangLiuLi2009},
while SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) parallelism
has been of interest to Intel in designing new SIMD instructions\cite{XMLSSE42}
, as well as to the developers of parallel bit stream technology
\cite{CameronHerdyLin2008,Cameron2009,Cameron2010}.
Each of these approaches has shown considerable performance
benefits over traditional sequential parsing techniques that follow the
byte-at-a-time model.
\end{comment}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=85mm]{plots/performance_energy_chart.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{XML Parser Technology Energy vs. Performance}
\label{perf-energy}
\end{figure}
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Section~\ref{section:background} presents background material on XML
parsing and provides insight into the inefficiency of traditional
parsers on mainstream processors. Section~\ref{section:parabix}
describes the Parabix architecture, tool chain and run-time
environment. Section~\ref{section:parser} describes the application
of the Parabix framework to the construction of an XML parser
enforcing all the well-formedness rules of the XML specification.
Section~\ref{section:baseline} presents a detailed performance
analysis of Parabix on a \CITHREE\ system using hardware performance
counters and compares it against conventional parsers.
Section~\ref{section:scalability} compares the performance and energy
efficiency of 128 bit SIMD extensions across three generations of
intel processors and includes a comparison with the ARM Cortex-A8
processor. Section~\ref{section:avx} examines the Intel's new 256-bit
AVX technology and comments on the benefits and challenges compared to
the 128-bit SSE instructions. Finally,
Section~\ref{section:multithread} looks at the multithreading of the
Parabix XML parser which seeks to exploit the SIMD units scattered
across multiple cores.
%One area in which both servers and mobile devices devote considerable
%computational effort into is in the processing of Extensible Markup
%Language (XML) documents. It was predicted that corporate servers
%would see a ``growth in XML traffic\ldots from 15\% [of overall
%network traffic] in 2004 to just under 48\% by 2008''
%\cite{coyle2005}. Further, ``from the point of view of server
%efficiency[,] XML\ldots is the closest thing there is to a ubiquitous
%computing workload'' \cite{leventhal2009}. In other words, XML is the
%quickly becoming the backbone of most server/server and client/server
%%information exchanges. Similarly, there is growing interest in the
%use of mobile web services for personalization, context-awareness, and
%content-adaptation of mobile web sites---most of which rely on XML
%\cite{canali2009}. Whether the end user realizes it or not, XML is
%part of their daily life.
%Why are XML parsers important ?
%Talk about XML parsers and what they do in general.
%Brief few lines about byte-at-time ?
%What's new with Parabix style approach ?
%Introduce Parabix1 and Parabix2 ?
%Present overall quantiative improvements compared to other parsers.
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$\rho=-\tfrac{1}{2}+\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{-3}=e^{2\pi i/3},$
|
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\input zb-basic
\input zb-matheduc
\iteman{ZMATH 2015e.00549}
\itemau{Greefrath, Gilbert; Siller, Hans-Stefan}
\itemti{The analytic eye. The concept of approximation in context with functional relationships. (Der analytische Blick. Die Idee der Approximation im Kontext des funktionalen Zusammenhangs.)}
\itemso{PM Prax. Math. Sch. 57, No. 62, 2-8 (2015).}
\itemab
Zusammenfassung: Im Mathematikunterricht spielen der ``analytische Blick" und die Idee der Approximation eine wichtige Rolle. Nicht nur in der Sekundarstufe II nimmt dieses Sachgebiet eine zentrale Rolle ein, sondern bereits in der Sekundarstufe I werden viele Inhalte der Analysis vorbereitet. Insbesondere an den Hochschulen werden diese Inhalte als besonders wichtig angesehen. Zentral ist dabei die Idee des Grenzwertes bzw. der Approximation, die im Mathematikunterricht bereits fr\"uh angelegt wird.
\itemrv{~}
\itemcc{F53 I24 I44 I54 N50}
\itemut{approximation; calculus; concept formation; propaedeutics; lower secondary; decimal fractions; convergent sequences; nested intervals; Heron's method; area of a circle; algorithms; functions; upper secondary; limits; derivatives; linear approximation; definite integrals; area; mathematical model building}
\itemli{}
\end
|
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| 812,848,322 | 4,435 |
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[affil-it]{authblk}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=false,pdfborder={0 0 0}}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
\errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\begin{document}
\title{Natrolite Paper: Optical and Raman Studies ~ ~ ~\\}
\author{Jacob Lord}
\affil{Affiliation not available}
\author{Steel Morss}
\affil{Affiliation not available}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
\textbf{Introduction}
Starting off with three types of Natrolite, Prismatic, Acicular and phillipsite, we studied these crystals under the microscope while attached to a spindle stage. We then recorded data from the spindle stage, these data recorded from the spindle stage we put into a program called excalibur.The same crystals we used for the spindle stage we used with the Raman Spectroscopy Unit and recorded that data. We attempted to see the differences between the crystals down to the structure level.
\textbf{Methods}:
Analysis of common Zeolites, Natrolite and Phillipsite from various locations, were performed using Spindel stage measurements of crystal extinction angle at every 10 degrees followed by 2V plotting on the ExcalibrW software. With the grains still mounted on the Spindel stage Raman spectroscopy was done on three of the localities to show either similarities or differences between localities.
\section{Raman Spectroscopy}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Natrolite-Figure-1/Natrolite-Figure-1}
\caption{{Fig.1. Raman Spectroscopy Unit data of Natrolite from New Zealand%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Hesse2/Hesse2}
\caption{{Fig.2. Raman spectrum of Phillipsite taken from Hesse Germany%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Rome/Rome}
\caption{{Fig.3. Raman spectrum of Phillipsite from Rome Italy%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\section{Microscope Spindle Data}
Below are figures depicting the data sets for both Natrolite and Phillipsite.
Spindel Stage Paper\cite{P_G__1982}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Nat-Crystal-2-sample-1/Nat-Crystal-2-sample-1}
\caption{{% this is a caption block of text. It appears as soon as you add a figure. You need to add a cross-ref for a figure number to appear.
\label{fig:figure_of_natrolite_extinction_curves} % the \label is the cross refernece label that you can reference later. use the "cite" button to reference figures
The Figure above represents the spindle stage data from the first Natrolite crystal which was the crystal with the prismatic structure.
% notice has this figure is now Fig 1, and the figure below has no figure label? just and the label code to the next figure and your done with that labeling too. The figure numbers will change automatically if you move the figures around.%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Nat-crystal-1/Nat-crystal-1}
\caption{{The Figure above, done by Co-Author Steel Morss, shows the Spindle Stage Data from the second Natorlite Crystal, which had the Acicular structure.%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/PhillipsiteGER1/PhillipsiteGER1}
\caption{{This figure was taken by Co-Author Jacob Lord after gathering data on the spindle stage for Phillipsite from Rome, Italy%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/phillipsite1/phillipsite1}
\caption{{This is the second data set acquired by Mr. Lord after examining Phillispite on a spindel stage. This Phillipsite locality was Hessen Germany.%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\textbf{Previous Works}
Lead water extraction from Phillipsite has been done and was evaluated by Dr. Pansini, Dr. Colella, Dr. De'Gennaro and Dr. Langella. In this experiment they attempted to use Phillipsite as a cation exchanger in the removal of lead from water. \cite{pansini1996evaluation}
% when you say ``Lead water extraction from Phillipsite'', you to mean that the lead was extracted from phillipsite, or that phillipsite was used to remove lead from water?
% Mineral names are not capitalized.
The Origin, distribution and diagenesis of Phillipsite and Clinoptilite were studied by Stonecipher \cite{stonecipher1976origin}. That study used data from deep sea drilling reports
%
% if you want to use long quotes, use the quote environment. see my modifcation to your quote below. You'll then need to move the reference outside the quoted text. But to be perfectly honest, the quote you have could easily be parapharsed instead of quoted directly. Scientists don't like to be quoted verbatim. Most find directly quotation offensive, and will feel like they are being attacked, even if you had no ill intension.
\begin{quote} % used to start the quote environment for longer quotes
The results indicate that Phillipsite is associated with argillaceous, volcanic, or siliceous sediments, low sedimentation rates, shallow depths in the sediment, and very young sediments. Its dissolution at depth indicates that it may be metastable in the marine environment.
\end{quote} % this ends the quote and resumes normal typesetting
% p.s., the use the the '%' allows you to make comments within the body of the text that will be ignored by \LaTeX upon saving
Apatite and phillipsite as sequestering agents for metals and radionuclides. This research was not only conducted in a lab but also a greenhouse, to test the absorption rate of radioactive contaminates by zeolites such as phillipsite as well as apatite. The study showed that phillipsite was more effective at absorption of aqueous Ba$^{2+}$ than apatite. The greenhouse study also showed that phillipsite and apatite can absorb contaminates in soil to help plant growth, although some essential nutrients were lost the research team felt that the plant growth itself was sufficient. \cite{knox2003apatite}
% this is how you use superscripts: $^{superscript stuff in here}$
% this is how you use subscripts: $_{subscript stuff in here}$
Natrolite is also susceptible to High Pressure and Superhydration, according to this study at the school of Chemisty in Birmingham, Alabama. The results for the tests were that the Natrolite cell initially decreased, however they suddenly increased as a paranatrolite crystal structure formed. \cite{colligan2005high}
Single crystals of Natrolite that are capped by Mesolite in cavities can be found in the Columbia River Basalt group near Clarkston, Washington. Chemical tests on both these crystals showed that they have near identical compositions. The summary of this article states that Natrolite can turn into Mesolite if the Petro-genetic conditions are right. They most likely change during crystal growth and certain minerals may hold the key, such as Calcite. \cite{gtinter1993composite}
Phillipsite has been found to have the same cationic sites and the same water molecule placement in an identical framework to Harmotome. Both mineralize in very similar systems and dimensions and the only difference noted is the replacement of K (Phillipsite) for Ba (Harmotome). \cite{rinaldi1974zeolites}
An analysis of powder x-ray diffraction across a plethora of Zeolites in the Natrolite family was conducted in search of expansion analysis under pressure. \cite{lee2002pressure}
Light scattering experiment done on Natrolite to figure out its singlecrystalelastic properties. Also done on Analcime. \cite{sanchez2005brillouin}
\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{bibliography/converted_to_latex.bib%
}
\end{document}
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%% $Id: zwpagelayout.tex 552 2022-04-18 09:39:07Z zw $
\input utf8-t1 % encTeX required
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{zwgetfdate}
\usepackage[footskip=30pt,topmargin=2cm,leftmargin=15mm,rightmargin=55mm,botmargin,nopdfinfo]{zwpagelayout}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lmodern,array,dcolumn,verbatim,graphicx}
\usepackage[figuresright]{rotating}
\usepackage[protrusion=false,expansion=true,stretch=8,shrink=24,step=4]{microtype}
\makeatletter
\renewcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{\z@}{1.5em}}
\makeatother
\extrarowheight 2pt
\mubytein 0 % important due to bug in url.sty
\usepackage[pdftitle=Page\ Layout\ with\ Crop\ Marks, pdfauthor=Zdenek\ Wagner,
pdfkeywords={page layout,\ crop marks},
bookmarks,bookmarksopen,bookmarksopenlevel=2]{hyperref}
\mubytein 1 \mubyteout 1 \mubytelog 1
\marginparwidth\UserRightMargin
\advance\marginparwidth -1cm
\advance\marginparwidth-\marginparsep
\def\mg#1{\ifvmode\leavevmode\fi\marginpar{\texttt{#1}}\ignorespaces}
\def\cmg#1{\mg{\char`\\#1}}
\def\omg#1{\ifvmode\leavevmode\fi\marginpar{\raggedright\hspace{0pt}\opt{#1}}\ignorespaces}
\def\opt#1{\texorpdfstring{\textmd{\textsc{#1}}}{#1}}
\let\pkg\textsc
\DeclareRobustCommand\cmd[1]{\texttt{\char`\\#1}}
\def\ie.{i.\,e.\@}
\def\eg.{e.\,g.\@}
\def\true{\bool{true}}
\def\false{\bool{false}}
\def\bool#1{\texorpdfstring{\textit{#1}}{#1}}
\def\is{\unskip\nobreak\space =\penalty200 \space\ignorespaces}
\DeclareRobustCommand\XeTeX{X\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{\csname
reflectbox\endcsname{E}}\kern-.1667em\TeX}
\DeclareRobustCommand\XeLaTeX{X\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{\csname
reflectbox\endcsname{E}}\LaTeX}
\makeatletter
\newcommand*\papdims[2][.]{\bgroup
\def\zw@papdim##1,##2\zw@{\sepunit{##1}#1\sepunit{##2}}%
\setkeys{zwpl}{#2}%
\expandafter\zw@papdim\zwpl@papersize\zw@\egroup}
\newcommand*\sepunit[2][\,]{\def\zw@a{}\def\zw@x{#1}\def\zw@y{}\def\zw@z{}\zw@sepunit#2\zw@}
\def\zw@sepunit#1{\ifx#1\zw@
\let\next\zw@sep@finished
\else
\edef\zw@a{\zw@a\zw@y}\edef\zw@y{\zw@z}\edef\zw@z{#1}\let\next\zw@sepunit
\fi \next}
\def\zw@sep@finished{\zw@a\zw@x\mbox{\zw@y\zw@z}}
\makeatother
\def\krat{\,\ensuremath{\times}\,}
\newcolumntype{x}{D{.}{\krat}{-1}}
\def\xx#{\multicolumn{1}{c|}}
\let\zwcomma\,
\def\,{\texorpdfstring{\zwcomma}{}}
\clubpenalty10000
\widowpenalty10000
\begin{document}
\hyphenation{post-script ghost-script allow-with-height-switching Output-Condition Output-Condition-Identifier}
\title{Page Layout with Crop Marks}
\author{Zdeněk Wagner\\\url{http://icebearsoft.euweb.cz}}
\date{Package date: \DateOfPackage{zwpagelayout}}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}\noindent
This package was developed as a typographers toolbox offering the most important features for
everyday work. First it allows setting the paper size as well as the page layout. The next
important feature is the ability of printing crop marks both with \TeX~+~dvips or (x)dvipdfm(x) and with pdf\TeX.
Finally it is possible to reflect pages both horizontally and vertically, select black overprint
and set various PDF/X features.
\end{abstract}
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
Users will probably ask: ``Why another page layout package? Is not \pkg{geometry} all what we
need?'' The answer to this question is not easy. The \pkg{geometry} package provides a lot of
features, maybe even too many features. However, some features are missing. Packages for crop marks
can also be found but correct positioning of the crop marks requires cooperation with the
page layout package. It is therefore natural to integrate both these functions into a single
package.
The package is useful also for preparation of book covers. It places the marks showing the position
of a spine and optionally flaps. If you want to see whether the spine and the front and back cover
contents are properly aligned, you can display the frames. Moreover, it is often necessary to
create a proof of the cover while the book is not yet finished and the thickness of the spine is
not known and can be only approximated. You can thus leave the paper width empty and the package
will calculate it from the page width, the flap width and the spine thickness. Whenever the final
value of the spine thickness is known, you change it in the list of options and the whole layout
will adapt automatically.
The files usually fail to meet PDF/X conformance due to silly reasons. It is always mandatory to
set the title, creation date and modification date in any PDF file. It can be done by the
\pkg{hyperref} package. However, \pkg{hyperref} is a complex package that may cause clashes with
other packages. We do not want to kill ants by cannon balls, therefore we do simple things by simple
means. Options for partial PDF/X conformance were added but may be switched off if a user wishes to
use \pkg{hyperref}.
The package is a result of a long-term development inspired by author's everyday needs. It is a
collection of macros that were manually copied from document to document, later placed into private
packages and finally it matured into a package prepared for general use.
Being a result of development it may happen that you may be in the same situation in which I was
myself. The book was finished and the last task was to add the crop marks. Removing layout
definition from a document and replacing it with a different package may cause errors and one more
proof-reading is time consuming and expensive. This package therefore allows the page layout logic
to be switched off and just add the crop marks provided the paper dimensions are correctly
supplied. The details will be explained later when describing the package options.
\section{Installation}\label{installation}
The package consists of a single file, \texttt{zwpagelayout.sty}. Put it to a directory where
\LaTeX\ expects packages, preferably \texttt{texmf-dist/tex/latex/zwpagelayout}. All remaining
files belong to the documentation, put them to a directory where documentation (including
documentation sources) is expected by \pkg{texdoc} or a similar program, preferably
\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/zwpagelayout}.
\section{Package dependence}
As written in the introduction, the goal was to implement as much within this single package in
order to reduce the risk of clashes. Yet a few packages may be loaded. The package needs to know
what engine is being used. For this purpose the \pkg{iftex} package\footnote{Up to version 1.4c
both \pkg{ifxetex} and \pkg{ifpdf} were used. Nowadays both these packages are deprecated and load
\pkg{iftex}. The package would fail with a critical error if they were used.} is used. If
the package is not found, it is assumed that the engines are not available.
No error is reported. The color support requires the \pkg{color} package. It is loaded only if the
color support is requested. The algorithm for deciding when the package is needed will be described
in detail in section~\ref{color}.
Option setting is implemented via the \pkg{kvoptions} package which in turn loads the \pkg{keyval}
package. These packages should be available in any nowaday's \TeX\ distribution.
\section{Usage}
The package is loaded simply by:
\vb
\verb;\usepackage[;$\langle$options$\rangle$\verb;]{zwpagelayout};
\vb\noindent
Remember that the options cannot be given later, all of them must be present either here or as
options to the \cmd{documentclass} command. The package will set some dimensions based upon
\cmd{normalsize}. The package that modifies font sizes must therefore be loaded before
\pkg{zwpagelayout}.
\section{Option values}
Some options accept a value. If the option is not specified, it may have a \textbf{default} value. For ease of use an
option may be given without a value. It will then have a \textbf{standard} value. The default and standard
values will be given in the option description.
The option value may sometimes contain spaces and commas. However, commas are used to separate
options, and during parsing the spaces are ignored. The spaces must therefore be preceded by a
backslash and an option value containing commas must be enclosed in braces, for example:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[a4,subject=Some\ subject,
keywords={keyword\ 1,\ keyword\ 2}]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\section{Driver selection}\label{driver.selection}
The driver is usually selected automatically. The package makes use of the \pkg{ifxetex} and
\pkg{ifpdf} packages to detect either \XeTeX\ or pdftex. If none of them is detected, dvips is
assumed.
\omg{driver}
It may sometimes be necessary to set the driver manually by giving the \opt{driver} option. This
option recognizes drivers \texttt{unknown}, \texttt{pdftex}, \texttt{xetex}, and \texttt{dvips}. In
addition \texttt{other} is an alias to \texttt{unknown}, \texttt{dvipdfm} and \texttt{xdvipdfmx}
are aliases to \texttt{xetex}.
The package shows the driver in the log file. If the driver is set to \texttt{unknown}, all driver
specific features will be disabled.
\section{Paper size and orientation}
The first task of the package is to define paper size and orientation. Remember that the package is
intended for use in real life where we cannot be limitted to standard papers sizes. However, the
standard paper sizes are used quite often and we must be able to use them too. The options were
tested with pdf\TeX, \pkg{dvips} as well as \pkg{(x)dvipdfm(x)}.
\subsection{Orientation}\label{orientation}
\omg{AllowWidthHeightSwitching}
The package usually accepts the dimentsions as they are, \ie. width and height of the page. The
orientation cannot be changed. If you wish to have the possibility to change the orientation, you
have to use this option. It is used automatically with all standard paper sizes (see
section~\ref{standard}). You will rarely specify it yourself.
\omg{Portrait}\omg{Landscape}
These options sets the paper orientation, \opt{Portrait} is the default. They can be used only if
\opt{AllowWidthHeightSwitching} was specified, otherwise they are ignored.
\subsection{Paper size}
The package option defines the trimmed paper size. If the crop marks are added, the real paper size
will be added. Dimensions \cmd{paperwidth} and \cmd{paperheight} will thus contain the values that
will subsequently be sent to the driver. If you for any reason wish to know the trimmed dimensions,
you can calculate them as follows:
\begin{center}
trimmed width = \cmd{paperwidth} -- 2\cmd{hoffset}
trimmed height = \cmd{paperheight} -- 2\cmd{voffset}
\end{center}
\subsubsection{Generic paper size}
\omg{papersize}
Option \opt{papersize} is used to define arbitrary paper size. You define it as a pair of two
dimensions, the width and the height. The numbers are separated by a comma, therefore the
specification must be enclosed within braces, \eg.
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[papersize={200mm,100mm}]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
The above written command sets the paper width to 200\,mm and the paper height to 100\,mm, \ie. the
paper orientation will be landscape. Now consider the following:
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[papersize={200mm,100mm},
AllowWidthHeightSwitching]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
Since the width/height switching is allowed and the default orientation is portrait (option
\opt{Portrait} is the default), the width will be 100\,mm and the height will be 200\,mm.
You can achieve the same result as the first command by the lengthy code:
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[papersize={200mm,100mm},
AllowWidthHeightSwitching,Landscape]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
You see that the command may become confusing. You should better not use
\opt{AllowWidthHeightSwitching} together with \opt{papersize}.
If the \opt{papersize} option is not used, it defaults to the A4 size, \ie. to paper dimensions \papdims[\krat]{a4}.
If the book cover is being typeset, we want to calculate at least the width. The detailed
explanation will be given in section~\ref{missing}. Here we put just as an example:
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[papersize={,200mm},spine=15mm,textwidth=14cm,
margins]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
It is even possible to calculate both dimensions using \eg.
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[papersize,spine=15mm,textwidth=14cm,textheight=20cm,
margins]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\subsubsection{Standard paper sizes}\label{standard}
\omg{a0\,\ldots\,c10}\omg{executive}\omg{legal}\omg{letter}
Options \opt{a0}\ldots\opt{a10}, \opt{b0}\ldots\opt{b10}, \opt{c0}\ldots\opt{c10} are used to
select paper size according to the A, B or C series where the dimensions are rounded to integers in
milimeters. For instance, the A6 size is \papdims[\krat]{a6}. The package also supports paper sizes
\opt{executive} (\papdims[\krat]{executive}), \opt{legal} (\papdims[\krat]{legal}), and
\opt{letter} (\papdims[\krat]{letter}). If one of these options is used,
\opt{AllowWidthHeightSwitching} and \opt{Portrait} are assumed. The page orientation may be
switched by option \opt{Landscape} (see section~\ref{orientation}).
\subsection{Page bounding boxes}\label{Bboxes}
The drivers usually set MediaBox to the physical size of the page. If cropmarks are requested (see
section~\ref{cropmarks}), the package sets also BleedBox and TrimBox, ArtBox is explicitely
forbidden by PDF/X. CropBox is
intentionally unset since it causes cropped display in Adobe Reader. Since page size setting is
delayed, MediaBox contains the whole page including the area for the cropmarks. MediaBox is
calculated by the driver, the other boxes are calculated by \TeX. Their dimensions are therefore
not exact because \TeX\ does not use floating point arithmetic. The difference is negligible.
\omg{noBboxes}
Option \opt{noBboxes} disables setting the above mentioned boxes. Currently there is a known bug
causing fatal error in Adobe Distiller if these boxes are set.
\cmg{noBboxes}
Macro \cmd{noBboxes} performs exactly the same action as the \opt{noBboxes} option. The only
advantage is that it can be used later in the preamble of the document. It cannot be used after
\verb.\begin{document}. because the boxes are already set at that time.
\section{Page layout options}
These options define the layout of the odd page. The layout of the even page is assumed to be a mirror image.
The values of \cmd{oddsidemargin} and \cmd{evensidemargin} are calculated from the values of the options.
\subsection{Margins}
This set of options us used to define margin sizes.
Remember that all margins are measured from the top left corner of the paper, not from 1in border which is
the \textsc{dvi} origin!
\subsubsection{Option \opt{margins}, standard 0\,mm}
\omg{margins}
This option sets all margins (top, left, right, bottom) to the specified size. You will not be able to change
some of the margin to another size. If you need different size for any margin, you have to set all of them
separately and not use this option. Notice that almost everything may be calculated automatically, thus it is
not necessary to specify all values.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{topmargin}, default 1\,in}
\omg{topmargin}
This option sets the value of \cmd{topmargin}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{botmargin}, standard \opt{topmargin}}
\omg{botmargin}
This option specifies the size of the margin below the running footer.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{leftmargin}, default --1\,in}
\omg{leftmargin}
This option sets the value of the margin at the left side of an odd page (and the margin at the right side of
an even page). Negative value means that the value was not given.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{rightmargin}, default --1\,in}
\omg{rightmargin}
This is the size of the right side of an odd page. Similarly the negative value means that the option was not
specified.
\subsection{Text dimensions}
The following options are used to specify the height and width of the text.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{textwidth}, default --1\,in}
\omg{textwidth}
This option specifies the width of the text without marginal notes. Its meaning is different for
book covers. The option specifies the width of the cover without the extra spine (\opt{xspine}),
flap (\opt{flap}) and trimming (\opt{xtrim} or \opt{trim}).
\subsubsection{Option \opt{textheight}, default --1\,in}
\omg{textheight}
This option specifies the total height of the text including the header and footer.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{headheight}, default 0\,mm}
\omg{headheight}
This option specifies the height of the running head.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{headsep}, default 0\,mm}
\omg{headsep}
This is the value of \cmd{headsep}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{footskip}, default 0\,mm}
\omg{footskip}
This option specifies the value of \cmd{footskip}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{topskip}\texorpdfstring{, default \cmd{topskip}}{}}
\omg{topskip}
This option enables changing the value of \cmd{topskip}. It is rarely needed. However, the value of
\cmd{topskip} is usually less than \cmd{baselineskip} which may cause problems in some page layout schemes.
Since we have already written that font sizes must be defined before \pkg{zwpagelayout} is loaded, you can
safely specify \verb;topskip=\baselineskip;.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{strictheight}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{strictheight}
The value of the \LaTeX\ dimension \cmd{textheight} is calculated from the values of the options and later
adjusted so that together with \cmd{topskip} it represents an integer number of lines. This may not be
desirable in some cases. This option instructs the package not to perform any adjustment and accept the
calculated value.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{adjustfootskip}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{adjustfootskip}
If option \opt{strictheight} is not given, the calculated value of \cmd{textheight} is decreased to the nearest
integer multiple of \cmd{baselineskip}. The difference is then added to \cmd{footskip} in order to preserve to
total height. If \opt{adjustfootskip} is set to \false, the difference is added to \cmd{headsep} instead.
\begin{figure}[bt]
\noindent
\includegraphics{adjustfoot}\hfill
\includegraphics{adjusthead}
\vb
\caption{Compensation of \cmd{textheight} by changing \cmd{footskip} (on the left) and
\cmd{headsep} (on the right)}\label{adj}
\end{figure}
The difference betweem these two options is shown in figure~\ref{adj}. Adjustment of \cmd{footskip}
was achieved by:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[c8,margins=6mm,headheight=4mm,headsep=4mm,
croplength=3mm,cropgap=2mm,
cropmarks,cropframe,croptitle=Adjust\ footskip]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\vb \noindent
The sample on te right side of the figure was created by:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[c8,margins=6mm,headheight=4mm,headsep=4mm,adjustheadsep,
croplength=3mm,cropgap=2mm,
cropmarks,cropframe,croptitle=Adjust\ headsep]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\subsubsection{Option \opt{adjustheadsep}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{adjustheadsep}
This is a complementary option to \opt{adjustfootskip}.
\section{Calculation of missing dimensions}\label{missing}
The package can either calculate paper size from the page layout dimensions or calculate missing
page layout dimensions if the paper size and some dimensions are known. It operates separately for
the height and width. You can \eg. define the paper height and calculate the text height from it
and the margins but specify all width layout dimensions and calculate the paper width.
When designing simple pages it is better to define the paper size and calculate some page layout
dimensions. However, for bok covers it is recommended to calculate at least the paper width from
the layout dimensions of the front cover, the spine and the flap width.
\subsection{Calculation of the paper size}
Remember that paper size can be calculated only if all page layout dimensions for the corresponding
orientation (height, width) are specified. There is no diagnostics for warning you if some
important options are missing, the resukt will just be wrong or the package may even report an
error. All dimensions are considered \emph{without} the area for the crop marks.
\subsubsection{Paper height}
Calculation of the paper height is very simple. The formula is:
\vb
\cmd{paperheight} = \opt{topmargin} + \opt{textheight} + \opt{botmargin} + 2 \opt{ytrim}
\vb \noindent
Remember that \opt{textheight} includes also \cmd{headheight}, \cmd{headsep}, and \cmd{footskip}.
It is not necessary to specify \opt{ytrim}, the package checks the existence of this option and
removes it from the formula if not given.
\subsubsection{Paper width}
Algorithm for calculating the paper width differs for simple pages and book covers. In the simple
case the paper width is calculated as follows:
\vb
\cmd{paperwidth} = \opt{leftmargin} + \opt{textwidth} + \opt{rightmargin}
\vb \noindent
The value of \cmd{textwidth} will be equal to \opt{textwidth}. The same value will be stored in
macro \cmd{UserWidth}, see section~\ref{crop.macros}.
If the book cover is designed, the \opt{textwidth} option refers to the width of the text at the
front cover but \opt{leftmargin} and \opt{rightmargin} are used to set \cmd{oddsidemargin} and
\cmd{evensidemargin}. It is therefore better to set these options to zero, or alternatively to the
same value as \opt{flap} or \opt{xtrim} if the corresponding area will be left empty. The value of
\cmd{textwidth} will then be calculated from the final paper width by:
\vb
\cmd{textwidth} = \cmd{paperwidth} -- \opt{leftmargin} -- \opt{rightmargin}
\vb
If the \opt{flap} option is used without the \opt{spine} option in order to emulate the front cover
and spine with an empty back cover, the paper width is calculated as:
\vb
\cmd{paperwidth} = \opt{leftmargin} + \opt{flap} + \opt{textwidth} + \opt{xtrim} +
\opt{rightmargin}
\vb \noindent
The value of \opt{xtrim} may be omitted. The value of \opt{xspine} will be silently ignored. It is
not allowed to have just the spine, the front cover and the flap while leaqving the back cover
empty.
The case of a book cover with the spine given is a bit more complicated:
\vb
\textit{width} = \opt{xspine} + \opt{textwidth} + \opt{flap} + \opt{xtrim}
\cmd{paperwidth} = \opt{leftmargin} + \opt{spine} + 2 \textit{width} + \opt{rightmargin}
\vb \noindent
Options \opt{xspine}, \opt{flap}, and \opt{xtrim} need not be specified if these elements are not
needed.
\subsection{Calculation of page layout dimensions}\label{calc.pg.layout}
Algorithm for calculating the page layout dimensions is intended for simple pages, not for book
covers. Options \opt{xtrim}, \opt{ytrim}, \opt{spine}, \opt{xspine}, and \opt{flap} are silently
ignored but will be taken into account when producing the crop marks. You can still make use of
this algorithm if you understand what you are doing and if you wish to do extra calculations
yourself.
The dimensions may be overdetermined. In such a case the algorithm disregards one of the dimensions
and calculates it.
\subsubsection{Vertical dimensions}\label{vert.dim}
The algorithm first looks whether \opt{textheight} was given. If not it is assumed that the user
wishes to have it calculated from the paper height and the margins. If the \opt{botmargin} option was
not set, it will be set to the same valu as \opt{topmargin}.
In the second step the package looks whether \opt{botmargin} is defined, either by the user or from
the previous step. If so, the text height is calculated, otherwise the bottom margin is calculated
from the top margin and the text height. As a matter of fact, the bottom margin is never used by
\TeX.
Finally the value of \cmd{textwidth} is reduced by \cmd{headheight}, \cmd{headsep}, and
\cmd{footskip}. If \opt{strictheight} is \cmd{false}, the values are later adjusted according to
options \opt{adjustfootskip} and \opt{adjustheadsep} so that \cmd{textheight} -- \cmd{topskip} is
an integer multiple of \cmd{baselineskip}.
\subsubsection{Horizontal dimensions}
The sum of the horizontal dimensions must be equal to the paper width according to the relation:
\vb
\opt{leftmargin} + \opt{textwidth} + \opt{rightmargin} = \cmd{paperwidth}
\vb \noindent
If all three dimensions are specified, \opt{textwidth} is disregarded and calculated from the other
dimensions. If any two dimensions are given, the missing one is calculated from the above formula.
If only one dimension is given, it is assumed that both margins have the same size and the above
formula is applied. It is even possible to omit all dimensions. In such a case the margins are
assumed to have the same size as \opt{topmargin} and the text width can thus be calculated.
\section{Page reflection}\label{reflection}
\omg{Reflect\-Horizontally}
\omg{ReflectVertically}
We sometimes need to print the whole document as a mirror image. Although there are external tools
that can provide such a job taking PDF or PS as input, it is useful to do everything in a single
step. The package provides options \opt{ReflectHorizontally} for horizontal reflection and
\opt{ReflectVertically} for vertical reflection, respectively. If you specify both, some drivers
may interpret both of them and print rotated 180$^{\circ}$, some interpret only one of them.
The PostScript to PDF converters optionally rotate pages according to the text direction. They may
be confused by reflected text and add undesired rotation. If the horizontally reflected text is
roteted 180$^{\circ}$, it looks as if it were reflected vertically instead.
Remember that these options are intended for printing only.
The hypertext links made by the \pkg{hyperref} package will be wrong. If you wish to rotate parts
of texts and preserve hyperlinks, use \pkg{rotating} instead.
A word of warning has to be said. In \texttt{pdftex} reflection is implemented by redefininng
\cmd{shipout}. We add PDF literal code to the beginning of each page. For \texttt{dvips} we add
code to the \texttt{bop-hook}. If you need your own code in the \texttt{bop-hook}, you have to
store the old definition and execute it. For \texttt{xetex} we add code to \texttt{bop} and
\texttt{eop}. It seems that only one \texttt{bop} and one \texttt{eop} can be used. That is why the
page is reflected vertically if both options are used. As a result you are not allowed to use your
own \texttt{bop} and \texttt{eop} code together with these options.
\section{Crop marks}\label{cropmarks}
The crop marks must appear outside the print area. The package assumes that \cmd{paperheight} and
\cmd{paperwidth} contain the page size after trimming. These dimensions will then be increased and the page
will be shifted by setting \cmd{hoffset} and \cmd{voffset}. If you wish to print the crop marks using
\opt{zwpagelayout}, you must not change values of \cmd{hoffset} and \cmd{voffset}.
The values of \cmd{hoffset} and \cmd{voffset} will be set to the sum of \opt{croplength} and \opt{cropgap}, see the following
text.
\subsection{Basic crop marks options}
Options described in this section define basic behaviour of the crop marks. The options can be used
in all crop mark styles.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{onlycropmarks}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{onlycropmarks}
It may happen that a document is already finished and proof-read and just the crop marks have to be added.
By specifying option \opt{onlycropmarks} you instruct the package to ignore all page layout options and
interpret the crop marks options only. You just have to ensure that \cmd{paperheight} and \cmd{paperwidth} are
set to the dimensions of the trimmed page before the \pkg{zwpagelayout} package is loaded and \cmd{hoffset} and
\cmd{voffset} are left at their default values.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropmarks}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{cropmarks}
This option asks for creation of the crop marks.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{nocropmarks}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{nocropmarks}
This is a complementary option to \opt{cropmarks}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{croplength}, default 5\,mm}
\omg{croplength}
This option specifies the length of the crop mark.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropgap}, default 5\,mm}
\omg{cropgap}
This is the space that must be left blank between the crop marks and the trimmed page. This area is
also known as bleed.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropframe}, default \false, standard \true}\label{cropframe}
\omg{cropframe}
When designing a book cover we often wish to verify whether all elements are properly aligned.
Option \opt{cropframe} can be used to print the frames. It is active only if \opt{cropmarks} was
specified.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{nocropframe}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{nocropframe}
This is a complementary option to \opt{cropframe}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropstyle}}\label{cropstyle}
\omg{cropstyle}
This option selects the style of the crop marks. Two styles are defined, \textit{default} and
\textit{leaflet}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{croptitle}}
\omg{croptitle}
This option defines the text that should be printed on each page. It may \eg. be the title of the
document. Remember that all spaces are gobbled when parsing the options. The spaces must therefore
be specified as \verb*;\ ; or the text must be enclosed in curly braces.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropseparator}}
\omg{cropseparator}
This is the separator between the title and the page number. Its default value is \verb;:\quad;.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{pagenumberfirst}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{pagenumberfirst}
Each page contains the title followed by the separator and the page number. If you set this
option to \true, the order will be reversed.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{pagenumberlast}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{pagenumberlast}
This is a complementary option to \opt{pagenumberfirst}.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{usepagenumbers}, default \true, standard \true}
\omg{usepagenumbers}
This option requests printing the page numbers.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{nopagenumbers}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{nopagenumbers}
This is a complementary option to \opt{usepagenumbers}.
\iffalse
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropfontsize}}
\omg{cropfontsize}
This option defines the font size command issued just before the title and page number are printed.
The default command is \verb;\fontsize{10}{10};.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{cropfont}}
\omg{cropfont}
This option contains the command to select a font for the title and the page number. The default
command is \cmd{normalfont}.
\fi
\subsubsection{Option \opt{nobleedclip}, default \false, standard \true}
\omg{nobleedclip}
The pages are clipped to the bleed box so that graphics does not collide with the crop marks. Since
the package must work also with \pkg{dvips}, the PDF operators are not used and the crop marks area
outside the bleed box is just overpainted with white rectangles. The \pkg{color} package is thus
required and will be loaded automatically. If you set \opt{nobleedclip} to \true, the pages will
not be clipped. It may be useful if you know that nothing extends to the crop marks area and the
\pkg{color} package may clash with other packages required by your document.
\subsection{Options for the \textit{default} style}
These options can be used if \opt{cropstyle} is set to \textit{default} or omitted.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{spine}}
\omg{spine}
This option is used for designing book covers. It specifies the width of the book spine. You can
even request a zero width but negative values will have disastrous results.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{xspine}}
\omg{xspine}
This option defines the extra space adjacent to the spine so that the book can be safely opened.
This space should not be used for printing logos etc., because they will soon be damaged by
frequent use of the book. The option is ignored unless \opt{spine} is used.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{flap}}
\omg{flap}
This is another option for book covers. It specifies the width of the flap. If \opt{spine} is
given, the book cover is supposed to have flaps of equal sizes on both sides. Sometimes you do not
have flaps and the back cover remains empty, thus you do not like to prepare the design of it, you
just wish to design the spine and the front cover. This can be acheved by specifying \opt{flap} as
the spine thickness and omitting \opt{spine}.
\subsubsection{Options \opt{trim}, \opt{xtrim}, \opt{ytrim}}
\omg{trim}\omg{xtrim}\omg{ytrim}
The paper or canvas used for printing the book covers is folded to the inner side yet part of it
will be visible. Such part is specified by \opt{xtrim} in horizontal direction and \opt{ytrim} in
vertical direction. You can use \opt{trim} to set both of them to the same value.
\subsection{Options for the \textit{leaflet} style}\label{cropstyle.leaflet}
The following options can be used if \opt{cropstyle} is defined as \textit{leaflet}. As the value
says, the style is useful for leaflet production because in addtion to the crop marks additional
marks for folding. Not all options can be used with all fold types. It will be described in greater
detail in the following text.
The leaflets are usually printed on both sides and sometimes one of the leaves needs width
correction as will be explained later. The macros will apply the correction the one side on odd
pages and on the other side on even pages. This can only happen if the \opt{twoside} class option
is given or a class is used where two-side printing is the default. Usually the leaflet will
consist of two pages only but no check is made.
The \opt{cropframe} option (see~\ref{cropframe}) can also be used for previewing the leaflet
layout.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{leafcount}, default 4}
\omg{leafcount}
This option defines the number of leaves to be used in the Z-type. It is silently ignored with
other fold types. Internally other fold types overwrite it with the value they need in the macros.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{foldcorr}, default 0mm}
\omg{foldcorr}
As default all leaves have equal width. However, from technical or stylistic reasons the letmost or
righmost leaf requires a different width. This can be achieved by this option. The value specifies
an additional horizontal skip that is applied when printing the crop/fold marks and the optional
frames.
The width of the leaves is equal because it is achieved by \cmd{hfil}. If you specify
\verb.foldcorr=-2mm., the corrected leaf will be 2\,mm narower that the others. Since there is
\textit{1fil} in the width specification of the leaves, you can achieve nice tricks be specifying
\verb.foldcorr=5cm plus -1fil.. In such a case the \textit{1fil} in the corrected leaf will vanish
and its width will be 5\,cm.
Width corrections are not allowed in the \textit{Z} and \textit{4} types and the option value is
ignored. The details of the \opt{foldcorr} will be given in the next section.
\subsubsection{Option \opt{fold}, default 2}
\omg{fold}
This option selects a fold type used with the leaflet. Supported options are \textit{2},
\textit{3left}, \textit{3right}, \textit{4}, \textit{Z}. Their exact meaning is described below.
\begin{description}
\item[2] This option is used for singly folded leaflet. Usually the leaves will have different
widths. The width of the left leaf is modified by the \opt{foldcorr} option.
\item[3left] This option defines a leaflet with three leaves folded inside. For technical reasons
the leaf folded inside must be slightly narrower. Typically this is the leftmost leaf. The leaf can
be made narrower by applying \opt{foldcorr}.
\item[3right] This is essentially the same as the previous option with the only difference that the
\opt{foldcorr} correction is applied to the rightmost leaf.
\item[Z] This option is used for Z-folded leaflets. The number of leaves is defined by the
\opt{leafcount} option and with correction is not allowed.
\item[4] This type of leaflet looks as the Z-type but without a fold in the middle. It can be
viewed as a middle leaf of double width and the outer leaves are folded so that they touch each
other. The middle crop mark is therefore missing because there is no fold there but a line will be
drawn if the \opt{cropframe} option is requested.
\end{description}
As a final remark it is important to write that the width correction is applied as explained above
on the odd pages. The correction of the same size is applied to the opposite side of the leaflet on
even pages.
\section{Color support}\label{color}
The package offers basic color support, namely it prints the names of separations. The
color support is implemented via a few options. Color printing is performed using the \pkg{color}
package that is loaded automatically. The package does not use predefined color names.
The package recognizes the \pkg{color} package by existence of the \cmd{definecolor} macro. If this
macro is not defined, the \pkg{color} package will be added if:
\begin{itemize}
\item option \opt{color} is \true
\item option \opt{nobleedclip} is \false\ and \opt{cropmarks} is \true
\item option \opt{redefineblack} is \true
\item option \opt{redefinetocmyk} is \true
\item option \opt{overprint} is \true
\end{itemize}
If none of the above applies, the color support is not needed and the package will not be loaded.
If the \pkg{color} package is being loaded, no options are given to it. Especially the driver
selected by the \opt{driver} option (see section~\ref{driver.selection}) is not set. If you must
specify any option for the \pkg{color} package, you have to load it yourself before loading
\pkg{zwpagelayout}.
\subsection{Color support for cropmarks}
\omg{color}
Option \opt{color} asks for the color support. Without setting this option to \true\ all other
color options are silently ignored.
\omg{colormodel}
Option \opt{colormodel} defines the color model used. Its default value is \texttt{cmyk}. You will
rarely need to change it.
\omg{cropcolor}
Option \opt{cropcolor} specifies the color to be used for the crop marks. Remember that the crop
marks must be visible on all separations, thus it might not be sufficient to print them in black.
As default their color is mixed of 100\,\% of all components of the current color model. Since the
default model is \texttt{cmyk}, the default value of this option is \verb;{1,1,1,1};. Notice that the
syntax conforms to the requirements of the \pkg{color} package.
\omg{colors}\label{colors}
Option \opt{colors} assigns names to the color components of the current model. Specification of
each color must be enclosed in curly brackets. The color name is followed by a colon and comma
separated values conforming to the syntax of the \pkg{color} package. It will be clear from the
following examples.
Suppose that for some strange reason you prepare the document in the RGB space. Your specification
will then be:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[cropmarks,color,colormodel=rgb,cropcolor={1,1,1},
colors={{RED:1,0,0},{GREEN:0,1,0},{BLUE:0,0,1}},
croptitle=RGB\ example]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\vb
Now we show a more realistic example. The document should be printed in custom colors. Since the
true specification of custom colors requires much work and is rarely worth the trouble, we make use
of the CMYK model. We will use cyan instead of Pantone 298 (blue), magenta instead of Pantone 213
(red), black will remain black and the yellow separation will be unused. The crop marks should not
produce anything on the yellow separation and we should provide proper color names. The
specification will therefore look as:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[cropmarks,color,cropcolor={1,1,0,1},
colors={{Pantone\ 298\ (blue):1,0,0,0},
{Pantone\ 213\ (red):0,1,0,0},{Black:0,0,0,1}},
croptitle=Example\ with\ custom\ colors]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\vb
Notice that the \opt{colormodel} option was not specified. Its default value was used. The
\opt{cropcolor} option left zero for the yellow separation.
If a color is light as e.\,g. the process yellow, it may be better to display its name in white on
a colored background. This is achieved by preceding the color name with an asterisk. This is now
the default behaviour for the yellow color. The default definition is:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
colors={{CYAN:1,0,0,0},{MAGENTA:0,1,0,0},{*YELLOW:0,0,1,0},{BLACK:0,0,0,1}}
\end{verbatim}
\vb
\subsection{CMYK colors}\label{cmykcolors}
\mg{cmykblack}\mg{cmykread}\mg{cmykgreen}\mg{cmykblue}
The \pkg{color} package defines \textit{black} using the GRAY model and colors \textit{red},
\textit{green}, \textit{blue} by the RGB model. The GRAY model rarely causes any problem but the
RGB model is not acceptable for printing. The \opt{zwpagelayout} package therefore defines the
corresponding colors using the CMYK model. Different names are selected so that there is no clash
in case you really need these colors in RGB.
\subsection{Overprinting support, default \false, standard \true}\label{overprinting}
\omg{overprint}
The overprinting support must be requested by the \opt{overprint} option. If the option remains
\false, the overprinting commands will be defined but will do nothing. Remember that you can
overprint any color, not just black. You thus should not enable overprinting globally. The mode is
therefore set to \textit{knockout} within the package.
\cmg{OverprintXeTeXExtGState}
Overprint is implemented in all supported drivers. However, there is a minor problem with the
(x)dvipdfm(x) family of drivers. The definition of the graphic state must be present in the
resources of each page where overprinting is used. The (x)dvipdfm(x) drivers do not do it
automatically, it has to be done by the \cmd{OverprintXeTeXExtGState} macro. Since the cropmarks
switch overprint off, they require the definition of the graphic state and the macro is always
invoked from the running head. This requirement is thus a minor problem. The user usually does not
care whether overprint is enabled for preview and proof-reading. The final document will have
cropmarks and thus overprint will be enabled.
\cmg{SetOverprint}\cmg{SetKnockout}
These macros change the mode to \textit{overprint} or \textit{knockout}, respectively. They act as
declarative macros, similarly as \eg. \cmd{itshape}. You have to use them within a group. The
macros are intended to be used for changing the mode for a longer part of text. Due to the way how
environments are handled in \LaTeX, it is also possible to write:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{SetOverprint}
Some long text to be overprinted...
\end{SetOverprint}
\end{verbatim}
\vb
\cmg{textoverprint}\cmg{textknockout}
If a short part of text should be printed in a different mode, one-argument macros
\cmd{textoverprint} and \cmd{textknockout} can be used. They act similarly as the \cmd{textit}
macro.
\omg{redefineblack}
Overprinting works only if both the background and forground colors are in the CMYK model. However,
the \textit{black} color, which is most often overprinted, is defined in the GRAY model as default.
This package defines the \texttt{cmykblack} color that may be used for this purpose. In addition if
\opt{redefineblack} is set to \true, the standard \textit{black} color will be redefined in CMYK.
\omg{redefinetocmyk}
Although \textit{red}, \textit{green}, \textit{blue} will rarely be used for overprinting (maybe
just as a background), option \opt{redefinetocmyk} requests redefinition of these colors to CMYK.
The \textit{black} color will be redefined as well.
\vb
\textbf{Important note:} the (x)dvipdfm(x) drivers may switch to the gray colour model after
\cmd{textcolor} even if redefinition of black or even all colours to CMYK was requested. If black
overprint does not work, insert explicit \verb;\color{cmykblack};. This trick is not needed with
pdf\TeX\ or dvips.
\vb
\mg{grblack}\mg{rgbred}\mg{rgbgreen}\mg{rgbblue}
If the colors are redefined to CMYK, the original definitions are not available. Although you
redefine them due to a printing process where the RGB colors are undesirable, you can sometimes
need them. For this purpose \textit{grblack}, \textit{rgbred}, \textit{rgbgreen}, \textit{rgbblue}
colors are always available.
\section{PDF information}\label{pdfinfo}
The package writes the basic information that is required by PDF/X even if PDF/X conformace is not
requested. The basic pieces of information are \texttt{CreationDate} and \texttt{ModDate}.
Implementation is driver dependent and some information is supplied by the driver itself. Thus
\texttt{pdftex} inserts both, (x)dvipdfm(x) (\XeTeX) adds \texttt{CreationDate} only, dvips adds
none. The missing information is supplied by this package based on \cmd{date} and \cmd{time}. The
next subsections will explain how other fields can be defined and how they can be disabled if
needed.
\subsection{PDF title}\label{pdftitle}
\omg{title}
The \opt{title} option is used to set the title field. The default is to take the contents of the
\opt{croptitle} option even if the cropmarks are switched off. If \opt{croptitle} is empty,
\cmd{jobname} is used. If you specify this option without a value, it has a special meaning of
suppressing creation of PDF information field. Since this is not mnemonic, there is a
\opt{nopdfinfo} option with the same effect, see subsection~\ref{nopdfinfo}.
\subsection{PDF author}
\omg{author}
The \opt{author} option sets the author of the document. The field is not required by PDF/X,
therefore it has no default value.
\subsection{PDF subject}
\omg{subject}
The \opt{subject} option defines the subject of the document.
\subsection{PDF keywords}
\omg{keywords}
The \opt{keywords} option is used to set the list of keywords. Usually the keywords will be given
as a comma separated list. They must therefore be enclosed in braces.
\subsection{Option \opt{nopdfinfo}}\label{nopdfinfo}
\omg{nopdfinfo}
The above mentioned fields may also be set in the PDF file by the \pkg{hyperref} package. If
\pkg{hyperref} is used, it may not be desirable if \pkg{zwpagelayout} wrote the PDF information. If
you specify \opt{nopdfinfo} in the list of options, setting all above mentined information (including
\texttt{ModDate}) will be disabled. This option is not boolean, it just erases the contents of the
\opt{title} option, see subsection~\ref{pdftitle}. Since options are procesed in the order in which
they are declared in the package, \opt{nopdfinfo} will always erase the PDF title even if it is
specified before \opt{title}.
It has recently been found that these packages do not conflict, it is safe to specify some
pieces of information by \pkg{zwpagelayout} and other pieces of information via \pkg{hyperref}.
Anyway, this option will be preserved for the case that it might be needed in the future.
\section{PDF/X-1a compliance}\label{pdfx1a}
The package partially implements the PDF/X-1a standard. Remember that implementation is driver
dependent and not everything can be achieved with all drivers. The following sections will give you
more detail. Unlike the \pkg{pdfx} package we try to do as much in \texttt{xetex} and set the
bounding boxes according to the real page size.
\subsection{Option \opt{pdfminorversion}}
\omg{pdfminorversion}
This option allows you to set the version of the PDF file. It works with \texttt{pdftex} only. There
is no \cmd{special} for sending this information to (x)dvipdfm(x), it can only be set on the
command line. Similarly PostScript to PDF converters accept such setting from the command line or a
configuration file although there is a PS command for setting it.
\cmg{SetPDFminorversion}
The same effect can also be achieved by \cmd{SetPDFminorversion} from a preamble. The macro accepts
a single argument and is implemented for \texttt{pdftex} only. It does nothing for other drivers.
\subsection{Option \opt{pdfx}}
\omg{pdfx}
This option ask the package to create PDF/X-1a file. The first requirement is to set PDF version
to~1.3, thus it sets the minor version to~3 and then disables macro \cmd{SetPDFminorversion}. Other options
have reasonable default values but they can be changed as described in the following subsections.
PDF/X-1a compliance is not handled for \texttt{dvips} and some features are not available for
\texttt{xetex}.
\subsection{Options \opt{OutputCondition} and \opt{OutputConditionIdentifier}, default Euroscale
Coated~v2}
\omg{OutputCondition}
\omg{OutputConditionIdentifier}
These options specify the ICC profile. I am not sure how to obtain the correct names. The default
values correspond to the ICC profiles used in Europe but you can easily set another value. From my
personal experience I prefer \textit{eucmyk50} when converting my images from AdobeRGB to CMYK.
\subsection{Option \opt{ICCfile}}
\omg{ICCfile}
This option specifies the name of the file containing the ICC profile. There is no default
definition and no profile is embedded. The profiles usually accompany commercial products as
printers and scanners or can be downloaded from the web. If you have a CMYK profile that you wish
to embed, you can specify its name with the opt{ICCfile} option. The profile can only be embedded
by \texttt{pdftex}.
\subsection{Font embedding}
PDF/X requires all fonts to be embedded. The \pkg{zwpagelayout} package cannot ensure it. You have
to verify your configuration files and make sure that fonts are embedded.
\subsection{Page bounding boxes}
It is mandatory to set BleedBox and TrimBox in addittion to MediaBox. Setting these boxes
is explained in section~\ref{Bboxes}. ArtBox is explicitely forbidden by PDF/x, therefore it is not
set.
\subsection{PDF information}
Mandatory fields are title, CreationDate and ModDate. All these fields are set automatically unless
they are disabled as described in section~\ref{pdfinfo}.
\subsection{MPT metadata}
Emdedding MPT metadata is currently not implemented. It will be implemented in the future but only
for \texttt{pdftex}.
\subsection{Color}
PDF/X-1a allows only CMYK colors and spot colors. Since \pkg{zwpagelayout} does not handle colors
itself but makes use of the \pkg{color} package, it cannot verify that only allowed colors are
used.
\section{Useful macros}\label{macros}
The package offers two types of useful macros. The macros from the first group help in designing
the document. However, as mentioned in the Introduction, the package may be deployed in already
existing document just for adding the crop marks. In order to reduce the risk of conflicts with
other packages these macros are unavailable if the \opt{onlycropmarks} option is used. The second
group contains macros that are primarily used in the crop mark generation. They are always visible.
\subsection{Userspace macros}\label{user.macros}
As written above, macros of this group are available only if the \opt{onlycropmarks} option was not
used. It is not planned to make any interface for providing them even with the \opt{onlycropmarks}
option. If the document is already finished, you do not need them. If you write a new document, it
is preferable to use the whole package for defining the page layout. The macros will than be
available.
\cmg{topskip}
\cmg{Vcorr}
\TeX\ should use integer arithmetic but some implementations, \eg. em\TeX, violate this rule. This
makes processing the text faster but may have bad results. If you combine text with boxes and fixed
size glues the height of which is an integer multiple of \cmd{baselineskip}, the round-off errors
may add a few scaled points, the page overflows and as a result is made one line shorter and
underfull vbox is reported. For this reason tiny shrink is added to \cmd{topskip}, its
size is \the\topskip. Yet it may not be sufficient in some cases. We therefore provide vertical
skip macro \cmd{Vcorr} the size of which is shrinkable zero. The meaning of \cmd{Vcorr} is {\tt
\meaning\Vcorr}.
\cmg{vb}
We often need a vertical skip the size of which is a multiple of \cmd{baselineskip}. Macro \cmd{vb}
serves this very purpose. It accepts an optional argument in square brackets which denotes the
multiple of \cmd{baselineskip}. The default value is~1. The command also contains compensation
shrinkage. Some packages activate several characters, even those which could be used in numerical
and dimension specifications. Hyphens and dots are temporarily deactivated within the optional
argument of the \cmd{vb} macro. You thus can comfortably specify negative as well as fractional
dimensions.
\cmg{NewOddPage}
\LaTeX\ provides \cmd{cleardoublepage} for moving the next text to the beginning of the odd page.
However, you have no control over the page style of the inserted empty even page. This feature is
enabled in the \cmd{NewOddPage} macro. Its syntax is:
\vb
\verb;\NewOddPage*[;$\langle$style$\rangle$\verb;];
\vb\noindent
Optional parameter $\langle$style$\rangle$ defines the style of the empty even page that should be
fed to the \cmd{thispagestyle} command. The default is \texttt{empty}. The starred version displays
a warning in the log file if an empty page was inserted.
\cmg{SetOddPageMessage}
This macro sets the contents of the message that should be displayed as a warning if an empty page
was inserted as a result of \cmd{NewOddPage*}. The macro acts as \cmd{gdef}. This means that the
definition is global and you can therefore have only one message unless you redefine it. The body
of the message may contain macros. They will be expanded when the message is being written. You can
use \cmd{MessageBreak} in order to split the text into several lines.
\cmg{NewEvenPage}
Generally speaking, you should not start a chapter on an even page but there are cases when it is
desirable. Imagine the situation when each chapter starts with a full page illustration on the left
and with its title page on the right. In such cases you need to start at the even page but \LaTeX\
does not contain any direct tool for doing it. This package provides the \cmd{NewEvenPage} with the
same syntax as \cmd{NewOddPage}.
\cmg{SetEvenPageMessage}
Similarly this macro serves for setting the message text that appears if an empty page was inserted
as a result of the \cmd{NewEvenPage*} macro.
\subsection{Crop mark macros}\label{crop.macros}
\cmg{clap}
\TeX\ offers zero-width horizontal boxes with contents overlapping to the right (\cmd{rlap}) or to
the left (\cmd{llap}). The \pkg{zwpagelayout} package frequently needs a zero-width box with the
contents centered overlapping evenly to both sides. The package thus provides macro \cmd{clap} and
makes it available for the user.
\cmg{CropFlap}
\cmg{CropSpine}
\cmg{CropXSpine}
\cmg{CropXtrim}
\cmg{CropYtrim}
\cmg{UserWidth}
\cmg{UserLeftMargin}
\cmg{UserRightMargin}
It was written in the Introduction that the package allows to prepare the book cover before the
exact dimensions are known. Later we just adapt the values of the package options and everything is
recalculated automatically. As a matter of fact, it could not happen if we did not refer to
selected dimensions in the document symbolically. Thus the values of some options are available in
macros: \cmd{CropFlap}\is\opt{flap}, \cmd{CropSpine}\is\opt{spine}, \cmd{CropXSpine}\is\opt{spine},
\cmd{CropXtrim}\is\opt{xtrim}, \cmd{CropYtrim}\is\opt{ytrim},
\cmd{UserWidth}\is\opt{textwidth}, \cmd{UserLeftMargin}\is\opt{leftmargin},
\cmd{UserRightMargin}\is\opt{rightmargin}.
The use of these macros can be shown by an example. The book cover with flaps displayed in
Figure~\ref{cover} was prepared by the following code:
\vb
\verbatiminput{coversample}
\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p]
\centerline{\includegraphics{coversample}}
\caption{Sample of a book cover with flaps}\label{cover}
\end{sidewaysfigure}
Remember that these macros contain only the dimensions that were specified in the \cmd{usepackage}
command, not those that were calculated by the algorithm described in section~\ref{calc.pg.layout}.
If a shortcut option was used, all real dimensions are defined, \ie. the \opt{margins} option fills
all four margin options, \opt{topmargin}, \opt{leftmargin}, \opt{rightmargin}, \opt{botmargin}, and
the \opt{trim} option fills both \opt{xtrim} and \opt{ytrim}. You can take advantage of it to make
your document more general. You can \eg. define the book cover in two variants, with or without
flaps, using this trick:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\ifcat$\CropFlap$
% no flaps
\else
\vbox to \textheight{\hsize\CropFlap
Flap text
}\hss
\fi
\end{verbatim}
\vb
\cmg{thePageNumber}
Macro \cmd{thePageNumber} is used to print the page number together with the crop mark text. We have
already shownd that it may be suppressed by the \opt{nopagenumbers} option. Another possibility is
to redefine it. We can \eg. define the book title with the \opt{croptitle} option and use the
text ``Cover'' instead of the page number when typesetting the cover. Usage of this macro is also
demonstrated in Figure~\ref{cover}.
\subsection{Driver switching macros}\label{driver.switching}
These macros provides conditional branching according to the currently selected driver no matter
whether it is chosen automatically or by specifying the \opt{driver} option described in
section~\ref{driver.selection}. The macros do not change page layout, they are therefore available
even if the \opt{onlycropmarks} option was given.
\cmg{ifcaseZWdriver}
Macro \cmd{ifcaseZWdriver} expands to an open \cmd{ifcase} primitive. You can thus branch the code
according to the driver. The numeric values are 0 for \texttt{unknown}, 1 for \texttt{pdftex}, 2
for \texttt{xetex}, 3 for \texttt{dvips}. The branching may look as follows:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\ifcaseZWdriver
Code for unknown
\or
Code for pdftex
\or
Code for xetex
\or
Code for dvips
\else
Error, it may not happen!
\fi
\end{verbatim}
\vb
Since \cmd{ifcaseZWdriver} is a macro, it cannot be used inside another conditional statement. If
it falls to the \false\ branch, it will not be expanded and \TeX\ will complain that it sees
misplaced \cmd{else} etc. You would have to enter all corresponding contidional as \cmd{csname}
constructions or define the condition in a separate macro that will be invoked from the condition.
\textbf{Important note:} It is not guaranteed that the numerical assignment will be kept unchanched
in future versions.
\cmg{ZWifdriver}
The \cmd{ZWifdriver} allows conditional execution of a code for a specified driver. It requires two
parameters. The first parameter is the driver name, the second parameter is the code to be
executed. The macro recognizes all driver names and aliases as given in
section~\ref{driver.selection}. It can be used \eg. in cases when you have to perform some action
for a specific driver only. Suppose that you do not want to set the page bounding boxes
(see~\ref{Bboxes}) if \texttt{dvips} is used but want to set them if the same document is
processed by any other driver. You can thus put the following command to the preamble of the
document:
\vb \noindent
\verb.\ZWifdriver{dvips}{\noBboxes}.
\vb
\textbf{Note:} This macro does not depend on the numerical assignment given above. It will
therefore work the same way in the future versions.
\section{Customizing crop styles}
This section is intended for real \TeX perts. The package tries to provide a lot of options that
enable to customize the default crop style. Try to live with them because here you are touching the
very guts of the package. If you squeeze them badly, your document will suffer from strange
problems the source of which will be difficult to trace. However, if you like tough challenges and
your stomach is strong enough, then read on, but remember, you have been warned.
You ask for a different crop style by the \opt{cropstyle} option as described in
section~\ref{cropstyle} on page~\pageref{cropstyle}. Assume that you load the package with:
\vb
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[cropmarks,cropstyle=special,...]{zwpagelayout}
\end{verbatim}
\cmg{cropstyle@special}
You will then have to define macro \cmd{cropstyle@special}. The package first patches the footer in
all page styles. A zero-width, zero-height, zero-depth box is added to the beginning of the footer.
The actual point is set to the lower left corner of the paper as defined by \cmd{paperheight} and
\cmd{paperwidth}. If \opt{nobleedclip} was not used, the area outside the bleed box is erased. The
current color is set according to \opt{cropcolor} option and the font is selected. Afterwards the
\cmd{cropstyle@special} macro is called.
Some crop styles may require initialization. If it is the case of your style, you have to define
macro \cmd{cropstyle@special@setup}. This macro will be executed in the \cmd{AtBeginDocument} hook.
Execution of the macro in that hook allows you to defin the crop style in a package that may be
loaded after \pkg{zwpagelayout}.
It is not an error if the setup macro does not exist.
As already noted, the intention is to discourage users from writing their own crop styles. We will
therefore only mention that the package defines a few useful macros that can be used in the crop
style definition. If your temptation to design your own crop style is really strong, you should
better study the package internals yourself.
\section{Summary of driver specific features}
The driver specific features are described throughout the manual but it may not be clear from the
option or macro description that it is driver dependent. These features with the reference to the
section, where it is described, are written below. All these features are disabled if an
\texttt{unknown} driver is being used (section~\ref{driver.selection}).
\begin{itemize}
\item Page bounding boxes, section~\ref{Bboxes}
\item Page reflection, section~\ref{reflection}
\item Overprinting, section~\ref{overprinting}
\item Setting PDF information, section~\ref{pdfinfo}
\item PDF/X-1a compliance, section~\ref{pdfx1a}
\end{itemize}
Color support is, of course, driver dependent too. However, the \pkg{zwpagelayout} has no
pretention to deal with it. It is fully handled within the \pkg{color} package.
\section{Known bugs and unimplemented features}
This section describes features that are known not to work in all case or those that do not work with
all drivers.
\subsection{Driver repertoire}
Only a few most frequent drivers are automatically detected and supported. Their list is presented
in section~\ref{driver.selection}. If you use another driver, you should probably disable all
driver specific features.
\subsection{Shifted cropmarks when the running foot overflows}
If there is not enough space for the running foot, the cropmarks will most likely be shifted. It
usually happens if you set option \opt{footskip} to zero (which is its default value) and forget to
use \verb.\pagestyle{empty}..
\subsection{Page boxes and Adobe Distiller}
Setting page boxes causes a fatal error in Adobe Distiller (verified with versions 4 and~9). See
section~\ref{Bboxes}.
\subsection{Page reflection}
Option \opt{ReflectVertically} seems to produce slightly shifted output. If any of these options is
used in \XeTeX\ or more specifically with (x)dvipdfm(x) drivers, other \texttt{bop} or \texttt{eop}
code must not be used. See section~\ref{reflection} for details on its implementation.
\subsection{Overprinting}
Overprinting works in (x)dvipdfm(x) drivers but may be cumbersome in some situations. More details
are given in section~\ref{overprinting}.
It was also found that overprinting does not work if the PostScript file is converted to PDF by
GhostScript version~7.x. This is a bug in GhostScript, overprinting works fine if
GhostScript~8.x is used.
The effect of oveprinting was tested in Adobe Acrobat~9 Pro in MS~Windows~XP Home Service Pack~3.
\subsection{Inconsistent dates}
Values of \texttt{CreationDate} and \texttt{ModDate} (see section~\ref{pdfinfo}) supplied by the driver contain information on
the time zone. Unfortunatelly, time zone setting is not available in \TeX. If both fields come from
the same origin, they are set consistently. If one of them is set by the driver and the other by
the \pkg{zwpagelayout} package, then only the field set by he driver will contain the time zone
value. Depending on your time zone it may look as if the document were modified before it was
created.
\subsection{PDF/X conformance}
The PDF/X conformance is only partial. The details are given in section~\ref{pdfx1a} and its
subsections.
\section{Changes}
This section summarizes the changes. The version and the package date is given. It may be useful to
specify the date in the \cmd{usepackage} or \cmd{RequirePackage} command if you rely on a specific
feature not available in the old version of the package.
\subsection{Version 1.4e, 2022/04/18}
Bug fix, a typo in a macro name.
\subsection{Version 1.4d, 2020/02/07}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix, packages \pkg{ifpdf} and \pkg{ifxetex} replaced with \pkg{iftex}.
\item Bug fix, identification of PDF/X-1a corrected.
\item Feature request, luatex85 loaded in order to support Lua\LaTeX\ compatibility.
\item Modification, distribution file flattened as required by CTAN, see
section~\ref{installation}.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Version 1.4c, 2013/01/13}
Bug fix, the PDF boxes are properly set even in the (x)dvipdfm(x) family of drivers, i.\,e.\@ in
\XeLaTeX.
\subsection{Version 1.4b, 2012/10/04}
New feature, the color name in the cropmarks can be displayed in white on a colored background, see
page~\pageref{color}.
\subsection{Version 1.4a, 2012/05/20}
Bug fix, if a user requested unexistent page style, the cropmark mechanism looped forever until all
main memory was exhausted. Now the package issues an error message and uses the ``empty'' page
style.
\subsection{Version 1.4, 2012/05/13}
Black overprint is implemented for the (x)dvipdfm(x) family of drivers. It means that it now works
in \XeLaTeX, see section~\ref{overprinting}.
\subsection{Version 1.3a, 2012/01/10}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix, code rearrangement in order to prevent an error message if \opt{onlycropmarks} is
used. It leads to the following changes in the functionality:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Page size is always set in the driver specific way. It is still assumed that
\cmd{paperheight} and \cmd{paperwidth} contained correct values before the package was loaded.
\item Bounding boxes are set unless they are explicitly suppressed.
\item PDF options are honoured. It is therefore possible to request PDF/X compliance, set the PDF
title and other information. If you do not wish it, you have to suppress it explicitely by
\opt{nopdfinfo}.
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Version 1.3, 2011/11/22}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix, weird errors appeared if the \pkg{ifxetex} package was loaded previously either
directly or indirectly. Loading of both \pkg{ifpdf} and \pkg{ifxetex} packages written in a different way.
\item Bug fix, pagestyle patching redesigned (r.~409); in the previous versions the crop marks may
disapear if \cmd{pagestyle} was issued again, mainly when the \pkg{fancyhdr} package was used.
\item New feature, when defining a page style, a part of another style may now be inherited. The
following code now can be used:
\begin{verbatim}
\def\ps@mypagestyle{\ps@plain
\def\@oddhead{\hfill My running head}\let\@evenhead\@oddhead}
\pagestyle{mypagestyle}
\end{verbatim}
\item Bug fix: \cmd{globaldefs} is set to zero for printing crop marks. If it were nonzero,
crop marks will not work and will spoil the document. \LaTeX\ users probably do not know this
primitive but who knows\,\ldots
\item Bug fix: without the \opt{twoside} class option and with asymetric margins the crop marks were
printed on wrong positions on the even pages.
\item New feature: crop marks style for leaflets added (section~\ref{cropstyle.leaflet}).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Version 1.2, 2011/09/04}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix, \cmd{fi} was missing in the definition of \cmd{ZWifdriver}.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Version 1.1, 2010/12/21}
Two bugs were fixed and a few new features were introduced. Documentation is modified and extended as
well.
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix, if \cmd{pagestyle} or \cmd{thispagestyle} was issued within a group while crop marks
were active, the package often failed into an endless loop which resulted in exhausting the memory.
\item Bug fix, the code for page reflection for \texttt{dvips} did not preserve properly the old
\texttt{bop-hook}.
\item New feature, the driver can be explicitly selected (section~\ref{driver.selection}) and the
code can be branched according to the driver (section~\ref{driver.switching}).
\item New feature, page reflection implemented for (x)dvipdfm(x) drivers, \ie. for \XeTeX\
(section~\ref{reflection}).
\item New feature, CMYK and RGB colors explicitly defined (section~\ref{color}).
\item New feature, colors may be redefined to use the CMYK model (section~\ref{color}).
\item New feature, overprinting implemented for \texttt{pdftex} and \texttt{dvips}
(section~\ref{overprinting}).
\item New feature, PDF information can be set without the need of loading the \pkg{hyperref}
package (section~\ref{pdfinfo}).
\item New feature, partial PDF/X-1a compliance (section~\ref{pdfx1a}).
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Version 1.0a, 2008/12/26}
The sample files distributed with the package no longer require enc\TeX\ and private macro
packages.
\section{License}
The package can be used and distributed according to the \LaTeX\ Project Public License version~1.3 or later the
text of which can be found at the \texttt{License.txt} file or at
\url{http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt}
\section{Trade marks}
This document makes use of trade marks owned by Adobe Systems Incorporated and Microsoft
Corporation when refering to their products.
\end{document}
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$f_{2}(s,\tau)=\frac{{\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}s\right)%
}{1-2e^{i\tau s}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits s+e^{2i\tau s}}.$
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\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{top=15mm, bottom=15mm, left=1cm, right=1cm}
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
\usepackage{pslatex}
\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
\fancyfoot[L]{Uubu.fr}
\fancyfoot[R]{samedi 7 mai 2016, 11:31:35 (UTC+0200)}
\lfoot{\Large \textit{Uubu.fr}}
\hypersetup{pdfinfo={
Title={partx},
Author={Sylvain Girod},
Creator={Bash script from uubu.fr's format version 1},
Producer={Bash script and PDFLaTeX},
Subject={Annonce au kernel la présence et la numérotation des partitions d'un disque},
CreationDate={D:20160507113135},
ModDate={D:20160507113135},
Keywords={Linux}
}}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
{\Huge partx }
\end{center}
\vspace{1cm}
\begin{flushleft}
{\large Annonce au kernel la présence et la numérotation des partitions d'un disque}
\vspace{10mm}
\hspace{1mm} Demande au kernel la présence et le nombre de partitions sur les disques. En donnant un périphérique ou une image disque, partx tente de parcourir la table de partitions et de lister leur contenu. Optionnellement, il ajoute ou supprime des partitions.
\vspace{5mm} \\
\hspace{1mm} partx n'est pas un programme fdisk. Ajouter ou supprimer des partitions ne change pas le disque, il indique seulement au kernel la présence et le nombre de partitions sur le disque.
\vspace{5mm} \\
\vspace{1cm}{\huge OPTIONS }
\
\begin{description} \normalsize
\item[\hspace{1mm} -a, --add]{Ajoute les partitions spécifiées, ou lit le disque et ajoute toutes les partitions.}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -b, --bytes]{Affiche la colonne SIZE en octets au lieu du format human-readable}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -d, --delete]{Supprime les partitions spécifiées, ou toutes les partitions.}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -u, --update]{Met à jours les partitions spécifiées}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -x, --noheadings]{N'affiche pas la ligne d'en-tête}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -l, --list]{Liste les partitions. Noter que tous les nombre sont en secteurs de 512 octets. Déprécié, préférer --show}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -o, --ouput list]{Définis les colonnes de sortie pour --show et --raw.}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -P, --pairs]{Affiche un format clé="valeur"}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -n, --nr M:N]{Spécifie la plage de partitions. La plage peut être négative (--nr :-1 indique la dernière partition, et --nr -2:-1 signifie les 2 dernières partitions). Les plages supportées sont:}
\end{description}
\begin{description} \normalsize
\item[\hspace{6mm} M]{Spécifie seulement une partition}
\item[\hspace{6mm} M:]{spécifie la limite inférieur}
\item[\hspace{6mm} :N]{Spécifie la limite supérieur}
\item[\hspace{6mm} M:N]{ou}
\item[\hspace{6mm} M-N]{Spécifie les limites supérieur et inférieur}
\end{description}
\begin{description} \normalsize
\item[\hspace{1mm} -r, --raw]{Utilise le format brut.}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -s, --show]{Liste les partitions}
\item[\hspace{1mm} -t, --type type]{Spécifie le type de partition (aix, bsd, dos, gpt, mac, minix, sgi, solaris\_x86, sur, ultrix ou unixware).}
\end{description}
\vspace{1cm}{\huge Exemples }
\
\hspace{1mm} Affiche la partition 3 de /dev/sdb \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx --show /dev/sdb3} \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx --show -nr 3 /dev/sdb3} \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx --show /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdb} \\
\hspace{1mm} Liste toutes les sous-partitions de /dev/sdb3 (le périphérique est utilisé comme un disque entier) \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx --show - /dev/sdb3} \\
\hspace{1mm} Affiche le secteur de début de la partition 5 dans /dev/sdb sans en-tête \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx -o START -g --nr 5 /dev/sdb} \\
\hspace{1mm} Liste la longueur en secteurs et human-readable de la taille de la partition 5 de /dev/sda \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx -o SECTORS,SIZE /dev/sda5 /dev/sda} \\
\hspace{1mm} Ajoute toutes les partitions disponible de 3 à 5 dans /dev/sdd \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx --add --nr 3:5 /dev/sdd} \\
\hspace{1mm} Supprime la dernière partition dans /dev/sdd \\
\hspace{1mm} \textbf{partx -d --nr :-1 /dev/sdd} \\
\end{flushleft}
\end{document}
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\bib{1989/kaltofen}
\yr 1989
\by Erich Kaltofen
\by Thomas Valente
\by Noriko Yui
\paper An improved Las Vegas primality test
\inbook \cite{1989/-issac}
\pages 26--33
\url http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=74540.74545
\endref
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%% sidebars -- (sidebars.sty) style file
%% A style package for the talk class
%% Author: Martin Wiebusch
%%
%% This file may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2003/12/01 or later.
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{sidebars}
\newif\if@compress\@compressfalse
\DeclareOption{compress}{\@compresstrue}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\@slidesize{6in}{4.5in}
\newcommand{\backgroundcolor}[1]{\definecolor{sb@bg}{rgb}{#1}}
\newcommand{\sidebarcolor}[1]{\definecolor{sb@sb}{rgb}{#1}}
\newcommand{\highlightcolor}[1]{\definecolor{sb@hl}{rgb}{#1}}
\newcommand{\titlecolor}[1]{\definecolor{sb@title}{rgb}{#1}}
\newcommand{\sidebartitlecolor}[1]{\definecolor{sb@sbt}{rgb}{#1}}
\backgroundcolor{1,1,1}
\sidebarcolor{0.85,0.85,0.85}
\highlightcolor{0,0,0.7}
\titlecolor{0,0,0.7}
\sidebartitlecolor{0,0,0.7}
\@newslidestyle{normal}{%
\renewcommand{\@makeslide}{%
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\color{sb@bg}
\pgfrect[fill]{\pgfpoint\z@\z@}{\pgfpoint\slidewidth\slideheight}%
\color{sb@sb}%
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\color{black}%
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}%
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%
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\begin{minipage}[t][4.2in]{0.8in}%
\sffamily\tiny%
{\centering\tiny\sffamily\textcolor{sb@sbt}{\@shorttitle}\par%
\vspace{1em}\@shortauthor\par\vspace{2em}}%
{\parskip=0.8em\@tableofcontents}%
{\vfill\hspace*{\fill}p. \theslidelabel\hspace*{\fill}}%
\end{minipage}%
}%
}%
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\begin{minipage}[t][4.1in]{4.6in}%
\sffamily{\color{sb@title}\LARGE\@slidetitle\par}%
\vspace*{1.5em plus 1fill}%
\parskip=1.5ex plus0.5ex minus0.5ex\@slidebody\par%
\vspace*{0pt plus 1fill}%
\end{minipage}%
}%
}%
}%
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\@ifcurrentsection{##1}{%
\@ifcurrentsubsection{0}{\textcolor{sb@hl}{##2}\par}%
{##2\par}%
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https://defelement.com/img/element-serendipity_Hcurl-quadrilateral-2-2.tex
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defelement.com
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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application/x-tex
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text/x-matlab
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304954.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126131707-20220126161707-00670.warc.gz
| 243,918,384 | 5,440 |
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$\mathop{\Psi^{(\mathrm{E})}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathbf{x}\right)=\dfrac{4\pi}{%
3^{1/3}}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(i\left(\tfrac{2}{27}z^{3}-\tfrac{1}{3}%
xz\right)\right)\left(\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(-i\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)%
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\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\newcommand{\ds}{\displaystyle}
\begin{document}
\parindent=0pt
{\bf Question}
Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ is
$N_2(\mu_x,\mu_y,\sigma_x,\sigma_y,\rho)$ for which
$E(X|Y=y)=3.7-0.15y,E(Y|X=x)=0.4-0.6x, {\rm var}(Y|X=x)=3.64.$
Find all the five parameters.
\vspace{.25in}
{\bf Answer}
We know $$E(X|Y=y)=\mu_x + \rho
\frac{\sigma_x}{\sigma_y}(y-\mu_y)$$ $$E(Y|X=x)=\mu_y + \rho
\frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma_x}(x-\mu_x)$$ $${\rm
var}(Y|X=x)=\sigma^2_y(1-\rho^2)$$
Here: $$E(X|Y=y)=3.7-0.15y$$ $$E(Y|X=x)=0.4-0.6x$$ $${\rm
var}(Y|X=x)=3.64$$
Note that the coefficient of $y$ in $E(X|Y=y)$ is
$\rho\frac{\sigma_x}{\sigma_y}$
Note that the coefficient of $x$ in $E(Y|X=x)$ is
$\rho\frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma_x}$
Multiplying the two we get $\rho^2$.
Therefore $\rho^2=(-0.15)(-0.6)=0.09$
Therefore $\rho=-\sqrt{0.09}=-0.3$
Negative sign because coefficient of $y$ in $E(X|Y=y)$ is
$=-0.15=\rho\frac{\sigma_y}{\sigma_x}$ and $\sigma_x$ and
$\sigma_y$ are positive.
\begin{eqnarray*} {\rm var}(Y|X=x) & = & \sigma^2_y(1-\rho^2)=3.64\\ &
\Rightarrow & \sigma^2_y(1-0.09)=3.64\\ & \Rightarrow &
\sigma^2_y=4 \end{eqnarray*}
Now \begin{eqnarray*}\frac{\rho \sigma_x}{\sigma_y}=-0.15 &
\Rightarrow & \frac{(-0.3)\sigma_x}{2}=-0.15\\ & \Rightarrow &
\sigma_x=1 \end{eqnarray*}
$\left.\begin{array}{rrcc} {\rm Now} & \mu_x - 0.15(-\mu_y) & = &
3.7\\{\rm and} & \mu_y - 0.6(-\mu_x) & = & 0.4
\end{array}\right\}$ solve for $\mu_x, \mu_y$.
Final answer: $\mu_x=4,\ \mu_y=2,\ \sigma_x=1,\ \sigma_y=2,\
\rho=-0.3$
\end{document}
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\title{Ägypten in Revolte}
\date{Februar 2013}
\author{Aufruhr}
\subtitle{}
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\emph{Immer wieder massive und konfrontative Demonstrationen, Blockaden der Metrolinien, Strassen und Züge, Angriffe auf Polizeiposten, den Präsidentschaftspalast und Luxushotels, Befreiungsversuche von Gefangenen, dutzende brennende Büros der islamistischen Regierungspartei, Konfrontationen zwischen Revolutionären und Anhängern der religiösen Diktatur. Nichts scheint vorbei in Ägypten. Im Gegenteil, die Revolten begannen sich in den letzten Monaten wieder zu häufen und scheinen einen immer unkontrollierteren Charakter anzunehmen. Die Oppositionspolitiker und Bewegungsführer aller Art, die diese Revolten gerne für ihre eigenen Machtbestrebungen kanalisieren würden, scheinen immer mehr den Zugriff zu verlieren. Denn in vielen Köpfen, vor allem in den jungen, beginnen die Illusionen über Politik und Parteien zu zerfallen, während die unterdrückerische Funktion des Islamismus entlarvt und angegriffen wird. Vielen wird deutlich, dass, ob unter Mubarak, Morsi, oder irgendeinem anderen Regime, weiterhin jegliche Revolte und jeder Freiheitsschrei brutal niedergeschlagen werden wird und sich ihre alltäglichen Bedingungen von Ausbeutung und Unterdrückung nicht ändern werden. Einmal das Gefühl der Revolte gekostet, spüren sie, dass der einzige Weg, aufrecht zu leben, im ständigen Kampf für die Freiheit liegt\dots{}}
\section{Politische Revolution oder soziale Revolution?}
Wenn in den Medien vom Frühling 2011 in Nordafrika sowie von den aktuellen Ereignissen in Ägypten gesprochen wird, wird oft von einer „Revolution“ und von einer „Opposition“ gesprochen. Die Journalisten, in ihrem bornierten Verständnis als staatstreue Schreiberlinge, können sich eine Revolution nur als die gewaltsame Ersetzung eines bestehenden Regimes durch ein Regime der „Opposition“ vorstellen. Sie können nicht verstehen, dass das, was die Armen und Freiheitsliebenden in Ägypten sowie überall auf der Welt immer wieder zur Revolte antreibt, eine Lebensbedingung ist, die unter egal welchem Regime bestehen bleiben wird. Denn, solange es Regierungen gibt, wird es auch den Gegensatz und den Konflikt zwischen Machthabern und Unterdrückten, Reichen und Armen, Ausbeutern und Ausgebeuteten, dem Autoritätsprinzip und der Freiheit geben. Das, was so viele zur Revolte antreibt, ist ein soziales Verhältnis, geprägt von Untersdrückungsformen aller Art, das die Gesamtheit unseres Lebens durchdringt, und dieses Verhältnis kann nicht durch irgendeine „politische Revolution“, sondern nur durch eine tiefgreifende und \emph{soziale} Revolution umgewälzt werden. Diesen Unterschied möchten wir betonen. Während eine politische Revolution bloss die Führungskräfte austauscht, die dann vielleicht demokratischer, vielleicht liberaler das Leben der Menschen regieren, will eine soziale Revolution jegliche Führung beseitigen und alle Menschen dazu befähigen und antreiben, direkt zur Erschaffung von neuen Formen des Zusammenlebens beizutragen. Während die politische Revolution in den Palästen der Macht geschieht, spielt sich die soziale Revolution auf den Strassen, in den Köpfen und in den Beziehungen der Menschen ab. Es ist also nicht eine politische Veränderung, die die sozialen Verhältnisse umwälzen wird, sondern die \emph{Beseitigung der Politik}, auf dass das Leben in seiner Gesamtheit wieder von allen selbst in die Hand genommen wird und auf der Grundlage der individuellen Autonomie, der Solidarität und der gegenseitigen Hilfe, ein freies und selbstorganisiertes Leben entstehen kann – ohne Staat und ohne Regierung.
\section{Und hier?}
Wenn die Aufstände in Ägypten von der friedlichen Insel der Schweiz aus durchaus von einigen als „legitim“ betrachtet werden, dann meistens mit der Begründung, dass das Regime dort ja doch schon sehr brutal sei. Hier aber, hier leben wir ja in einer humanen und wohlhabenden Gesellschaft. Doch versucht es nur, und entzieht euch einmal dem Willen und dem Gesetz des Staates hier, verweigert seine Autorität und revoltiert gegen ihn, und ihr werdet sehen, dass auch dieser Staat nicht zögert, sich mit brutalen Mitteln durchzusetzen. Im Moment hat er seine Regierungstechnik auf die Befriedung der Bevölkerung ausgerichtet, und bislang funktioniert das auch, doch sollte es hier zu grösseren Revolten kommen, würde auch er nicht zögern, sie wenn nötig blutig niederzuschlagen. Wie er es in der Blutnacht von Genf 1932 getan hat, als bei einer antifaschistischen Kundgebung 13 Demonstranten erschossen und 60 verletzt wurden, oder bei den zahlreichen Arbeiterstreiks, die von der Schweizer Armee tödlich niedergeschlagen wurden. Dass solche tödlichen Repressionen gegen seine Untertanen meist mehr als 50 Jahre zurückliegen, liegt weniger daran, dass sich das Verhalten des Staates gegenüber Ungehorsam und Revolten verändert hat, sondern vielmehr daran, dass es ihm besser gelang, uns ruhigzustellen und die Bedingungen akzeptieren zu lassen, indem er uns mit Waren, Unterhaltung und Dienstleistungen vollstopft; daran, dass es ihm gelang, den Konflikt zwischen Ausbeutern und Ausgebeuteten, Bossen und Arbeitern, Reichen und Armen in der Illusion eines sozialen Friedens einzuwiegeln, die uns vorschaukeln will, dass wir doch alle im selben Boot sitzen\footnote{Wir verweisen auf den Artikel \href{http://de.anarhija.net/library/aufruhr-sitzen-wir-alle-im-selben-boot}{\emph{„Sitzen wir alle im selben Boot?“}} aus der Nummer 3 des \emph{Aufruhr}}.
Doch es ist stets in Situationen der Revolte, in denen am deutlichsten hervorbricht, unter was für Verhältnissen wir eigentlich leben, in denen der Staat sein wahres Gesicht zeigt, brutal und schonungslos, das er ansonsten hinter der sanften Verwaltung des sozialen Friedens verbirgt. Dass sich auch der Schweizer Staat, wie übrigens alle europäischen Staaten um uns herum, auf solche Situationen der Revolte vorbereitet, um sich gegebenenfalls mit ausreichend Gewalt durchsetzen zu können, davon sprechen Projekte wie die neugegründeten „Aufstandsbekämpfungseinheiten“ des Militärs oder die allgemeine Aufstockung des Polizei- und Gefängnisarsenals (wie beispielsweise mit dem Bau eines neuen Polizei- und Justizzentrum in Zürich).
\section{Solidarität}
Nun, wir erkennen uns also in den aufständischen und befreienden Handlungen wieder, die sich zurzeit in Ägypten ereignen, nicht nur, weil wir den Drang nach Revolte unter den Umständen \emph{dort unten} nachvollziehen können, sondern, weil wir diesen Drang auch unter den Umständen \emph{hier} verspüren. Unsere Solidarität mit den Aufständischen von Ägypten besteht also darin, ihren Befreiungskampf zu teilen, da, wo wir sind, mit unseren eigenen Problemen und unseren eigenen Verlangen – für die soziale Revolution.
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Anarchistische Bibliothek
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Anticopyright
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Aufruhr
Ägypten in Revolte
Februar 2013
\bigskip
Entnommen am 15.12.2014 von \href{http://aufruhr.noblogs.org/post/2013/06/18/nummer-4-februar-2013/\#agypten}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}aufruhr.noblogs.org\Slash{}post\Slash{}2013\Slash{}06\Slash{}18\Slash{}nummer-4-februar-2013\Slash{}\#agypten}
Anonym veröffentlicht in "Aufruhr - Anarchistisches Blatt", Nr. 4, Jahr 1, Zürich, Februar 2013, S. 1.
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\textbf{anarchistischebibliothek.org}
\end{center}
% end final page with colophon
\end{document}
|
https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/Directory_LHCb-PAPER-2018-033/Table_3.tex
|
cern.ch
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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application/x-tex
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application/x-tex
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320734.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824105853-20190824131853-00330.warc.gz
| 534,193,459 | 1,158 |
\documentclass[border=5pt,multi=true]{standalone}
\usepackage{standalone}
\usepackage{todonotes}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{hyperxmp}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{hypcap}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage{mciteplus}
\usepackage{longtable}
\begin{document}
\begin{tabular}{l r@{\,$\pm$\,}l r@{\,$\pm$\,}l }\hline
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Produced yields $[\times 10^7]$} \\
Decay & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\mbox{\em MagDown}\xspace} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\mbox{\em Mag\kern -0.05em Up}\xspace} \\ \hline
$ D\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace K\xspace\xspace^-\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace & 10.52&0.06& 10.54 &0.06 \\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace \pi\xspace\xspace^-\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace & 84.2 &0.4& 84.4 & 0.4 \\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+_ s\xspace\xspace\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace \pi\xspace\xspace^-\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace & 9.85 &0.15& 10.04 & 0.17 \\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace K\xspace\xspace^-\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace & 1659 &12& 1651 & 13 \\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace K\xspace\xspace^-\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace{\small ($^{\dagger}$)} &16103 & 40 & 16092 &40\\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace K\xspace\xspace^-\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace{\small ($ˆ{\dagger\dagger}$)} &16130 & 50 & 16101 &50\\
$ D\xspace\xspace^+_ s\xspace\xspace\xspace\!\rightarrow\xspace K\xspace\xspace^-\xspace K\xspace\xspace^+\xspace\pi\xspace\xspace^+\xspace$ \xspace & 4221 & 34 & 4150 &33\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
|
https://unilab.gbb60166.jp/prekou/tex/menseki-kihon.tex
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gbb60166.jp
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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application/x-tex
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text/x-matlab
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305420.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128043801-20220128073801-00046.warc.gz
| 628,658,103 | 5,793 |
%
% [email protected] https://unilab.gbb60166.jp/prekou/prekou.htm
%
% aspectratio= は 1610, 169, 149, 54, 32 の中から選べる（省略時は 43）
% C:\w32tex\share\texmf-dist\tex\latex\beamer\beamer.cls
%\documentclass[20pt,dvipdfmx,hyperref={pdfpagemode=FullScreen},aspectratio=169]{beamer}
%\documentclass[20pt,dvipdfmx,hyperref={pdfstartview={XYZ null null 8.00}},aspectratio=169]{beamer}
\documentclass[20pt,dvipdfmx,aspectratio=169]{beamer}
% pdfの栞の字化けを防ぐ
%\AtBeginDvi{\special{pdf:tounicode EUC-UCS2}}
% テーマ
\usetheme{Copenhagen}
% navi. symbolsは目立たないが，dvipdfmxを使うと機能しないので非表示に
\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
\usepackage{bxdpx-beamer,pxjahyper,minijs}
%\usepackage{graphicx}
%\usepackage{amsmath}
%\usepackage{amssymb}
%\usepackage{tkokugo,furikana,tsayusen,shiika,sfkanbun,jdkintou,plext}
\usepackage{furikana,utf,bm,type1cm}
\usepackage{tikzsymbols}
%\usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}%
\def\pgfsysdriver{pgfsys-dvipdfmx.def}%（graphicxパッケージを使用しない場合はこの行を有効に）
%\def\pgfsysdriver{pgfsys-dvips.def}%デフォルト
%\usepackage[e]{esvect}
\usepackage{tikz}%（これで、pgfとpgfforが読み込まれます。）
%\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\usetikzlibrary{intersections,calc,arrows.meta}
%\usetikzlibrary{angles,patterns,through,backgrounds,fadings}
\usepackage{animate}
%\usepackage{pgfplots}
%\pgfplotsset{compat=newest}
%\pgfplotsset{compat=newest, every axis/.append style={line width=1pt}}
%\PassOptionsToPackage{dvipdfmx}{graphicx}
%\nofiles
% フォントはお好みで
%\usepackage{txfonts}
\mathversion{bold}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
% ■ 以前は{\bf }とかしてましたが \seriesdefault で一気に
% 変更出来ることがわかりました。2017/3/3
% ソースも書き換えるつもりですが、見落として{\bf }が
% 残ったままになるかもしれません。
\renewcommand{\seriesdefault}{bx}
\renewcommand{\kanjifamilydefault}{\gtdefault}
\setbeamerfont{title}{size=\normalsize,series=\bfseries}
\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\normalsize,series=\bfseries}
\setbeamertemplate{frametitle}[default][center]
\usefonttheme{professionalfonts}
% 参考にしたURL
% http://windom.phys.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/fswiki/wiki.cgi?page=LaTeX+Beamer%A4%C7%A5%D7%A5%EC%A5%BC%A5%F3%A5%C6%A1%BC%A5%B7%A5%E7%A5%F3
\newcommand{\Slash}[1]{\ooalign{\hfil\kern-3pt／\hfil\crcr$#1$}}
\everymath{\displaystyle}
\def\maruwaku#1{\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.7, baseline={([yshift=-22pt] current bounding box.north)}]
\filldraw[color=CUDBlue, line width=1pt, rounded corners=2pt] (-0.1,0)--(2.1,0)--(2.1,1.1)--(-0.1,1.1)--cycle;
\draw(1,0.5) node[white]{#1};
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\setbeamersize{text margin left=5mm,text margin right=5mm}
%\fboxrule=1pt
\makeatletter
\def\hooklen#1#2{\settowidth{\@tempdima}{\(#1\)}
%\advance\@tempdima by.3ex
% ↑ 数式モードで式の前後に入るスペースを制御したかったが、
% 難しいのでやめた。段々難解なコードになっているのでやめた方がよい？
\hbox to\@tempdima{\hfil \(#2\)\hfil}}
\makeatother
% カラーユニバーサルデザインを調べたつもりだがあまり自信がありません
% http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/kiban/machizukuri/kanren/color.files/colorudguideline.pdf
% http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/colorset/
% ■ アクセントカラー小面積を目立たせる高彩度色
\definecolor{CUDRed}{RGB}{255,75,0}
\definecolor{CUDGreen}{RGB}{3,175,122}
\definecolor{CUDBlue}{RGB}{0,90,255}
\definecolor{CUDCyan}{RGB}{77,196,255}
\definecolor{CUDMagenta}{RGB}{153,0,153}
\definecolor{CUDYellow}{RGB}{255,241,0}
\definecolor{CUDBrown}{RGB}{128,64,0}
\definecolor{CUDOrange}{RGB}{246,170,0}
% ■ ベースカラー広い面積の塗り分けに用いる低・中彩度色
\definecolor{CUDPink}{RGB}{255,202,191}
\definecolor{CUDBrightGreen}{RGB}{119,217,168}
\definecolor{CUDLime}{RGB}{216,242,85}
\definecolor{CUDCream}{RGB}{255,255,128}
\definecolor{CUDBrightCyan}{RGB}{191,228,255}
%\definecolor{CUD}{RGB}{}%
\setbeamercolor{CUDBrightGreen}{fg=black,bg=CUDBrightGreen!50}
\setbeamercolor{CUDCream}{fg=black,bg=CUDCream!75}
\begin{document}
\title{プレ高数学科}\author{gbb60166}
%■■■■■■■■■■■■■ テスト領域 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
%\end{document}
%■■■■■■■■■■■■■ 完成品 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{四角形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
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baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
四角形の面積
\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\mbox{縦}\times\mbox{横} \)}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{平行四辺形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
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(1.8,2.2)--++(0,3)--++(1,0);
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\draw[thick](6.8,2.2)--++(0,-1.5);
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
平行四辺形の面積
\bigskip
\visible<3->{\centerline{\( =\mbox{底辺}\times\mbox{高さ} \)}}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{三角形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{animateinline}[autoplay]{3}%
\multiframe{19}{iAngle=0+10}{
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (9,7);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](0,2.5)--++(5,0)--++(-2,4)--cycle;
\filldraw[fill=CUDPink,draw=black,
rotate around={\iAngle:(4,4.5)},line join=round](0,2.5)--++(5,0)--++(-2,4)--cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\end{animateinline}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\( \mbox{三角形の面積}\times2 \)
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{三角形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
%\begin{animateinline}[autoplay]{3}%
%\multiframe{19}{iAngle=0+10}{
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (9,7);
\draw[thick](3,6.5)--(8.7,6.5);
\draw[thick](5,2.5)--++(3.7,0);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(8.2,2.5)--node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]{高さ} ++(0,4);
\draw[thick](0,2.5)--++(0,-1);
\draw[thick](5,2.5)--++(0,-1);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(0,1.8)--node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]{底辺} ++(5,0);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round]
(0,2.5)--++(5,0)--++(-2,4)--cycle;
\visible<1>{\filldraw[fill=CUDPink,draw=black,
rotate around={180:(4,4.5)},line join=round](0,2.5)--++(5,0)--++(-2,4)--cycle;
}
\end{tikzpicture}
%}
%\end{animateinline}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\( \mbox{三角形の面積}\alt<2->{\textcolor{gray!25}{{}\times2}}{\times2} \)
\bigskip
\visible<1>{\( =\mbox{\small 平行四辺形の面積} \)}
\bigskip
\( =\mbox{底辺}\!\times\!\mbox{高さ}\visible<2->{\textcolor{CUDRed}{\div2}} \)
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{台形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{animateinline}[autoplay]{3}%
\multiframe{22}{iAngle=0+10}{
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (9,7);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round]
(3.5,2.5)--++(4.7,0)--++(-1,3)--++(-2,0)--cycle;
\ifnum\iAngle<190
\filldraw[fill=CUDPink,rotate around={\iAngle:(6,4)},
draw=black,line join=round]
(3.5,2.5)--++(4.7,0)--++(-1,3)--++(-2,0)--cycle;
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\filldraw[fill=CUDPink, draw=black,line join=round]
({6.8-1.1*((\iAngle/10)-18)},2.5)--++(-2,0)
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\fi
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\end{animateinline}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\( \mbox{台形の面積}\times2 \)
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{台形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (9,7);
\draw[thick](7,5.5)--++(1.7,0);
\draw[thick](8,2.5)--++(0.7,0);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](8.5,2.5)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt,rotate=90]
{\footnotesize 高さ} ++(0,3);
\draw[thick](1.5,2.5)--++(0,-2);
\draw[thick](8.2,2.5)--++(0,-2);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(1.5,1)-- node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]
{\footnotesize 底辺} ++(6.7,0);
\visible<2->{\draw[thick](3.5,2.5)--++(0,-1);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(1.5,1.8)-- node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]
{\footnotesize 上底} ++(2,0);
\draw[thick,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(3.5,1.8)-- node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]
{\footnotesize 下底} ++(4.7,0);
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(3.5,2.5)--++(4.7,0)--++(-1,3)--++(-2,0)--cycle;
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(3.5,2.5)--++(-2,0)--++(-1,3)--++(4.7,0)--cycle;
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\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\( \mbox{台形の面積}
\alt<3->{\textcolor{gray!25}{{}\times2}}{\times2} \)
\bigskip
\visible<-2>{\( =\mbox{\small 平行四辺形の面積} \)}
\bigskip
\visible<-2>{\footnotesize \( = \makebox[11.8ex][c]{底辺}
\times\!\mbox{高さ} \) }
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\visible<2->{\footnotesize \( =( \mbox{上底}+\mbox{下底} )
\times\mbox{高さ}\visible<3->{\textcolor{CUDRed}{\div2}} \)
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{ひし形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=latex,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
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(1,4)--++(3,-2)--++(3,2)--++(-3,2)--cycle;
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node[pos=0.7,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]{縦} ++(0,4);
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\vspace*{1ex}
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\alt<3->{\textcolor{gray!25}{{}\times2}}{\times2} \)
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\( =\mbox{縦}\times\mbox{横}
\visible<3->{\textcolor{CUDRed}{{}\div2}} \)
}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{ひし形でなくても、対角線が直角なら}
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baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
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\vspace*{1ex}
\visible<2->{\( \mbox{こんな形の面積}
\alt<3->{\textcolor{gray!25}{{}\!\times\!2}}{\!\times\!2} \)
\bigskip
\( =\mbox{縦}\times\mbox{横}
\visible<3->{\textcolor{CUDRed}{{}\div2}} \)
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{では、この形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=latex,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (9,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (9,7);
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(1.3,4)--(6,1.5)--(8,4)--(3,6.2)--cycle;
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{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](1.3,4)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\ajMaru{1}} (8,4);
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{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](3,6.2)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\ajMaru{2}} (3,4);
\draw[semithick,rotate around={-10:(4.5,3.5)}]
(3,4)++(-12pt,0)--++(0,12pt)--++(12pt,0);
\draw[CUDGreen,rotate around={-10:(4.5,3.5)},
{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](6,1.5)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\ajMaru{3}} (6,4);
\draw[semithick,rotate around={-10:(4.5,3.5)}]
(6,4)++(12pt,0)--++(0,-12pt)--++(-12pt,0);
}
\visible<2>{\draw(4.8,4.7) node{\scriptsize ○};
\draw(7,5) node{\scriptsize ○};
\draw(2.2,6) node{\scriptsize □};
\draw(2.7,5.2) node{\scriptsize □};
\draw(6.5,2.8) node{\scriptsize △};
\draw(7,1.9) node{\scriptsize △};
\draw(2.5,2.5) node{\scriptsize ☆};
\draw(4.5,3) node{\scriptsize ☆};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.38\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\visible<2->{\( \mbox{この形の面積}
\alt<3->{\textcolor{gray!25}{{}\!\times\!2}}{\!\times\!2} \)
\bigskip
{\small \( =\mbox{\textcolor{CUDBlue}{\ajMaru{1}}}\times
( \mbox{\textcolor{CUDRed}{\ajMaru{2}}} +
\mbox{\textcolor{CUDGreen}{\ajMaru{3}}} )
\visible<3->{\textcolor{CUDRed}{{}\div2}} \) }
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{円の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (7,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (7,7);
\coordinate (O) at (3.5,4);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](O) circle(2.5);
\fill[CUDRed](O) circle(2pt);
\draw[CUDBlue,text=black,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](O)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]{\small 半径} ++(2.5,0);
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
円の面積
\bigskip
%\centerline{\( =\mbox{\Large $\pi$}\times\mbox{半径}^2 \)}
\centerline{\( =\mbox{\Large$\pi$}\times\mbox{半径}^2 \)}
\bigskip
\centerline{（{\Large $\pi$}は円周率）}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{扇形の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (7,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (7,7);
\coordinate (O) at (3.5,4);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](O)--++(2.5,0)
arc [start angle=0, end angle=64,radius=2.5] --cycle;
\visible<2->{\draw[dashed,line join=round](O) circle(2.5);
\draw[<->](O)++(0.5,0) arc [start angle=0, end angle=64,radius=0.5];
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\draw(O)++(1,0.5) node{\footnotesize 角度};
\draw[CUDBlue,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](O)++(0,-0.7)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\small 半径} ++(2.5,0);
\draw[CUDRed,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](O)++(2,0) arc [start angle=0, end angle=360,radius=2];
\draw[CUDRed](O)++(0,-1.5) node{\( 360^\circ \)};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
扇形の面積
\visible<2->{\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\makebox[9.8ex][c]{\textcolor{CUDBlue}{円の面積}}\times
\frac{\mbox{角度}^\circ}{\textcolor{CUDRed}{360^\circ}} \)}
\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\textcolor{CUDBlue}{\mbox{\Large$\pi$}\!\times\!
\mbox{半径}^2}\times
\frac{\mbox{角度}^\circ}{\textcolor{CUDRed}{360^\circ}} \)}
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{扇形の面積（弧の長さを使って）}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (7,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (7,7);
\coordinate (O) at (3.5,4);
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](O)--++(2.5,0)
arc [start angle=0, end angle=64,radius=2.5] --cycle;
\visible<2->{\draw[CUDBlue,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}](O)--
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\footnotesize 半径}
++(2.5,0);
\draw[CUDRed,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(O)++(2.5,0) arc [start angle=0, end angle=64,radius=2.5]
node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]{\footnotesize 弧の長さ};
\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round]
(0.5,1)--++({2*2.5*pi*64/360},0)--++(-1,2.5)--cycle;
\draw[CUDRed,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(0.5,1)-- node[midway,yshift=-1.6ex,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]
{\footnotesize 弧の長さ} ++({2*2.5*pi*64/360},0);
\draw[CUDBlue,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(0.5,1)++({2*2.5*pi*64/360},0)++(-1,2.5)--
node[midway,xshift=-4pt,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]
{\footnotesize 半径} ++(0,-2.5);
\draw(5,2) node{\small と同じ面積};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
扇形の面積
\visible<2->{\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\mbox{\textcolor{CUDRed}{弧の長さ}}\times
\mbox{\textcolor{CUDBlue}{半径}}\div2 \)}
\vskip4ex
\centerline{\( =\makebox[4zw][c]{\textcolor{CUDRed}{底辺}}\times
\mbox{\textcolor{CUDBlue}{高さ}}\div2 \)}
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{楕円の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (0,0) grid (7,7);
\useasboundingbox (0,0) grid (7,7);
\coordinate (O) at (3.5,4);
\filldraw [fill=CUDCream,draw=black](O) circle [x radius=2.8, y radius=1.8];
\fill[CUDRed](O) circle(2pt);
\draw[CUDBlue,text=black,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(O)-- node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]
{\footnotesize 長半径} ++(2.8,0);
\draw[CUDBlue,text=black,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
(O)-- node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=3pt]
{\footnotesize 短半径} ++(0,1.8);
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
楕円の面積
\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\mbox{\Large$\pi$}\times\mbox{長半径}\times\mbox{短半径} \)}
\bigskip
\centerline{（{\Large$\pi$}は円周率）}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{ドーナツ型の面積}
\vspace*{-9pt}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, very thick, >=stealth,
baseline={([yshift=-24pt] current bounding box.north)}]
%\draw[help lines] (-3.5,-3.5) grid (3.5,3.5);
\useasboundingbox (-3.5,-3.5) grid (3.5,3.5);
\coordinate (O) at (0,0);
\visible<1-2,7->{\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](O) circle(2.5);
\filldraw[fill=white,draw=black,line join=round](O) circle(1);
}
\visible<3>{\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.5)
circle({sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2+0.5^2)});
\filldraw[fill=white,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.5) circle(0.5);
}
\visible<4>{\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.75)
circle({sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2+0.25^2)});
\filldraw[fill=white,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.75) circle(0.25);
}
\visible<5>{\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.9)
circle({sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2+0.1^2)});
\filldraw[fill=white,draw=black,line join=round](0,0.9) circle(0.1);
}
\visible<6>{\filldraw[fill=CUDCream,draw=black,line join=round](0,1)
circle({sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2)});
\fill[CUDRed](0,1) circle(2.4pt);
}
\visible<2->{\draw[CUDBlue,text=black,{Stealth[length=1ex]}-{Stealth[length=1ex]}]
({-sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2)},1)--
node[midway,yshift=1.6ex,fill=white,inner sep=1pt]
{\small 長さ} ({sqrt((2.5)^2-1^2)},1);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\vspace*{1ex}
\only<2-6>{この長さが同じドーナツ型は面積が同じなので}
\only<6>{\bigskip
\( \mbox{半径}=\frac{\mbox{長さ}}{2} \)の円の面積\\[1ex]
と同じとなって
}
\only<7->{\bigskip
\( \mbox{ドーナツ型の面積} \)
\bigskip
\centerline{\( =\mbox{\Large$\pi$}\times
\left(\frac{\mbox{長さ}}{2}\right)^2 \)}
}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\end{document}
\textcolor{red}{
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https://www.authorea.com/users/176501/articles/215483/download_latex
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authorea.com
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\documentclass[10pt]{article}
\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
linkcolor = blue,
urlcolor = blue,
citecolor = blue,
anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
\errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother
\usepackage[round]{natbib}
\let\cite\citep
\renewenvironment{abstract}
{{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
{\bigskip}
\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}
\usepackage{authblk}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\begin{document}
\title{How often are statistically significant results clinically relevant? Not
often}
\author[1]{Thomas F Heston}%
\affil[1]{Johns Hopkins University}%
\vspace{-1em}
\date{\today}
\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup
\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{Objectives:}~Statistical significance does not equal clinical
significance. This study looked at how frequently statistically
significant results in the nuclear medicine literature are clinically
relevant.~\textbf{Methods:}~A medline search was performed with results
limited to clinical trials or randomized controlled trials, published in
one of the major nuclear medicine journals. Articles analyzed were
limited to those reporting continuous variables where a mean (X) and
standard deviation (SD) were reported and determined to be statistically
significant (p \textless{} 0.05). A total of 32 test results were
evaluated. Clinical relevance was determined in a two-step fashion.
First, the crossover point between group 1 (normal) and group 2
(abnormal) was determined. This is the the point at which a variable is
just as likely to fall in the normal distrubution as the abnormal
distribution. Jacobson's test for clinically significant change was
used: crossover point = (SD1 * X2 + SD2 * X1) / (SD1 + SD2). It was then
determined how many SD's from the mean this crossover point fell. For
example, 13.9 +/- 4.5 compared to 9.2 +/- 2.1 was reported as
statistically significant (p \textless{} 0.05). The crossover point is
10.7, which equals 0.71 std from the mean: 13.9 - (0.71*4.5) = 9.2 +
(0.71*2.1).~ ~\textbf{Results:}~The average crossover point was 0.66
SD's from the mean. The crossover point was within 1 SD from the mean in
26/32 cases, and in these cases averaged 0.45 SD. Thus, for 4 out of 5
statistically significant results, when applied to an individual
patient, the cut-off between normal and abnormal was 0.45 SD from the
mean. This results in a third of normal patients falling into an
abnormal category.~\textbf{Conclusions:}~Statistically significant
results frequently are not clinically significant. Statistical
significance alone does not ensure clinical relevance. ~ ~%
\end{abstract}%
\sloppy
Thomas Heston\textsuperscript{1} and Richard Wahl\textsuperscript{1}
1. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
\emph{This abstract was presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the
Society of Nuclear Medicine in Toronto, Canada.}
Citation: Heston T, Wahl R. How often are statistically significant
results clinically relevant? Not often.
\href{http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/supplement_2/1370}{J Nucl
Med~May 2009~vol. 50~no. supplement 2~1370} ~
\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}
|
http://uk.tug.org/wp-installed-content/uploads/2008/12/email-directory-template.tex
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tug.org
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| 70,260,997 | 2,379 |
% This is a UK-TUG Training Template
% http://uk.tug.org/
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% All LaTeX documents start with a \documentclass line. Here, we are
% loading the standard "article" class. The optional argument (in square
% brackets) makes sure the paper size is correct and sets the font size.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Comment lines start with a % character. This text will be completely
% ignored when compiled with LaTeX.
% Programs such as TeXworks will detect the following line, and will
% automatically use pdfLaTeX to compile the document.
%
% !TEX TS-program = pdflatex
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% The behaviour of LaTeX can be altered by loading "packages" using the
% \usepackage command. Each one gives us a particular feature to make
% life easier.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% In TeX, fonts are "encoded", with each space in the font containing
% a different character. For most European users, the best setting is
% the "T1" (modern) system, which is set up next.
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
% Babel is a package to make working with different languages easier.
% LaTeX works in US English by default; in the UK, hyphenation is
% slightly different, and so we load babel to sort this out.
\usepackage[english,UKenglish]{babel}
% The standard LaTeX font is Computer Modern. Here, we will load the
% Courier font for monospaced material and the Palatino font for
% body text. Notice that the package names are given as a comma
% separated list.
\usepackage{courier,mathpazo}
% Other popular options are
% - New Century Schoolbook: \usepackage{newcent}
% - Times Roman : \usepackage{mathptmx}
% The datatool package will allow us to get the data for merging
% from a CSV (comma separated value) file.
\usepackage{datatool}
% The longtable package is used to construct a table which can be longer
% than one page. This may need two or more LaTeX runs to get the column
% widths correct.
\usepackage{longtable}
% The hyperref package provides a number of series for hyperlinks and
% so on. Here, it is used to make the e-mail addresses clickable links.
\usepackage[colorlinks,urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
% Here, the file "directory.csv" is loaded as database "directory". It
% is possible to use more than one database with a LaTeX file.
\DTLloaddb{directory}{directory.csv}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Some settings about the file for the title.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\title{Membership Directory}
\author{Some Group}
\date{2009}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% All printed material must be inside \begin{document}.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{document}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Make the title.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\maketitle
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% The information itself is placed in a table, which will align the
% material. There are two columns, both left-algined.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{longtable}{ll}
% The \DTLforeach macro loops over each row of the CSV file. The first
% argument is the name of the database to use. The second argument maps
% each database column to a TeX macro name.
\DTLforeach{directory}{%
\firstname =Forename,
\lastname =Surname,
\email =Email%
}{%
% This third argument contains the text to appear for each row of the
% database. The fields are inserted using the macro names defined above.
% Thus \firstname, \lastname and \email insert the relevant part of the
% current row of the database here.
%
% The \unskip macro is used to remove any extra spaces from \firstname,
% so that there is always exactly one space between the first and last
% name.
%
% The \href and \nolinkurl macros are from the hyperref package. \href
% creates a clickable link, with the first argument taking the link
% information and the second the text to print. To make sure that the
% e-mail address prints correctly the \nolinkurl macro is used to
% handling characters such as "_".
\firstname\unskip\ \lastname &
\href{mailto:\email}{\nolinkurl{\email}}
\\[1ex] % The table row has extra space added.
}
\end{longtable}
\end{document}
|
https://projects.mako.cc/source/bmh-cv/blobdiff_plain/d599b1c29109297b4acbb4f55017808b4a602a59..2f2dd832ef4bd82cb03b84b2f8b8ab1b3619e22c:/bmh-cv.tex
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| 417,560,133 | 33,954 |
X-Git-Url: https://projects.mako.cc/source/bmh-cv/blobdiff_plain/d599b1c29109297b4acbb4f55017808b4a602a59..2f2dd832ef4bd82cb03b84b2f8b8ab1b3619e22c:/bmh-cv.tex
diff --git a/bmh-cv.tex b/bmh-cv.tex
index 771d443..31b55ac 100644
--- a/bmh-cv.tex
+++ b/bmh-cv.tex
@@ -11,25 +11,19 @@
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
\usepackage[garamond]{mathdesign}
-\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.7in,right=1.1in,top=1.1in,bottom=1.1in]{geometry}
+\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.95in,right=1.3in,top=1.2in,bottom=1.2in]{geometry}
% Metadata -- alter as neded
-
-\def\myauthor{Benjamin Mako Hill}
-\def\mytitle{Curriculum Vitae}
-\def\mycopyright{\myauthor}
-\def\myaffiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
-\def\myaddress{}
-\def\myemail{[email protected]}
-\def\myweb{http://mako.cc}
-\def\myphone{(+1) 206-409-7191}
-\def\myfax{(+1) 815-361-75092}
+\def\myemail{[email protected]}
+\def\myweb{https://mako.cc/academic/}
% Git version tracking
\input{vc}
% Required style files
\usepackage{url,fancyhdr}
+\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
+\renewcommand\UrlFont{\color{black}\rmfamily}
% color for the links
\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{color}
@@ -50,6 +44,7 @@
\titleformat{\section}[leftmargin]
{\normalfont
+\fontsize{12}{15}
\sffamily\bfseries\filleft}
{}{0pt}{\color{BrickRed}}
\titlespacing{\section}
@@ -59,7 +54,7 @@
{\normalfont \bf}
{}{0pt}{}
\titlespacing{\subsection}
-{0em}{-1em}{0em}
+{0em}{-1.2em}{0em}
% create a special cvlist environment to format the items
\newenvironment{cvlist}{
@@ -74,21 +69,31 @@
% set the default indent to nothing
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+\usepackage{afterpage}
+% \usepackage{endnotes}
+% \renewcommand\theendnote{\fnsymbol{endnote}}
+
\begin{document}
+% \baselineskip 12.5pt
% Page layout
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhead{}
\fancyfoot{}
-\rhead{{\scriptsize\thepage}}
+
+% number on all /subsequent/ pages
+\afterpage{\rhead{{\scriptsize\thepage}}}
+
% git revision control footer
\rfoot{\texttt{\scriptsize \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}
% Address and contact block
\begin{minipage}[t]{3in}
- \flushright {\footnotesize Massachusetts Institute of Technology\\ 77 Massachusetts Avenue\\ Cambridge, MA 02139}
+ \flushright {\footnotesize University of Washington\\
+ Department of Communication\\
+ Box 353740, Seattle, WA, 98195}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
@@ -97,412 +102,909 @@
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[t]{1.7in}
- \flushright \footnotesize Phone: \myphone \\
- Fax: \myfax \\
- {\scriptsize \href{mailto:\myemail}{\myemail}} \\
- {\scriptsize \href{\myweb}{\myweb}}
+ \flushright \footnotesize Phone: (+1) 206.409.7191 \\
+ \href{mailto:\myemail}{\myemail} \\
+ \href{\myweb}{\myweb}
\end{minipage}
-\medskip
+\vspace{2em}
%% Name
\noindent{\Large {\textsc{\textbf{Benjamin Mako Hill}}}}
\medskip
+\section{Appointments}
-\section{Education}
+\subsection{University of Washington}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2014--. Assistant Professor, Department of Communication.
+\item 2018--. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Paul G.~Allen School of Computer Science \& Engineering.
+% \item 2017--. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology. % this isn't showing up in workday... 2018-02-07
+\item 2015--. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Human-Centered Design \& Engineering.
+\item 2014--. Affiliate Faculty, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences.
+\item 2014--. Affiliate Faculty, eScience Institute.
+\item 2013--2014. Acting Assistant Professor, Department of Communication.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Harvard University}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2014--. Faculty Associate, Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society.
+\item 2012--. Affiliate, Institute for Quantitative Social Science.
+\item 2011--2014. Fellow, Berkman Center for Internet and Society.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Stanford University}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2018--2019. Lenore Annenberg and Wallis Annenberg Fellow in Communication, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
+\end{cvlist}
\subsection{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2010--2013. Graduate Affiliate, MIT Center For Collective Intelligence.
+\item 2010--2012. Teaching Assistant, MIT Sloan School of Management and MIT Program in Systems Design and Management.
+\item 2007--2011. Research Fellow, MIT Center For Civic Media.
+\item 2007--2008. Senior Researcher, MIT Sloan School of Management.
+\item 2005--2007. Research Assistant, \emph{Electronic Publishing} and \emph{Computing Culture} Research Groups, MIT Media Lab.
+\end{cvlist}
-\item 2008--Present (ABD). PhD in \emph{Management} and \emph{Media
- Arts and Science}. \\
- Program Committee: Eric von Hippel, Tom Malone, and
- Mitch Resnick. \\
- Passed general examinations in (a) technoloigcal
- innovation and entreprenruship, (b) organizational sociology and (c)
- technology design for creativity and cooperation.\\
- (GPA: 5.0/5.0)
+\section{Education}
-\item 2005--2007. Masters of Science in \emph{Media, Arts, and
- Sciences} from MIT Media Lab. \\ (GPA: 5.0/5.0)
+\subsection{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2008--2013. PhD in \emph{Management} and \emph{Media Arts and Science} (Interdepartmental). Committee: Eric von Hippel (Advisor), Yochai Benkler, Tom Malone, and Mitch Resnick. General examinations in: (1) technological innovation and entrepreneurship; (2) organizational sociology; (3) technology design for creativity and cooperation. [GPA: 5.0/5.0]
+
+\item 2005--2007. Masters of Science in \emph{Media Arts and Sciences} from MIT Media Lab. \newline [GPA: 5.0/5.0]
\end{cvlist}
\subsection{Hampshire College}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 1999--2003. Bachelor of Arts. Major in \emph{Literature,
- Technology and Intellectual Property Policy}. \\ (GPA: N/A)
+\item 1999--2003. Bachelor of Arts. Major in \emph{Literature,
+ Technology, and Intellectual Property Policy} (Self-designed). [GPA: N/A]
\end{cvlist}
-\section{Appointments}
+\newpage % temporary, until we add more stuff above
+\section{Publications}
-\subsection{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
+\subsection{Articles in Journals and Conference Proceedings}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2007--Present. Research Fellow, MIT Center For Future Civic Media.
-\item 2010-Present. Teaching Assistant, MIT Sloan School of Management
- and MIT Program in Systems Design and Management.
-\item 2007--2008. Senior Researcher, MIT Sloan School of Management,
- Innovation Lab.
-\item 2005--2007. Research Assistant, \emph{Electronic Publishing}
- and \emph{Computing Culture} Research Groups, MIT Media Lab.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2020 (Forthcoming). âThe Hidden Costs of Requiring Accounts: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Peer Production.â \textit{Communication Research}.
+\item Shorey, Samantha, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Samuel C. Woolley. 2020 (Forthcoming). âFrom Hanging Out to Figuring It Out Socializing Online as a Pathway to Computational Thinking.â \textit{New Media and Society}.
+\item Tran, Chau, Kaylea Champion, Andrea Forte, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Rachel Greenstadt. 2020. âAre Anonymity-Seekers Just like Everybody Else? An Analysis of Contributions to Wikipedia from Tor.â In \textit{2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)}, 1:974â90. San Francisco, California: IEEE Computer Society. \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/SP40000.2020.00053}.
+\item Champion, Kaylea, Nora McDonald, Stephanie Bankes, Joseph Zhang, Rachel Greenstadt, Andrea Forte, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2019. âA Forensic Qualitative Analysis of Contributions to Wikipedia from Anonymity Seeking Users.â Proceedings of the ACM: Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 531:1-53:26. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3359155}.
+\item Kiene, Charles, Jialun âAaronâ Jiang, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2019. âTechnological Frames and User Innovation: Exploring Technological Change in Community Moderation Teams.â Proceedings of the ACM: Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 44:1-44:23. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3359203}.
+\item Narayan, Sneha, Nathan TeBlunthuis, Wm Salt Hale, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Aaron Shaw. 2019. âAll Talk: How Increasing Interpersonal Communication on Wikis May Not Enhance Productivity.â Proceedings of the ACM: Human-Computer Interaction 3 (CSCW): 101:1-101:19. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3359203}.
+\item McDonald, Nora, Benjamin Mako Hill, Rachel Greenstadt, and Andrea Forte. 2019. âPrivacy, Anonymity, and Perceived Risk in Open Collaboration: A Study of Service Providers.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â19)}, 671:1-671:12. New York, New York: ACM. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300901.}
+\item Kiene, Charles, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. âManaging Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers.â \textit{Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction} 2 (CSCW): 89:1-89:21 (November 2018). \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3274358}
+\item Gan, Emilia F., Benjamin Mako Hill, and Sayamindu Dasgupta. 2018. âGender, Feedback, and Learnersâ Decisions to Share Their Creative Computing Projects.â \textit{Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction} 2 (CSCW): 54:1-54:23 (November 2018). \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3274323}
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. ``How `wide walls' can increase engagement: Evidence from a natural experiment in Scratch.'' In \textit{Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â18)}. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173935}.
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. ``Revisiting `The Rise and Decline' in a Population of Peer Production Projects.'' In \textit{Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â18)}. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173929}.
+\item Klein, Maximilian, Jihao Zhao, Jiajun Ni, Isaac Johnson, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Haiyi Zhu. 2017. âQuality Standards, Service Orientation, and Power in Airbnb and Couchsurfing.â Proceedings of the ACM: Human-Computer Interaction 1 (CSCW):58. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3134693}.
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âScratch Community Blocks: Supporting Children as Data Scientists.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â17)}. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025847}.
+\item Hautea, Samantha, Sayamindu Dasgupta, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âYouth Perspectives on Critical Data Literacies.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â17)}. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025823}.
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âLearning to Code in Localized Programming Languages.â In \textit{Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S â17)}, 33â39. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3051464}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2017. âA Longitudinal Dataset of Five Years of Public Activity in the Scratch Online Community.â \textit{Scientific Data} 4 (January): 170002. \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.2}.
+\item Narayan, Sneha, Jake Orlowitz, Jonathan Morgan, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Aaron Shaw. 2017. âThe Wikipedia Adventure: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing (CSCW â17)}. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998307}.
+\item Kiene, Charles, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. âSurviving an âEternal Septemberâ: How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â16)}, 1152â1156. New York, New York: ACM Press.\\ \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356}.
+\item Matias, J. Nathan, Sayamindu Dasgupta, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. âSkill Progression in Scratch Revisited.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â16)}, 1486â1490. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858349}.
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu, William Hale, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. âRemixing As a Pathway to Computational Thinking.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing (CSCW â16)}, 1438â1449. New York, New York: ACM. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819984}.
+% (Awards: CSCW '16 Honorable Mention Award)
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2015. âPage Protection: Another Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym â15)}, 15:1â15:4. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2788993.2789846}.
+\item Huang, Shih-Wen, Minhyang (Mia) Suh, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Gary Hsieh. 2015. âHow Activists Are Both Born and Made: An Analysis of Users on Change.Org.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â15)}, 211â220. New York, New York: ACM Press.\\ \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702559}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2014. âConsider the Redirect: A Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research.â In \textit{Proceedings of the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym â14)}, 28:1â28:4. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2641580.2641616}.
+\item Zhang, Haoqi, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Aaron Shaw, Sean A. Munson, Elizabeth Gerber, Benjamin Mako Hill, Peter Kinnaird, Shelly D. Farnham, and Patrick Minder. 2014. âWeDo: End-To-End Computer Supported Collective Action.â In \textit{Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM â14)}. Palo Alto, California: AAAI Press. % \url{https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM14/paper/view/8041}. (Short Paper \& Poster)
+\item Shaw, Aaron, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2014. âLaboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.â Journal of Communication 64 (2): 215â38. \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12082}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2013. âThe Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation.â PLoS ONE 8 (6): e65782. \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065782}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2013. âThe Remixing Dilemma: The Trade-Off Between Generativity and Originality.â \textit{American Behavioral Scientist} 57 (5): 643â63. \url{https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212469359}.
+% (Press: Financial Times, Wired UK, Boing Boing)
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2013. âThe Cost of Collaboration for Code and Art: Evidence from a Remixing Community.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW â13)}, 1035â1046. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441893}.
+% (Awards: CSCW '13 Best Paper Award)
+\item Monroy-Hernández, Andrés, Benjamin Mako Hill, Jazmin Gonzalez-Rivero, and danah boyd. 2011. âComputers Canât Give Credit: How Automatic Attribution Falls Short in an Online Remixing Community.â In \textit{Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI â11)}, 3421â3430. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979452}.
+% (Awards: CHI '11 Honorable Mention Award)
+\item Buechley, Leah, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2010. âLilyPad in the Wild: How Hardwareâs Long Tail Is Supporting New Engineering and Design Communities.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS â10)}, 199â207. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/1858171.1858206.}
+% (Press: Etiquette, Women 2.0 )
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Kristina Olson. 2010. âResponses to Remixing on a Social Media Sharing Website.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 4th AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM â10)}, 74â81. Palo Alto, California: AAAI Press. \url{https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/view/1533}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2007. âRevealing Errors.â \textit{Media/Culture Journal} 10 (5). \url{http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0710/01-hill.php}.
+ (Feature Article)
+\item Coleman, E. Gabriella, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2004. âHow Free Became Open and Everything Else under the Sun.â \textit{Media/Culture Journal} 7 (3).
+\url{http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/02\_Coleman-Hill.php}.
+(Feature Article)
+\item Michlmayr, Martin, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2003. âQuality and the Reliance on Individuals in Free Software Projects.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering (WOSSE â03)}, 105â109. Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE.
+
\end{cvlist}
+\subsection{Book Chapters}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2020 (Forthcoming). âEngaging Learners in Constructing Constructionist Environments.â In \textit{Designing Constructionist Futures: The Art, Theory, and Practice of Learning Designs}, edited by Nathan Holbert, Matthew Berland, and Yasmin Kafai. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2020 (Forthcoming). âThe Most Important Laboratory for Social Scientific and Computing Research in History.â In \textit{Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution}, edited by Joseph M. Jr. Reagle and Jackie L. Koerner. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Aaron Shaw. 2020. âStudying Populations of Online Communities.â In \textit{The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication}, edited by Brooke Foucault Welles and Sandra González-Bailón, 174â93. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460518.001.0001}.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D., Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âA Computational Analysis of Social Media Scholarship.â In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media, edited by Jean Burgess, Alice Marwick, and Thomas Poell, 111â34. London, UK: SAGE.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako, Dharma Dailey, Richard T.~Guy, Ben Lewis, Mika Matsuzaki, and Jonathan T. Morgan. 2017. âDemocratizing Data Science: The Community Data Science Workshops and Classes.â In Big Data Factories: Collaborative Approaches, 115â35. Computational Social Sciences. Berlin, Germany: Springer Nature. \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5_9}.
+\item Benkler, Yochai, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2015. âPeer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence.â In \textit{Handbook of Collective Intelligence}, edited by Thomas Malone and Michael Bernstein, 175â204. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
+\item Buechley, Leah, Jennifer Jacobs, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2013. âLilypad in the Wild: Technology DIY, E-Textiles, and Gender.â In \textit{Textile Messages: Dispatches From the World of E-Textiles and Education}, edited by Leah Buechley, Kylie Peppler, Michael Eisenberg, and Yasmin Kafai, 147â57. New York, New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2014. âFreedom for Users, Not for Software.â In The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State, edited by David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, 305â8. Amherst, Massachusetts: Levellers Press. (Book published in German as Commons: Für eine neue Politik Jenseits von Markt und Staat.)
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2010. âRevealing Errors.â In Error: Glitch, Noise, and Jam in New Media Cultures, edited by Mark Nunes, 27â41. New York, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
+\item Coleman, E. Gabriella, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2004. âThe Social Production of Ethics in Debian and Free Software Communities: Anthropological Lessons for Vocational Ethics.â In Free/Open Source Software Development, edited by Stefan Koch, 273â95. Hershey, Pennsylvania: Idea Group Inc. (IGI).
+\end{cvlist}
-\section{Publications}
+\subsection{Other Scholarly Publications}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item {[Extended Abstract]} Kiene, Charles, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2020. âWho Uses Bots? A Statistical Analysis of Bot Usage in Moderation Teams.â In \textit{Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA â20)}, 1â8. New York, NY: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3382960}.
+\item {[Poster and Extended Abstract]} TeBlunthuis, Nathan, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âDensity Dependence Without Resource Partitioning: Population Ecology on Change. Org.â In \textit{Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW â17 Companion)}, 323â326. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/3022198.3026358}.
+\item {[Poster and Extended Abstract]} Dasgupta, Sayamindu, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. âMeasuring Learning of Code Patterns in Informal Learning Environments.â In \textit{Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE â17)}, 706â706. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3017680.3022437}.
+\item {[Workshop Position Paper]} Dasgupta, Sayamindu, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. âLearning With Data: Designing for Community Introspection and Exploration.â In \textit{Workshop on Human-Centered Data Science. Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '16)}. San Francisco, California.
+\item {[Section Introduction; Section Co-Editor]} Hill, Benjamin Mako, and Seth Schoen. 2016. âFree Culture: Introduction.â In \textit{The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz}, 7â9. New York, New York: The New Press.
+% (Press: Truthout)
+\item {[Invited Article]} Shaw, Aaron, Haoqi Zhang, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Sean Munson, Benjamin Mako Hill, Elizabeth Gerber, Peter Kinnaird, and Patrick Minder. 2014. âComputer Supported Collective Action.â \textit{Interactions} 21 (2): 74â77. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2576875}.
+\item {[Panel and Extended Abstract]} Bernstein, Michael, Michael Conover, Benjamin Mako Hill, Andres Monroy-Hernandez, Brian Keegan, Aaron Shaw, Sarita Yardi, R. Stuart Geiger, and Amy Bruckman. 2012. ``Fail Whaling: Designing from Deviance and Failures in Social Computing.'' In \textit{CHI â12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '12)}, 1127â1130. New York, New York: ACM Press. \url{https://doi.org/10.1145/2212776.2212403}.
+\item {[Interactive Poster and Extended Abstract]} Monroy-Hernández, Andrés, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2010. âCooperation and Attribution in an Online Community of Young Creators.â Interactive Poster presented at the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW â10), Savannah, Georgia.
+\item {[Panel and Abstract]} Morell, Mayo Fuster, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2010. ``Reviewing and Challenging Socio-Political Approaches in the Analysis of Open Collaboration and Collective Action Online.'' In \textit{Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (WikiSym â10)}, 1â2. New York, New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832808.
+\item {[Book review]} Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2008. âSamir Chopra, Scott D. Dexter, Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software.â Minds and Machines 18 (2): 297â99. \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-008-9101-y}.
+\item {[Review]} Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2005. âReflections on Free Software Past and Future.â First Monday 10 (10). \url{https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v0i0.1468}.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Datasets}
-\subsection{Journal Articles}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2007. Hill, Benjamin Mako. Revealing Errors. \emph{Media/Culture
- Journal} 10 (Feature Article).
-\item 2004. Coleman, Gabriella, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2004. How free
- became open and everything else under the sun. \emph{Media/Culture
- Journal} 7 (Feature Article).
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. ``Replication Data for Revisiting `The Rise and Declineâ in a Population of Peer Production Projects.'' \textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/SG3LP1}.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D., Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2018. ``Replication Data for: A Computational Analysis of Social Media Scholarship.'' \textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/W31PH5}.
+\item Narayan, Sneha, Jake Orlowitz, Jonathan T.~Morgan, Aaron Shaw, Benjamin Mako Hill. 2017. ``Replication Data for: The Wikipedia Adventure: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users.'' \textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6HPRIG}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako and Andrés Monroy-Hernández. 2016. ``Archival Dataset: A Longitudinal Dataset of Five Years of Public Activity in the Scratch Online Community.'' \textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KFT8EZ}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako and Aaron Shaw. 2016. ``Archival Data for Page Protection: Another Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research.''\textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/P1VECE}.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako and Aaron Shaw. 2016. ``Archival Data for Consider the Redirect: A Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research'' \textit{Harvard Dataverse}. \url{https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NQSHQD}.
\end{cvlist}
-\subsection{Refereed Conference Papers}
+% \subsection{Working Papers (Under Review)}
+% \begin{cvlist}
+% \item Hill, Benjamin Mako. Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of collective action.Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of collective action.
+% \item Hill, Benjamin Mako. Causal Effects of a Reputation-Based Incentive in a Peer Production Community.
+% \item Hill, Benjamin Mako, Aaron Shaw, and Yochai Benkler. Status, Social Signalling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community.
+% \item Hill, Benjamin Mako and Aaron Shaw. Is volunteer labor a ``fixed and finite'' resource? Evidence from peer production.
+% \end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Theses}
+
\begin{cvlist}
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2013. ``Essays on volunteer mobilization in peer production.'' Ph.D. Dissertation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Interdepartmental Program in Management and Media Arts and Sciences. Advised by Eric von Hippel, Yochai Benkler, Tom Malone, and Mitch Resnick.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2007 ``Cooperation in Parallel: A Tool for Supporting Collaborative Writing in Diverged Documents.'' Masters Thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts and Sciences. Advised by Walter Bender, Chris Csikszentmihályi, and Gabriella Coleman.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. 2003. ``Literary Collaboration and Control A Socio-Historic, Technological and Legal Analysis.'' Division III (Bachelors Thesis), Amherst, Massachusetts: Hampshire College. Advised by James Miller, James Wald, and David Bollier.
+\end{cvlist}
-\item 2010. Buechley, Leah, Benjamin Mako Hill. LilyPad in the wild:
- How hardware's long tail is supporting new engineering and design
- communities. Proceedings of the Conference on Design of Interactive
- Systems. Aarhus, Denmark.
+\section{Selected Presentations}
-\item 2010. Hill, Benjamin Mako, Andrés Monroy Hernández, and Kristina
- Olson. Responses to remixing on a social media sharing
- website. Pp. 74-81 in Proceedings of the 4th AAAI Conference on
- Weblogs and Social Media. Washington, D.C.: AAAI.
+\subsection{Refereed Paper Presentations (Non-Archival)}
-\item 2003. Michlmayr, Martin, and Benjamin Mako Hill. Quality and the
- reliance on individuals in free software projects. Pp. 105â109 in
- Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering.
+Presenting authors are marked a ``$^*$'' in the list below. Because conference or workshops norms about submission vary, some papers appear more than once.
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item Narayan, Sneha, Nathan E. TeBlunthuis$^*$, Wm Salt Hale, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Aaron Shaw. âMore Connected But Not More Productive: Analyzing Support for Interpersonal Communication in Wikis.â Session on Computational Approaches to Health Communication. Computational Methods, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2019), Washington, DC, May 27, 2019.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D$^*$, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Nathan TeBlunthuis. âAn Agent-Based Model of Online Community Joining.â Organizational Communication Mini-Conference (OCMC). New Brunswick, NJ, October 5, 2018.
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu and Benjamin Mako Hill$^*$. ``How `Wide Walls' Can Increase Engagement: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Scratch.'' Session on Online Platforms and Experiments. International Conference on Computational Social Science (IC2S2 2018), Evanston, Illinois, July 15, 2018.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D.$^*$, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Nathan TeBlunthuis. ``An Agent-Based Model of Online Community Joining.'' Session on Collective Behavior. International Conference on Computational Social Science (IC2S2 2018), Evanston, Illinois, July 14, 2018.
+\item Shaw, Aaron and Benjamin Mako Hill$^*$. ``Theory Building Beyond Communities: Population-Level Research.'' Session on Communication in the Networked Age: A Discussion of Theory Building through Data-Driven Research. Computational Methods, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2018), Prague, Czechia, May 28, 2018.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D.$^*$ and Benjamin Mako Hill.``An Agent-Based Model of Online Community Joining.'' Session on Agent-based Modeling for Communication Research. Computational Methods, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2018), Prague, Czechia, May 25, 2018.
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan$^*$, Aaron Shaw, and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Revisiting `The Rise and Decline' in a Population of Peer Production Projects.'' Information Systems, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2018), Prague, Czechia, May 25, 2018.
+\item Gan, Emilia F.$^*$, Sayamindu Dasgupta and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Gender Differences in Patterns of Project Sharing on the Scratch Online Programming Community.'' Session on Cultivating Computational Thinking: Developing Computational Identities Through Scratch and Apps. Digital Media and Learning (DML 2017), University of California, Irvine, October 6, 2017.
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan$^*$, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw. ``Density Dependence Without Resource Partitioning: A Population Ecology of Change.org.'' Session on Computational Methods for Studying Political Communication, Computational Methods, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2017), San Diego, California, May 29, 2017.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako and Aaron Shaw$^*$. ``The Hidden Costs of Requiring Accounts Online: Quasiexperimental Evidence From Peer Production.'' Session on Semantics and Structure of Online Communication, Computational Methods, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2017), San Diego, California, May 27, 2017.
+\item Dasgupta, Sayamindu and Benjamin Mako Hill$^*$. ``Learning to Code in Localized Programming Languages.'' Session on Technology and Learning, Instructional \& Developmental Communication, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2017), San Diego, California, May 26, 2017.
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan$^*$, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw. ``Resource Partitioning and Density Dependence on a Digital Mobilization Platform.'' Internet, Politics, and Policy Conference (IPP 2016), Oxford University, Oxford, UK, September 23, 2016.
+\item TeBlunthuis, Nathan$^*$, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw. ``Resource Partitioning and Density Dependence on a Digital Mobilization Platform.'' Section on Communication, Information Technology, and Media Sociology, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting (ASA 2016), Seattle, Washington, August 23, 2016.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D.$^*$, Aaron Shaw and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Wikis and Work Groups: A Social Network Approach to Predicting Community Growth.'' Section on Organizations, Occupations, and Work, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting (ASA 2016), Seattle, Washington, August 22, 2016.
+\item Narayan, Sneha$^*$, Jake Orlowitz, Jonathan Morgan, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw. ``The Wikipedia Adventure: A Field Experiment Evaluating an Interactive Tutorial for Newcomers.'' Session on Exploring Online Communities, Communication and Technology, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2016), Fukuoka, Japan, June 13, 2016.
+\item Shorey, Samantha$^*$, Samuel Woolley and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``From Hanging Out to Geeking Out: Socializing as a Pathway to Computational Thinking.'' Session on Learning and Thinking Through/With/By Media, Children, Adolescents and the Media, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2016), Fukuoka, Japan, June 11, 2016.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D.$^*$, Aaron Shaw and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Wikis and Work Groups: A Social Network Approach to Predicting Community Growth.'' Session on B.E.S.T.: Social and Collaborative Technologies in Organizational Communication, Organizational Communication, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2016), Fukuoka, Japan, June 10, 2016.
+\item Shaw, Aaron$^*$ and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Learning from Populations of Online Organizations.'' Communication Science in the Digital Age Pre-Conference Workshop, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2015), San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 7, 2015.
+\item Shaw, Aaron$^*$ and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Learning from Populations of Online Organizations.'' Computational Approaches to Advance Communication Research Pre-Conference Workshop, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2015), San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 6, 2015.
+\item Foote, Jeremy D.$^*$, Aaron Shaw and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Social structures of productive online volunteer communities.'' International Network for Social Network Analysis Conference (``Sunbelt''), Newport Beach, CA, April 9, 2016.
+\item Shaw, Aaron$^*$ and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Learning from Populations of Online Organizations.'' Computational Social Science Summit (CSSS), Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, May, 2015.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$ and Aaron Shaw$^*$. ``Laboratories Of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' Collective Intelligence Conference (CI 2014), MIT, Cambridge, date: invalid date âMassachusetts, June 1, 2014.
+\item Zhang, Haoqi$^*$, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Aaron Shaw, Sean A. Munson, Elizabeth Gerber, Peter Kinnaird, Shelly D. Farnham, and Patrick Minder. ``WeDo: End-To-End Computer Supported Collective Action.'' Collective Intelligence Conference (CI 2014), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June , 2014.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$ and Aaron Shaw$^*$. ``Laboratories Of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' Online Collective Action Working Group, ECPR, Mainz, Germany, March 13, 2013.
+\item Shaw, Aaron$^*$ and Benjamin Mako Hill. ``Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' Annual Midwest Political Science Association Conference (MPSA 2014), Chicago, Illinois, April, 2014.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$. ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Open and User Innovation Workshop (OUI 2014), Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 31, 2012.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$, Aaron Shaw$^*$, and Yochai Benkler.``Status, Social Signaling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community.'' American Sociological Association Annual Meeting (ASA 2012), Denver, Colorado, August 17, 2012.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$, Aaron Shaw, and Yochai Benkler. ``Status, Social Signaling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community.'' Open and User Innovation Workshop (OUI 2011), Vienna, Austria, June 5, 2011.
+\item Hill, Benjamin Mako$^*$. ``Causal Effects of a Reputation-Based Incentive in a Peer Production Community.'' Open and User Innovation Workshop (OUI 2010), MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 2, 2010.
\end{cvlist}
-\subsection{Book Chapters}
+\subsection{Invited Lectures and Presentations}
+
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2010. Hill, Benjamin Mako. Revealing errors. In \emph{Error:
- Glitch, Noise, and Jam in New Media Cultures} edited by Mark
- Nunes. Continuum. (An expanded version of the 2007 journal article.)
-
-\item 2004. Coleman, Gabriella, and Benjamin Mako Hill. The social
- production of ethics in Debian and free software communities:
- Anthropological lessons for vocational ethics. In \emph{Free/Open
- Source Software Development} edited by Stefan Koch.
-\end{cvlist}
-
-\subsection{Review Articles}
-\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2008. Hill, Benjamin Mako. Samir Chopra, Scott
- D. Dexter, Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source
- Software. \emph{Minds and Machines} 18:297-299.
- % \item 2007. [S.M. Thesis] Hill, Benjamin Mako. âCooperation in
- % Parallel: A Tool for Supporting Collaborative Writing in
- % Diverged Documents.â Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of
- % Technology, Program in Media Arts and Sciences. Advised by
- % Walter Bender, Chris Csikszentmihályi, and Gabriella Coleman.
-\item 2005. Hill, Benjamin Mako. Reflections on free
- software past and future. \emph{First Monday} 10.
- % \item 2003 [B.A. Thesis] Hill, Benjamin Mako. âLiterary
- % Collaboration and Control A Socio-Historic, Technological and
- % Legal Analysis.â Undergraduate Thesis, Hampshire
- % College. Advised by James Miller, James Wald, and David Bollier.
-\end{cvlist}
-
-\subsection{Unpublished Working Papers}
-\begin{cvlist}
-\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online
- collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of
- collecdtive action.
-\item Hill, Benjamin Mako. ``What the community is remixing:'' The
- effect of a new status-based incentive to collaborate in an online
- collaborative community.
-\end{cvlist}
-
-
-
-\section{Presentations}
-
-\subsection{Selected Invited Presentations}
-\begin{cvlist}
-%\item 2010-11-17. Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of collecdtive action. MIT Economic Sociology Working Group. % missing
-\item 2010-08-02. ``What the community is remixing:'' The effect of a
- new status-based incentive to collaborate in an online collaborative
- community. MIT Open and User Innovation Workshop.
-\item 2010-06-10. Reviewing and challenging socio-political
- approaches in the analysis of open collaboration and collective
- action online. With Mayo Fuster Morell. WikiSym 2010. Gdansk,
- Poland.
-%\item 2010-06-09. "What the community is remixing:" The effect of a new status-based incentive to collaborate in an online collaborative community. MIT Economic Sociology Working Group.
-\item 2010-04-26. Two empirical analyses of cooperation in
- Scratch. With Andrés Monroy Hernández. Harvard Cooperation Group,
- Berkman Center for Internet and Society.
-\item 2009-11-20. The State of FLOSS Research. University of
- Massachusetts Department of Computer Science in Amherst,
- Massachusetts.
-\item 2008-10-21. Revealing Errors. Harvard-MIT-Yale Cyberscholar
- Working Group. Harvard University.
-\item 2008-04-07. Renaissance Panel: The Roles of Creative Synthesis
- in Innovation. CHI 2008 in Florence, Italy.
-\item 2007-11-15. Reflections on Decoding Liberation. Book Launch
- Event for \emph{Decoding Liberation} at Brooklyn College.
-\item 2008-01-22. Clouding Computing and Free and Open Source
- Software. Computing in the Cloud Workshop at the Center for
- Information Technology Policy at Princeton University.
-\item 2007-04-27. Reflections on the War on Share. With Elizabeth
- Stark. Media in Transition 5 Conference at MIT.
-\item 2007-06-27. Parallel Document Development. User Innovation
- Conference at Copenhagen Business School.
-% \item 2006-06-02. Defining Moments, Conference on Engaging in Open Source (CEOS) organized by the ACM Chapter at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
-
-\end{cvlist}
-
-\subsection{Teaching Experience}
-\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2010, Spring. Teaching Assistant: How to Develop ``Breakthrough''
- Products and Services. (with Prof. Eric von Hippel). MIT Program in
- Systems Design and Management.
-\item 2010, Spring. Teaching Assistant: User-Centric
- Innovations. (with Prof. Eric von Hippel). MIT Sloan School of
- Management.
-\item 2008, Fall. Graduate Reading Seminar in Free Software and Open
- Source. MIT Media Lab. %missing
-\item 2008, Fall. Seminar in Collective Intelligence. MIT Sloan School
- of Management. %missing
+\item {[Lightning Talk]} âIgniting a TON (Technology, Organizing, and Networks) of Insights: Recognizing the Contributions of Janet Fulk and Peter Monge in Shaping the Future of Communication Research.â Organizational Communication Division, International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA 2019), Washington, DC, May 28, 2018.
+\item {[Lecture]} âThe Growth and Decline of Digital Knowledge Commons.â HCI Lunch Seminar Series, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, April 10, 2019.
+\item {[Tutorial]} âConducting Research with Amazon Mechanical Turk.â Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, March 8, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture and Discussion]} âDemocratizing Data Science.â Seminar Series, Department of Communication, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, February 22, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture]} âThe Growth and Decline of Digital Knowledge Commons.â Seminar Series, Department of Communication, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, February 21, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} âThe Growth and Decline of Digital Knowledge Commons.â Fellow Presentation, Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, January 30, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture]} âDemocratizing Data Science.â Information Technology Outlook Seminar, Department of Informatics, Universitá degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy, November 20, 2018.
+\item {[Response]} Respondent for Charlton McIlwain's âControlling the Means of Disruption.â The Shifting Landscape of Public Communication Conference, University of Washington, October 26, 2018.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} ``Whither Peer Production?'' Digital Commons Research Group, Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3), Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, June 4, 2018.
+\item {[Lecture and Discussion]} ``Democratizing Data Science.'' University of Washington Alumni Hall of Fame Reception, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, February 28, 2018.
+\item {[Discussion Facilitation]} ``Will Wikipedia exist in 20 years?'' With Katherine Maher. Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 17, 2017.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Democratizing Data Science: Perspectives from the Community Data Science Workshop and Software Carpentry.'' With Dharma Dailey and Jonathan T. Morgan. Data Science Studies Group, eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, March 6, 2017.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Critical Data Literacies.'' With Sayamindu Dasgupta. Data Science Studies Group, eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, February 8, 2017.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``The Hidden Costs of Requiring Account Creation: Evidence from Peer Production.'' Colloquium, Department of Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, November 30, 2016.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``The Hidden Costs of Requiring Account Creation: Evidence from Peer Production.'' With Aaron Shaw. Workshop and Lecture Series on the Law \& Economics of Innovation, ETH Zurich, Center for Law \& Economics, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Science, November 15, 2016.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``The Wikipedia Adventure: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users.'' With Aaron Shaw. Workshop and Lecture Series on the Law \& Economics of Innovation, ETH Zurich, Center for Law \& Economics, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Science, November 14, 2016.
+\item {[Workshop]} ``Scratch Community Blocks Workshop.'' With Sayamindu Dasgupta. Scratch Conference, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 5, 2016.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Charting Pathways to Community Success.'' Big Social Data Day, eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, May 31, 2016.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Using High Performance Computing for Social Computing Research.'' University of Washington HPC Club, Data Science Studio, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, May 12, 2016.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``The Hidden Costs of Requiring Account Creation: Evidence from Peer Production.'' Voice, Technology \& Impact Workshop, Department of Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, May 6, 2016.
+\item {[Debate]} âDoes the Net Work? Analyzing the Social Implications of the World Wide Web.â International Affairs Conference, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, April 4, 2016.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} ``Celebrate Aaron Swartz and Book Release.'' Department of Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, January 13, 2016.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Reflecting on Empirical Peer Production Research.'' With Aaron Shaw. 7$^\mathrm{th}$ International Workshop on Network Theory: Peer Production Networks (ANN-SONIC-NICO 2015). Department of Communication, Northwestern University. Evanston, Illinois, October 30, 2015.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ```Accounting' for Transaction Costs in Online Collective Action.'' Wikia Inc., San Francisco, California, October 18, 2015.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ```Accounting' for Transaction Costs in Online Collective Action.'' Wikimania 2015. Mexico City, Mexico, July 18, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture and Discussion Facilitation]} ``Missing Voices on Wikipedia.'' With Monika Sengul-Jones. Center on Communication, Difference, and Equity, University of Washington, April 22, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production.'' Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, April 16, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production.'' University of Milan, Milan, Italy, March 28, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} Discussion of \textit{The Internetâs Own Boy}. Workshop on Privacy, Surveillance, and Activism, Erasmus Research Centre for Media, Communication and Culture, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, March 24, 2015.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' Workshop on Privacy, Surveillance, and Activism. Erasmus Research Centre for Media, Communication and Culture, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, March 24, 2015.
+\item {[Panel]} Discussion of \emph{The Internet's Own Boy}. Information \& Society Center, Information School, University of Washington, November 24, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Understanding Collaborative Creativity in Scratch.'' Center for Data Science, University of Washington, Tacoma, November 19, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Creativity Without Law in Remixing.'' Creativity Without Law Conference, Case Western University School of Law, November 7, 2014.
+\item {[Workshop Organization \& Lecture]} ``Open Source Comes to Campus.'' University of Washington, November 16, 2014.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' Wikimania 2014, London, UK. August 9, 2014.
+\item {[Invited Expert Participant]} Data and Digital Methods BarCamp, ENSCI \& Medialab, Science Po, Paris, France, June 27, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production.'' Medialab, Sciences Po, Paris, France. June 25, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture and Workshop Facilitation]} ``Remixing Research and Scratch Data.'' With Andrés Monroy-Hernández. Scratch Data Summit, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 21, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production.'' DUB Seminar, University of Washington, January 8, 2014.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' ZEW/KMRC Workshop: User behavior and content generation on Wikipedia, ZEW, Mannheim, Germany, November 9, 2013.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' MIT Economic Sociology Working Group, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 8, 2013.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' Harvard Cooperation Group, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 16, 2013.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production.'' Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton, April 11, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Failures of Collective Action.'' Cognitive Science Colloquium, School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, April 10, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Failures of Collective Action.'' Department of Communication, University of Washington, October 26, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Failures of Collective Action.'' The Future of Security: Ethical Hacking, Big Data, and the Crowd, Parsons Institute for Information Mapping, The New School, New York, New York, October 24, 2012.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Microsoft Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 13, 2012.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``When Peer Production Works: Learning from Failures to Improve Collaboration.'' Wikipedia Academy 2012, Freie Universität, Berlin, June 29, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Communication Technology and Social Change Activism.'' Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, June 9, 2012 .
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Is Volunteer Labor a Fixed and Finite Resource? Evidence from Peer Production.'' With Aaron Shaw. MIT Economic Sociology Working Group, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 24, 2012.
+% removed: \item 2011-07-01. ``Using Social Awards To Build Better Free Software \& Culture Projects.'' With Aaron Shaw. Fórum Internacional Software Livre, Porto Alegre, Brasil. [Lecture]
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Conference on Digital Commons, Barcelona, Spain, December 29, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' MIT Economic Sociology Working Group, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 17, 2010.
+% moved below: \item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco, California, November 2, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Status, Social Signaling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community.'' With Aaron Shaw. Laboratory for Social Research Seminar, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, October 28, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Luncheon Series, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 11, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 20, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Status, Social Signaling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community.'' MIT Economic Sociology Working Group, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 18, 2011.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Technological Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy Seminar, MIT Sloan, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 22, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Wikipedia as a Platform.'' MIT Innovation Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 4, 2010.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Reviewing And Challenging Socio-Political Approaches in the Analysis of Open Collaboration and Collective Action Online.'' With Mayo Fuster Morell. WikiSym 2010, Gdansk, Poland, June 10, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' NEU ACM Chapter, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, November 18, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Free/Libre Open Source Software 101.'' Knight Foundation News Conference, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 16, 2009.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Causal Effects of a Reputation-Based Incentive in a Peer Production Community.'' MIT Economic Sociology Working Group, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 9, 2010.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Causal Effects of a Reputation-Based Incentive in a Peer Production Community.'' Harvard Cooperation Group, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 26, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of FLOSS Research.'' Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, November 20, 2009.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Internet and Society Project, Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut, March 24, 2009.
+\item {[Paper Presentation]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Harvard-MIT-Yale Cyberscholar Working Group, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 21, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Voting Machinery for the Masses.'' Future of Civic Media Conference, MIT Center for Future Civic Media, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 13, 2008.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Renaissance Panel: The Roles of Creative Synthesis in Innovation.'' CHI 2008, Florence, Italy, April 7, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Disasters and Free Software.'' Zones of Emergency series, Center for Advanced Visual Studies, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 3, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software.'' Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, March 12, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software.'' Nara Institute of Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan, January 8, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software.'' Cornell University Code Review, Ithaca, New York, November 16, 2007.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Free Software and Education.'' K-12 Open Minds Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, October 9, 2007.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Clouding Computing and Free and Open Source Software.'' Computing in the Cloud Workshop, Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, January 22, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Reflections on Decoding Liberation.'' Book Launch for Decoding Liberation, Brooklyn College, November 15, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Parallel Document Development.'' Open and User Innovation Conference, Copenhagen Business School, June 27, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Examination of Wiki Process.'' MIT Innovation Lab meeting, MIT Faculty Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 7, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Reflections on the War on Share.'' With Elizabeth Stark. Media in Transition 5, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 27, 2007.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Defining Moments.'' Conference on Engaging in Open Source (CEOS), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, June 2, 2006.
+\item {[Lecture and Panel]} ``Information Freedom.'' Center for Advanced Visual Studies, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 28, 2006.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Participatory Collaboration: The Debian Model.'' University of Turin, Turin, Italy, April 21, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Control, Collaboration and Creativity in Literature.'' University of Milan, Milan, Italy, April 19, 2004.
+\item {[Undergraduate Research Presentation]} ``Literary Collaboration and Control.'' School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, May 5, 2003.
+\item {[Undergraduate Research Presentation]} ``Literary Collaboration and Control.'' Division III Presentation, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, May 16, 2003.
+
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Invited Workshops}
+
+% This list includes invitation or application-only workshops. If I give a lecture or present a paper, I will not list it again here.
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item NSF Workshop on Frameworks for Integrative Data Equity Systems (FIDES) and Foundations of Responsible Data Science (FORDS). New York University, New York, New York. March 25-26, 2020. {[Virtual due to COVID-19]}
+\item Social Science FOO Camp. Organized by O'Reilly, SAGE, and Facebook. Facebook Campus, Menlo Park, California, February 7-9, 2020.
+\item Summer Institute for Behavioral and Social Scientists Organizations and Their Effectiveness. Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, July 8-20, 2019.
+\item CSST Summer Research Institute. Organized by the Consortium for the Science of Sociotechnical Systems Researchers (CSST). Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. June 18-22, 2019. {[Attended as Mentor]}
+\item Digital Infrastructure Kickoff. Organized by the Ford and Alfred P. Sloan Foundations. Ford Foundation, New York, New York, February 4-5, 2019.
+\item Social Science FOO Camp. Organized by O'Reilly, SAGE, and Facebook. Facebook Campus, Menlo Park, California, February 1-3, 2019.
+\item Design Thinking Meeting. Organized by Liz Gerber, Bob Sutton, and Sarah Stein Greenberg. Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, November 29-30, 2018.
+\item Digital Intelligence Lab. Institute for the Future, hosted by the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, October 30, 2018.
+\item Festival of Ideas. Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 5, 2018.
+\item Social Science FOO Camp. Organized by O'Reilly, SAGE, and Facebook. Facebook Campus, Menlo Park, California. February 2-4, 2018.
+\item The Science of Counter-Earth: Multiply Instantiated Institutions. The Neukom Institute for Computational Science at Dartmouth. Hosted at Pierce's Inn, Etna, New Hampshire. May 12-15, 2017.
+\item Workshop on Developing a Research Agenda for Human-Centered Data Science. Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW 2016), San Francisco, California, February 28, 2016.
+\item Workshop on Breaking into New Data-Spaces: Infrastructure for Open Community Science. Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW 2016), San Francisco, California, February 27, 2016.
+\item Workshop on Access To Knowledge (A2K). Open Society Initiative. Stoke, United Kingdom, August 5-6, 2015.
+\item Microsoft Research Faculty Summit. Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, July 8-9, 2015.
+\item Workshop on Advancing an Industry/Academic Partnership Model for Open Collaboration Research. Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW 2014), March 14, 2014.
+\item Social Computing Symposium. Microsoft FUSE Labs, San Francisco, California, January 11-13, 2015.
+\item Digital Youth Think Tank. University of Washington Information School, October 16-17, 2014.
+\item Data and Digital Methods BarCamp. ENSCI \& Medialab, Science Po, Paris, France , June 27, 2014.
+\item Social Computing Symposium. Microsoft FUSE Labs, New York, New York, January 15-17, 2014.
+\item Crowdcamp Workshop. Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW 2013), San Antonio, Texas, February 23-24, 2013.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\section{Teaching}
+
+\subsection{Courses}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2020, Winter. Interpersonal Media (COM482 -- Undergraduate Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2020, Winter. Designing Internet Research (COM528 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2019, Fall. Communication Theory Development (COM500 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication. Co-taught with Patricia Moy.
+\item 2017, Fall. Communication Theory Development (COM500 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication. Co-taught with Ralina Joseph.
+\item 2017, Fall. Innovation Communities (COM597B -- Masters Level). UW Communication Leadershipâs âMasters in Communication in Communities and Networksâ program.
+\item 2017, Winter. Advanced Statistical Methods in Communication (COM521 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2016, Fall. Building Successful Online Communities (COM597 -- Masters Level). UW Communication Leadershipâs âMasters in Communication in Communities and Networksâ program.
+\item 2016, Fall. Communication Theory Development (COM500 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication. Co-taught with Christine Harold.
+\item 2016, Spring. Innovation Communities (COM597B -- Masters Level). UW Communication Leadershipâs âMasters in Communication in Communities and Networksâ program.
+\item 2016, Spring. Designing Internet Research (COM528 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2015, Fall. Interpersonal Media (COM482 -- Undergraduate Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2015, Spring. Designing Internet Research (COM528 -- Masters/PhD Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2015, Spring. Community Data Science (COM597G - Masters Level) UW Communication Leadershipâs âMasters in Digital Mediaâ program.
+\item 2014, Fall. Interpersonal Media (COM482 -- Undergraduate Level). UW Department of Communication.
+\item 2014, Spring. Innovation Communities (COM587B -- Masters Level). UW Communication Leadershipâs âMasters in Communication in Communities and Networksâ program.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Directed Readings \& Independent Studies}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2020, Spring. Selected Readings (on learning in online communities). (COM590--Graduate) % regina 1cr
+\item 2020, Spring. Independent Research (on learning in online communities). (COM591--Graduate) % regina 2cr
+\item 2020, Spring. Supervised Masters Thesis. (COM700--Graduate) % salt 10cr
+\item 2020, Spring. Supervised Doctoral Dissertation. (COM800--Graduate) % nate 10cr
+\item 2020, Spring. Independent Study/Research (on learning in online communities). (CSE600--Graduate) % emilia 12cr
+\item 2020, Winter. Independent Research (on learning in online communities). (COM591--Graduate) % regina 2cr
+\item 2020, Winter. Independent Study/Research. (CSE600--Graduate) % emilia 10cr
+\item 2020, Winter. Supervised Doctoral Dissertation. (COM800--Graduate) % nate 10cr
+\item 2020, Winter. Supervised Masters Thesis. (COM700--Graduate) % salt 6cr
+\item 2019, Fall. Independent Study/Research. (CSE600--Graduate) % emilia 5cr
+\item 2019, Fall. Supervised Doctoral Dissertation. (COM800--Graduate) % nate 10cr
+\item 2019, Fall. Supervised Masters Thesis. (2 students) (COM700--Graduate) % salt 6cr; charlie 5cr
+\item 2019, Summer. Selected readings on peer production and online communities. (COM590--Graduate). % salt 2cr
+\item 2019, Spring. Supervised Independent Study/Research on content moderation. (COM591--Graduate). % charlie 5cr
+\item 2019, Spring. Supervised Masters Thesis. (3 students) (COM700--Graduate) % salt 5cr
+\item 2019, Winter. Supervised Doctoral Dissertation. (COM800--Graduate) % nate 9cr
+\item 2019, Winter. Supervised Masters Thesis. (3 students) (COM700--Graduate) % kaylea, salt, charlie; 5cr each
+\item 2018, Fall. Supervised Doctoral Dissertation. (COM800--Graduate) % nate 9cr
+\item 2018, Fall. Supervised Masters Thesis. (COM700--Graduate) % kaylea 5cr
+\item 2018, Spring. Independent Study/Research (reading for general examinations). (COM600--Graduate). % nate 6cr
+\item 2018, Winter. Independent Study/Research (reading for general examinations). (COM600--Graduate). % nate 6cr
+\item 2017, Summer. Supervised Independent Study/Research. (COM591--Graduate). % nate 2cr
+\item 2017, Spring. Supervised Masters Thesis. (COM700--Graduate) % nate 5cr
+\item 2017, Spring. Selected readings on social movements and online communities. (COM590--Graduate). % mengjun 5cr
+\item 2017, Winter. Supervised Masters Thesis. (COM700--Graduate) % nate 5cr
+\item 2017, Winter. Supervised Independent Research on statistical analysis of communication data. (COM591--Graduate) % w/ polly keary 1credit
+\item 2017, Winter. Supervised Internship in Communication. (COM593--Graduate) % w/ mengjun guo
+\item 2016, Summer. Supervised Independent Study/Research (readings for general examinations). (COM600--Graduate) % nate teblunthuis
+\item 2016, Winter. Supervised Independent Study/Research on data science and learning among youth online. (COM591--Graduate) % w/ samantha hautea
+\item 2015, Fall. Supervised Independent Study/Research on data science and learning among youth online. (COM591--Graduate) % w/ samantha hautea
+\item 2015, Spring. Independent Study/Research (reading for general examinations on data science and learning in classrooms). (COM600--Graduate) % w/ anissa tanweer
+\item 2015, Spring. Supervised Independent Research on newcomers in online communities. (COM498--Undergraduate) % w/ charlie kiene
+\item 2015, Spring. Supervised Independent Research on value in peer production. (COM498A--Undergraduate) % w/ william hale
+\item 2014, Fall. Directed Reading on social computing and computer-supported cooperative work. (COM590--Graduate)% w/ sam woolley
+\item 2014, Summer. Supervised Independent Research on quantitative analyses of online collective action. (COM591--Graduate) % w/ mary joyce
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Workshops \& Seminars}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2013--. Co-organizer, Social Computing Reading Group, University of Washington.
+\item 2014, Spring \& Fall; 2015, Spring \& Fall. 2016, Spring; Winter 2020. Organizer and Lecturer, Community Data Science Workshops, Department of Communication and eScience Institute, University of Washington.
+\item 2014, Fall. Co-Organizer and Speaker, Open Source Comes to Campus. University of Washington.
+\item 2008, Fall. Seminar in Collective Intelligence. MIT Sloan School of Management. Supervised by Thomas Malone.
+\item 2011--2013. Cooperation Group Seminar. Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University.
+\item 2004-08-27--2004-09-01. Werkleitz School of Common Property, Halle Volkspark in Halle, Germany.
\end{cvlist}
\subsection{Guest Lectures}
-I have given dozens of guest lectures on a variety of subjects. A full
-list is available at \url{http://mako.cc/academic}. I have lectured at
-MIT, Yale, Harvard, and the Evergreen State college.
-
-Topics I have lectured on include:
-
-\begin{cvlist}
-
-\item 2008--2010. Introduction to Free Software and Open Source.
-\item 2010. Free Election Technologies.
-\item 2008--2010. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.
-\item 2008--2010. Revealing Errors: What errors can teach us about technology and power.
-\item 2008. Disasters and Free Software.
-\item 2007. Parallel Document Development.
-
-
-% missing other neil's class?
-% \item 2009-05-11. Introduction to Free Software and Open Source. MIT
-% Center for Bits and Atom (Neil Gershenfeld). % missing
-% \item 2010-11-03. Building Free Election Technologies. MIT Visual Arts
-% Program: Crisis Mapping. % missing
-% \item 2010-10-08. Introduction to Free Software and Open Source. MIT
-% Media Lab: MAS.961 (Design for Empowerement, Leah Buechley). %missing
-% \item 2010-05-04. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it. Visiting
-% MBA Class from Vienna University at MIT Sloan School of Management
-% (Philipp Türtscher).
-% \item 2010-02-16. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it. MIT Sloan
-% School of Management: 15.356 (Eric von Hippel).
-% \item 2010-02-12. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it. MIT
-% Program in Systems Design and Management: 15.969 (Eric von Hippel).
-
-% \item 2009-11-05. Introduction to Free Software and Open Source. MIT
-% Media Lab: Future Craft (Prof. Hiroshi) % missing MAS.921
-% \item 2009-02-20. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it. MIT
-% Program in Systems Design and Management: 15.969 (Eric von Hippel).
-% \item 2009-02-17. Hackers: What they do, and why they do it. MIT Sloan
-% School of Management: 15.356 (Eric von Hippel).
-% \item 2009-11-13. Free Software, Open Source, and Academic Research.
-% MIT Media Lab: MAS.961 (Design for Empowerement, Leah Buechley).
-% \item 2009-03-24. Revealing Errors, Yale Law School ISP in New Haven,
-% Connecticut.
-% \item 2009-03-24. Introduction to Free/Libre Open Source. For
-% Elizabeth Stark at Yale in New Haven, Connecticut.
-% \item 2009-06-16. Free/Libre Open Source Software 101, Knight
-% Foundation News Conference at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-
-% \item 2008-10-21. Revealing Errors, Harvard-MIT-Yale Cyberscholar
-% Working Group at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at
-% Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts
-% \item 2008-10-01. Introduction to Free Software and Open Source. MIT
-% Media Lab: Future Craft (Prof. Hiroshi) % missing MAS.921
-% \item 2008-04-07. Renaissance Panel: The Roles of Creative Synthesis
-% in Innovation, CHI 2008 in Florence, Italy.
-% \item 2008-03-03. Disasters and Free Software, Zones of Emergency
-% series at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT in
-% Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2008-01-22. Clouding Computing and Free and Open Source
-% Software, Computing in the Cloud Workshop at the Center for
-% Information Technology Policy at Princeton University in Princeton,
-% NJ.
-
-% \item 2007-11-15. Reflections on Decoding Liberation, Book Launch
-% Event for Decoding Liberation at Brooklyn College.
-% \item 2007-06-27. Parallel Document Development, User Innovation
-% Conference at Copenhagen Business School in Copenhagen, Denmark.
-% \item 2007-04-27. Reflections on the War on Share, Media in Transition
-% 5 (MiT5) at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2006-06-02. Defining Moments, Conference on Engaging in Open
-% Source (CEOS) organized by the ACM Chapter at Dalhousie University
-% in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
-% \item 2006-04-28. Information Freedom, MIT's Center for Advanced
-% Visual Studies in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2004-08-27 through 2004-09-01. Werkleitz School of Common
-% Property, Halle Volkspark in Halle, Germany.
-
-\end{cvlist}
-
-%\section{Service}
+% - hampshire college? can't find it
+% \item 2007. Parallel document development: Emerging models for cooperative writing. ??? can't find
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item ``Grants and funding.'' Patricia Moy's MA/PhD Proseminar (COM594), Department of Communication, University of Washington. January 22, 2020.
+\item ``Quantitative Research.'' Kristina Scharp and LeiLani Nishime's Methods of Iniquiry (COM 501), University of Washington. January 8, 2020.
+\item ``Managing Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers.'' Julie Kientz's Academic Research Seminar (HCDE 547), University of Washington. November 30, 2019.
+\item ``Beautiful \TeX Documents with Knitr.'' Andrew Berdahl's Beautiful Documents with \LaTeX (FISH 512), School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington. November 14, 2019.
+\item ``User Innovation.'' Nate TeBlunthuis' Interpersonal Media (COM482), Department of Communication, University of Washington. February 26, 2019.
+\item ``Computer-supported cooperative work and Social Computing.'' James Fogerty's Human-Computer Interaction Seminar (CSE510), Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington. October 25, 2018.
+\item ``Writing for publication.'' Lisa Coutu's MA/PhD Proseminar (COM594), Department of Communication, University of Washington. May 8, 2018.
+\item ``Grants and funding.'' Lisa Coutu's MA/PhD Proseminar (COM594), Department of Communication, University of Washington. January 17, 2018.
+\item ``Communication research and Laboratories of Oligarchy.'' Sara Quinn's Honors Sociology Seminar, Department of Sociology, University of Washington. November 7, 2017.
+\item ``Computer-supported cooperative work and Social Computing.'' James Fogerty's Human-Computer Interaction Seminar (CSE510), Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington. February 23, 2016.
+\item ``Communication research and Laboratories of Oligarchy.'' Hedy Lee's Honors Sociology Seminar, Department of Sociology, University of Washington. October 27, 2016.
+\item ``Grants and funding.'' Lisa Coutu's MA/PhD Proseminar (COM594), Department of Communication, University of Washington. May 3, 2016.
+\item ``Big Data Research in Communication.'' Valerie Manusov's "Methods of Inquiry" (COM501). Department of Communication, University of Washington. March 4, 2015.
+\item ``Big Data Research in Communication.'' Kirsten Foot's "Theories of Technology and Society" (COM539). Department of Communication, University of Washington. January 28, 2015.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software.'' Open Source Comes to Campus. University of Washington. November 16, 2014.
+\item ``From Free Software to Free Culture and Wikipedia.'' Annisa Tanweer's "Navigating Information Networks" (COM301). Department of Communication, University of Washington. November 10, 2014.
+\item ``Hackers and Innovation: The CHDK Story.'' Robin Avni's class on digital photography (COM597). University of Washington. August 5, 2014.
+\item ``Introduction to Internet Research Methods.'' Kirsten Foot's "Designing Internet Research" (COM528). Department of Communication, University of Washington. April 2, 2014.
+\item ``Big Data Research in Communication.'' Valerie Manusov's "Methods of Inquiry" (COM501). Department of Communication, University of Washington. March 10, 2014.
+\item ``Big Data Research in Communication.'' Gina Neff's "Theories of Technology and Society" (COM539). Department of Communication, University of Washington. October 29, 2013.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software.'' Melanie Crean's Collaborative Futures, Parsons The New School for Design. October 24, 2013.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software.'' Aaron Shaw's Communities and Crowds, Northwestern University. October 15, 2013.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Aaron Shaw's Communities and Crowds, Northwestern University. October 10, 2013.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. September 10, 2013.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. April 30, 2013.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. April 9, 2013.
+\item ``Wikipedia and Organization.'' Tom Malone's class on Strategic Organizational Design at MIT Sloan. April 3, 2013.
+\item ``Openness and Learning.'' Mitch Resnick's class on Learning Creative Learning at the MIT Media Lab. March 11, 2013.
+\item ``Attracting Participants To An Online Community.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.S08). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. March 8, 2013.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's How to Develop "Breakthrough" Products and Services (15.356). MIT Sloan School of Management. March 4, 2013.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.S08). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. February 15, 2013.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software.'' Jeffrey Juris's "Cybercultures and Technopolitics," Northeastern University. January 23, 2013.
+\item ``Harnessing User Innovation with Toolkits and User Communities.'' MIT Executive Education. September 10, 2012
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. July 17, 2012. (2 sessions)
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. June 11, 2012.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. April 24, 2012.
+\item ``User Innovation and User Communities.'' Executive Education, MIT Sloan. March 20, 2012.
+\item ``Attracting Participants To An Online Community.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.S08). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. March 16, 2012.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's How to Develop "Breakthrough" Products and Services (15.356). MIT Sloan School of Management. March 7, 2012.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.S08). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. February 10, 2012.
+\item ``Failure in Free Software and Civic Media.'' Civic Media, Comparative Media Studies, MIT. November 28, 2011.
+\item ``Free Software and Free Culture.'' Elizabeth Stark's Difficult Problems in Cyberlaw, Stanford School of Design and Stanford Law School. October, 31, 2011.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Dr. Philipp Türtscher's visiting MBA Class from Vienna University. September 12, 2011.
+\item ``Designing for Cooperation with Social Incentives'' Internet Law Conference (iLaw), Harvard Law School. September 8, 2011.
+\item ``Attracting Participants To An Online Community.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.S08). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. March 11, 2011.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's How to Develop "Breakthrough" Products and Services (15.356). MIT Sloan School of Management. February 14, 2011.
+\item ``Antifeatures.'' Free Technology Academy, February 10, 2011.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.969). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. February 4, 2011.
+\item ``Revealing Errors.'' Richard Weiss's Course, Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington. December 6, 2010.
+\item ``Antifeatures.'' Doug Schuler's Course, Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington. December 4, 2010.
+\item ``Building Free Election Technologies.'' Crisis Mapping, MIT Visual Arts Program, MIT. November 3, 2010.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software and Open Source.'' Leah Buechley's Design for Empowerment (MAS.961), MIT Media Lab, MIT. October 8, 2010.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software and Open Source.'' Neil Gershenfeld's How to Make Almost Anything. MIT Center for Bits and Atom, MIT. May 4, 2010
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Dr. Philipp Türtscher's visiting MBA Class from Vienna University. May 4, 2010.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's How to Develop "Breakthrough" Products and Services (15.356). MIT Sloan School of Management. February 16, 2010.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.969). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. February 12, 2010.
+\item ``Free Software, Open Source, and Academic Research.'' Leah Buechley's Design for Empowerment (MAS.961), MIT Media Lab, MIT. November 13, 2009.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software and Open Source.'' Neil Gershenfeld's How to Make Almost Anything. MIT Center for Bits and Atom, MIT. May 11, 2009
+\item ``Introduction to Free/Libre Open Source.'' Elizabeth Stark's Internet Law, Yale, New Haven, Connecticut. March 24, 2009.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's User-Centered Innovations (15.969). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management. February 20, 2009.
+\item ``Hackers: What they do, and why they do it.'' Eric von Hippel's How to Develop "Breakthrough" Products and Services (15.356). MIT Sloan School of Management. February 17, 2009.
+\item ``Introduction to Free Software and Open Source.'' Hiroshi Ishii's Futurecraft (MAS.921), MIT Media Lab, MIT. October 1, 2008.
+\item ``User Innovation in Action.'' Eric von Hippel's course, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts. March 7, 2008.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Other Teaching Experience}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2010--2012, Spring. Teaching Assistant: How to Develop ``Breakthrough'' Products and Services (15.356). (with Prof. Eric von Hippel). MIT Program in Systems Design and Management.
+\item 2010--2012, Spring. Teaching Assistant: User-Centric Innovations (15.969). (with Prof. Eric von Hippel). MIT Sloan School of Management.
+\item 2008, Fall. Graduate Seminar in Free Software and Open Source (MAS960). MIT Media Lab. Supervised by Chris Csikszentmihályi.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\section{Mentorship}
+
+\subsection{Current Graduate Student Advisees}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+% LIST OF CURRENTS ADVISEES FIRST; ALPHABETICALLY BY LAST NAME
+\item Kaylea Champion. Advisor and Chair (2019--), PhD Advisory Committee; Advisor and Chair (2017--2019), MA Thesis Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Regina Cheng. Co-Advisor and Co-Chair (2019--), PhD Advisory Committee; Department of Human-Centered Design \& Engineering, University of Washington.
+\item Emilia F. Gan. Co-Advisor and Co-Chair (2019--), PhD Advisory Committee; Paul G.~Allen School of Computer Science \& Engineering, University of Washington.
+\item Wm Salt Hale. Advisor and Chair (2017--), MA Thesis Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Charles Kiene. Advisor and Chair (2020--), PhD Advisory Committee; Advisor and Chair (2019--2020), MA Thesis Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Nate TeBlunthuis. Advisor and Chair (2017--), PhD Advisory Committee; Advisor and Chair (2015--2017) MA Thesis Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Other Students Currently Supervised}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+% THEN ALPHABETICALLY BY LAST NAME
+\item Kevin Calderwood. Member (2019--), PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2017--2019), General Examination Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Stefania Druga. Member (2020--), PhD Advisory Committee; Information School, University of Washington.
+\item John Frens. Member (2019--), PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2018--2019), General Examination Committee; Department of Human-Centered Design \& Engineering, University of Washington.
+\item Aparna Gosh. Member (2019--), PhD Advisory Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Luyue Ma. Member (2019--), General Examination Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Jim Maddock. Member (2019--), General Examination Committee; Program in Technology and Social Behavior, Northwestern University.
+\item Amirah Majid. Graduate School Representative (2016--), PhD Dissertation Committee; Information School, University of Washington.
+\item Jason Portenoy. Graduate School Representative (2017--), PhD Dissertation Committee, Graduate School Representative (2017), General Examination Committee, Information School, University of Washington.
+\item John Robinson. Member (2018--) General Examination Committee, Department of Human-Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington.
+\item Polly Straub-Cook. Member (2019--), PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2018--2019), General Examination Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Chau Tran. Member (2019--) PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2018--2019), Qualifying Examination Committee; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New York University.
+\item Janny Wang. Member (2017--), PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2017) General Examination Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Eric Zeng. Graduate Student Representative (2020--), PhD Advisory Committee; Paul G.~Allen School of Computer Science \& Engineering, University of Washington.
+% END LIST OF CURRENT STUDENTS
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Former Postdoctoral Supervisees}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+ \item Sayamindu Dasgupta. Postdoctoral Supervisor (2017--), Moore/Sloan Foundation Data Science Postdoctoral Fellowship, eScience Institute, University of Washington.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Former Students}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item Rob Thompson. Graduate Student Representative (2019), PhD Dissertation Committee; Paul G.~Allen School of Computer Science \& Engineering; University of Washington.
+\item Jeremy D. Foote. Member (2018--2019), PhD Dissertation Committee; Program in Media, Technology, and Society, School of Communication Studies, Northwestern University.
+\item Sneha Narayan. Member (2017--2019), PhD Dissertation Committee; Program in Technology and Social Behavior, Northwestern University.
+\item Amanda Menking. Member (2019) and Graduate School Representative (2016--2019), PhD Dissertation Committee; Information School, University of Washington.
+\item Samuel Woolley. Member (2015--2018) PhD Dissertation Committee; Member (2014--2015), PhD General Examination Committee; Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item Sayamindu Dasgupta. Member (2015--2016), PhD Dissertation Committee; Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+\item Lynette Shaw. Graduate School Representative (2016), PhD Dissertation Committee; Department of Sociology, University of Washington.
+\item Michael Gilbert. Member (2014--2016), PhD Dissertation Committee; Department of Human Centered Design \& Engineering, University of Washington.
+\item J. Nathan Mathias. Member (2014--2015), PhD General Examination Committee; Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+\item Martin Gimpl. Member (2009), Masters Thesis Evaluation Committee; Media Lab, University of Art and Design, Helsinki, Finland.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+
+\section{Grants \& Awards}
+
%\begin{cvlist}
-%\item Reviewer for WikiSym.
-%\item Reviewer for ICIS.
+%\item 2003. Although college generally does not offer academic achievement awards, undergraduate work featured repeated by in college publications. (GPA N/A)
+%\item 1998. AP Scholar with Honor.
+%\item 1998. Washington State, Honors Award recipient.
%\end{cvlist}
-\section{Industry Activity}
+\subsection{Grants}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2019-08-15--2022-07-31 (expected). \textit{National Science Foundation} (IIS-1908850) for ``Modeling the Ecological Dynamics of Online Organizations.'' Collaborative Proposal with Aaron Shaw. (Total: \$497,724; UW: \$279,966)
+\item 2019-01-01--2020-12-31 (expected). \emph{Alfred P. Sloan Foundation} with \emph{Ford Foundation}. ``Modeling Underproduction in Peer-Produced Digital Infrastructure.'' Serving as PI for project led by Kaylea Champion with Aaron Shaw, and Morten Warncke-Wang. (\$139,994)
+\item 2017-07-01--2021-06-30 (expected). \emph{National Science Foundation} (CNS-1703049) for ``SaTC: CORE: Medium: Collaborative: Measuring the Value of Anonymous Online Participation'' Collaborative Proposal with Rachel Greenstadt and Andrea Forte. (Total Amount: \$1,113,143; UW: \$293,000)
+\item 2016-09-01--2019-08-31 (expected). \emph{National Science Foundation} (IIS-1617129) for ``CHS: Small: Collaborative Research: Pathways to Community Success: Advancing a Comparative Science of Online Collaborative Organization.'' Collaborative Proposal with Aaron Shaw. (Total Amount: \$499,684; UW: \$305,359)
+\item 2014-09-01--2017-08-31. \emph{National Science Foundation} (DRL-1417663) for ``Collaborative Research: New Pathways into Data Science: Extending the Scratch Programming Language to Enable Youth to Analyze and Visualize Their Own Learning.'' Collaborative Proposal with Mitch Resnick and Natalie Rusk. (Total: \$433,262; UW: \$124,374)
+ \item 2010--2011. ``Educational Research Grant'' Award from \emph{Amazon}. (\$7,500)
+\item 2007. ``Digital Incubator'' grant from \emph{Cisco} and \emph{MTV} for academic work on election technology. (\$25,000; 1 of 2 semi-finalists for \$100,000)
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Awards}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2019. \textit{General Symbiont Award} from the Research Symbiont Award Committee that is ``given to a scientist working in any field who has shared data beyond the expectations of their field.''
+\item 2018. \textit{Best Paper Honorable Mention} for ``Managing Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers'' at CSCW '18.
+\item 2017. \textit{Best Paper Honorable Mention} for ``Scratch Community Blocks: Supporting Children as Data Scientists'' at CHI 2017.
+\item 2016. \textit{Best Paper Honorable Mention} For ``Remixing As a Pathway to Computational Thinking'' at CSCW '16.
+\item 2014. \emph{Herbert S. Dordick Award} from the Communication and Technology division of the \emph{International Communication Association} for ``the most outstanding dissertation on communication and technology produced in the preceding year.''
+\item 2013. \textit{Best Paper} for ``The Cost of Collaboration for Code and Art'' at CSCW '13.
+\item 2011. \textit{Best Paper Honorable Mention} for ``Computers Canât Give Credit'' at CHI '11.
+\item 2007. \textit{Innovator Award} from the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) for ``an individual, institution, or group that exemplifies SPARC principles by working to challenge the status quo in scholarly communication for the benefit of researchers, libraries, universities, and the public.''
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Residencies and Short-Term Fellowships}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+% \item 2018--2019. Lenore Annenberg and Wallis Annenberg Fellow in Communication. Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University.
+\item 2018-04-09--2018-04-19. Visiting Scholar. Helen Riaboff Whiteley Center, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington.
+\item 2017-04-07--2018-04-20. Visiting Scholar. Helen Riaboff Whiteley Center, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington.
+\item 2016-01-20--2016-02-21. Visiting Scholar. Helen Riaboff Whiteley Center, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington.
+\item 2015-01-30--2015-03-07. Visiting Scholar. Helen Riaboff Whiteley Center, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\section{Service}
+
+\subsection{Research Affiliations}
-\subsection{Selected Employment Experience}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2004--2005. Canonical Limited: Founding Team Member, Software Engineer, Community Development Coordinator.
-\item 2003--2004. ParTecs S.R.L. (Startup): Chief Technology Officer. Rome, Italy.
-%\item 2002--2003. System Administrator, University of Massachusetts Dept. of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering.
-%\item 2002. Senior Web Application Developer, Hampshire College Career Options Resource Software.
-%\item 2001. Lead Web Application Developer, Organizers' Collaborative.
-%\item 1999--2003. Assistant to the UNIX System Administrator, Hampshire College.
-%\item 2000. Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School: Technical Consultant.
-%\item 1999. Technical Consultant and Audio Engineer, Mekana Yesus Recording Studio in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
+\item 2013--. Founding Member, \emph{Community Data Science Collective}.
+\item 2013--. Faculty Member, \textit{Design Use Build (dub)}, Human Computer Interaction Group, University of Washington.
+\item 2014--. Member, International Advisory Committee. New Research on Digital Societies (NeRDS), Center for Research on Organizations and Workplaces, Kozminski University, Warsaw (Poland).
\end{cvlist}
+\subsection{Professional Organization Membership}
-\subsection{Other Activities}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2007--Present. Wikimedia Foundation: Member, Advisory Board
-\item 2008--Present. Free Software Foundation. Member, Board of Directors.
-\item 2005--Present. Ubuntu Project: Core Developer, Member of Community Council.
-\item 2005--Present. One Laptop Per Child: Member, Advisory Board.
-\item 2000--Present. Debian Project: Developer, Project Leadership Team (2005-2006).
-\item 2005--2008. Software Freedom International: Member, Board of Directors.
-\item 2005--2008. Association for Computing Machinery: Founding Member, Professionals Board.
-\item 2002--2006. Software in the Public Interest: Vice President and Elected Member, Board of Directors.
+\item 2012--. Member, \textit{International Communication Association}. Section Membership: Computational Methods, Communication and Technology.
+\item 2008--. Member. \textit{Association for Computing Machinery}. Section Membership: SIGCHI, CSCW.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+
+\subsection{Service to Profession}
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2020. Associate Chair. ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW).
+\item 2019. Associate Chair. ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW).
+\item 2019. Co-Chair. Doctoral Consortium, OpenSym.
+\item 2019. Co-Chair. Research Track, Wikimania (Wikimedia Foundation Annual Conference).
+\item 2018--. Member, Editorial Board. Computational Communication Research.
+\item 2017--. Member, Steering Committee. OpenSym.
+\item 2018. Associate Chair. ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW).
+\item 2016--2017. Program Co-Chair. OpenSym 2017.
+\item 2016. Faculty Member. Doctoral Consortium. OpenSym 2016.
+\item 2015-2016. Track Co-Chair. Wikipedia and Wikimedia Research. OpenSym 2016.
+\item 2016. Member, Program Committee. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM).
+\item 2015. Program Co-Chair. Conference Co-Organizer. 7th International Workshop on Network Theory: Peer Production Networks (ANN-SONIC-NICO Workshop 2015).
+\item 2009--2015. Member, Program Committee. OpenSym (formerly WikiSym).
+\item 2015. Member, Program Committee. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM).
+\item 2015. Member, Program Committee. Blocks and Beyond Workshop. VL/HCC 2015.
+\item 2014. Co-Organizer. Scratch Data Summit. MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+\item 2014. Member, Scientific Committee. Second IASC Knowledge Commons Conference.
+\item 2014. Member, Program Committee, Open and User Innovation Conference.
+\item 2010, 2012. Program Chair, Open and User Innovation Conference.
+\item 2012. Member Program Committee, Wikipedia Academy.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Reviewing}
+
+I am also a reviewer for a number of journals and conferences, and academic presses in communication, sociology, human computer interaction, and information systems including (in alphabetical order):
+
+\bigskip
+
+ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW),
+ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing (CHI),
+American Sociological Review (ASR),
+Computational Communication Research (CCR),
+Future Internet,
+Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS),
+International Communication Association Annual Meeting (ICA),
+International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM),
+International Association for the Study of the Commons Global Conference (IASC),
+International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS),
+International Journal of Communication (IJOC),
+International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym/WikiSym),
+Journal of Broadcasting \& Electronic Media (JOBEM),
+Journal of Organizational Change Management (JOCM),
+Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST),
+MIT Press,
+National Science Foundation (as both external reviewers and as panelist),
+New Media \& Society (NMS),
+Polity Press,
+SAGE Press,
+Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education Conference (SIGCSE),
+Transactions on Social Computing (TSC),
+and IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing (VLH/CC).
+
+\medskip
+
+I have received ``Special Recognitions for Outstanding Reviews'' from ACM's SIGCHI for reviews submitted for
+CHI '14, CSCW '16, CHI '17 [x3], CSCW '17, CHI '18 [x3], CSCW '19 [x2], and CSCW '20 [3x].
+
+% these need to be here because of the missing cvlist
+\bigskip
+\bigskip
+
+\subsection{University \& Departmental Service}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2020. Co-Organizer. DUB Retreat. University of Washington.
+\item 2019--. Member, Website Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2016--. Chair, Statistics Concentration in Communication Committee, Department of Communication and Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, University of Washington.
+\item 2013--. Diversity Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2019--2020. Member for Admissions, Graduate Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2019. Co-Organizer. DUB Retreat. University of Washington.
+\item 2017--2018. Member for Admissions, Graduate Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2014--2017. Colloquium Committee, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2016. Member, Search Committee, Associate or Full Professor in Technology and Society, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\item 2014. Member, Search Committee, Senior Lecturer in Communication Leadership, Department of Communication, University of Washington.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\section{Other Service Activities}
+
+\subsection{Non-Profit Activity}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2007--. \emph{Wikimedia Foundation}, Member, Advisory Board
+\item 2014--. \emph{Cascadia Wikimedians User Group}, Member, Board of Directors.
+\item 2005--. \emph{Ubuntu Project}, Member; Core Developer (2005-2019); Member, Community Council (2005--2011).
+\item 2000--. \emph{Debian Project}, Developer; Project Leadership Team (2005-2006).
+\item 2006--. \emph{Open Knowledge Foundation}, Member, Advisory Council.
+\item 2008--2019. \emph{Free Software Foundation}, Member, Board of Directors.
+\item 2005--2010. \emph{One Laptop Per Child}, Member, Advisory Board. % end date was vague, but 2010 seems safe
+\item 2005--2008. \emph{Software Freedom International}, Member, Board of Directors.
+\item 2005--2008. \emph{Association for Computing Machinery}, Founding Member, Professionals Board.
+\item 2002--2006. \emph{Software in the Public Interest}: Vice President and Elected Member, Board of Directors.
\end{cvlist}
\subsection{Technical Books}
\begin{cvlist}
-\item 2006--2010. Hill, Benjamin Mako, Matthew Helmke and Corey
- Burger. The Official Ubuntu Book (Editions published: 2006, 2007,
- 2008, 2009, 2010). New York: Pearsons. Best-selling Linux book.
-\item 2009. Rankin, Kyle and Benjamin Mako Hill. The Official Ubuntu
- Server Book. New York: Pearsons.
-\item 2005. Hill, Bernjamin Mako, David B. Harris and Jaldhar
- Vyas. Debian GNU/Linux 3.x Bible. New York: Wiley.
+\item 2006--2016. Hill, Benjamin Mako, Matthew Helmke and Corey Burger. The Official Ubuntu Book. New York: Pearson. [Editions: 1\textsuperscript{st} (2006), 2\textsuperscript{nd} (2007), 3\textsuperscript{rd} (2008), 4\textsuperscript{th} (2009), 5\textsuperscript{th} (2010), 6\textsuperscript{th} (2011), 7\textsuperscript{th} (2012), 8\textsuperscript{th} (2014), 9\textsuperscript{th} (2016); Translations: German, Polish, Spanish, Japanese; 2006's best-selling Linux book]
+\item 2009--2013. Rankin, Kyle and Benjamin Mako Hill. The Official Ubuntu Server Book. New York: Pearson. [Editions: 1\textsuperscript{st} (2009), 2\textsuperscript{nd} (2011), 3\textsuperscript{rd} (2013); Translations: French]
+\item 2005. Hill, Benjamin Mako, David B. Harris and Jaldhar Vyas. Debian GNU/Linux 3.x Bible. New York: Wiley.
\end{cvlist}
\subsection{Magazine Articles, etc.}
-I have published dozens of magazine articles, conference papers, and
-other journalistic and non-academic publications. A list can be found
-at: \url{http://mako.cc/writing/}
+
+I have published dozens of magazine articles, conference papers, and other journalistic and non-academic publications. A list can be found at: \url{https://mako.cc/writing/}
\vspace{2.5em}
-\subsection{Examples of Recent Talks}
-I have given over 100 public talks since 2002. A complete list can be
-found at \url{http://mako.cc/talks}. Recent keynote addresses I have
-given include:
-
-\begin{cvlist}
-% \item 2010-03-21. Free Network Services (Panel), The Free Software Foundation's Libre Planet conference at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-\item 2010-01-17. Antifeatures, Linux Conf Australia 2010 in Wellington, New Zealand. % [Keynote]
-\item 2009-07-22. The State of Wikimedia Scholarship: 2008-2009, Wikimania 2009 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
-% \item 2009-11-20. Antifeatures, Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2009-11-18. Antifeatures, NEU ACM Chapter at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2009-07-22. With Software as a Service, Is Only the Network Luddite Free? (Panel), O'Reilly OSCON in San Jose, California.
-% \item 2009-07-22. Antifeatures, O'Reilly OSCON in San Jose, California.
-% \item 2009-03-21. Free Network Services, The Free Software Foundation's Libre Planet conference at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2009-01-06. Revealing Errors, Razmajena Vjestina skill-sharing meeting at MAMA in Zagreb, Croatia..
-\item 2008-10-20. Voting Machinery for the Masses. IEEE Boston Section Society on Social Implications of Technology at MIT Lincoln Labs in Lexington, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2008-09-20. Free Software In Your Pocket, Software Freedom Day Boston in Boston, Massachusetts. This talk, delivered with John Sullivan, discussed and shows free software on a variety of mobile devices. This included CHDK, RockBox, and OpenMoko.
-% \item 2008-09-11. Advocating Software Freedom by Revealing Errors, O'Reilly Ignite Boston 4 in Boston, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2008-07-25. Voting Machinery for the Masses, O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON) in Portland, Oregon.
-\item 2008-07-25. Advocating Software Freedom by Revealing Errors. O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON) in Portland, Oregon. % (Keynote)
-% \item 2008-07-19. Creative Commons Panel, Wikimania 2008 at the Bibliotecha Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt.
-% \item 2008-07-19. Free Network Services, Wikimania 2008 at the Bibliotecha Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt. (Abstract: Link)
-% \item 2008-07-17. Zotero for Wikimaniacs, Wikimania 2008 at the Bibliotecha Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt.
-% \item 2008-06-18. Revealing Errors, Boston Linux Unix in Cambridge, MA
-% \item 2008-06-13. Voting Machinery for the Masses, MIT Center for Future Civic Media's Future of Civic Media Conference at MIT in Cambridge, MA.
-% \item 2008-05-29. Voting Machinery for the Masses, O'Reilly's Ignite Boston 3 in Cambridge, MA. (Demo: Link)
-\item 2008-05-05. Advancing a Definition of Free Culture. Sun's Community One conference at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California.
-% \item 2008-05-05. Liberating Network Services, Sun's Community One conference at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California.
-\item 2008-04-20. Revealing Errors. Penguicon in Troy, MI. % [Keynote]
-\item 2008-04-19. Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software. Penguicon in Troy, MI. % [Keynote]
-% \item 2008-04-13. Revealing Errors, LUG Radio Live USA 2008 in the Moscone Center in San Francisco, CA.
-% \item 2008-03-15. Liberating Network Services, FSF Associate Members Meeting at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2008-03-12. Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software, Hampshire College in Amherst, MA.
-% \item 2008-03-07. User Innovation in Action. Innovation Lab at MIT Sloan School of Management in Cambridge, MA.
-% \item 2008-01-08. Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software, Nara Institute of Technology (NAIST) in Nara, Japan.
-% \item 2007-12-03. Geek Diagnosis from a Diagnosed Geek, G33koSkop lecture series at MAMA in Zagreb, Croatia.
-% \item 2007-11-26. Cooperation in Parallel: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian, Kiberpipa in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
-% \item 2007-11-23. Hacker Culture, B92's Cinema Rex in Belgrade, Serbia.
-% \item 2007-11-20. Hacker Culture, CK13 in Novi Sad, Serbia.
-% \item 2007-11-16. Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software, Cornell University Code Review in Ithaca, NY.
-% \item 2007-11-12. Debian Packaging for System Administrators, SIPB Clue Dump at MIT in Cambridge, MA.
-\item 2007-10-09. Free Software and Education. K-12 Open Minds Conference in Indianapolis, Indiana. % (Keynote)
-% \item 2007-09-15. Free Software and Radical Non-Discrimination, Software Freedom Day 2007 in Boston, MA.
-%\item 2007-08-05. Resonant Divergence: Collaboration in Diverged Branches, Wikimania 2007 in Taipei, Taiwan.
-% \item 2007-08-03. Freedom's Standard Advanced, Wikimania 2007 in Taipei, Taiwan.
-% \item 2007. Debian Derivatives Round Table 2007-06-22, Debconf 7 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
-% \item 2007-06-21. Debian: A Force To Be Reckoned With, Debconf 7 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
-% \item 2007-06-16. Advancing a Definition of Free Culture, iCommons iSummit in Dubrovnik, Croatia.
-% \item 2007-06-07. Examination of Wiki Process, MIT Innovation Lab meeting at the MIT Faculty Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2007-05-26. Freedom Defined, Annual National Meeting of Free Culture student groups at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2007-03-24. Advancing Free Culture, FSF Annual Associate Members Meeting.
-% \item 2007-02-16. Contribute To Ubuntu, Google in New York City for The Ubucon NYC 2007.
-% \item 2007-02-16. Debian/Ubuntu Packaging Essentials, Google in New York City for The Ubucon NYC 2007.
-
-% \item 2006-09-16. Creative Commons Workshop/Debate, Wizards of OS 4 in Berlin, Germany.
-% \item 2006-08-04. Toward a Definition of Freedom, Wikimedia 2006 held at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2006-04-28. Information Freedom, MIT's Center for Advanced Visual Studies in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-
-% MAYBE \item 2005-10-28. Software, Freedom, and the World Beyond Computer Programs, Darklight Film Festival's annual symposium in Dublin, Ireland.
-% \item 2005-10-19. The Ubuntu Project: Overview and Development Model, Boston Linux Unix meeting at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2005-07-28. To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian, What The Hack near Boxtel in The Netherlands.
-% \item 2005-07-06. To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian, Libre Software Meeting in Dijon, France.
-% \item 2005-07-05. Broadly Defined Freedom: Radical Nondiscrimination in Free Software, Libre Software Meeting in Dijon, France.
-% \item 2005-06-25. To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian, LinuxTag in Karlsruhe, Germany.
-% \item 2005-06-24. Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects, LinuxTag in Karlsruhe, Germany.
-% \item 2005-04-24 to 2005-04-30. Ubuntu Down Under, Sydney, Australia.
-% \item 2005-04-18. Customizing Debian, Linux Conference Australia 2005 held at Australian National University in Canberra, Australia.
-% \item 2005-04-11. Ubuntu Workshop and Q\&A, Northern New Jersey Linux Meet-up in Fort Lee, New Jersey.
-% \item 2005-04-10. Ubuntu and Debian: Balancing Forking and Collaboration, Southern Connecticut Open Source User Group in New Haven, Connecticut.
-% \item 2005-03-17. Ubuntu and Debian: Balancing Forking and Collaboration, Manizales, Colombia.
-
-% \item 2004-12-14. Customizing Debian, Barcelona at the Grupo de usuarios de Software Libre de Barcelona in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
-% \item 2004-11-27. Ubuntu (A GNU/Linux Operating System): Past Present and Future, Congreso GULEV at the World Trade Center in Veracruz, Mexico.
-% \item 2004-11-17. Customizing Debian: Fork Yours With Debian GNU/Linux, New York Linux User Group in New York City.
-% \item 2004-10-13. Debian and Ubuntu: Philosophy and Technology, New York GNU/Linux Beginners group Gnubies.
-% \item 2004-08-27 through 2004-09-01. Werkleitz School of Common Property, Halle Volkspark in Halle, Germany.
-% \item 2004-06-04. Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects: Problems and Strategies, Fifth International Free Software Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
-% \item 2004-05-30. Software in the Public Interest, Inc. Workshop, Debconf4 in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
-% \item 2004-05-31. Custom Debian Distribution are the Ultimate Last Step to Total World Dominations, Debconf4 in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
-% \item 2004-06-02. Debian-NP and NP Bagunça Review, Debconf4 in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
-% \item 2004-05-26 to 2004-06-02. Debian-NP Bagunça, Debconf4 in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
-% \item 2004-04-27. Introduction to Debian-NP, LinuxClub in Rome, Italy.
-% \item 2004-04-16 - 2004-04-22. Freedom Week (Liberamente - Settimana delle Libertà ), Siena, Florence, Milan, Turin, and Rome Italy.
-% \item 2004-04-17. Debian-NP: Free Software in Civil Society, Siena, Italy.
-% \item 2004-04-19. Control, Collaboration and Creativity in Literature, University of Milan in Milan, Italy.
-% \item 2004-04-21. Participatory Collaboration: The Debian Model, University of Turin in Turin, Italy.
-% \item 2004-03-28. Penguin Day, N-TEN's 2004 Nonprofit Technology Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
-
-% \item 2003-12-09. Information Politics 101, We Seize! in Geneva, Switzerland.
-% \item 2003-12-11. Making Custom Debian Bootable/Live CDs, We Seize! in Geneva, Switzerland.
-% \item 2003-12-11. Debian-NP Launch and Q\&A, We Seize! in Geneva, Switzerland.
-% \item 2003-11-06. Making the Case for Free/Open Source Software in Non-Profit Organizations, NTEN in Boston, Massachusetts.
-% \item 2003-09-09. Digital Standards and the Public Domain: Consequences and Current Strategies for an Independent Public Sphere, Ars Electronica Festival 2003 in Linz, Austria.
-% \item 2003-08-26 through 2003-09-06. Summer Source: Software Camp for NGOs, Vis, Croatia.
-% \item 2003-07-18. Software in the Public Interest, Inc. Workshop, Debconf 3 in Oslo, Norway.
-% \item 2003-07-09. Lessons from Libre Software Political and Ethical Practice, Libre Software Meeting in Metz, France.
-% \item 2003-06-07. Social Networking and Free Software, Planetwork Conference in San Francisco, California.
-% \item 2003-04-16. The Politics and Technology of Control, Herb Bernstein's New Ways of Knowing Class at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachsetts.
-% \item 2003-05-05. Presentation to Hampshire College School of Cognitive Science, School of Cognitive Science at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts.
+\subsection{Public Talks}
+I frequently am invited to give talks to non-academic audiences. A selection of these talks is included below.
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item {[Workshop Participation]} Sustain Summit, Sint-Gilles, Belgium, January 30, 2020.
+\item {[Lecture]} âAll Talk? The effects of easier communication interfaces (than user talk pages) on collaborative production.â With Sneha Narayan, Nathan TeBlunthuis, Wm Salt Hale, and Aaron Shaw. Wikimania 2020 Research Track, Stockholm, Sweden, August 17, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture]} âThe Growth and Decline of Digital Knowledge Commons.â Knight Foundation Retreat, Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, May 30, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture]} âThe Growth and Decline of Digital Knowledge Commons.â Bloomberg Beta Dinner Gathering, Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, May 7, 2019.
+\item {[Lecture]} âState of Wikimedia Research 2017-2018.â With Tilman Bayer, Reem Al-Kashif, and Mohammed Sadat Abdulai. Wikimania 2018, Cape Town, South Africa, July 21, 2018.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} ``Whither Peer Production?'' Vall de Can Masdeu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, June 3, 2018.
+\item {[Lecture]} âFree Software Needs Free Tools.â OpenDev Summit, OpenStack Conference, Vancouver Convention Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 22, 2018.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Whither Peer Production: Free software and the shifting landscape of online cooperation.'' LibrePlanet 2018, Cambridge, Massachusetts. March 25, 2018.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Software Freedom Challenges Ahead.'' Swatantra '17, International Center for Free and Open Source Software, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. December 21, 2017.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' Swatantra '17, International Center for Free and Open Source Software, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. December 21, 2017.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``State of Wikimedia Research 2016-2017.'' With Tilman Bayer, Aaron Shaw, and Reem Al-Kashif. Wikimania 2017, Montréal, Québec, Canada. August 11, 2017.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``State of Wikimedia Research 2015-2016.'' With Tilman Bayer. Wikimania 2016, Esino Lario, Italy, June 24, 2016.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} ``Celebrate Aaron Swartz and Book Release.'' Thoughtworks, San Francisco, California, January 11, 2016.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' SeaGL, Seattle, Washington, October 23, 2015.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' FrOSCon, Sankt Augustin, Germany, August 23, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Democratizing Data Science.'' With Tommy Guy PyData Seattle 2015, Redmond, Washington, July 25, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Assignment 1: Become A Wikipedian.'' Wikimania 2015, Mexico City, Mexico, July 18, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The Effect of Blocking IP Editing: Evidence from Wikia.'' With Aaron Shaw Wikimania 2015, Mexico City, Mexico, July 18, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship 2014-2015.'' With Aaron Shaw and Tilman Bayer Wikimania 2015, Mexico City, Mexico, July 17, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Democratizing Data Science.'' With Tommy Guy Puget Sound Programming Python Meetup (PuPPy), Seattle, Washington, June 10, 2015.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``User Innovation Communities.'' Industrial Research Institute Annual Meeting. Seattle, Washington, April 27, 2015.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Access Without Empowerment.'' LibrePlanet 2015, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 21, 2015.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``When Free Software Isn't Better.'' SeaGL, Seattle, Washington, October 25, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Technology Activism 3rd Monday, Seattle, Washington, September 15, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Informed But Unempowered: Why Our Movement Only Fulfills Half Its Mission.'' Wikimania 2014, London, UK, August 9, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship 2013-2014.'' With Tilman Bayer and Aaron Shaw Wikimania 2014, London, UK, August 8, 2014.
+\item {[Q\&A]} ``Aaron Swartz.'' Wikimania 2014, London, UK, August 8, 2014.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship 2012-2013.'' With Tilman Bayer Wikimania 2013, Hong Kong, August 9, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Wiki Ecology.'' Wikimania 2013, Hong Kong, August 9, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' LinuxTag, Berlin, Germany, May 25, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``When Peer Production Succeeds.'' Free Software User Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 1, 2013.
+\item {[Keynote]} ``From Free Software to Free Culture.'' Students for Free Culture Meeting (FCX2013), New York Law School, New York, New York, April 20, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``When Free Software Isn't Better.'' LibrePlanet, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 23, 2013.
+\item {[Recorded Reflections]} ``Thoughts on Aaron Swartz.'' Memorial Service, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 12, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``From Free Software to Free Culture.'' Creative Commons All Staff Meeting, Mountain View, California, February 6, 2013.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Designing for Cooperation with Social Incentives.'' WikiHow, Palo Alto, California, September 14, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``When Wikis Work: Learning from Failures to Build Online Communities.'' Wikia Inc, San Francisco, California, September 13, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``From Free Software to Free Culture.'' Wikimedia Foundation All Staff Meeting, San Francisco, California, September 13, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Open Brands.'' Awesome Foundation Summit, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 23, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Almost Wikipedia: A What Eight Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About Mechanisms of Collective Action.'' Wikimania 2012, George Washington University, Washington, DC, July 13, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship (2011-2012).'' With Jodi Schneider Wikimania 2012, George Washington University, Washington, DC, July 12, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Can Social Awards Create Better Wikis?.'' With Aaron Shaw Wikimania 2012, George Washington University, Washington, DC, July 12, 2012.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``When Peer Production Works: Learning from Failures to Improve Peer Production.'' Wikipedia Academy, Berlin, Germany, July 30, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture \& Workshop]} ``How To Release Your Project as Free Software.'' Festival of Learning, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 27, 2012.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Almost Wikipedia: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About the Mechanisms Of Collective Action.'' Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco, California, November 2, 2011.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Getting Involved in Debian.'' Software Freedom Day, Cambridge College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 16, 2011.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``When Free Software Isn't Better.'' The Open Knowledge Conference, Berlin, Germany, July 1, 2011.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Wikipedia Research.'' The Open Knowledge Conference, Berlin, Germany, July 1, 2011.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``When Free Software Isn't Better.'' Free Software and Linux Days, Istanbul, Turkey, April 2, 2011.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Contributing to Wikipedia.'' General Assembly, Cambridge School of Weston, Weston, Massachusetts, February 16, 2011.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' FrOSCon, Sankt Augustin, Germany, August 22, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture and Discussion]} ``Piracy and Free Software.'' Inlaws and Outlaws, Nothing Will Happen (Nista Se Nece Dogoditi), August 19, 2010. Split, Croatia.
+\item {[Lightning Talk]} ``Lightning Photography with Free Software.'' Debconf, Columbia University, New York, New York, August 7, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' Debconf, Columbia University, New York, New York, August 5, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship 2009-2010: WikiSym and Beyond.'' Wikimania 2010, GdaÅsk, Poland, July 10, 2010.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Free Network Services.'' The Free Software Foundation's Libre Planet, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 21, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' Students for Free Culture Conference, George Washington University, Washington DC, February 14, 2010.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' Linux Conf Australia 2010, Wellington, New Zealand, January 17, 2010.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, November 20, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The State of Wikimedia Scholarship: 2008-2009.'' Wikimania 2009, San Jose, California, July 22, 2009.
+\item {[Panel]} ``With Software as a Service, Is Only the Network Luddite Free?.'' O'Reilly OSCON, San Jose, California, July 22, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Antifeatures.'' O'Reilly OSCON, San Jose, California, July 22, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Free Network Services.'' The Free Software Foundation's Libre Planet, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 21, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Razmajena Vjestina, MAMA, Zagreb, Croatia., January 6, 2009.
+\item {[Lecture and Demo]} ``Voting Machinery for the Masses.'' IEEE Boston Section, Society on Social Implications of Technology, MIT Lincoln Labs, Lexington, Massachusetts, October 20, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Free Software In Your Pocket.'' With John Sullivan Software Freedom Day Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, September 20, 2008.
+\item {[Lightning Talk]} ``Advocating Software Freedom by Revealing Errors.'' O'Reilly Ignite Boston 4, Boston, Massachusetts, September 11, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Voting Machinery for the Masses.'' O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON), Portland, Oregon, July 25, 2008.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Advocating Software Freedom by Revealing Errors.'' O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON), Portland, Oregon, July 25, 2008.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Creative Commons.'' Wikimania 2008, Bibliotecha Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, July 19, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Free Network Services.'' Wikimania 2008, Bibliotecha Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, July 19, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Zotero for Wikimaniacs.'' Wikimania 2008, Bibliotecha Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, July 17, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Boston Linux Unix, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 18, 2008.
+\item {[Lightning Talk]} ``Voting Machinery for the Masses.'' O'Reilly's Ignite Boston 3, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 29, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Advancing a Definition of Free Culture.'' Sun's Community One, Moscone Center, San Francisco, California, May 5, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Liberating Network Services.'' Sun's Community One, Moscone Center, San Francisco, California, May 5, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Revealing Errors.'' Penguicon, Troy, Michigan, April 20, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Laptop Liberation: One Laptop per Child and Free/Open Source Software.'' Penguicon, Troy, Michigan, April 19, 2008. Slides (PDF).
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Revealing Errors.'' LUG Radio Live USA 2008, Moscone Center, San Francisco, California, April 13, 2008.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Liberating Network Services.'' FSF Associate Members Meeting, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 15, 2008.
+\item {[Show Description]}
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Geek Diagnosis from a Diagnosed Geek.'' G33koSkop Lecture Series, MAMA, Zagreb, Croatia., December 3, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Cooperation in Parallel: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian.'' Kiberpipa, Ljubljana, Slovenia, November 26, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Hacker Culture.'' B92's Cinema Rex, Belgrade, Serbia, November 23, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Hacker Culture.'' CK13, Novi Sad, Serbia, November 20, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture and Workshop]} ``Debian Packaging for System Administrators.'' SIPB Clue Dump, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 12, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Free Software and Radical Non-Discrimination.'' Software Freedom Day 2007, Boston, Massachusetts, September 15, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Resonant Divergence: Collaboration in Diverged Branches.'' Wikimania 2007, Taipei, Taiwan, August 5, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Freedom's Standard Advanced.'' Wikimania 2007, Taipei, Taiwan, August 3, 2007.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Debian Derivatives Round Table 2007.'' Debconf 7, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 22, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Debian: A Force To Be Reckoned With.'' Debconf 7, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 21, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Advancing a Definition of Free Culture.'' iCommons iSummit, Dubrovnik, Croatia, June 16, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Freedom Defined.'' Annual National Meeting of Free Culture Student Groups, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 26, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Advancing Free Culture.'' FSF Annual Associate Members Meeting, March 24, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Contribute To Ubuntu.'' The Ubucon NY 2007, Google, New York, New York, February 16, 2007.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Debian/Ubuntu Packaging Essentials.'' The Ubucon NY 2007, Google, New York, New York, February 16, 2007.
+\item {[Debate]} ``Creative Commons Workshop \& Debate.'' Wizards of OS 4, Berlin, Germany, September 16, 2006.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Toward a Definition of Freedom.'' Wikimedia 2006, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 4, 2006.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Software, Freedom, and the World Beyond Computer Programs.'' Darklight Film Festival's annual symposium, Dublin, Ireland, October 28, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``The Ubuntu Project: Overview and Development Model.'' Boston Linux Unix, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 19, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian.'' What The Hack, Boxtel, The Netherlands, July 28, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian.'' Libre Software Meeting, Dijon, France, July 6, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Broadly Defined Freedom: Radical Nondiscrimination in Free Software.'' Libre Software Meeting, Dijon, France, July 5, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``To Fork or Not To Fork: Lessons from Ubuntu and Debian.'' LinuxTag, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 25, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects.'' LinuxTag, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 24, 2005.
+\item {[Workshop]} ``Ubuntu Down Under.'' Sydney, Australia, April 24-30, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Customizing Debian.'' Linux Conference Australia 2005, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, April 18, 2005.
+\item {[Workshop and Q\&A]} ``Ubuntu.'' Northern New Jersey Linux Meet-up, Fort Lee, New Jersey, April 11, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Ubuntu and Debian: Balancing Forking and Collaboration.'' Southern Connecticut Open Source User Group, New Haven, Connecticut, April 10, 2005.
+\item {[Keynote Lecture]} ``Ubuntu and Debian: Balancing Forking and Collaboration.'' Manizales, Colombia, March 17, 2005.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Customizing Debian.'' Grupo de usuarios de Software Libre de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, December 14, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Ubuntu (A GNU/Linux Operating System): Past Present and Future.'' Congreso GULEV, World Trade Center, Veracruz, Mexico, November 27, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Customizing Debian: Fork Yours With Debian GNU/Linux.'' New York Linux User Group (NYLUG), New York, New York, November 17, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Debian and Ubuntu: Philosophy and Technology.'' New York GNU/Linux Beginners group Gnubies, October 13, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Financing Volunteer Free Software Projects: Problems and Strategies.'' Fifth International Free Software Forum, Porto Alegre, Brazil, June 4, 2004.
+\item {[Workshop]} ``Software in the Public Interest, Inc.'' Debconf4, Porto Alegre, Brazil, May 30, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Custom Debian Distribution are the Ultimate Last Step to Total World Domination.'' Debconf4, Porto Alegre, Brazil, May 31, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Debian-NP and NP Bagunça Review.'' Debconf4, Porto Alegre, Brazil, June 2, 2004.
+\item {[Workshop]} ``Debian-NP Bagunça.'' Debconf4, Porto Alegre, Brazil, May 26 - April 2, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Introduction to Debian-NP.'' LinuxClub, Rome, Italy, April 27, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture Tour]} ``Freedom Week (Liberamente - Settimana delle Libertà ).'' Siena, Florence, Milan, Turin, and Rome Italy, April 16-22, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Debian-NP: Free Software in Civil Society.'' Siena, Italy, April 17, 2004.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Penguin Day.'' N-TEN's 2004 Nonprofit Technology Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 28, 2004.
+\item {[Conference Organization]} ``WSIS? We Seize!.'' Geneva, Switzerland, December 7-13, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Information Politics 101.'' We Seize!, Geneva, Switzerland, December 9, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Making Custom Debian Bootable/Live CDs.'' We Seize!, Geneva, Switzerland, December 11, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture and Q\&A]} ``Debian-NP.'' We Seize!, Geneva, Switzerland, December 11, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Making the Case for Free/Open Source Software in Non-Profit Organizations.'' NTEN, Boston, Massachusetts, November 6, 2003.
+\item {[Panel]} ``Digital Standards and the Public Domain: Consequences and Current Strategies for an Independent Public Sphere.'' Ars Electronica Festival, Linz, Austria, September 9, 2003.
+\item {[Workshop Participation]} ``Summer Source: Software Camp for NGOs.'' Vis, Croatia, August 26-September 6, 2003.
+\item {[Workshop]} ``Software in the Public Interest, Inc.'' Debconf 3, Oslo, Norway., July 18, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Lessons from Libre Software Political and Ethical Practice.'' Libre Software Meeting, Metz, France, July 9, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Social Networking and Free Software.'' Planetwork Conference, San Francisco, California, June 7, 2003.
+\item {[Lecture]} ``Managing a Free Software Project.'' Five College Free Software Series, Amherst, Massachusetts, December 5, 2002.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\subsection{Other Selected Employment Experience}
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2004--2005. \emph{Canonical Limited}, Ubuntu project founding team member, software engineer, community manager.
+\item 2003--2004. \emph{Partecs S.R.L.} (Startup), Chief Technology Officer. Rome, Italy.
+\item 2002--2003. System Administrator, University of Massachusetts Dept. of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering.
+\item 2002. Senior Web Application Developer, Hampshire College Career Options Resource Software.
+\item 2001. Lead Web Application Developer, Organizers' Collaborative.
+\item 1999--2003. Assistant to the UNIX System Administrator, Hampshire College.
+\item 2000. Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School: Technical Consultant.
+\item 1999. Technical Consultant and Audio Engineer, Mekana Yesus Recording Studio in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
+\end{cvlist}
+
+\section{Press}
+\subsection{Selected Media Coverage}
+
+My research has been covered in the media and I am often quoted as expert in the press. An extensive list of media coverage with hyperlinks to online articles is available at \url{https://mako.cc/press/}. A few notable examples of press describing my academic research include:
+
+\begin{cvlist}
+\item 2019-04-08. McCulloch, Gretchen. Coding Is for Everyoneâas Long as You Speak English. \emph{Wired}.
+% \item 2018-11.15. Cohen, Noam. A 1970s Essay Predicted Silicon Valley's High-Minded Tyranny. \emph{Wired}. % meh
+\item 2016-01-03. Karlin, Mark. Aaron Swartzâs Quest to Keep Corporations From Privatizing the Internet. \emph{Truthout}. [Interview]
+\item 2014-01-18. Harford, Tim. There are No New Ideas - Only Remixes; The Undercover Economist. \emph{Financial Times}, p. 44.
+\item 2013-05-13. Steadman, Ian. Study: Open Source Remixing Seems to Lead to Less Original work. \emph{Wired UK}.
+\item 2011-10-13. Wemple, Erik. Media News Derivatives: Oct. 13. \emph{The Washington Post Blogs}.
+\item 2011-10-12. Garber, Megan. The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? \emph{Nieman Journalism Lab}.
+\item 2011-05-31. Rohwetter, Marcus. Technikmafia: Die Technikmafia. \emph{Die Zeit}. Hamburg, Germany.
+\item 2007-07-16. Anderson, Nate. MIT Project aims human buffer overflow at Secret Service. \emph{Ars Technica}.
\end{cvlist}
\end{document}
+
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\def\titre{DM 1 : pour le }
\date{~-14-09-12-}
\title{\titre}
\author{\classe, 2012-2013, Y. Angeli}
% Debut du document
% *****************
\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\star$}
\maketitle
% Debut du texte
% **************
\exo[Nombres premiers]
\begin{enumerate}
\item Vrai ou faux ? Justifier votre réponse.
\begin{itemize}
\item Le nombre 31 est premier. \hfil $\star$ Le nombre 119 est premier.
\item Le produit de deux nombres premiers est premier.
\item La somme de deux nombres premiers supérieurs à 2 est
toujours paire.
\end{itemize}
\item Décomposer $a,b$ et $c$ en produit de facteurs premiers :
$a = 440 ; ~ b = 105 ; ~ d = 52\times26$
\end{enumerate}
\exo[Équations : Résoudre : $7x+8=-12x$ et $-35x-9=-2$]
\vspace{-1.8\baselineskip}
\exo[Triplets d'entiers consécutifs]
Deux nombres entiers sont \emph{consécutifs} lorsqu'il n'existe aucun nombre entier entre les deux.
\noindent L'objectif final est de démontrer que la somme de $3$ entiers consécutifs est divisible par $3$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Parmi les ensembles suivants, lesquelles désignent des ensembles d'entiers consécutifs :
\[(a)~\{7;8\}\quad (b)~\{17;19\}\quad (c)~\{-1;1;2\}\quad (d)~\{21;22;23;24\}\quad (e)~\{1{,}2;1{,}3\}\]
\item Calculer la somme des entiers $127,128$ et $129$. Montrer qu'elle est divisible par $3$.
\item Donner un autre exemple d'ensemble de trois entiers consécutifs. Montrer que leur somme est divisible par 3.
\item\bomb~On considère trois entiers consécutifs quelconques. On note $n$ le premier. Exprimer la somme de ces trois entiers en fonction de $n$ et expliquer pourquoi elle est divisible par $3$.
\item La somme de $2$ entiers consécutifs est-elle divisible par $2$ ?
\end{enumerate}
\bigskip
\maketitle \setcounter{exos}{0}
\exo[Nombres premiers]
\begin{enumerate}
\item Vrai ou faux ? Justifier votre réponse.
\begin{itemize}
\item Le nombre 31 est premier. \hfil $\star$ Le nombre 119 est premier.
\item Le produit de deux nombres premiers est premier.
\item La somme de deux nombres premiers supérieurs à 2 est
toujours paire.
\end{itemize}
\item Décomposer $a,b$ et $c$ en produit de facteurs premiers :
$a = 440 ; ~ b = 105 ; ~ d = 52\times26$
\end{enumerate}
\exo[Équations : Résoudre : $7x+8=-12x$ et $-35x-9=-2$]
\vspace{-1.8\baselineskip}
\exo[Triplets d'entiers consécutifs]
Deux nombres entiers sont \emph{consécutifs} lorsqu'il n'existe aucun nombre entier entre les deux.
\noindent L'objectif final est de démontrer que la somme de $3$ entiers consécutifs est divisible par $3$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Parmi les ensembles suivants, lesquelles désignent des ensembles d'entiers consécutifs :
\[(a)~\{7;8\}\quad (b)~\{17;19\}\quad (c)~\{-1;1;2\}\quad (d)~\{21;22;23;24\}\quad (e)~\{1{,}2;1{,}3\}\]
\item Calculer la somme des entiers $127,128$ et $129$. Montrer qu'elle est divisible par $3$.
\item Donner un autre exemple d'ensemble de trois entiers consécutifs. Montrer que leur somme est divisible par 3.
\item\bomb~On considère trois entiers consécutifs quelconques. On note $n$ le premier. Exprimer la somme de ces trois entiers en fonction de $n$ et expliquer pourquoi elle est divisible par $3$.
\item La somme de $2$ entiers consécutifs est-elle divisible par $2$ ?
\end{enumerate}
% Fin du texte
%*************
\renewcommand{\fin}{%{\scriptsize \ttfamily www.yann.angeli.fr}\hfil {\scriptsize \classe, \titre} \hfil \upshape \thepage\slash \pageref{LastPage} }
}
\end{document}
% Découper suivant les pointillés
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\hspace{-3em}\raisebox{-7pt}[0pt][\height]{\ScissorRight} \hrulefill~\raisebox{-7pt}[0pt][\height]{\ScissorLeft}
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\input zb-basic
\input zb-matheduc
\iteman{ZMATH 2008e.00495}
\itemau{Wursthorn, Birgit}
\itemti{Basic computer science concepts in the first lessons: Informatics education in subject-integrated and interdisciplinary teaching at the beginning of the lower secondary modern school level. (Informatische Grundkonzepte im Anfangsunterricht: Informatische Bildung im f\"acherintegrierten und f\"acher\"ubergreifenden Unterricht am Anfang der Sekundarstufe I in der Realschule.)}
\itemso{Log In, No. 150-151, 26-31 (2008).}
\itemab
Aus der Einleitung: Das dargestellte Unterrichtskonzept wurde von der Autorin im Rahmen ihrer Dissertation ``Informatische Grundkonzepte in Klasse 5 der Realschule - Entwurf und Evaluation von f\"acher\"ubergreifendem Unterricht'' entwickelt und evaluiert. Es sieht eine Erarbeitung von informatischen Grundkonzepten mithilfe der Programmiersprache LOGO in den F\"achern Mathematik, Englisch, Deutsch und Musik vor. Durch diese Art der Besch\"aftigung mit informatischen Grundkonzepten entwickeln die Sch\"ulerinnen und Sch\"uler die in den Bildungsstandards ITG formulierten informationstechnischen Kompetenzen und Schl\"usselqualifikationen. In den folgenden Abschnitten wird dieses Unterrichtskonzept genauer vorgestellt.
\itemrv{~}
\itemab
From the introduction: The educational concept presented here has been developed and evaluated by the author in the framework of her dissertation. It plans the acquisition of basic computer science concepts with the LOGO programming language in the subjects of Mathematics, English, German, and Music.
\itemrv{~}
\itemcc{Q53 P43 M53}
\itemut{grade 5; goals of informatics education; learning objectives; computer literacy; lower secondary; content selection; interdisciplinary approach; curriculum development; curriculum evaluation; key qualifications; lesson planning; educational analysis; teaching units Klasse 5; Lehrplanerprobung; Allgemeine Ziele des Informatikunterrichts; Sekundarstufe 1; Stoffauswahl; Evaluation; Curriculumentwicklung; Interdisziplinarit\"at; didaktische Analyse; Unterrichtsplanung; Unterrichtseinheit; Lernziel; Informationstechnische Kompetenz}
\itemli{}
\end
|
http://www.umr-marbec.fr/r3fbas3/search.php?sqlQuery=SELECT%20author%2C%20title%2C%20type%2C%20year%2C%20publication%2C%20abbrev_journal%2C%20volume%2C%20issue%2C%20pages%2C%20keywords%2C%20abstract%2C%20thesis%2C%20editor%2C%20publisher%2C%20place%2C%20abbrev_series_title%2C%20series_title%2C%20series_editor%2C%20series_volume%2C%20series_issue%2C%20edition%2C%20language%2C%20author_count%2C%20online_publication%2C%20online_citation%2C%20doi%2C%20serial%2C%20area%20FROM%20refs%20WHERE%20serial%20%3D%201555%20ORDER%20BY%20year%20DESC%2C%20first_author%2C%20author_count%2C%20author%2C%20title&client=&formType=sqlSearch&submit=Cite&viewType=&showQuery=0&showLinks=1&showRows=5&rowOffset=&wrapResults=1&citeOrder=year&citeStyle=MLA&exportFormat=RIS&exportType=html&exportStylesheet=&citeType=LaTeX&headerMsg=
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%&LaTeX
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\begin{document}
\section*{2016}
Roux, S., et al. "Analysis of metagenomic data reveals common features of halophilic viral communities across continents." \textit{Environ Microbiol}. 18.3 (2016): 889--903.
\end{document}
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%&LaTeX
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\begin{document}
\begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{Camacho2002} Camacho, G. A. (2002). Huellas jud{\'\i}o-conversas en los pr{\'o}logos de {\textquotedblleft}La Celestina{\textquotedblright} y el {\textquotedblleft}Lazarillo de Tormes{\textquotedblright}. En W. Mej{\'\i}as L{\'o}pez (Ed.), \textit{Morada de la palabra: homenaje a Luce y Mercedes L{\'o}pez-Baralt} (pp. 91--101). San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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https://www.impan.pl/wydawnictwa/dla-autorow/impan-article_3.tex
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impan.pl
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| 923,344,936 | 4,220 |
\documentclass[12pt, twoside, leqno]{article}
% Modif. February 26, 2020
% In case of any problems, send comments to [email protected]
% Using pdflatex is preferred
\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm}
\usepackage{amssymb}
%% Optional, but useful:
\usepackage{enumitem}
%% Add only when there are figures:
\usepackage{graphicx}
%% If you are using letters of the Polish alphabet, add
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
%% E.g. the name "Zoladz" is then coded \.Zo{\l}\k{a}d\'z
%% In the running head, replace first names by initials
%% and give an abbreviation of the title.
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\markboth{A. Kowalska and J. K. Nowak}{Sample paper}
%%%%%
%% Numbered objects of "theorem" style (text italicized).
%% Below, the optional parameters indicate that all objects are numbered together, and "by section".
%% However, you are welcome to use any other numbering system of your choice, as well as your own abbreviations.
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{problem}[theorem]{Problem}
%% A numbered theorem with a fancy name:
\newtheorem{mainthm}[theorem]{Main Theorem}
%% Numbered objects of "non-theorem" style (text roman):
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
%% An unnumbered object:
\newtheorem*{xrem}{Remark}
%% Equations numbered by section (optional):
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
%%%%%%%%%%% For IMPAN journals:
\frenchspacing
\textwidth=13.5cm
\textheight=23cm
\parindent=16pt
\oddsidemargin=-0.5cm
\evensidemargin=-0.5cm
\topmargin=-0.5cm
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%% Put your macros here:
%%%% Here are two examples:
\DeclareMathOperator{\len}{length}
\newcommand{\obj}[3]{\mathcal{F}^{#1}\mathbb{S}^{#2}\mathbf{G}_{#3}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
%%%%% To ease editing, for IMPAN journals add:
\baselineskip=17pt
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\title{A sample paper for IMPAN journals}
\author{Anna Kowalska\\
Institute of Mathematics\\
Polish Academy of Sciences\\
\'Sniadeckich 8\\
00-656 Warszawa, Poland\\
E-mail: [email protected]
\and
Jan Krzysztof Nowak\\
Institute of Mathematics\\
Jagiellonian University\\
{\L}ojasiewicza 6\\
30-348 Krak\'ow, Poland\\
E-mail: [email protected]}
\date{}
\maketitle
%% Classification and key words; note that the 2010 classification is used:
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{}
\footnote{2020 \emph{Mathematics Subject Classification}: Primary XXXX; Secondary YYYY.}
\footnote{\emph{Key words and phrases}: aaaa, bbbb, cccc.}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\arabic{footnote}}
\setcounter{footnote}{0}
%%%%%%%%
\begin{abstract}
A template for articles in IMPAN journals in the \texttt{article} style. Using \texttt{pdflatex} is strongly preferred.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
You can use this file as a template when submitting your paper to one of the IMPAN journals (except Dissertationes Mathematicae and Banach Center Publications, for which style files exist).
The format of this file is \textbf{not} the exact final printed format (for example, the latter is scaled down, and line breaks will most often be different), but it is convenient for editing purposes.
\section{Theorems etc.}
The statements of theorems, propositions etc. are set in
italics. In definitions, only the term being defined is emphasized. Remarks
and examples are set in roman type.
\begin{definition}
A system $S$ is said to be \emph{self-extensional} if
$S \in B$.
\end{definition}
\begin{problem}
Is $A+B=C$ true?
\end{problem}
%% Note that in the example below, the braces { } around \cite are necessary (due to nested optional parameters)
\begin{theorem}[Identity Principle, see also {\cite[Theorem 5]{HillDow}}]\label{T:1}
If $A=B$, then the following conditions are equivalent:
\begin{enumerate}[label=\upshape(\roman*), leftmargin=*, widest=iii]
\item first item,\label{it:1}
\item second item,\label{it:2}
\item third item.\label{it:3}
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} We only prove \ref{it:1}$\Rightarrow$\ref{it:2}. Observe that
%
\begin{equation}\label{E:1}
\begin{aligned}[t]
\bigl(\tfrac{1}{2}(\obj{3}{b}{1} + \len\obj{a+i}{2}{4})\bigr)^2
&= \binom{a+b}{c-d}\\
&\quad + \Bigl(\prod_{i=1}^n A_i\Bigr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{u}{v}\biggr)^n\\
&\overset{\alpha}=
\begin{cases}
\sqrt[3]{2/\!\sin x} &\text{if $x \in (0, \pi)$,}\\
0 &\text{otherwise.}
\end{cases}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
%
Now apply induction on $n$ to \eqref{E:1}.
\end{proof}
\begin{xrem}
Theorem~\ref{T:1} was independently proved in \cite{Kow}.
\end{xrem}
\begin{mainthm}
Here comes the statement of a numbered theorem with a fancy name.
\end{mainthm}
Note that formulas in IMPAN journals are left-numbered.
For many examples of codes of multiline formulas, see
\[
\texttt{https://www.impan.pl/en/publishing-house/for-authors}.
\]
The \texttt{eqnarray} construction leads to well-known mistakes---if you have learnt it, just forget it.
Do not leave ``overflows'' in formulas; if the formula is too wide, break it yourself into lines or, e.g., shorten it by introducing some symbols.
Do not re-invent {\LaTeX}; before using your own construction or creating a new symbol
look up Gr\"atzer \cite{Gratzer}---most probably, your intended construction or symbol is already there.
Add small spaces \texttt{\textbackslash,} only exceptionally, e.g. before differentials.
\section{Figures}
If you are including figures created outside {\LaTeX}, they should be prepared as pdf, jpg or eps files.
All figures will be printed black and white; colours will only appear in the online version.
If your original figures are coloured, check their black-and-white printouts;
you may wish to change (some of) the colours, or use shades of grey, to make some distinctions
more visible.
Avoid very thin lines, and check whether all fonts used are embedded.
Remember that sometimes figures have to be scaled, and then the lettering is scaled too; therefore, very small lettering should be avoided.
\begin{figure}[h]
\caption{A figure caption}
\end{figure}
\subsection*{Acknowledgements}
Place all thanks and grant acknowledgements here.
\begin{thebibliography}{HD82}
%% Use the widest label as parameter above.
%% Reference items can be numbered or have labels of your choice, as below.
%% Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of names (and not in the order of labels).
%% In IMPAN journals, only the title is italicized; boldface is not used.
%% Do NOT give the issue number unless the issues are paginated separately, as in Uspekhi below.
%%%%%%%%%%% To ease editing, use normal size:
\normalsize
\baselineskip=17pt
%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\bibitem[G07]{Gratzer} G. Gr\"atzer,
\emph{More Math into \LaTeX},
4th ed., Springer, Berlin, 2007.
\bibitem[HD82]{HillDow} R. Hill and A. Dow,
\emph{A ground-breaking achievement},
J.~Differential Equations 15 (1982), 197--211.
\bibitem[K74]{Kow} J. Kowalski,
\emph{A very interesting paper},
in: Algebra, Analysis and Beyond (Nowhere, 1973),
E.~Fox et al. (eds.),
Lecture Notes in Math. 867, Springer, Berlin, 1974, 115--124.
\bibitem[N80]{Nov} A. S. Novikov,
\emph{Another fascinating article},
Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 23 (1980), no.~3, 112--134 (in Russian);
English transl.: Russian Math. Surveys 23 (1980), 572--595.
\bibitem[R]{Russ} B. Russell,
\emph{A new theorem},
arXiv:0612.9876 (2006).
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\input zb-basic
\input zb-matheduc
\iteman{ZMATH 1995d.02447}
\itemau{Ebersole, D.; Schattschneider, D.; Sevilla, A.; Somers, K.}
\itemti{A companion to calculus.}
\itemso{Brooks/Cole Publ., Pacific Grove, CA (ISBN 0-534-26592-8). 560 p. (1995).}
\itemab
The book reviews matheamtical concepts and techniques that are prerequisites for calculus. It is intended to be used along with a calculus text in a first course in calculus. It sets the stage for calculus topics and uses calculus terminology and notation. The four distinct modes description, algebraic forms, graphs and data are used in each topic. Informations are translated from one mode to another. Exercises and solutions are given. The single chapters are companions to the topics: Cartesian coordinates; functions; limits; continuous functions; infinity; change rates; differentiation rules; trigonometric functions; implicit and repeated differentiation; related rates; linear approximations and differentials; exponential, inverse, and logarithmic functions; extreme values; curve sketching; antidifferentiation; area and Riemann sums; definite integral.
\itemrv{~}
\itemcc{I10}
\itemut{}
\itemli{}
\end
|
http://cr.yp.to/bib/1984/lenstra.tex
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yp.to
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| 8,826,046 | 721 |
\bib{1984/lenstra}
\yr 1984
\mr 85b:11118
\by Hendrik W. Lenstra, Jr.
\paper Divisors in residue classes
\jour Mathematics of Computation
\issn 0025--5718
\vol 42
\pages 331--340
\url http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-5718(198401)42:165<331:DIRC>2.0.CO;2-6
\endref
|
https://www.mathematik.tu-dortmund.de/lsiii/cms/bibtex/89452870.tex
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tu-dortmund.de
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| 904,388,183 | 819 |
@TECHREPORT{NovikovKuzminAhmadi2019,
author = {Novikov, A. and Kuzmin, D. and Ahmadi, O.},
title = {Random walk methods for Monte Carlo simulations of Brownian diffusion on a sphere},
year = {2019},
month = feb,
institution = {Fakult\"{a}t f\"{u}r Mathematik, TU Dortmund},
note = {Ergebnisberichte des Instituts f\"{u}r Angewandte Mathematik, Nummer 595},
}
|
http://ftp.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/tex-archive/info/examples/lwc/apc/invitationfrraw.tex
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uni-hannover.de
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| 20,893,110 | 981 |
\documentclass[francais]{article}
\usepackage{invitation}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
\begin{Front}
\To{Anna, Bernard, Didier, Johanna}
\Date{Vendredi prochain à 20 heures}
\Where{Le Café du Web}
\Why{Mon premier bébé XML}
\end{Front}
\begin{Body}
\par
J'ai le plaisir de vous inviter à la célébration
de la naissance d'\emph{Invitation}, mon
premier enfant document XML.
\par
S'il vous plaît, faites tout votre possible pour me rejoindre
vendredi prochain. Et n'oubliez pas d'emmener vos amis.
\par
Je me réjouis \emph{vraiment} d'avance de votre présence.
\end{Body}
\begin{Back}
\Signature{Michel}
\end{Back}
\end{document}
|
https://texample.net/media/tikz/examples/TEX/map-projections.tex
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texample.net
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| 582,924,538 | 3,525 |
% Stereographic and cylindrical map projections
% Author: Tomasz M. Trzeciak
% Source: LaTeX-Community.org
% <http://www.latex-community.org/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=2111>
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,fadings,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usepackage{verbatim}
\begin{comment}
:Title: Stereographic and cylindrical map projections
:Tags: 3D
:Slug: map-projections
:Grid: 2x2
Examples inspired by the thread at comp.text.tex about `how to convert some hand
drawn pictures into programmatic 3D sketches`__.
.. __: http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/browse_thread/thread/a03baf5d6fa64865/f7e7b903f1d87a6a
The sketches present stereographic and cylindrical map projections and they
pose some interesting challenges for doing them with a 2D drawing package PGF/TikZ.
The main idea is to draw in selected 3D planes and then project onto the canvas
coordinate system with an appriopriate transformation. Some highlights:
- usage of pgf math engine for calculation of projection transformations and
transitions points from visible (solid lines) to invisible (dashed lines) on
meridians and latitude circles
- definition of 3D plane transformation with expanded styles so that they are robust
against redefinition of macros used in their construction
- usage of named coordinates (nodes) for definition of characteristic points in
local coordinate systems so that they are accessible outside of their plane of
definition
- calculation of intersections points with TikZ intersection coordinate system
- usage of 'to' path operation instead of 'arc' for marking angles to allow for
easy positioning of text labels on the curve
- 3D lighting effects with shading
:Author: Tomasz M. Trzeciak
:Source: LaTeX-Community.org_
.. _LaTeX-Community.org: http://www.latex-community.org/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=2111
\end{comment}
%% helper macros
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\pgfmathsetmacro#1{sin(#3)}%
\pgfmathsetmacro#2{cos(#3)}%
}
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\pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
\pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % azimuth
\tikzset{#1/.style={cm={\cost,\sint*\sinEl,0,\cosEl,(0,0)}}}
}
\newcommand\LatitudePlane[3][current plane]{%
\pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
\pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % latitude
\pgfmathsetmacro\yshift{\cosEl*\sint}
\tikzset{#1/.style={cm={\cost,0,0,\cost*\sinEl,(0,\yshift)}}} %
}
\newcommand\DrawLongitudeCircle[2][1]{
\LongitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
\tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
% angle of "visibility"
\pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{atan(sin(#2)*cos(\angEl)/sin(\angEl))} %
\draw[current plane] (\angVis:1) arc (\angVis:\angVis+180:1);
\draw[current plane,dashed] (\angVis-180:1) arc (\angVis-180:\angVis:1);
}
\newcommand\DrawLatitudeCircle[2][1]{
\LatitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
\tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
\pgfmathsetmacro\sinVis{sin(#2)/cos(#2)*sin(\angEl)/cos(\angEl)}
% angle of "visibility"
\pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{asin(min(1,max(\sinVis,-1)))}
\draw[current plane] (\angVis:1) arc (\angVis:-\angVis-180:1);
\draw[current plane,dashed] (180-\angVis:1) arc (180-\angVis:\angVis:1);
}
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outer sep=2pt,%
mark coordinate/.style={inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt,minimum size=3pt,
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\begin{tikzpicture} % "THE GLOBE" showcase
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\def\angEl{35} % elevation angle
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\begin{tikzpicture} % CENT
%% some definitions
\def\R{2.5} % sphere radius
\def\angEl{35} % elevation angle
\def\angAz{-105} % azimuth angle
\def\angPhi{-40} % longitude of point P
\def\angBeta{19} % latitude of point P
%% working planes
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\tikzset{xyplane/.style={cm={cos(\angAz),sin(\angAz)*sin(\angEl),-sin(\angAz),
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\path[xzplane] (\R,0) coordinate (XE);
\path (PE) ++(0,-\H) coordinate (Paux); % to aid Phat calculation
\coordinate[mark coordinate] (Phat) at (intersection cs: first line={(N)--(P)},
second line={(S)--(Paux)});
%% draw meridians and latitude circles
\DrawLatitudeCircle[\R]{0} % equator
%\DrawLatitudeCircle[\R]{\angBeta}
\DrawLongitudeCircle[\R]{\angAz} % xzplane
\DrawLongitudeCircle[\R]{\angAz+90} % yzplane
\DrawLongitudeCircle[\R]{\angPhi} % pzplane
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node[right] {$y,\eta$};
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node[midway,right=1ex] {$a$};
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%% draw background sphere
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%% characteristic points
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% \DrawLongitudeCircle[\R]{\angAz+90} % yzplane
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\DrawLatitudeCircle[\R]{\angBeta}
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% shifted equator in node with nested call to tikz
% (I didn't know it's possible)
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%% draw lines and put labels
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node[midway,below] {$\phi_2$} (\angPhiTwo:0.6*\R);
\draw[equator,->] (-90:\R) arc (-90:-70:\R) node[below=0.3ex] {$x = a\phi$};
\path[xzplane] (0:\R) node[below] {$\beta=0$};
\path[xzplane] (\angBeta:\R) node[below left] {$\beta=\beta_0$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture} % KART
\def\R{2.5}
\node[draw,minimum size=2cm*\R,inner sep=0,outer sep=0,circle] (C) at (0,0) {};
\coordinate (O) at (0,0);
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\draw[dashed] (T1) -- (O) -- (T2) -- (Phat) -- (T1) -- (T2);
\draw[<->] (0,1.5*\R) node[above] {$y$} |- (2.5*\R,0) node[right] {$x$};
\draw (O) node[below left] {$\mathbf{O}$} -- (P)
+(1ex,0) node[above=1ex] {$\mathbf{P}$};
\draw (P) -- (Phat) node[above=1ex] {$\mathbf{\hat{P}}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
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http://idl.iscram.org/search.php?sqlQuery=SELECT%20author%2C%20title%2C%20type%2C%20year%2C%20publication%2C%20abbrev_journal%2C%20volume%2C%20issue%2C%20pages%2C%20keywords%2C%20abstract%2C%20thesis%2C%20editor%2C%20publisher%2C%20place%2C%20abbrev_series_title%2C%20series_title%2C%20series_editor%2C%20series_volume%2C%20series_issue%2C%20edition%2C%20language%2C%20author_count%2C%20online_publication%2C%20online_citation%2C%20doi%2C%20serial%2C%20area%20FROM%20refs%20WHERE%20serial%20%3D%201405%20ORDER%20BY%20first_author%2C%20author_count%2C%20author%2C%20year%2C%20title&client=&formType=sqlSearch&submit=Cite&viewType=&showQuery=0&showLinks=1&showRows=25&rowOffset=&wrapResults=1&citeOrder=&citeStyle=APA&exportFormat=RIS&exportType=html&exportStylesheet=&citeType=LaTeX&headerMsg=
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%&LaTeX
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\begin{document}
\begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{ZenoFranco_etal2016} Zeno Franco, Katinka Hooyer, Rizwana Rizia, A B M Kowser Patwary, Mathew Armstrong, Bryan Semaan, et al. (2016). Dryhootch Quick Reaction Force: Collaborative Information Design to Prevent Crisis in Military Veterans. In A. Tapia, P. Antunes, V.A. Ba{\~n}uls, K. Moore, \& J. Porto (Eds.), \textit{ISCRAM 2016 Conference Proceedings – 13th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management}. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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https://dlmf.nist.gov/1.14.E5.tex
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nist.gov
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\[(f*g)(t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}f(t-s)g(s)\mathrm{d}s.\]
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https://vev.medisin.ntnu.no/refbase/search.php?sqlQuery=SELECT%20author%2C%20title%2C%20type%2C%20year%2C%20publication%2C%20abbrev_journal%2C%20volume%2C%20issue%2C%20pages%2C%20keywords%2C%20abstract%2C%20thesis%2C%20editor%2C%20publisher%2C%20place%2C%20abbrev_series_title%2C%20series_title%2C%20series_editor%2C%20series_volume%2C%20series_issue%2C%20edition%2C%20language%2C%20author_count%2C%20online_publication%2C%20online_citation%2C%20doi%2C%20serial%2C%20area%20FROM%20refs%20WHERE%20serial%20%3D%201894%20ORDER%20BY%20first_author%2C%20author_count%2C%20author%2C%20year%2C%20title&client=&formType=sqlSearch&submit=Cite&viewType=&showQuery=0&showLinks=1&showRows=25&rowOffset=&wrapResults=1&citeOrder=&citeStyle=APA&exportFormat=RIS&exportType=html&exportStylesheet=&citeType=LaTeX&headerMsg=
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%&LaTeX
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\begin{document}
\begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{Burgel_etal2017} Burgel, P. - R., Paillasseur, J. - L., Janssens, W., Piquet, J., Ter Riet, G., Garcia-Aymerich, J., et al. (2017). A simple algorithm for the identification of clinical COPD phenotypes. \textit{Eur Respir J}, \textit{50}(5).
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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http://www.numerical.rl.ac.uk/people/nimg/oumsc/lectures/pf1.6.tex
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rl.ac.uk
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%\subsection{Proof of Theorem \thelecture.6}
\noindent
\textcolor{red}{{\bf PROOF OF THEOREM \thelecture.6}}
\noindent
Continuity \implies $H(x)$ positive definite $\forall x$ in open ball
$\calN$ around $x_*$.
\vspace*{0.2in}
\noindent
$x_* + s \in \calN$ + generalized mean value theorem \implies
$\exists z$ between $x_*$
and $x_* + s$ for which
\disp{\arr{rl}{f(x_* + s ) = & f(x_*) + g(x_*)^T s + \half s^T H(z) s \\
= & f(x_*) + \half s^T H(z) s \\ > & f(x_*)}}
$\forall s \neq 0$ \implies $x_*$ is an isolated local minimizer.
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https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end.tex
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theanarchistlibrary.org
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\title{How Slogans End}
\date{2010, December}
\author{Alejandro de Acosta}
\subtitle{}
% https://groups.google.com/d/topic/comp.text.tex/6fYmcVMbSbQ/discussion
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{\usekomafont{author}{Alejandro de Acosta\par}}%
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{\usekomafont{date}{2010, December\par}}%
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\vskip 3em
\par
\tableofcontents
% start a new right-handed page
\cleardoublepage
\begin{quote}
When you get sleepy, do you go to sleep?
Or do you lie awake?”
- Cage, “Composition as Process”
\end{quote}
\begin{quote}
“If among you there are those who wish to get somewhere,
let them leave at any moment.”
“If anybody is sleepy, let him go to sleep”
- Cage, “Lecture on Nothing”
\end{quote}
\section{1}
There is a computer program called the Automatic Insurrectionary Manifesto Generator. AIMG produces this sort of output:
\emph{What’s needed is not mobilization, and even far less absence, but a putting-into-practice of inoperative crisis, a rejection in all forms of the temporality of humanism.}
\emph{This is a call to indifference, not an insistence on absence.}
\emph{We must destroy all humanism—without illusions.}
\emph{Confronted with those who refuse to recognize themselves in our orgies of negation, we offer neither criticism nor dialogue but only our scorn.}
A link labeled “AGAIN” is conveniently centered below the text, inviting us to the pleasures of repetition. It reloads the page and each time generates a three-paragraph manifesto composed of such sentences. AIMG’s output is wholly predictable, in a ‘mad lib’ sort of way. All the titles it produces have the same schema: “Leaving X behind: notes on Y,” where X includes “mobilization,” “activism,” “passivity,” “fossilization,” “humanism,” and so on; and Y includes “crisis,” “rupture,” “insurrection,” or “zones of indistinction which need no justification,” for example. The same goes for the rest of the manifestos. You may have encountered its output at its home page, whose link was posted and sent around quite a bit in 2009; or you may have been presented with its texts in a more or less deceptive, more or less mocking way in blogs, or in comments on Anarchist News.
A link at the bottom of the page takes us to “insurrect.rb,” the code. Reading those 126 lines was very interesting; despite my limited understanding of programming, the way AIMG operates was clear enough. There is a list of definitions in which words are classed together under headings such as “things we like,” “things we don’t like,” “things we do,” “things we don’t do”; for the most part, then, they are groups of presumed synonyms. (I note with interest that the longest list is “things we don’t like”.) As I had suspected, the possible outcomes are finite. At first, reading just the code might suggest that the problem with the rhetoric of insurrectionary anarchism is that it is not inventive enough. Its terms are not sufficiently varied or differentiated and therefore they have a tendency to collapse into each other. But is the programmer’s goal to use the code to produce a more artful rhetoric?
On the same page as “insurrect.rb” is a “read me” file, which offers the following explanation:
\begin{quote}
The purpose of this little program is to expose the seductions of rhetoric, not to criticize actions taken. Despite my admiration for many of the actions taken in the name of insurrection, I’m suspicious of how easy it is to substitute style for substance in the communiques describing these actions. And this is not to say that all ‘insurrectionist’ texts are meaningless [\dots{}] This program is intended only to demonstrate the pitfalls of language which sounds too good to be meaningful.
\end{quote}
The remarks about substituting “style for substance” and “sounding to good to be meaningful” suggest the contrary: the “purpose” is less rhetoric. To the degree that AIMG accomplishes this goal, it does so by showing the limited inventiveness of what I will call I-discourse. And it does so from a perspective that opts for an uninventive “substance” rather than a superior “style.”
One could easily undertake a critique of the programmer’s assumptions by asking if the lists of “things we like” or “things we don’t like” really contain interchangeable terms. (Or, supposing that they do, how such interchangeability comes about). But there is a more interesting issue, a more profound limitation in the code than finite word lists. Line 75, for example, reads
“This is a call to \#\{things\_we\_like\}, not an insistence on \#\{things\_we\_dont\_like\}.” which, in prose, amounts to something like:
\begin{quote}
“Do the good, not the bad,” or:
“Do what we do, don’t do what we don’t do.”
\end{quote}
These are examples of the simplest grammatical formulations of a \emph{moral} code, of a sort we discover in all sorts of discourses. Discovering such a code puts me beyond the desire to critique (to improve by strategic negation). The question becomes one of overcoming a morality that is so easily codified.
The programmer, or whoever wrote the “read me” file, tells me what he sees as the AIMG’s purpose. I am free to understand its ouput in that manner or in a variety of others. Now, to overcome the unexamined morality written into the code, I am concerned first of all with wit. Supposing the output has something to do with its stated purpose, that purpose is achieved through being witty. (Of course AIMG is not witty, because it is not a person. But the programmer probably thought he was being witty when he assembled it; and many people think they are witty when they use it and propagate its output.) I take wit to be primarily an aesthetic matter, to be judged in terms of its success. (And there are many sorts of successes. It could be that the joke is on the jokers.) For the overcoming I have in mind, I am also concerned with importance, with some way of getting at the values at play in a moral or ethical system. So let us play a logical game, cycling through possibilities based on varying answers to two questions: Is the AIMG’s output witty? And: does the AIMG matter?
\section{2}
Given our two questions, there are four positions:
\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\item\relax
The AIMG’s output is witty, and it matters.
\item\relax
The AIMG’s output is not witty, and it matters.
\item\relax
The AIMG’s output is not witty, and it does not matter.
\item\relax
The AIMG’s output is witty, and it does not matter.
\end{enumerate}
Now, this logical game is just that – of course anyone may occupy one or more of the positions successively or even simultaneously. But for the sake of the game I summon up a lunar landscape, where four speakers deliver their monologues.
The first two positions emphasize writing. Who has already stepped forward to say that AIMG’s output is witty, and it matters? It is the Author (and his audience, amused). Such is the position laid out in the “read me” file; such is the apparent stance of many who posted the link or examples of its output. For them, the machine works; it does what it is pronounced to do. It reveals to us our familiarity with a certain rhetoric. The momentary confusion that accompanies it is supposed to be funny, and to provoke a particular insight. As Bergson so precisely illustrated, the comic usually comes down to either a living thing that acts mechanically or a machine that seems to be alive (See \emph{Laughter}). The AIMG is obviously a case of the second. The Author knows that, in reading an automatically generated manifesto, I will likely, at least initially, attribute some authorial intention, some message, to the text. When I discover or when it is revealed to me that I have been fooled, I may be angry, amused, confused \dots{} Aha! And ha! ultimately I will laughingly accept the lesson of the AIMG. The AIMG’s output is not meaningful, it is \emph{just} rhetoric! The apparent fancyness of the language is belied by the simplicity of reproducing something like it. And, for the Author (and his audience, amused), such automatically produced rhetoric is not what our political common sense demands. Sometimes I want to side with the little pleasure evidenced in this position: pleasure in a machine that works, the pleasure of repetition. AGAIN!
A second voice intervenes and says: but the AIMG’s output is not something like I-discourse. The simplicity is in the attempt at recreation, which therefore fails, not in I-discourse itself, which is meaningful. This amounts to saying that AIMG’s output is not witty, and it matters. Who has spoken? It is the Critic. This is the voice of the audience, unamused, expressing their revolt. For them, the machine does not work; it does not or cannot do what it is pronounced to do. It presupposes lazy habits of reading, in which people respond badly to jargon they do not recognize, complex ideas and theories that require long study, etc. The Author’s common sense has spoken up and said: the AIMG demonstrates the hollowness of I-discourse. The Critic responds: you are the fool who does not discriminate between the meaningful original and the meaningless bad copy! For this speaker, what the AIMG actually reveals is a misprision of I-discourse: the output’s lack of meaning is not an example of anything. The synonyms are not synonyms; the terms are generally not used with sufficient precision. The Critic engages, then, in a militant defense of a militant discourse. I am this critic, too, sometimes: much of the time I want to side with the defense of complex ideas, of study, even in a certain sense of the mutant speech that is theoretical jargon, and to be suspicious of the common sense that warns away from all that. At the same time, it is difficult to side with a humorless Critic, and unwise to take the side of the good original against the bad copy.
The latter two positions place emphasis on the activity of reading rather than that of writing. The third belongs to one who, bored, says nothing. If we poked him and demanded a response, he might sigh like a character from Beckett: what matter where the simplicity originates? For he who is Bored, AIMG’s output is not witty, and it does not matter. The position of the Bored is similar to that of the Critic, but represents its degree zero. For him the output’s lack of meaning does not reveal anything of importance. It rather reveals the habit of reading in a generic way. When the Bored learns that he has been fooled, all that he takes to have been revealed is the habit as such. But this sort of insight is available in more or less any event of reading, whether the text in question has been written by one or more people, in part or entirely automatically, etc. I note with interest that this could equally well be the position of someone who uses I-discourse, or of someone who does not. The former would be like the Critic, but unconcerned about the way the AIMG misses the mark. The latter would not see this as an important lesson: everyone knows that GIGO. Sometimes this is my position – anytime, really, if I am bored.
This leaves the position of one who thinks AIMG’s output is witty, and it does not matter. She speaks last. I call this the position of the Curious. It is similar to the position of the Author, but is characterized by an excess of amusement, an unruly overflow of amusement beyond the stated lesson of the “read me.” This amusement, not grounded in the thought of a lesson or its importance, suggests manners of writing and reading of which the AIMG is the crudest form. So she has little use for the AIMG according to its Author’s intention for it, since she can’t imagine any way to use it and be witty. She who is Curious says: doesn’t this all suggest that the truly remarkable question here concerns the capture of a vocabulary by a grammatical-moral code, whether or not the AIMG is a good example of it? What does \emph{that} reveal, not about I-discourse, which is a fashion of the times, but about political rhetoric (including the minimalist rhetoric we call “common sense”) in general? Most of the time I am interested in unserious ways of reading. So, curious, I have seized AIMG as an example, staging my curiosity by offering an illuminating counter-example.
\section{3}
There are two computer programs called IC and MESOLIST. They produce this sort of output:
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.75\textheight,width=\textwidth]{a-d-alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end-1.png}
\end{figure}
Using IC and MESOLIST, John Cage invented a writing machine that produced what he called mesostic poems, a variant of the more familiar acrostic poem. In acrostics, it is usually the first letter of each line that, read vertically, forms a name or phrase. In mesostics, the vertical component, or “spine,” is in the middle of each line. The mesostics invite multiple forms of reading, not the least of which is reading aloud, because they are themselves ways of reading and invitations to creative re-reading. This is so inasmuch as the mesostics are composed of either an entire given text (in \emph{Empty Words}, for example, Cage explains how he used mesostics using the spine “JAMES JOYCE” to “read through” \emph{Finnegans Wake}) or a set of quotations from various writers. Often other strings of letters appear, such as the names of authors and the titles of books.\emph{<\Slash{}em> (One might conclude that it is not just re-reading or “reading through,” but <em>study} that is at stake, though this would require dramatically re-evaluating what we usually mean by that word.) Cage composed many texts in which a love of language, of the ideas, words, and sounds in his preferred authors combined with his serene and studied use of random processes for composition. Now, Cage’s music remains obscure for most. Among those I know who are familiar with his name, it usually functions as a historical point of reference rather than an object of appreciation (an artwork). His writing is, I suppose, even more mysterious. But it is also light, the lightest butterfly-writing one could ever wish to read. It is our problem if we are the ones who expect a message from either. Using IC and MESOLIST, Cage wrote several books of compiled and interlinked mesostics, such as \emph{I-VI}, \emph{Themes and Variations}, and the one that concerns me here, \emph{Anarchy}. MESOLIST lists “all words” in the source texts “that satisfy the mesostic rules” (\emph{I-VI}, 1). IC, “a program \dots{} simulating the coin oracle of the \emph{I Ching,}” is used to decide “which words in the lists are to be used and gives \dots{} all the central words” (\emph{ibid.} A more complete discussion of this process with respect to its creation and use may be found in \emph{Empty Words}, 133-136). In \emph{Anarchy}, the source material is thirty<em><\Slash{}em> quotes from Kropotkin, Malatesta, Bakunin, Tolstoy, Thoreau, Whitman, Goldman, Goodman, Buckminster Fuller, Norman O. Brown, and Cage himself. For example: “Periods of very slow changes are succeeded by periods of violent changes. Revolutions are as necessary for evolution as the slow changes which prepare them and succeed them” (Kropotkin); “The liberty of man consists solely in this: that he obeys natural laws because he has himself recognized them as such, and not because they have been externally imposed upon him by any extrinsic will whatever, divine or human, collective or individual” (Bakunin). But also: “What we finally seek to do is to create an environment that works so well that we can run wild in it” (Norman O. Brown); “I’m an anarchist, same as you when you’re telephoning, turning on\Slash{}off the lights, drinking water” (Cage). Or even little stories such as this one, drawn from Hyppolite Havel’s biographical sketch of Emma Goldman: “In San Francisco, in 1908, Emma Goldman’s lecture attracted a soldier of the United States Army, William Buwalda. For daring to attend an Anarchist meeting, the free Republic court-martialed Buwalda and imprisoned him for one year. Thanks to the regenerating power of the new philosophy, the government lost a soldier, but the cause of liberty gained a man.”
These quotations and the twenty-five others, in which the use of “rhetoric” as construed by the Author and the Critic is generally at a minimum, reappear in fragmentary form according to the processes described above. Sometimes, as in the mesostic I have already cited, the explicitly anarchist nature of the content is evident (though not for all that clear in the sense implied by the desire to reverse the priorities of “style” and “substance”). Sometimes it is not so evident:
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.75\textheight,width=\textwidth]{a-d-alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end-2.png}
\end{figure}
Most of the mesostics invite me to active reading. How many ways can you read this delightfully polysemic excerpt?
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.75\textheight,width=\textwidth]{a-d-alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end-3.png}
\end{figure}
Cage’s mesostics may be understood in the context of a long history of writing experiments undertaken for their own sake, that is to say: for pleasure. This field is vast, but arguably its sundry protagonists all share in a suspicion towards, a methodical sidestepping of, the traditional image of the artist as beautiful and creative soul who, inspired, materializes the artwork. They all have in common a sense that there are social, political, psychological, even metaphysical blocks to the outflow of creativity. Arguably, from Dada to Burroughs and beyond, many of these experiments have discovered their pleasure in some form or another of the game called \emph{épater la bourgeoise}. For Cage, by contrast, the writing machine that makes mesostics is meant neither to shock anyone nor to reveal a hidden truth or reality by subverting the rules of writing. If there is a resemblance to the motivations of the authors I am alluding to, it is in their common suspicion of the author as ego, as consciousness. In their own way they all echo that fascinating Nietzschean lesson, that consciousness is a second-order process, a derivative of the interplay (“combat”) of non-conscious forces, drives, affects, or desires. What Cage added, then, is the most innocent turn imaginable: I would say that, rather than shocking, he only wishes to play.
Indeed, there is no critique, implicit or explicit, in Cage’s writing machine. What goes in is what he wishes to affirm; what comes out is in another way also what he wishes to affirm. They are “golden passages,” as Giambattista Vico used to say. There is no real point to this doubling other than the pleasure it affords: there is no growth or insight, other than one which may come as randomly as any as long as we keep playing. “As we go along (who knows?) an idea may occur in this talk. I have no idea whether one will or not. If one does, let it” (“Lecture on Nothing,” 110). Cage followed Buckminster Fuller and Marshall McLuhan in claiming that work was already obsolete. “Instead of working, to quote McLuhan, we now brush information against information. We are doing everything we can to make new connections” (\emph{Anarchy}, vi). Reading is then the \emph{last} thing we should describe as labor: the labor of reading, in all its seriousness, is subsumed in a game of reading. The game is not a way to unwind from labor; but labor is a particularly wound-up sort of move in the game. It is justifiable only as a matter of taste.
Cage paid homage to his influences and inspirations in a schizoid way, drawing them into, drawing them along in his mesostics. Who among us knows how to play along with such unserious affirmations? Many of the more or less anonymous masks that leave their comments on the mirror pools of the Great Web know what to do with such a list of names and such a set of quotations. They attack some names, defend others, negate, launch petty attacks, etc. The paranoia of Critics! When we are these sad egos we miss the pure affirmation of Cage’s writing machine. It multiplies the originals, diffracting them not just by reinterpretation or application of them to new conjunctures and objects; it disassembles them down to the level of word, letter, and phoneme. This is precisely how we could overcome the sad egos that we accidentally fall into being. (Sadness is always an accident.) Embracing randomness, chaos, everything in language games or discourses or speech genres that is not under our control: it could mean liberating our language, if that does not sound too trite. It could also mean unbounded pleasure.
\section{4}
When it occurred to me to seize upon the AIMG as an example, I supposed I had been waiting on Cage, patiently seeking an opportunity to re-engage with and share his mesostic experiments. Now I feel things are the other way around, as though he had been waiting on me, offering his smiling face as a mask. I daresay I have been used by him – in the gentlest way imaginable. I have proposed that the mesostics in \emph{Anarchy} are the illuminating counter-example we need to question the AIMG. But I also think I have made clear that they are not against, counter to, anything. It is ultimately not interesting to me to occupy the position of the Author nor that of the Critic. I find nothing objectionable in the existence or use of AIMG. I occupy rather the readerly positions of the Bored and the Curious. But he who is Bored has nothing to add to this conversation (unless, interestingly, it becomes a conversation about boredom – but I will leave that for a future essay). She who is Curious regards AIMG as an embryo of something, as an opportunity to read and write differently – perhaps, eventually, to speak differently as well. A hint of this was evidenced when someone commented on Anarchist News that some of AIMG’s output was not so bad, after all: “yeah! a few times i found some lines that i actually dug! haha!” Let us go farther in this absurdist, affirmative direction. It is, I think, the mask Cage was always holding out to us. Let us treat AIMG as a partial, unconscious, fortuitous reach in the direction of a project I would like to fantasize about more fully: a way of rewriting and rereading everything that we care to read. A machine to dissolve slogans.
Let me explain. I place myself between the Bored and the Curious because I have little use for AIMG as it is offered to me by someone who says “this program is intended \emph{only}\dots{}” But neither do I want to intervene and replace that intention with another, correct, counter-intention. Someone wants the program \emph{only} to show something about the rhetoric of I-discourse, and perhaps more generally about rhetoric; I reply: that is \emph{only} another floating statement. It seems to me that a written statement of intention, separate from the writing in question, should be approached as the strangest of clues. Especially when the Author is more or less anonymous; at least presented with a body and a face one may hear the tone of words, study facial expressions, analyze posture and gesture, take in the surroundings and context, and so on. This is already the case when one is reading a poem, essay, or manifesto. It is far more of a problem when it comes to randomly generated output. So I have set aside the authority of the Author, and treated his claim of intention merely as one way of reading. His is a rhetoric that aims to dissolve itself: the rhetoric of minimal rhetoric, perhaps of zero rhetoric. What about rhetoric as an art? It has long been agreed that rhetoric must involve an aesthetic component, since it is first and foremost the art of speaking to crowds, of condensing a message. The message, unfolded, could in some cases be spelled out as a series of reasoned arguments; enfolded, the arguments become enthymemes, generated by the invention of the speaker. The art is in the invention, which, classically, means the speaker’s style. Suspicion towards rhetoric is (which is as ancient as rhetoric) is focused on the danger of a message, surreptitiously encoded in an eloquent style, and so concealed from reasoned criticism: an enthymeme that is lovely or effective but that does not unfold into a reasoned argument. “Sounds good” is thus suspiciously separated from “is meaningful” and the relation between the two is always in question.
Here I invoke Cage’s mesostics, and generally his practice of voiding his art of intention and ego. If there is any rhetoric in the mesostics, it is in the input alone; the poetic form makes it impossible to deliver a message. This strange form of communication that undoes rhetoric also unbinds aesthetics and morality. The author of AIMG both chooses his lists of synonyms and composes the (moral) code that arranges them; the mesostics, though they begin with golden passages, do not allow their author any control over their fragmentary rearrangement in the poems (as parts or as wholes), and thus the code does not contain, explicitly or even implicitly, a morality. There is thus no problem with rhetoric, because it has finally been undone; but there is a curious question of aesthetics (of pleasure) left over. “Sounds good” as well as “is meaningful” can no more be said to coincide than to differ. The question becomes not “does it say anything?” or “what does it say?” but “who is reading?”
Releasing writing from intention and thus from morality, voiding intention and thus the ego in writing, is the barely explored challenge that AIMG gestures towards. And it is Cage’s mesostics, or something like them, that allow us to flesh out the fantastic reach of such a gesture. It is the greater randomness of Cage’s process that allows us to both diagnose the secret alliance between the ego and morality (we could call it \emph{conscience}) in political rhetoric and to discover the ego in its very emergence. I mean that, in the terms I have been employing, the ego emerges in reading, not in writing. Ego is not there in the composition of a text or code, but seems to have been there after the fact; this semblance, this mask, depends on ignoring or minimizing the importance of our practices of reading. I am not suggesting that the ego should always be voided (as though that was up to us!), but that it is productive and endlessly fascinating to create writing machines that allow us to discover it. If we do this gracefully, we will guiltlessly summon up pleasure. We might eventually get better at observing how our egos, our masks, congeal in more or less rigid acts of reading. Boredom is one path; curiosity is another. The Author and the Critic cling too rigidly in their roles to the importance of their activities to allow, as the Bored and the Curious do, their masks to dissolve or shatter in excessive laughter. Nonserious reading: ludic, festive, voluptuous.
It could begin by inventing and using writing machines that consume and transform every dull index that crosses our paths: I mean all those unexamined words that make up our slogans, that pepper our statements of intent, mission and vision, our little manifestos. I also mean those \emph{mana}-words that theoreticians enjoy moving around their chessboards. We can do it if we can learn to inject the impersonal and random into our writing, and eventually our speech. I dream of a way to complicate the desire to say, speak, or mark, to send a message or command, in its badly omened collusion with repetition. Ah, the dull indices! Who is not tired of Freedom, Democracy, Sustainability, Consent \dots{} even of Attack and Destroy? Clearly AIMG does not go far enough. We need a superior machine, a crueler code.
Reading through AIMG, one last program, MESOSTOMATIC:
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.75\textheight,width=\textwidth]{a-d-alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end-4.png}
\end{figure}
Reading through “How Slogans End,” too:
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.75\textheight,width=\textwidth]{a-d-alejandro-de-acosta-how-slogans-end-5.png}
\end{figure}
\textbf{AGAIN!} <strong><\Slash{}strong>
Links:
\href{http://www.objectivechance.com/automatic\_insurrection}{AIMG}
\href{http://www.euph0r1a.net/mesostomatic/}{Mesostomatic}
Works Cited:
Cage, John\emph{.} “Composition as Process” and “Lecture on Nothing.” In \emph{Silence.} Wesleyan, 1961.
\emph{—. Empty Words.} Wesleyan, 1979. <em><\Slash{}em>
\emph{—. I-VI.} Wesleyan, 1997.
—. \emph{Anarchy.} Wesleyan, 2001.
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The Anarchist Library
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Anti-Copyright
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Alejandro de Acosta
How Slogans End
2010, December
\bigskip
Retrieved on July 12th, 2016 from https:\Slash{}\Slash{}web.archive.org\Slash{}web\Slash{}20120706061332\Slash{}http:\Slash{}\Slash{}theanvilreview.org\Slash{}print\Slash{}how-slogans-end\Slash{}
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\title{Symplectic and Self-Consistent Algorithms for Particle Accelerator Simulation}
\author{Thomas Planche\thanks{[email protected]}, Paul M.\ Jung, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada}
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\abstract{
This paper is a review of algorithms, applicable to particle accelerator simulation, which share the following two characteristics:
(1) they preserve to machine precision the symplectic geometry of the particle dynamics, and
(2) they track the evolution of the self-field consistently with the evolution of the charge distribution.
This review includes, but is not limited to, algorithms using a Particle-in-Cell discretization scheme.
At the end of this review we discuss to possibility to derived algorithms from an electrostatic Hamiltonian.}
\section{Introduction}
The conventional approach to simulating charged particle dynamics is to start from equations of motion, such as Newton's law and Poisson's equation, and solve them approximately using some standard ordinary or partial differential equation solver. The truncation errors often lead to non-physical artifacts, such as the non-conservation of phase space volume, or the violation of conservation laws resulting from symmetries of the system (Noether's theorem).
By contract, symplectic integrators produce exactly stationary solutions to an approximate action. Solutions are exact to machine precision. Approximations are made up front, when choosing the approximate Lagrangian or Hamiltonian, and the corresponding approximate discrete action. Once the physical description of the system is chosen, there is no more arbitrariness in the arcane of the algorithm.
In accelerator physics, symplectic integrators are primarily used to study long-term stability of orbits in storage rings~\cite{Forest-2006}. But their properties, the first of which is the lack of arbitrariness after the choice of physics, make them desirable from the study of all conservative processes in particle accelerators.
Self-consist algorithms are, on the other hand, essential to study betatron resonances, and by extension dynamical aperture, in the presence of space-charge forces~\cite{baartman-1998-shelter}.
\section{Notations}
Throughout this paper a bold character always denotes a vector, a vector field, or a matrix. As is the convention in classical field theory, we use a dot to denote a {\it partial} derivative with respect to time $t$. All formulas are given in SI units, and we use $c$, $\epsilon_0$, and $\mu_0$ to denote respectively: the speed of light, the vacuum permittivity, and permeability.
\section{From a Single-Particle Hamiltonian}
A first class of symplectic and self-consistent algorithms may be derived from a single-particle Hamiltonian. For the sake of demonstration we consider a set of (macro-)particles whose dynamics is governed by the following Hamiltonian:
%The first approach consists in modelling the beam as an ensemble of macro-particles whose dynamics is govern by a single-particle Hamiltonian. For the sake of simplicity we choose the following Hamiltonian:
%Let us start from a single-particle Hamiltonian and model the beam as an ensemble of macro-particles whose dynamics is govern by it.
%For the sake of simplicity let us consider the following Hamiltonian:
\begin{align}
H(\*x, \*P;t)=\frac{\*P^2}{2 m}+q\phi(\*x)+q\psi(\*x),
\end{align}
where $m$ is the mass of the particle, $q$ is its charge, $\*x$ and $\*P$ are its coordinate vector and associated canonically conjugated momentum. The space-charge force derives from the self-potential $\phi$. The external focusing forces derive from the scalar potential $\psi$.
Since this Hamiltonian has no explicit dependence on the independent variable $t$, and is the sum of terms depending on either position or momentum alone, the particle motion can be numerically integrated using a concatenation of jolt maps~\cite{Forest-4rthorder-1990}:
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
%&e^{-\Delta t:H:}\approx\\
&\left(I-\frac{\Delta t}{2}:\frac{\*P^2}{2 m}:\right)\left(I- \Delta t\, q:\phi+\psi:\right)\left(I-\frac{\Delta t}{2}:\frac{\*P^2}{2 m}:\right)\,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
% \begin{equation}
% \begin{aligned}
%
% \end{aligned}
% \end{equation}
This approximate map, accurate to second order in $\Delta t$, is
symplectic if $\phi$ and $\psi$ are functions of class $C^2$. This
is shown by proving that the Jacobian matrix of the map is symplectic~\cite{Qiang-2017}. Higher order integrators may be derived from this second order one using Yoshida's method~\cite{Yoshida-1990}.
With this approach the numerical method for solving the equation of motion for the self-potential -- namely Poisson's equation -- is not obtained from a least action principle. This leads to a certain level of arbitrariness in the way the self-potential is to be computed.
An algorithm of this type, which uses a spectral Poisson solver, has demonstrated excellent long-term stability for 2 and 3-dimensional simulations~\cite{Qiang-2017}.
%Another approach consists in deriving the algorithm entirely from a least-action principle. This can be done in a number of ways which will shall attempt to review.
\section{From a Discretized Lagrangian}
Let us now consider methods based on variational integrators derived from a Lagrangian. We will see that with these methods all the dymanics -- the evolution of the particle distribution as well as the evolution of the self-field -- are obtained from Hamilton's principle of stationary action.
\subsection{Low's Lagrangian}
To illustrate this approach we choose to start from the Lagrangian for non-relativistic collisionless plasma proposed by Low~\cite{Low-1958}. In the electrostatic limit, where the self-field derives solely from a scalar potential, it writes:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Low}
\begin{aligned}
L&(\*x,\dot{\*x},\phi;t) =\\
&\int f(\*x_0, \dot{\*x}_0) L_P(\*x(\*x_0, \dot{\*x}_0,t),\dot{\*x}(\*x_0, \dot{\*x}_0,t);t)\,\dd \*x_0 \dd \dot{\*x}_0\\
+&\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\int |\nabla\phi(\bar{\*x},t)|^2\dd \bar{\*x}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $L_P$ has the form of a a single-particle Lagrangian:
\begin{align}
L_P(\*x,\dot{\*x};t)=\frac{m}{2}|\dot{\*x}|^2-q\phi(\*x,t)\,,
\end{align}
$\*x$ and $\dot{\*x}$ are vector fields that map the initial coordinates $(\*x_0, \dot{\*x}_0)$ to the corresponding coordinates at time $t$. $f$ is the initial plasma density function. $\bar{\*x}$ is a dummy integration variable.
Note that the single particle Lagrangian can be made more general by adding external fields term, and by replacing the non-relativistic kinetic energy term by $-m\sqrt{1-|\dot{\*x}|^2/c^2}$. For the sake of simplicity, and without much loss of generality, we choose to put aside these refinements.
\subsection{Discretized Lagrangian}
Let's now discretize our system, i.e.\ approximate the continuous system by one with a finite number of degrees of freedom. The choice of the discretization scheme, for both the phase-space distribution $f$ and real-space potential $\phi$, is arbitrary. For the sake of illustration we choose the following particular Particle-in-Cell (PIC) scheme:
\begin{align}\label{eq:PICdiscr}
f(\*x_0, \dot{\*x}_0)&=\sum_i w^i \,\delta(\*x_0-\*x^i_0)\delta(\dot{\*x}_0-\*v^i_0)\,,\\
\phi(\*x,t)&=\sum_j\phi^j(t) K(\*x-\*x^j)\,,
\end{align}
where $w^i$ is the weight of the $i^{\rm th}$ macro-particle, $\*x^i_0$ and $\*v^i_0$ are its initial coordinates.
$\*x^j$ is the position of $j^{\rm th}$ node of the PIC grid, and $\phi^j(t)$ is the potential assigned to this node. $\delta$ is the Dirac function. $K$ is an interpolation kernel function of class $C^2$ which satisfies the requirement of norming~\cite{grigoryev2012numerical}:
\begin{align}
\sum_j K(\*x - \*x^j) = 1\,,
\end{align}
for all $\*x$.
The choice of the kernel function is arbitrary. It is usually chosen among positively defined even functions. A noticeable example of kernel function is the Gaussian wavelet used in {\tt COSY INFINITY} (see section on `General Particle Optical Elements' in~\cite{COSYman}). Suitable kernel functions may also be constructed out of piecewise polynomials~\cite{Qin-PIC-2016}.
Note that this discretization scheme is similar, although not identical, to the one used in Ref.~\cite{shadwick2014variational}.
%The purpose of the numerical simulation is to compute the time evolution of each individual degree of freedom, namely $\*x_i(t)$, $\dot{\*x}_i(t)$, and $\phi_i$.
Combining~\cref{eq:Low,eq:PICdiscr} leads to the discretized Lagrangian, $L_D(\*x,\dot{\*x},\phi;t)=$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
&\frac{m}{2}\sum_i w^i |\dot{\* x}^i(t)|^2 -q\sum_i \sum_j \phi^j w^i K(\*x^i(t)-\*x^j)\\
+&\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\int \bigg(\sum_j\phi^j\nabla K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j)\bigg)^2\,\dd \bar{\*x}\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\*x^i(t)=\*x(\*x^i_0,\*v^i_0,t)$.
%Several other discretization schemes have been proposed and tested: for a similar approach based on a spectral descretization of real-space see~\cite{webb-spectral-2016}; for spectral discretization of phase-space to solve steady-state problems see~\cite{gold-2018}; for a discretization of the phase-space on a regular grid, see the extensive literature on Eulerian Vlasov codes. %The choice of the most appropriate discretization scheme depends on the specificity of the problem one is trying to solve.
\subsection{Discretized Action and Equations of Motion}
%We are now seeking to obtain equations of motion from the discretized Lagrangian using Hamilton's principle of least action.
The action $S=\int L_D \dd t$ can be approximated to first order using a Riemann sum:
\begin{align}\label{eq:Riemann}
S\approx S_{D}= \Delta t\sum_n \, L_D(\*x_{n},\frac{\*x_{n+1}-\*x_{n}}{\Delta t},\phi_{n};t)\,,
\end{align}
where the subscript $n$ denotes an evaluation at time $t=n\,\Delta t$. Minimization of the action follows from the discrete Euler-Lagrange equation (see section 1.1.2 of~\cite{marsden-2001}) which leads to the following equations of motion:
\begin{align}\label{eq:9}
m\frac{\*x^i_{n+1}-2\,\*x^i_{n}+\*x^i_{n-1}}{\Delta t}&=-q\sum_j \phi_{n}^j \nabla K(\*x^i_{n}-\*x^j)\,,\\\label{eq:10}
\sum_k \phi_{n}^k \mathcal{M}^{jk} &=-\frac{q}{\epsilon_0}\rho_{n}^j\,,
\end{align}
where:
\begin{align}
\mathcal{M}^{jk}=\int K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j)\nabla^2 K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^k) \,\dd \bar{\*x}\,,
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
\rho_{n}^j=\sum_i w^i K(\*x_n^i-\*x^j)\,.
\end{align}
Equation~\ref{eq:9} is a discrete form of Newton's equation with the Lorentz force.
To solve it numerically one may split this second-order equation into two first order equations~\cite{webb-spectral-2016}.
Equation~\ref{eq:10} is obtained after integrating by parts the outcome from the Euler-Lagrange equation, and dropping the boundary term. It is a discrete form of Poisson's equation. It defines a linear relation between all $\phi_{n}^j$ and $\rho_{n}^j$ and can be solved by inverting the square matrix $\mathbfcal{M}$.
%exactly using conventional linear algebra techniques.
Equations~\ref{eq:9} and~\ref{eq:10} constitute a complete numerical integration scheme. Numerical integration leads to an exact (to machine precision) solution of an approximate action, which makes it a variational integrator. Variational integrators are symplectic integrators~\cite{marsden-2001}. As a matter of fact this particular one is a symplectic Euler.
Higher-order variational integrators can be obtained using higher-order approximations of $S$. A second order variational inegrator using a spectral discretization of $\phi$ has been tested in one, two, and three-dimensional, and has demonstrated excellent long-term stability~\cite{webb-spectral-2016}.
\section{From a Discretized Hamiltonian}
Symplectic integrators are more commonly obtained from a Hamiltonian~\cite{Forest-2006}.
% Unfortunately the electrostatic Low's Lagrangian in~\cref{eq:Low} cannot be Legendre transformed into a Hamiltonian, since it has no explicit dependence on $\dot{\phi}$. In this section we will discuss two ways to overcome this degeneracy to obtain a Hamiltonian from Low's Lagrangian.
Unfortunately the electrostatic Low Lagrangian in~\cref{eq:Low} is degenerate: it contains no explicit dependence on $\dot{\phi}$. This makes the application of a Legendre transformation to this Lagrangian, if not impossible, at least beyond the abilities of the authors.
In this section we will discuss two ways to overcome this issue and obtain a Hamiltonian from different versions of Low's Lagrangian.
\subsection{Electromagnetic Hamiltonian}
Let us choose to use the Weyl gauge (also referred to as temporal gauge) $\phi=0$.
%Under this condition the electric field derives entirely from a vector potential:
% \begin{align}
% \mathbfcal{E}=-\dot{\*A}\,.
% \end{align}
Low's Lagrangian becomes $L(\*x,\dot{\*x},\*A,\dot{\*A};t)=$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:WeylLow}
\begin{aligned}
&\int f(\*x_0,\dot{\*x}_0)\left(\frac{m}{2} |\dot{\*x}(\*x_0,\dot{\*x}_0,t)|^2+q\,\dot{\*x}\cdot \*A(\*x,t)\right) \,\dd \*x_0 \dd \dot{\*x}_0\\
+&\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\int |\dot{\*A}(\bar{\*x},t)|^2 - |c\nabla\times \*A(\bar{\*x},t)|^2 \,\dd \bar{\*x}\,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\subsection{Discretization and Legendre Transformation}
Let's use a PIC discretization scheme identical to~\cref{eq:PICdiscr}, only replacing $\phi$ by $\*A$. For compactness we write the discretized Lagrangian in matrix form:
\begin{align}
L_D&=\frac{m}{2} \dot{\* x}^\intercal\, \*w\, \dot{\* x} +q \dot{\* x}^\intercal\, \*w \*K\,\*A+\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\dot{\*A}^\intercal\,\mathbfcal{K}\,\dot{\*A}-\frac{1}{2 \mu_0}\*A^\intercal\,\mathbfcal{K}_{_\times}\*A
\end{align}
% \begin{align}
% L_D&=\frac{m}{2}\sum_i w^i |\dot{\* x}^i(t)|^2 +q\sum_i \sum_j w^i W(\*x^i(t)-\*x^j) \, \* A^j \cdot \dot{\* x}^i(t) \\
% &+\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\int \bigg|\sum_j \dot{\*A}^j(t) W(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j) \bigg|^2\,\dd \bar{\*x}
% % -\frac{1}{2 \mu_0} \int \bigg|\sum_j \mathbb{W}(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j) \*A^j(t) \bigg|^2\,\dd \bar{\*x}
% -\frac{1}{2 \mu_0} \int \bigg|\sum_j \nabla\times\left(\*A^j(t) W(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j)\right)\bigg|^2\,\dd \bar{\*x}\,.
% \end{align}
where $\*x$ and $\*A$ are now vectors with components $\*x^i$ and $\*A^j$ respectively;
$\*x$ contains $N_p$ elements (the number of macro-particles), and $\*A$ contains $N_g$ elements (the number of grid nodes). $\*w$ is a diagonal matrix with components $w^i$. The components of the other matrices are:
\begin{align}
K^{ij}&=K(\*x^i(t)-\*x^j)\\
\mathcal{K}^{jk}&=\int K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j)K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^k) \,\dd \bar{\*x}\\
\mathcal{K}_{_\times}^{jk}&=\int [\nabla K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^j)]_{_\times}^\intercal\, [\nabla K(\bar{\*x}-\*x^k)]_{_\times} \dd \bar{\*x}\,,
\end{align}
where $i$ and $l$ go from 1 to $N_p$, while $j$ and $k$ go from 1 to $N_g$.
Superscript $^\intercal\,$ refers to the transpose operation. $[\quad]_{_\times}$ denotes a skew matrix used to express the cross product as a matrix multiplication ($[\*a]_{_\times} \*b=\*a\times \*b$).
The Legendre transformation writes:
\begin{align}\label{eq:LegendreEM}
H_D= \dot{\* x}^\intercal\,\*P+ \dot{\*A}^\intercal\, \*Y-L_D\,,
\end{align}
The components of the canonical momentum vectors are $\*P^i=\frac{\partial L_D}{\partial \dot{\* x}^i}$ and $\*Y^j=\frac{\partial L_D}{\partial \dot{\*A}^j}$, which are explicitly as:
\begin{align}
\*P&=m \*w \dot{\* x}+q\*w\*K \*A\\
\*Y&=\epsilon_0 \mathbfcal{K} \dot{\*A}
\end{align}
The discretized Hamiltonian becomes:
\begin{align}\label{eq:HDEM}
H_D=\left( \*P-q \*w\*K \*A \right)^2+\frac{1}{2\epsilon_0} \*Y^\intercal\,\mathbfcal{K}^{\intercal^{-1}}\,\*Y+\frac{1}{2 \mu_0}\*A^\intercal\,\mathbfcal{K}_{_\times}\*A\,,
\end{align}
and the associated canonical Poisson bracket writes $\{F,G\}=$
\begin{align}
\sum_i \frac{\partial F}{\partial\*x^i}\frac{\partial G}{\partial\*P^i}-\frac{\partial F}{\partial\*P^i}\frac{\partial G}{\partial\*x^i} +\sum_j \frac{\partial F}{\partial\*A^j}\frac{\partial G}{\partial\*Y^j}-\frac{\partial F}{\partial\*Y^j}\frac{\partial G}{\partial\*A^j}\,.
\end{align}
Since $H_D$ is the sum of exactly solvable terms (for an explicit solution of the $\left( \*P-q \*w\*K \*A \right)^2$ term, see~\cite{Wu-2003}), one can build a second order symplectic integrator by concatenating maps~\cite{Forest-4rthorder-1990}.
A similar symplectic integrator derived from the Morrison-Marsden-Weinstein electromagnetic Hamiltonian~\cite{morrison-1980,weinstein1981comments,marsden1982hamiltonian} has been tested~\cite{Qin-PIC-2016}. Note that a corresponding variational integrator had previously been tested~\cite{Qin-variational-2008}.
\subsection{Electrostatic Hamiltonian}
In most accelerator physics problems particles do not move at relativistic speeds with respect to each other. In such a case a scalar potential is sufficient to describe the self-field. Keeping track of the three components of a vector potential is wasteful.
We have already discussed the fact that an electrostatic Hamiltonian cannot be obtained from~\cref{eq:Low}.
In this section we show that it is however possible to obtain an electrostatic Hamiltonian after changing the independent variable.
The action $S$ associated with~\cref{eq:Low} writes:
\begin{align}\label{eq:Actiont}
\iint f\left(\frac{m}{2}|\dot{\*x}|^2-q\phi(\*x,t) \right)\,\dd \*x_0 \dd \dot{\*x}_0\dd t
+\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\iint |\nabla\phi|^2\dd \bar{\*x}\dd t.
\end{align}
We proceed in the first integral to a change of variable using the substitution function:
\begin{align}
g(x_0,y_0,t_0,x_0',y_0',t_0',z)=(x_0,y_0,z_0,\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0,t)\,,
\end{align}
where primes $'$ denote partial derivative w.r.t.\ $z$. The determinant of the Jacobian matrix $\det\left( D_g \right)=t'/(t_0'^5)$,
% \begin{align}
% \det\left( D_g \right)=\frac{t'}{t_0'^5}\,
% \end{align}
where $t_0'=\frac{\partial t}{\partial z}\big|_{z=0}$.
Similarly we proceed in the second integral to the change of variable given by:
\begin{align}
h(\bar{x},\bar{y},\bar{t},z)=(\bar{x},\bar{y},\bar{z},t)\,,
\end{align}
The determinant of the Jacobian of $h$ is 1.
The action becomes $S=$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Actionz}
\begin{aligned}
&\int \Bigg[ \int \hat{f}\left(m\frac{x'^2+y'^2+1}{2 t'}-q\,t'\hat{\phi}\right) \,\dd x_0 \dd y_0 \dd t_0 \dd x_0' \dd y_0' \dd t_0'\\
&\quad\quad+\frac{\epsilon_0}{2}\int |\nabla\hat{\phi}|^2\,\dd \bar{x} \dd \bar{y} \dd \bar{t} \Bigg]\dd z\\
&= \int L_z(x,y,t,\hat{\phi},x',y',t',\hat{\phi}';z) \, \dd z\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where:
\begin{align}
&\hat{f}(x_0,y_0,t_0,x_0',y_0',t_0',z)=f(x_0,y_0,z_0,\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0,t)/t_0'^5, \quad {\rm and}\\
&\hat{\phi}(x_0,y_0,t_0,x_0',y_0',t_0',z)=\phi(x_0,y_0,z_0,\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0,t)\,.
\end{align}
To simplify notations we drop the hats.
One notices that $L_z$ depends explicitly on $\phi'$, $x'$, $y'$, and $t'$, enabling us to define the following canonical momentum densities:
\begin{align}
\Pi&=\epsilon_0 \phi'\\
P_x&=mf\frac{x'}{t'}\\
P_y&=mf\frac{y'}{t'}\\
-E&=-mf\frac{x'^2+y'^2+1}{2t'^2}-qf\phi
\end{align}
which in turn enables us to perform a Legendre transformation and obtain the following electrostatic Hamiltonian $H_z=$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Hamiltonianz}
\begin{aligned}
&\int \sqrt{2mf(E-qf\phi)-P_x^2-P_y^2} \,\, \dd x_0 \dd y_0 \dd t_0 \dd x_0' \dd y_0' \dd t_0'\\
+&\frac{1}{2}\int \left(\frac{\Pi^2}{\epsilon_0} -\epsilon_0 |\nabla_{\perp}\phi|^2\right)\,\, \dd \bar{x} \dd \bar{y} \dd \bar{t}\,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
%As far as the authors know, no algorithm derived an electrostatic Hamiltonian has been tested yet.
An attempt to implement an algorithm based on a relativistic version of this Hamiltonian is presented Ref.~\cite{paulICAP18}.
%$m^3m^3s^{-3}s=m^6s^{-2}$\\
%$m^2s^2$\\
%$m^4s^{-4}$
%The single particle Lagrangian can be made more general by including external scalar and vector potential terms, and by replacing the kinetic energy term $\frac{m}{2}\dot{\*x}^2$ by $-mc^2\sqrt{1-\frac{\dot{\*x}^2}{c^2}}$.
\section{Conclusion}
A variety of symplectic and self-consistent multi-particle algorithms have been developed by both the accelerator physics and the plasma physics community. They are superior to most algorithm derived from equations of motion as they guaranty that the symplectic nature of the particle dynamics is conserved to machine precision. Some of them guaranty the conservation of the symplectic nature of the self-field dynamics as well.
The algorithms discussed in this paper were all derived from a collision-less picture, and as such are unable to model non-Hamiltonian processes such as intra-beam scattering.
\section{Acknowledgement}
The authors would like to thank Rick Baartman and Kyle Gao for their corrections and comments on the original manuscript.
\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}
\bibliography{./bib}
\end{document}
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\title{L'État et la révolution}
\date{}
\author{Luigi Fabbri}
\subtitle{(sur le livre de Lénine du même nom)}
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Il a été récemment publié par « Avanti » un livre de Lénine écrit après la révolution, qui par son titre promettait d'épuiser le sujet des problèmes de relation entre la Révolution et l'Etat. Mais nous avouons avoir éprouvé une grande désillusion.
La personnalité de Lénine restera gravée en lettres de feu dans l'Histoire. S'il n'y avait que ces trois ans, depuis que le parti a installé son pouvoir sir un peuple de 300 millions d'habitants cela seul suffirait pour témoigner de la puissante énergie morale et matérielle de cet homme qui figurera un jour parmi les plus célèbres noms de l'Histoire.
Mais là où il nous semble que ses apologistes se soient trompés dans l'exaltation de leur maître, c'est lorsqu'il nous le présentent comme « grand théoricien du Socialisme ». A moins qu'il ne s'agisse d'oeuvres antérieures écrites en russe, et non traduites encore en français ou en italien, tout ce qui a été publié ici montre en Lénine un fort polémiste, un homme qui sait manoeuvrer les textes du marxisme pour leur faire dire tout ce qu'il veut, un écrivain sans cheveu sur la langue, habile à l'argumentation comme à l'invective, mais sans idées propres, sans vision géniale de l'ensemble, et aride, sans ce feu intérieur qui rend toujours vivant les écrits de Marx, de Mazzini, de Bakounine. De même sa culture historique et sociologique (du moins en ce que nous avons lu jusque là) apparaît vaste et profonde, certes, mais seulement en ce qui concerne le marxisme. Il semble que rien d'autre n'existe pour lui.
Ouelques uns ont voulu voir en lui un continuateur de Marx. Quelle erreur I Il n'a de Marx que les côtés les moins sympathiques, un exclusivisme féroce, le mépris pour ceux qui ne pensent pas comme lui, l'âpreté du langage, la tendance à vaincre l'adversaire par l'ironie et le sarcasme, l'intolérance à toute opposition. En tant qu'homme d'action, ou plutôt, guide ou chef d'hommes d'action, Lénine est sincèrement une personnalité qui n'a pas son égale dans l'histoire du socialisme et Marx lui-même ne pourrait lui être comparé, puisqu'il fut plutôt homme de pensée qu'homme d'action. Mais comme théoricien, Lénine n'ajoute certainement rien à Marx, dont il fait simplement l'exégèse, le commentaire, l'interprétation, quand il n'est pas un sophiste.
Nous fûmes renforcés dans cette conviction par la lecture du dernier livre « l'Etat et la Révolution » sur lequel nous nous sommes jetés avec avidité puisqu'il nous promettait de traiter du problème qui nous intéresse : à savoir si effectivement l'État peut être instrument de la révolution, ou s'il est plutôt un obstacle, un embarras, un empêchement continuel à son développement, devant être combattu continuellement, en essayant de la détruire et de diminuer son pouvoir par une ardente et constante opposition.
En échange, nous avons seulement trouvé, dans le livre, un traité pour « usage interne » du parti socialiste. Lénine démontre ou essaie de démontrer que le système de la dictature est en harmonie avec la doctrine marxiste et rien de plus. II semble que le doute ne lui vient pas, jamais, qu'on puisse être socialiste sans être marxiste et que la révolution ne peut être adaptée, sans la mutiler, sur le fit de Procuste d'une école doctrinale et unilatérale déterminée.
La démonstration de Lénine ne nous satisfait même pas du point de vue du marxisme. Malgré certaines expressions, employées pour donner force à l'énoncé de son propos plutôt que pour être prises en leur sens littéral, Marx concevait, pour la révolution, un processus démocratique, qui bien sûr serait une main de fer contre la bourgeoisie, mais laissait au prolétariat et aux diverses forces et courants socialistes ces libertés qu'un a continué d'appeler démocratiques (vote, presse, réunion, association, autonomie locale, etc \dots{}) tant qu'elles se fondent sur la prépondérance des majorités à travers le système des représentations.
Nous autres, anarchistes, sommes aussi opposés à ce système, en ce que nous ne reconnaissons pas non plus aux majorités le droit d'opprimer les minorités, en ce que nous croirons illusoires ou incomplètes les libertés promises par le système représentatif. Dans ce sens, nous sommes antidémocratiques. Mais pour la même raison, et avec une plus grande hostilité, nous sommes adversaires de la dictature, qui nous dénierait même les rares et illusoires libertés du système représentatif, qui donnerait à la minorité, voire à quelque hommes, le droit d'opprimer et de gouverner, par force, les majorités ; et si nous ne voulons pas que celles-ci oppriment celle-là, nous ne voulons pas non plus du contraire.
De plus, si effectivement, le système de dictature prolétarienne était conforme aux « textes sacrés » marxistes, il resterait à démontrer qu'une telle direction si rigidement étatique soit plus appropriée pour amener la révolution, en tant que propagande ; et, dans la pratique des faits, pour développer la révolution de manière qu'elle libère le prolétariat de l'esclavage économique et politique, de la servitude de l'Etat et de la propriété. En vain, nous avons cherché une telle démonstration dans le dernier livre de Lénine : « l'Etat et la Révolution ».
Le livre de Lénine est surtout une polémique contre les social-démocrates et les réformistes. Pour cela nous disons qu'il est plutôt un écrit pour l'usage interne du P.S.. Il y a une abondance énorme de citations de Marx et d'Engels au point que si on enlevait les nombreuses pages de « reproductions » le livre se réduirait à un opuscule assez modeste. Naturellement, nous ne pouvons que souscrire à la première partie du livre, où est mise en lumière l'hypocrisie bourgeoise et démocratique, selon laquelle l'État est le représentant des intérêts de tous les citoyens, alors qu'il est en réalité une arme de la classe dominante par exploiter les classes opprimées. Mais ensuite Lénine tombe dans l'erreur marxiste (ou plutôt engelsienne) selon laquelle le prolétariat s'emparant de l'autorité étatique, transformant les moyens de production en propriété de l'Etat arrive à faire disparaître l'État lui-même. Si l'Etat se convertissait aussi en propriétaire, nous aurions le capitalisme d'État, non le socialisme, et bien moins encore l'abolition de l'État ou l'anarchie !
Curieux système pour abolir un organisrne que de multiplier ses fonctions, et lui donner de nouveaux moyens de puissance.
Avec l'État propriétaire, tous les prolétaires, deviendraient salariés de l'Etat au lieu d'être salarié de capitalistes privés. L'État serait l'exploiteur, c'est à dire que lui (le tas énorme de gouvernants hauts et bas, et toute la bureaucratie avec tous ses grades hiérarchiques) arriverait à constituer la nouvelle classe dominante et exploiteuse. II semble que quelque chose de semblable se constitue en Russie, au moins dans les grandes villes, dans le domaine de la grande industrie.
C'est là la grande erreur marxiste, considérer l'État comme un simple effet de la division des classes alors qu'il en est aussi une cause. Non seulement l'Etat est le serviteur du capitalisme, renforçant le privilège économique de la bourgeoisie, etc\dots{} mais il est lui-même la source des privilèges, constituant une classe ou caste privilégiée, alimentant la classe dominante en lui livrant toujours de nouveaux éléments, et il le ferait encore plus si, avec la force politique, il avait aussi la force économique, c'est à dire la richesse sociale, en tant que seul propriétaire.
Lénine dit que la dictature sera « celle du prolétariat organisé en casse dominante ». Mais il y a contradiction dans les termes ! Si le prolétariat devient classe dominante il n'est plus prolétariat, il n'est plus non-possesseur. Cela veut dire qu'il est devenu patron. De plus, s'il y a des classes dominantes, c'est qu'il y a des classes dominées, classes qui, alors, deviendront prolétariat. La division des classes continuera à subsister ; la seule explication de cette devinette est que la classe dominante sera constituée d'une minorité du prolétariat, qui aura dépossédé la minorité bourgeoise actuelle, minorité à laquelle on aura assujetti le restant de la population, c'est à dire les vieilles classes dépossédées et la majorité des prolétaires qui resteront tels et demeureront asservis, dominés politiquement et exploités économiquement.
Si cette erreur épouvantable se réalisait, c'est en vain que l'humanité se serait une fois de plus ensanglantée. Elle n'aurait fait que se tourner sur l'autre flanc, sur sa couche de douleur et d'injustice !
Michel Bakounine prévoyait, il y a quarante-cinq ans, ces conséquences de l'application du marxisme : le gouvernement des groupes d'ouvriers les plus progressistes, dans les grandes villes, au détriment des majorités travailleuses des campagnes et des petits centres, des ouvriers non qualifiés, etc\dots{} Lénine, guidé par Marx et Engels, rappelle l'exemple des révolutions françaises de 1848 et 1871. Mais c'est justement de l'expérience de ces deux révolutions qu'est né l'anarchisme comme conception libertaire de la révolution. Alors que tous les théoriciens révolutionnaires qui ont vu de près ces deux révolutions ont constaté le mal causé par la direction étatique ou dictatoriale de la révolution. Marx lui-même est cité sans raison, à ce propos, puisque, écrivant sur la Commune de Paris, il n'exalte d'aucune manière le centralisme - comme le prétend Lénine - mais justement le système des autorités communales.
Lénine parle ensuite de la destruction du mécanisme étatique, mais il veut détruire le mécanisme étatique bourgeois pour lui en substituer un autre aussi bureaucratique et narcotique, celui du P.C.. Dans cet échange les seuls gagnants seront ceux qui constitueront le personnel du nouvel État, de la nouvelle bureaucratie. II me vient en mémoire, à ce propos, la fable antique de ce cheval blessé couvert de mouches, qui repoussait l'aide de qui voulait les lui chasser, « car, disait-il, celles que j'ai sont déjà pleines de sang, et si tu les chasses, il en viendra d'autres plus faméliques et plus voraces ».
Ce préjugé centraliste de Lénine se révèle aussi par un avertissement qu'il donne aux anarchistes. « Parce qu'is ne veulent pas d'administration » ! Qui a dit à Lénine que les anarchistes ne veulent pas d'administration ? cela nous ne le savons pas. Mais son erreur vient du fait qu'il ne conçoit pas possible une administration sans bureaucratie, sans État, sans autorité, et comme les anarchistes ne veulent ni bureaucratie, ni autorité, ni État, il croit qu'ils ne veulent pas d'administration. Mais ceci est une extravagance. En réalité, la meilleure administration, comme la meilleure organisation, celle qui mérite ce nom, est la moins centralisée, et la moins autoritaire possible. Quand Lénine dit, citant Engels, qu'il veut arriver à l'élimination de l'État, il énonce une pieuse intention sans résultats pratiques, puisque la voie choisie, le conduit, au contraire, au renforcement de l'institution étatique, passant seulement d'une classe à une autre en voie de formation.
Dans une publication anarchiste on ne peut passer sous silence ce que dit Lénine, dans son livre, sur les anarchistes et l'anarchisme.
Nous en avons dit quelque chose plus haut, mais nous ne devons pas dissimuler l'effort que Lénine fait pour être juste avec les anarchistes, peut-être parce qu'il sait par expérience combien leur concours peut être valable. Il n'y arrive pas toujours, par exemple lorsqu'il dit que les anarchistes n'ont apporté aucune contribution aux questions concrètes sur la nécessité de détruire le mécanisme étatique et le mode de substitution. Toute la littérature anarchiste, est, justement, la démonstration du contraire !
Mais Lénine rend aux anarchistes cette justice, après une trentaine d'années, de reconnaître que le libellé de Plékhanov « Anarchisme et socialisme » qui constitue, avec un petit opuscule de Deville, l'unique traité de caractère socialiste sur ce thème, « s'applique à tourner le problème ou à ne pas l'apercevoir ». « Plékhanov, dit Lénine, s'est ingénié à traiter ce thème en éludant complètement la question la plus actuelle, la plus brûlante et, politiquement, la plus essentielle dans la lutte contre l'anarchisme, savoir : l'attitude de la Révolution envers l'État et la question de l'État en général. Sa brochure comprend deux parties : une partie historico-littéraire renfermant une précieuse documentation sur l'évolution des idées de Stirner, de Proudhon, etc\dots{} ; l'autre, toute philistine, contient des raisonnements du plus mauvais goût sur l'impossibilité de distinguer un anarchiste d'un bandit. Cette combinaison de thèmes est très plaisanté et caractérise au mieux toute l'activité de Plékhanov : mi-doctrinaire, mi-philistine, se traînant en politique à la remorque de la bourgeoisie ».
Sans même que cela semble fait exprès, ce vulgaire et philistin libellé de Plékhanov a été justement réimprimé ces jours-ci, qui sait pourquoi, par la librairie bolchévique-léniniste de « Avanti ».
Mais si Lénifie reconnaît que la critique habituelle de l'anarchisme, faite par les social-démocrates du genre de Plékhanov, recourt à des trivialités petites bourgeoises, ses arguments ne sont pas plus concluants, puisqu'il prend pour cible un anarchisme de fabrication spéciale qui n'existe pas en réalité. II répète les critiques d'Engels aux proudhonniens, il attribue aux anarchistes l'illusion de pouvoir détruire l'État du jour au lendemain, sans aucune idée sur ce qu'ils doivent lui substituer au sein du prolétariat, etc\dots{} Mais pour démontrer combien Lénine est loin d'avoir compris ce que sont et comment veulent travailler les anarchistes, il faudrait en écrire encore autant, sinon plus, que ce que nous avons fait, ce que nous ferons une autre fois, si\dots{} nous en avons le temps.
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Bibliothèque Anarchiste
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Anti-copyright
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\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{logo-sv.pdf}
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\strut
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\begin{center}
Luigi Fabbri
L'État et la révolution
(sur le livre de Lénine du même nom)
\bigskip
Consulté le 7 mai 2016 de \href{https://www.libertaire.net/discussion/luigi-fabbri-letat-et-la-revolution-sur-le-livre-de-lenine-du-meme-nom.5948/}{www.libertaire.net}
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\textbf{fr.theanarchistlibrary.org}
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https://people.maths.bris.ac.uk/~matyd/GroupNames/128i1/C4%5E2.409C2%5E3_char.tex
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bris.ac.uk
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\documentclass[11pt]{amsart}
\begin{document}
\begin{table}
$$
\begin{array}{c|rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}
\rm class&\rm1&\rm2A&\rm2B&\rm2C&\rm2D&\rm2E&\rm4A&\rm4B&\rm4C&\rm4D&\rm4E&\rm4F&\rm4G&\rm4H&\rm4I&\rm4J&\rm4K&\rm4L&\rm4M&\rm4N&\rm8A&\rm8B&\rm8C&\rm8D&\rm8E&\rm8F\cr
\rm size&1&1&1&1&4&8&2&2&4&4&4&4&4&8&8&8&8&8&8&8&4&4&4&4&8&8\cr
\hline
\rho_{1}&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1\cr
\rho_{2}&1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1\cr
\rho_{3}&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1\cr
\rho_{4}&1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1\cr
\rho_{5}&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&-1\cr
\rho_{6}&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1\cr
\rho_{7}&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1\cr
\rho_{8}&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&1&1\cr
\rho_{9}&1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1\cr
\rho_{10}&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1\cr
\rho_{11}&1&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&1&1&1&1&1&1\cr
\rho_{12}&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1&-1\cr
\rho_{13}&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1\cr
\rho_{14}&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&-1&1&1\cr
\rho_{15}&1&1&1&1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&-1&1&1&-1&1&-1&1&-1&1&1&-1\cr
\rho_{16}&1&1&1&1&-1&1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1&-1&-1&-1&1&-1&1&1&1&-1&1&-1&-1&1\cr
\rho_{17}&2&2&2&2&2&0&-2&-2&2&2&-2&-2&-2&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{18}&2&2&2&2&-2&0&-2&-2&-2&2&2&2&-2&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{19}&2&2&2&2&2&0&-2&-2&-2&-2&-2&2&2&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{20}&2&2&2&2&-2&0&-2&-2&2&-2&2&-2&2&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{21}&4&-4&4&-4&0&0&4&-4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{22}&4&-4&4&-4&0&0&-4&4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{23}&4&4&-4&-4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&2\sqrt{2}&0&-2\sqrt{2}&0&0\cr
\rho_{24}&4&4&-4&-4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&-2\sqrt{2}&0&2\sqrt{2}&0&0\cr
\rho_{25}&4&-4&-4&4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&-2\sqrt{2}&0&2\sqrt{2}&0&0&0\cr
\rho_{26}&4&-4&-4&4&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&2\sqrt{2}&0&-2\sqrt{2}&0&0&0\cr
\end{array}
$$
\caption{Character table of $C_4^2._{409}C_2^3$}
\end{table}
\end{document}
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http://owl.fish.washington.edu/Athaliana/quast_results/results_2017_11_03_22_43_06/report.tex
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washington.edu
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\begin{document}
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\caption{All statistics are based on contigs of size $\geq$ 500 bp, unless otherwise noted (e.g., "\# contigs ($\geq$ 0 bp)" and "Total length ($\geq$ 0 bp)" include all contigs).}
\begin{tabular}{|l*{1}{|r}|}
\hline
Assembly & scaffolds.reduced \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 0 bp) & 7408 \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 1000 bp) & 7408 \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 5000 bp) & 7270 \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 10000 bp) & 4127 \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 25000 bp) & 823 \\ \hline
\# contigs ($\geq$ 50000 bp) & 216 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 0 bp) & 111139362 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 1000 bp) & 111139362 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 5000 bp) & 110651100 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 10000 bp) & 86479013 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 25000 bp) & 37385867 \\ \hline
Total length ($\geq$ 50000 bp) & 17006058 \\ \hline
\# contigs & 7408 \\ \hline
Largest contig & 256714 \\ \hline
Total length & 111139362 \\ \hline
GC (\%) & 36.34 \\ \hline
N50 & 16998 \\ \hline
N75 & 10536 \\ \hline
L50 & 1724 \\ \hline
L75 & 3823 \\ \hline
\# N's per 100 kbp & 626.41 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\end{document}
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https://melusine.eu.org/syracuse/B/BaseCollege/Quatrieme/proportionnalite/propor/exo56.tex?enregistrement=ok
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eu.org
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00408.warc.gz
| 376,706,170 | 1,464 |
%@P:exocorcp
%@Dif:2
{\em L'unité de longueur est le centimètre.}
\par $x$ désignant un nombre positif, on considère un rectangle de longueur $x+1$ et de largeur $x$.
\begin{myenumerate}
\item
\begin{enumerate}
\item Exprime en fonction de $x$ le périmètre de ce rectangle.
\item Calcule ce périmètre pour $x=1$ ; $x=3$ ; $x=3,5$ et $x=5$.\par (On pourra rassembler les résultats dans un tableau.)
\item Détermine si le périmètre de ce rectangle est proportionnel à $x$.
\end{enumerate}
\item
\begin{enumerate}
\item Exprime en fonction de $x$ l'aire de ce rectangle.
\item Calcule cette aire pour $x=1$ ; $x=3$ ; $x=3,5$ et $x=5$.\par (On pourra rassembler les résultats dans un tableau.)
\item Détermine si l'aire de ce rectangle est proportionnelle à $x$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{myenumerate}
%@Commentaire: Reprise de l'exercice \verb+exo26+. Ce n'est que de la non-proportionnalité dans cet exercice.
%@Correction:
\begin{myenumerate}
\item
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\mathscr P=2\times(x+x+1)=2\times(2x+1)=4x+2$~cm.
\item\hfill\newline
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$x$ (cm)&\opcopy{1}{a1}1&\opcopy{3}{a2}3&\opcopy{3,5}{a3}3,5&\opcopy{5}{a4}5\\
\hline
$\mathscr P$
(cm)&\opmul*{a1}{4}{a1}\opadd*{a1}{2}{a1}\opprint{a1}&\opmul*{a2}{4}{a2}\opadd*{a2}{2}{a2}\opprint{a2}&\opmul*{a3}{4}{a3}\opadd*{a3}{2}{a3}\opprint{a3}&\opmul*{a4}{4}{a4}\opadd*{a4}{2}{a4}\opprint{a4}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\item $1\times3=3$ et $6\times3=18\not=14$. Donc ce n'est pas un
tableau de proportionnalité.
\end{enumerate}
\item
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\mathscr A=x\times(x+1)=x^2+x$~cm$^2$.
\item \hfill\newline
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$x$ (cm)&\opcopy{1}{a1}1&\opcopy{3}{a2}3&\opcopy{3,5}{a3}3,5&\opcopy{5}{a4}5\\
\hline
$\mathscr P$
(cm)&\opadd*{a1}{1}{b1}\opmul*{a1}{b1}{a1}\opprint{a1}&\opadd*{a2}{1}{b2}\opmul*{a2}{b2}{a2}\opprint{a2}&\opadd*{a3}{1}{b3}\opmul*{a3}{b3}{a3}\opprint{a3}&\opadd*{a4}{1}{b4}\opmul*{a4}{b4}{a4}\opprint{a4}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\item $1\times3=3$ et $2\times3=6\not=12$. Donc ce n'est pas un
tableau de proportionnalité.
\end{enumerate}
\end{myenumerate}
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#
# ChangeLog for doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis.tex
#
# Generated by Trac 1.2.1
# Sep 25, 2022, 5:02:53 PM
Wed, 04 Mar 2020 20:31:39 GMT Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…> [5a3d67c]
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/.gitignore (modified)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/Makefile (added)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis-frontpgs.tex (modified)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis.tex (modified)
Cleaned up AB M template some more and add the Makefile.
Tue, 03 Mar 2020 17:13:41 GMT Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…> [48779a6]
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/.gitignore (added)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis-frontpgs.tex (added)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis.bib (added)
* doc/theses/andrew_beach_MMath/thesis.tex (added)
Add the uw-ethesis templates to andrew_beach_MMath. Minimal changes ...
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\title{LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE MANAGEMENT: A SURGICAL PERSPECTIVE}
\author[1]{Fabrizio Rosati}%
\author[2]{Gijs de Maat}%
\author[2]{Massimo Mariani}%
\author[1]{Stefano Benussi}%
\affil[1]{University of Brescia}%
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common atrial arrhythmia but it is
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substrate, has raised the interest in epicardial LAA management.
Minimally invasive treatment options for the LAA offer a unique
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\noindent
%
%
{\bf Anders Sune Pedersen}
%
%
\medskip
\noindent
%
%
{\bf Complete and Almost Complete Minors in Double-Critical $8$-Chromatic Graphs}
%
%
\vskip 5mm
\noindent
%
%
%
%
A connected $k$-chromatic graph $G$ is said to be {\it
double-critical} if for all edges $uv$ of $G$ the graph $G - u - v$
is $(k-2)$-colourable. A longstanding conjecture of Erd\H{o}s and
Lov\'asz states that the complete graphs are the only double-critical
graphs. Kawarabayashi, Pedersen and Toft [\emph{Electron.\ J.\
Combin.}, 17(1): Research Paper 87, 2010] proved that every
double-critical $k$-chromatic graph with $k \leq 7$ contains a $K_k$
minor. It remains unknown whether an arbitrary double-critical
$8$-chromatic graph contains a $K_8$ minor, but in this paper we prove
that any double-critical $8$-chromatic contains a minor isomorphic to
$K_8$ with at most one edge missing. In addition, we observe that any
double-critical $8$-chromatic graph with minimum degree different from
$10$ and $11$ contains a $K_8$ minor.
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\title{On detention}
\date{December 17, 2013}
\author{Gabriel Pombo Da Silva}
\subtitle{}
% https://groups.google.com/d/topic/comp.text.tex/6fYmcVMbSbQ/discussion
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pdfencoding=auto,
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\thispagestyle{empty}
\strut\vskip 2em
\begin{center}
{\usekomafont{title}{\huge On detention\par}}%
\vskip 1em
\vskip 2em
{\usekomafont{author}{Gabriel Pombo Da Silva\par}}%
\vskip 1.5em
{\usekomafont{date}{December 17, 2013\par}}%
\end{center}
\vskip 3em
\par
JANUARY – OCTOBER – THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
To my friends, brothers and sisters, comrades\forcelinebreak I remember that last day as if it were yesterday, when !finally! I left (was expelled from) the cold,narrow aseptic cell of the maximum security prison of Aachen, Germany\dots{} On January 16 (2013) I was escorted to the airport of Barajas, Madrid, by Interpol, and from there I was taken to the tribunal of Plaza Castilla, not before being photographed (they were particularly interested in my chest as they looked in vain to find a tattoo of the acronym FAI\Slash{}FRI), ‘playing the piano’ (had my fingerprints taken) in order to ascertain that it was really me\dots{} I must say I should have left Germany in November\Slash{}December but I was blocked because the Italian Republic had issued a ‘European arrest warrant’ to the Bundesanwaltschaft in Karlsruhe as they wanted to extradite me because of ‘Operation Ardire’\dots{} ‘Luckily’ (because I’m legally a ‘Spanish citizen’ and a European arrest warrant had been issued previously by this country) the dreams of the Italian ‘Digos’ didn’t come true (at least for the time being), as the German High Court (and their political-judicial management) decided that the ‘circumstantial charges’ pressed against me by the ROS were (and are) insufficient to grant my extradition to the Italian Republic.
Thus I had the good fortune of being saved from knowing the ‘Bel Paese’ through its prisons and judicial system\dots{}
I naively thought I had finally shaken off the delirious charges of the Digos and an end would be put to my legal kidnapping in that country\dots{}
It is impossible to describe on paper all the feelings-ideas-emotions I felt when I left the prison of Aachen and Germany behind me\dots{} After eight and a half years spent ‘buried alive’ in that country (23 hours a day locked up in a cell and only an hour a day in the yard) because I refused to engage in ‘slave labour’ or wear the prison uniform (they also seized or systematically tampered with my letters, which gradually made me reluctant to write over the latter period), I thought that ‘the worst’ was definitely over\dots{} When I finally entered the prison of Soto del Real at midnight, imagine my surprise as I saw HOW MUCH ‘things’ had changed in the nearly 10 years of my forced ‘absence’ (?Exile?) from the Hispanic dungeons! I was stunned at finding\Slash{}seeing the prisoners themselves (real ancillaries of the jailers) being in charge of my registration along with the guards. This first impression was a harsh blow to my morale.
Surprisingly (as I thought I’d be classified as 1\textsuperscript{st} grade and put in the FIES upon arrival), the following day I received a visit of the prison governor and vice governor who said they had been called by the DGIP themselves (they literally said that when the chiefs saw my name the ‘red lights’ came on) and asked me about my intentions on my return. I answered sarcastically that my intentions had always been (and always will be) the same: to conquer my freedom\dots{} I was informed that I’d finish ‘my’ sentence on April 10 2015 and would remain in 2\textsuperscript{nd} grade (later I was given an official document on the matter entitled ‘Sentence Clearances) and be moving to my land as soon as possible\dots{}.
What can I say? Finally, ‘it seems’ that after over 28 years’ prison I have ‘only’ to wait ‘just’ a couple of years before being able to enjoy my long awaited freedom.
Sectioned, Isolated, Segregated for the latter years of my kidnapping in Germany, ALL that was going on was simply amazing. It was an indescribable visual-sensory-emotional ‘overdose’\dots{} In a certain way, (and compared to what I suffered in Germany) I felt ‘half free’ and was learning to ‘get used to’ my ‘new’ environment; with ‘so many people’, many hours in the yard, so many colours and the ‘beautiful view’ of the Sierra de Navalcernada\dots{} The ‘only’ negative thing was observing how the jailers had taken over the yards and most of the prisoners had become managers of their own detention besides becoming ‘auxiliary guards’. Of course I was taken to a section of ‘troublemakers’ (Módulo 5), where the jailers tried to get me to share a cell with another prisoner\dots{} Since I refused flatly to ‘share a cell’ with any prisoner, I was put in the Isolation Section on January 17 for the night \dots{} and accused of two ‘very serious’ offences for (according to them) ‘threatening to beat up the prisoner with whom they wanted me to share the cell’ and ‘refusing to obey and resisting’ orders.
After a day in isolation on January 18 I was taken back to Modulo 5 and this time I got a cell by myself\dots{} However on January 30 I was notified that I would remain in the FIES-5 (Special Characteristics)\dots{} I saw the funny side of it, at least (I said to myself) I won’t get any more ‘disciplinary sanctions’ on the question of ‘sharing a cell’ with someone\dots{}
Well \dots{}now I only hoped I’d be transferred to Galicia as I had been told on my arrival\dots{} On February 16 they told me to pick my ‘stuff’ as I was to be transferred. They didn’t say to what prison but I supposed it would be in Galicia. Imagine my surprise when I found out I was being taken to Alicante! There I was informed about the restrictions to my communication (letters, telephone calls, etc.)\dots{} I couldn’t understand.
For the first few months both in Soto del Real (Madrid) and Villena (Alicante) I’ve been subjected to all sorts of obstacles and impediments when writing or talking on the phone with my compañera and my family. However the presence of several ETA prisoners made my stay more enjoyable\dots{}
Surprisingly on March 20 the DGIP decides to take me off the FIES-5 and lift restrictions on my communications with the outside. They also ‘authorised’ telephone calls to my sister, my compañera and my lawyer\dots{} but on the 3\textsuperscript{rd} or 4\textsuperscript{th} April they told me to pick my stuff because I was to be transferred.
Naively I thought they were finally taking me to Galicia\dots{} but what was my surprise once again when they told me that I was going to Valdemoro! Why Valdemoro?
The answer wasn’t long in coming and on April 9\textsuperscript{th} they lead me before the Audiencia Nacional: the ‘Digosos’ had returned to the ‘counter-attack’. I refused to make any statement and rejected the (duty) lawyer appointed to me. On April 16 I was summoned again, this time with my lawyer. I had nothing to say concerning the charges of the ROS against me\dots{} they decreed me ‘provisional liberty’ as long as I am still doing time in this country and to ‘temporarily extradite’ me to Italy they had to make an ‘international request’ to Germany (as Germany had extradited me to Spain and dismissed the evidence of the ROS against me), so I had to finish ‘my’ sentence in Spain\dots{} I spent the month of April in Valdemoro where I could make contact with both my sister and my compañera. On April 30 I find myself back in Alicante.
Finally on May 31 I have my first ‘vis-à-vis’ with my compañera while phone calls and visits with other comrades gradually became ‘normal’.
On July 15 I left the prison of Villena, destination ‘A-LAMA’\dots{} I got to Galicia on July 25. On the 27\textsuperscript{th} I was notified of ‘intervention and limitation’ of communication (simply ‘just because’) with the outside dated !!23\textsuperscript{rd} July!! That is to say I had not even arrived at the prison when the vice governor decided (of his own initiative and against the resolutions of the JVP DGPI of Villena) to take a step backwards and break the ‘rules’, ‘regulations’ and ‘directives’ of his superiors and the judiciary. As I refused to sign his unilateral and arbitrary agreement he thought it well to move me to the FIES-5 (C.E) on October 9! I decided to stop writing (which has always been my window to the outside) since I came to this prison because I don’t accept that ‘some’ guy decides to whom and when I should write or what I should read\dots{}
All this adds to the question of the ‘end of my sentence’ and I don’t understand how this shit of a judicial-penal system is that gives me several sentences: a) (the first) in Soto del Real I’m due to be released on April 4 2015 after serving 4\Slash{}4 of my sentence; b) (the second in Villena-Alicante) dated for the year 2033!! and c) (the third, at A-Lama) where they say I’ll complete ¾ of my sentence in January 2015 when I’ll be eligible for parole, and the total 4\Slash{}4 of my sentence in 2020. Obviously all this (the ‘new’ inclusion in the FIES + Restrictions on my correspondence, Completion of sentence) has been notified to the JVP of Pontevedra. If this JVP applies his own laws I should be free next year.
I want to say to all the comrades that no matter what the ‘judicial papers’ say and their dirty political manoeuvres, having done 29 years in jail as I have done I’m not going to fall for these miserable people’s provocations now that my freedom is at hand’s reach. I know that the mere fact of me writing these lines (my truth) can give the executioners more pretexts for new ‘transfers’ (either section or prison) and\Slash{}or administrative type ‘sanctions’. The prison situation in these years of forced ‘absence’ has changed to the point that everything is unrecognisable to me.
There is “now” (it started a few years ago \dots{}) in all the prisons of the Spanish State a “novelty” called “Education and Respect sections” and \Slash{} or “convivial sections”. In some prisons these are already in the majority. But what does this mean? Those who want this Law to be applied (what corresponds to them by law and not the consent of a few usurpers) must go to one of these ‘respect sections’, where they sign a contract where they are ‘programmed’ activities that they must do obligatorily (which violates the LOGP) such as cleaning, studying, sports, etc etc.
The prisoners themselves carry out some of the tasks of the guards and ‘technicians’ to the point of controlling their own fellow prisoners’ ‘medication’ (a euphemism for the drugs they gorge the prisoners with here), and frisking them to see if they are carrying illegal substances or smoking (or not working) in prohibited areas, etc. They also hold ‘meetings’ where some ‘grass up’ the others. Going to one of these sections signifies renouncing all the ‘rights’ granted by the LOGP and which cost us so much blood and the deaths of so many of the ‘old combatants’.
Given what I’ve seen (and as I refuse to swallow this shit) I prefer to stay in so-called ‘conflictual section’ and struggle for my ‘rights’ (the ones I fought for) instead of ‘delegating this responsibility’ to a gang of traitors and jailers.
I want to say that what I am writing here is not meant to be a ‘call for solidarity’ with my situation. This is just an ‘x-ray’ of my situation (and of the many others who haven’t bowed down) and a confirmation that ‘Laws’ and ‘Rights’ are crap, wasted paper, something which they use to invest themselves with ‘order’ and ‘legitimacy’ and thus justify their monopoly of violence (legal and armed).
What I think and what I’ve been (and still am on ‘smaller scale’) reflecting in my writing and in every act of my life.
My solidarity is now (as always) with all those in struggle: Never defeated, Never repentant!
In struggle until we are all free!\forcelinebreak For anarchy!
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Library.Anarhija.Net
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\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{logo-yu.pdf}
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\strut
\vfill
\begin{center}
Gabriel Pombo Da Silva
On detention
December 17, 2013
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\href{https://actforfree.nostate.net/?p=15779}{actforfree.nostate.net}
\bigskip
\textbf{lib.anarhija.net}
\end{center}
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\end{document}
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% $Id: main.tex 29075 2011-01-17 18:30:18Z pixelma $ %
\chapter{\label{ref:rockbox_interface}Quick Start}
\section{Basic Overview}
\subsection{The \daps{} controls}
\begin{center}
% include the front image. Using \specimg makes this fairly easy,
% but requires to use the exact value of \specimg in the filename!
% The extension is selected in the preamble, so no further \ifpdfoutput
% is necessary.
\includegraphics[height=8cm,width=10cm,keepaspectratio=true]{rockbox_interface/images/\specimg-front}
\opt{iaudiom3,iriverh100}{% replace with HAVEREMOTEKEYMAP when all images exist or change specimg
\end{center}
% spacing between the two pictures, could possibly be improved
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=5.6cm,width=10cm,keepaspectratio=true]{rockbox_interface/images/\specimg-remote}
}
\end{center}
Throughout this manual, the buttons on the \dap{} are labelled according to the
picture above.
\opt{touchscreen}{
The areas of the touchscreen in the 3$\times$3 grid mode are in turn referred as follows:
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
\TouchTopLeft & \TouchTopMiddle & \TouchTopRight \\ [5ex]
\hline
\TouchMidLeft & \TouchCenter & \TouchMidRight \\ [5ex]
\hline
\TouchBottomLeft & \TouchBottomMiddle & \TouchBottomRight \\ [5ex]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
}%
Whenever a button name is prefixed by ``Long'', a long press of approximately
one second should be performed on that button. The buttons are described in
detail in the following paragraph.
\blind{%
Additional information for blind users is available on the Rockbox website at
\wikilink{BlindFAQ}.
%
\opt{iriverh100}{
Hold or lay the \dap{} so that the side with the joystick and LCD is facing
towards you, and the curved side is at the top. The joystick functions as
the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonRight{}, \ButtonLeft{}, and \ButtonDown{} buttons when
pressed in the appropriate direction. Pressing the joystick down functions as
\ButtonSelect{}.
On the right side of the \dap{} are the \ButtonOn{}, \ButtonOff{},
\ButtonMode{} buttons, and the \ButtonHold{} switch. When this switch is
switched towards the bottom of the \dap{}, hold is on, and none of the other
buttons have any effect.
On the left side is the \ButtonRec{} button. Above that is the internal microphone.
On the top panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: headphone mini jack plug, remote port, Optical line-in, Optical line-out.
On the bottom panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: power jack, reset switch, and USB port. In the event that your
\dap{} hard locks, you can reset it by inserting a paper clip into the hole
where the reset switch is.}
%
\opt{iriverh300}{
Hold or lay the \dap{} so that the side with the button pad and
LCD is facing towards you. The buttons on the button pad are as follows: top
left corner: \ButtonOn{}, bottom left corner: \ButtonOff{}, top right corner:
\ButtonRec, bottom right corner: \ButtonMode{}. In the center of the button pad
is a button labelled \ButtonSelect{}. Surrounding the \ButtonSelect{} button are
the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonDown{}, \ButtonLeft{}, and \ButtonRight{} buttons.
On the top panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: headphone mini jack plug, remote port, line-in, line-out.
On the left hand side of the \dap{} is the internal microphone. Just underneath
this is a small hole, the reset switch. In the event that your \dap{} hard locks,
you can reset it by inserting a paper clip into the hole where the reset switch
is.
On the right hand side of the \dap{} is the \ButtonHold{} switch. When this is
switched towards the bottom of the \dap{}, hold is on, and none of the other
buttons have any effect.
On the bottom panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: power jack and two USB ports. The USB port on the right is used
to connect your \dap{} to your computer. The USB port on the left is not
used in Rockbox.
}
%
\opt{mpiohd200}{
Hold or lay the \dap{} so that the side with the LCD is facing towards you.
On the right hand side there is a rocker switch at the top which serves as
\ButtonRew{} and \ButtonFF{} when rocked up or down, respectively.
Pressing the rocker in functions as the \ButtonFunc{} button. Below the rocker
there are the \ButtonRec{} and \ButtonPlay{} buttons. At the bottom of the
right panel there is the \ButtonHold{} switch. When this is switched towards the
bottom of the \dap{}. hold is on, and none of the other buttons have any effect.
On the top panel of the \dap{} there is another rocker which serves as the
\ButtonVolDown{} and \ButtonVolUp{} buttons when pressed to the left or right,
respectively.
On the left hand side of the \dap{} there is a headphone mini jack plug at the top
and a small hole at the bottom, the reset switch. In the event that your \dap{}
hard locks, you can reset it by inserting a paper clip into the hole where the
reset switch is.
On the bottom panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: power jack, line-in jack and USB port (under rubber cover).
}
%
\opt{ipod4g,ipodcolor,ipodvideo,ipodmini}{
The main controls on the \dap{} are a slightly indented scroll wheel
with a flat round button in the center. Hold the \dap{} with these controls
facing you.
The top of the player will have the following, from left to
right:
\opt{ipod4g,ipodcolor}{remote connector, headphone socket, \ButtonHold{}
switch.}
\opt{ipodvideo}{\ButtonHold{} switch, headphone socket.}
\opt{ipodmini}{\ButtonHold{} switch, remote connector, headphone socket.}
The dock connector that is used to connect your \dap{} to your computer is on
the bottom panel of the \dap{}.
The button in the middle of the wheel is called \ButtonSelect{}. You can
operate the wheel by pressing the top, bottom, left or right sections,
or by sliding your finger around it. The top is \ButtonMenu{}, the bottom is
\ButtonPlay{}, the left is \ButtonLeft{}, and the right is \ButtonRight{}.
When the manual says to \ButtonScrollFwd{}, it means to slide your finger
clockwise around the wheel. \ButtonScrollBack{} means to slide your finger
counterclockwise. Note that the wheel is sensitive, so you will need to move
slowly at first and get a feel for how it works.
Note that when the \ButtonHold{} switch is pushed toward the center of the \dap{},
hold is on, and none of the other controls do anything. Be sure
\ButtonHold{} is off before trying to use your player.
}
%
\opt{ipod3g}{
The main controls on the \dap{} are a slightly indented touch wheel
with a flat round button in the center, and four buttons in a row above the
touch wheel. Hold the \dap{} with these controls
facing you.
The top of the player will have the following, from left to
right: remote connector, headphone socket, \ButtonHold{} switch.
The dock connector that is used to connect your \dap{} to your computer is on
the bottom panel of the \dap{}.
The button in the middle of the wheel is called \ButtonSelect{}. You can
operate the wheel by sliding your finger around it. The row of
buttons consists of, from left to right, the \ButtonLeft{},
\ButtonMenu{}, \ButtonPlay{}, and \ButtonRight{} buttons.
When the manual says to \ButtonScrollFwd{}, it means to slide your finger
clockwise around the wheel. \ButtonScrollBack{} means to slide your finger
counterclockwise. Note that the wheel is sensitive, so you will need to move
slowly at first and get a feel for how it works.
Note that when the \ButtonHold{} switch is pushed toward the center of the \dap{},
hold is on, and none of the other controls do anything. Be sure
\ButtonHold{} is off before trying to use your player.
}
%
\opt{ipod1g2g}{
The main controls on the \dap{} are a slightly indented wheel
with a flat round button in the center, and four buttons surrounding
it. On the 1st generation iPod, this wheel physically turns. On the
2nd generation iPod, this wheel is touch-sensitive. Hold the \dap{} with these controls
facing you.
The top of the player will have the following, from left to
right: FireWire port, headphone socket, \ButtonHold{} switch.
The FireWire port is used to connect your \dap{} to the computer and
to charge its battery via a wall charger.
The button in the middle of the wheel is called \ButtonSelect{}. You can
operate the wheel by turning it, or sliding your finger around
it. The top is \ButtonMenu{}, the bottom is \ButtonPlay{}, the left
is \ButtonLeft{}, and the right is \ButtonRight{}.
When the manual says to \ButtonScrollFwd{}, it means to slide your finger
clockwise around the wheel. \ButtonScrollBack{} means to slide your finger
counterclockwise. Note that the wheel is sensitive, so you will need to move
slowly at first and get a feel for how it works.
Note that when the \ButtonHold{} switch is pushed toward the center of the \dap{},
hold is on, and none of the other controls do anything. Be sure
\ButtonHold{} is off before trying to use your player.
}
%
\opt{ipodnano,ipodnano2g}{
The main controls on the \dap{} are a slightly indented wheel with a
flat round button in the center. Hold the \dap{} with these controls on the
top surface. There is a \ButtonHold{} switch at one end, and
headphone and dock connector at the other; be sure the end with the
switch is facing away from you.
The button in the middle of the wheel is called \ButtonSelect{}. You can
operate the wheel by pressing the top, bottom, left or right sections,
or by sliding your finger around it. The top is \ButtonMenu{}, the bottom is
\ButtonPlay{}, the left is \ButtonLeft{}, and the right is \ButtonRight{}.
When the manual says to \ButtonScrollFwd{}, it means to slide your finger
clockwise around the wheel. \ButtonScrollBack{} means to slide your finger
counterclockwise. Note that the wheel is sensitive, so you will need to move
slowly at first and get a feel for how it works.
Note that when the \ButtonHold{} switch is pushed toward the center of the \dap{},
hold is on, and none of the other controls do anything; be sure \ButtonHold{} is
off before trying to use your player.
}
%
\opt{ondio}{
The main characteristic of the Ondio case is the indent on its lower right side,
which is the MMC slot. Holding the \dap{} with this slot in the described position
you'll find the following:
On the curved top, from left to right, are the headphone socket,
the \ButtonOff{} button,%
\opt{recording}{ and the line-in jack}.
Apart from the already mentioned MMC slot, you will find the USB connector on
the \daps{} right side. Below the LCD, at approximately the center of the \dap{},
there is the main button pad of the \dap{}. The centre of the button pad dips inward
and helps to operate the directional keys from there. Located on a two-way button
strip are the \ButtonLeft{} and \ButtonRight{} keys, with \ButtonUp{} above it
and \ButtonDown{} below it. The raised button positioned in the lower left of this
round crosspad is labelled \ButtonMenu{}.
}
%
\opt{iriverh10,iriverh10_5gb}{
Hold or lay the \dap{} so that the side with the scroll pad and
LCD is facing towards you. In the centre below the lcd is the scroll pad. It
is oriented vertically. Touching the top and bottom half of it acts as the
\ButtonScrollUp{} and \ButtonScrollDown{} buttons respectively. On the left
of the scroll pad is the \ButtonLeft{} button and on the right is the
\ButtonRight{} button.
There are three buttons on the right hand side of the \dap{}. From top to
bottom, they are: \ButtonRew{}, \ButtonPlay{} and \ButtonFF{}. On the left
hand side is the \ButtonPower{} button.
On the top panel of the \dap{}, from left to right, you can find the
following: \ButtonHold{} switch, \opt{iriverh10}{reset pin hole, }remote port
and headphone mini jack plug.
On the bottom panel of the \dap{} is the data cable port.}
%
\opt{gigabeatf}{
\note{The following description is for the Gigabeat F, but can also apply for the
Gigabeat X. The Gigabeat F is slightly larger and more rectangular shaped, while the
Gigabeat X is smaller and has a slightly tapered back.}
Hold the \dap{} with the screen on top and the controls on the right hand side.
Below the screen is a cross-shaped touch sensitive pad which contains the
\ButtonUp{}, \ButtonDown{}, \ButtonLeft{} and \ButtonRight{} controls. On the
Gigabeat X, this pad will feel slightly raised up, while it will feel slightly
sunken in on the Gigabeat F. On the top of the unit, from left to right, are the
power socket, the \ButtonHold{} switch, and the headphone socket. The
\ButtonHold{} switch puts the \dap{} into hold mode when it is switched to the
right of the unit. The buttons will have no effect when this is the case.
Starting from the left hand side on the bottom of the unit, nearer to the front
than the back, is a recessed switch which
controls whether the battery is on or off. When this switch is to the left,
the battery is disconnected. This can be used for a hard reset of the unit,
or if the \dap{} is being placed in storage. Next to that is a connector for
the docking station and finally on the right hand side of the bottom of the
unit is a mini USB socket for connecting directly to USB.
Finally on the right hand side of the unit are some control buttons. Going from
the bottom of the unit to the top there is a small round \ButtonA{} buttton then a
rocker volume switch with of the \ButtonVolDown{} button below the \ButtonVolUp{}
button. Above that is are two more small round buttons, the \ButtonMenu{}
button and nearest to the top of the unit the \ButtonPower{} button, which is held
down to turn the \dap{} on or off. If you have a Gigabeat X, these buttons are small
metallic buttons that are place further up on the right hand side, and closer
together. The layout is still the same, however.}
%
\opt{gigabeats}{
Hold the \dap{} with the screen on top and the controls on the right hand side.
Directly below the bottom edge of the screen are two buttons, \ButtonBack{}
on the left and \ButtonMenu{} on the right. Below them is a cross-shaped pad
which contains the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonDown{}, \ButtonLeft{}, \ButtonRight{}
and \ButtonSelect{} controls.
On the top of the unit from left to right are the headphone socket and the
\ButtonHold{} switch. The \ButtonHold{} switch puts the \dap{} into
hold mode when it is switched to the right of the unit.
The buttons will have no effect when this is the case.
Starting from the left hand side on the bottom of the unit, nearer to the back
than the front, is a recessed switch which controls whether the battery is on
or off. When this switch is to the left, the battery is disconnected.
This can be used for a hard reset of the unit, or if the \dap{} is being placed
in storage. Next to that is a mini USB socket for connecting directly to USB,
and finally a custom connector, presumably for planned accessories which were
never released.
Finally on the right hand side of the unit are some control buttons and the power
connector. Going from the bottom of the unit to the top, there is the power
connector socket, followed by three small round buttons, the
\ButtonNext{} buttton, \ButtonPlay{} button, and \ButtonPrev{} button (from bottom
to top) then a rocker volume switch with of the \ButtonVolDown{} button below the
\ButtonVolUp{} button. Above that is one more small round button, the \ButtonPower{}
button, which is held down to turn the \dap{} on or off.}
%
\opt{mrobe100}{
Hold the \dap{} with the black front facing you such that the m:robe writing
is readable. Below the writing is the touch sensitive pad with the
\ButtonMenu{}, \ButtonPlay{}, \ButtonLeft{}, \ButtonRight{} and \ButtonDisplay
controls indicated by their symbols. The dotted center strip is devided in
three parts: \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonSelect{} and \ButtonDown. On the top of the
unit, on the right, is the \ButtonPower{} switch, which is held down to turn
the \dap{} on or off.
The \ButtonHold{} switch is located on the left of the \dap{}, below the
headphone socket. It puts the \dap{} into hold mode when it is switched to the
top of the unit. The buttons will have no effect when this is the case. On the
bottom of the unit, there is a connector for the docking station or the
proprietary USB connector for connecting directly to USB.}
%
\opt{iaudiom5,iaudiox5}{
The \dap{} is curved so that the end with the screen on it is thicker than the
other end. Hold the \dap{} wih the thick end towards the top and the screen
facing towards you. Half way up the front of the unit on the right hand side
is a four way joystick which is the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonDown{},
\ButtonLeft{}, and \ButtonRight{} buttons. When pressed it serves as \ButtonSelect{}.
On the right hand side of the \dap{} from top to bottom, first there is a two
way switch. the \ButtonPower{} button is activated by pushing this switch up,
and pushing this switch down until it clicks slightly will activate the
\ButtonHold{} button. When the switch is in this position, none of the other
keys will have an effect.
Below the switch is a lozenge shaped button which is the \ButtonRec{}
button, and below that the final button on this side of the unit, the
\ButtonPlay{} button. Just below this is a small hole which is difficult to
locate by touch which is the internal microphone. At the very bottom of
this side of the unit is the reset hole, which can be used to perform a hard
reset by inserting a paper clip.
On the bottom of the unit is the connector for the
\playerman{} subpack or dock. On the top of the unit is a charge
indicator light, which may feel a bit like a button, but is not.
From the top of the \dap{} on the left hand side is the headphone socket, then the
remote connector. Below this is a cover which protects the \opt{iaudiox5}{USB
host connector.}\opt{iaudiom5}{USB and charging connector}.}
%
\opt{e200,e200v2}{
Hold the \dap{} with the turning wheel at the front and bottom. On the bottom left
of the front of the \dap{} is a raised round button, the \ButtonPower{} button.
Above and to the left of this, on the outside of the turning wheel are four
buttons. These are the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonDown{}, \ButtonLeft{} and
\ButtonRight{} buttons. Inside the wheel is the \ButtonSelect{} button. Turning
the wheel to the right activates the \ButtonScrollFwd{} function, and to the
left, the \ButtonScrollBack{} function.
On the right of the unit is a slot for inserting flash cards. On the bottom is
the connector for the USB cable. On the left is the \ButtonRec{} button, and
on the top, there is the headphone socket to the right, and the \ButtonHold{}
switch. Moving this switch to the right activates hold mode in which none of the
other buttons have any effect. Just to the left of the \ButtonHold{} switch is a
small hole which contains the internal microphone.}
%
\opt{c200,c200v2}{
Hold the \dap{} with the buttons on the right and the screen on the left. On
the right side of the unit, there is a series of four connected buttons that
form a square. The four sides of the square are the \ButtonUp{},
\ButtonDown{}, \ButtonLeft{} and \ButtonRight{} buttons, respectively. Inside
the square formed by these four buttons is the \ButtonSelect{} button. At the
bottom right corner of the square is a small separate button, the
\ButtonPower{} button.
Moving clockwise around the outside of the unit, on the top are the \ButtonVolUp{}
and \ButtonVolDown{} buttons, which control the volume of playback. The buttons can
be distinguished by a sunken triangle on the \ButtonVolDown{} button, and a
raised triangle on the \ButtonVolUp{} button. To the right of
the volume buttons on the top of the unit is the slot for inserting flash
memory cards. On the right side of the unit is the connector for the USB
cable. At center of the bottom of the \dap{} is the \ButtonRec{} button. To
the left of the \ButtonRec{} button is the \ButtonHold{} switch. Moving this
switch to the right activates hold mode, in which none of the other buttons
have any effect. On the lower left side of the unit is the headphone socket.
Immediately above the headphone socket is a lanyard loop and the microphone.
}
%
\opt{fuze,fuzev2}{
Hold the \dap{} with the controls on the bottom and the screen on the top. The main
controls are a scroll wheel with four clickable points and a button in the centre; pressing
this centre button functions as \ButtonSelect{}. Going clockwise from the top, the clickable
points on the wheel are the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonRight{}, \ButtonDown{}, and \ButtonLeft{}
buttons. Turning the wheel clockwise is \ButtonScrollFwd{}, and turning it counter-clockwise
is \ButtonScrollBack{}. Immediately above and to the right of the wheel is the \ButtonHome{}
button.
On the lower left of the unit is a slot for inserting microSD cards. Immediately below that is
the opening for the microphone.
On the bottom of the unit is the connector for connecting a USB cable and the headphone socket.
On the lower right hand side of the unit is a two-way switch. Pressing this switch up acts as
\ButtonPower{}, and clicking it down until it locks acts as the \ButtonHold{} switch. When the
\ButtonHold{} switch is on, none of the other buttons have any effect.
}
%
\opt{clipplus,clipv1,clipv2}{
Hold the \dap{} with the controls on the bottom and the screen on the top. The main
controls are a four-way pad with a button in the centre; pressing this centre button
functions as \ButtonSelect{}. Going clockwise from the top, the four-way pad contains
the \ButtonUp{}, \ButtonRight{}, \ButtonDown{}, and \ButtonLeft{} buttons.
Immediately above and to the right of the four-way pad is the \ButtonHome{} button.
}
%
\opt{clipplus}{
The \ButtonPower{} button is on the top of the \dap{}, towards the right side.
At the bottom of the right side of the \dap{} is a slot for microSD cards.
Above this slot on the right side is the headphone socket.
On the left hand panel is a two-way button that acts as \ButtonVolDown{} when
pressed on the bottom, and \ButtonVolUp{} when pressed on the top. Immediately
above the switch is a mini-USB port to connect the \dap{} to a computer.
}
%
\opt{clipv1,clipv2}{
On the left hand panel is a two way switch. Pressing this switch up acts as
\ButtonPower{}, and clicking it down until it locks acts as the \ButtonHold{}
switch. When the \ButtonHold{} switch is on, none of the other buttons have any
effect. Immediately above the switch is a mini-USB port to connect the \dap{} to
a computer.
On the right hand panel is a two-way button that acts as \ButtonVolDown{} when
pressed on the bottom, and \ButtonVolUp{} when pressed on the top. Immediately
above this button is the headphone socket.
}
%
\opt{vibe500}{
Hold or lay the \dap{} so that the side with the controls and
LCD is facing towards you. Below the LCD is the touch sensitive pad with the \ButtonMenu{},
\ButtonPlay{}, \ButtonLeft{}, \ButtonRight{} controls and the scroll pad in the centre. The
scroll pad is oriented vertically between the \ButtonOK{} and \ButtonCancel{} buttons.
Sliding a finger up or down the scroll pad acts as \ButtonUp{} and \ButtonDown{} respectively.
Note that the scroll pad is sensitive, so you will need to move
slowly at first and get a feel for how it works.
There are two buttons on the right hand side of the \dap{}: \ButtonPower{} on the top and
\ButtonRec{} underneath. Under these buttons, from top to bottom you can find: USB connector,
power connector and the reset hole if you need to perform a hardware reset.
The \ButtonHold{} switch is located on the left hand side of the \dap{}. Note that when the
\ButtonHold{} switch is moved towards the top of the \dap{}, hold is turned on and all the
other controls are disabled. Be sure \ButtonHold{} is off before trying to use your player.
On the top on the \dap{} is the internal microphone on the left and the line-in socket on the
right, near the headphone socket.}
%
\opt{player}{
The main controls of this player are a four-way button on the right below
the screen, and two round buttons to the left of it. Hold the \dap{} with
these controls on the bottom and facing you.
On the left hand side, the higher of the two small buttons is the \ButtonOn{},
the lower of the two buttons is the \ButtonMenu{} button. The large circular
button on the right contains, clockwise from the top, the \ButtonPlay{},
the \ButtonRight{}, the \ButtonStop{}, and the \ButtonLeft{} buttons.
On the top on the \dap{} is the headphone socket on the left and the line-out
jack on the right. On the bottom of the \dap{} is the line-in jack on the left,
the DC-In jack on the right, and the USB connector in the centre.
}
%
\opt{recorder}{
Holding the Jukebox in front of you, there should be three rectangular buttons
in a horizontal line towards the middle of the unit, and below this to the left
there is a circular four button array with the circular \ButtonPlay{} button
as a fifth button in the centre. These are the navigation controls. Below the
rectangular buttons and to the right of the circular buttons are two small round
buttons one above the other.
The \ButtonOn{} button is the topmost of the two buttons located below and to the
left of the navigation controls whereas the lower of these two is called \ButtonOff.
The small round button in the middle of the large circular button array is called
\ButtonPlay{} button. To the right of the \ButtonPlay{} button there is the
\ButtonRight{} button, left of it is the \ButtonLeft{}, above it \ButtonUp, and
below the \ButtonPlay{} button there is the \ButtonDown{} button placed. In the row
of three rectangular buttons the following buttons can be found (from left to right):
\ButtonFOne{}, \ButtonFTwo{} and \ButtonFThree{}.
On the top of the \dap{} is the headphone socket on the left and the line-out jack on
the right. On the bottom of the \dap{} is the line-in jack on the left, the
DC-In jack on the right, and the USB connector in the centre.
}
\opt{recorderv2fm}{
Holding the Jukebox in front of you, there should be three rectangular buttons
in a horizontal line towards the middle of the unit, and below this centred on the
middle button there are four radial arc shaped buttons placed in a cross formation
with the circular play button as the centre of the cross. These are the navigation
controls. Below the cross and to the left are two other buttons.
The \ButtonOn{} button is the leftmost of the two buttons located below and to the
left of the navigation controls whereas the rightmost and little lower one of
these two is called \ButtonOff{}. The round button raised slightly higher than the
others in the centre of the navigation controls is the \ButtonPlay{} button. To
the right of the \ButtonPlay{} button there is the \ButtonRight{} button, left of
it is the \ButtonLeft{}, above it \ButtonUp{}, and below the \ButtonPlay{} button
there is the \ButtonDown{} button placed. In the row of three rectangular buttons
the following buttons can be found (from left to right): \ButtonFOne{}, \ButtonFTwo{}
and \ButtonFThree{}.
}
}
\subsection{Turning the \dap{} on and off}
\opt{cowond2}{Rockbox has a dual-boot feature with the original firmware being
the default.\\}
To turn on and off your Rockbox enabled \dap{} use the following keys:
\begin{btnmap}
\opt{IRIVER_H100_PAD,IRIVER_H300_PAD}{\ButtonOn}%
\opt{MPIO_HD200_PAD}{Long \ButtonPlay}%
\opt{IPOD_4G_PAD}{\ButtonMenu{} / \ButtonSelect}%
\opt{IPOD_3G_PAD}{\ButtonMenu{} / \ButtonPlay}%
\opt{ONDIO_PAD}{\ButtonOff}\opt{RECORDER_PAD,PLAYER_PAD}%
{Long \ButtonOn}%
\opt{IAUDIO_X5_PAD,IRIVER_H10_PAD,SANSA_E200_PAD,SANSA_C200_PAD,ONDA_VX777_PAD%
,GIGABEAT_PAD,MROBE100_PAD,GIGABEAT_S_PAD,sansaAMS,PBELL_VIBE500_PAD%
}{\ButtonPower}%
\opt{COWON_D2_PAD} {\ButtonPower{}, then \ButtonHold}%
\opt{ONDA_VX777_PAD} {\ButtonPower{}}%
&
\opt{HAVEREMOTEKEYMAP}{
\opt{IRIVER_RC_H100_PAD}{\ButtonRCOn}%
\opt{IAUDIO_RC_PAD}{\ButtonRCPlay}
&}
Start Rockbox
\\
\opt{IRIVER_H100_PAD,IRIVER_H300_PAD}{Long \ButtonOff}%
\opt{MPIO_HD200_PAD}{Long \ButtonPlay}%
\opt{IPOD_4G_PAD,IPOD_3G_PAD}{Long \ButtonPlay}%
\opt{ONDIO_PAD,recorderv2fm}{Long \ButtonOff}%
\opt{recorder}{Double tap \ButtonOff\ when playback is stopped}%
\opt{PLAYER_PAD}{From the Main Menu, select \textbf{Shutdown}}%
\opt{IAUDIO_X5_PAD,IRIVER_H10_PAD,SANSA_E200_PAD,SANSA_C200_PAD%
,GIGABEAT_PAD,MROBE100_PAD,GIGABEAT_S_PAD,sansaAMS,COWON_D2_PAD%
,PBELL_VIBE500_PAD,ONDA_VX777_PAD}{Long \ButtonPower}%
&
\opt{HAVEREMOTEKEYMAP}{
\opt{IRIVER_RC_H100_PAD}{Long \ButtonRCStop}%
\opt{IAUDIO_RC_PAD}{Long \ButtonRCPlay}
&}
Shutdown Rockbox
\\
\end{btnmap}
\label{ref:Safeshutdown}On shutdown, Rockbox automatically saves its settings.
\opt{IRIVER_H100_PAD,IRIVER_H300_PAD,IAUDIO_X5_PAD,SANSA_E200_PAD%
,SANSA_C200_PAD,IRIVER_H10_PAD,IPOD_4G_PAD,GIGABEAT_PAD}{%
If you have problems with your settings, such as accidentally having
set the colours to black on black, they can be reset at boot time. See
the Reset Settings in \reference{ref:manage_settings_menu} for details.
}%
\opt{PLAYER_PAD,RECORDER_PAD,ONDIO_PAD,GIGABEAT_PAD,IPOD_4G_PAD,SANSA_E200_PAD%
,SANSA_C200_PAD,IAUDIO_X5_PAD,IAUDIO_M5_PAD,IPOD_3G_PAD}{%
In the unlikely event of a software failure, hardware poweroff or reset can be
performed by holding down \opt{PLAYER_PAD}{\ButtonStop}\opt{RECORDER_PAD,ONDIO_PAD}
{\ButtonOff}\opt{GIGABEAT_PAD}{the battery switch}\opt{IPOD_4G_PAD}
{\ButtonMenu{} and \ButtonSelect{} simultaneously}%
\opt{IPOD_3G_PAD}{\ButtonMenu{} and \ButtonPlay{} simultaneously}%
\opt{SANSA_E200_PAD,SANSA_C200_PAD,IAUDIO_X5_PAD,IAUDIO_M5_PAD}
{\ButtonPower} until the \dap{} shuts off or reboots.
}%
\opt{IRIVER_H100_PAD,IRIVER_H300_PAD,IAUDIO_M3_PAD,IRIVER_H10_PAD,MROBE100_PAD
,PBELL_VIBE500_PAD,MPIO_HD200_PAD}{%
In the unlikely event of a software failure, a hardware reset can be
performed by inserting a paperclip gently into the Reset hole.
}%
\nopt{gigabeatf,iaudiom3,iaudiom5,iaudiox5,archos}
{
\subsection{Starting the original firmware}
\label{ref:Dualboot}
\opt{ipod4g,ipodcolor,ipodvideo,ipodnano,ipodnano2g,ipodmini}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware, shut
down the device as described above. Turn on the \ButtonHold{} switch
immediately after turning the player on. The Apple logo will
display for a few seconds as Rockbox loads the original firmware.
You can also load the original firmware by shutting down the device,
then clicking the \ButtonHold{} switch on and connecting the iPod
to your computer.
Regardless of which method you use to boot to the original firmware, you can
return to Rockbox by pressing and holding \ButtonMenu{} and \ButtonSelect{}
simultaneously until the player hard resets.
}
\opt{ipod1g2g,ipod3g}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware, shut
down the device as described above. Turn on the \ButtonHold{} switch
immediately after turning the player on. The Apple logo will
display for a few seconds as Rockbox loads the original firmware.
You can also load the original firmware by shutting down the device,
then clicking the \ButtonHold{} switch on and connecting the iPod
to your computer.
Regardless of which method you use to boot to the original firmware, you can
return to Rockbox by pressing and holding \ButtonMenu{} and \ButtonPlay{}
simultaneously until the player hard resets.
}
\opt{iriverh100,iriverh300}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware,
when the \dap{} is turned off, press and hold the \ButtonRec{} button,
and then press the \ButtonOn{} button.
}
\opt{mpiohd200}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware,
when the \dap{} is turned off, press and hold the \ButtonRec{} button,
and then press the \ButtonPlay{} button. This will bring you to the
short menu where you can choose among: Boot Rockbox, Boot MPIO firmware
and Shutdown. Select the option you need with \ButtonRew{} and \ButtonFF{}
and confirm with long \ButtonPlay{}.
}
\opt{iriverh10,iriverh10_5gb}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. It loads the original firmware from
the file \fname{/System/OF.mi4}. To boot into the original firmware,
press and hold the \ButtonLeft{} button while turning on the player.
\note{The iriver firmware does not shut down properly when you turn it off,
it only goes to sleep. To get back into Rockbox when exiting from the
iriver firmware, you will need to reset the player by \opt{iriverh10}{%
inserting a pin in the reset hole}\opt{iriverh10_5gb}{removing and
reinserting the battery}.}
}
\opt{sansa,sansaAMS}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware,
press and hold the \ButtonLeft{} button while turning on the player.
}
\opt{clipv2,fuzev2,clipplus}
{
The player will always boot into the original firmware if it is powered
by a USB connection.
}
\opt{mrobe100}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. It loads the original firmware from
the file \fname{/System/OF.mi4}. To boot into the original firmware,
when the \dap{} is turned off, press the \ButtonPower{} button once and then
a second time when the m:robe bootlogo (the headphone) appears. Hold the
\ButtonPower{} button until you see the ``Loading original firmware...''
message on the screen.
}
\opt{gigabeats}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature. To boot into the original firmware,
turn the \ButtonHold{} switch on just after turning on the \dap{}.
To return to Rockbox, shutdown the \dap{}, then turn the battery switch
on the bottom off then on again. Rockbox should now start.
}
\opt{cowond2}
{
Use \ButtonPower{} to boot the original \playerman{} firmware.
}
\opt{vibe500}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature where it is possible to load the original firmware from
the file \fname{/System/OF.mi4}. To boot into the original firmware press and release
\ButtonPower{} and then immediately after the backlight turns on, press the \ButtonOK{}
button and keep it pressed until the original firmware starts.
}
\opt{ondavx777}
{
Rockbox has a dual-boot feature where it is possible to load the original firmware from
the file \fname{/SD/ccpmp.bin}. To boot into the original firmware press and release
\ButtonPower{} immediately after the Rockbox Logo appear on the screen.
}
}
\subsection{Putting music on your \dap{}}
\opt{usb_hid}{
\note{Due to a bug in some OS X versions, the \dap{} can not be mounted, unless
the USB HID feature is disabled. See \reference{ref:USB_HID} for more
information.\newline
}
}
With the \dap{} connected to the computer as an MSC/UMS device (like a
USB Drive), music files can be put on the player via any standard file
transfer method that you would use to copy files between drives (e.g. Drag-and-Drop).
Files may be placed wherever you like on the \dap{}, but it is strongly suggested
not to place them in the \fname{/.rockbox} folder.
The default directory structure that is assumed by some parts of Rockbox
\opt{albumart}{%
(album art searching, and missing-tag fallback in some WPSes) uses the
parent directory of a song as the Album name, and the parent directory of
that folder as the Artist name. WPSes may display information incorrectly if
your files are not properly tagged, and you have your music organized
|
https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/wayne-price-party-of-which-people.tex
|
theanarchistlibrary.org
|
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\title{Party of Which People?}
\date{August 01, 2016}
\author{Wayne Price}
\subtitle{Review of Thomas Frank, Listen, Liberal: Or Whatever Happened to the Party of the People?}
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During this wretched election season of 2016, I have been looking for a nonacademic and readable book which gives a reasonable explanation of the current political situation. Thomas Frank is a left-liberal—he describes himself as “\emph{a person of vivid pink sentiments.}” (29) In this book, however, he does not provide another report of the horrors of the right-wing movement which has culminated in the crazed, ignorant, candidacy of Donald J. Trump (which he had previously written). Instead, in this work he focuses on the weaknesses of the Democratic Party. “\emph{Our current situation represents a failure of the Democratic Party as well.}” (8) He was the author of the popular book What’s the Matter with Kansas? which went over some of these issues. Of course, as a liberal, he does not consider replacing capitalism with cooperative, workers’ managed, industries, or replacing the bureaucratic-military state with a radically democratic, federation of workplace councils and neighborhood assemblies. But he is a good, and interesting, liberal.
Frank focuses on the growth of “inequality” and the failure of the Democrats to do anything about it. “\emph{Inequality is not an ‘issue’\dots{}; it is the eternal conflict of management and labor, owner and worker, rich and poor—only with one side pinned to the ground and the other leisurely pounding away at its adversary’s face.}” (7) Inequality is one-sided class struggle, the attack on the working class by the capitalists. While the conservative Republicans have been the cutting edge of this attack, the liberal Democrats have still been part of the blade.
He sees the Republicans as pretty directly representing the “One Percent.” They pretend to represent their popular “base,” sections of the white working class, lower middle class, and small businesspeople. But their real program is directly based on the needs of the upper bourgeoisie (such as tax cuts and deregulation).
Frank’s main thesis is that the Democratic Party now represents “\emph{the Ten Percent, the people at the apex of the country’s hierarchy of professional status.}” (16) “\emph{The views of the modern-day Democratic Party reflect, in virtually every detail, the ideological idiosyncrasies of the professional-managerial class.}” (29) The lower ends of the professional-managerial class is, I would say, “middle class,” most of which is actually “white-collar” working class. These people work for a salary and take orders from bosses. But the upper end reaches into the One Percent. “\emph{Certain lucky professionals in Silicon Valley happen to be our leading capitalists. And the gulf between professional hedge fund managers and the rich folks whose money they invest is small indeed\dots{}.The top ranks of the professions are made up of highly affluent people.}” (24)
\section{The Two U.S. Parties}
Many U.S. people see the political parties as a conflict between the good guys and the bad guys. Instead, radicals see them as representing competing factions of the U.S. capitalist class, or, rather, competing coalitions of factions of the capitalist class. In the case of the Republicans, a sector of its capitalist leadership has chosen to whip up its mass base into nativist hysteria. This was helped along by that base’s awareness that the Republican establishment’s conservative promises have led to no real improvement in their lives. The conservative (really reactionary) establishment is now appalled at the result, as embodied in Trump’s campaign. Liberals such as Paul Krugman have argued that the conservative leadership has been “enablers” for the Frankenstein’s Monster they created—through their own appeals to nativism, racism, religious bigotry, homophobia, opposition to the right to abortion, and militarism. However, if the Republican mainstream leaders have been enablers for Trumpism, then the Democrats have been enablers of the enablers.
Frank claims that “\emph{between ’68 and ’72, unions lost their position as the premier interest group in the Democratic coalition\dots{}}.” (46) “\emph{Leading Democrats actually chose to reach out to the affluent and to turn their backs on workers. We know this because they wrote about it\dots{}}.” (48) “\emph{Neglecting workers was the opening that allowed Republicans to reach out to blue-collar voters with their arsenal of culture-war fantasies}.” (47)
In many ways, the top of the professional-managerial class is culturally liberal. Its members are against discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, and gender. However, “\emph{on anything having to do with organized labor\dots{}they are downright conservative.}” (30) Their ethic is one of individual striving, winning in competition, being personally educated, and having talent. This view, Frank says, rejects the ethic of solidarity, mutual aid, and common struggle, which is at the heart of a working class and pro-union perspective. (One reason the professional liberals are so enthusiastic and uncritical about international free trade.)
The ideology of the upper professional-managerial class focuses on more education and training as the main solution to social problems. “\emph{This education talk is less a strategy for mitigating inequality than it is a way of rationalizing it\dots{}.[It] remove[s] matters from the realm of, well, economics and\dots{}relocate[s] them to the provinces of personal striving and individual intelligence.}” (70) Supposedly it is not that some people have power over others but that some people just don’t have the talent, education, and willingness to work hard to “improve” themselves. Its mantra is the need to encourage “innovation” due to the initiative of entrepreneurs, inventors, and investors. “\emph{Innovation liberalism is ‘a liberalism of the rich’\dots{}.a more perfect meritocracy.}” (196) And yet there has been no wage improvement over decades even as productivity has been rising. “\emph{The real problem was one of inadequate worker power, not inadequate worker smarts.}”(73)
\section{The Democratic Presidents}
Frank reviews the history of the Democrats in power and out, from the late ‘60s on. Jimmy Carter, “\emph{once in office, he broke with the New Deal tradition\dots{}cancelling public works projects and conspicuously snubbing organized labor. With the help of a Democratic Congress, he enacted the first of the era’s really big tax cuts for the rich and also the first of the really big deregulations\dots{}.In 1980 he and Paul Volker, his hand-picked Fed chairman, put the country on an austerity diet that was particularly punishing to the ordinary working people\dots{}.}” (54) Similar policies were advocated by “\emph{the budget-balancing Walter Mondale}” and “\emph{the technocratic centrist Michael Dukakis.}” (55) When they lost elections, the Democratic leadership claimed that they had been “too liberal”!
The election of Bill Clinton was the victory of the professional-managerial wing of the capitalist class. “\emph{He was the leader of a particular privileged swath of his age group—the leader of a class}.” (79) He is remembered well because the economy seemed to be booming for a while, but now we know what came after and consider how his policies led up to later disaster. Working with both Democrats and Republicans, “\emph{it was Bill Clinton’s administration that deregulated derivatives\dots{}and put our country’s only strong banking laws in the grave. He’s the one who\dots{}taught the world that the way you respond to a recession is by paying off the federal deficit. Mass incarceration and the repeal of welfare [are] two of Clinton’s other major achievements\dots{}.He would have put a huge dent in Social Security, too, had the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal not stopped him. If we take inequality as our measure, the Clinton administration looks not heroic but odious}.” (84) Of course, as the “co-president,” Hillary Clinton was involved in, and supported, all aspects of the Clinton presidency.
Frank’s chapter on the Obama presidency, referring to the Great Recession and what came after, is “\emph{How the Crisis went to Waste.}” (139) Frank notes all the things which Obama might have done or tried to do, but did not. Obama brought in leaders of finance and business, top professional economists and reputable experts in all fields, due to his high regard for specialists and the educated—and they cautioned against any innovative initiatives. He was cautious in all his proposals and desperately sought to make common cause with the immovable, fanatical, Republicans. “\emph{\dots{}Obama and his team didn’t act forcefully to press an equality-minded agenda in those days and in the years that followed because they didn’t want to\dots{}}.” (158)
Frank goes into details (the limited initiatives on the recession, the rejection of Medicare for all and the compromises which whittled down the Affordable Care Act, the attack on teachers’ unions, the massive deportations of undocumented immigrants, rejections of unions’ programs, and of course the war waging), but I will not go into these here. There is a rationalization which says that Obama meant well but was frustrated by the Republicans. But the Democrats had both houses of Congress for the first two years of Obama’s administration. Even after they lost the House, they still had the Senate but they gave the Republicans a veto (the “filibuster” which made them need 60\% of the vote instead of 51\%). And Obama continued to try to make nice to the Republicans because he really did not want to fight them. “\emph{He and [his team] didn’t do many of the things their supporters wanted them to do because they didn’t believe in doing these things.}” (158)
Now Hillary Clinton is running for office, claiming that she will carry on the successes of the Obama years and do even better. Frank summarizes her strongly pro-business history. He notes that “\emph{she has made a great effort in the course of the last year to impress voters with her feelings for working people. But it’s hard, given her record, not to feel that this was only under pressure from primary opponents to her left. Absent such political force, Hillary tends to gravitate back to a version of feminism that is a straight synonym of ‘meritocracy,’ that is concerned almost exclusively with the struggle of professional women to rise as high as their talents will take them. No ceilings!}” (243) Her program—not her election rhetoric, but her actual program—has little to offer those women who are stuck on the floors of the giant corporations.
At the July Democratic National Convention, delegates from across the country gathered. They included many young people and working class people who supported Bernie Sanders, who had identified as a “democratic socialist” advocating a “political revolution.” Meanwhile, wealthy donors congregated in suites to raise big bucks for their candidate, Hillary Clinton. “\emph{Democratic donors congregated in a few reserved hotels and shuttled between private receptions with A-list elected officials\dots{}.Center City Philadelphia evoked the world as it still often is: a stratified society with privilege and access determined by wealth.}” (NY Times, Confessore \& Chozick, 7\Slash{}29\Slash{}2016; A1) This was the real convention.
\section{Conclusion}
In this fine book, Thomas Frank offers little hope. “\emph{Even if Democrats do succeed in winning the presidency in 2016 and the same old team gets to continue on into the future, it won’t save us\dots{}.Their leadership faction has no intention of doing what the situation requires}.” (255) Their elitist rejection of the working class will continue to make it difficult for them to effectively oppose the right wing. In the current election, Hillary Clinton has to work hard to stay barely ahead of Donald Trump, despite his crackpot policies and bizarre behavior.
Frank’s liberalism leads him to misunderstand much that is going on. The Democratic Party was never a “Party of the People,” nor a “left” party, as he claims. It has always been a party of the ruling rich. In the New Deal, its aim was to save capitalism from itself, as the system collapsed and the working class rebelled. The New Deal did not end the Great Depression—it took World War Two, an inter-imperialist war, to end it. The working class became more quiescent during the post-war prosperity (built partially through a vast spending on armaments). The unions became conservatized and bureaucratic, tied into the Democrats. In the gigantic corporations and the state, there grew a large layer of middle-class professional-managerial personnel.
Around 1970 (the time when Frank sees a change in the class orientation of the Democrats) the post-war boom came to an end. The economy turned increasingly stagnant and unprofitable. Money switched from investing primarily in the stagnant “real economy” (which made things and provided services) to speculation and “finance” (a fictitious economy in which money and paper are exchanged without producing things). To improve overall profitability, an attack on the working class began—to lower their wages, break their unions, and cut their social services. The Republicans were (and are) the cutting edge of the attack, but the Democrats are also part of it, pushing the unions and workers out of their coalition and following anti-working class policies.
Frank does not see a way out. “\emph{There is little the rest of us can do, given the current legal arrangements of this country, to build a vital third-party movement or to revive organized labor, the one social movement that is committed by its nature to pushing back against the inequality trend}.” (256) His only goal is to expose the limitations of the leadership of the Democratic Party.
I agree that the leadership of the Democrats—or even an alternate leadership, such as Sanders offered—will not be enough to stop the continuing decline and decay of U.S. capitalism. Nor will the defeat of Trump end the right-wing threat. (Note similar phenomena happening in European politics, with different parties and personalities.)
But I have not lost hope. I do not expect anything from “third-parties” but I see the beginnings of a revival of organized labor. And there are indications, even in the conservative United States, of an increasing radicalization and militancy among People of Color, youth, LGBT people, women, immigrants, and others who are dissatisfied with the raw deal they have been getting from all sections of the U.S. capitalist class, whether plutocrats or the upper professional-managers. A popular revolution to take away the wealth of the capitalists is not around the corner, nor inevitable at any time, but the possibilities are improving.
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The Anarchist Library
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Anti-Copyright
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\begin{center}
Wayne Price
Party of Which People?
Review of Thomas Frank, Listen, Liberal: Or Whatever Happened to the Party of the People?
August 01, 2016
\bigskip
http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anarkismo.net\Slash{}article\Slash{}29505
Review of Frank's "Listen, Liberal." A leading liberal journalist, he exposes the Democratic Party as dominated by a section of the capitalist class, namely the top of the professional-managerial sector. He demonstrates its acceptance of inequality and its rejection of the working class.
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\textbf{theanarchistlibrary.org}
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\itemau{Skovsmose, Ole; Alr\o, Helle; Valero, Paola}
\itemti{``Before you divide, you have to add'' inter-viewing Indian students' foregrounds.}
\itemso{International perspectives on social justice in mathematics education. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Press. 151-168 (2007).}
\itemab
Summary: Students' cultural diversity is an important factor to consider in a mathematics education concerned with equity. We argue that the significance of mathematics education is not only given by the understanding of mathematical concepts but also by the students' foreground, that is, the students' perception of their future possibilities in life as made apparent to the individual by his/her socio-political context. For students in a cultural borderline position different reasons and intentions for engaging in mathematics learning may be related to the construction of meaning in mathematics. Through inter-viewing Brazilian Indian students' foregrounds, we illuminate the different types of significance given to mathematics education in their particular situation.
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\itemut{cultural diversity; minority education; equal opportunities; student attitudes; intercultural differences; motivation for learning; ethnomathematics}
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\vspace{1cm}{\huge Fonctionnement des Releases }
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\vspace{1cm}{\huge Paquet Debian }
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\hspace{1mm} Afin de centraliser ces logiciels, on utilise des serveurs de dépôts, généralement accessibles depuis internet. Ils permettent de télécharger et installer des logiciels, ou de les mettre à jour. il existe donc des dépôts officiels, mais chacun est libre de créer son propre serveur "non-officiel" et de maintenir ses logiciels. De nombreux logiciels libres sont maintenus par leur développeurs, sur leurs propre serveur de dépôt.
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\hspace{1mm} Debian possède un mécanisme de gestion de ces dépôts. il permet de télécharger depuis ces serveurs de dépôt la liste des programmes maintenus ainsi que leurs versions. l'installation se fera ainsi aussi simplement qu'un “aptitude install logiciel” pour que le système télécharge le paquet et l'installe automatiquement. plusieurs outils et fichiers sont utilisés pour cela : apt-get et aptitude permettent d'installer, supprimer ou mettre à jours des logiciels.
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\hspace{1mm} \textbf{/etc/apt/sources.list} est le fichier qui liste les serveurs de dépôt auprès desquels seront téléchargés les paquets. dpkg est un utilitaire pour manipuler les paquets deb.
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\title{Subcutaneous Allergen Immunotherapy in Children: Real Life Compliance
and Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Compliance}
\author[1]{Elif Soyak Aytekin}%
\author[2]{Ozge Soyer}%
\author[2]{Bulent Sekerel}%
\author[2]{Umit Sahiner}%
\affil[1]{Hacettepe University}%
\affil[2]{Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine}%
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\begin{abstract}
Background: Allergen immunotherapy(AIT) is an effective treatment for
allergic rhinitis, asthma and venom allergy. Compliance is essential for
AIT to obtain maximal benefit as it is a long term treatment. Objective:
We aimed to evaluate the real life compliance of children with
subcutaneous immunotherapy(SCIT) and tried to document the factors
associated. Additionally how COVID-19 pandemic effected the compliance
of the patients and the reasons of drop-outs were also evaluated.
Method: Patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma or
venom allergy and treated with SCIT between 2012 September, 2020 July
were analyzed. Results: The study population comprised of 201 children
(66,7\% male) with a median (interquartile range) age of 12,8(9,4-15,2)
years during the first injection of SCIT. The overall compliance rate
before COVID-19 pandemic was 86,1\%. Short AIT follow up time and venom
allergy were found to be risk factors for drop out. The leading causes
of drop outs were moving to another city/country(32,1\%), improvement of
symptoms(17,8\%), ineffectiveness(14,2\%) and adverse reactions(14,2\%).
During COVID-19 pandemic, among 108 patients receiving AIT, 31(28,7\%)
dropped out the therapy. The most frequent reasons for drop-outs were
fear of being infected with COVID-19(35,4\%) and thinking that the AIT
practise stopped due to COVID-19 pandemic(29\%). Male gender and older
age were found to be the independent risk factors for drop out.
Conclusion: The real life compliance in children was higher than in
adults. Nearly one third of children dropped out during COVID-19
pandemic. Male gender and older age are associated with AIT drop out
during COVID-19 pandemic.%
\end{abstract}%
\sloppy
\textbf{Conclusion:}
The real life compliance in children was higher than in adults. Nearly
one third of children dropped out during COVID-19 pandemic. Male gender
and older age are associated with AIT drop out during COVID-19 pandemic.
\textbf{Keywords:} Aeroallergen, Allergen immunotherapy, Children,
Compliance, COVID-19,
House dust mite, Venom
\textbf{Abbreviations}
\textbf{AIT: Allergen immunotherapy}
\textbf{AR: Allergic Rhinitis}
\textbf{COVID-19: The Coronavirus disease 2019}
\textbf{HDM: House dust mite}
\textbf{SCIT: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy}
\textbf{SLIT: Sublingual immunotherapy}
\textbf{SPT: Skin prick test}
\textbf{VIT: Venom immunotherapy}
\textbf{Introduction}
Allergen immunotherapy is an effective and game-changing treatment
method for allergic rhinitis, venom anaphylaxis and allergic asthma
which can provide immune tolerance for many years. Subcutaneous allergen
immunotherapy (SCIT) is the most commonly used administration route, and
requires repeated administration of allergen extracts for 3 to 5 years
depending on the type of allergen applied.
Compliance is essential for AIT to obtain maximal benefit as it is a
long term treatment. However non-compliance rates may be as high as 50\%
in both adults and children\textsuperscript{1-3}. The major factors
associated to noncompliance are long duration of treatment, frequency of
injections, high medical cost, improvement of systemic reactions over
time, poor perceived efficacy, allergic reactions during vaccinations
and travelling, and differ between centres, health system structure and
cultures\textsuperscript{4-6}. Most of the studies about compliance come
either from adult studies or from study populations involving both
adults and children; the ones involving only pediatric age group are
very limited\textsuperscript{3}.
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic not only affected
people with COVID-19 infection but also disrupted the treatment of
patients with chronic diseases. In this period, some changes in the
pattern of hospital admissions was recognized. A study from northern
Italy showed a significant decrease in acute coronary syndrome related
hospitalization rates across several cardiovascular centers in northern
Italy during the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak\textsuperscript{7}.
During that period, a significant increase in mortality was reported
that was not fully explained by COVID-19 cases alone, and thought to be
due to failure to access medical attention. In this period, we also
observed a reduction in pediatric outpatient admissions for AIT.
In the present study we aimed to investigate the real life compliance of
children with SCIT and tried to document the factors associated with
compliance. Additionally we evaluated how the COVID-19 pandemic effected
the compliance of our patients and the reasons that caused drop-outs.
\textbf{Methods}
\textbf{Study population}
Two hundred and one children who had allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma
or venom allergy and treated with SCIT at Hacettepe University Medical
School Hospital, Department of Pediatric Allergy between 2012 September,
2020 July were included in the study. The study protocol was reviewed
and approved by our University Institutional Review Board.
AIT was administered to patients with allergic rhinits and/or allergic
asthma who had uncontrolled AR symptoms along with medical treatments
and avoidance measures; AIT was given to patiens with asthma only if
their disease is allergic and mild to moderate in severity; and venom
immunotherapy (VIT) was administered to patients who had a history of at
least one systemic reaction after Apis mellifera and/or Vespula stings
and positive diagnostic test reactions (skin prick test(SPT) or specific
immunoglobulin E (sIgE) for culprit insect venom.
Patients' demographic data, diagnosis of allergic disease, AIT regimen,
date of initiation of AIT, compliance and drop-out were noted from their
medical records, retrospectively up to the COVID-19 pandemic period,
afterwards it was reported prospectively. The treatment adherence of
patients in COVID-19 period was defined as the time between the first
confirmed case of COVID-19 in Turkey (Mach 15, 2020) and June 15, 2020.
\textbf{Diagnosing Allergic rhinitis/allergic asthma and venom allergy}
The diagnoses and therapies of AR and asthma and venom allergy were
defined according to the allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma
(ARIA)\textsuperscript{8} and Global Initiative for Asthma
(GINA)\textsuperscript{9} and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology guidelines\textsuperscript{10}, respectively.
\textbf{Immunotherapy Application and Compliance Assessment}
Patients were applied one of Alutard SQ 100\% vespula or Apis mellifera
(Alutard SQ, ALK, H\selectlanguage{ngerman}ørsholm, Denmark) venom immunotherapy, Allergovit
Grass 006 (Allergopharma Joachim Ganzer KG, Hamburg, Germany) allergen
immunotherapy or NovoHelisen Depot HDM \%50 DP+\%50 DF (Allergopharma
Joachim Ganzer KG, Hamburg, Germany) allergen immunotherapies. VIT doses
were administered in 1-week intervals and were gradually increased to
the maintenance dose over 6 months\textsuperscript{11}. Then,
maintenance doses were administered every 4 to 6 weeks for up to 5
year\textsuperscript{12}. AIT doses for grass allergy and house dust
mite(HDM) allergy; were administered in 1-week intervals and were
gradually increased to the maintenance doses over 6 weeks in grass and
14 weeks in HDM\textsuperscript{13}. Then, maintenance doses were
administered every 4 to 6 weeks for up to 4 years.
Compliance was defined as receiving the allergen immunotherapy according
to the prescribed treatment course for each patient, and evaluated
during the \selectlanguage{english}first-year, second-year, third year, fourth-year, and
\selectlanguage{english}fifth-year, or treatment completion. Patients who had \selectlanguage{english}[?]2 two week breaks
from their de\selectlanguage{english}fined treatment schedule per year were accepted to be in
excellent compliance, 3 to 4 two week breaks were in good compliance, 5
to 6 two week breaks were fair compliance, and 7 or more two week breaks
were poor compliance\textsuperscript{14}. Patients who had three
consecutive months delay from their defined treatment schedule were
accepted as dropped out\textsuperscript{15}. The reasons for drop-out
was recorded.
\textbf{Statistics}
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0 statistical
software package (IBM SPSS Statistics, USA). First normality tests for
continuous variables were performed and as all of the continuous
variables were distributed non-normally the results were given as median
{[}inter-quartile range(IQR){]}. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests
were used to compare nonparametric values. For the risk analysis of
drop-outs variables were selected if the p value was less than 0.20 in
the univariate analysis and included in multivariate analysis. Odds
ratios (ORs) with relevant 95\% confidence intervals (CIs) were
calculated to evaluate potential associations. Values of P\textless{}.05
were accepted as significant.
\textbf{Results}
\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{The Real Life Results Before COVİD-19 Pandemic (2012
September-2020 March)}\selectlanguage{english}
There were 201 children who received SCIT injections between 2012
September, 2020 March. According to the demographic data there was a
predominance of male gender (134, 66.7\%). The median AIT start age was
12.8 (9.4-15.2) years and the median treatment duration was 40.7
(20.4-49.9) months. Of the patients, 47.8\% had a family history of
atopy. The demographic characteristics of the study participants are
summarized in Table I.
The number of the patients treated with immunotherapy for allergic
rhinitis, asthma and venom allergy were 154 (76,6\%), 10 (5\%) and 37
(18,4\%), respectively. Regarding the immunotherapy composition, pollen
immunotherapy was predominant (78.1\%), followed by venom (18.4\%) and
house dust mite (3.5\%). Ninety three patients (46,2\%) completed the
treatment and 108 patients continued to receive AIT during the course of
the study. The overall compliance rate was 86.1\%. Among the compliant
groups, all patients had excellent compliance in first and second year
of therapy. After two years of therapy, 93.6\% of patients had excellent
compliance and 4,6\% and 1,5\% had good and fair compliance,
respectively. (Table III) Twenty eight patients(13.9\%) stopped AIT
before recommended time. Two patients dropped out in year 1 (0,99\%), 10
in year 2 (5,8\%), and 16 (10,8\%), after 2 years of therapy. Cumulative
proportions of patients who continue allergen immunotherapy over time
was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. (Figure I)
In the drop-out group AIT follow up time was significiantly low
(p\textless{}0.001) whereas venom allergy and asthma were significiantly
higher compared to compliant group (p\textless{}0.001). (Table I) Among
the drop-out patients, moving to another city/country (32,1\%) was the
most frequent reason for drop-out. The other reasons included
improvement of symptoms(17,8\%), ineffectiveness of the therapy
(14,2\%), adverse reaction (14,2\%), long distance to hospital (6,8\%),
frequency of injections (10,7\%) and inability to access immunotherapy
agent (3,5\%). (Table II)
\textbf{COVID-19 pandemic period}
The COVID-19 pandemic started officially in mid March 2020 in our
country. One hundred and eight patients were receiving AIT, when
pandemic started. Among these, 31 patients (28,7\%) dropped out the
therapy and breaks were observed in 15 patients (13,8\%). Among the
drop-out group, the median treatment duration was 40 (29-49.8) months.
The most frequent reason for drop-out was fear of being infected with
COVID-19 (35.4\%), thinking that the AIT practise stopped due to
COVID-19 pandemic (29\%). The other reasons included transportation
problems due to intercity transportation and and curfew (22.7\%),
inability to access medication (6.5\%) having a COVID-19 infected family
number (3.2\%) and few doses left to finalize the treatment (3.2\%)
(Table II).
Drop-out rate was significiantly higher in older age(p=0.004) and male
gender(p=0.045).(Table IV) AIT duration was significiantly high in the
drop-out group according to the compliant group(p=0.018).
We further performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression
analysis for the risk factors for the development of the drop-out during
the COVID-19 pandemic. Male gender {[}OR:2.972, 95\%CI:1.132-7.804, P =
.027{]} and higher age {[}OR:1.209, 95\%CI:1.064-1.375, P = .004{]} were
found to be the independent risk factors for drop-out during COVID-19
pandemic.(Table V)
\textbf{Discussion}
Results of our study showed that the overall compliance rate among
patients receiving AIT was 86,1\% and short duration of AIT and
receiving venom or asthma immunotherapy were found to be associated with
non-compliance. In addition, the most common reasons for drop-out were
moving to another city, improvement of symptoms and ineffectiveness.
However, nearly one-third of children dropped out during the COVID-19
pandemic, and fear of being infected with COVID-19 was the most common
reason.
Compliance rates for SCIT range from 44\% to 89\%, in the present study
compliance found to be better than other studies\textsuperscript{3}.
Similar to our results, Pajno et all found that AIT compliance of
children on SCIT was 89\%\textsuperscript{4}. In a population of 311
allergic adult and child patients receiving dust mite SCIT in China,
34,5\% of caseswere noncompliant and ineffectiveness(28\%) was the
leading reason for drop-out\textsuperscript{15}. The cost of AIT in our
country is under the umbrella of social security system. This may be a
major reason for high compliance rates we achieved. Additionally our
staff reminds the patients if a patient does not come to a regular visit
(except COVID-19 period).
We concluded that drop-out was significiantly higher in patients who
receiving immunotherapy for asthma and venom allergy. As the patients
who received VIT admitted from another city, most of them dropped out
due to the long distance or frequency of injections. However in previous
studies, the association of kind of respiratory allergic diseases and
adherence were inconsistent. In one study, allergic conjunctivitis were
found associated with non-adherence whereas in other study patients with
asthma and rhinitis were found more adherent\textsuperscript{16,17}.
More et all reported that the kind of respiratory allergic diseases was
not correlated with adherence\textsuperscript{18}.
In the current literature the data about the AIT compliance were mostly
attained from studies in adults, and there are few data related to SCIT
adherence in children. The studies comparing different age groups with
respect to the AIT compliance give us conflicting
results\textsuperscript{19,20}. Yang et all found that children had
higher adherence than adults\textsuperscript{15}. Lee et al concluded
that patients aged \textless{}20 years and 20-40 years were more likely
to be nonadherent than those aged \textgreater{}40 years. Rhodes found,
nonadherent patients were younger\textsuperscript{21}.
In the present study, gender did not influence the adherence rate before
pandemic. However during the COVID-19 pandemic period males droped out
more significantly. Musa, Rhodes and Gelincik found no correlation with
gender\textsuperscript{5,20,21}. Rhodes found, males were more
nonadherent\textsuperscript{21}. However in Yang' and Lower's study
males had higher adherence\textsuperscript{2,15}.
Our results suggested that moving to another city (32,9\%) was the main
cause of drop-outs. Due to the lack of allergologists in some cities,
treatment could not be resumed. In addition, all of the patients
receiving AIT were at school age, and increased injection frequency,
transportation to different city and long distances probably caused
school absences and AIT drop-out.
Improvement of symptoms was the second leading reason of drop out
(17,9\%). Lourenco reported that the frequency of drop-out because of
clinical improvement was 23\% and mostly during the second and third
year of SCIT\textsuperscript{19}. Yang reported it as
22\%\textsuperscript{15}.
We found treatment ineffectiveness (14,3\%) as another important reason
of AIT drop-outs. Ineffectiveness was reported in previous studies in 8
to 66\% of drop-out results\textsuperscript{1,4,15,19,20}. Adverse
reactions were also reported in several studies as a reason for
drop-outs in 3,9\% to -11\% of drop-outs\textsuperscript{19,21}.
Systemic reactions were also one of the leading reasons for drop-out
(14,3\%) in the present study although it was not reported frequently in
our center previously\textsuperscript{22,23}(24). In contrast to
literature, cost was not a reason for drop-out in the present study as
AIT treatment is covered by social security system of our country.
During the COVID-19 pandemic period, in allergy department, patient
admissions were stopped except for emergency situations and
immunotherapy vaccination. Even so, among the 108 patients receiving
AIT, 31 (28,7\%) dropped out. Fear of being infected with COVID-19 was
the most reason. Although the necessary precautions were taken, the
patients chose not to continue to AIT, as the hospital was a COVID-19
pandemic center. Twenty nine percent of patients dropped out thinking
that the AIT was cancelled because of the news on the press that the
admissions of patients stopped except for emergencies. In COVID-19
pandemic period, intercity transportation was banned and, in most of the
cities including Ankara curfews were declared. This situation resulted
in 22,7\% of patients's drop-out due to transportation problems. Six and
a half percent of patients could not get access to allergen extract. One
patient was unable to continue AIT, as his father, a health worker, was
hospitalized because of COVID-19 pneumonia. One patient's AIT was
terminated earlier, who was an out of town patient and in the final
months of AIT.
Older age and male gender were correlated with drop-out during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Closure of schools and home-quarantine during
pandemic was reported to cause anxiety in
adolescents\textsuperscript{24}. Older adolescens may have taken the
treatment responsibility themselves and tended to refuse outpatient
admission. Besides, male sex was reported as a risk factor for COVID-19
severity\textsuperscript{25}. These might be associated with reduced
outpatient admissions.
Longer AIT duration, was found to be associated with drop-out during the
COVID-19 pandemic period. We may speculate that the effectiveness of the
AIT up to this period, might cause noncompliance.
Although our study brings some new data to the field there are some
limitation. Firstly, this is a retrospective study up to the COVID-19
pandemic period, and there are some missing data related laboratory
parameters. Secondly, in the present study, definition of compliance
differs from in many studies and may lead to difficulty in comparing
factors associated with AIT compliance. Thirdly, some of the patient's
immunotherapy is stilll ongoing. Therefore the compliance rate may be
higher than other studies for this reason. Despite this limitations, the
present study had the benefits of a large study population including
only children and analyzes the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on AIT for
the first time.
\textbf{Conclusion:}
In conclusion our study demonstrated that the SCIT compliance of
children is higher than adults. Moving to another city, improvement of
symptoms and ineffectiveness are the leading reasons for drop-out.
Besides, COVID-19 pandemic significiantly reduced the compliance of AIT,
nearly one-third of children, especially in older ages and males.
However, we conclude that the drop-outs during the COVID-19 pandemic can
be prevented by an effective physician and patient/family communication
and, by helping with problems and doubts.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
All authors declared that there are no conflict of interest and no
funding. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. The
study protocol has been approved by the local ethical committee, and all
parents/guardians provided written informed consent.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to the pediatric allergy department staff who prepare,
coordinate and administer our clinic immunotherapy program and to the
medical staff in outlying offices who help administer the program.
\textbf{TABLES}
\textbf{Table I.} Demographic and clinical characteristics of study
population\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Whole group, n=201\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Compliant group n=173\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Drop-out Group n=28\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
AIT start age*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{12,8 (9,4-15,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{12,9 (9,9-15,3)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{11,1 (7,5-14,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,081}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Current age*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{15,9 (13,1-18,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{16,0 (13,2-18,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{15,5 (11,6-18,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,250}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Gender M (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{134 (66,7\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{112 (64,7\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{22(78,6\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,150}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
AIT duration\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{40,7 (20,4-49,9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{43,5 (24,1-50,4)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{23,6 (14,3-35,6)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}0.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Reasons for AIT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Reasons for AIT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Asthma n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{10 (5,0\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{4 (2,3\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6 (21,4\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-AR\selectlanguage{ngerman}±Asthma n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{154 (76,6\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{138 (79,8\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{16 (57,2\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Venom, n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{37(18,4\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{31(17,9\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6 (21,4\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}0.001}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Family history of atopy, n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{96 (47,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{84 (48,5\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{12 (42,8\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Type of AIT n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Type of AIT n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Grass\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{157 (78,1)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{135 (78,1\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{22 (78,6\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Venom\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{37 (18,4)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{31 (17,9\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6 (21,4\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,523}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-House dust mite\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{7 (3,5)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{7 (4,0\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total IgE kU/L*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{218,5 (110,2-467,7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{202 (100-439)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{290 (184-814)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,024}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Esinophil number /mm3*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{200 (100-400)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{200 (100-300)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{300 (100-400)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,108}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Eosinophil \%*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3,1 (1,9-5,4)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3,1 (1,9-4,9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3.5 (2,4-5,9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,217}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
*Median (interquartile range)
\textbf{Table II.} Reasons of drop-outs before COVID-19 pandemics and
during COVID-19 pandemics\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
Before COVID-19 pandemic n(\%) Total population:201 & Before COVID-19
pandemic n(\%) Total population:201 & During COVID-19 pandemic n(\%)
Total population:108 & During COVID-19 pandemic n(\%) Total
population:108\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Systemic reaction & \textbf{4 (14,3)} & \textbf{Fear of being infected
with COVID-19} & \textbf{11 (35,4)}\tabularnewline
Moving to another city & \textbf{9 (32,1)} & \textbf{Thinking that the
SIT practise was stopped due to COVID-19} & \textbf{9
(29)}\tabularnewline
Long distance & \textbf{2 (7,1)} & \textbf{Problems of transportation} &
\textbf{7 (22,7)}\tabularnewline
Poor efficacy of AIT & \textbf{4 (14,3)} & \textbf{Inability to access
allergen extract} & \textbf{2 (6,5)}\tabularnewline
Improvement of symptoms & \textbf{5 (17,9)} & \textbf{Having a COVID-19
infected family member} & \textbf{1 (3,2)}\tabularnewline
Frequency of injections & \textbf{3 (10,7)} & \textbf{Few doses left to
finalize the treatment} & \textbf{1 (3,2)}\tabularnewline
Inability to access medication & \textbf{1 (3,6)} & &\tabularnewline
Total drop-outs & \textbf{28 (100)} & \textbf{Total drop-outs} &
\textbf{31 (100\%)}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\textbf{Table III. The compliance and drop-out numbers of the whole
study population.}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
Drop-out & Drop-out & Compliance & Compliance & Compliance &
Compliance\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
& & Excellent & Good & Fair & Bad\tabularnewline
1st year n:201 & \textbf{2 (1\%)} & \textbf{199 (99\%)} & \textbf{0} &
\textbf{0} & \textbf{0}\tabularnewline
2nd year n:172 & \textbf{10 (5,7\%)} & \textbf{162 (94,3)} & \textbf{0}
& \textbf{0} & \textbf{0}\tabularnewline
[?]3rd year n:147 & \textbf{16 (10,8\%)} & \textbf{123 (83,8\%)} &
\textbf{6 (4\%)} & \textbf{2 (1,4\%)} & \textbf{0}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\textbf{Table IV.} Demographic and clinical characteristics of the
drop-out patients during COVID-19 pandemic\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
COVID-19 drop-out group n=31\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
COVID-19 compliant group n=77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
AIT start age*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{14.3 (11,0-16,4)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{12.9 (8,8-15,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,094}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Current age*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{17.5 (13,6-19,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{14.5 (10,8-17,1)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,004}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Gender M (\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{23/8 (66,7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{41 (53,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,045}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
AIT duration\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{40.0 (29,0-49,8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{28.6 (9,8-42,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,018}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Reasons for AIT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Reasons for AIT\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Asthma n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0 (0,0)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3 (3,9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,356}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-AR\selectlanguage{ngerman}±Asthma n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{25 (80,6)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{60 (77.9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Venom, n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6 (19,4)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{14 (18,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Family history of atopy, n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{20 (64,6)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{46 (59,7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0,979}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Type of AIT n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Type of AIT n(\%)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Grass\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{22 (71\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{59 (76,6\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.689}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-Venom\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6 (19,4\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{14 (18,2\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-House dust mite\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3 (9,6\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{4 (5,2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total IgE*,kU/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{197 (26-512)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{196 (70-312)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.918}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Eosinophil number /mm3*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{200 (100-400)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{200 (100-400)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.765}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Eosinophil \%*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{2.9 (1.3-6.0)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3.2 (1.9-5.8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.823}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\textbf{Table V.} Results of univariate and multivariate analysis of
factors associated with AIT compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllll@{}}
\toprule
& Univariate & Univariate & Univariate & Multivariate & Multivariate &
Multivariate\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
& \textbf{OR} & \textbf{95\%CI} & \textbf{P} & \textbf{OR} &
\textbf{95\%CI} & \textbf{P}\tabularnewline
Current age & 1,193 & 1,051-1,354 & 0,006 & 1,209 & 1,064-1,375 &
0,004\tabularnewline
Gender (Male) & 2,524 & 1,005-6,339 & 0,049 & 2,972 & 1,132-7,804 &
0,027\tabularnewline
Duration of AIT & 1,040 & 1,011-1,070 & 0,007 & & &\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\textbf{Figure Legends:}
\textbf{Figure I:Allergen immunotherapy compliance over time by
Kaplan-Meier analysis}
\textbf{KAYNAKLAR}
1. Cohn JR, Pizzi A. Determinants of patient compliance with allergen
immunotherapy. \emph{Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.}
1993;91(3):734-737.
2. Lower T, Henry J, Mandik L, Janosky J, Friday Jr G. Compliance with
allergen immunotherapy. \emph{Annals of allergy.} 1993;70(6):480.
3. Incorvaia C, Mauro M, Ridolo E, et al. Patient's compliance with
allergen immunotherapy. \emph{Patient preference and adherence.}
2008;2:247.
4. Vita D, Caminiti L, Arrigo T, Lombardo F, Incorvaia C, ni Barberio G.
Children's compliance with allergen immunotherapy according to
administration routes. \emph{Journal of allergy and clinical
immunology.} 2005;116(6):1380.
5. Musa F, Al-Ahmad M, Arifhodzic N, Al-Herz W. Compliance with allergen
immunotherapy and factors affecting compliance among patients with
respiratory allergies. \emph{Human vaccines \& immunotherapeutics.}
2017;13(3):514-517.
6. Cox LS, Hankin C, Lockey R. Allergy immunotherapy adherence and
delivery route: location does not matter.\emph{The Journal of Allergy
and Clinical Immunology: In Practice.}2014;2(2):156-160. e152.
7. De Filippo O, D'Ascenzo F, Angelini F, et al. Reduced rate of
hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy.
\emph{New England Journal of Medicine.}2020.
8. Bro\selectlanguage{polish}ż\selectlanguage{english}ek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and
its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. \emph{Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology.} 2010;126(3):466-476.
9. Pedersen SE, Hurd SS, Lemanske Jr RF, et al. Global strategy for the
diagnosis and management of asthma in children 5 years and younger.
\emph{Pediatric pulmonology.}2011;46(1):1-17.
10. Bilo B, Rueff F, Mosbech H, Bonifazi F, Oude-Elberink J,
Hypersensitivity EIGoIV. Diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy.
\emph{Allergy.} 2005;60(11):1339-1349.
11. Golden DB. Insect sting allergy and venom immunotherapy: a model and
a mystery. \emph{Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.}
2005;115(3):439-447.
12. Jutel M, Agache I, Bonini S, et al. International consensus on
allergy immunotherapy. \emph{Journal of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology.} 2015;136(3):556-568.
13. Chaker A, Al-Kadah B, Luther U, Neumann U, Wagenmann M. An
accelerated dose escalation with a grass pollen allergoid is safe and
well-tolerated: a randomized open label phase II trial. \emph{Clinical
and translational allergy.}2015;6(1):1-7.
14. Leader BA, Rotella M, Stillman L, DelGaudio JM, Patel ZM, Wise SK.
Immunotherapy compliance: comparison of subcutaneous versus sublingual
immunotherapy. Paper presented at: International forum of allergy \&
rhinology2016.
15. Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang L, et al. Risk factors and strategies in
nonadherence with subcutaneous immunotherapy: a real-life study. Paper
presented at: International Forum of Allergy \& Rhinology2018.
16. Donahue JG, Greineder DK, Connor-Lacke L, Canning CF, Platt R.
Utilization and cost of immunotherapy for allergic asthma and rhinitis.
\emph{Annals of Allergy, Asthma \& Immunology.} 1999;82(4):339-347.
17. Mahesh P, Vedanthan P, Amrutha D, Giridhar B, Prabhakar A. Factors
associated with non-adherence to specific allergen immunotherapy in
management of respiratory allergy.\emph{The Indian journal of chest
diseases \& allied sciences.}2010;52(2):91.
18. More DR, Hagan LL. Factors affecting compliance with allergen
immunotherapy at a military medical center. \emph{Annals of Allergy,
Asthma \& Immunology.}2002;88(4):391-394.
19. Lourenco T, Fernandes M, Coutinho C, Lopes A, Neto M. Subcutaneous
immunotherapy with aeroallergens Evaluation of adherence in real life.
\emph{European annals of allergy and clinical immunology.}
2020;52(2):84-90.
20. Gelincik A, Demir S, Olga\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç M, et al. High adherence to subcutaneous
immunotherapy in a real-life study from a large tertiary medical center.
Paper presented at: Allergy \& Asthma Proceedings2017.
21. Rhodes BJ. Patient dropouts before completion of optimal dose,
multiple allergen immunotherapy.\emph{Annals of Allergy, Asthma \&
Immunology.} 1999;82(3):281-286.
22. Çetinkaya PG, Esenbo\selectlanguage{polish}ğ\selectlanguage{english}a S, Soyer \selectlanguage{ngerman}ÖU, Tuncer A, \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ekerel BE, \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ahiner
\selectlanguage{ngerman}ÜM. Subcutaneous venom immunotherapy in children: Efficacy and safety.
\emph{Annals of Allergy, Asthma \& Immunology.} 2018;120(4):424-428.
23. Gur Cetinkaya P, Kahveci M, Esenbo\selectlanguage{polish}ğ\selectlanguage{english}a S, et al. Systemic and large
local reactions during subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy in
children. \emph{Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.} 2020.
24. Kilincel S KO, Muratdagi G, Aydin A, Usta MB. Factors affecting the
anxiety levels of adolescents in home-quarantine during COVID-19
pandemic in Turkey. \emph{Asia Pacific Psychiatry.} 2020 Aug
2011;e12406.
25. G\selectlanguage{ngerman}ötzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A, et al. COVID-19 in
children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort
study. \emph{The Lancet Child \& Adolescent Health.} 2020.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figure--AIT/figure--AIT}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}
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\title{The Motives for Communism}
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\author{Josiah Warren}
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\section{COMMUNISM}
Mesdames Editors: How often have I said to myself, “Oh, for a paper of world-wide circulation, through which we could pour into the public lap the most important results of our lives’ experience! That others who come after us may avoid the thorny paths that have lacerated our feet—may profit by our errors and successes. I hope and believe that your is, or will be, such a paper: and in it I propose to furnish a series of articles, showing the practical workings of Communism and other reform experiments running through the forty-six years devoted to peaceful social revolution; and it will be seen that some facts are more strange than fiction, more philosophical than philosophy, more romantic than romance and more conservative than conservatism.
\chapter{Article I}
When Robert Owen came to this country in 1825 I listened to some of his sublime discourses and read some of his publications, from which it appeared that, unless some peaceful revolution could be devised, the working classes, driven to starvation by machinery and destructive competition between themselves, would be compelled to choose between death by destitution and an effort to save themselves by violent revolution.
He showed us that in Communism, instead of working against each other as in competition, we should all work for each other while working for ourselves. A problem that had been profoundly considered by the wisest of our race, but which had always baffled the highest stretch of genius. It appeared that mutual help would beget mutual sympathy, or social harmony. That labor would be reduced to two or three hours a day, leaving abundance of leisure for new enterprises and general improvement. That the jealousies and antagonisms between the poor and the rich would be at an end, and a fellow feeling would grow up from equality of condition. No more horrible crimes, or punishments still more horrible. No more children crying for bread. No more suicides for fear of starvation. No more drunkenness from despair. No more prostitution to escape starvation. No more wars about the profits in trade nor for the privileges of governing, for the government was to consist of all above a certain age. The business of nations would not be the destruction of each other, but a mutual interchange of services beneficial to each.
Sick at heart with the habitual contemplation of the frauds and cruelties of men toward each other, and the miseries in different forms that had surrounded me from childhood, all growing out of the crudity of our civilization, and seeing no hope of change, I had, at the age of 23, become willing to shut my eyes forever; but here was a new sun arisen! and my young and ardent spirit grasped at it as at the breath of life. Mr. Owen had become a new god to me, and I said to myself, now I have an object worth living for!
I was not alone in these views and feelings; several excellent people of rare intelligence and thoughtful habits joined in a project to start a community in the neighborhood of Cincinnati.
The next article will show how it worked.
I would gladly avoid the imputation of egotism, but for the sake of giving definite responsibility, and as simple truth works better than anything short of it, and to put myself in communication with readers, I give my name and place of residence.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article II}
Some facts are more strange than fiction, more philosophical than philosophy, more romantic than romance and more conservative than conservatism.
In my previous article I spoke of some of the motives for communism; and, certainly, no higher or more holy motive can possibly actuate human beings. We now come to the way it worked.
We had assembled with a view of organizing a community, as I said, in the vicinity of Cincinnati. We were in the best of humor with each other, and expectations ran high. After a little preliminary conversation, the idea of organizing a meeting came up; but who should call us to “order?” No one felt “authorized” to do it, and each one seemed to feel a modest objection to assume authority. At last, one seemed to think that, if anything was done, somebody must do it, and he modestly laid aside his modesty and “called the meeting to order,” and proposed the appointment of a chairman. Of course, no one objected, and chairman was appointed, not without some embarrassment in selecting one for “the honor of presiding” where all were admitted to be equally entitled to it.
The first subject proposed for consideration was a name for the contemplated community. One proposed “the practical Christians.” Another objected that there were some very good Jews with us, and he hoped there would be many; not only so, but this movement was, we hoped, to become world-wide, including all beliefs and all non-beliefs in natural co-operation and harmonious feeling; and it would seem contrary to this all-embracing brotherly spirit to adopt a name that would imply anything like sectism or tend to divide us into insiders and outsiders. He said, it pained him to be obliged to say any thing adverse to what the brother had proposed, for we look for perfect “unity” in this movement. The other replied that we need not look for unity till all were willing “to stand up for Jesus.” This is the first dash of cold water upon our kindling enthusiasm, and it was felt keenly by several who endeavored to allay the disturbed feeling by various remarks, all differing to some extent with each other; and the evening was spent without coming to any conclusion as to the name. If we came near to any one conclusion from the proceedings, I think it was not that “unity” that we had expected to see among us.
The next meeting was spent in a similar manner, but with the brotherly feeling somewhat diminished though no one could hardly acknowledge the fact to himself. At the next meeting we fortunately hit upon the experience of naming the community by the place of its locality, whatever that might eventually be. That being settled, the next thing was a constitution. A committee was appointed to draft one, at the meeting following, it was brought forward for acceptance. There were perhaps about thirty articles in it, and we found it impossible to agree on three of them that evening. In fact, we got into confusion. The chairman felt embarrassed, and the rest of us, (some at least) began to feel that this was not the “Unity” we had expected. Just in proportion as we desired to perserve this “unity” we hesitated to express conflicting opinions; some were consequently silent and their opinions were unknown even in regard to a measure with was to involve the whole life’s destiny.
At this meeting I said “Friends, we have certainly committed some mistake somewhere: I do not know where it is: but if we were right, there would not be so much friction in our machinery. I will go down to New Harmony and join Mr. Owen’s Community. He knows how to do it. I will go to school to him; and when I have got the lessons I will report to you.”
[These friends went on and organized, and moved out about thirty miles from Cincinnati—failed within a year and returned to Cincinnati discouraged.]
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article III}
I knew nothing then about Individuality. I had, indeed, heard that individual ownership was one of the great roots of human evil, and that Communism was to be the remedy. The idea of individuality being the germ of “intellectual anarchy” had not yet reached this country, where we were asleep like the man in the boat that was silently gliding over the cataract of Niagara. I had heard of the monarch who, in reply to a proposition to educate the people, said “he did not want learned opponents; he wanted obedient subjects.” There certainly can be no “intellectual anarchy” where there is no intellect. The monarch was right in his conclusions from his premises: if one mind is to govern millions, these millions must have no minds; but, like dried herrings on a stick, their intellectual eyes must be punched out, all life must be extinguished, and they must all be dried and fixed to one pattern. As I have said, knowing nothing about Individuality (as the great, supreme, divine[1] law of order, progress and repose); I had plunged my hand into scalding water and suddenly withdrew it, and was now ready to plunge into it over head and ears.
I began to prepare for joining Mr. Owen at New Harmony, Indiana. Among my customers were some very good friends who endeavored to dissuade me from the contemplated step. One said, “Now, it isn’t possible, is it, that thee is going to break up thy nice, comfortable home and business, and risk all in an untried experiment that may disappoint thee at last?”
“O, my dear, sir, it is because is untried that it requires to be tried. I don’t fear that I shall ever want for business: and besides, in the present condition of things and people in general, life has no charms for me.”
“But, then, how can thee succeed, when thee knows that minds differ so much from each other, they cannot agree, and how can they walk together unless they be agreed ?”
“O, my friend, we must yield these little difference for the great general good.”
“Well, I hope thee will not be disappointed, but I fear thee will.”
Several other friends went over just about the same ground with me, and though I fully appreciated their kindness I thought my replies ought (in view of the public good) to overbalance their objections. My wife, too, a most careful and judicious woman, was as much in favor of the movement as I was, and I began to sell off and give away some of the goods in the store, and send other notions to be sold at auction, let my house for a year, bought a “flat boat” and floated down the Ohio river, bag and baggage, and reached New Harmony about the first of May, 1825.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article IV}
We found New Harmony to be a clean, handsome village with substantial buildings, wood and brick, capable of housing about eight hundred people, most of whom had already arrived. There were very intelligent people from Philadelphia, Washington, London, Paris and other cities, all as enthusiastic as ourselves. Mr. Owen had purchased the whole of the Rappite community which had just left. In the town there was a woollen factory all in running order, a large grist mill, a little outside of town, twenty-eight hundred acres, I believe, of the best land well timbered. Mr. William McClure, a life-long philanthropist and “the father of geology in this country,” with millions of money all ready to embark in the movement, with an immense collection of apparatus for model industrial schools, with a set of Pestalozian teachers whom he had met and engaged in Europe, paying them salaries from the time they started and their passage across the Atlantic. A rare library of very scarce and valuable books, costing perhaps thirty thousand dollars. Mr. Owen had another and particularly a musical library, containing a copy of all the pieces that in London were thought worth having; and, what Mr. Owen playfully termed “a whole boat load of learning,” books without number on the sciences and professors to match. I give these particulars so that our failure can not be attributed to the common explanation, “want of means.”
We had a Constitution (of course) of perhaps about thirty articles, one of which was that all the members were to give their best services for the general interests; but we had no sooner sat down to the committee table and got a subject before us, than we found that we differed widely as to what would best promote the best interests of the society; and the more we talked, the more points of difference were raised (as usual) and we were obliged to leave the decision to Mr. Owen at last. Here was king and council at the very outset! This looked ominous, but I supposed it was the best that could be done in the crude state in which we found ourselves.
Everyone felt free to express any opinion he or she might entertain on any subject, without fear of a Bastile, or even of offence, and as there was a great deal of active intellect assembled there, and in dead earnest, upon subjects entirely untried, no wonder that we could scarcely find much “unity” of opinion on any subject that came up.
I am not now writing the history of the present time among Reformers, but of Communism in New Harmony in 1825. If one is a description of the other, the fact may help us in the end to a solution that will well pay for the study it may cost.
We could not get things into working order. The people, having no land of their own, could not set themselves to work, but must wait for orders from superintendent; and superintendents must be appointed by the committee, and the committee were not sufficiently familiar with the business to be done nor with the qualifications of persons for superintendents, and besides they were busy with other matters, equally embarrassing.
We now heard complaints of “idleness,”—a desire to “shun labor,”—but those complaints came from those who, having had an over share of labor their whole lives, very naturally would like to escape from it and have a little rest; never even suspecting that the subjects of their criticism wished above all things to be at work, not only for their own personal comfort, but for the sake of the cause that had brought them there. It was almost impossible to believe one’s eyes when they saw two eminent physicians right from their practices in Philadelphia, the one in the harvest field, in the hot July suns, week after week, and the other, a young and light framed man, rolling logs the whole day long, doing more than the share of one man, among those who had done such work all their lives.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article V}
Here we are, eight hundred of us, living mainly at Mr. Owens expense, at the rate of \$9,000 a mouth.
Economy was now the word, and the expenses of living were reduced to the lowest living rates. We had, as I said, a ”Constitution, and this called for ”Equality;” and one member who had not thought much upon such subjects, demanded an opportunity of keeping the public-house his share of the time, in order to get his share of the good things that were promised for visitors, and so persistent was he that a public meeting of the whole population (of legislative age) was called to give him a hearing, although it excited only laughter in some, and sadness in others, to see so noble an enterprise produce such results: but we had got a ”Constitution” like all other Constitutions or rather, it had got us, for we were bound to carry out its requirements, however absurdly they might be interpreted; or else alter or abolish it. Very soon a meeting was called for public business, and it was proposed to alter the Constitution in several respects. Conflicting views consumed that evening without result, and the meeting was adjourned to the next day, and the next day was taken up in trying to make a “Constitution,” instead of making food and clothing. After several days spent in this way, a great variety of subjects being agitated, the ”Constitution was altered (if not amended) but the meetings and conflicting opinions consumed day after day and week after week, and led to dividing the society into three societies or departments—the agricultural, the mechanical, and the educational. Here was a step toward individuality; but it was thought best as a step out of, instead of into, “confusion and anarchy.”
Mr. Owen, believing that a uniformity of dress would have a tendency to allay jealousies and envy, proposed that the women wear what was called the tunic (what is now called the bloomer dress) and that the men wear something similar while aiming in this way to produce a feeling of equality among ourselves, he did not seem to think of the other fact that while this might bring us nearer together in feeling, it would drive outsiders further from us, when our object was not to build up a sect, but by including all mankind in an effort for harmonious life, to abolish sectism and clanship. This was the first intimation I had that my new god might possibly prove to be human.
We now began to hear of the failures of several community experiments in this country, and that of Orbiston in Scotland, managed by Abraham Coombe, who, after superhuman effort and intense anxiety, died of exhaustion and a broken heart.
Discontents among ourselves now began to appear in the succession of ten or twelve families from us, and going by themselves out upon the unsettled lands, believing that they, at least, who thought and felt so nearly alike, could succeed, but in a few weeks they returned to the main town defeated, but could not seem to explain why they failed. Then another little company went out, and another and another-—in all, from first to last. ten attempts of this kind were made, each very confident that if they only meant well they would surely succeed, but they all returned to the town disappointed. Now came the news of the failure of the “Valley Forge” community, and the Haverstraw, and others, but no explanation of the philosophy of these failures was heard.
Our expenditures were becoming alarming, when compared with the income. The charge of a desire to shun work was quite loud, and of course every remark of this kind was a very firebrand wherever it happened to fall. Mr. Owen proposed as a stimulus to industry, that each superintendent of a department should report his estimate of the workers under his direction, at the end of each week, at a public meeting. The working of this measure hardly needs illustration, perhaps, but I will give one. We had a young man there who had come all the way from Washington, (I believe), and who had been an apprentice to a jeweler. He was of a very delicate make and charmed even professional ears with his performances on the flute. He was in the agricultural department, and was ordered to go into the harvest field, and as might have been foreseen was reported as lowest, or almost or quite worthless. He was very sensitive and modest, and to see himself stamped all at once with such a reputation among us, seemed almost like a death blow to him. I felt deeply for him, for I loved him, but no words of sympathy and respect could restore his smile. We never heard his charming music again. We soon followed the first victim of our communistic criticism to his last resting place.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article VI}
We had organization after organization, constitution after constitution, and rules and regulations, only to abolish them and replace them with others only to be abolished in their turn. A large portion of our time, day and evening, was spent in legislation in general meetings or conversation in detail but the fruits of all this were only more compulsion and doubt as to our final success. Our confidence gradually gave place to anxiety, especially as some of the most intelligent began to leave.
Mr. McClure withdrew from the connection, and the ownership of the town was divided between him and Mr. Owen.
Here is an item of instruction. Two of the best men in the world, with exactly the same objects in view, could not act in communism together, but were compelled to go back to individuality for the sake of repose.
Mr. McClure then sustained the educational department with his own means, and he spent. S40,000 of his own money in three months, without anything to show for it (at. least it was confidently so stated at the time).
One little incident will show how communism destroys harmony and friendship. In this department, one woman had been very low with a nervous fever several weeks, and shortly after she began to recover, some of the other women thought she was well enough to take her share in the washing and other house work, and continued to have this intimated to her husband; but his wife did not make her appearance in the kitchen, and some of the women agreed among themselves to confront the husband as he came out of the dining room, and to tell him in positive terms that they were for equality, and unless his wife came forward and did her part in the kitchen, they would leave it, and anybody might do the work that had a mind to. “Well,” said the husband, “my wife will not come, at any rate, at present, let the consequences be whatever they may.”
In two or three weeks after this, the department broke up, and having returned to individuality, there was nothing between the parties to dispute about.
All organizations had now failed; and we had so completely worn ourselves and each other out by increased legislation, that we could not talk any more on the subject that brought us together. The question then was, what is to be done? A public meeting was called, at which an intelligent gentleman from London (Mr. Whitwell) got up and said, “We have done nothing for the last six weeks but to meet here and make constitutions, laws, rules and regulations and to unmake them—It is now the middle of May and there is not a seed in the ground; and I propose that all of us immediately put ourselves under the direction of Mr. Owen for one year from this date.” This was carried without a single word of debate or one dissenting voice.
Here we are, after having gone through every possible form of organization and government: we had arrived at anarchy, to be succeeded, as always, by despotism—that is, individuality in the deciding power: but it was individuality in the wrong form. It was the denial of the right of individuality in all except the ruler: this led to its inevitable consequences. In three weeks Mr. Owen, though still the best of men, was as unpopular as he had before been beloved: do what he would no body was satisfied: and one man watched the streets a large portion of the time, declaring that his purpose was to meet Mr. Owen and fight him.
Some young men got a coffin and a flag inscribing on it “The Social System” with the intention of having a funeral the next day and burying the social system after parading it through the streets: but to save the feelings of Mr. Owen some one or more broke into the room where the preparations were, (the night previous to the intended funeral,) and destroyed them.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article VII}
Some facts are more strange than fiction, more philosophical than philosophy, more romantic than romance, and more conservative than conservation.
\section{The Model Schools}
I must not omit to describe the model schools, sustained by Mr. McClure. They were conducted by the pestallozian teachers before mentioned. One was conducted in one wing of the large town hall. There was a partition separating this from the centre portion, where I was when my attention was arrested by a few words that I overheard addressed to a class of boys by Mr. Darusmont, a French gentleman, the conductor of this school. The thoughts presented to the public were so new, so sublime, and the language so charming, that I stood fascinated. I could not go about the business I went there for; but after having listened to the whole discourse, I resolved (though several years a married man) to beg of Mr. Darusmont the privilege or coming and sitting with his boys and listening to his teachings. I knocked at his door—he came—I made known my purpose—his handsome countenance lighted up and his eyes moistened with an evidently benevolent emotion, and taking my hand within both of his, he drew me within the door and gave me a welcome with a charming cordiality, in word, tone and gesture truly French. We immediately became fast friends.
The next day I took my seat with the boys, and for the first time in my life, I saw the true mission of education! No generalization that I can give will convey an adequate idea of the teachings of William Phiquepal Darusmont, so careful was he to put forth the exact truth, and to see that it was thoroughly understood—so minutely analytical; so profoundly philosophical in the smallest particular—such nice discriminations where common eyes see no difference, but the want of’ which so often proves disastrous through life! With all this minuteness his discourse was not tiresome; and though addressed entirely to the intellect, the effect upon the feelings was like that of a masterly musical composition; which, by judicious changes of’ key and occasional digressions from the main theme, and then by natural and easy returns to it, with slight variations of expression, carries us, unconsciously wherever the author chooses.
I was speechless with admiration—reverence—love! When the sitting was over and the boys gone to their work, we had a long conversation (if that may be called conversation in which I could only listen). In this and subsequent interviews I learned that he had, early in life, resolved to devote himself to what he considered education should be. That he had been several years a friend and coadjutor of Pestal-lozzi. It seemed that one great idea with him was to draw out into exercise the self-sustaining faculties and thus qualify pupils to meet any contingencies of after life; and with this view he had experimented with himself in order to find out the extent of human capacities. He had learned several branches of mechanism—made a piano-forte from the raw materials, had gone all through the details of cooking food, washing and mending clothes, as well as as cutting out and making them, and his pupils were now doing all these kinds of work for themselves.
He had remodeled the modes of almost every branch of civilization. He was the inventor of the instrument now used in many of the schools, viz, a frame with ten rods in it with ten balls on each for the better teaching of arithmatic; and he called it the “Arithmometer.” In teaching geometry, instead of depending on words and lines, he had cubes, cones and every geometrical idea in wood, hanging up about the schoolroom or otherwise in plain sight. In teaching geography, each pupil had a little globe which he held in his hand to refer to. He had spent four years in one of the hospitals in Paris to qualify himself to speak intelligently upon anatomy and diseases, and he discoursed to us on those subjects using a pig for illustrations, as the animal nearest resembling the human structure. I also understood, (not from him) that he was a most thorough musical scholar, and an exquisite performer. He had also digested a system of universal phonography, representing all the elements of all languages.
In short, he seemed, like Lord Bacon, to have taken for his life-long pursuit, the study and promulgation of all useful knowledge, by the shortest and most thorough modes that could be devised; with the great leading idea that “there is nothing too large or too small for the greatest to engage in, which has a tendency to mitigate the pains, or promote the enjoyments of the humblest.”
Since his death, I have learned that he belonged to the French nobility: but no hint of the kind ever escaped him in our interviews. With all his wonderful acquirements, his unaffected modesty was strikingly conspicuous.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article VIII}
As I before said, our experiments had come to an end. We had fairly worn each other out by incessant legislation about organizations, constitutions, laws and regulations, and we would no longer talk with each other on the subject that brought us there. We had tried every possible kind of organization and government, from political Democracy through every modification and mixture of all known political elements to anarchy, and then, of course, to despotism, and then, of course, to revolt—the old routine over again, excepting that we did not quarrel; because Mr. Owen had made it an habitual thought with us, that all our thoughts, feelings and actions are the effects of the causes that produce them, and that it would be just as rational to punish the fruit of a tree for being what it is, as to quarrel with each other for being what we are; that our true issues are not with each other, but with causes.
Many intelligent and far-seeing members had left, and others were preparing to leave, and an oppressive despondency hung heavily upon all. I shared the general feeling, and nothing saved me from despair but the idea that our business is with causes; and the question now was, what could be the causes of all this confusion and disappointment? What was the matter, when all were so willing to sacrifice so much for success? These questions led my thoughts back to our difficulties in detail. The first constitution bound every one to give his best services for the general good of the society; but we could not agree as to what would best promote this general good, and the more we talked and argued, the more we disagreed.
That phrase, “the general good,” is a harmless and useful one, providing there is no necessity of agreeing as to its meaning. Why was it necessary to agree as to its signification? The necessity evidently arose out of our connected interests. If each one interpreted the word only for himself, the great diversity of views would not only have been harmless but might have been profitable; but in communism, some one view must prevail over all Communism, then, was the root of the trouble here. The constitution also required every one to be industrious, but the word industrious is an indefinite one, and like all other indefinite words is subject to different interpretations. The teacher of music was busy all the school hours, week after week with the children, and in many of the evenings, teaching the use of instruments; suffering torture (of ear) all the time, and craved above all things to have rest in something to do out of doors, in the sun-light and air; but he thought he must be industrious for the good of the whole; while at the same time, the out-door workers raised a cry that this man’s teaching was not at all necessary, they demanded that be should go about some industrious pursuit! So differently do we see, feel and think, according to our circumstances and experiences, and so incapable are we of judging and deciding for each other; and consequently are not adopted to live in communism, where there is no freedom to differ, but all must conform to some one idea or view of each subject as it arises.
The demand in the constitution for equality, gave rise to the demand of the clown for a chance at the good things in the public house. The idea of entertaining strangers, who came to enquire into the philosophy of our movement, was no part of his programme.
That word, Equality, is a very useful word, in some places; but in a constitution, binding on all, anti subject to as many different meanings as there are people to use, it can produce only the severest and bitterest of fruits. The case of the sick woman arose from the same source, the indefiniteness of the word Equality. On this ground they demanded her presence in the kitchen, when she was not able to sit up half the time. These women did not know her condition, but thought they did. This mistake, which made a wide breech between the parties, would have been entirely harmless, had it not been for communism, and the constitution.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article IX}
“Some facts are more strange than fiction, more philosophical than philosophy, more romantic than romance, and more conservative than conservatism.”
In our educational department there was a gentleman of whom I was very fond, who took to going about the streets without any hat, and allowing his beard to grow to such an extent that, together with the effect of the sun on his fine skin made him look frightfully repulsive, somewhat like an ourang outang. Fearing that his appearance would give character to the schools (in which he was one of the teachers) and disgust strangers, I ventured to say to him as gently as I could, what I thought, that I was afraid that as strangers could only judge at first of our enterprise by externals, would it not be best to forego for the present unimportant peculiarities for the sake of getting the attention of the public for whose benefit we were working?
“My God!” he exclaimed, have I come three thousand miles over the Atlantic Ocean in pursuit of freedom to be dictated to how I shall dress!” I could say not another word, our friendship was broken up and was never renewed, for he soon left the place.
Now, what was the matter here? It was Communism that was the matter. He and I both belonged to the same (educational) department; and I was not willing to bear any portion of the reputation that the school was likely to get, nor to have it suffer defeat without an effort to save it. In our connection we could not both of us have our different ways; the liberty he desired was impossible if I had my way, or mine was impossible if he had his; but if each of us had conducted a school individually there would have been freedom to differ without disturbance.
Another case. Passing by the blacksmith’s shop, I saw him sitting on the bench talking, as be was in the habit of doing a large portion of the time. On my return, in about a half an hour, he still sat there, swinging his legs and talking as usual. I had business with him, and stepped in. Just then a young woman was passing over the green at a little distance. “There,” said be; “now what is she there for, wasting her time; she had much better be in the straw room at work, than gadding about at that rate.” Neither he nor I knew who the lady was, nor where she was going, nor what she was going for. I was shocked and disgusted at the rough impertinence of the criticism upon the young lady, and asked myself the question: What could possibly justify him in his own opinion for wild brutality? and I perceived that it was communism. He would probably say that having a joint interest in results, he had a right to look at and criticise any member’s movements; and in communisms this could not be disputed and for the same reason I should criticise the position in which be had been for the last half hour, and where would quarreling end? It could end in nothing short of individualizing our interests—the abandonment of Communism.
My thoughts went back to many more instances similar to these, and in every case I could come to no other conclusion than that Communism was the matter, and that it was false and wrong in principle.
What, then, was to be done? Must we give up all hope of successful society? Or must we attempt to construct society without Communism?—for all societies, from a nation to the smallest partnership, are more or less communistic.
We had carried Communism farther than usual, and hence our greater than ordinary confusion. Common society, then, had all the time been right in its individual ownership of property, and its individual responsibilities and wrong in all its communistic entanglements!
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article X}
Some facts are “more strange than fiction,” more philosophical than philosophy, more romantic than romance, and more conservative than conservatism.
Had society, then, started wrong at the beginning? Had all its governments and other communistic institutions been formed on a wrong model? Was disintegration, then, not an enemy but a friend and a remedy? Was individuality to be the watchword in harmonic progress, instead of Union? I dwelt upon these thoughts day and night, for I could not dismiss them, and was almost bewildered with the imense scope of the subject and the astounding conclusions that I could not avoid; but I had become so distrustful of my own I judgment from our late disappointments, I resolved to dismiss these thoughts and these great problems to be solved by the wise, the “great” and the powerful; but I could not dismiss them They haunted me day and night; they presented to me society beginning anew; I found myself asking how it should begin. It could not be formed or formulized, for we had just proved that we could no more form successful society than we form the fruit upon a tree. It must be the natural growth of the interest that each one feels in it from the benefits derived or expected from it. The greater these benefits, the stronger is the “bond of society;” where there is no interest felt there is no “bond of society,” whatever its “unions,” its organizations, its constitutions, governments or laws may be.
We had just seen that no bond could be stronger than that which bound us together till we commenced “organizing” and making laws, rules, regulations and governments. There was now no interest felt in the enterprise, no “bond,” no society; but we were scattering as rapidly as possible, never, perhaps, to see each other again.
If the enjoyments derived from society are its true bond, what do we want of any other bond? “Oh, we want governments and laws to regulate the movements of the members of society—to prevent their encroachments on each other, and to manage the combined (communistic) interests for the common benefit.”
But the movements of members have never been regulated; encroachments have not only not been prevented by laws and governments, but they have always proved the greatest of all encroachers and disturbers. Encroachments are increasing every day, the common interests have never been managed to the satisfaction of the parties interested, and there is no agreement among us as to what would best promote the common interest or what measures to adopt to that end. It was precisely these problems that remained to be solved which was our purpose in our late movement. It had been defeated by our attempts to govern each other, to regulate each other for the common benefit, the good of society, no two having the same view of the best way of Promoting the good of society, and no one retaining the same view from one week to another. We had not arrived at principles, and infinite diversity with regard to measures and modes was inevitable in the transitionary stage. If we could fortunately arrive at principles, they would become our regulators, perhaps.
\begin{flushright}
J. Warren
\end{flushright}
\chapter{Article XI}
Infinite diversity instead of “unity” is inevitable[2], especially in the progressive or transitionary stage. Then why not leave every one to regulate his own movements, within equitable limits, provided we can find out what equity is, and leave the rest to the universal instinct of self-preservation? But what constitutes equity is the greatest question of all. It is the “unknown quantity” that even algebra has failed to furnish! One thing may be depended on. If all our wants are supplied that is all we want. Could we not supply each other’s wants without “entangling” ourselves in Communism, and thereby involving ourselves in interminable conflicts and fruitless legislation? Could we not have a central point in each neighborhood where all wants might be made known, and where those wanting employment or who might have anything to dispose of could also make it known, and thus bring the demand and the supply together and adopt the one to the other? But on what principle could we exchange, so that each and every one could get as much as he gave? Here the idea of labor for labor (first broached in Europe) presented itself; but hour for hour, in all pursuits, did not seem to promise the equilibrium required, because starved, ragged, insulted and suffering labor would be shunned even more than it Is now by every one who could avoid it; and the more respected and more agreeable pursuits would be overcrowded, and conflict between all would continue, and the demand and supply would be thrown out of balance; but as no one would be bound to follow any theory any farther than it best suited him, every one could make any exceptions to the rule that he might choose to make.
Estimating the price of everything by the labor there is in it, promised to abolish all speculations on land on clothing, food, fuel, knowledge—on every thing—to convert time into capital, thereby abolishing the distinctions of rich and poor; to reduce the amount of necessary labor to two or three hours per day, where no one would desire to avoid his share of useful employment. The motive of some to force others to bear their burthens would not exist, and slaveries of all kinds would naturally become extinct.
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J. Warren
Princeton, Mass.
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The Anarchist Library
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Josiah Warren
The Motives for Communism
How It Worked and What It Led To
1872-73
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Retrieved on 13 June 2019 from https:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.libertarian-labyrinth.org\Slash{}equitable-commerce\Slash{}josiah-warren-the-motives-for-communism-and-what-it-led-to\Slash{}
Published in eleven parts in \emph{Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly} from February 17, 1972 to April 26, 1873. In Article VI (mistakenly subtitled as "IV" again in the original), there appears to be a marked footnote after "the middle of May", but no actual footnote, so it has been ignored. A footnote appears for Article XI, though no mark for it is present in the text, so I have inserted it where it seemed appropriate. Article X is simply signed "J. Warren", without the second line of "Princeton, Mass."
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Zusammenfassung (DIPF): Kann eine F\"orderung der Lesekompetenz auch im Mathematikunterricht stattfinden? - Sie kann nicht nur, sie muss sogar! So ist zum Beispiel das Lesen von Diagrammen eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe, die Sch\"ulerinnen und Sch\"uler aber l\"osen k\"onnen, wenn sie sich Schritt f\"ur Schritt die Konventionen dieser Textsorte erarbeiten (Orig.).
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\title{Anarcho-Syndicalism: A Historical Closed Door\dots{}or Not?}
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Ilan Shalif, a libertarian communist whose thoughts I value even when I do not agree with the conclusions reached, made the following remarks on the electronic discussion list of class-struggle anarchists, Organise, which provoked the following thoughts. (However, he would not necessarily agree with all the positions I argue against below.)
\begin{quote}
Anarcho-syndicalist union is a myth and a dream that cannot be materialized in the capitalist society of this time. And if it could be, it would have been only of its members. Nothing can belong to the wider working class but the fact that its members are exploited by the capitalist class. \dots{} I still can not see at present any anarcho-syndicalist union that is not so only in name. (Either it is not a union or it is already on the way of co-option and reformism.) \dots{} In the capitalist society of the 2000s, it is hard to imagine any practical union which is not big and co-opted. It is entirely different thing with regard to workers committees in a not too huge conglomerate\dots{}.
It is like in wave surfing at the sea – you can “catch” waves, you cannot create them. In our struggles, we [libertarian communists] are part of the water, but the main variable is the wind of history – we can only contribute to it our breath.
When the time will come that authentic workers unions will tend to become libertarian it will mean that the revolution is already on it.
\end{quote}
Is anarcho-syndicalism, and revolutionary unionism in general, a historical closed door: a dream that cannot be materialized in the capitalist society of this time?
Contemporary story may seem to back up such a claim. In the post World War 11 period the syndicalist Central Organisation of Sweden’s Workers (SAC) was transformed into a bleak shadow of its former self. This carries some significance as, with the exception of the French CGT in a much earlier period, SAC is the only revolutionary union never to be brutally suppressed. Meanwhile the Wobblies of the IWW are alive and kicking, but only 900 of them; the CNT after Franco is reduced to below ten thousand members, and in the very place of its former grandeur, Catalonia, is crumbling from inner tensions; the modest growth of the French CNT and Unione Sindicale Italiana produced passionate disputes on questions of co-option and reformism, and ended in splits; the German FAU is showing progress as far as newspaper production goes, but there is little sign of union-building; Solidarity Federation’s industrial network in U. K. consists of half a hundred members; elsewhere the situation is pretty much like in Norway where NSF has kept it going since 1976 as a small propaganda group, with currently approximately 40 members spreading the message within the corporative unions. The renewed interest in Eastern Europe has so far produced nothing more. In the early historical strongholds of anarcho-syndicalism in South and Central America, the situation is even bleaker than in Europe. The most promising sign in a long term perspective may be the reappearance of the advocacy of revolutionary unionism in South Africa, and for the first time in Nigeria and Sierra Leone, but any union is at this point nowhere to be seen. The general picture Ilan paints of the current state of affairs is true enough, even if one could always argue over its complete accuracy, but that would mostly be on definitions.
But to permanently shut the historical door of anarcho-syndicalism, it is not enough to empirically determine its current state, and to disclose the mechanisms within contemporary capitalism working against building such a movement in the immediate future, one would also have to deny the possibility of its re-emergence in times when the class struggle intensifies, and more workers begin believing in a world beyond capitalism. The present marginality, and for the most part non-existence of revolutionary unionism, could very likely be said to be a reflection of the current generalized lack of confidence among workers in the very possibility to build a world without capitalist social relations. The question should also be asked: would building even a marginal revolutionary unionist structure at the present moment function as a vehicle for increased confidence in parts of the working class? I find reasons to believe that the answer to this is yes. But let us first take a look ahead.
\section{\textbf{The Link to the Future Society}}
It is logical for social revolutionaries to view the organizational question in the light of their ends; to find means consistent with the needs of a future global libertarian communist society, or here more particularly with the needs of a transition to such a society: the bridge to the organizational forms perpetually created anew within the boundaries of materiality by the needs, desires and imaginative powers of members of a free society.
We live in a world with an excessively developed division of labor. This makes the existence of horizontal links between workers critical to the success of asocial revolution. This is not an entirely new situation. The absence of pre-existing horizontal links was one of the main factors contributing to the failure of the Russian revolution, sustaining among workers a lack of confidence in their ability for self-management beyond the limits of the workplace.
Workers councils are predominantly structured around geographical units and are not adequate to deal with the day to day horizontal links of production in a non-bureaucratic manner. Thus it was no coincidence that it was through the soviets that the Bolsheviks first established their separate power, while the factory committees served as a base for opposition and workers’ power during the short revolutionary period in Russia, a power which soon dissolved in the absence of functional horizontal ties.
While these are not unique to revolutionary syndicalism, and also bureaucratic unions maintain them, they are there only exceptionally direct links between workers in general: as a rule they bring the select few together and serve the function of isolating workers into mutual passivity, transforming mutual contact and aid into the business of a stratum of specialists cultivating the noble art of empty phrases – making any direct contact between workers in general suspect and illegitimate.
\section{\textbf{The Question of Permanent Organizations}}
Some social revolutionaries forswear any permanent large-scale working class organization within the framework of capitalism. As capitalism is the very raison d’etre of such organizations, these organizations, in trying to maintain their separate existence when the class struggle has reached a stage where this framework may be transcended, become institutionalised obstacles blocking the way for the full unfolding of the revolution. The revolution must create its own organizational forms; those which may endure and grow within the framework of capitalism will be inadequate to the needs of the social revolution. The unions in their function as brokers of labor power cannot escape the logic of capital, regardless of the political convictions of its delegates and the efforts to develop democratic union structures. It thus becomes critical to uncover the illusions of unionism and diffuse knowledge of working class struggles directed simultaneously against the employers and the union.
But following this logic, these anti-union struggles will be compelled to either transform themselves into alternative structures taking up in themselves the function of a union, or fall back to a situation of atomization within or without the corporative union structure. Consequently one is seemingly left with the illusionist trick of making atomization the springboard of the social revolution. More likely, the tacit assumption underlying this strategical thought is that a revolutionary ferment will arise from within the corporative union structure, thus making itself entirely dependent on the continued existence of this framework.
The critique of unionism contained within the above position is, however, not alien to anarcho-syndicalism The awareness of its inevitable contradictory nature is at very core of anarcho-syndicalism and the source of its vitality. In this it captures the fundamental reality of the working class within capitalism and inserts itself into the very terrain where social revolutions are born, and where they also repeatedly have been lost. Anarcho-syndicalism’s contradictory nature at the same time constitutes its driving revolutionary force and puts it in jeopardy of being co-opted by the logic of capitalism. Therefore the great emphasis on institutionalized precautions to prevent the latter development and the re-occurring conflicts within anarcho-syndicalism.
The only guarantee against co-option is death, so it becomes self-evident that any permanent organizational structure within capitalism will perpetually run the risk of being co-opted, and as such become an obstacle in a revolutionary situation. But to counter the argument, would an organizational structure emerging in the heat of a revolutionary situation, composed of workers with most of their concrete experiences from within a bureaucratized, corporative union structure, or disorganized altogether, be less likely to be co-opted into either an old or new class relation? I think not. The opposite seems a far more rational judgement. The tendency to reformism and co-option which always will exist within revolutionary unionism (the “heroes” growing tired) constitutes one of its greatest assets. It forces these questions to be answered concretely on a day-to-day basis, and not just in an abstract future. I refuse to accept the logic that being accustomed to a greater degree of servility and passivity is a great asset in a revolutionary situation. Neither do I see any historical evidence supporting this view, but on the contrary an endless trail of blood and a line of tyrants giving witness to the opposite.
It may even be asked if the rejection by genuine revolutionaries of all permanent mass organizations is not the ultimate triumph of capitalist co-option.
\section{\textbf{The Question of Co-optation}}
Since the time of the emergence of a mass union movement, and the “glorious” period of revolutionary syndicalism, capitalism has greatly sophisticated the mechanism which enables it to integrate unions into its development. This process started the moment private and state capital felt compelled to accept the existence of unions.
This acceptance has everywhere been intimately bound to the condition that the unions through their representatives exercise a restraining and disciplinary influence, and when necessary use sanctions to keep their members within certain limits to the point where unions have become the main factor upholding capitalist stability. Some fragments of this history in two of the Scandinavian countries may illustrate this:
From 1905 the Swedish Employer’s Association (SAF) started working towards a system of nationwide collective bargaining and binding, time-limited agreements. As is often the case, it was foremost the major industrial companies which saw the advantage of integrating unions into positions of shared responsibility, and the attendant consolidation of centralism such a process was bound to entail. As more and more binding agreements were entered on a national level between the member organizations of SAF and the social democratic union confederation LO, this left the syndicalist SAC, with its principled stand against such contracts in an entrenched position. What should be considered licit and illicit forms of industrial actions and procedures was agreed upon and later confirmed and institutionalized through the “Law on Collective Agreements and the Industrial Tribunal” of 1928. This law, which was to be followed up by others, became an instrument for connecting, not only injunctions and sanctions but likely more crucial, benefits such as unemployment insurance to what was regulated in nationwide contracts. Members of SAC were to be covered by these, even if their union refused to have any part in them. The law of 1928 stands out as a milestone in a process which effectively marginalized SAC, the expressed intention of both SAF and LO. Since then a thousand threads have been spun binding the employers associations, the unions and the state together in a web of interdependence.
In Norway, the national contracts were largely a result of the Norwegian Employer’s Association’s lock-out strategy. But from about 1911 there had developed a strong syndicalist inspired opposition within LO advocating direct-action methods. In 1918 the Iron and Metal Worker’s Federation resolved to lay the power of beginning and ending industrial actions in the hands of the workers directly affected, while the Workingman’s Federation, the largest union at the time, resolved to abstain from signing local contracts, What went under the name, “recognized terms,” had also increasingly supplanted written contracts locally. This led to a court decision in 1920 saying that the unions would be hold juridically responsible for the actions of their local branches, whether they chose to sign the contracts or not, thus undermining one of the principal reasons not to be an official party in any written contract: “to get away from the condition where the employers can force the union to intervene when irregularities occur.”
The slave contracts as they were aptly called at the time, would not go away. Instead, around them an intricate web of laws and binding agreements were to regulate every potential and imaginal conflict between buyers and sellers of labor power. Within this framework there was no room left for revolutionary unionism\dots{} which in effect became unlawful. In the process workers gained something but the employers gained far more: stable conditions for the continued exploitation of labor, a pacified workforce, and a corpse of worker representatives extending from the top to the bottom levels, most of the times both capable and willing to sustain peace, order and a spirit of mutual responsibility for the welfare of capitalism, and with the state as the final, “neutral” arbiter.
This corporative structure may be most clearly expressed in countries like the Scandinavian ones with a high percentage of workers organized into passivity, but even in countries with a very low percentage of unionization, the overall conditions of the working class as a whole is largely determined within the framework of a the more or less corporative union-employer-state relation. This latter situation however tends to open up a wider potential field for action and organizational structures more difficult to control.
In places where unions are wholly or partially outlawed, and where consequently direct action often is the only channel for discontent left, the situation becomes less predictable and potentially explosive. Conditions vary somewhat from country to country. In India, according to one source from that part of the world, every union is a private enterprise, a money machine for its owner(s). There is no way out of studying unions and the situation they operate under concretely, but still what is most striking in the overall picture is that the moment unions gain some legality, there is a strong tendency that they are co-opted into a resemblance of the unionism of the former Soviet Union. Is not the AFL-CIO in many ways, if not in all, just such an outfit? Still, is this all unions could possibly become within contemporary capitalism?
\section{\textbf{The Cleavage in the Link}}
Workers will always organize themselves whenever they see the need, and they have the sufficient cohesion and collective strength to do so. Unions are simply not something we can avoid, even if we so wished: they are something capitalism imposes upon us, or to be more precise, capitalism imposes the situation which produces the need for them, and from this need we cannot escape before we take the world in our own hands. The more disorganized we are as workers – membership in corporative unions being often just a particular kind of disorganization, functioning largely as the organization of passivity and division — the more we will become a flexible material in the hands of others, and ruled by the logic of capital.
The labor contract, whether collective or individual, is by its very nature a disciplinary mechanism at the very foundation of capitalism. Entering into such contracts involves a conditional acceptance of the class relations. This is simply the prerequisite of survival of any worker, and not something one can withdraw from on the basis of one’s political convictions.
As wage slaves – temporarily employed or unemployed, in the process of being formed as one, or already discarded – we are linked to the functioning of capitalism. But this linkage is not total; we are not the mere appendages of capital. Our acceptance is always conditional: In wildcat strikes and in an endless numbers of minor acts of sabotage and obstruction daily taking place at most every workplace, we temporarily withdraw it. There exists a cleavage in the link that can be widened or tightened, which also implies that the process described above is reversible. The contrary would also be sensational, implying that the structure of unions could somehow remain entirely unaffected by the general ebb and tide of the class struggle. The anarcho-syndicalist project is to make the forced acceptance of the class relation more and more conditional, until the final explosion of energy, dreams, thoughts and desires, where the linkage is broken, classes abolished and our free individual and collective creative powers are put in use to non-hierarchically rule the present and future, without the bondage imposed by the Siamese twins of state and capital.
\section{\textbf{To Catch the Winds}}
The rejection of anarcho-syndicalism out of fear of co-option has a slight similarity to the sailor who shrinks from learning to swim as he is concerned it might put his life in jeopardy.
To recreate anarcho-syndicalism may seem to be the vicious circle of being too few to set out and remaining so because the organization for workers to join is not there. Even when the first framework is set up, and there exists something you can begin talking of in terms of a union, many will say: “Could be a good idea, but far too small to be a union. If more workers join, I will consider it.” Despite its legendary history this is pretty much the situation for the IWW today.
But this mechanism works both ways; having reached a certain level, an organization may suddenly enter into a fast growth. A similar effect may occur when the nucleus of revolutionary unionx pop up at several different places within a short period of time. There is even something to a name: the reaction an organization will be met with, it will be different when presenting itself as a propaganda group for an idea to be implemented somewhere in a distant future, than if it presents itself as a union-building organization based on certain principles. If a revolutionary union is what you want, it becoms essential to start building a structure which may be put in use (on a small scale) in the here and now for practical solidarity, and as such be viewed as a functional too by others.
However refined the methods of co-option are made, the winds of discontent will always be blowing. Recreating anarcho-syndicalism involves fanning the flames of discontent and disrespect towards bosses. But the structure must be there to channel and give extended life to these winds, suppling them with some direction and a greater strength by bringing them together. Our task consists in bulding direct links of some permanence between workers locally, within the limits of the state and globally, and from the workplace to the communities in which we live. And as an essential, integrated part of this, opening up spaces for collective discussions where the dream of a society beyond capitalism can be nourished.
At the present stage, building the structures of revolutionary unionism must be seen as a vehicle to awaken this dream within the working class of a world beyond capitalism. It is very hard to see how this could be done to any large extent within the framework of corporative unionism. Corporative unionism is beyond the state of reform. It must be deconstructed. Therefore also the importantce of an open anarcho-syndicalism.
\section{\textbf{Open Anarcho-Syndicalism}}
An open anarcho-syndicalism implies that solidarity is extended beyond the membership: To on a micro and macro level think in terms of the working class as a whole, and develop links of solidarity and practical coherence to the rank and file and local branches wholly or partially controlled by workers within the bureaucratised structure of the corporative unions. The union principle has no meaning outside a union of solidarity, which ultimate measure is not membership but practical solidarity.
While the workplace is the obvious point of departure for anarcho-syndicalism, it cannot see it as its limit, something which would tie it to the logic of capitalism. An instance of beyond-the-workplace-unionism is the struggles CNT has been engaged in against the closing down of the shipyards of Puerto Real, near Cadiz in the south of Spain, where the struggle was extended to the communities as a whole and to the conditions of life within them:
\begin{quote}
Every Thursday of every week, in the towns and villages in the area, we had all-village assemblies where anyone who was connected with the particular issue, whether they were actually workers in the shipyard itself, or women or children or grandparents, could go along to the village assembly and actually vote and take part in the decision-making process of what was taking place\dots{}
What we tried to do in Puerto Real is to show that the anarcho-syndicalist union is not just an industrial organization that takes on factory disputes, but rather has a much wider social and political aim. What we have tried to do in Puerto Real so far is to attempt to interlink various different disputes, taking on various struggles around education, around the provision of health services, cultural aspects, and we have been struggling against the proposed construction of a new golf course, the privatization of the cemetery, we have been fighting against various local tax increases\dots{}
--Pepe Gomez of the CNT, October 1993. From “Anarcho-Syndicalism in Puerto Real,” published by Solidarity Federation\Slash{}La Prensa, 1995. P.O. Box 73, Norwich, NR3 1QD, U.K.
\end{quote}
Direct action in the anarchist sense means making as far as possible the means into the ends, and thus bringing about a re-arrangement of the world on a small or large scale. By using our potential industrial power to accomplish this, we may not only bring about modest changes in our lives, but put our own and other worker’s imagination on fire, opening up our eyes to the wide field of our potential powers. This is even more important in a time where capitalism has super-imposed itself as a social factory on increasingly larger parts of our lives, and where the division of labor has been driven to such extent that it becomes increasingly difficult to see, through the fog of atomization, that it is we who are producing this world as a whole.
It is often said, that even if large-scale revolutionary unions was still a possibility, they would never be able to organize the entire working class. This most likely is very true. At least it is not very wise to base a strategy on the opposite at this point in history. Thus membership should never been seen as an end in itself but as a means. There can be only one end: an all-inclusive global society borders, classes and hierarchies, and consequently also without states, and in the here and now to practice this as far as we can. But for this we have to start building the links between workers. Links which once created, we will gladly share and extend to others so long as it is on the basis of practical, non-hierarchical solidarity.
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The Anarchist Library
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Harald Beyer-Arnesen
Anarcho-Syndicalism: A Historical Closed Door\dots{}or Not?
1998
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Retrieved on 27\textsuperscript{th} January 2021 from \href{https://syndicalist.us/2013/10/23/anarcho-syndicalism-a-historical-closed-door-or-not/}{syndicalist.us}
From Libertarian Labor Review \#22, Winter 1997-’98
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This code plugin translates each unwanted character into a two cypher hexadecimal character. The escape character itself always needs to be encoded, otherwise the plugin would try to interpret the following two characters in the text as a hexadecimal sequence.\hypertarget{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md256}{}\doxysection{Restrictions}\label{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md256}
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\item The escape character itself always needs to be encoded, otherwise the plugin would try to interpret the following two characters in the text as a hexadecimal sequence.
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\end{DoxyItemize}\hypertarget{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md257}{}\doxysection{Example}\label{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md257}
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The disadvantage is that the length of the resulting string increases. In the worst case the hexcode plugin makes the value three times larger.\hypertarget{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md258}{}\doxysection{Usage}\label{md_src_plugins_hexcode_README_autotoc_md258}
Add {\ttfamily hexcode} to {\ttfamily infos/needs} for any plugin that you want to be filtered by hexcode.
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blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd
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blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd
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\section*{~bab 3}
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blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd
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asdksda blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd
ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk
asdksd as dks dask sdkasd asdksda blsa sd ewdsasdi sadsk asdksd as dks
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asdksda ~
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\bibitem{Rodriguez-Valdecantos_etal2017} Rodr{\'\i}guez-Valdecantos, G., Manzano, M., S{\'a}nchez, R., Urbina, F., Hengst, M. B., Lardies, M. A., et al. (2017). Early successional patterns of bacterial communities in soil microcosms reveal changes in bacterial community composition and network architecture, depending on the successional condition. \textit{Applied Soil Ecology}, \textit{120}, 44--54.
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\[\frac{{\partial}^{2n}\Psi_{3}}{{\partial x}^{2n}}=i^{n}\frac{{\partial}^{n}%
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https://dlmf.nist.gov/25.11.E36.tex
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\[\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\chi(n)}{n^{s}}=k^{-s}\sum_{r=1}^{k}\chi(r)\zeta\left%
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https://lib.anarhija.net/library/lorenzo-kom-boa-ervin-white-on-white-crime.tex
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anarhija.net
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\title{White on White Crime}
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I get so tired of hearing all this garbage about “Black-on-Black crime” that the media created to hypocritically denounce internal crimes and contradictions in our communities, and justify police control of the community. I can prove it’s propaganda.
Recently, as part of a discussion of the school recent shootings by white students at Columbine (in Colorado) and a number of other schools around the USA, one of the Black participants stated that he would not excuse white killings of Blacks, but also referred to the Black homocide rate as evidence that “we kill more of our own than the white people do”. I have also had white racists recently write me talking about the “high Black crime rate”, including homocides implying that we are a “uncivilized people”, and don’t deserve reparations, equal justice in the courts, or anything else. As usual, this type of conservative argument is meant to deflect the argument away from condemnations against white racist violence by cops, racist vigilantes or the government.
First, let me say that most “hate crimes” are directed against Black people and other peoples of color, and prepetrated by white racists or cops. These crimes are not prepetrated by Black people against whites, as the conservatives like to put forward, and Blacks commit a smaller number of crimes against whites than we do against each other, but then so does every other group. So the conservative arguments are false. Yes, figures don’t lie, but liars sure do use figures. Nor does the fact of Black homocides mean what they want us to read from them. The main thing is that we should not look to the cops or the government to “save” us from ourselves.
Now, I will say upfront that I am not a crimnologist, medical doctor, sociologist, psychologist, statistician, or other expert in these matters, but I fundamentally disagree with these statements about homocides in the Black community, and want to make the common sense argument. Listen, racial killing by whites, especially those in law enforcement (reportedly 500–1,000 per year) which are protected by the white government generally, or racist vigilante violence, are totally different from the conditions in the Black community which produce homocides.
First, these statistics are not necessarily “racial” at all, because the USA population generally leads the world in the number of domestic homicides. To extrapolate some racial “diagnosis” that Black people are more prone to violence than anyone else in American society is nonsense and shows how we can easily internalize racist propaganda. Even if it \emph{were} true there are some deep social causes that would make it happen, which are not only out of our control, but of which we are \emph{victims}. But let me point out that whites commit fundamentally more crimes in American society, including homicides, [against other whites] than the Black population group, even with all the “ghetto” homocides included.
There should no mystery that whites are the majority of crime perpetrators, and I believe it’s merely because they are the largest population base generally in the USA. A grade school child can figure this out. What should we surmise about white people as a result of such information? That they are a race of criminals, a natural criminal class?
Well, in a racist media, it could easily be argued: “White on White crime is destroying the nation, and producing a class of violent criminals (white elementary students and street corner juveniles), which must be incarcerated at an early age to protect society.” Now this is a \emph{spoof}, just a way to show that the white racist government has been manipulating crime data, to justify all manner of repressive police measure against the poor and the working class Black communities, by putting white folks in our place as the victims of such racialized crime reporting. Do you see this now and understand why the so-called crime “statistics” from the government are not believable? It’s all a political ploy, don’t believe the hype!
I don’t put forth the opinion of a natural criminal class among white youth, and certainly don’t accept it about Black people, Latinos, Asians or others. I also don’t believe in superstition, notions of White or Black supremacy, a “race of devils” or super-men, and I know for a fact that all this is racist propaganda. Racism has a material foundation: capitalism and the profit system, and it must be fought, not justified. Certainly, Black people should not swallow and regurgitate such garbage, and it really bothers me when I hear black conservatives on TV or the internet doing just that. It seems that the Black upper class, Republican conservatives and some reactionary race nationalists are the ones to fall for this, and spread it as gospel.
But the conditions that working class Black people live under clealy have to be considered in talking about frequency of homocides. People who exist as a despised racial minority, who have internalized self-hatred, the internal violence of the oppressor, and extreme frustration at their condition are most likely to explode, either in an act of internecine violence towards other Black people, [who are in closer proximity and whom they know that the government regards their lives in lower esteem so there will not likely be harsh punishment], or against the government itself in a so-called “riot” or social rebellion against the conditions of oppression. Read “The Wretched of the Earth” and other work by Franz Fanon, material by Albert Memmi and others about the “colonized mind” and internalized violence.
Because I know beforehand that I will be attacked about it, let me say that I do not apologize for individual acts of violence in our community. But I also recognize that it is the white capitalist government which condones and promotes violence as a way of solving all social problems: between different racial groups, between women and men, between men generally, between families, and other elements in the community internally, and between nation-states \emph{internationally} in the form of war and military aggression.
This government creates the conditions of oppression and violence, and then effectively allows a ton of guns on the street to carry out these homocides. Let’s get real here, and not be suckered in by the right-wing white conservatives and their arguments of more cops and more prisons as the “solution”. Look, Black people don’t have to help George W. Bush, that racist Attorney General, and the reactionary right-wing, destroy the poor in the inner city and overturn civil rights, they can do alright on their own. In fact, we have to fight for all of our people, and against Bush’s anti-people agenda generally.
So here’s what I’m saying in my conclusion: a crumbling empire and morally bankrupt nation is dying and manifesting every form of deviance. Yes, this society has created sick, violent individuals, after all it is the most violent society on earth. But at this stage the answer is to try to understand why all this violence is really happening, and then fight to eradicate the conditions that produce crime and violence. We must build a new society, not protect this racist system.
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Library.Anarhija.Net
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Lorenzo Kom’boa Ervin
White on White Crime
2001
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Retrieved on April 24, 2012 from \href{http://libcom.org/library/white-crime-ervin}{libcom.org}
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\textbf{lib.anarhija.net}
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Une boîte contient sept cartes. Chacun des nombres de 1 à 7 est écrit
sur une carte (un seul nombre sur chaque carte). Le kangourou prend au
hasard 3 cartes dans la boîte; puis le singe en prend 2 et il en reste
donc 2 dans la boîte. Alors le kangourou regarde ses cartes et, sûr de
lui, dit au singe : \og\ Je sais que la somme des nombres écrits sur
tes cartes est un nombre pair. \fg\ Quelle est donc la somme des
nombres écrits sur les cartes prises par le kangourou ?
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\item 10
\item 12
\item 6
\item 9
\item 15
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https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/matheduc/en/?id=1257&type=tex
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\input zb-basic
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\iteman{ZMATH 2016e.00351}
\itemau{Wilkie, Karina J}
\itemti{Learning to teach upper primary school algebra: changes to teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching functional thinking.}
\itemso{Math. Educ. Res. J. 28, No. 2, 245-275 (2016).}
\itemab
Summary: A key aspect of learning algebra in the middle years of schooling is exploring the functional relationship between two variables: noticing and generalising the relationship, and expressing it mathematically. This article describes research on the professional learning of upper primary school teachers for developing their students' functional thinking through pattern generalisation. This aspect of algebra learning has been explicitly brought to the attention of upper primary teachers in the recently introduced Australian curriculum. Ten practising teachers participated over 1 year in a design-based research project involving a sequence of geometric pattern generalisation lessons with their classes. Initial and final survey responses and teachers' interactions in regular meetings and lessons were analysed from cognitive and situated perspectives on professional learning, using a theoretical model for the different types of knowledge needed for teaching mathematics. The teachers demonstrated an increase in certain aspects of their mathematical knowledge for teaching algebra as well as some residual issues. Implications for the professional learning of practising and pre-service teachers to develop their mathematics knowledge for teaching functional thinking, and challenges with operationalising knowledge categories for field-based research are presented.
\itemrv{~}
\itemcc{D39 H23 C30}
\itemut{teacher professional learning; content knowledge; pedagogical content knowledge; algebra; pattern generalisation; functional thinking; middle years of schooling}
\itemli{doi:10.1007/s13394-015-0151-1}
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\title{Anarhistički model negativne dijalektike}
\date{1979.}
\author{Mihailo Đurić}
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Unapred nije dovoljno jasno u čemu bi trebalo da se sastoji veza između anarhizma i dijalektike koja je istaknuta u naslovu sledećeg izlaganja. Ne samo što je poreklo te veze gotovo sasvim neprozirno, već je i njen domašaj veoma teško uhvatljiv. Izrazito moderan prizvuk u načinu njenog isticanja samo pojačava našu nedoumicu. Nije dovoljno jasna čak ni sama mogućnost uspostavljanja te veze, a kamoli šta drugo. Pitamo se da li uopšte ima smisla stavljati anarhističko ime pored jednog od najznačajnijih dostignuća filozofske tradicije. Makar to bilo i u strogo kritičkom smislu, da bi se anarhistički nacrt suprotstavio tradicionalnom filozofskom razumevanju dijalektike. Jer spekulativno-idealistički karakter dijalektičkog načina mišljenja nema ničeg zajedničkog s trezveno-realističkim smerom anarhističke kritike; štaviše, čini se da je sasvim u raskoraku s anarhističkim rastvaranjem svih nasleđenih misaonih figura u vrtlogu konkretnog filozofiranja. Umesto da samo doteruje, poboljšava i unapređuje metod koji se odlikuje time što sve do kraja obrazlaže i utemeljuje, anarhizam ističe zahtev za radikalnim odbacivanjem svih krutih shema i svakog strogog izvođenja. Kod njegovih najistaknutijih predstavnika nema ni trunke želje za razvijanjem nove dijalektičke teorije. U pitanju je samo pregršt nabačenih misli, a ne razvijen misaoni poduhvat. O kakvoj se, onda, vezi između anarhizma i dijalektike uopšte može govoriti?
Pa ipak, pogleda li se malo bliže, uvideće se odmah da gornje upućivanje nije baš tako naopako kao što se na prvi pogled čini. Nije neophodno da pokretački motiv nekog misaonog dostignuća bude čisto teorijskog karaktera da bi se moglo govoriti o njegovoj filozofskoj relevantnosti. Može se mnogo učiniti za stvar filozofije čak i bez ikakve smišljene namere u tom pogledu. Svesno odustajanje od oveštalih uzora i obrazaca ne mora biti na uštrb prodornosti i dalekosežnosti filozofskog mišljenja. Naprotiv, pre može biti zaloga njegove snage. Mada nijedan anarhistički prvak nije ni pokušao da temeljno razjasni pojam i kategorije negativne dijalektike, a kamoli da je u tome makar i delimično uspeo, ipak, to još nikako ne znači da su njihovi rezultati u celini bezvredni. Ako ne baš za sve njih odreda, onda se bar za jednoga od tih prvaka, za ranije već spomenutog Mihaila Aleksandroviča Bakunjina (M. A. Бакунин), s pravom može reći da je prvi nagovestio ili, možda, tek samo natuknuo program negativne dijialektike. To je onaj isti program koji je u našem vremenu pod tim imenom odvažno preuzeo i umnogom tek na širokom planu izložio Teodor V. Adorno (Th. W. Adorno), nesumnjivo najznačajniji i najrečitiji pobornik tzv. kritičke teorije društva.\footnote{Da je ovde u pitanju idejno srodstvo, a ne direktna pozajmica, jedva da uopšte treba posebno spominjati. Vidi Theodor W. Adorno, \emph{Negative Dialektik} (Frankfurt\Slash{}M: Suhrkamp, 1975), str. 146.} Već sama ta okolnost čini se da dovoljno opravdava povezivanje anarhizma i dijalektike u naslovu ovog izlaganja.
Od mnogobrojnih predstavnika anarhističkog stanovišta koji su stekli svetsku slavu i kao ljudi od pera, a ne samo kao ljudi od dela, Bakunjin nesumnjivo zaslužuje posebnu pažnju. Taj ruski osobenjak i zanesenjak bio je možda jedini anarhist pored Štirnera (Stirner) koji se ozbiljno trudio oko anarhističkog programa, koji je predano nastojao da razjasni smisao anarhističke pobune, koji je istinski mislio nasuprot svetu protiv kojeg je ustao. Takav se, bar, utisak stiče na osnovu jednog ranog Bakunjinovog spisateljskog pokušaja (koji veoma upečatljivo otkriva filozofsko zaleđe njegovog životnog opredeljenja), ako već ne i na osnovu celokupnog njegovog književnog dela. S obzirom na taj njegov rani pokušaj (u kome je osnovno sitanovište, doduše, više samo nagovešteno nego podrobnije izloženo) Bakunjinov se mislilački podvig ne može dovoljno visoko oceniti. U filozofskom je pogledu ovaj vatreni pobornik anarhije, doista, bio najradikalniji i najdalekosežniji od svih anarhista koji su došli posle Štimera, pored toga što je i čisto ljudski gledano bio najzanimljiviji i najprivlačniji. Neće se nimalo preterati ako se kaže da je Bakunjin bio i filozofski buntovnik, a ne samo pobunjeni čovek u strogo praktičkom smislu, te da mu, utoliko, niko nije ravan, a kamoli da bi ga nadmašivao.
Za Bakunjina je odnos prema klasičnoj nemačkoj idealističkoj filozofiji bio ne manje važan nego za Štirnera. Pogotovo je odnos prema Hegelu (Hegel) bio u prvom planu. Doduše, Bakunjinov odnos prema Hegelu nije bio postojan kao Štirnerov, već se vremenom menjao, tako da je prešao ceo luk — od najvatrenijeg pnihvatanja do najogorčenijeg odbacivanja. U početku se Bakunjin strasno oduševljavao Hegelom.\footnote{Bliže o tom Bakunjinovom oduševljenju, sa podacima o važnoj starijoj literaturi, vidi Karl Lowith, \emph{Von Hegel zu Nietzsche. Der revolutionare Bruch im Denken des 19. Jahrhunderts. Marx und Kierkegaard} (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1964), str. 158.} Shvatio je njegovu filozofiju kao novu religiju koja prevazilazi svaku razdvojenost, koja propoveda pomirenje sa stvarnošću. Kasnije se, međutim, žestoko okomio na Hegela, jer je došao do zaključka da svaki kompromis znači bedno prilagođavanje prilikama. Tačnije bi bilo reći da je Bakunjin prestao da se zanosi mogućnošću blaženog prihvatanja svega što postojii (uključujući tu i carsko samodržavlje) i da je uvideo neophodnost revolucionarne izmene sveta samo blagodareći tome što je uspeo da se oslobodi Hegelovog uticaja, što je bitno izmenio svoj prvobitni stav prema Hegelovoj dijalektičkoj zamisli. Po oštrini i nepomirljivosti mnogih njegovih protivhegelovskih izjašnjenja, ovo je drugo Bakunjinovo rešenje vrlo blisko štirnerovom. Onako kao što je \emph{apostol anarhije} razvio svoje stanovište u izričitom protivstavu prema Hegelu, pre svega nasuprot njegovom spekulativnom veličanju nebeskog carstva, tako je isto i Bakunjin razvio svoju zamisao svetskog preobražaja u žustroj polemici s Hegelom, pre svega nasuprot njegovom razumevanju dijalektike. Za razliku od Štirnera, čija je kritika Hegela imala čisto akademsko obeležje, pa je njen autor mogao mirno da proživi svoj život, Bakunjinova je kritika, međutim, bila mnogo dublja i obuhvatnija, tako da je bitno odredila životnu putanju ovog neobičnog čoveka.
Svoje novo razumevanje dijalektičkog procesa (koje ovde samo uslovno nazivamo prvim nacrtom negativne dijalektike) Bakunjiin je izložio u članku \emph{Reakcija u Nemačkoj} objavljenom 1842. u Nemačkim godišnjacima pod pseudonimom Žil Elizar (J. Elysard).\footnote{Jules Elysard, “Die Reaktion in Deutschland. Fragment eines Franzosen”, \emph{Deutsche Jahrbiicher fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst,} Nr. 247 ff. (1842), str. 985—1002. Zanimljivo je da u najvećim broju starijih i novijih izdanja sabranih ili odabranih Bakunjinovih spisa, ovaj članak nedostaje. U celini je preštampan u knjizi: Rainer Beer (red.), \emph{Michail Bakunin. Philosophie der Tat.} Auswahl aus seinem Werk (Kbln: J. Hegner, 1968), str. 61—96, prema kojoj ga ovde i navodimo.} Ni u jednom svom kasnijem radu nije učinio to tako odlučno i upečatljivo. Ako se uopšte može uzeti da mu je ikad još bilo stalo do takvog pokušaja. Nema potrebe da se na ovom mestu bavimo pitanjem nastanka i utvrđivanja autorstva pomenutog članka koji je svojevremeno izazvao veliko interesovanje i naišao na nepodeljeno odobravanje ne samo u krugu mlade ruske inteligencije, već i mnogo šire. Niti ima smisla da se podrobno upoznajemo s okolnostima koje su prethodile sastavljanju ovog članka, niti treba da iscrpno ispitujemo okolnosti pod kojima je došlo do njegovog objavljivanja. Danas je sve to manje-više dobro poznato. Ipak, čini se da neće biiti suvišno skrenuti makar i samo letimično pažnju na vezu između Bakunjina i Arnolda Rugea (A. Ruge), izdavača godišnjaka u kome je članak objavljen, jer ta veza otkriva dublje idejne korene programa negativne dijalektike.\footnote{O svom poznanstvu s Bakunjinom pisao je kasnije sam Ruge u članku “Erinnerung an Michael Bakunin”, \emph{Neue Freie Presse} (28\Slash{}29. September 1876). Najvažniji delovi ovog članka navedeni su u obimnom biografskom uvodu u knjizi: \emph{Michail Dragomanov} (red.), \emph{Michail Bakunins Sozial-politischer Briefvvechsel mit Herzen und Ogarjow} (Stuttgart: J.G. Gotta, 1895), str. XXV—XXVIII.} Ispostavlja se da je Bakunjin bio vrlo blizak mladohegelovcima, tim izrazito kritički nastrojenim Hegelovim sledbenicima, da se družio s njima i živo interesovao za njihova gledišta, te da se u njegovom mišljenju ukrštaju, ako već ne i sjedinjuju, uticaji Rugea i njegovih istomišljenika s mnogim drugim uticajima kojima je mladi buntovnik bio izložen. Ovde se pre svega misli na uticaj znamenitog ruskog hegelovca Nikolaja Stankeviča (Н. Станкевич), koji je Bakunjina najpre pridobio za filozofiju, ali ne manje i na uticaj poljskog preteče mladohegelovskog pokreta Augusta Cižkovskog (A. Cieszkowski), koji je prvi ubedio Bakunjina u mogućnost i neophodnost ostvarenja filozofije pomoću judske prakse. Toliko su se Bakunjin i Ruge međusobno zbližili u jednom za obojicu gotovo podjednako važnom trenutku da se bez preterivanja može reći kako su razgovori što su ih oni onda vodili znatno pomogli i jednom i drugom da svaki sebi razjasni vlastito stanovište.
Da ne bi bilo zabune treba odmah reći da se Bakunjin nije rukovodio nikakvim strogo filozofskim ciljem onda kad je pisao članak kome ovde pridajemo toliku važnost, da nije imao na umu nikakvu čisto filozofsku potrebu koju je njime hteo da zadovolji. Nije polagao pravo na to da iznosi neko novo filozofsko učenje, a kamoli, tek, da polaže temelje budućem filozofskom mišljenju. Nema kod njega ni trunke samoljublja ili razmetljivosti. Nije nemogućno da čak nije ni bio do kraja svestan težine i ozbiljnosti filozofskog zadatka kojeg se latio. Već sam naslov članka \emph{Reakcija u Nemačkoj} jasno pokazuje da je Bakunjin bio ovde prvenstveno politički motivisan, da je njegov neposredan cilj bio izrazito političke naravi. Hteo je da razobliči neprijatelje slobode u ondašnjoj Nemačkoj, da moćnim i uticajnim konzervativcima svoga doba predoči svu bezizglednost njihovog položaja, da jasno pokaže istorijsku dotrajalosit ili preživelost svih njihovih težnji i nastojanja. Doduše, Bakunjin je prišao ovom političkom pitanju s najvećom mogućnom ozbiljnošću, povezao je njegovo razmatranje sa zauzimanjem stavova prema najkrupnijim filozofskim pitanjima, zbog čega je bio prinuđen da pribegne krajnje apstraktnim formulacijama. Utoliko je njegov članak sve drugo pre nego prigodan politički pamflet. Po sebi se razume da se Bakunjin možda i namerno zaogruo neprozirnom filozofskom odećom, budući da su pitanja koja je pokrenuo bila veoma osetljiva, da ne kažemo krajnje opasna, tako da je apstraktan oblik mogao dobro da posluži i kao zaštita od policijskog progona.
U svom široko postavljenom pokušaju da teorijski razjasni pravu prirodu sukoba između demokratije i reakcije, odnosno između slobode i neslobode u ondašnjoj Nemačkoj, Bakunjin se oštro suprotstavio Hegelu, otkrivajući tako nemilosrdno jasno koliko se udaljio od svog nekadašnjeg učitelja. U izvesnom smislu ovaj njegov pokušaj i nije ništa drugo do prvo javno priznanje njegovog otpadništva. Pri tom treba dobro zapaziti da se Bakunjin suprostavio Hegelu na najosetljivijem mogućnom mestu, povodom jednog ključnog pitanja, a ne u vezi s nekim sporednim, nebitnim pojedinostiima. Nikako nije mogao da se pomiri s tim da teza i antiteza imaju podjednak značaj u dijalektičkom procesu, da su to suprotnosti istog reda, te da dijalektičko kretanje nužno vodi njihovom \emph{ukidanju} u uvek višoj sintezi. Bio je čvrsto uveren da je Hegel na taj način sasvim prevideo ili, bar, u znatnoj meri potcenio stvarnu ulogu negativnog činioca u dijalektičkom procesu, pored toga što je olako pretpostavio da postignuiti rezultat uvek čuva u sebi čitav tok koji je doveo do njega. Glavna meta Bakunjinove kritike bila je dijalektička kategorija neistovetne istovetnosti.\footnote{Isto se može reći i za Adorna, koji je nasuprot Hegelovoj \emph{pozitivnoj} dijalektici kao svesti \emph{o neistovetnosti kroz istovetnost} (nav. delo, str. 160) izričito utvrdio da je \emph{negativna} dijalektika ni manje ni više nego \emph{dosledna svest o neistovetnosti} (\emph{isto,} str. 17). Nešto slično čini se da nagoveštava i Werner Becker, \emph{Idealistische und materialistische Dialektik} (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1972), str. 108 n. 22. Uz izlaganje u tekstu, vidi i Herbert Marcuse, “Zum Begriff der Negation in der Dialektik”, \emph{Ideen zu einer kritischen Theorie der Gesellschaft} (Frankfurt\Slash{}M: Suhrkamp, 1969), str. 185—190.} U njenoj je nekritičkoj primeni mladi buntovnik video najveći nedostatak, najveću slabost Hegelovog učenja. Nimalo ga nije privlačila perspektiva koju je Hegel otvorio tim svojim načelnim ublažavanjem oštrine sukoba između suprotstavljenih strana. Činilo mu se da Hegelovo učenje zbog toga neizbežno zaostaje za onim što nosi u sebi kao svoju najvišu mogućnost.
Sasvim u duhu mladohegelovskog programa, Bakunjin je upravio oštricu svoje kritike protiv osnovne pretpostavke Hegelovog razumevanja dijalektike, protiv njegovog shvatanja temeljne strukture (ili, ako se tako hoće, ontološkog ustrojstva) dijalektičkog procesa. Nasuprot ideji sveopšteg posredovanja, istakao je načelo \emph{bezobzirnog uništavanja}.\footnote{“Die Reaktion in Deutschland”, \emph{na nav. mestu,} str. 81.} U tom zaoštravanju odnosa prema Hegelu anarhistički je prvak, možda, čak otišao mnogo dalje od svojih najbližih prethodnika na istom poslu. U Hegelovom čvrstom povezivanju istovetnosti i razlike, u njegovom poimanju razlike kao \emph{momenta} istovetnosti, Bakunjin je video ne samo krupan misaoni promašaj, već i strahovito ogrešenje o ljudsku praksu. Smatrao je da je Hegel na taj način unapred oduzeo svetu svaku budućnost, da je zauvek zatvorio krug zbivanja, da je sasvim isključio mogućnost nadolaska novog života. Koliko može da se vidi, izgleda da se mladi otpadnik nije mnogo prevario u ovoj oceni. Jer Hegel je, doista, shvatio dijalektički proces kao kruženje kruga, kao kretanje od istovetnosti ka razlici i natrag ka istovetnosti. U njegovoj je zamisli istovetnost ne samo \emph{unutrašnje odbijanje} ka razlici, već u isti mah i \emph{odbijanje koje se vraća sebi}.\footnote{Wissenschaft der Logik I, \emph{Samtliche Werke} IV (Jubilaumsaus- gabe) (H. Glockner) (Stuttgart: F. Frommann, 1965), str. 510.} To znači da je Hegel postavio tezu i antitezu u istu ravan kao međusobno ravnopravne članove, da teza i antiteza čine kod njega neraskidivo jedinstvo, da nužno pripadaju jedna drugoj. Kao što teza (istovetnost), koja je u osnovi nešto pozitivno, sadrži u sebi ono drugo, neistovetno, različito, tako isto i antiteza (razlika), iako u osnovi nešto negativno, obuhvata u sebi i ono čemu se suprotstavlja. Otud je dijalektičko kretanje od teze preko antiteze ka sintezi, u krajnjoj liniji, kretanje u krugu. Ništa ne mari što ovo kružno kretanje nije obično \emph{vraćanje}, već u isti mah i \emph{napredak} i \emph{obogaćenje}, jer je sledeći stupanj uvek samo proizvod prethodnih \emph{ukinutih} stupnjeva.
Nema nikakve sumnje da je Hegelova teza o posredovanosti svega neposrednog naišla na Bakunjinovo žestoko protivljenje pre svega zato što su je već mnogi mladohegelovci shvatili kao najčjistiji izraz konzervativnog, ako već ne i otvoreno reakcionarnog, nastrojenja prema svetu i životu.\footnote{Bliže o razlikama između starohegelovskog i mladohegelov-skog tumačenja Hegelove filozofije, vidi Karl Lowith, \emph{nav. delo,} str. 83.} Ili bar zato što se njemu samom učinilo da takva mogućnost njenog tumačenja najpre dolazi u obzir. Nekadašnji vatreni poklonik Hegelovog učenja video je sada svoj najpreči zadatak u tome da razbije dijalektičku spregu između istovetnosti i razlike, da oslobodi mišljenje od okova apsolutnog pojma. Nasuprot Hegelovom izričitom uveravanju da nema ničeg ni \emph{na nebu} ni \emph{u prirodi ili u duhu} što ne bi u isti mah bilo i neposredno i posredovano,\footnote{Wissenschaft der Logik I, \emph{na nav. mestu,} IV, str. 70} to jest što ne bi sadržavalo u sebi oboje, biće i ništa,\footnote{\emph{isto,} IV, str. 91.} Bakunjin je radikalno porekao svaku mogućnost sinteze. Bio je ubeđen da teza i antiteza pripadaju različitim svetovima, da suprotnost između njih nije obična suprotstavljenost, već prava, istinska, nepomirljiva protivrečnost. Ne samo što nije delio Hegelovo mišljenje da negacija igra pozitivnu ulogu u dijalektičkom napredovanju od nižeg ka višem situpnju, odnosno da negacija ima smisla samo kao \emph{određena negacija},\footnote{\emph{isto,} IV, str. 51.} kao negacija određene stvari, a ne kao čisto, apstraktno poricanje svega i svačeg, već je, štaviše, tvrdio da je uviđanje stvarne prevlasti negativnog nad pozitivnim bitan preduslov revolucionarne izmene sveta, te da je jedino vredno truditi se oko uviđanja ključnog značaja negativnog činioca u pripremanju i sprovođenju te izmene.\footnote{Pokušaj Milana Kangrge (u članku “Hegel — metafizika ili revolucija?”, u knjizi \emph{Čovjek i svijet,} Zagreb: Liber, 1975, str. 99—112) da već kod samog Hegela nađe opravdanje za radikalnu tvrdnju da je ništa temelj bića, a ne biće temelj svega, kako bi na taj način Hegelovu filozofiju oštro odvojio od metafizičke tradicije i pridao joj izrazito revolucionarni smisao, sasvim je u duhu mladohegelovskog preterivanja, koje nema nikakvog oslonca u Hegelovom tekstu. O različitim pitanjima koja se postavljaju u vezi s tumačenjem prvih kategorija Hegelove logike, vidi Dieter Henrich, “Anfang und Methode der Logik”, \emph{Hegel im Kontext} (Frankfurt\Slash{}M: Suhrkamp, 1971), str. 73—94.}
Posebno treba naglasiti da je Bakunjin vatreno ustao protiv Hegelovog brisanja svake razlike između negativnog i pozitivnog, protiv njegovog poistovećivanja negativnog s pozitivnim. Optužio je najvećeg predstavnika nemačkog idealizma da je ovim svođenjem negativnog na rang puke fikcije izneverio dijalektiku, da se prilagodio postojećem stanju. Toliko je bio siguran da je u pravu, da nije ni pomišljao na to kako bi morao iscrpno obrazložiti tu svoju optužbu. Ništa nije toliko smetalo Bakunjinu kao ovo idealističko navođenje na put sveopšteg izmirenja i iskupljenja, ništa ga nije toliko uznemiravalo kao ovo metafizičko poigravanje spekulativnim mogućnostima jezika.\footnote{Bliže o smislu i pobudama Hegelove dijalektike, vidi Hans- Georg Gadamer, \emph{Hegels Dialektik. Filnf hermeneutische Studien} (Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr\Slash{} P. Siebeck, 1971), str. 28—29, 87—89. Uz izlaganje dalje u tekstu, vidi “Die Reaktion in Deutschland”, \emph{na nav. mestu,} naročito str. 77—79.} Hteo je da konačno prekine sa svim tim zabludama i obmanama kako bi otvorio put boljem razumevanju epohalnog zbivanja. U tom se smislu pomno trudio da uspostavi bitnu razliku između negativnog i pozitivnog. Sumnjao je da se pomoću kategorije neistovetne istovetnosti može dopreti do korena same stvari, da se može razumeti ono što je najvažnije. Mnogo mu je bliža bila misao da je negativno nešto sasvim drugo nego pozitivno, mnogo je više naginjao verovanju da su negativno i pozitivno bitno drukčije upućeni jedno na drugo, da u odnosu između njih nema nikakvog sklada, već postoji trajna, neotklonjiva napetost. Čak je izričito ustanovio da se negativno ne može \emph{ukinuti} nikakvim \emph{spoljašnjim posredovanjem} s pozitivnim.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 67.} Bilo mu je jasno da dijalektičko kretanje nužno ostaje da tapka u mestu, ukoliko negativno i pozitivno samo \emph{ukidaju} jedno drugo u \emph{višoj} sintezi. U tom se slučaju, naime, kroz sva poricanja ili razaranja — i to ne samo uprkos njima, već upravo zahvaljujući njihovom posredovanju — uvek probija jedna ista suština, razvija se ono što je odvajkada već bilo, što je od iskona već predodređeno. Tako je Bakunjin srećno pripremio zaključak, ako već ne i tačno zaključio, da Hegelova dijalektika ne dopušta nikakvu mogućnost nastanka nečeg istinski novog, jer je u njenom okviru sve buduće bitno ograničeno vidokrugom prošlog.
Da je Bakunjin sasvim drukčije gledao na negaciju od Hegela, da je odlučno opovrgao svog nekadašnjeg učitelja baš u vezi s pitanjem o karakteru i ulozi negativnog činioca u dijalektičkom procesu, lepo se vidi na mnogim mestima njegovog članka objavljenog u Nemačkim godišnjacima. Možda čak treba reći da sva mesta tog članka donose jednu istu poruku, da iz svih redova tog članka progovara jedno isto saznanje — da negativno (antiteza) ima viši ontološki rang nego pozitivno (teza), da negativno omogućuje sebe i svoju suprotnost, dok pozitivno postoji samo u odnosu na negativno, da je negativno istinski pokretačko i stvaralačko načelo.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 80, 92.} I to ne samo u teorijskom smislu, kao radikalna kritika, već pre svega i iznad svega u praktičkom smislu, kao revolucionarno delovanje. Ovo utoliko što kretanje apstraktnih pojmova mora naći primenu u stvarnom životu da bi uopšte potvrdilo svoju relevantnost. Po Bakunjinovom mišljenju, današnju situaciju karakteriše radikalna suprotnost između negativnog i pozitivnog, sukob između demokratije i reakcije, odnosno između slobode i neslobode zaoštren je do krajnjih granica mogućnog.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str, 90.} A u situaciji u kojoj je do kraja poremećena ravnoteža između suprotstavljenih strana, u kojoj je potpuno prekinuta organska veza između njih, nema mesta dijalektičkom posredovanju. Ili, drugim rečima: onde gde se teza i antiteza oštro suprotstavljaju jedna drugoj, otpada svaka mogućnost pomirenja, isključena je svaka mogućnost njihove sinteze u Hegelovom smislu. Jedino što u tom slučaju preostaje, to je da antiteza svesno preuzme svoju ulogu,\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 81. Vidi i str. 83.} da negativno postavi sebe apsolutno, što je, pak, mogućno samo ako sinteza bezobzirno porekne tezu, ako negativno bezobzirno uništi pozitivno.
Daleko od toga da bi ovo zamenjivanje tradicionalne predstave dijalektičkog jedinstva jednim novim (nedijalektičkim) modelom dijalektike bilo slučajno i proizvoljno. U pitanju je krajnje ozbiljan i epohalno primeren misaoni korak od kojeg metafizički zaslepljenog dijalektičara hvata vrtoglavica. Dalekosežan teorijski i praktički značaj Bakunjinove dijalektičke zamisli je u tome što odbacuje ideju pozitivnosti uma, što kida mrežu posredovanja, što otvara mogućnost da na površinu izbije nešto neposredno. Sav obuzet mišlju \emph{kvalitativnog skoka} ili \emph{kvalitativne promene},\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66.} Bakunjin neće više da čuje za mirno prevazilaženje teze i antiteze u sintezi. Dijaiektički proces nije više za njega neprekidno kretanje u kome suprotnosti gube svoju isključivost i tako omogućuju uspostavljanje ravnoteže. Više mu je nego jasno da bitno obeležje tog procesa može biti samo prometejski nemir i nezadovoljstvo, a ne olimpski mir i spokojstvo. Za razliku od svog velikog učitelja u filozofiji, Bakunjin vidi u negativnom svojevrsnu pukotinu u srcu postojećeg kao pozitivnog, a ne njegov prirodan produžetak. Po njegovom mišljenju, negativno zadobija odlučujuću prednost u odnosu prema pozitivom čim postane svesno svoje snage, čim dođe do svesti o svojoj važnosti, čim shvati sebe kao \emph{opšte i sveobuhvaitno načelo.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66. Vidi i str. 70, 71.}} Tako probuđeno iz sna, negativno neodložno prelazi na radikalno \emph{uništavanje svega pozitivno postojećeg}.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 81.} Drugog izbora nema. \emph{Ovo samorastvaranje pozitivnog}, kaže Bakunjin, jedino je mogućan način \emph{posredovanja pozitivnog pomoću negativnog}, te svako ko zamišlja da postoji i \emph{neko drugo posredovanje} time dokazuje \emph{da nije prožet duhom vremena i da je, prema tome, ili glup ili beskarakteran}.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 82.}
Ne treba lupati mnogo glavu oko toga zašto je Bakunjin ovde tako odlučan, zašto nijedna druga mogućnosl kod njega ne dolazi u obzir. Razlog je vrlo jednostovan. Ako bi se negativno ograničilo na samorefleksiju, ako bi se zadovoljio samo time da sebi predoči svoj trenutni položaj, onda bi se ono lišilo svojih najviših mogućnosti. Ostalo bi zarobljeno u svom \emph{rđavom obliku\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66.}}, ovekovečilo bi svoju \emph{rđavu egzistenciju\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66, 72, 80.}}. Samorazumevanje negativnog kao nosećeg temelja samoga sebe i svoje vlastite suprotnosti od značaja je i važnosti samo ukoliko omogućuje potpuno oslobođenje negativnog, njegovo najviše ispunjenje. Zbog toga se teorijsko uviđanje postojećeg nesklada mora potvrditi praktičkim \emph{činom uništenja}.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 81.} Jer samo na razvalinama pozitivnog, negativno može da uspostavi svoj pravi, istinski oblik, to jest može i da postane \emph{živo obilje samog sebe\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66.}}. Ne ponavlja Bakunjin uzalud na svakom koraku da se \emph{čitavo biće negativnog, njegov sadržaj, njegov život sastoji samo u razaranju pozitivnog\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 67.}}, da je \emph{njegov veliki zadatak neumorno i bezobzirno uništavanje svega pozitivno postojećeg}.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 81.} Time on jasno stavlja do znanja da negativno, ukoliko mu je stalo do vlastite stvari, nema šta da očekuje od pozitivnog, da mora prekinuti svaku vezu s njim, da se mora potpuno i bez ostatka otrgnuti iz njegovog zagrljaja.
Po sebi se razume da bespoštedan obračun negativnog s pozitivnim, koji predstavlja okosnicu Bakunjinove kritike Hegelove dijalektike, ne povlači za sobom samo razbijanje ili rastvaranje jednog člana prvobitne suprotnosti. I negativno biva pri tom uvučeno u vrtlog promene, a ne samo što pozitivno strada pod njegovim udarom. Mada ni negativno ne prevazilazi svoju jednostranost tako što nalazi u sebi istinu onog drugog. Ali za razliku od pozitivnog, koje prilikom obračuna gubi svaku samostalnost, te propada u nepovrat, negativno, naprotiv, učvršćuje svoj položaj, jer sve potpunije razvija samo sebe. Ova kvalitativna promena negativnog je u punom smislu reči samo naličje propasti svega postojećeg kao pozitivnog. Tek zahvaljujući svojoj razornoj, rušilačkoj delatnosti, negativno dobija mogućnost da \emph{objavi neiscrpnu i budućnošću bremenitu dubinu svoje prirode\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 81}}. Neće se nimalo pogrešiti ako se kaže da je Bakunjin shvatio negativno kao kolevku budućnosti, da je samo i jedino kroz uništavanje postojećeg očekivao zametanje istinski novog života. Ovu je svoju osnovnu misao Bakunjin upečatljivo izrazio onim čuvenim rečima kojima je završio članak u Nemačkim godišnjacima: \emph{Radost razaranja je u isti mah i stvaralačka radost\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 96}}. Istini za volju treba priznati da je u razvijanju te osnovne misli Bakunjin odveć olako pustio na volju svojim izvornim apokaliptičko-hilijastičkim sklonostima, žrtvujući tako ponegde pojmovnu strogost i jasnoću pesničko-metaforičkom izrazu. Na jednom je mestu na kome se apstraktna pojmovna razlikovanja tesno prepliću s konkretnim političkim procenama otišao tako daleko da je kvalitativnu promenu koja treba da usledi posle bezobzirnog obračuna negativnog s pozitivnim opisao kao stvaranje \emph{novog neba i nove zemlje\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 66}}, kao \emph{uspostavljanje mladog i blistavog sveta u kome će se sve sadašnje disonance razrešiti u harmoničnom jedinstvu\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 67}}. Na taj je način religiozno ushićenje mladog buntovnika u znatnoj meri zamaglilo njegov misaoni horizont.
No nezavisno od toga koliko je Bakunjin bio kadar da čisto misaonim sredstvima zasnuje svoje novo dijalektičko stanovište, a koliko je podlegao drugim, vanteorijskim uticajima, izvesno je da je njegovo shvatanje o karakteru i ulozi negacije u dijalektičkom procesu bilo sasvim po meri ondašnjeg društvenog i političkog trenutka. Vrlo je verovatno da je ova nova mogućnost razumevanja dijalektike i njega samog najviše privlačila baš s obzirom na dalekosežne posledice njene primene u društvenom i političkom životu. Možda mu je čak i pala na um samo kao apstraktna verzija jednog konkretnog političkog zahteva. Ovo utoliko što mladi anarhist nije ostavio nimalo mesta sumnji oko toga koja je društvena snaga jedino pozvana da sprovede čin uništenja, koja društvena snaga jedino može biti nosilac, negativne delatnosti u modernom građanskom društvu. Po njegovim rečima, to je \emph{narod, siromašna klasa koja bez sumnje čini većinu stanovništva, klasa čija su prava teorijski već priznata, ali koja je sve do sada po svom poreklu i po svom položaju osuđena na siromaštvo i neznanje, pa prema tome i na faktičko ropstvo; ta klasa, koja je zapravo narod, zauzima svuda preteći stav, počinje da prebrojava redove svojih neprijatelja, koji su slabi u poređenju s njom, i da zahteva puno ostvarenje svojih prava koja su joj već priznata}.\footnote{\emph{isto,} str. 94—95.} Toliko je Bakunjin bio ubeđen u to da budućnost pripada modernom proletarijatu, da moderni proletarijat može i treba da odigra glavnu ulogu u predstojećoj revolucionarnoj izmeni sveta, da se dobija utisak kako svojim člankom i nije hteo da postigne ništa drugo do samo da odlučno istakne tu stvar.
Pada u oči da je anarhistički model negativne dijalektike pobudio veliko interesovanje intelektualnih krugova širom ondašnje Evrope i Rusije prvenstveno s obzirom na mogućnost praktičke primene, s obzirom na izričito pominjanje neizbežnosti surove političke borbe između proletarijata i buržoazije. Njegova je filozofska novost malo koga privukla i malo se kome učinila vrednom posebne pažnje. Sudeći po tome što Bakunjin nije dobio nikakvo osobito priznanje od svojih savremenika kao filozofski pisac, vrlo je verovatno da bi njegov nacrt prošao sasvim nezapaženo da nije ponudio jasnu perspektivu međunarodnom radničkom pokretu. Možemo samo da nagađamo zašto je u Bakunjinovom slučaju politička strana toliko zasenila filozofsku, zašto je Bakunjinov mislilački podvig toliko ostao u senci njegovog praktičkog programa. Teško da je to bila puka slučajnost, makar što je u tome moralo biti i slučajnosti. Utoliko pre treba spomenuti da je bilo i nekih izuzetaka u gledanju na Bakunjinov pokušaj filozofskog zasnivanja novog dijalektičkog stanovišta. U najmanju ruku treba reći da je mladi Marks (Marx) bio među prvima koji je tačno shvatio i ocenio duboko revolucionarni značaj i smisao anarhističkog modela negativne dijalektike. Mada Marks nigde nije javno priznao svoj dug prema Bakunjinu, ipak je njegova zavisnost od Bakunjina nesumnjiva: tragovi su Bakunjinovog uticaja sasvim vidljivi kako u \emph{Svetoj porodici} tako i u \emph{Kritici Hegelovog državnog prava},\footnote{Na ovu je sličnost prvi ukazao Reinhard Lauth, “Einfliisse slawischer Denker auf die Marxsche Weltanschauung”, \emph{Orientalia Christiana Periodica} XXI (1955), str. 439—450. Vidi i Dietrich Bohler, \emph{Metakritik der Marxschen Ideologiekritik} (Frankfurt\Slash{}M: Suhrkamp, 1971), str. 124—126.} što, razume se, nimalo ne umanjuje vrednost tih Marksovih spisa. Možda je baš i zahvaljujući tome što je Marks smelo usvojio Bakunjinovu osnovnu misao, dajući joj određeniji društveno-istorijski sadržaj, filozofski program negativne dijalektike ostao tako privlačan sve do današnjeg dana. Za sve naše današnje pokušaje da mišljenjem dosegnemo bitnu dimenziju epohalnog zbivanja anarhistički je model stoga važan i nezaobilazan putokaz.
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Anarhistička biblioteka
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Anti-Copyright
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Mihailo Đurić
Anarhistički model negativne dijalektike
1979.
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Mihailo Đurić, \emph{Utopija izmene sveta}, Prosveta, Beograd, 1979.
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\textbf{anarhisticka-biblioteka.net}
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\begin{document}
\title{Isolated Bilateral External Iliac Artery Dissections with Emotional
Stress}
\author[1]{Shun Kondo}%
\author[1]{Hiroyuki Osanai}%
\author[1]{Yusuke Sakamoto}%
\author[1]{Hiroto Uno}%
\author[1]{Kensuke Tagahara}%
\author[1]{Hirotaka Hosono}%
\author[1]{Shun Miyamoto}%
\author[1]{Shotaro Hiramatsu}%
\author[1]{Hikari Matsumoto}%
\author[2]{Teruhiro Sakaguchi}%
\author[1]{Takahiro Kanbara}%
\author[1]{Yoshihito Nakashima}%
\author[1]{Hiroshi Asano}%
\author[1]{Masayoshi Ajioka}%
\affil[1]{Tosei General Hospital}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\vspace{-1em}
\date{\today}
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\begin{abstract}
Spontaneous and isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissection is
extremely rare. We present a case of isolated bilateral external iliac
artery dissection secondary to emotional stress. We believe this to be
the first case with this condition secondary to emotional stress in
patient without connective tissue disorder.%
\end{abstract}%
\sloppy
\textbf{Key Clinical Message}
We present a patient with isolated bilateral external iliac artery
dissections associated with emotional stress. The diagnosis should be
kept in mind in young, fit patients presenting lower back pain occurring
subsequent to emotional stress.
\textbf{Introduction}
Spontaneous and isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissection
without involvement of the aorta is extremely rare. Only a few cases
regarding this condition have been previously reported. The etiologic
factors of external iliac artery dissection are trauma, connective
tissue disorder, atherosclerosis, and physical
strain.\textsuperscript{1}
Most of the reports presented in the literature are associated with
connective tissue disorder or intense exercise. Here we present the case
of a patient with isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissections
in a 50-year-old man with emotional stress managed by conservative
treatments.
\textbf{Case History}
A 50-year-old man was admitted to our medical center for new-onset lower
back pain during his mother's funeral. He had no significant past
medical or surgical history. He smoked cigarettes for 20 years until 10
years before and had no other cardiovascular risk factors. He was not
prescribed any medications. There was no familial history of aortic
disease, sudden death, or structural cardiac abnormalities. He denied
any intense exercise. His mother died 7 days before the onset of
symptoms and he started having symptoms during her funeral. On physical
examination, he was hemodynamically stable with a normal sinus rhythm of
81 beats per minute and blood pressure of 172/106 mmHg, femoral and
distal pulses were palpable and strong bilaterally. A contrast-enhanced
computed tomography (CT) showed isolated bilateral external iliac artery
dissections (Figure 1). There are no stenosis, aneurysms, or other
dissections of the arterial system in ether leg. The patient's white
blood cell count was 8.1\selectlanguage{ngerman}×10\textsuperscript{3}/ \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}L, D-dimer
concentration was 0.27 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}g/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
were 121 mg/dL, and HbA1c was 5.9\%. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) was
1.21 on the right side and 1.18 on the left side. The patient had no
symptoms of claudication before or after hospital admission and lower
back pain was reduced by analgesic, thus we chose conservative
treatments, including antihypertensive therapy and close follow-up. A
repeated CT 4days following symptomatic onset showed that dissections
and vessel diameter were both stable. A rehabilitation program based on
type B aortic dissection was undertaken. During the rehabilitation
program, he had neither symptom nor claudication. He was discharged from
the hospital on day 13. A follow-up CT one month later showed no
evidence of dissection extension. Over the course of 2-years follow-up
the patient remained completely asymptomatic with good distal pulses,
and a follow-up CT showed no extension of the dissection. Outpatient
follow-up has been adjusted to be done every six months.
\textbf{Discussion}
Spontaneous and isolated external iliac artery dissection is a rare
phenomenon, especially, if there is bilateral involvement. The etiologic
factors of external iliac artery dissection are trauma, connective
tissue disorder, atherosclerosis, and physical
strain.\textsuperscript{1} Connective tissue disorder includes Marfan
syndrome, \selectlanguage{greek}α\selectlanguage{english}1-antitrypsin deficiency, fibromuscular dysplasia, and
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.\textsuperscript{2} There have been a few reports
of external iliac artery dissection in athletes or workers; Cyclists are
the most common, and cases in runners, golf swing trainers, and blue
collar workers have also been reported.\textsuperscript{3}
In this case, the patient had no history of trauma or excessive
training, and no signs or symptoms suggestive of connective tissue
disorder. Apart from past smoking history, we speculate that our patient
could have been affected by his mother's death and funeral, possibly due
to emotional stress. The potential impact of acute emotional stress on
cardiovascular disease has frequently been assessed by evaluating the
aftermath of happenstance natural disasters and adverse emotional
events.\textsuperscript{4} For example, the etiology of Takotsubo
cardiomyopathy, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or broken
heart syndrome, potentially involves a hyperadrenergic state in response
to acute emotional stress.\textsuperscript{5} Similarly, an association
has been reported between acute emotional stress and acute aortic
dissection.\textsuperscript{6} Recent studies have shown that emotional
stress triggers increased sympathetic nervous systems which activate the
adrenal medulla and the peripheral sympathetic nerves, leading to
increased circulating levels of catecholamines (mainly adrenaline and
noradrenaline respectively), which increase blood pressure and heart
rate with the effect that wall stress exceeds the tensile limit of
aortic tissue, resulting in an acute aortic
dissection.\textsuperscript{4,6} There has been a report of external
iliac artery dissection in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to
emotional stress.\textsuperscript{7} Similarly, emotional stress could
have been a contributing factor in our patient. To the best of our
knowledge, our patient represents the first reported case of acute
emotional stress triggering isolated bilateral external iliac artery
dissection without genetic syndrome or connective tissue disorder.
Many investigative modalities for assessing external iliac artery
dissection have been proposed. An ABI has high specificity but
relatively low sensitivity.\textsuperscript{8} An arterial duplex
examination detects both stenosis and elongation of iliac arteries
reliably but is user-dependent.\textsuperscript{9} A CT or magnetic
resonance (MR) angiography is highly sensitive in detecting stenosis,
dissection, or arterial wall thickening.\textsuperscript{8} Management
options for external iliac artery dissection are conservative treatment,
open surgery, and endovascular treatment. Criteria for the treatment of
patients with external iliac artery dissection are not yet defined,
owing to the rarity of the condition. Conservative treatments which
include close observation, follow-up imaging, and best medical therapies
can be suitable for patients without symptoms. In patients with
asymptomatic isolated iliac artery dissection, conservative treatment
was reported to be a safe option.\textsuperscript{10} Open surgery can
be suitable for patients with a strong desire to continue their sporting
lifestyle.\textsuperscript{3,8} Endovascular treatment has an advantage
over open surgery in that it is less invasive, potentially making it
preferable to athletes.\textsuperscript{3}
\textbf{Conclusion}
Isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissections associated with
emotional stress in a patient without genetic syndrome or connective
tissue disorder has not been previously reported in the literature to
our knowledge. The diagnosis should be kept in mind in young, fit
patients presenting lower back pain occurring subsequent to emotional
stress.
\textbf{Author Contributions:}
Shun Kondo: conception and design of study, acquisition of data,
analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript
Hiroyuki Osanai: conception and design of study
Yusuke Sakamoto: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Hiroto Uno: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Kensuke Tagahara: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Hirotaka Hosono: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Shun Miyamoto: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Shotaro Hiramatsu: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Hikari Matsumoto: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Teruhiro Sakaguchi: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Takahiro Kanbara: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Yoshihito Nakashima: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Hiroshi Asano: technical help, writing and editing assistance
Masayoshi Ajioka: technical help, writing and editing assistance
\textbf{Conflicts of Interest}
This report was not funded by any agencies in the public, commercial, or
not-for-profit sectors.
\textbf{References}
1. Hirai, S., Hamanaka, Y., Mitsui, N., Isaka, M., and Kobayashi, T.
2002. Spontaneous and isolated dissection of the external iliac artery:
a case report. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official
journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of
Asia 8(3): 180--182.
2. Yoong, S., Heyes, G., Davison, G.W., Hannon, R., and O'Donnell, M.E.
2013. Spontaneous dissection of the external iliac artery secondary to
golf club manufacturing. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 47(1):
73--75.
3. Yamanaka, Y., Yoshida, T., and Nagaoka, E. 2017. Bilateral External
Iliac Artery Dissection in a Middle-Aged Male Athlete. Annals of
Vascular Diseases 10(4): 446--448.
4. Dar, T., Radfar, A., Abohashem, S., Pitman, R.K., Tawakol, A., and
Osborne, M.T. 2019. Psychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Disease.
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 21(5).
5. Marshall, L.S. 2016. Broken heart syndrome. Journal of Radiology
Nursing 35(2): 133--137.
6. Hatzaras, I.S., Bible, J.E., Koullias, G.J., Tranquilli, M., Singh,
M., and Elefteriades, J.A. 2007. Role of Exertion or Emotion as Inciting
Events for Acute Aortic Dissection. American Journal of Cardiology
100(9): 1470--1472.
7. Shimoyama, Y., Umegaki, O., Agui, T., Kadono, N., and Minami, T.
2017. Sudden onset of artery dissection in a 32-year-old woman with
vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to psychological stress of her
mother's death: a case series. JA Clinical Reports 3(1): 10--12.
8. Willson, T.D., Revesz, E., Podbielski, F.J., and Blecha, M.J. 2010.
External iliac artery dissection secondary to endofibrosis in a cyclist.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 52(1): 219--221.
9. Alimi, Y.S., Accrocca, F., Barth\selectlanguage{ngerman}èlemy, P., Hartung, O., Dubuc, M.,
and Boufi, M. 2004. Comparison between duplex scanning and angiographic
findings in the evaluation of functional iliac obstruction in top
endurance athletes. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular
Surgery 28(5): 513--519.
10. Liang, Z., Guo, W., Du, C., and Xie, Y. 2017. Effectiveness of the
conservative therapy for spontaneous isolated iliac artery dissection:
Preliminary results. Vascular 25(6): 649--656.
\textbf{Figure Legends}
\textbf{Figure 1.}
Computed tomography demonstrating bilateral external iliac artery
dissection (arrows).
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A spectre haunts the modern world. It is the spectre of the gift. Everywhere the fight goes on, to get people to respect property, and to accept the miseries that come with such respect, such as work, destitution, and injustice. It is an endless fight by necessity. The minute it ceases, or weakens (e.g., gets caught on videotape), people break out into activities of an altogether different nature. They riot, and they loot. They relieve things of their fixed commodity values. The redistribution of these relieved things does not take the form of a sale, nor even a trade. Without a fixed price, they can only be considered as gifts.
Many societies throughout the world practiced their entire economic activities along the lines of gift-exchanges, the most famous of which is the potlatch.\footnote{(1990) Mauss, Marcel: \emph{The Gift}, New York, Norton. see note 13 on p.86, as well note 209 on p.122. The word potlatch derives from the Nootka \emph{patshatl}. The Kwakiutl term was P!Esa’, “to flatten” [one’s rival], or it can mean “baskets being emptied,” “feeder,” or “place of being satiated.” The two general meanings are gift and food, which as Mauss points out, are not mutually exclusive. In addition there are several terms distinguishing types of potlatches. For example, the Tsimshian distinguish a \emph{yaok,}, which is a large intertribal potlatch, from all the other kinds of potlatches. The Haida spoke of a \emph{walgat}, a funeral potlatch, and the \emph{sika}, a potlatch held for other reasons. The Kwakiutl equivalent of \emph{yaok} is \emph{maxwa}.} As the modern societies continue to approach total collapse, we see an interesting trend developing. Potlatching is making a comeback! This was recently demonstrated in 1992 in South-Central Los Angeles, when more than twelve-thousand people took to the streets to express themselves through the destruction of great amounts of accumulated wealth.
\section{Dan Cranmer’s Potlatch}
Around Christmas in 1921, a Nimkish Kwakiutl fellow named Dan Cranmer hosted a six-day potlatch at Village Island, near Alert Bay in the Canadian province of British Colombia.\footnote{(1991) Cole, Douglas: “Underground Potlatch” Natural History 1991, volume 10, pp.50–53. See also (1992) Loo, Tina: “Dan Cranmer’s potlatch” \emph{Canadian Historical Review}, June 1992, volume 73, pp.125–141. See also (1966) Codere, Helen: “Daniel Cranmer’s Potlatch” in \emph{Indians of the North Pacific Coast}, edited by Tom McFeat, University of Washington.} The occasion was that of his marriage. Cranmer, being true to his Kwakiutl traditions, planned to celebrate the event with a long feast during which he would give everyone gifts. Some three-hundred guests (fellow Kwakiutls) were on hand to witness and receive Cranmer’s giving away of all his accumulated wealth.
Cranmer reportedly started out on the first day by receiving much of this wealth from his wife’s family (like a dowry). That night there was a dance. The next day he gave away twenty-four canoes, pool tables for two chiefs, four gasoline boats, and another pool table. He gave away blankets, gaslights, violins and guitars, kitchen utensils and three-hundred trunks. Women were given bracelets, shawls and dresses. Sweaters and shirts were given to youngsters, and coins were thrown in the air for children to collect. Another dance was held afterwards. He did not remember what he did on the third day (perhaps he was in a swoon). During the fourth day he gave away sewing machines, gramophones, bedsteads, and bureaus, along with more boxes and trunks. On the fifth day he gave away cash. And on the sixth he gave away about 1000 sacks of flour, each worth three dollars (a lot of money in 1921), as well as some sugar. It was one of the largest potlatches on record.
Although it sounds like a good time for everyone, Cranmer’s potlatch was in fact against the law, and he, along with fifty other Kwakiutls, had criminal charges brought against them as a result. Twenty-two of those people were imprisoned for two months, and the rest were given suspended sentences on the condition that they surrender all their potlatch gear, which included dance masks, ceremonial whistles, and plaques of beaten copper (known as “coppers”).
The law Cranmer had violated is known as Canada’s Indian Act of 1885, which specifically made any potlatching illegal. The reasoning behind this act was produced by a typical blend of missionary and governmental rationales which had as their goal the assimilation of Aboriginals into modern society, and the extinction of their cultures. The motives behind these goals were hardly just misguided altruism. In reality, The Canadian government (as did the American government) was seeking the absolute extension of the rule of property. Potlatching was a threat to this rule because among other things, potlatching was an economic system of distribution that followed along communal lines. It took commodities and turned them into gifts, thus mocking the entire system of capitalist production. Potlatch destroys property. It is the old story of the “lazy Indian,” the one who is indolent and thriftless. The big project was figuring out how to get these people to work. Forcing practices of private property on them seemed the obvious choice. Potlatching was perceived by Canadian legislators as a “mania,” an “insane exuberance of generosity”\footnote{see Cole (above).} that had to be stopped. Cranmer might as well have gone a-looting.
\section{The Nature of Potlatch}
Potlatching is but one form of an economic system that is based not on barter or sale, but is based on compulsory gift-giving. We now know that various forms of the gift economy existed all over the world.
Most of the Aboriginal tribes living along the Northwest Pacific coast of North America potlatched.\footnote{These include the Kwakiutl, the Tlingit, the Haida, the Tsimshian, the Nootka, the Coast Salish, and the Chinook.} Formally speaking, a potlatch was a gathering of people on any number of occasions, including birth, puberty, marriage or death. During these gatherings there would be feasting, dancing, and the redistribution of property or its destruction.
In these societies, children were raised with the idea of the gift firmly implanted in their worldview. For example, Franz Boas observed that when a Kwakiutl child is born, it is first given the name of the birthplace, which it keeps for about a year. Then a relative of the child gives a paddle or a mat to each of the clan members to mark the occasion of his second name. When a boy reaches puberty, he takes his third name, by distributing gifts to everyone in his clan. It is in effect, his first potlatch. He is usually assisted in this ceremony by relatives, especially the nobility.\footnote{(1966) Boas, Franz “The Potlatch” in \emph{Indians of the North Pacific Coast}, edited by Tom McFeat, University of Washington.}
During the bigger potlatches, the Yaoks and the Maxwas, property would be distributed by the host to his guests in between the dancing and the feasting. This was the general mechanism by which he acquired rank and status within his society. The status of the host gift-giver was directly proportional to his capacity for gift-giving. The greater the gift, the greater the status of the giver. But wait! As Mary Douglas put it, there are no free gifts! Every gift given carried with it the obligation to reciprocate, often with 100\% interest. Today’s potlatch guest would be tomorrow’s potlatch host. Potlatching thus generated rivalry between status-seekers (typically the big chiefs) as each one tried to outdo the other in their capacity to give everything away. At times these contests would escalate to the point where the distribution of property became inadequate for the expression of a chief’s disregard for wealth and property. The next step would be to actually destroy property, often by burning it up. He might burn up his canoes, or his house, or the entire village. He might break his coppers and throw them in the sea. He may cut the throat of his slaves. All this he would do in full view of his guests, and usually with the complete approbation of his clan. Throughout the goal was to flatten his rival’s rank and enlarge his own. The “winner” of such a contest is not just the individual potlatcher, but also the dead from whom the potlatcher claims hereditary title, as well as the living clan of the potlatcher.
Marcel Mauss first noted the underlying principles of the gift in Northwest Coast Potlatch and then discovered its occurrence in varying forms at diverse locations, including Malaysia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Africa, North America, ancient Rome, as well as the ancient Indo-European world. Because of the rivalrous and ecstatic nature of potlatch, what Benedict thought of as the Dionysian ethos,\footnote{(1961) Benedict, Ruth: \emph{Patterns of Culture}, Houghton Mifflin: Boston.} Mauss referred to Potlatch as an “agonistic”\footnote{Mauss, pp.7.} form of the gift economy. His general characterization of the gift economy is as a “system of total services.” He describes this system as:
\begin{quote}
“First it is not individuals, but collectivities that impose obligations of exchange and contract upon each other. The contracting parties are legal entities: clans, tribes, and families who confront and oppose one another either in groups who meet face to face in one spot, or through their chiefs, or in both these ways at once. Moreover, what they exchange is not solely property and wealth, movable and immovable goods, and things economically useful. In particular, such exchanges are acts of politeness: banquets, rituals, military services, women, children, dances, festivals, and fairs, in which economic transaction is only one element, and in which the passing on of wealth is only one feature of a much more general and enduring contract.”\footnote{Mauss, pp.5.}
\end{quote}
The central question posed by Mauss is this: “What rule of legality and self-interest [in a gift economy]\dots{}compels the gift that has been received to be obligatorily reciprocated? What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?”\footnote{Mauss, pp.3.}
What Mauss demonstrates and Bataille greatly amplifies is that the essence of this contract holds that things contain an animated force, and that this force produces both social solidarity as well as the obligation to reciprocate. The Maori word for it is \emph{Hau}, or the spirit of the thing given. Tamati Ranaipiri, a Maori, explained the nature of the \emph{Hau}:
\begin{quote}
“Let us suppose that you possess a certain article (\emph{taonga}) and that you give me this article. You give it to me without setting a price on it. We strike no bargain about it. Now, I give this article to a third person who, after a certain lapse of time, decides to give me something as payment in return (\emph{utu}). He makes a present to me of something (\emph{Taonga}). Now, this \emph{Taonga} that he gives me is the spirit (\emph{Hau}) of the \emph{Taonga} that I had received from you and given to him. The \emph{Taonga} that I received for the \emph{Taonga} (which came from you) must be returned to you. It would not be fair (\emph{tika}) on my part to keep these \emph{Taonga} for myself, whether they were desirable (\emph{rawe}) or undesirable (\emph{kino}). I must give them to you because they are a Hau of the \emph{Taonga} that you gave me. If I kept this other \emph{Taonga} for myself, serious harm might befall me, even death. This is the nature of the \emph{Hau}, the \emph{Hau} of personal property, the \emph{Hau} of the \emph{Taonga}, the \emph{Hau} of the forest.”\footnote{Mauss, pp.11.}
\end{quote}
\section{Gift Economy vs Modern Economy}
For the longest time, economic evolution was thought of as a single one-way progression from barter to sale and money, and lastly evolving into credit. Those societies that did not display any of these characteristics were thought of as backward, simple, and without any kind of market. However, the discovery of gift economies calls this entire trajectory into question. For gift economies are largely devoid of barter or sale, yet they operate on a complex credit system. Furthermore they definitely operate within a market setting. It is the rules of exchange that are different. Finally, the incentives of self-interest are fully operational in gift economies. The absolute sovereignty of the individual self is maintained in a system that can only be called communal.
It is precisely the \emph{Hau} that modern economics cannot recognize, and this is the critical difference between the two systems. The \emph{Hau,} is not just a superstitious fancy, but is in fact an ecological ethic of total interrelatedness which is supported by contemporary physics and biology, most notably in Chaos theory, with its well-known statement that the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings in China today will affect the weather over Seattle next week.\footnote{(1987) Gleick, James: Chaos. Viking: New York.} Perhaps the Hau is best expressed through Bataille’s theory of General Economy. This theory starts from a general perspective: how is life possible? Is it possible to speak of the flow of living matter in general? Bataille explains that “A movement is produced on the surface of the globe that results from the circulation of energy at this point in the universe.” The connection with economics, is that “the economic activity of men appropriates this movement, making use of the resulting possibilities for certain ends.” The problem, especially for modern economics, is that this movement has a pattern and laws of which the men who appropriate it are unacquainted.\footnote{(1988) Bataille, Georges: \emph{The Accursed Share}. Zone: New York.}
This movement is the animating force, what Dylan Thomas called “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower.” Bataille’s basic observation is that all organisms are provided with more energy than they need to stay alive. This surplus of energy (which he terms wealth) can be used for the growth of the organism, or system. If the system can no longer grow, or if the surplus cannot be absorbed into the growth, it must be destroyed, spent and lost, one way or another, willingly or unwillingly, and entirely without profit. This is what is willingly and lavishly done in potlatch. While this might seem straightforward enough, it is anathema to classical economic theories such as drive modern economies. It is not rational. It is paradoxical, but so is life.
In Bataille’s theory, life on Earth is first and foremost characterized by the superabundance of energy freely given to it by the Sun. This superabundance carries over into the everyday activities of humans. The problem of life then is not that of scarcity, but of excess. Organisms have had to evolve mechanisms for squandering and destroying this excess, this accursed share. These are mechanisms of luxury. Eating, death and sexual reproduction constitute the three luxuries of nature. As any cellular biologist can tell you, none of these three luxuries are necessary for there to be life.
If excess is a basic biological factor, then we have to deal with it one way or another. There appear to be two basic responses that humans have made: either reciprocating the excess, by adapting their lifestyles to the condition of luxurious exuberance, or by somehow eliminating the conditions of continual excess.
The conquest of nature that was attempted in North America (sixteenth century up to present) by the nascent modern economies can be seen as one long attempt at erasing such excess. In this case it was the excess of wilderness, as well as those people who were integrated in this excess, with their “insane exuberances of generosity” that were the potlatches, to say nothing of the hundreds of other “pagan” practices throughout the continent. Such practices were generally thought of by the missionaries and the various governments as preventive of acquiring “civilization.” They were probably right. Clastres demonstrated that stateless societies generally deployed built-in sociocultural mechanisms that prevented the development of coercive forces such as needed for the existence of the State.\footnote{(1987) Clastres, Pierre: \emph{Society Against the State}. Zone: New York.}
In contrast, the inclusion of the \emph{Hau} in one’s economic considerations by definition demands a reciprocal participation in a wild, luxurious exuberant world peopled by interrelating creatures that are not even always humans. For humans are not the only ones in “the flow of living matter in general.”\footnote{See Bataille (above). pp.23.} It is no surprise that the dead play a significant, if not central, role in virtually every potlatch. Here we arrive at a different understanding of wealth (and perhaps the meaning of life), not as the force or right to continually acquire and accumulate energy, but as the ability to squander and consume its excess in a festive way. From the standpoint of modern economy, this appears insane. Yet from the standpoint of both gift economy and general economy, the endless development of productive forces (which is, after all, the goal of the modern economy) is not only mad, it is doomed. It does not fully reckon with the energy it seeks to appropriate, and will likely be consumed by it as a result.
In the modern economy, surplus value (\emph{i.e.}, energy) is not publicly squandered in a collective festival or sacrifice in which all take part. It is instead accumulated by the small number of people who constitute the upper classes. This accumulation is then appropriated for further development of productive forces, which in turn generate ever greater amounts of surplus, and for which a further accumulation is attempted. When these attempts fail, as they constantly do today, the pressures of the surplus begin to burst the seams of the system. At those times, there is nothing to enhance solidarity. There is no \emph{Hau}. There are only armies of police to hold together a society bereft of any other commonly-held self-interests. The society undergoes what it could otherwise bring about in a better way. Thus, instead of regular communal destructions of property (\emph{e.g.}, burning down the schools every five years), we have international wars.
The history of the State, or “civilization,” is the history of such accumulation. Even Henry Kissinger has been able to see that “every civilization that has ever existed has ultimately collapsed.” Could it be that the reason is because these societies closed their eyes and souls to the excess of nature and in so doing somehow hoped to overcome it?
\section{The Gift-Exchange at Christmas}
It is not too gross a generalization to say that the gift-exchange at Christmas is a faint, schizy echo of those human epochs when the total system of social, cultural and economic exchanges took the form of gift-exchanges. As such it is something of a mockery of what the gift is all about. It is small wonder that suicides occur with greater frequency during Christmas. It is generally at this time when people are culturally compelled to make some kind of attempt at human intimacy, some kind of effort to express or feel the interrelatedness between people. But because of the nature of human interactions in the context of modern economies which prevail during the rest of the year — these efforts are usually consigned to either the paltry exchange of commodities, or the rather painful realization that there is very little intimacy possible in the given circumstances. People may mean well when they engage in reciprocal gift exchanges at this time, but all they are really exchanging are images of reciprocity.
\section{Rioting and Looting as a Return to Our Potlach Roots}
Americans today generally think the intentional destruction of property is a bad thing. When rioters and looters take to the streets, people generally agree that society is breaking down. Those people caught rioting and looting get put in prison. Laws are made against such actions. The same goes for the rest of the modern world. Yet within the context of gift economies like potlatch, such actions were not only held in high regard, they enhanced social solidarity. Although the contexts in which potlatching went on are very different from the context in which the L.A. riots of 1992 took place, there is a common ground. That ground is the necessity to squander the surplus. In one case the forcing pressure is custom, in the other it is injustice. The point is that they are both pressures demanding the destruction of property through its redistribution or outright elimination. This pressure will make itself felt one way or another.
With the knowledge of the gift and the accursed share, it seems reasonable that the gift economy is a far more preferable mechanism for our material activities. It offers the advantages of individual autonomy, a flexible market for exchange, but without all the problems that come with commodities, like work. Going from here to there will certainly be tricky, but I suggest we start with a lesson from the Kwakiutl. The big chief is not made so by force, nor by right. He is made by rank and status, which he acquires through a demonstrated superior disregard for material wealth. On those grounds I suggest that the twelve-thousand or so people who were arrested for rioting, and especially looting, be made into potlatch chiefs. Furthermore, I suggest that an obligation to reciprocate is incumbent upon the rest of us. The South-Central potlatchers threw a grand maxwa. Who will throw the next potlatch?
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Library.Anarhija.Net
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Neal Keating
Rioting \& Looting: As a Modern-Day Form of Potlatch
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Retrieved on September 13, 2009 from \href{http://www.spunk.org/texts/pubs/ajoda/39/sp000750.txt}{www.spunk.org}
Originally published in “Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed” \#39 — Winter ’94.
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\underline{\textbf{Справочная карта по \textsf{R}}} (J. Baron)
Перевод А. Шипунова, с изменениями и дополнениями, v.18.10.2002
\emph{Объекты с названиями типа {\tt x1}~--- это переменные, определяемые пользователем}
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\textbf{Разное}
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\textbf{Помощь}
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\HP{\tt apropos("topic1")}: названия команд, где есть {\tt topic1}
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\HP{\tt example(com1)}: запустить примеры к команде {\tt com1}
\HP{\tt help(com1)} или {\tt ?com1}: справка о команде {\tt com1}~---
\emph{Вызывайте, когда эта карта не помогает!}
\HP{\tt help(package=rpart)}: справка о (например) пакете {\tt rpart}
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\HP{\tt fix(obj1)}: то же, но изменится сам объект
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\HP{\tt source("file1")}: запустить команды из файла {\tt file1}
\HP{\tt write.table(x1,"file1")}: записать {\tt x1} в файл {\tt file1}
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\textbf{Управление переменными и объектами}
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\HP{\tt 1:3} или {\tt c(1,2,3)}: вектор {\tt 1,2,3}
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\HP{\tt ls()}: перечислить все активные объекты
\HP{\tt rm(obj1)}: удалить объект {\tt obj1}
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\textbf{Циклы и условия}
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\textbf{Описательная статистика}
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\HP{\tt summary(obj1)}: статистики для объекта
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\HP{\tt subset(...)}: подмножество
\HP{\tt table(x1,x2)}: кросстабуляция
\HP{\tt tapply(x1,list1,f1)}: применить функцию {\tt f1} к {\tt x1}, группируя по {\tt list1}
\bigskip
\textbf{Анализ}
\smallskip
\HP{\tt ks.test(...), prop.test(...), t.test(...), wilcox.test(...)}: тесты
\HP{\tt chisq.test(mat1)}: тест $\chi^2$ для матрицы {\tt mat1}
\HP{\tt cor(df1)}: корреляции между переменными таблицы
\HP{\tt cor.test(x1,x2)}: протестировать корреляцию
\HP{\tt lm(...), glm(...), aov(...), anova(...)}: линейные и нелинейные модели, дисперсионный анализ
\bigskip
\textbf{Избранная статистика из пакета {\tt mva}}
\smallskip
\HP{\tt cmdscale(...)}: многомерное шкалирование
\HP{\tt hclust(...)}: иерархический кластерный анализ
\HP{\tt princomp(...)}: анализ главных компонент
\bigskip
\textbf{Графика}
\smallskip
\HP{\tt plot(...), barplot(...), boxplot(...), stem(...), hist(...)}: основные графики
\HP{\tt identify(...)}: пометить точки щелчком мыши
\HP{\tt lines(...), points(...)}: нанести линии и точки
\HP{\tt png("file1")}: записать график в {\tt file1} до {\tt dev.off()}
\HP{\tt text(locator(), "txt1")}: нанести {\tt txt1} по щелчку
мыши
\HP{\tt coplot(v1 \~{} v2 | v3)}: две переменные по третьей
\HP{\tt matplot(mat1,mat2)}: график для двух матриц
\HP{\tt pairs(df1)}: все переменные таблицы попарно
\HP{\tt qqnorm(...)}: проверка нормальности распределения
\bigskip
\textbf{Полезные пакеты}
\smallskip
\HP{\tt MASS, ts, cluster, e1071, xtable, vegan, Hmisc}
\end{document}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% File biblatex-publist.tex
%%
%% Manual of the biblatex-publist package.
%%
%% This file is part of the biblatex-publist package.
%%
%% Author: Juergen Spitzmueller <[email protected]>
%%
%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%%
%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%%
%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Juergen Spitzmueller.
%%
%% Code repository and issue tracker: https://github.com/jspitz/jslectureplanner
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[english]{article}
\usepackage[osf]{libertine}
\usepackage[scaled=0.76]{beramono}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{%
language={[LaTeX]TeX},
basicstyle={\small\ttfamily},
frame=single}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage[svgnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage[unicode=true]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{%
pdftitle={The biblatex-publist manual},
pdfauthor={Jürgen Spitzmüller},
pdfkeywords={biblatex,publication list}
bookmarks=true,
bookmarksnumbered=false,
bookmarksopen=false,
breaklinks=false,
backref=false,
colorlinks,
linkcolor=black,
filecolor=Maroon,
urlcolor=Maroon,
citecolor=black
}
% Tweak the TOC (make it more compact)
\usepackage{tocloft}
\setlength{\cftaftertoctitleskip}{6pt}
\setlength{\cftbeforesecskip}{3pt}
\setlength{\cftbeforesubsecskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\cfttoctitlefont}{\normalsize\bfseries}
\renewcommand{\cftsecfont}{\small\bfseries}
\renewcommand{\cftsecpagefont}{\small\bfseries}
\renewcommand{\cftsubsecfont}{\small}
\renewcommand{\cftsubsecpagefont}{\small}
% Some semantic markup
\makeatletter
\def\jmacro{\@ifstar\@@jmacro\@jmacro}
\newcommand*\@marginmacro[1]{\marginpar{\small\texttt{#1}}}
\newcommand*\@jmacro[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}}
\newcommand*\@@jmacro[1]{\@jmacro{#1}\@marginmacro{#1}}
\def\jcsmacro{\@ifstar\@@jcsmacro\@jcsmacro}
\newcommand*\@jcsmacro[1]{\@jmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}}
\newcommand*\@@jcsmacro[1]{\@@jmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}}
\newcommand*\joption[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}}
\newcommand*\jfoption[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\jfmacro[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand*\jfcsmacro[1]{\jfmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}}
\newcommand*\bpl{\texttt{biblatex-publist}}
\newcommand*\bibltx{\texttt{biblatex}}
\makeatother
\reversemarginpar
% Conditional page breaks
\def\condbreak#1{%
\vskip 0pt plus #1\pagebreak[3]\vskip 0pt plus -#1\relax}
% \condbr{<number of lines>}
\newcommand*\condbr[1]{\condbreak{#1\baselineskip}}
\renewcommand{\lstlistingname}{Example}
%
%%
\begin{document}
\title{biblatex-publist}
\author{Jürgen Spitzmüller%%
\thanks{Please report issues via \protect\url{https://github.com/jspitz/biblatex-publist}.}%
}
\date{Version 1.16, 2019/04/16}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
\noindent The \bpl\ package provides a \emph{biblatex bibliography style file}
({*}.bbx) for publication lists, i.\,e.\ a bibliography containing one's own
publications. The style file draws on \bibltx's \emph{authoryear} style per default
(which can be changed), but provides some extra features needed for publication lists,
such as the omission or highlighting of the own name from\slash in author or editor data.
The package requires at least version 3.8 of the \bibltx\ package\footnote{For \bibltx, see
\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/biblatex}.} and \texttt{biber} (the respective version as required by \bibltx).
\end{abstract}
\tableofcontents
\section{Aim of the package}
The \bpl\ package ships a \emph{biblatex bibliography style file} ({*}.bbx)
for a specific task: academic publication lists. Such lists, which are a central
part of the academic CV, contain all or selected publications of a specific
author, usually sorted by genre and year. Even though publication lists are actually
nothing else than (specific) bibliographies, they diverge from those in some
respects. Most notably, it is widespread practice to omit your own name in
your publication list and only list your co-authors, if there are any, or to
highlight your own name (e.\,g., with bold face letters).
If you want to follow this practice, a normal bibliography style does not
produce the desired result.
Given the fact that maintaining a publication list is a routine task
in an academian's life, it is surprising how few specified solutions
exist to generate such lists (particularly from Bib\TeX\ data). For
traditional Bib\TeX, Nicolas Markey provided a specific Bib\TeX\
style file, \emph{publist.bst}%
\footnote{\url{http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/~markey/BibTeX/publist/?lang=en};
see also \cite{ttb}.}, which helps a lot if you want to produce a publication
list with Bib\TeX. The \bpl\ package is the result of the aim of emulating
the features of \emph{publist.bst} with \bibltx's means. It partly draws on
Markey's conceptual ideas. Bug reports, comments and ideas are welcome.
\section{Usage}
\subsection{Standard usage\label{sec:standard-usage}}
The standard way of using the package is to load the style file via
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[1]{plauthorname}}]
\usepackage[bibstyle=publist]{biblatex}
\plauthorname[first name][von-part]{surname}
\end{lstlisting}
The \jcsmacro*{plauthorname} macro\footnote{The macro was named \jfcsmacro{omitname} until v.\,1.4
of the \bpl\ package. The old macro still works, but is marked as deprecated.}
(at least with the mandatory \emph{surname} argument) needs to be given (at least\footnote{See
sec.~\ref{sec:multiauthors} for the case of handling multiple authors and name variants.}) once.
It informs the style file which name(s) it should suppress or highlight in the
author\slash editor list (usually yours).
With the default settings, the author\slash editor name(s) will be omitted completely
for all of publications which are authored or edited only by the specified person(s), as in:
\begin{quote}
\textbf{2012.} Some recent trends in gardening. In: \emph{Gardening
Practice} 56, pp.~34--86.
\end{quote}
If there are co-authors\slash co-editors, your name(s) will be filtered
out and the collaborators added in parentheses, as in:
\begin{quote}
\textbf{1987} (with John Doe and Mary Hall). Are there new trends
in gardening? In: \emph{Gardening Practice} 24, pp.~10--15.
\end{quote}
If \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight} is used (see next section), the plauthor(s)
will be printed in bold face instead, as in:
\begin{quote}
Doe, John, \textbf{Myself, Me} and Hall, Mary, \textbf{1987}. Are there new trends
in gardening? In: \emph{Gardening Practice} 24, pp.~10--15.
\end{quote}
%
Note that \jcsmacro{plauthorname} expects the name constituents as they are recorded in the
database (special characters will be expanded). The option \joption{plauthorfirstinit} (see next section),
however, allows you to pass only an initial character instead of a first name.
\subsection{Additional options}\label{sec:addopts}
Currently, the following additional options are provided (next to the
options provided by the \bibltx\ package itself%
\footnote{Please refer to the \bibltx\ manual \cite{bibltx} for those.}):
\begin{description}
\item [{\joption{plauthorname=<surname>}}]
\item [{\joption{plauthorfirstname=<first name>}}]
\item [{\joption{plauthornameprefix=<von-part>}}] ~
This is an alternative to the \jcsmacro{plauthorname} macro
described in sec.~\ref{sec:standard-usage}.\footnote{The options were called \jfoption{omitname}, \jfoption{omitfirstname} and \jfoption{omitnameprefix} until v.\,1.4
of \bpl. The old options still work, but are marked as deprecated.} However, due to the
way bibliography options are implemented in \bibltx, this only works
if your name does not consist of non-ASCII characters. Hence, the
\jcsmacro{plauthorname} macro is the recommended way.
\item [{\joption{plauthorhandling{[}=omit|highlight{]}}}] default: \emph{omit}.
By default, the publist author (as defined with \jmacro{plauthor}) is omitted from
the author or editor list. If you use the option \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight},
it is highlighted instead (i.\,e., set in bold face by default; see sec.~\ref{sec:auxmacros} how to change that).
\item [{\joption{nameorder{[}=family-given|given-family{]}}}] default: \emph{family-given}.
By default, the author and editor names with \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight} are output in the order ``Lastname, Given Names''.
To change the order to ``Given Names Lastname'', pass the option \joption{nameorder=given-family} to \bibltx.
\item [{\joption{boldyear{[}=true|false{]}}}] default: \emph{true}.
By default, the year (or pubstate, if no year is given) is printed in bold face.
To prevent this, pass the
option \joption{boldyear=false} to \bibltx.
\item [{\joption{marginyear{[}=true|false{]}}}] default: \emph{false}.
With this option set to \joption{true}, the publication year (or pubstate) will
be printed in the margin once a new year starts. The option also has
the effect that all marginpars are printed ``reversed'', i.\,e.
on the left side in one-sided documents (via \jfcsmacro{reversemarginpar}).
\item [{\joption{plnumbered{[}=true|false|reset{]}}}] default: \emph{true}.
By default, the publication list is numbered continuously. If you divide your publication list into sections by means of
\jfcsmacro{refsection}s (as documented in section~\ref{sec:example}), you will thus get a global numbering over all sections.
If you prefer the numbering to start from 1 at each section instead, set this option to \joption{reset}.
If you do not want to have any numbers at all, set this option to \joption{false}.
\item [{\joption{plauthorfirstinit{[}=true|false{]}}}] default: \emph{false}.
If you set this option to true, you can (and are supposed to) pass only an initial character as first name value of
\jcsmacro{plauthorname} (e.\,g., \jcsmacro{plauthorname[J]\{Doe\}} or \jcsmacro{plauthorname[J][van]\{Doe\}}).
In consequence, \bpl\ will consider all entries of the specified given name (and prefix, if specified)
whose prename starts with the specified character. This allows you to deal with databases that record entries of your work
with abbreviated and full first name (\textsc{J. Doe} and well as \textsc{John Doe} and \textsc{John Robert Doe}) \emph{as well as}
works of colleagues with the same surname (maybe your family members), which you will not want to mark as your own's.
Of course, the solution does not help if there is an entry with same surname and same first name initial (such as \textsc{Jane Doe}).
\end{description}
\subsection{Handling multiple authors and\slash or name variants}\label{sec:multiauthors}
If multiple \jcsmacro{plauthorname} specifications have been entered (or a \jcsmacro{plauthorname} specification
in addition to a specification via the options \joption{plauthorname}, \joption{plauthorname} and
\joption{plauthornameprefix}), all of them will be considered.
Thus it is possible to highlight multiple authors in the publication
list (for instance to mark contributions of a research team):
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[2]{plauthorname}}]
\usepackage[style=publist,plauthorhandling=highlight]{biblatex}
\plauthorname[Cristiano]{Ronaldo}
\plauthorname[\'Angel][Di]{Mar\'ia}
\plauthorname{Neymar}
\end{lstlisting}
%
Multiple specifications can also be used to deal with name variants:
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[2]{plauthorname}}]
\plauthorname[Bill]{Gates}
\plauthorname[William]{Gates}
\plauthorname[William Henry]{Gates}
\plauthorname[William H.]{Gates}
\end{lstlisting}
%
Since the latter is also useful with \joption{plauthorhandling=omit}, this mode also considers multiple specifications.
By entering something such as the former, it is even possible to omit more than one and different authors from the entries
(and \bpl\ will take care of the change in the author separation this involves; think of final \emph{and} vs. \emph{comma},
which have to be adjusted accordingly if names are omitted). However, it does not strike me sensible to do so (in other words,
if you need to deal with a \emph{team} of authors, you should really consider to use \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight}).
Note that multiple specifications also affect filtering (see sec.~\ref{sec:filtering}), i.\,e., the \joption{mine} filter selects
entries authored or edited by any and all specified persons.
\section{Customization}
\subsection{Auxiliary macros and lengths}\label{sec:auxmacros}
The appearance of the \emph{marginyear} is controlled by the
\jcsmacro*{plmarginyear} macro, which has the following default definition:
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[2]{providecommand,plmarginyear}}]
\providecommand*\plmarginyear[1]{%
\raggedleft\small\textbf{#1}%
}
\end{lstlisting}
If you want to change the appearance, just redefine this macro via
\jfcsmacro{renewcommand{*}}.
The highlighting of the publication list author, if \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight} has been set,
is controlled by the \jcsmacro*{plauthorhl} macro, which has the following default definition:
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[2]{providecommand,plauthorhl,mkbibbold}}]
\providecommand*\plauthorhl[1]{%
\mkbibbold{#1}%
}
\end{lstlisting}
If you need another form of highlighting, redefine this macro via \jfcsmacro{renewcommand{*}}.
The indendation of the bibliographic entries (lines > 1) can be adjusted by setting the length
\jmacro*{extralabel\-numberwidth} via \jfcsmacro{setlength} (default is \texttt{0pt}).
This might be needed for long bibliographies (> 99 entries) in order to adjust to the extra
space the item number needs.
\subsection{Using a different base style}\label{sec:basestyle}
By default, \bpl\ loads \bibltx's \emph{authoryear} style, and it has been written
to work with that style. However, it is possible to try a diffent base style, if
\emph{author\-year} does not fit your needs.\condbreak{2\baselineskip}
In order to do so, enter the following \emph{before} loading \bibltx:
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[2]{publistbasestyle}}]
\newcommand*\publistbasestyle{<stylename>}
\end{lstlisting}
where <stylename> is the name of the biblatex bibliography style (\emph{bbx}) you want to use, without the \emph{bbx} entension (e.\,g., \lstinline|\newcommand*\publistbasestyle{mla}|).
Note, though, that there is (and can be) no guarantee that \bpl\ will work with all styles, although it has been successfully tested with several. Be prepared to bump into \LaTeX\ errors and carefully check the output for correctness if you try a different base style.
Note, further, that the order of author's and editor's given and family names is hardcoded in
\bpl\ due to the complex omission\slash highlighting mechanism. This might
differ from what you expect with specific base styles. To change the order,
use the package option \joption{nameorder} (see sec.~\ref{sec:addopts}).
\section{Localization}
Since the package draws on \bibltx, it supports localization.
The following additional localization keys (\jfcsmacro{bibstrings})
are added by the package:
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{with}: the preposition ``with'' that precedes the list of
co-authors by default (i.\,e., with \joption{plauthorhandling=omit}).
\item \emph{parttranslationof}: the expression ``partial translation of''
for entries referring to partially translated work via \bibltx's
``related entries'' feature (see sec.~\ref{sec:partial-translations}).
\end{itemize}
Currently, these additional localization keys are available in the following
languages: English, French and German.%
\footnote{Please send suggestions for other languages to the package author.}
\section{Further Extensions}
The following extensions of standard \bibltx\ features are provided.
\subsection{Review bibliography type}\label{sec:review-bibliography-type}
Although a \emph{review} entry type is provided by \bibltx, this
type is treated as an alias for \emph{article}. The \bpl\ package
uses this entry type for a specific purpose: Foreign reviews of your
own work. It therefore defines a new bibliography environment \emph{reviews}
with a specific look (particularly as far as the author names are
concerned) and its own numbering; furthermore, it redefines the \emph{review}
bibliography driver. The purpose of this is that you can add other
people's reviews of your work to your publication list, while these
titles are clearly marked and do not interfere with the overall numbering
(see sec.~\ref{sec:example} for an example).
\subsection{Partial translations}\label{sec:partial-translations}
A new ``related entry'' type \emph{parttranslationof} is provided.
This is an addition to the \emph{translationof} related entry type
\bibltx\ itself provides. Please refer to the \bibltx\ manual \cite{bibltx}
on what ``related entries'' are and how to use them.
\section{An example}\label{sec:example}
Publication lists are usually categorized by genre (monographs, articles,
book chapters, etc.). For this task, the use of \jfmacro{refsections} (see \cite[sec 3.7.4]{bibltx} for details) is
suggested. Other possibilities were not tested extensively and might fail (in particular as far as the numbering of the items
is concerned).
The suggested procedure is to maintain separate bib files for each
category, say \emph{mymonographs.bib}, \emph{myarticles.bib}, \emph{myproceedings.bib}.%
\footnote{But see sec.~\ref{sec:filtering} for an alternative.}
Then a typical file would look like example~\ref{example} (p.~\pageref{example}).
%
\begin{lstlisting}[caption={Typical document},
float,
frame=single,
label={example},
moretexcs={[5]{plauthorname,addbibresource,printbibliography,maketitle,newrefsection}}]
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
\usepackage{csquotes}% not required, but recommended
\usepackage[style=publist]{biblatex}
\plauthorname[John]{Doe}
\addbibresource{mymonographs.bib}
\addbibresource{myarticles.bib}
\addbibresource{myproceedings.bib}
\begin{document}
\title{John Doe's publications}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
\section{Monographs}
\newrefsection[mymonographs]
\nocite{*}
\printbibliography[heading=none]
\section{Proceedings}
\newrefsection[myproceedings]
\nocite{*}
\printbibliography[heading=none]
\section{Articles}
\newrefsection[myarticles]
\nocite{*}
\printbibliography[heading=none]
\end{document}
\end{lstlisting}
If you want to add other people's reviews of your work, add a section
such as the following:
\begin{lstlisting}[caption={Adding foreign reviews},
moretexcs={[4]{bibfont,subsubsection,printbibliography,newrefsection}}]
\subsubsection*{Reviews of my thesis}
\newrefsection[mythesis-reviews]
\renewcommand\bibfont{\small}
\nocite{*}
\printbibliography[heading=none,env=reviews]
\end{lstlisting}
Note that the \jfcsmacro{printbibliography} option
\joption{env=reviews} is crucial if you want to use the specifics
\bpl\ defines for reviews (see sec.~\ref{sec:review-bibliography-type}).
\section{Filtering\label{sec:filtering}}
If you have a bibliographic database consisting not only of your own
publications, you can extract yours with the bibliography filter \joption{mine},
which has to be passed to \jfcsmacro{printbibliography}, as in:
\begin{lstlisting}[caption={Using a bibliography filter},
moretexcs={[1]{printbibliography}}]
\nocite{*}
\printbibliography[heading=none,filter=mine]
\end{lstlisting}
%
This will effectively print only publications which have been authored or edited by the
person(s) specified as via \jcsmacro{plauthorname} (or the corresponding option).
Of course, you can also use other filter possibilities provided by
\bibltx, such as filtering by type or by keyword. So if you want
to extract all of your articles from a larger database with entries
of diverse type and authors, specify:
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[1]{printbibliography}}]
\printbibliography[heading=none,filter=mine,type=article]
\end{lstlisting}
%
Note that several reruns of \texttt{latex} might be required to fix the numbering.
\section{Sorting\label{sec:sorting}}
\subsection{Sorting Publication Lists}
The sorting conventions of publication lists differ from those of normal bibliographies.
Publication lists are usually not sorted by author name, the prime criterion of normal
bibliographies, but rather chronologically (usually \emph{descending} from the newest through
the oldest publication). How to sub-sort within a year depends on the handling of author names.
If you display all authors and only highlight your own (via \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight}),
it probably makes sense to sub-sort first by author name, and then by title. If you omit your own name
and just mention your co-authors (the default), it makes more sense to sub-sort by title right away,
without taking the author names into account.
To account for these needs, \bpl\ adds some sorting options on top of those that come with
\bibltx\ itself.
\subsection{Sorting Templates}\label{sec:sorttemplates}
The sorting of items is done via \bibltx's sorting mechanism, via so called \emph{sorting templates}
(please refer to the \bibltx\ manual for details).
By default, \bpl\ uses an own template, \joption{ydt}, which sorts hierarchically by \textbf{y}ear
(\textbf{d}escending) and \textbf{t}itle (alphabetically ascending), ignoring author
names. This default is used since author name sorting does not make much sense at least in
the default configuration, where the own name is omitted and the list of co-authors is presented
in a particular way.
If you use \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight}, however, the default changes to \joption{ydnt}
(a template provided by \bibltx\ itself) which sub-sorts by author names (alphabetically ascending)
before sub-sorting by title.
In addition to this default template, \bpl\ provides some sorting templates that account
for the full date (rather than just the year).
This is especially useful for sorting talks, since those usually do not only have a year, but a full
date (day, month and year).
The following templates, with and without author sorting, are provided:
\begin{itemize}
\item \jmacro{ddt}: Sort by full \textbf{d}ate (\textbf{d}escending)
and \textbf{t}itle (both ascending).
\item \jmacro{ddnt}: Sort by full \textbf{d}ate (\textbf{d}escending),
author \textbf{n}ame and \textbf{t}itle (both ascending).
\item \jmacro{dt}: Sort by full \textbf{d}ate and \textbf{t}itle (all ascending).
\item \jmacro{dnt}: Sort by full \textbf{d}ate, author \textbf{n}ame and \textbf{t}itle
(all ascending).
\item \jmacro{ydmdt}: Sort by \textbf{y}ear (\textbf{d}escending),
\textbf{m}onth, \textbf{d}ay and \textbf{t}itle (all ascending).
\item \jmacro{ydmdnt}: Sort by \textbf{y}ear (\textbf{d}escending),
\textbf{m}onth, \textbf{d}ay, author \textbf{n}ame and \textbf{t}itle
(all ascending).
\end{itemize}
In order to use any of these, or another sorting template provided by \bibltx\,
use \bibltx's \jfmacro{sorting} option, which can be passed either globally
(via \joption{sorting=<template>} as a \bibltx\ option) or locally
(by means of a \jfcsmacro{newrefcontext} macro with the option \joption{sorting=<template>}).
So, to sort your talks in descending order by full date in your CV, you would
use either
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[1]{printbibliography}}]
\usepackage[style=publist,sorting=ddt]{biblatex}
\end{lstlisting}
or
\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={[3]{printbibliography,newrefcontext,endrefcontext}}]
\newrefcontext[sorting=ddt]
\printbibliography[heading=none]
\endrefcontext
\end{lstlisting}
\condbr{4}
\section{Revision Log}
\begin{description}
\item [{V. 1.16 (2019-04-16):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Major code cleanup.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V. 1.15 (2019-02-22):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Add support for omitting multiple authors. See sec.~\ref{sec:multiauthors}.
\item Fix documentation issues.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V. 1.14 (2019-02-21):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Add support for highlighting multiple authors. See sec.~\ref{sec:multiauthors}.
\item Fix handling of non-ASCII names.
\item Use \jfcsmacro{DeclareStyleSourcemap} rather that \jfcsmacro{DeclareSourcemap}.
\item Update sorting documentation in the wake of \bibltx\ changes.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V. 1.13 (2018-11-30):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Introduce new sorting templates that ignore names. See sec.~\ref{sec:sorttemplates}.
\item \textbf{Change of output!} Use \joption{ydt} template by default. See sec.~\ref{sec:sorttemplates}.
\item Assign extralabel independent of author group with \joption{plauthorhandling=omit}.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V. 1.12 (2018-11-25):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Switch name parsing toggles globally (fixes regression with \bibltx\ 3.12).
\item Account for omitted author when adding \jfcsmacro{finalnamedelim}.
\item Fix issue with initial dot in \joption{nameorder=family-given}.
\item Add option \joption{plauthorfirstinit} that allows for specifying initials in first names
of \jcsmacro{plauthorname}. See sec.~\ref{sec:addopts}.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.11 (2018-09-01):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Fix \joption{marginyear=true} with \joption{labeldateparts=false}.
\item Fix problem with empty parentheses in article with standard base style
and with \joption{labeldateparts=false}.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.10 (2018-04-08):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Extend option \joption{plnumbered} with \joption{plnumbered=reset}.
This allows to restart the numbering of the publication list items at
\jcsmacro{refsection}s.
\item Documentation improvements.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.9 (2018-03-01):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item New option \joption{plnumbered} that allows to omit the numbering
of the publication list items
\item Documentation improvements.
\end{itemize}
\condbr{3}
\item [{V.~1.8 (2017-11-14):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Adapt to \bibltx\ 3.8. This version is now required.
\item Rename some macros, using pseudo-namespaces:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{date:makedate} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:date:makedate}
\item \texttt{date:labelyear+extrayear} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:date:labeldate+extradate}
\item \texttt{marginyear} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:marginyear}
\item \texttt{rauthor} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:review:author}
\item \texttt{rauthor/label} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:review:author/label}
\item \texttt{year+labelyear} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{bpl:year+labelyear}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.7 (2017-04-12):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Output marginyear before the author list. This prevents it from being vertically
shifted in case of long author lists.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.6 (2017-04-02):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item New option \joption{nameorder} that allows to change the ordering of author and editor
name (\joption{given-family} vs. \joption{family-given} [=~default]).
\item Use proper name delimiters also for bookauthor.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.5 (2017-02-28):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Fix extra \emph{and} in name list with \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight}.
\item Whitespace fix with \joption{plauthorhandling=highlight}.
\item Use proper name delimiters.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.4 (2017-02-12):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item New option \joption{plauthorhandling} that defines how the publist author is
handled in the publication list (possible values: \joption{omit} [=~default],
\joption{highlight}).
\item New command \jcsmacro{plauthorhl} that determines the aforementioned highlighting.
\item Rename \jcsmacro{omitname} to \jcsmacro{plauthorname} (the old macro is still functional, but marked as deprecated).
\item Rename \joption{omit*} options to \joption{plauthor*} (the old options are still functional, but marked as deprecated).
\item Assure the margin text always starts uppercased (relevant for pubstates).
\item Minor corrections to the manual.
\end{itemize}
\condbr{3}
\item [{V.~1.3 (2016-08-06):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item It is now possible to change the base style that is used by \bpl. See sec.~\ref{sec:basestyle}.
\item Proper sorting of pubstates.
\item Add possibility to increase the indentation of items (by means of the length \jmacro{extralabelnumberwidth}). See sec.~\ref{sec:auxmacros}.
\item Use \jfoption{pagetracker=true} instead of \jfoption{pagetracker=spread}
by default (avoids warning, no change in functionality).
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.2 (2016-05-12):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Accomodate to the backwards-incompatible changes of \bibltx~3.4\\
(\jfoption{prefixnumber} $\Rightarrow$ \jfoption{labelprefix},
\jfcsmacro{ifempty} $\Rightarrow$ \jfcsmacro{ifdefvoid}).
This version of \bibltx\ is now required.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.1 (2016-03-09):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Adapt to the \jfcsmacro{Declare*Name} changes of \bibltx~3.3.
Since \bibltx~3.3 introduced backwards-incompatible changes that
affect \bpl, this version of \bibltx\ is now required.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~1.0~(2015-01-04):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Add portmanteau *.cbx file to allow loading \bpl\ also via
the \jfoption{style} option (next to \jfoption{bibstyle}).
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.9~(2014-03-13):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Fix problem with multi-token names.
\item Support name prefix in \jcsmacro{omitname}.
\item Support pubstate.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.8~(2013-08-16):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Add custom sorting schemes \jmacro{ddnt}, \jmacro{ydmdnt} and \jmacro{dnt}
(see sec.~\ref{sec:sorting}).
\item Revise the documentation.
\end{itemize}\condbreak{2\baselineskip}
\item [{V.~0.7~(2013-07-25):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Support full dates.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.6~(2013-07-21):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Fix numbering with recent \bibltx\ versions.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.5~(2013-05-03):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Fix numbering if \jfcsmacro{printbibliography} is used
multiple times within the same or without any \jfmacro{refsection}.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.4~(2012-10-30):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item More robust name parsing (especially for names with non-ASCII characters
encoded with \LaTeX{} macros). The code was kindly suggested by Enrico
Gregorio.%
\footnote{Cf. \url{http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/79555/biblatex-bibliographyoption-with-braces}.%
}
\item Add \jcsmacro{omitname} command (see sec.~\ref{sec:standard-usage}).
\item Support \joption{firstinits} option.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.3~(2012-10-23):}]~
\begin{itemize}
\item Bug fix: Add missing ``and'' if omitted name was last minus one.
\item Bug fix: Fix output with ``et al.'' if omitted name is first and
\emph{liststop} is 1.
\item Set \joption{maxnames} default to 4.
\item Add filter possibility (see sec.~\ref{sec:filtering}).
\item Add French localization.
\item Some corrections to the manual.
\end{itemize}
\item [{V.~0.2~(2012-10-21):}] Initial release to CTAN.
\end{description}
\section{Credits}
Thanks go to Enrico Gregorio (egreg on \emph{tex.stackexchange.com})
for helping me with correct name parsing (actually, the code the package
uses is completely his), user gusbrs on \emph{tex.stackexchange.com},
Marko Budi¨i\'{c}, Clea F. Rees, Yannick Kalff and many other users for
testing and bug reports, Nicolas Markey for \emph{publist.bst} and of
course Philipp Lehman and the current \bibltx\ team (Philipp Kime,
Moritz Wemheuer, Audrey Boruvka and Joseph Wright) for \bibltx.
\begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{bibltx}Lehman, Philipp (with Audrey Boruvka, Philip Kime
and Joseph Wright): \emph{The biblatex Package. Programmable Bibliographies
and Citations}. March 3, 2016.
\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/biblatex}.
\bibitem{ttb}Markey, Nicolas: \emph{Tame the BeaST. The B to X of
BibTEX}. October 11, 2009.
\url{http://www.ctan.org/pkg/tamethebeast}.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\[\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)=\int_{0}^{z}t^{{a-1}}\mathop%
{\cos\/}\nolimits tdt,\]
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| 595,323,971 | 1,489 |
\documentclass[danish,a4paper,11pt]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{slantsc}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\setkomafont{subsection}{\usefont{T1}{fvm}{m}{n}}
\setkomafont{section}{\usefont{T1}{fvs}{b}{n}\Large}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
\pagestyle{empty}
\usepackage{pandora}
\usepackage[OT1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
\section*{Pandora}
\subsection*{\textbackslash pnrmfamily}
\normalfont\pnrmfamily
For mange Aar siden levede en Keiser, som holdt saa uhyre meget af
smukke nye Kl\ae der, at han gav alle sine Penge ud for ret at blive
pyntet. Han br\o d sig ikke om sine Soldater, br\o d sig ei om Comedie
eller om at kj\o re i Skoven, uden alene for at vise sine nye Kl\ae
der. Han havde en Kjole for hver Time paa Dagen, og ligesom man siger
om en Konge, han er i Raadet, saa sagde man altid her: >>Keiseren er i
Garderoben!<<~--
\subsection*{\textbackslash pnrmfamily\textbackslash slshape}
\normalfont\pnrmfamily\slshape
For mange Aar siden levede en Keiser, som holdt saa uhyre meget af
smukke nye Kl\ae der, at han gav alle sine Penge ud for ret at blive
pyntet. Han br\o d sig ikke om sine Soldater, br\o d sig ei om Comedie
eller om at kj\o re i Skoven, uden alene for at vise sine nye Kl\ae
der. Han havde en Kjole for hver Time paa Dagen, og ligesom man siger
om en Konge, han er i Raadet, saa sagde man altid her: >>Keiseren er i
Garderoben!<<~--
\subsection*{\textbackslash pnrmfamily\textbackslash bfseries}
\normalfont\pnrmfamily\bfseries
For mange Aar siden levede en Keiser, som holdt saa uhyre meget af
smukke nye Kl\ae der, at han gav alle sine Penge ud for ret at blive
pyntet. Han br\o d sig ikke om sine Soldater, br\o d sig ei om Comedie
eller om at kj\o re i Skoven, uden alene for at vise sine nye Kl\ae
der. Han havde en Kjole for hver Time paa Dagen, og ligesom man siger
om en Konge, han er i Raadet, saa sagde man altid her: >>Keiseren er i
Garderoben!<<~--
\newpage
\normalfont\pnrmfamily
\section*{Font table}
\def\tfont{\usefont{T1}{fve}{m}{n}\selectfont}
\newcount\currchar
\currchar0
\def\showchar{\makebox[.09\linewidth]{\strut\char\currchar\hfill\tfont\tiny\the\currchar}
\global\advance\currchar1}
\begin{tabular}{|>{\tfont\strut}l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
& \hfill\tfont'0 & \hfill\tfont'1 & \hfill\tfont'2 & \hfill\tfont'3
& \hfill\tfont'4 & \hfill\tfont'5 & \hfill\tfont'6 & \hfill\tfont'7
\\ \hline
'00x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'01x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'02x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'03x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'04x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'05x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'06x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'07x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'08x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'09x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'10x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'11x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'12x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'13x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'14x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'15x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'16x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'17x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'18x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'19x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'20x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'21x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'22x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'23x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'24x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'25x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'26x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'27x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'28x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'29x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'30x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
'31x & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar & \showchar &
\showchar & \showchar & \showchar \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
|
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kwarc.info
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| 25,185,546 | 1,976 |
# -*- CPERL -*-
# /=====================================================================\ #
# | report | #
# | Implementation for LaTeXML | #
# |=====================================================================| #
# | Part of LaTeXML: | #
# | Public domain software, produced as part of work done by the | #
# | United States Government & not subject to copyright in the US. | #
# |---------------------------------------------------------------------| #
# | Bruce Miller <[email protected]> #_# | #
# | http://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/ (o o) | #
# \=========================================================ooo==U==ooo=/ #
use strict;
use LaTeXML::Package;
package LaTeXML::Package::Pool;
#**********************************************************************
# Option handling
foreach my $option (qw(10pt 11pt 12pt
letterpaper legalpaper executivepaper a4paper a5paper b5paper
landscape
final draft
oneside twoside
openright openany
onecolumn twocolumn
notitlepage titlepage
openbib
leqno fleqn)){
DeclareOption($option,undef); }
ProcessOptions();
#**********************************************************************
# Document structure.
RelaxNGSchema("LaTeXML");
DefMacro('\@ptsize','0'); # should depend on options...
RawTeX(<<'EOTeX');
\newif\if@restonecol
\newif\if@titlepage
\@titlepagefalse
EOTeX
#**********************************************************************
# The core sectioning commands are defined in LaTeX.pm
# but the counter setup, etc, depends on article
NewCounter('part', 'document', idprefix=>'Pt', nested=>['chapter']);
NewCounter('chapter', 'document', idprefix=>'Ch', nested=>['section']);
NewCounter('section', 'chapter', idprefix=>'S', nested=>['subsection']);
NewCounter('subsection', 'section', idprefix=>'SS', nested=>['subsubsection']);
NewCounter('subsubsection','subsection', idprefix=>'SSS',nested=>['paragraph']);
NewCounter('paragraph', 'subsubsection',idprefix=>'P', nested=>['subparagraph']);
NewCounter('subparagraph', 'paragraph', idprefix=>'SP', nested=>['equation','figure','table']);
DefMacro('\thepart', '\Roman{part}');
DefMacro('\thechapter', '\arabic{chapter}');
DefMacro('\thesection', '\thechapter.\arabic{section}');
DefMacro('\thesubsection', '\thesection.\arabic{subsection}');
DefMacro('\thesubsubsection','\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}');
DefMacro('\theparagraph', '');
DefMacro('\thesubparagraph', '');
NewCounter('equation', 'chapter', idprefix=>'E');
NewCounter('@equationgroup', 'document', idprefix=>'EG', idwithin=>'section');
NewCounter('figure', 'chapter', idprefix=>'F');
NewCounter('table', 'chapter', idprefix=>'T');
DefMacro('\theequation', '\thechapter.\arabic{equation}');
DefMacro('\thefigure', '\thechapter.\arabic{figure}');
DefMacro('\thetable', '\thechapter.\arabic{table}');
SetCounter(tocdepth=>Number(2));
NewCounter('@itemizei', 'chapter', idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('@itemizeii', '@itemizei', idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('@itemizeiii', '@itemizeii', idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('@itemizeiv', '@itemizeiii',idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('@itemizev', '@itemizeiv', idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('@itemizevi', '@itemizev', idprefix=>'I');
NewCounter('enumi', '@itemizei', idprefix=>'i');
NewCounter('enumii', '@itemizeii', idprefix=>'i');
NewCounter('enumiii','@itemizeiii', idprefix=>'i');
NewCounter('enumiv', '@itemizeiv', idprefix=>'i');
# A couple of more levels, since we use these for ID's!
NewCounter('enumv', '@itemizev', idprefix=>'i');
NewCounter('enumvi', '@itemizevi', idprefix=>'i');
DefMacro('\theenumi', '\arabic{enumi}');
DefMacro('\theenumii', '\alph{enumii}');
DefMacro('\theenumiii', '\roman{enumiii}');
DefMacro('\theenumiv', '\Alph{enumiv}');
DefMacro('\bibname','Bibliography');
Tag('ltx:appendix',autoClose=>1);
AssignValue(counter_for_appendix=>'chapter');
DefMacro('\appendix@chapter', '\@startsection{appendix}{}{}{}{}{}');
DefMacro('\appendix','\@appendix');
DefPrimitive('\@appendix',sub{
NewCounter('chapter', 'document', idprefix=>'A',nested=>['section']);
DefMacro('\thechapter', '\Alph{chapter}',scope=>'global');
DefMacroI('\theappendix',undef,'\thechapter');
Let(T_CS('\chapter'),T_CS('\appendix@chapter'),'global');
Let(T_CS('\@appendix'),T_CS('\relax'),'global');
if(LookupDefinition(T_CS('\appendixname'))){
Let(T_CS('\chaptername'),T_CS('\appendixname')); }
return; });
#**********************************************************************
1;
|
https://vision.in.tum.de/members/wenzel&astex=1
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tum.de
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| 679,789,637 | 1,518 |
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\newcommand{\aufdeutsch}{false}
\usepackage{german}
\usepackage{enumerate}
\usepackage{epsfig}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\oddsidemargin 0cm
\topmargin -0 cm
\topskip 0mm
\headsep 1cm
\headheight 0mm
\textwidth 160 mm
\parindent 0mm
\parskip 1 ex
\textheight 23cm
\pagestyle{fancy}
\lhead{\Large \bf Author: Wenzel}
\rhead{\Large \bf List of Publications}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{1pt}
\begin{document}
\tabcolsep 0.5cm
\begin{center}
\end{center}
\tabcolsep 0.4cm
\Large {\bf Journal Articles}\\[-8mm]
\tabcolsep 0.4cm
\begin{center}
\begin{enumerate}[{[J}1{]}]
\normalsize
\normalsize
\item \parbox[t]{150mm}{
\rm
L. von Stumberg, P. Wenzel, Q. Khan and D. Cremers,\\ {\bf GN-Net: The Gauss-Newton Loss for Deep Direct SLAM,}\\ {\em{preprint}},\ 2019.}
\item \parbox[t]{150mm}{
\rm
Q. Khan, P. Wenzel, D. Cremers and L. Leal-Taixe,\\ {\bf Towards Generalizing Sensorimotor Control Across Weather Conditions,}\\ {\em{preprint}},\ 2019.}
\end{enumerate}
\end{center}
\Large {\bf Conference and Workshop Papers}\\[-8mm]
\tabcolsep 0.4cm
\begin{center}
\begin{enumerate}[{[C}1{]}]
\normalsize
\normalsize
\item \parbox[t]{150mm}{
\rm
P. Wenzel, Q. Khan, D. Cremers and L. Leal-Taix\´e,\\ {\bf {Modular Vehicle Control for Transferring Semantic Information Between Weather Conditions Using GANs},}\\ {\em{Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL)}},\ 2018.}
\end{enumerate}
\end{center}
\end{document}
|
http://get-software.net/macros/latex/contrib/schedule/schedule.sty
|
get-software.net
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%%
%% This is file `schedule.sty',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% schedule.dtx (with options: `header,package')
%%
%% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
%%
%% For the copyright see the source file.
%%
%% You are *not* allowed to modify this file.
%%
%% You are *not* allowed to distribute this file.
%% For distribution of the original source see the terms
%% for copying and modification in the file schedule.dtx.
%%
\ProvidesFile{schedule.dtx}
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{schedule}
\RequirePackage{calc}
\RequirePackage{color}
\definecolor{dark}{gray}{.75}
\def\@sunday{Su}
\def\@Sunday{Sunday}
\def\@monday{M}
\def\@Monday{Monday}
\def\@tuesday{T}
\def\@Tuesday{Tuesday}
\def\@wednesday{W}
\def\@Wednesday{Wednesday}
\def\@thursday{Th}
\def\@Thursday{Thursday}
\def\@friday{F}
\def\@Friday{Friday}
\def\@saturday{Sa}
\def\@Saturday{Saturday}
\newlength{\cell@height}
\setlength{\cell@height}{1in}
\newlength{\cell@width}
\setlength{\cell@width}{1in}
\newlength{\box@depth}
\newcounter{sch@col@width} \setcounter{sch@col@width}{60}
\newlength{\box@width}
\setlength{\box@width}{1in*(\value{sch@col@width}/60)}
\newlength{\col@width}
\setlength{\col@width}{1in*(\value{sch@col@width}/60)}
\newlength{\sch@depth} \setlength{\sch@depth}{9in}
\newlength{\fill@length}
\newlength{\@temp@length}
\newlength{\@@temp@length}
\newlength{\line@thickness} % The thickness of the lines in the drawing
\setlength{\line@thickness}{.4pt}
\newlength{\adjusted@cell@width}
\newlength{\adjusted@cell@height}
\newcounter{picture@units@wide}
\newcounter{xcoords}
\newcounter{ycoords}
\newcounter{timea}
\newcounter{timeb}
\newcounter{grid@width}
\newcounter{grid@height}
\newcounter{number@of@cells} % The number of VERTICAL cells
\newcounter{number@of@subcells}
\newcounter{number@of@days} % The number of days in the grid
\newcounter{dp@vlines} % The number of vertical lines actually needed is
% \value{number@of@days} + 1 ...
\newcounter{dp@hlines} % The number of horizontal lines actually needed is
% \value{number@of@cells} + 1 ...
\newcounter{dp@hcell@lines} % The number of horizontal lines that are
% either (1) associated with an hour, or
% (2) on the top or bottom of the grid.
\newcounter{pu@cell@width}
\newcounter{pu@cell@height}
\setcounter{pu@cell@height}{60}
\newcounter{pu@grid@top}
\newcounter{pu@grid@width}
\newcounter{pu@subticks}
\newcounter{start@time}
\newcounter{end@time}
\newcounter{x@coord} % Temporary x-coordinate
\newcounter{y@coord} % Temporary y-coordinate
\newcounter{@tempc}
\newcounter{@tempd}
\newcounter{label@sep} % distance from label to gride
\setcounter{label@sep}{5} %initialized to 5 picture units
\newcounter{x@Sunday}
\newcounter{x@Monday}
\newcounter{x@Tuesday}
\newcounter{x@Wednesday}
\newcounter{x@Thursday}
\newcounter{x@Friday}
\newcounter{x@Saturday}
\newsavebox{\temp@box}
\newif\ifweekends
\newcount\@i
\newcount\@j
\def\TimeRange#1{\compute@number@of@cells #1\end@compute}
\def\compute@number@of@cells#1:#2-#3:#4\end@compute{%
\setcounter{number@of@cells}{#3-#1}%
\setcounter{start@time}{#1}%
\setcounter{end@time}{#3}}
\def\TextSize#1{\def\appt@textsize{#1}}
\TextSize{\scriptsize}
\def\IncludeWeekends{\weekendstrue}
\def\NoWeekends{\weekendsfalse}
\def\SevenDay{\weekendstrue}
\def\FiveDay{\weekendsfalse}
\def\CellHeight#1{\setlength{\cell@height}{#1}%
\setlength{\unitlength}{\cell@height*\ratio{1pt}{60pt}}}
\def\CellWidth#1{\setlength{\cell@width}{#1}%
\setcounter{pu@cell@width}{1*\ratio{\cell@width}{\unitlength}}}
\def\SubUnits#1{\setcounter{pu@subticks}{#1}%
\setcounter{number@of@subcells}{60/\value{pu@subticks}}}
\def\calculate@grid@dimensions{%
\ifweekends \setcounter{number@of@days}{7}
\else \setcounter{number@of@days}{5}%
\fi%
\setcounter{dp@hcell@lines}{\value{number@of@cells}+1}
\setcounter{grid@width}{\value{number@of@days}*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\setcounter{grid@height}{\value{number@of@cells}*60}
\setcounter{dp@vlines}{\value{number@of@days}+1}
\setcounter{dp@hlines}{\value{number@of@cells}*(60/\value{pu@subticks}) + 1}}
\def\draw@grid{%\calculate@grid@dimensions
\linethickness{.2pt}%
\multiput(0,0)(0,\value{pu@subticks}){\value{dp@hlines}}{\line(1,0){\value{grid@width}}}%
\thicklines
\multiput(0,0)(0,60){\value{dp@hcell@lines}}{\line(1,0){\value{grid@width}}}
\thinlines}
\def\LineThickness#1{\setlength{\line@thickness}{#1}%
\linethickness{\line@thickness}%
\setlength{\adjusted@cell@width}{\cell@width - 1\line@thickness}
\setlength{\adjusted@cell@height}{\cell@height - 1\line@thickness}}
\def\@Su@week{{Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday}}
\def\@M@week{{Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday}}
\def\@T@week{{Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday}}
\def\@W@week{{Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday}}
\def\@Th@week{{Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday}}
\def\@F@week{{Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday}}
\def\@Sa@week{{Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday}}
\def\BeginOn#1{\def\start@day{#1}}
\def\add@labels{%
\ifx\start@day\@Sunday \expandafter\do@days\@Su@week \relax
\else\ifx\start@day\@Monday \expandafter\do@days\@M@week \relax
\else\ifx\start@day\@Tuesday \expandafter\do@days\@T@week \relax
\else\ifx\start@day\@Wednesday \expandafter\do@days\@W@week \relax
\else\ifx\start@day\@Thursday \expandafter\do@days\@Th@week \relax
\else\ifx\start@day\@Friday \expandafter\do@days\@F@week \relax
\else\expandafter\do@days\@Sa@week \relax
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\def\@sfor #1:=#2 \upto #3 \step #4 \do #5{%
#1=#2\relax%
\@whilenum #1<#3 \do {#5 \advance#1 by #4}#5}
\def\add@times{%
\setcounter{@tempc}{\value{start@time}}%
\@sfor \@i :=0 \upto \value{number@of@cells} \step 1 \do%
{\setcounter{x@coord}{0}% Set the x-coord right
\setcounter{y@coord}{\value{grid@height}-60*\@i}% adjust for the right hour cell
\ifnum\value{@tempc}>12%
\setcounter{@tempd}{\value{@tempc}-12}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\the@tempd:00 pm\ }}%
\else\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\the@tempc:00 am\ }}%
\fi\relax%
\@sfor \@j := \value{pu@subticks} \upto 59 \step \value{pu@subticks} \do%
{\ifnum\@i=\value{number@of@cells}% Test to see if this should be the last label
\relax%
\else%
\ifnum\@j=60%
\relax%
\else%
\ifnum\@j<10%
\def\the@minutes{0\the\@j}%
\else\def\the@minutes{\the\@j}%
\fi%
\setcounter{y@coord}{\value{y@coord}-\@j}%
\ifnum\value{@tempc}>12%
\setcounter{@tempd}{\value{@tempc}-12}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\tiny\the@tempd:\the@minutes\ pm\ }}% ...write the time (using pm)...
\else\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\tiny\the@tempc:\the@minutes\ am\ }}% ...write the time (using am).
\fi%
\fi%
\fi%
\setcounter{y@coord}{\value{y@coord}+\@j}}
\addtocounter{@tempc}{1}}}%
\def\do@days#1#2#3#4#5#6#7{%
\setcounter{x@coord}{1*\ratio{\value{pu@cell@width} pt}{2 pt}}%
\setcounter{y@coord}{\value{grid@height}+\value{label@sep}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #1}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #2}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #3}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #4}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #5}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\ifweekends
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #6}}%
\setcounter{x@coord}{\value{x@coord}+\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\put(\value{x@coord},\value{y@coord}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\large #7}}\fi}
\def\set@x@coords@for@days{%
\ifx\start@day\@Sunday%
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{F}
\def\skipday@ii{Sa}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Monday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{Sa}
\def\skipday@ii{Su}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Tuesday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{Su}
\def\skipday@ii{M}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Wednesday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{M}
\def\skipday@ii{T}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Thursday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Thursday} {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{T}
\def\skipday@ii{W}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Friday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Friday} {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{W}
\def\skipday@ii{Th}\fi
\ifx\start@day\@Saturday
\@i=0\relax%
\@tfor \@temp := {Saturday} {Sunday} {Monday} {Tuesday} {Wednesday} {Thursday} {Friday} \do%
{\setcounter{x@\@temp}{\@i*\value{pu@cell@width}}%
\advance\@i by 1}
\def\skipday@i{Th}
\def\skipday@ii{F}\fi
}
\newif\ifset@start@time
\newif\ifset@end@time
\newif\ifsetboxdepth
\newif\ifinrange
\def\NewAppointment#1#2#3{% #1 = name, #2 = background color, #3 = textcolor
\expandafter\def\csname #1\endcsname##1##2##3##4{%
\setboxdepthtrue% assume we want to calculate the box depth
\inrangetrue% assume the appt is in range
\set@start@timetrue% assume we want to calculate the start time
\set@end@timetrue% assume we want to calculate the end time
\@includetrue% assume we will include it
\edef\appt@name{#1}% save the appt name
\edef\appt@color{#2}% save the background color
\edef\appt@textcolor{#3}% save the save color
\expandafter\def\csname #1@name\endcsname{##1}% save the name
\expandafter\def\csname #1@location\endcsname{##2}% save the loc.
\expandafter\def\csname #1@days\endcsname{##3}% save the days
\expandafter\def\csname #1@time\endcsname{##4}% save the time
\place@appt@box##3,\stop}}
\NewAppointment{class}{dark}{black}
\def\place@appt@box#1{%
\ifx#1\stop \let\@next=\@gobble%
\else \let\@next=\set@x@coords\fi\@next#1}
\def\set@x@coords#1,{\def\the@day{#1}%
\ifx\the@day\@sunday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Sunday}}%
\else\ifx\the@day\@monday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Monday}}%
\else\ifx\the@day\@tuesday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Tuesday}}%
\else\ifx\the@day\@wednesday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Wednesday}}%
\else\ifx\the@day\@thursday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Thursday}}%
\else\ifx\the@day\@friday\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Friday}}%
\else\setcounter{xcoords}{\value{x@Saturday}}%
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi%
\edef\@@temp{\csname \appt@name @time\endcsname}%
\expandafter\set@y@coords\@@temp\stop}
\def\set@y@coords#1:#2-#3:#4\stop{%
\def\@starthour{#1}%
\def\@startminutes{#2}
\def\@endhour{#3}%
\def\@endminutes{#4}%
\ifnum#1<\value{start@time} \setcounter{ycoords}{\value{grid@height}}%
\edef\@starthour{\value{start@time}}
\def\@startminutes{0}
\set@start@timefalse%
\fi%
\ifnum#3<\value{end@time} \relax%
\else \edef\@endhour{\value{end@time}}
\def\@endminutes{0}%
\setcounter{ycoords@bot}{0}
\set@end@timefalse
\fi %
\ifset@start@time%
\setcounter{ycoords}{\value{grid@height}-(60*(#1-\value{start@time})+#2)}\fi%
\ifset@end@time%
\setcounter{ycoords@bot}{\value{grid@height}-(60*(#3-\value{start@time})+#4)}\fi%
\setlength{\box@depth}{\@endhour\cell@height + (\cell@height*\ratio{\@endminutes pt}{60pt}) %
- \@starthour\cell@height - (\cell@height*\ratio{\@startminutes pt}{60pt})}%
\ifnum#1<\value{end@time} \relax\else \inrangefalse \fi%
\draw@appt@box\place@appt@box}
\newif\if@include
\def\draw@appt@box{%
\ifweekends \relax % if we use 7-days, this won't change
\else \ifx \the@day\skipday@i \@includefalse \fi % first condition for change
\ifx \the@day\skipday@ii \@includefalse \fi\fi % second condition for change
\ifinrange \relax\else \@includefalse \fi %
\if@include %
\put(\value{xcoords},\value{ycoords}){\colorbox{\appt@color}{\parbox[t]{\cell@width}{\ %
\vspace{\box@depth}}}}
\thinlines
\put(\value{xcoords},\value{ycoords}){\line(1,0){\value{pu@cell@width}}}
\put(\value{xcoords},\value{ycoords@bot}){\line(1,0){\value{pu@cell@width}}}
\put(\value{xcoords},\value{ycoords}){%
\ \parbox[t]{\cell@width-8pt}{\mbox{}\\ \appt@textsize %
\ifdim\box@depth>\baselineskip
\textcolor{\appt@textcolor}{\csname \appt@name @name\endcsname} \\ %
\ifdim\box@depth>2\baselineskip
\textcolor{\appt@textcolor}{\csname \appt@name
@location\endcsname}\fi\fi }}\fi}
\def\convert@class@time#1:#2-#3:#4\end@time{%
{\count1=#1\relax%
\count3=#3\relax%
\ifnum#1>12 \advance\count1 by -12\fi\relax%
\ifnum#3>12 \advance\count3 by -12\fi\relax%
\ifnum#1<12\relax%
\ifnum#3<12\relax \mbox{\the\count1:#2am--\the\count3:#4am}\relax%
\else \mbox{\the\count1:#2am--\the\count3:#4pm}\fi\relax%
\else \mbox{\the\count1:#2pm--\the\count3:#4pm}\fi\relax}}
\def\compute@box@depth#1:#2-#3:#4\end@bx{%
\setlength{\box@depth}{#3\cell@height + (\cell@height*\ratio{#4pt}{60pt}) %
- #1\cell@height - (\cell@height*\ratio{#2pt}{60pt})}}
\newcounter{ycoords@bot}
\newcounter{x@tempa}
\newcounter{x@tempb}
\newcounter{y@tempa}
\newcounter{y@tempb}
\newcounter{temp@cnt@a}
\newlength{\title@height}
\newlength{\label@height}
\settoheight{\label@height}{Wednesday}
\newcounter{pu@label@width}
\newlength{\center@hack}
\newenvironment{schedule}[1][:]%
{\bigskip
\calculate@grid@dimensions%
\setcounter{pu@grid@width}{\value{pu@cell@width}*\value{number@of@days}}%
\settowidth{\@temp@length}{\normalsize 12:00\ pm\ }%
\setcounter{pu@label@width}{1*\ratio{\@temp@length}{\unitlength}}%
\setcounter{pu@grid@top}{\value{grid@height}+(1*\ratio{\label@height}{\unitlength}) + %
(1*\ratio{.25in}{\unitlength})}%
\if#1:\relax \else%
\settoheight{\title@height}{\large #1}%
\addtocounter{pu@grid@top}{1*\ratio{\title@height}{\unitlength}}%
\fi%
\setlength{\center@hack}{(.5\linewidth-.5\unitlength*\value{pu@grid@width}+%
.5\unitlength*\value{pu@label@width})}%
\noindent\hspace*{\center@hack}%
\begin{picture}(\value{pu@grid@width},\value{pu@grid@top})%
\draw@grid
\add@labels
\if#1:\relax \else
\setcounter{ycoords}{\value{grid@height}+(1*\ratio{\label@height}{\unitlength}) + %
(1*\ratio{.25in}{\unitlength})}
\setcounter{xcoords}{1*\ratio{\value{pu@grid@width} pt}{2 pt}}
\put(\value{xcoords},\value{ycoords}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\Large #1}}
\fi
\add@times
\set@x@coords@for@days}
{\multiput(0,0)(\value{pu@cell@width},0){\value{dp@vlines}}{\line(0,1){\value{grid@height}}}
\end{picture}\bigskip}
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0in}
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `schedule.sty'.
|
https://pic.blog.plover.com/tex/formula_aj.gif.tex
|
plover.com
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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text/x-tex
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application/x-tex
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00557.warc.gz
| 587,366,461 | 595 |
$C$
|
https://wolfgang.dautermann.at/vortraege/Linuxday-2012-Latex-fuer-Fortgeschrittene/07-sudoku/sudoku2.tex
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dautermann.at
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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text/x-tex
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application/x-tex
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991870.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517211550-20210518001550-00284.warc.gz
| 636,178,610 | 783 |
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{printsudoku}
\usepackage{createsudoku}
\begin{document}
\section{Sudoku ausgeben}
\begin{center}
\sudoku{testsudoku.sud}
\end{center}
\section{Zufaelliges Sudoku generieren}
\generategrid % Use this solution to generate a new puzzle
\generategrid % Use this solution to generate a new puzzle
\generategrid % Use this solution to generate a new puzzle
\end{document}
|
http://ftp2.fr.pureftpd.org/pub/CTAN/macros/latex2e/contrib/feupphdteses/Conclusions.tex
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pureftpd.org
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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text/x-tex
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00335.warc.gz
| 20,267,975 | 713 |
\chapter{Conclusions and Future Work}
\label{chap:Conc}
Lorem ipsum.
|
http://build.openvpn.net/doxygen/latex/init_8c.tex
|
openvpn.net
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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application/octet-stream
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application/x-tex
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607046.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522190443-20170522210443-00209.warc.gz
| 56,289,420 | 23,527 |
\hypertarget{init_8c}{\subsection{/root/openvpn/src/openvpn/init.c File Reference}
\label{init_8c}\index{/root/openvpn/src/openvpn/init.\-c@{/root/openvpn/src/openvpn/init.\-c}}
}
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}syshead.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}win32.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}init.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}sig.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}occ.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}list.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}otime.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}pool.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}gremlin.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}pkcs11.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}ps.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}lladdr.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}ping.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}mstats.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}ssl\-\_\-verify.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}tls\-\_\-crypt.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}forward-\/inline.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}memdbg.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
{\ttfamily \#include \char`\"{}occ-\/inline.\-h\char`\"{}}\\*
Include dependency graph for init.\-c\-:\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\leavevmode
\includegraphics[width=350pt]{init_8c__incl}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection*{Macros}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
\#define \hyperlink{init_8c_a4f3c4044edc3d306325c49f75e18c931}{C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D}~(1$<$$<$0)
\item
\#define \hyperlink{init_8c_a57cbdb902da19e518279d624dd22b5c4}{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I}~(1$<$$<$1)
\item
\#define \hyperlink{init_8c_adc52e27fb65137f8ac18a18cd03551f6}{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E}~(1$<$$<$2)
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsubsection*{Functions}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a05df1a443a6eac2dc6faa292fb433f27}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a80646beaaf6a2d8fa45e74b125da02d6}{context\-\_\-clear} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3333f41a29ff31266dce5dc83396ee5b}{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a7e2affa0cea0aa844a58b3185222a3c9}{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_af0a7adfd1ff37789d61c4066d798060e}{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a806d01fa4ef5f524a58ace959090142d}{update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post} (struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a5c4a6e02a7ce255f07b18c8fa91165d1}{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd} (void $\ast$arg, const char $\ast$$\ast$p)
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a36115f317c9e0a45963d1aa9b2dd9da9}{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a09027bba2ec659835b859d8b4b54bc58}{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd} (void $\ast$arg, const char $\ast$$\ast$p)
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a913cfd7844824eb629dc8d6920a6aef8}{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad0b5dc166d3a7e0d118bdf1771323674}{init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3e428634830c20841874c8143b46a2e4}{clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist} (struct \hyperlink{structlink__socket__addr}{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr} $\ast$lsa, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} free)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a0c6a92888206f636e794b6d3c9edb343}{next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a7876e414d4cb824cab1e8ad6b2c7c35c}{init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords} (const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em Query for private key and auth-\/user-\/pass username/passwords. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ab9fa9b1c374767a587500f8b351548af}{uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad13e5c0bc1a51c802468a92b3ae66aa6}{init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ae6bf15962c96c4c75cec9baa6a20dc6a}{init\-\_\-proxy} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a04bb98ad987538a3b9a2db4f34e5063e}{uninit\-\_\-proxy} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a58388a630bb35708de3e8bd6ae4b9000}{context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a6e6b19367c9c40f7c22c5d5addf2f962}{context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_aaf57aca5b6d652ab6f00af4b9a746c38}{init\-\_\-static} (void)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a69da0027cf5c712abfc06b7e4f41a7b3}{uninit\-\_\-static} (void)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a164331d37fecc9ad095eae0e8dce53de}{init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, unsigned int flags)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a71d85953b4bd00f0071015c2ecce3dc3}{init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev} (struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a8e6926f8074e0ab4b54ff2eb47cca9b7}{print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a095a721e463c315c4dbdebd50358abd0}{do\-\_\-genkey} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_ab95a7c73fa27479c82502f9abaf9b1e7}{do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_acd4b5343f4f2c63b813a3f67d2c3ef46}{possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a169d584d7f1127019c1aaf17091e3e61}{do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} no\-\_\-delay)
\item
const char $\ast$ \hyperlink{init_8c_a2ba15f7443831872eb1200f9b945d158}{format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, struct \hyperlink{structgc__arena}{gc\-\_\-arena} $\ast$gc)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a59a07bcc9f2a989620749a9742d5330b}{pre\-\_\-setup} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options})
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a5eea9a05e4580cb48e8b0daad33c59fe}{reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_aa178c8a6f722ca1be6e847e1310f3897}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a4ce16743e82e7bcab17fe41d03b3fd44}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} deferred)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3b4a0a2b9abc79b1a2ea53ecc6125303}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a55e5b704206c7d367d7f87593b67cde0}{do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad8a02d272a16e1eda8fe015e1e02300b}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options}, struct \hyperlink{structroute__list}{route\-\_\-list} $\ast$\hyperlink{structroute__list}{route\-\_\-list}, const struct \hyperlink{structlink__socket__info}{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info} $\ast$\hyperlink{structlink__socket__info}{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info}, struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$es)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad0168a3016e46fc19d5f1a5d4fe782d9}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options}, struct \hyperlink{structroute__ipv6__list}{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list} $\ast$\hyperlink{structroute__ipv6__list}{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list}, const struct \hyperlink{structlink__socket__info}{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info} $\ast$\hyperlink{structlink__socket__info}{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info}, struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$es)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a0efe2bfd4ac02795b81d7aafe116fd25}{initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int flags)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a6445a4c044e64ef173fd00db00a860bf}{do\-\_\-route} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$\hyperlink{structoptions}{options}, struct \hyperlink{structroute__list}{route\-\_\-list} $\ast$\hyperlink{structroute__list}{route\-\_\-list}, struct \hyperlink{structroute__ipv6__list}{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list} $\ast$\hyperlink{structroute__ipv6__list}{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list}, const struct \hyperlink{structtuntap}{tuntap} $\ast$tt, const struct \hyperlink{structplugin__list}{plugin\-\_\-list} $\ast$plugins, struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$es)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a26b00bb1c20dc239a7dc415494b3ca0c}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a8578b737da354d6ddd938b9b7d5dd89f}{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ac17bc708447a380fa5284be8888411b0}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a62d7dcc84da69695748e556fda9833fe}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} force)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_aff80af3a5bd83064f5ce89b21789a9fa}{tun\-\_\-abort} ()
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_abb643cb703073cd62032ece84ed481f7}{options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero} (const struct \hyperlink{structsha256__digest}{sha256\-\_\-digest} $\ast$a, const struct \hyperlink{structsha256__digest}{sha256\-\_\-digest} $\ast$b)
\begin{DoxyCompactList}\small\item\em Helper for \hyperlink{init_8c_a9b053b7a612943b6be1d1be2c25181bf}{do\-\_\-up()}. \end{DoxyCompactList}\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a9b053b7a612943b6be1d1be2c25181bf}{do\-\_\-up} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} pulled\-\_\-options, unsigned int option\-\_\-types\-\_\-found)
\item
unsigned int \hyperlink{init_8c_aded279bc953617852338a38e3d1a256b}{pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask} (const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_af461b176774f98425ec61cc176f0ec7c}{do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int found)
\item
static \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a9954eafaec4fc968645107a926f54df6}{do\-\_\-hold} (int holdtime)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a70394c62f63e30e1def3847ff1688a2b}{socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad6e5429d3088ee255e912f452f78b0ba}{do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ab818bc3b2b7753d2c5a010ad207b5084}{frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$o)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a263724992635e011b111147ec8647500}{key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free} (struct \hyperlink{structkey__schedule}{key\-\_\-schedule} $\ast$ks, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} free\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-ctx)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a48a66fea06ba3615248923298b5d8d94}{init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int flags)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a24ee82204efb10e4948c83b1cb1a4853}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int flags)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ab260427074ab585e40d538eda5029935}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a6b2bce56f99c5d493e2282b31f950ff0}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int flags)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3bc4d5a823499472a3bc61b5a263c603}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a94da6556c2a7e8067e772f2d7a0ac7d6}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none} (const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3660e2369c99008cda0efe61b5acfbac}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const unsigned int flags)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a2e4b08374469d04d9541f64273665582}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a27a30601d477a9ec64c7b5abb697b5df}{do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3709fc7248a2af73c0a60a34594dcee7}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
struct \hyperlink{structcontext__buffers}{context\-\_\-buffers} $\ast$ \hyperlink{init_8c_acb1b090f0af0de9a05f235a61b03fc44}{init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers} (const struct \hyperlink{structframe}{frame} $\ast$\hyperlink{structframe}{frame})
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a484dda31020a06c683ee05df4a4d7b5e}{free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext__buffers}{context\-\_\-buffers} $\ast$b)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ae5f5cf77443aa964f81ff68fb350d83f}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a577bf7b44dff6a8b3380cc96a8a3a1ba}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a5bf221a89c0561061bd91985797fa61c}{do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_abab69003e7cb3f0624fd9edf8f9b4037}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const int mode)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ae73a7779aedce66ab4e13e23bb856587}{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a46d6454c2cf71f447451e11c5fa98722}{do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a7e221190dbfc1c1cbd88ae2c834434f9}{do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a23ba16c1479ad9ab48de1cd7f655a648}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a74ee8a601d15d115c433b90a93ee1301}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_af81e65de77cb7e8ce6e19844ffb749b9}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a5c3a221406c8c4ed6795c1f3ef9ce7f0}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} free\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-ctx)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a1dfcc5395d28064586bb8f94409b86ef}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ad60e48d4f954964c89982f7f768cd114}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a7ff24c87873c65ffd41f47539bc6b760}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a5701fecef4d3afde02d2604f1b61f7f3}{do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} need\-\_\-us\-\_\-timeout)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a95c0a575a66fd93651241d08fbf7444e}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a71177a52e10b7bb794394d863d3afa3e}{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a5696f524319366de9d91a26d7290bfbb}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a60549a254336200d6162c9b08081d3f9}{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a61d44367024a0dff3861e2afa6600694}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_aef96518cac67bd66e99aec9550db581c}{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$src)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ae4bacd78db91f799756b248946f32887}{do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a15253fe4c0e3529e707edc3ef1d3d599}{do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a24097398315c8ac1ececad11e35512fd}{do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a47013063feed6a4986c4be5ea7175a06}{init\-\_\-plugins} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a0f041f00626bbc71b047bcf4c63c4053}{open\-\_\-plugins} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const \hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} import\-\_\-options, int init\-\_\-point)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_aa1b2b0731bba3b1b5621bc0b070f4cf0}{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_ac392bc1c0761f558869ec83c50b0c46b}{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$src)
\item
static void \hyperlink{init_8c_a81e2893159f1bdba261c39b8b9d4409f}{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p} (void $\ast$arg, const int version, struct \hyperlink{structstatus__output}{status\-\_\-output} $\ast$so)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_aeb60c5bfb96ec7dae0414d52ed106459}{management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback} (void $\ast$arg, const int msglevel)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_ae773083a33804e90cfcc72aadf5900c2}{init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_abacf51900e0b4b1f088e0d93ca87ac2f}{init\-\_\-management} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a0513901da31c7584b524b7993fc03d6b}{open\-\_\-management} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_af9f473c94277d38beef77e1b1f165b33}{close\-\_\-management} (void)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a02ceb57bb5de63c8eaedf553219d9793}{uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback} (void)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a6a1f31e3d9a1f00ef308cd117c540ed4}{init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$env, const unsigned int flags)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a2986d81718c6cb5cd19bad612998d56f}{init\-\_\-instance} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, const struct \hyperlink{structenv__set}{env\-\_\-set} $\ast$env, const unsigned int flags)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a2cddf7b7e6402aa02311c949ec0dd51c}{close\-\_\-instance} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a2e3da881a15567d205101e6b0853987a}{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$dest, const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$src)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a3289f2c74fc362ba1131d71552d10bab}{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$dest, const struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$src)
\item
void \hyperlink{init_8c_a8f6bfd35ae93f4eda968d89f76637a98}{close\-\_\-context} (struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$c, int sig, unsigned int flags)
\item
static void $\ast$ \hyperlink{init_8c_a957b67d2e2cd2894508fa50fea589447}{test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread} (void $\ast$arg)
\item
\hyperlink{automatic_8c_abb452686968e48b67397da5f97445f5b}{bool} \hyperlink{init_8c_a45aabc58aa609b9ea41677a3071164c0}{do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto} (const struct \hyperlink{structoptions}{options} $\ast$o)
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsubsection*{Variables}
\begin{DoxyCompactItemize}
\item
static struct \hyperlink{structcontext}{context} $\ast$ \hyperlink{init_8c_a5726665a3a94e70598b71c22b77c5693}{static\-\_\-context}
\end{DoxyCompactItemize}
\subsubsection{Macro Definition Documentation}
\hypertarget{init_8c_adc52e27fb65137f8ac18a18cd03551f6}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E@{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E}}
\index{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E@{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}\#define C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E~(1$<$$<$2)}}\label{init_8c_adc52e27fb65137f8ac18a18cd03551f6}
Definition at line 65 of file init.\-c.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a57cbdb902da19e518279d624dd22b5c4}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I@{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I}}
\index{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I@{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}\#define C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I~(1$<$$<$1)}}\label{init_8c_a57cbdb902da19e518279d624dd22b5c4}
Definition at line 64 of file init.\-c.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a4f3c4044edc3d306325c49f75e18c931}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D@{C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D}}
\index{C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D@{C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}\#define C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D~(1$<$$<$0)}}\label{init_8c_a4f3c4044edc3d306325c49f75e18c931}
Definition at line 63 of file init.\-c.
Referenced by init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\subsubsection{Function Documentation}
\hypertarget{init_8c_a36115f317c9e0a45963d1aa9b2dd9da9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy@{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy}}
\index{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy@{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a36115f317c9e0a45963d1aa9b2dd9da9}
Definition at line 169 of file init.\-c.
References alloc\-\_\-buf\-\_\-gc(), B\-S\-T\-R, buf\-\_\-printf(), options\-::ce, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-P\-R\-O\-X\-Y, options\-::connection\-\_\-list, connection\-\_\-list\-::current, connection\-\_\-entry\-::flags, gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, management\-\_\-event\-\_\-loop\-\_\-n\-\_\-seconds(), management\-\_\-notify\-\_\-generic(), np(), context\-::options, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-udp(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote, and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a913cfd7844824eb629dc8d6920a6aef8}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote@{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote}}
\index{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote@{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a913cfd7844824eb629dc8d6920a6aef8}
Definition at line 251 of file init.\-c.
References connection\-\_\-entry\-::af, alloc\-\_\-buf\-\_\-gc(), B\-S\-T\-R, buf\-\_\-printf(), options\-::ce, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-S\-K, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-S\-H\-I\-F\-T, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-S\-K\-I\-P, connection\-\_\-entry\-::flags, gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, management\-\_\-event\-\_\-loop\-\_\-n\-\_\-seconds(), management\-\_\-notify\-\_\-generic(), np(), context\-::options, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto2ascii(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote\-\_\-port, and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3e428634830c20841874c8143b46a2e4}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist@{clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist}}
\index{clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist@{clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr} $\ast$}]{lsa, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{free}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a3e428634830c20841874c8143b46a2e4}
Definition at line 324 of file init.\-c.
References link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::current\-\_\-remote, and link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::remote\-\_\-list.
Referenced by do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a8f6bfd35ae93f4eda968d89f76637a98}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!close\-\_\-context@{close\-\_\-context}}
\index{close\-\_\-context@{close\-\_\-context}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{close\-\_\-context}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void close\-\_\-context (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{int}]{sig, }
\item[{unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a8f6bfd35ae93f4eda968d89f76637a98}
Definition at line 4356 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, C\-C\-\_\-\-G\-C\-\_\-\-F\-R\-E\-E, C\-C\-\_\-\-H\-A\-R\-D\-\_\-\-U\-S\-R1\-\_\-\-T\-O\-\_\-\-H\-U\-P, C\-C\-\_\-\-N\-O\-\_\-\-C\-L\-O\-S\-E, C\-C\-\_\-\-U\-S\-R1\-\_\-\-T\-O\-\_\-\-H\-U\-P, close\-\_\-instance(), context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free(), context\-::sig, S\-I\-G\-\_\-\-S\-O\-U\-R\-C\-E\-\_\-\-H\-A\-R\-D, S\-I\-G\-H\-U\-P, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-text, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, and signal\-\_\-info\-::source.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance(), multi\-\_\-close\-\_\-instance(), and multi\-\_\-top\-\_\-free().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a2cddf7b7e6402aa02311c949ec0dd51c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!close\-\_\-instance@{close\-\_\-instance}}
\index{close\-\_\-instance@{close\-\_\-instance}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{close\-\_\-instance}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void close\-\_\-instance (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a2cddf7b7e6402aa02311c949ec0dd51c}
Definition at line 4150 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-U\-D\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-P2\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-T\-O\-P, do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun(), do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy(), context\-\_\-2\-::gc, gc\-\_\-free(), context\-::mode, and uninit\-\_\-proxy().
Referenced by close\-\_\-context(), tunnel\-\_\-point\-\_\-to\-\_\-point(), tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-tcp(), and tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-udp\-\_\-single\-\_\-threaded().
\hypertarget{init_8c_af9f473c94277d38beef77e1b1f165b33}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!close\-\_\-management@{close\-\_\-management}}
\index{close\-\_\-management@{close\-\_\-management}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{close\-\_\-management}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void close\-\_\-management (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void}]{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_af9f473c94277d38beef77e1b1f165b33}
Definition at line 3784 of file init.\-c.
References management\-\_\-close().
Referenced by open\-\_\-management(), and openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a80646beaaf6a2d8fa45e74b125da02d6}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-clear@{context\-\_\-clear}}
\index{context\-\_\-clear@{context\-\_\-clear}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-clear}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-clear (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a80646beaaf6a2d8fa45e74b125da02d6}
Definition at line 70 of file init.\-c.
References C\-L\-E\-A\-R.
Referenced by context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time(), and do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3333f41a29ff31266dce5dc83396ee5b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1}}
\index{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a3333f41a29ff31266dce5dc83396ee5b}
Definition at line 76 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, and C\-L\-E\-A\-R.
Referenced by context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a7e2affa0cea0aa844a58b3185222a3c9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2}}
\index{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-2 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a7e2affa0cea0aa844a58b3185222a3c9}
Definition at line 82 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, and C\-L\-E\-A\-R.
Referenced by tunnel\-\_\-point\-\_\-to\-\_\-point(), tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-tcp(), and tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-udp\-\_\-single\-\_\-threaded().
\hypertarget{init_8c_af0a7adfd1ff37789d61c4066d798060e}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}}
\index{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time@{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-all\-\_\-except\-\_\-first\-\_\-time (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_af0a7adfd1ff37789d61c4066d798060e}
Definition at line 88 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-clear(), context\-::first\-\_\-time, and context\-::persist.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a6e6b19367c9c40f7c22c5d5addf2f962}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free@{context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free}}
\index{context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free@{context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a6e6b19367c9c40f7c22c5d5addf2f962}
Definition at line 577 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::gc, context\-\_\-2\-::gc, context\-::gc, gc\-\_\-free(), and context\-::options.
Referenced by close\-\_\-context(), openvpn\-\_\-main(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a58388a630bb35708de3e8bd6ae4b9000}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1@{context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1}}
\index{context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1@{context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a58388a630bb35708de3e8bd6ae4b9000}
Definition at line 530 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, context\-\_\-clear\-\_\-1(), context\-::first\-\_\-time, get\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass(), G\-E\-T\-\_\-\-U\-S\-E\-R\-\_\-\-P\-A\-S\-S\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-A\-G\-E\-M\-E\-N\-T, G\-E\-T\-\_\-\-U\-S\-E\-R\-\_\-\-P\-A\-S\-S\-\_\-\-N\-E\-E\-D\-\_\-\-O\-K, init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list(), M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, M\-A\-X\-\_\-\-P\-A\-R\-M\-S, msg, context\-::options, packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-init(), user\-\_\-pass\-::password, context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist, and user\-\_\-pass\-::username.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a55e5b704206c7d367d7f87593b67cde0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}}
\index{do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a55e5b704206c7d367d7f87593b67cde0}
Definition at line 1270 of file init.\-c.
References A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-C\-L\-E\-A\-R\-\_\-\-G\-C, context\-::c1, context\-::gc, context\-::options, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-list, and options\-::routes\-\_\-ipv6.
Referenced by do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a23ba16c1479ad9ab48de1cd7f655a648}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-check\-\_\-if\-\_\-restart\-\_\-permitted (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a23ba16c1479ad9ab48de1cd7f655a648}
Definition at line 3251 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::inetd, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, context\-::options, context\-::sig, S\-I\-G\-H\-U\-P, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, S\-I\-G\-T\-E\-R\-M, and S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a95c0a575a66fd93651241d08fbf7444e}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-event\-\_\-set (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a95c0a575a66fd93651241d08fbf7444e}
Definition at line 3417 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, event\-\_\-free(), context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set, and context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a7ff24c87873c65ffd41f47539bc6b760}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-fragment (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a7ff24c87873c65ffd41f47539bc6b760}
Definition at line 3383 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::fragment, and fragment\-\_\-free().
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a74ee8a601d15d115c433b90a93ee1301}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a74ee8a601d15d115c433b90a93ee1301}
Definition at line 3268 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-2\-::buffers, context\-\_\-2\-::buffers\-\_\-owned, context\-::c2, and free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers().
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5c3a221406c8c4ed6795c1f3ef9ce7f0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{free\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-ctx}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5c3a221406c8c4ed6795c1f3ef9ce7f0}
Definition at line 3310 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free(), context\-\_\-1\-::ks, context\-::options, options\-::persist\-\_\-key, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, and S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a61d44367024a0dff3861e2afa6600694}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a61d44367024a0dff3861e2afa6600694}
Definition at line 3476 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-\_\-1\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist, ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-close(), context\-\_\-1\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-owned, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, and S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a1dfcc5395d28064586bb8f94409b86ef}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a1dfcc5395d28064586bb8f94409b86ef}
Definition at line 3322 of file init.\-c.
References link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::actual, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::bind\-\_\-local, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, clear\-\_\-remote\-\_\-addrlist(), link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::current\-\_\-remote, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, context\-\_\-1\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-close(), context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-owned, options\-::no\-\_\-advance, context\-::options, options\-::persist\-\_\-local\-\_\-ip, options\-::persist\-\_\-remote\-\_\-ip, options\-::resolve\-\_\-in\-\_\-advance, context\-::sig, S\-I\-G\-\_\-\-S\-O\-U\-R\-C\-E\-\_\-\-H\-A\-R\-D, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, and signal\-\_\-info\-::source.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad60e48d4f954964c89982f7f768cd114}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-packet\-\_\-id (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad60e48d4f954964c89982f7f768cd114}
Definition at line 3366 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::crypto\-\_\-options, crypto\-\_\-options\-::packet\-\_\-id, packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-free(), packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-close(), packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-save(), context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, and S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aa1b2b0731bba3b1b5621bc0b070f4cf0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-plugins (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_aa1b2b0731bba3b1b5621bc0b070f4cf0}
Definition at line 3616 of file init.\-c.
References plugin\-\_\-list\-\_\-close(), context\-::plugins, context\-::plugins\-\_\-owned, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, and S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5696f524319366de9d91a26d7290bfbb}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-status\-\_\-output (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5696f524319366de9d91a26d7290bfbb}
Definition at line 3446 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, status\-\_\-close(), context\-\_\-1\-::status\-\_\-output, and context\-\_\-1\-::status\-\_\-output\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_af81e65de77cb7e8ce6e19844ffb749b9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tls (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_af81e65de77cb7e8ce6e19844ffb749b9}
Definition at line 3282 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-local, context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-remote, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, and tls\-\_\-multi\-\_\-free().
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a62d7dcc84da69695748e556fda9833fe}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{force}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a62d7dcc84da69695748e556fda9833fe}
Definition at line 1761 of file init.\-c.
References tuntap\-::actual\-\_\-name, tuntap\-::adapter\-\_\-index, options\-::block\-\_\-outside\-\_\-dns, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, delete\-\_\-routes(), do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple(), options\-::down\-\_\-pre, options\-::down\-\_\-script, context\-\_\-2\-::es, E\-X\-P\-A\-N\-D\-E\-D\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), I\-A\-\_\-\-E\-M\-P\-T\-Y\-\_\-\-I\-F\-\_\-\-U\-N\-D\-E\-F, in\-\_\-addr\-\_\-t, tuntap\-::local, M\-\_\-\-F\-A\-T\-A\-L, management\-\_\-pre\-\_\-tunnel\-\_\-close(), management\-\_\-up\-\_\-down(), msg, options\-::msg\-\_\-channel, context\-::options, options\-::persist\-\_\-tun, context\-::plugins, print\-\_\-in\-\_\-addr\-\_\-t(), tuntap\-::remote\-\_\-netmask, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-list, R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-O\-P\-T\-I\-O\-N\-\_\-\-F\-L\-A\-G\-S, options\-::route\-\_\-predown\-\_\-script, run\-\_\-up\-\_\-down(), context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-description(), signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-text, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, string\-\_\-alloc(), T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap\-\_\-owned, options\-::up\-\_\-restart, and win\-\_\-wfp\-\_\-uninit().
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance(), do\-\_\-up(), and tun\-\_\-abort().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ac17bc708447a380fa5284be8888411b0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple}}
\index{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple@{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun\-\_\-simple (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ac17bc708447a380fa5284be8888411b0}
Definition at line 1749 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, close\-\_\-tun(), D\-\_\-\-C\-L\-O\-S\-E, msg, context\-\_\-1\-::pulled\-\_\-options\-\_\-digest\-\_\-save, context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, and context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a7e221190dbfc1c1cbd88ae2c834434f9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings@{do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings}}
\index{do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings@{do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a7e221190dbfc1c1cbd88ae2c834434f9}
Definition at line 3187 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-S\-H\-O\-W\-\_\-\-O\-C\-C, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), msg, context\-::options, options\-\_\-string(), context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-local, context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-remote, options\-\_\-string\-\_\-version(), context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, tls\-\_\-multi\-\_\-init\-\_\-set\-\_\-options(), and context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_af461b176774f98425ec61cc176f0ec7c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options@{do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options}}
\index{do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options@{do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{found}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_af461b176774f98425ec61cc176f0ec7c}
Definition at line 2037 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::ce, key\-\_\-state\-::crypto\-\_\-options, D\-\_\-\-P\-U\-S\-H, D\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-S, do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper(), E\-X\-P\-A\-N\-D\-E\-D\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, connection\-\_\-entry\-::explicit\-\_\-exit\-\_\-notification, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-extra\-\_\-frame(), frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-link\-\_\-mtu(), init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute(), key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi\-::initialized, I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-1, I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-2, tls\-\_\-session\-::key, crypto\-\_\-options\-::key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi, K\-S\-\_\-\-P\-R\-I\-M\-A\-R\-Y, connection\-\_\-entry\-::link\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-defined, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-update\-\_\-buffer\-\_\-sizes(), link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-update\-\_\-flags(), M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, options\-::ncp\-\_\-enabled, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-C\-O\-M\-P, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-E\-X\-P\-L\-I\-C\-I\-T\-\_\-\-N\-O\-T\-I\-F\-Y, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-I\-P\-W\-I\-N32, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-M\-E\-S\-S\-A\-G\-E\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-N\-C\-P, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-E\-E\-R\-\_\-\-I\-D, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-E\-X\-T\-R\-A\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-T\-E\-N\-V, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-H\-A\-P\-E\-R, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-O\-C\-K\-B\-U\-F, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-O\-C\-K\-F\-L\-A\-G\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-T\-I\-M\-E\-R, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-U\-P, context\-::options, tls\-\_\-multi\-::peer\-\_\-id, options\-::peer\-\_\-id, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-udp(), options\-::pull, options\-::rcvbuf, tls\-\_\-multi\-::remote\-\_\-ciphername, tls\-\_\-multi\-::session, options\-::sndbuf, options\-::sockflags, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, tls\-\_\-poor\-\_\-mans\-\_\-ncp(), tls\-\_\-session\-\_\-update\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-params(), T\-M\-\_\-\-A\-C\-T\-I\-V\-E, T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, and tls\-\_\-multi\-::use\-\_\-peer\-\_\-id.
Referenced by do\-\_\-up(), and multi\-\_\-connection\-\_\-established().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ae4bacd78db91f799756b248946f32887}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy@{do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy}}
\index{do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy@{do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ae4bacd78db91f799756b248946f32887}
Definition at line 3504 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, env\-\_\-set\-\_\-destroy(), context\-\_\-2\-::es, and context\-\_\-2\-::es\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5701fecef4d3afde02d2604f1b61f7f3}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init@{do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init}}
\index{do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init@{do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{need\-\_\-us\-\_\-timeout}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5701fecef4d3afde02d2604f1b61f7f3}
Definition at line 3398 of file init.\-c.
References B\-A\-S\-E\-\_\-\-N\-\_\-\-E\-V\-E\-N\-T\-S, context\-::c2, E\-V\-E\-N\-T\-\_\-\-M\-E\-T\-H\-O\-D\-\_\-\-F\-A\-S\-T, E\-V\-E\-N\-T\-\_\-\-M\-E\-T\-H\-O\-D\-\_\-\-U\-S\-\_\-\-T\-I\-M\-E\-O\-U\-T, context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set, event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set\-\_\-max, and context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a095a721e463c315c4dbdebd50358abd0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-genkey@{do\-\_\-genkey}}
\index{do\-\_\-genkey@{do\-\_\-genkey}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-genkey}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} do\-\_\-genkey (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a095a721e463c315c4dbdebd50358abd0}
Definition at line 935 of file init.\-c.
References D\-\_\-\-G\-E\-N\-K\-E\-Y, options\-::genkey, M\-\_\-\-N\-O\-P\-R\-E\-F\-I\-X, options\-::mlock, msg, notnull(), platform\-\_\-mlockall(), options\-::shared\-\_\-secret\-\_\-file, and write\-\_\-key\-\_\-file().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a9954eafaec4fc968645107a926f54df6}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-hold@{do\-\_\-hold}}
\index{do\-\_\-hold@{do\-\_\-hold}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-hold}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} do\-\_\-hold (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{int}]{holdtime}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a9954eafaec4fc968645107a926f54df6}
Definition at line 2167 of file init.\-c.
References management\-\_\-hold().
Referenced by do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause(), open\-\_\-management(), and socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aef96518cac67bd66e99aec9550db581c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env@{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env}}
\index{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env@{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{src}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_aef96518cac67bd66e99aec9550db581c}
Definition at line 3496 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, env\-\_\-set\-\_\-create(), env\-\_\-set\-\_\-inherit(), context\-\_\-2\-::es, and context\-\_\-2\-::es\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ac392bc1c0761f558869ec83c50b0c46b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins@{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins}}
\index{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins@{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{src}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ac392bc1c0761f558869ec83c50b0c46b}
Definition at line 3627 of file init.\-c.
References plugin\-\_\-list\-\_\-inherit(), context\-::plugins, and context\-::plugins\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ae5f5cf77443aa964f81ff68fb350d83f}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ae5f5cf77443aa964f81ff68fb350d83f}
Definition at line 3078 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-2\-::buffers, context\-\_\-2\-::buffers\-\_\-owned, context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, and init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3660e2369c99008cda0efe61b5acfbac}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a3660e2369c99008cda0efe61b5acfbac}
Definition at line 2757 of file init.\-c.
References do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls(), M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, context\-::options, options\-::shared\-\_\-secret\-\_\-file, options\-::tls\-\_\-client, and options\-::tls\-\_\-server.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a94da6556c2a7e8067e772f2d7a0ac7d6}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-none (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a94da6556c2a7e8067e772f2d7a0ac7d6}
Definition at line 2745 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, context\-::options, and options\-::test\-\_\-crypto.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a24ee82204efb10e4948c83b1cb1a4853}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a24ee82204efb10e4948c83b1cb1a4853}
Definition at line 2353 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, options\-::authname, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, check\-\_\-replay\-\_\-consistency(), options\-::ciphername, C\-O\-\_\-\-M\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-R\-E\-P\-L\-A\-Y\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N\-I\-N\-G\-S, C\-O\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D\-\_\-\-L\-O\-N\-G\-\_\-\-F\-O\-R\-M, crypto\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), context\-\_\-2\-::crypto\-\_\-options, crypto\-\_\-read\-\_\-openvpn\-\_\-key(), crypto\-\_\-options\-::flags, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre(), init\-\_\-key\-\_\-type(), crypto\-\_\-options\-::key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi, key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi\-\_\-defined(), options\-::key\-\_\-direction, key\-\_\-schedule\-::key\-\_\-type, options\-::keysize, context\-\_\-1\-::ks, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, options\-::mute\-\_\-replay\-\_\-warnings, context\-::options, crypto\-\_\-options\-::packet\-\_\-id, packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-init(), packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-load\-\_\-obj(), context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist, crypto\-\_\-options\-::pid\-\_\-persist, options\-::replay, options\-::replay\-\_\-time, options\-::replay\-\_\-window, options\-::shared\-\_\-secret\-\_\-file, options\-::shared\-\_\-secret\-\_\-file\-\_\-inline, key\-\_\-schedule\-::static\-\_\-key, and options\-::test\-\_\-crypto.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a6b2bce56f99c5d493e2282b31f950ff0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a6b2bce56f99c5d493e2282b31f950ff0}
Definition at line 2511 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, tls\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-token\-\_\-generate, options\-::auth\-\_\-token\-\_\-generate, tls\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-token\-\_\-lifetime, options\-::auth\-\_\-token\-\_\-lifetime, tls\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-file, options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-file, tls\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-verify\-\_\-script, options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-verify\-\_\-script, tls\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-verify\-\_\-script\-\_\-via\-\_\-file, options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-verify\-\_\-script\-\_\-via\-\_\-file, context\-\_\-1\-::authname, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, options\-::ccd\-\_\-exclusive, options\-::ce, C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E, C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I, check\-\_\-replay\-\_\-consistency(), key\-\_\-type\-::cipher, cipher\-\_\-kt\-\_\-mode\-\_\-ofb\-\_\-cfb(), context\-\_\-1\-::ciphername, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, options\-::client\-\_\-config\-\_\-dir, tls\-\_\-options\-::client\-\_\-config\-\_\-dir\-\_\-exclusive, C\-O\-\_\-\-M\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-R\-E\-P\-L\-A\-Y\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N\-I\-N\-G\-S, C\-O\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D\-\_\-\-L\-O\-N\-G\-\_\-\-F\-O\-R\-M, tls\-\_\-options\-::config\-\_\-authname, tls\-\_\-options\-::config\-\_\-ciphername, tls\-\_\-options\-::crl\-\_\-file, options\-::crl\-\_\-file, tls\-\_\-options\-::crl\-\_\-file\-\_\-inline, options\-::crl\-\_\-file\-\_\-inline, crypto\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), tls\-\_\-options\-::crypto\-\_\-flags, crypto\-\_\-max\-\_\-overhead(), tls\-\_\-options\-::disable\-\_\-occ, do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1(), tls\-\_\-options\-::ekm\-\_\-label, tls\-\_\-options\-::ekm\-\_\-label\-\_\-size, tls\-\_\-options\-::ekm\-\_\-size, E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-\_\-\-D\-E\-B\-U\-G, tls\-\_\-options\-::es, context\-\_\-2\-::es, crypto\-\_\-options\-::flags, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, tls\-\_\-options\-::frame, frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-extra\-\_\-frame(), context\-\_\-2\-::gc, tls\-\_\-options\-::gremlin, tls\-\_\-options\-::handshake\-\_\-window, options\-::handshake\-\_\-window, init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, crypto\-\_\-options\-::key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi, tls\-\_\-options\-::key\-\_\-method, options\-::key\-\_\-method, key\-\_\-schedule\-::key\-\_\-type, tls\-\_\-options\-::key\-\_\-type, context\-\_\-1\-::ks, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-proto\-\_\-connection\-\_\-oriented(), options\-::mode, tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-ctx\-::mode, tls\-\_\-options\-::mode, M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, options\-::mute\-\_\-replay\-\_\-warnings, tls\-\_\-options\-::ncp\-\_\-enabled, options\-::ncp\-\_\-enabled, tls\-\_\-options\-::ns\-\_\-cert\-\_\-type, options\-::ns\-\_\-cert\-\_\-type, options\-::occ, tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-ctx\-::opt, context\-::options, P2\-M\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, tls\-\_\-options\-::packet\-\_\-timeout, context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist, crypto\-\_\-options\-::pid\-\_\-persist, tls\-\_\-options\-::plugins, context\-::plugins, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, tls\-\_\-options\-::pull, options\-::pull, tls\-\_\-options\-::remote\-\_\-cert\-\_\-eku, options\-::remote\-\_\-cert\-\_\-eku, tls\-\_\-options\-::remote\-\_\-cert\-\_\-ku, options\-::remote\-\_\-cert\-\_\-ku, tls\-\_\-options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-bytes, options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-bytes, tls\-\_\-options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-packets, options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-packets, tls\-\_\-options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-seconds, options\-::renegotiate\-\_\-seconds, tls\-\_\-options\-::replay, options\-::replay, tls\-\_\-options\-::replay\-\_\-time, options\-::replay\-\_\-time, tls\-\_\-options\-::replay\-\_\-window, options\-::replay\-\_\-window, tls\-\_\-options\-::server, tls\-\_\-options\-::single\-\_\-session, options\-::single\-\_\-session, socket\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), key\-\_\-schedule\-::ssl\-\_\-ctx, tls\-\_\-options\-::ssl\-\_\-ctx, tls\-\_\-options\-::ssl\-\_\-flags, options\-::ssl\-\_\-flags, tls\-\_\-options\-::tcp\-\_\-mode, options\-::test\-\_\-crypto, tls\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), options\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-file, key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-key\-\_\-type, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-standalone, tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-standalone\-\_\-init(), options\-::tls\-\_\-client, tls\-\_\-crypt\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), options\-::tls\-\_\-crypt\-\_\-file, options\-::tls\-\_\-export\-\_\-cert, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, tls\-\_\-multi\-\_\-init(), options\-::tls\-\_\-server, options\-::tls\-\_\-timeout, options\-::tls\-\_\-verify, tls\-\_\-options\-::tls\-\_\-wrap, key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-key, tls\-\_\-options\-::tmp\-\_\-dir, options\-::tmp\-\_\-dir, tls\-\_\-options\-::transition\-\_\-window, options\-::transition\-\_\-window, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-command, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-export\-\_\-cert, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-hash, options\-::verify\-\_\-hash, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-hash\-\_\-algo, options\-::verify\-\_\-hash\-\_\-algo, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-x509\-\_\-name, options\-::verify\-\_\-x509\-\_\-name, tls\-\_\-options\-::verify\-\_\-x509\-\_\-type, options\-::verify\-\_\-x509\-\_\-type, tls\-\_\-options\-::x509\-\_\-track, options\-::x509\-\_\-track, tls\-\_\-options\-::x509\-\_\-username\-\_\-field, X509\-\_\-\-U\-S\-E\-R\-N\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-F\-I\-E\-L\-D\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-A\-U\-L\-T, and tls\-\_\-options\-::xmit\-\_\-hold.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ab260427074ab585e40d538eda5029935}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls\-\_\-c1 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ab260427074ab585e40d538eda5029935}
Definition at line 2413 of file init.\-c.
References A\-R\-\_\-\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-A\-C\-T, A\-R\-\_\-\-N\-O\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-A\-C\-T, A\-R\-\_\-\-N\-O\-N\-E, A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, auth\-\_\-retry\-\_\-get(), context\-\_\-1\-::authname, options\-::authname, context\-::c1, context\-\_\-1\-::ciphername, options\-::ciphername, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, crypto\-\_\-read\-\_\-openvpn\-\_\-key(), D\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-M\-E\-D\-I\-U\-M, key\-\_\-type\-::digest, key\-\_\-type\-::hmac\-\_\-length, init\-\_\-key\-\_\-type(), init\-\_\-ssl(), options\-::key\-\_\-direction, key\-\_\-schedule\-::key\-\_\-type, context\-\_\-1\-::keysize, options\-::keysize, context\-\_\-1\-::ks, M\-\_\-\-F\-A\-T\-A\-L, md\-\_\-kt\-\_\-get(), md\-\_\-kt\-\_\-size(), msg, context\-::options, options\-::priv\-\_\-key\-\_\-file\-\_\-inline, options\-::prng\-\_\-hash, prng\-\_\-init(), options\-::prng\-\_\-nonce\-\_\-secret\-\_\-len, context\-::sig, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-text, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, key\-\_\-schedule\-::ssl\-\_\-ctx, ssl\-\_\-purge\-\_\-auth(), streq, string\-\_\-clear(), options\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-file, options\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-file\-\_\-inline, key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-key\-\_\-type, options\-::tls\-\_\-crypt\-\_\-file, tls\-\_\-crypt\-\_\-init\-\_\-key(), options\-::tls\-\_\-crypt\-\_\-inline, tls\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-initialised(), options\-::tls\-\_\-server, and key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-key.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3bc4d5a823499472a3bc61b5a263c603}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a3bc4d5a823499472a3bc61b5a263c603}
Definition at line 2723 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, E\-X\-P\-A\-N\-D\-E\-D\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-standalone\-::frame, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, tls\-\_\-options\-::frame, frame\-\_\-print(), tls\-\_\-multi\-::opt, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-standalone, tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-standalone\-\_\-finalize(), context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, and tls\-\_\-multi\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize().
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a05df1a443a6eac2dc6faa292fb433f27}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a05df1a443a6eac2dc6faa292fb433f27}
Definition at line 3222 of file init.\-c.
References A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-C\-L\-E\-A\-R\-\_\-\-G\-C, context\-::c0, options\-::cd\-\_\-dir, context\-::did\-\_\-we\-\_\-daemonize, context\-::first\-\_\-time, context\-::gc, options\-::groupname, options\-::nice, context\-::options, platform\-\_\-chdir(), platform\-\_\-group\-\_\-get(), platform\-\_\-nice(), context\-\_\-0\-::platform\-\_\-state\-\_\-group, context\-\_\-0\-::platform\-\_\-state\-\_\-user, platform\-\_\-user\-\_\-get(), context\-\_\-0\-::uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-specified, and options\-::username.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a577bf7b44dff6a8b3380cc96a8a3a1ba}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a577bf7b44dff6a8b3380cc96a8a3a1ba}
Definition at line 3090 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, context\-::c2, options\-::ce, connection\-\_\-entry\-::fragment, context\-\_\-2\-::fragment, fragment\-\_\-frame\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-2\-::frame\-\_\-fragment, frame\-\_\-set\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-dynamic(), context\-::options, and S\-E\-T\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-U\-P\-P\-E\-R\-\_\-\-B\-O\-U\-N\-D.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a2e4b08374469d04d9541f64273665582}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a2e4b08374469d04d9541f64273665582}
Definition at line 2780 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::ce, C\-I\-P\-H\-E\-R\-\_\-\-E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-D, E\-T\-H\-E\-R\-N\-E\-T\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U, connection\-\_\-entry\-::fragment, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-align\-\_\-adjust(), frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-extra\-\_\-link(), frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options(), context\-\_\-2\-::frame\-\_\-fragment, context\-\_\-2\-::frame\-\_\-fragment\-\_\-omit, F\-R\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-H\-E\-A\-D\-R\-O\-O\-M\-\_\-\-M\-A\-R\-K\-E\-R\-\_\-\-D\-E\-C\-R\-Y\-P\-T, F\-R\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-H\-E\-A\-D\-R\-O\-O\-M\-\_\-\-M\-A\-R\-K\-E\-R\-\_\-\-F\-R\-A\-G\-M\-E\-N\-T, frame\-\_\-or\-\_\-align\-\_\-flags(), frame\-\_\-subtract\-\_\-extra(), M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, connection\-\_\-entry\-::mssfix, options\-::mtu\-\_\-test, context\-::options, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, socket\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), socks\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-server, tun\-\_\-adjust\-\_\-frame\-\_\-parameters(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::tun\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-extra, connection\-\_\-entry\-::tun\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-extra\-\_\-defined, and T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3709fc7248a2af73c0a60a34594dcee7}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a3709fc7248a2af73c0a60a34594dcee7}
Definition at line 3018 of file init.\-c.
References do\-\_\-init\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-tls\-\_\-frame().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad0168a3016e46fc19d5f1a5d4fe782d9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options, }
\item[{struct {\bf route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list} $\ast$}]{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list, }
\item[{const struct {\bf link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info} $\ast$}]{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info, }
\item[{struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{es}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad0168a3016e46fc19d5f1a5d4fe782d9}
Definition at line 1323 of file init.\-c.
References add\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-to\-\_\-option\-\_\-list(), route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-option\-\_\-list\-::flags, route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-option\-\_\-list\-::gc, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-remote, init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list(), link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-current\-\_\-remote\-\_\-ipv6(), R\-G\-\_\-\-R\-E\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-G\-W, options\-::route\-\_\-default\-\_\-metric, options\-::routes\-\_\-ipv6, setenv\-\_\-routes\-\_\-ipv6(), and string\-\_\-alloc().
Referenced by do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad8a02d272a16e1eda8fe015e1e02300b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options, }
\item[{struct {\bf route\-\_\-list} $\ast$}]{route\-\_\-list, }
\item[{const struct {\bf link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info} $\ast$}]{link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info, }
\item[{struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{es}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad8a02d272a16e1eda8fe015e1e02300b}
Definition at line 1288 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::dev, options\-::dev\-\_\-type, dev\-\_\-type\-\_\-enum(), D\-E\-V\-\_\-\-T\-Y\-P\-E\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-remote\-\_\-netmask, init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list(), link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-current\-\_\-remote(), options\-::route\-\_\-default\-\_\-gateway, options\-::route\-\_\-default\-\_\-metric, options\-::routes, setenv\-\_\-routes(), T\-O\-P\-\_\-\-N\-E\-T30, T\-O\-P\-\_\-\-P2\-P, and options\-::topology.
Referenced by do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aa178c8a6f722ca1be6e847e1310f3897}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_aa178c8a6f722ca1be6e847e1310f3897}
Definition at line 1177 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::ce, connection\-\_\-entry\-::connect\-\_\-timeout, event\-\_\-timeout\-\_\-init(), now, context\-::options, context\-\_\-2\-::server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-interval, and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_abab69003e7cb3f0624fd9edf8f9b4037}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const int}]{mode}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_abab69003e7cb3f0624fd9edf8f9b4037}
Definition at line 3114 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-2\-::accept\-\_\-from, connection\-\_\-entry\-::af, connection\-\_\-entry\-::bind\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-only, connection\-\_\-entry\-::bind\-\_\-local, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, options\-::ce, context\-\_\-1\-::dns\-\_\-cache, E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-\_\-\-D\-E\-B\-U\-G, context\-\_\-1\-::http\-\_\-proxy, options\-::inetd, options\-::ipchange, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, context\-\_\-1\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-init\-\_\-phase1(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::local, connection\-\_\-entry\-::local\-\_\-port, options\-::mark, connection\-\_\-entry\-::mtu\-\_\-discover\-\_\-type, context\-::options, context\-::plugins, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, options\-::rcvbuf, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote\-\_\-float, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote\-\_\-port, options\-::resolve\-\_\-retry\-\_\-seconds, context\-\_\-2\-::server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-interval, S\-F\-\_\-\-P\-O\-R\-T\-\_\-\-S\-H\-A\-R\-E, options\-::sndbuf, options\-::sockflags, and context\-\_\-1\-::socks\-\_\-proxy.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ae73a7779aedce66ab4e13e23bb856587}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2 (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ae73a7779aedce66ab4e13e23bb856587}
Definition at line 3160 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-init\-\_\-phase2(), and context\-::sig.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a4ce16743e82e7bcab17fe41d03b3fd44}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{deferred}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a4ce16743e82e7bcab17fe41d03b3fd44}
Definition at line 1190 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, event\-\_\-timeout\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-2\-::inactivity\-\_\-interval, options\-::inactivity\-\_\-timeout, interval\-\_\-init(), options\-::mtu\-\_\-test, now, options\-::occ, context\-\_\-2\-::occ\-\_\-interval, O\-C\-C\-\_\-\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-V\-A\-L\-\_\-\-S\-E\-C\-O\-N\-D\-S, O\-C\-C\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-V\-A\-L\-\_\-\-S\-E\-C\-O\-N\-D\-S, context\-\_\-2\-::occ\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-load\-\_\-test\-\_\-interval, context\-::options, context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-local, context\-\_\-2\-::options\-\_\-string\-\_\-remote, options\-::packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-file, context\-\_\-2\-::packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-interval, context\-\_\-2\-::ping\-\_\-rec\-\_\-interval, options\-::ping\-\_\-rec\-\_\-timeout, context\-\_\-2\-::ping\-\_\-send\-\_\-interval, options\-::ping\-\_\-send\-\_\-timeout, reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers(), T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E, T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I\-\_\-\-H\-O\-R\-I\-Z\-O\-N, T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I\-\_\-\-R\-E\-F\-R\-E\-S\-H, context\-\_\-2\-::tmp\-\_\-int, update\-\_\-time(), and context\-\_\-2\-::wait\-\_\-for\-\_\-connect.
Referenced by do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3b4a0a2b9abc79b1a2ea53ecc6125303}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a3b4a0a2b9abc79b1a2ea53ecc6125303}
Definition at line 1252 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, context\-::options, and shaper\-\_\-msg().
Referenced by do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a26b00bb1c20dc239a7dc415494b3ca0c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun}}
\index{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a26b00bb1c20dc239a7dc415494b3ca0c}
Definition at line 1536 of file init.\-c.
References link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::bind\-\_\-local, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, options\-::dev, options\-::dev\-\_\-type, context\-\_\-2\-::es, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-local, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-netbits, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-remote, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-local, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-nowarn, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-remote\-\_\-netmask, init\-\_\-tun(), init\-\_\-tun\-\_\-post(), context\-\_\-1\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr, context\-::options, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::remote\-\_\-list, options\-::topology, context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, options\-::tuntap\-\_\-options, and context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5bf221a89c0561061bd91985797fa61c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new@{do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new}}
\index{do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new@{do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5bf221a89c0561061bd91985797fa61c}
Definition at line 3103 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, context\-::c2, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new(), and context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a60549a254336200d6162c9b08081d3f9}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}}
\index{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a60549a254336200d6162c9b08081d3f9}
Definition at line 3463 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-\_\-1\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-filename, ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-1\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-owned, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-refresh\-\_\-freq, and context\-::options.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a71177a52e10b7bb794394d863d3afa3e}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}}
\index{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a71177a52e10b7bb794394d863d3afa3e}
Definition at line 3432 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-::options, options\-::status\-\_\-file, options\-::status\-\_\-file\-\_\-update\-\_\-freq, status\-\_\-open(), context\-\_\-1\-::status\-\_\-output, context\-\_\-1\-::status\-\_\-output\-\_\-owned, and S\-T\-A\-T\-U\-S\-\_\-\-O\-U\-T\-P\-U\-T\-\_\-\-W\-R\-I\-T\-E.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a8578b737da354d6ddd938b9b7d5dd89f}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun}}
\index{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun@{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a8578b737da354d6ddd938b9b7d5dd89f}
Definition at line 1563 of file init.\-c.
References tuntap\-::actual\-\_\-name, tuntap\-::adapter\-\_\-index, A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, options\-::block\-\_\-outside\-\_\-dns, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-L\-O\-W, D\-\_\-\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E, options\-::dev, options\-::dev\-\_\-node, options\-::dev\-\_\-type, dev\-\_\-type\-\_\-string(), dmsg, do\-\_\-alloc\-\_\-route\-\_\-list(), do\-\_\-ifconfig(), do\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-setenv(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-route\-\_\-list(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-tun(), do\-\_\-route(), context\-\_\-2\-::es, E\-X\-P\-A\-N\-D\-E\-D\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-set\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-dynamic(), gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), guess\-\_\-tuntap\-\_\-dev(), I\-A\-\_\-\-E\-M\-P\-T\-Y\-\_\-\-I\-F\-\_\-\-U\-N\-D\-E\-F, I\-F\-C\-O\-N\-F\-I\-G\-\_\-\-A\-F\-T\-E\-R\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-O\-P\-E\-N, I\-F\-C\-O\-N\-F\-I\-G\-\_\-\-B\-E\-F\-O\-R\-E\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-O\-P\-E\-N, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-noexec, ifconfig\-\_\-order(), link\-\_\-socket\-::info, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, options\-::lladdr, tuntap\-::local, M\-\_\-\-F\-A\-T\-A\-L, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, tuntap\-\_\-options\-::msg\-\_\-channel, options\-::msg\-\_\-channel, open\-\_\-tun(), tuntap\-::options, context\-::options, context\-::plugins, tuntap\-::post\-\_\-open\-\_\-mtu, print\-\_\-in\-\_\-addr\-\_\-t(), tuntap\-::remote\-\_\-netmask, R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-A\-F\-T\-E\-R\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N, R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-B\-E\-F\-O\-R\-E\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N, options\-::route\-\_\-delay\-\_\-defined, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list, context\-\_\-1\-::route\-\_\-list, route\-\_\-order(), options\-::routes, options\-::routes\-\_\-ipv6, run\-\_\-up\-\_\-down(), set\-\_\-lladdr(), S\-E\-T\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N, S\-E\-T\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-U\-P\-P\-E\-R\-\_\-\-B\-O\-U\-N\-D, T\-U\-N\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, options\-::up\-\_\-restart, options\-::up\-\_\-script, and win\-\_\-wfp\-\_\-block\-\_\-dns().
Referenced by do\-\_\-up(), and init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a27a30601d477a9ec64c7b5abb697b5df}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings@{do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings}}
\index{do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings@{do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a27a30601d477a9ec64c7b5abb697b5df}
Definition at line 2911 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::chroot\-\_\-dir, options\-::client\-\_\-config\-\_\-dir, options\-::duplicate\-\_\-cn, E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-\_\-\-P\-K\-C\-S11, context\-::first\-\_\-time, options\-::groupname, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-local, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-filename, options\-::keepalive\-\_\-ping, options\-::keepalive\-\_\-timeout, M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, options\-::mode, M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, msg, N\-S\-\_\-\-C\-E\-R\-T\-\_\-\-C\-H\-E\-C\-K\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, options\-::ns\-\_\-cert\-\_\-type, context\-::options, options\-::persist\-\_\-key, options\-::persist\-\_\-tun, options\-::ping\-\_\-rec\-\_\-timeout, options\-::ping\-\_\-send\-\_\-timeout, options\-::pull, options\-::remote\-\_\-cert\-\_\-eku, options\-::replay, script\-\_\-security, options\-::server\-\_\-bridge\-\_\-defined, options\-::server\-\_\-bridge\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dhcp, S\-S\-E\-C\-\_\-\-P\-W\-\_\-\-E\-N\-V, S\-S\-E\-C\-\_\-\-S\-C\-R\-I\-P\-T\-S, options\-::tls\-\_\-client, options\-::tls\-\_\-server, options\-::tls\-\_\-verify, options\-::user\-\_\-script\-\_\-used, options\-::username, V\-E\-R\-I\-F\-Y\-\_\-\-X509\-\_\-\-N\-O\-N\-E, options\-::verify\-\_\-x509\-\_\-type, and warn\-\_\-on\-\_\-use\-\_\-of\-\_\-common\-\_\-subnets().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ab95a7c73fa27479c82502f9abaf9b1e7}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap@{do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap}}
\index{do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap@{do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} do\-\_\-persist\-\_\-tuntap (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_ab95a7c73fa27479c82502f9abaf9b1e7}
Definition at line 965 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::ce, options\-::dev, options\-::dev\-\_\-node, options\-::dev\-\_\-type, E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-\_\-\-C\-R\-Y\-P\-T\-O, options\-::groupname, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-local, options\-::ifconfig\-\_\-remote\-\_\-netmask, options\-::lladdr, M\-\_\-\-F\-A\-T\-A\-L, M\-\_\-\-O\-P\-T\-E\-R\-R, msg, notnull(), options\-::persist\-\_\-config, options\-::persist\-\_\-mode, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote, set\-\_\-lladdr(), options\-::shared\-\_\-secret\-\_\-file, options\-::tls\-\_\-client, options\-::tls\-\_\-server, tuncfg(), options\-::tuntap\-\_\-options, and options\-::username.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a46d6454c2cf71f447451e11c5fa98722}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms@{do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms}}
\index{do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms@{do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a46d6454c2cf71f447451e11c5fa98722}
Definition at line 3170 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-M\-T\-U\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, context\-\_\-2\-::fragment, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, context\-\_\-2\-::frame\-\_\-fragment, and frame\-\_\-print().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a6445a4c044e64ef173fd00db00a860bf}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-route@{do\-\_\-route}}
\index{do\-\_\-route@{do\-\_\-route}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-route}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void do\-\_\-route (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options, }
\item[{struct {\bf route\-\_\-list} $\ast$}]{route\-\_\-list, }
\item[{struct {\bf route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list} $\ast$}]{route\-\_\-ipv6\-\_\-list, }
\item[{const struct {\bf tuntap} $\ast$}]{tt, }
\item[{const struct {\bf plugin\-\_\-list} $\ast$}]{plugins, }
\item[{struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{es}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a6445a4c044e64ef173fd00db00a860bf}
Definition at line 1482 of file init.\-c.
References add\-\_\-routes(), argv\-\_\-new(), argv\-\_\-parse\-\_\-cmd(), argv\-\_\-reset(), check\-\_\-debug\-\_\-level(), D\-\_\-\-S\-H\-O\-W\-\_\-\-N\-E\-T, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, M\-\_\-\-N\-O\-P\-R\-E\-F\-I\-X, M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, management\-\_\-up\-\_\-down(), msg, openvpn\-\_\-run\-\_\-script(), plugin\-\_\-call(), plugin\-\_\-defined(), route\-\_\-did\-\_\-redirect\-\_\-default\-\_\-gateway(), options\-::route\-\_\-noexec, R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-O\-P\-T\-I\-O\-N\-\_\-\-F\-L\-A\-G\-S, options\-::route\-\_\-script, setenv\-\_\-int(), setenv\-\_\-str(), show\-\_\-adapters(), options\-::show\-\_\-net\-\_\-up, and show\-\_\-routes().
Referenced by check\-\_\-add\-\_\-routes\-\_\-action(), and do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a15253fe4c0e3529e707edc3ef1d3d599}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io@{do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io}}
\index{do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io@{do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a15253fe4c0e3529e707edc3ef1d3d599}
Definition at line 3523 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::ce, options\-::fast\-\_\-io, context\-\_\-2\-::fast\-\_\-io, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, context\-::options, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, and proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-udp().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a24097398315c8ac1ececad11e35512fd}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors@{do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors}}
\index{do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors@{do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a24097398315c8ac1ececad11e35512fd}
Definition at line 3552 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, context\-::options, S\-I\-G\-T\-E\-R\-M, S\-I\-G\-U\-S\-R1, options\-::tls\-\_\-exit, and context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-exit\-\_\-signal.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad6e5429d3088ee255e912f452f78b0ba}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause@{do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause}}
\index{do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause@{do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad6e5429d3088ee255e912f452f78b0ba}
Definition at line 2260 of file init.\-c.
References do\-\_\-hold(), context\-::first\-\_\-time, and socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a45aabc58aa609b9ea41677a3071164c0}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto@{do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto}}
\index{do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto@{do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{o}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a45aabc58aa609b9ea41677a3071164c0}
Definition at line 4419 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-clear(), context\-::first\-\_\-time, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, context\-::options, options\-\_\-detach(), options\-::test\-\_\-crypto, test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread(), and title\-\_\-string.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a169d584d7f1127019c1aaf17091e3e61}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot@{do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot}}
\index{do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot@{do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{no\-\_\-delay}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a169d584d7f1127019c1aaf17091e3e61}
Definition at line 1042 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c0, options\-::chroot\-\_\-dir, context\-::first\-\_\-time, M\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, msg, context\-::options, platform\-\_\-chroot(), platform\-\_\-group\-\_\-set(), context\-\_\-0\-::platform\-\_\-state\-\_\-group, context\-\_\-0\-::platform\-\_\-state\-\_\-user, platform\-\_\-user\-\_\-set(), context\-\_\-0\-::uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot\-\_\-set, and context\-\_\-0\-::uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-specified.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance(), and initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a9b053b7a612943b6be1d1be2c25181bf}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!do\-\_\-up@{do\-\_\-up}}
\index{do\-\_\-up@{do\-\_\-up}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{do\-\_\-up}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} do\-\_\-up (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{pulled\-\_\-options, }
\item[{unsigned int}]{option\-\_\-types\-\_\-found}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a9b053b7a612943b6be1d1be2c25181bf}
Definition at line 1923 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-P\-U\-S\-H\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-S, context\-\_\-2\-::did\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun, do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun(), do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options(), do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun(), context\-\_\-2\-::do\-\_\-up\-\_\-ran, event\-\_\-timeout\-\_\-init(), initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed(), M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, options\-::mode, M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-P\-O\-I\-N\-T\-\_\-\-T\-O\-\_\-\-P\-O\-I\-N\-T, msg, now, openvpn\-\_\-sleep(), context\-::options, options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero(), P\-U\-L\-L\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-I\-N\-E\-D, context\-\_\-2\-::pulled\-\_\-options\-\_\-digest, context\-\_\-1\-::pulled\-\_\-options\-\_\-digest\-\_\-save, reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers(), R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-A\-F\-T\-E\-R\-\_\-\-T\-U\-N, options\-::route\-\_\-delay, options\-::route\-\_\-delay\-\_\-defined, options\-::route\-\_\-delay\-\_\-window, route\-\_\-order(), context\-\_\-2\-::route\-\_\-wakeup, context\-\_\-2\-::route\-\_\-wakeup\-\_\-expire, tun\-\_\-standby\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, options\-::up\-\_\-delay, and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by check\-\_\-connection\-\_\-established\-\_\-dowork(), and incoming\-\_\-push\-\_\-message().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a2ba15f7443831872eb1200f9b945d158}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name@{format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name}}
\index{format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name@{format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}const char$\ast$ format\-\_\-common\-\_\-name (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{struct {\bf gc\-\_\-arena} $\ast$}]{gc}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a2ba15f7443831872eb1200f9b945d158}
Definition at line 1125 of file init.\-c.
References alloc\-\_\-buf\-\_\-gc(), B\-S\-T\-R, buf\-\_\-printf(), context\-::c2, tls\-\_\-common\-\_\-name(), and context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi.
Referenced by check\-\_\-ping\-\_\-restart\-\_\-dowork().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ab818bc3b2b7753d2c5a010ad207b5084}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options@{frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options}}
\index{frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options@{frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{o}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ab818bc3b2b7753d2c5a010ad207b5084}
Definition at line 2276 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, options\-::ce, C\-I\-P\-H\-E\-R\-\_\-\-E\-N\-A\-B\-L\-E\-D, context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-add\-\_\-to\-\_\-extra\-\_\-buffer(), frame\-\_\-align\-\_\-to\-\_\-extra\-\_\-frame(), frame\-\_\-finalize(), F\-R\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-H\-E\-A\-D\-R\-O\-O\-M\-\_\-\-M\-A\-R\-K\-E\-R\-\_\-\-F\-R\-A\-G\-M\-E\-N\-T, F\-R\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-H\-E\-A\-D\-R\-O\-O\-M\-\_\-\-M\-A\-R\-K\-E\-R\-\_\-\-R\-E\-A\-D\-\_\-\-L\-I\-N\-K, F\-R\-A\-M\-E\-\_\-\-H\-E\-A\-D\-R\-O\-O\-M\-\_\-\-M\-A\-R\-K\-E\-R\-\_\-\-R\-E\-A\-D\-\_\-\-S\-T\-R\-E\-A\-M, frame\-\_\-or\-\_\-align\-\_\-flags(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::link\-\_\-mtu, connection\-\_\-entry\-::link\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-defined, context\-::options, P\-A\-Y\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-A\-L\-I\-G\-N, connection\-\_\-entry\-::tun\-\_\-mtu, and connection\-\_\-entry\-::tun\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-defined.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a484dda31020a06c683ee05df4a4d7b5e}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers@{free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}}
\index{free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers@{free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void free\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context\-\_\-buffers} $\ast$}]{b}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a484dda31020a06c683ee05df4a4d7b5e}
Definition at line 3051 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-buffers\-::aux\-\_\-buf, context\-\_\-buffers\-::decrypt\-\_\-buf, context\-\_\-buffers\-::encrypt\-\_\-buf, free\-\_\-buf(), context\-\_\-buffers\-::read\-\_\-link\-\_\-buf, and context\-\_\-buffers\-::read\-\_\-tun\-\_\-buf.
Referenced by do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-buf(), and multi\-\_\-top\-\_\-free().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a2e3da881a15567d205101e6b0853987a}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child@{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child}}
\index{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child@{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{dest, }
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{src}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a2e3da881a15567d205101e6b0853987a}
Definition at line 4228 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-2\-::accept\-\_\-from, A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-C\-L\-E\-A\-R\-\_\-\-G\-C, A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-G\-C, context\-\_\-1\-::authname, context\-\_\-2\-::buffers, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, C\-C\-\_\-\-N\-O\-\_\-\-C\-L\-O\-S\-E, C\-C\-\_\-\-U\-S\-R1\-\_\-\-T\-O\-\_\-\-H\-U\-P, options\-::ce, context\-\_\-1\-::ciphername, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-U\-D\-P, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info\-::connection\-\_\-established, do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-plugins(), context\-\_\-2\-::es, context\-::gc, gc\-\_\-new(), link\-\_\-socket\-::info, init\-\_\-instance(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, key\-\_\-schedule\-::key\-\_\-type, context\-\_\-1\-::keysize, context\-\_\-1\-::ks, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, context\-\_\-1\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info\-::lsa, context\-::mode, context\-::options, options\-\_\-detach(), packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-dgram(), context\-::sig, key\-\_\-schedule\-::ssl\-\_\-ctx, key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-auth\-\_\-key\-\_\-type, key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-key, and context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap.
Referenced by multi\-\_\-create\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a3289f2c74fc362ba1131d71552d10bab}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top@{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top}}
\index{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top@{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-top (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{dest, }
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{src}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a3289f2c74fc362ba1131d71552d10bab}
Definition at line 4302 of file init.\-c.
References context\-\_\-2\-::buffers\-\_\-owned, context\-::c0, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, options\-::ce, C\-M\-\_\-\-T\-O\-P\-\_\-\-C\-L\-O\-N\-E, do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-2\-::es\-\_\-owned, context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set, context\-\_\-2\-::event\-\_\-set\-\_\-owned, context\-::first\-\_\-time, context\-\_\-2\-::gc, context\-::gc, gc\-\_\-detach(), context\-\_\-1\-::ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist\-\_\-owned, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-owned, context\-::mode, context\-::options, options\-\_\-detach(), context\-::plugins\-\_\-owned, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-dgram(), context\-\_\-1\-::status\-\_\-output\-\_\-owned, context\-\_\-2\-::tls\-\_\-multi, and context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by multi\-\_\-top\-\_\-init().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad0b5dc166d3a7e0d118bdf1771323674}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list@{init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list}}
\index{init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list@{init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void init\-\_\-connection\-\_\-list (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad0b5dc166d3a7e0d118bdf1771323674}
Definition at line 298 of file init.\-c.
References connection\-\_\-list\-::array, options\-::connection\-\_\-list, connection\-\_\-list\-::current, get\-\_\-random(), connection\-\_\-list\-::len, context\-::options, and options\-::remote\-\_\-random.
Referenced by context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1().
\hypertarget{init_8c_acb1b090f0af0de9a05f235a61b03fc44}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers@{init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}}
\index{init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers@{init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}struct {\bf context\-\_\-buffers}$\ast$ init\-\_\-context\-\_\-buffers (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf frame} $\ast$}]{frame}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [read]}}}\label{init_8c_acb1b090f0af0de9a05f235a61b03fc44}
Definition at line 3026 of file init.\-c.
References alloc\-\_\-buf(), A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-C\-L\-E\-A\-R, context\-\_\-buffers\-::aux\-\_\-buf, B\-U\-F\-\_\-\-S\-I\-Z\-E, context\-\_\-buffers\-::decrypt\-\_\-buf, context\-\_\-buffers\-::encrypt\-\_\-buf, context\-\_\-buffers\-::read\-\_\-link\-\_\-buf, and context\-\_\-buffers\-::read\-\_\-tun\-\_\-buf.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers(), and multi\-\_\-top\-\_\-init().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a48a66fea06ba3615248923298b5d8d94}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre@{init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre}}
\index{init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre@{init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-pre (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a48a66fea06ba3615248923298b5d8d94}
Definition at line 2324 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D, crypto\-\_\-init\-\_\-lib\-\_\-engine(), options\-::engine, context\-::options, options\-::packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-file, packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-persist\-\_\-load(), and context\-\_\-1\-::pid\-\_\-persist.
Referenced by do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static(), and do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-tls().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a2986d81718c6cb5cd19bad612998d56f}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-instance@{init\-\_\-instance}}
\index{init\-\_\-instance@{init\-\_\-instance}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-instance}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-instance (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{env, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a2986d81718c6cb5cd19bad612998d56f}
Definition at line 3834 of file init.\-c.
References A\-R\-\_\-\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-A\-C\-T, auth\-\_\-retry\-\_\-get(), context\-::c2, options\-::ce, C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-A\-U\-T\-H\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-N\-D\-A\-L\-O\-N\-E, C\-F\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-\_\-\-T\-L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-U\-L\-T\-I, C\-F\-\_\-\-L\-O\-A\-D\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T\-E\-D\-\_\-\-P\-A\-C\-K\-E\-T\-\_\-\-I\-D, close\-\_\-context(), C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-C\-H\-I\-L\-D\-\_\-\-U\-D\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-P2\-P, C\-M\-\_\-\-T\-O\-P, context\-\_\-2\-::did\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun, do\-\_\-compute\-\_\-occ\-\_\-strings(), do\-\_\-event\-\_\-set\-\_\-init(), do\-\_\-inherit\-\_\-env(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-buffers(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-first\-\_\-time(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-fragment(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-frame\-\_\-tls(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-server\-\_\-poll\-\_\-timeout(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-1(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-socket\-\_\-2(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-traffic\-\_\-shaper(), do\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-new(), do\-\_\-open\-\_\-ifconfig\-\_\-pool\-\_\-persist(), do\-\_\-open\-\_\-status\-\_\-output(), do\-\_\-open\-\_\-tun(), do\-\_\-option\-\_\-warnings(), do\-\_\-preresolve(), do\-\_\-print\-\_\-data\-\_\-channel\-\_\-mtu\-\_\-parms(), do\-\_\-setup\-\_\-fast\-\_\-io(), do\-\_\-signal\-\_\-on\-\_\-tls\-\_\-errors(), do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause(), do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot(), context\-::first\-\_\-time, connection\-\_\-entry\-::fragment, context\-\_\-2\-::fragment, fragment\-\_\-init(), context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-init\-\_\-mssfix(), context\-\_\-2\-::frame\-\_\-initial, context\-\_\-2\-::gc, gc\-\_\-init(), init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p(), init\-\_\-proxy(), init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords(), init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-2, L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-A\-U\-L\-T, L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-A\-C\-C\-E\-P\-T\-\_\-\-F\-R\-O\-M, L\-S\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-L\-I\-S\-T\-E\-N, options\-::mlock, context\-::mode, next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry(), context\-\_\-2\-::occ\-\_\-op, occ\-\_\-reset\-\_\-op(), open\-\_\-plugins(), context\-::options, P2\-P\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-\_\-\-D\-E\-L\-A\-Y\-\_\-\-M\-S, platform\-\_\-mlockall(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, P\-U\-L\-L\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-I\-N\-E\-D, options\-::resolve\-\_\-in\-\_\-advance, set\-\_\-check\-\_\-status\-\_\-error\-\_\-delay(), S\-H\-A\-P\-E\-R\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-I\-N\-E\-D, context\-::sig, S\-I\-G\-\_\-\-S\-O\-U\-R\-C\-E\-\_\-\-S\-O\-F\-T, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-received, signal\-\_\-info\-::signal\-\_\-text, signal\-\_\-info\-::source, and options\-::up\-\_\-delay.
Referenced by inherit\-\_\-context\-\_\-child(), and init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a6a1f31e3d9a1f00ef308cd117c540ed4}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals@{init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals}}
\index{init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals@{init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const struct {\bf env\-\_\-set} $\ast$}]{env, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a6a1f31e3d9a1f00ef308cd117c540ed4}
Definition at line 3812 of file init.\-c.
References init\-\_\-instance(), I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, post\-\_\-init\-\_\-signal\-\_\-catch(), pre\-\_\-init\-\_\-signal\-\_\-catch(), remap\-\_\-signal(), and uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback().
Referenced by tunnel\-\_\-point\-\_\-to\-\_\-point(), tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-tcp(), and tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-udp\-\_\-single\-\_\-threaded().
\hypertarget{init_8c_abacf51900e0b4b1f088e0d93ca87ac2f}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-management@{init\-\_\-management}}
\index{init\-\_\-management@{init\-\_\-management}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-management}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-management (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_abacf51900e0b4b1f088e0d93ca87ac2f}
Definition at line 3724 of file init.\-c.
References management\-\_\-init().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ae773083a33804e90cfcc72aadf5900c2}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p@{init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p}}
\index{init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p@{init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_ae773083a33804e90cfcc72aadf5900c2}
Definition at line 3701 of file init.\-c.
References management\-\_\-callback\-::arg, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd(), management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd(), management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p(), management\-\_\-set\-\_\-callback(), management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback(), management\-\_\-callback\-::proxy\-\_\-cmd, management\-\_\-callback\-::remote\-\_\-cmd, management\-\_\-callback\-::show\-\_\-net, and management\-\_\-callback\-::status.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a71d85953b4bd00f0071015c2ecce3dc3}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev@{init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev}}
\index{init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev@{init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-options\-\_\-dev (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a71d85953b4bd00f0071015c2ecce3dc3}
Definition at line 886 of file init.\-c.
References basename(), options\-::dev, options\-::dev\-\_\-node, and string\-\_\-alloc().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a47013063feed6a4986c4be5ea7175a06}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-plugins@{init\-\_\-plugins}}
\index{init\-\_\-plugins@{init\-\_\-plugins}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-plugins}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-plugins (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a47013063feed6a4986c4be5ea7175a06}
Definition at line 3569 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::options, options\-::plugin\-\_\-list, plugin\-\_\-list\-\_\-init(), context\-::plugins, and context\-::plugins\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ae6bf15962c96c4c75cec9baa6a20dc6a}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-proxy@{init\-\_\-proxy}}
\index{init\-\_\-proxy@{init\-\_\-proxy}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-proxy}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void init\-\_\-proxy (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ae6bf15962c96c4c75cec9baa6a20dc6a}
Definition at line 518 of file init.\-c.
References init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ad13e5c0bc1a51c802468a92b3ae66aa6}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork@{init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork}}
\index{init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork@{init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_ad13e5c0bc1a51c802468a92b3ae66aa6}
Definition at line 488 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, options\-::ce, context\-\_\-1\-::http\-\_\-proxy, http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-new(), connection\-\_\-entry\-::http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options, context\-\_\-1\-::http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-owned, context\-::options, context\-\_\-1\-::socks\-\_\-proxy, connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-authfile, socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-new(), context\-\_\-1\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-owned, connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-port, connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-server, and uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork().
Referenced by init\-\_\-proxy().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a7876e414d4cb824cab1e8ad6b2c7c35c}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords@{init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords}}
\index{init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords@{init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-query\-\_\-passwords (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a7876e414d4cb824cab1e8ad6b2c7c35c}
Query for private key and auth-\/user-\/pass username/passwords.
Definition at line 443 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-file, auth\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass\-\_\-setup(), options\-::key\-\_\-pass\-\_\-file, context\-::options, and pem\-\_\-password\-\_\-setup().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance(), and openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aaf57aca5b6d652ab6f00af4b9a746c38}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-static@{init\-\_\-static}}
\index{init\-\_\-static@{init\-\_\-static}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-static}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} init\-\_\-static (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void}]{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_aaf57aca5b6d652ab6f00af4b9a746c38}
Definition at line 615 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, buf\-\_\-read\-\_\-u8(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-advance(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-aggregate(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-free(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-new(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-peek(), buffer\-\_\-list\-\_\-push(), create\-\_\-temp\-\_\-file(), error\-\_\-reset(), extract\-\_\-x509\-\_\-field\-\_\-test(), format\-\_\-hex(), gc\-\_\-free(), gc\-\_\-new(), gen\-\_\-path(), get\-\_\-default\-\_\-gateway(), get\-\_\-default\-\_\-gateway\-\_\-ipv6(), init\-\_\-random\-\_\-seed(), init\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-lib(), init\-\_\-win32(), M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, print\-\_\-default\-\_\-gateway(), prng\-\_\-bytes(), prng\-\_\-init(), prng\-\_\-uninit(), rand\-\_\-bytes(), reset\-\_\-check\-\_\-status(), S\-I\-Z\-E, sleep, status\-\_\-close(), status\-\_\-open(), S\-T\-A\-T\-U\-S\-\_\-\-O\-U\-T\-P\-U\-T\-\_\-\-W\-R\-I\-T\-E, status\-\_\-printf(), time\-\_\-test(), and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a164331d37fecc9ad095eae0e8dce53de}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute@{init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute}}
\index{init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute@{init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a164331d37fecc9ad095eae0e8dce53de}
Definition at line 863 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, check\-\_\-debug\-\_\-level(), D\-\_\-\-L\-I\-N\-K\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-S, D\-\_\-\-L\-O\-G\-\_\-\-R\-W, D\-\_\-\-R\-E\-A\-D\-\_\-\-W\-R\-I\-T\-E, I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-1, I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-2, context\-\_\-2\-::log\-\_\-rw, options\-::mute, context\-::options, S\-D\-L\-\_\-\-C\-O\-N\-S\-T\-R\-A\-I\-N, set\-\_\-check\-\_\-status(), set\-\_\-debug\-\_\-level(), set\-\_\-mute\-\_\-cutoff(), and options\-::verbosity.
Referenced by do\-\_\-deferred\-\_\-options(), init\-\_\-instance(), openvpn\-\_\-main(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a0efe2bfd4ac02795b81d7aafe116fd25}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed@{initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed}}
\index{initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed@{initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void initialization\-\_\-sequence\-\_\-completed (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const unsigned int}]{flags}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a0efe2bfd4ac02795b81d7aafe116fd25}
Definition at line 1376 of file init.\-c.
References link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::actual, openvpn\-\_\-sockaddr\-::addr, addr\-\_\-defined(), context\-::c1, context\-::c2, C\-L\-E\-A\-R, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-actual\-::dest, do\-\_\-uid\-\_\-gid\-\_\-chroot(), fork\-\_\-register\-\_\-dns\-\_\-action(), get\-\_\-link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info(), openvpn\-\_\-sockaddr\-::in4, openvpn\-\_\-sockaddr\-::in6, in\-\_\-addr\-\_\-t, I\-S\-C\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-S, I\-S\-C\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, context\-\_\-2\-::link\-\_\-socket, tuntap\-::local, tuntap\-::local\-\_\-ipv6, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-info\-::lsa, M\-\_\-\-I\-N\-F\-O, M\-\_\-\-N\-O\-P\-R\-E\-F\-I\-X, management\-\_\-post\-\_\-tunnel\-\_\-open(), management\-\_\-set\-\_\-state(), msg, options\-::no\-\_\-advance, O\-P\-E\-N\-V\-P\-N\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-T\-E\-\_\-\-C\-O\-N\-N\-E\-C\-T\-E\-D, context\-::options, openvpn\-\_\-sockaddr\-::sa, link\-\_\-socket\-::sd, show\-\_\-adapters(), show\-\_\-routes(), context\-\_\-1\-::tuntap, and options\-::unsuccessful\-\_\-attempts.
Referenced by check\-\_\-add\-\_\-routes\-\_\-action(), do\-\_\-up(), tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-tcp(), and tunnel\-\_\-server\-\_\-udp\-\_\-single\-\_\-threaded().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a263724992635e011b111147ec8647500}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free@{key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free}}
\index{key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free@{key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf key\-\_\-schedule} $\ast$}]{ks, }
\item[{{\bf bool}}]{free\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-ctx}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a263724992635e011b111147ec8647500}
Definition at line 2308 of file init.\-c.
References C\-L\-E\-A\-R, free\-\_\-key\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-bi(), key\-\_\-schedule\-::ssl\-\_\-ctx, key\-\_\-schedule\-::static\-\_\-key, tls\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-free(), tls\-\_\-ctx\-\_\-initialised(), and key\-\_\-schedule\-::tls\-\_\-wrap\-\_\-key.
Referenced by do\-\_\-close\-\_\-free\-\_\-key\-\_\-schedule(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5c4a6e02a7ce255f07b18c8fa91165d1}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd}}
\index{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-cmd (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void $\ast$}]{arg, }
\item[{const char $\ast$$\ast$}]{p}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5c4a6e02a7ce255f07b18c8fa91165d1}
Definition at line 123 of file init.\-c.
References http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options\-::auth\-\_\-retry, context\-::c2, options\-::ce, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-P\-R\-O\-X\-Y, connection\-\_\-entry\-::flags, context\-\_\-2\-::gc, connection\-\_\-entry\-::http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options, init\-\_\-http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options\-\_\-once(), M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, msg, context\-::options, P\-A\-R\-\_\-\-A\-L\-L, P\-A\-R\-\_\-\-N\-C\-T, http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options\-::port, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-C\-L\-I\-E\-N\-T, http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-options\-::server, connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-port, connection\-\_\-entry\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-server, streq, string\-\_\-alloc(), and update\-\_\-time().
Referenced by init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a09027bba2ec659835b859d8b4b54bc58}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd}}
\index{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-remote\-\_\-cmd (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void $\ast$}]{arg, }
\item[{const char $\ast$$\ast$}]{p}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a09027bba2ec659835b859d8b4b54bc58}
Definition at line 204 of file init.\-c.
References A\-L\-L\-O\-C\-\_\-\-O\-B\-J\-\_\-\-C\-L\-E\-A\-R\-\_\-\-G\-C, options\-::ce, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-A\-C\-C\-E\-P\-T, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-S\-K, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-S\-H\-I\-F\-T, C\-E\-\_\-\-M\-A\-N\-\_\-\-Q\-U\-E\-R\-Y\-\_\-\-R\-E\-M\-O\-T\-E\-\_\-\-S\-K\-I\-P, connection\-\_\-entry\-::flags, options\-::gc, remote\-\_\-host\-\_\-store\-::host, context\-::options, remote\-\_\-host\-\_\-store\-::port, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote, connection\-\_\-entry\-::remote\-\_\-port, R\-H\-\_\-\-H\-O\-S\-T\-\_\-\-L\-E\-N, R\-H\-\_\-\-P\-O\-R\-T\-\_\-\-L\-E\-N, options\-::rh\-\_\-store, and strncpynt().
Referenced by init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a81e2893159f1bdba261c39b8b9d4409f}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p}}
\index{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p@{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-status\-\_\-p2p (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void $\ast$}]{arg, }
\item[{const int}]{version, }
\item[{struct {\bf status\-\_\-output} $\ast$}]{so}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a81e2893159f1bdba261c39b8b9d4409f}
Definition at line 3641 of file init.\-c.
References print\-\_\-status().
Referenced by init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aeb60c5bfb96ec7dae0414d52ed106459}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback@{management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback}}
\index{management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback@{management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void management\-\_\-show\-\_\-net\-\_\-callback (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void $\ast$}]{arg, }
\item[{const int}]{msglevel}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_aeb60c5bfb96ec7dae0414d52ed106459}
Definition at line 3648 of file init.\-c.
References msg, show\-\_\-adapters(), and show\-\_\-routes().
Referenced by init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-multi(), and init\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-p2p().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a0c6a92888206f636e794b6d3c9edb343}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry@{next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry}}
\index{next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry@{next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a0c6a92888206f636e794b6d3c9edb343}
Definition at line 338 of file init.\-c.
References connection\-\_\-list\-::array, A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, context\-::c1, options\-::ce, C\-E\-\_\-\-D\-I\-S\-A\-B\-L\-E\-D, ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy(), ce\-\_\-management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote(), options\-::connect\-\_\-retry\-\_\-max, options\-::connection\-\_\-list, connection\-\_\-list\-::current, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::current\-\_\-remote, connection\-\_\-entry\-::flags, I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, connection\-\_\-list\-::len, context\-\_\-1\-::link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr, M\-\_\-\-F\-A\-T\-A\-L, management\-\_\-query\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-enabled(), management\-\_\-query\-\_\-remote\-\_\-enabled(), msg, options\-::no\-\_\-advance, context\-::options, options\-::persist\-\_\-remote\-\_\-ip, link\-\_\-socket\-\_\-addr\-::remote\-\_\-list, options\-::unsuccessful\-\_\-attempts, and update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance(), and test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a0513901da31c7584b524b7993fc03d6b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!open\-\_\-management@{open\-\_\-management}}
\index{open\-\_\-management@{open\-\_\-management}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{open\-\_\-management}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} open\-\_\-management (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a0513901da31c7584b524b7993fc03d6b}
Definition at line 3733 of file init.\-c.
References close\-\_\-management(), do\-\_\-hold(), management\-\_\-callback\-::flags, I\-S\-\_\-\-S\-I\-G, M\-\_\-\-W\-A\-R\-N, options\-::management\-\_\-addr, options\-::management\-\_\-client\-\_\-group, options\-::management\-\_\-client\-\_\-user, options\-::management\-\_\-echo\-\_\-buffer\-\_\-size, options\-::management\-\_\-flags, options\-::management\-\_\-log\-\_\-history\-\_\-cache, management\-\_\-open(), options\-::management\-\_\-port, management\-\_\-set\-\_\-state(), options\-::management\-\_\-state\-\_\-buffer\-\_\-size, options\-::management\-\_\-user\-\_\-pass, options\-::management\-\_\-write\-\_\-peer\-\_\-info\-\_\-file, M\-F\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, options\-::mode, M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, msg, O\-P\-E\-N\-V\-P\-N\-\_\-\-S\-T\-A\-T\-E\-\_\-\-C\-O\-N\-N\-E\-C\-T\-I\-N\-G, context\-::options, and options\-::remap\-\_\-sigusr1.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a0f041f00626bbc71b047bcf4c63c4053}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!open\-\_\-plugins@{open\-\_\-plugins}}
\index{open\-\_\-plugins@{open\-\_\-plugins}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{open\-\_\-plugins}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void open\-\_\-plugins (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c, }
\item[{const {\bf bool}}]{import\-\_\-options, }
\item[{int}]{init\-\_\-point}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a0f041f00626bbc71b047bcf4c63c4053}
Definition at line 3579 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, D\-\_\-\-I\-M\-P\-O\-R\-T\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R\-O\-R\-S, context\-\_\-2\-::es, context\-::es, plugin\-\_\-return\-::list, M\-\_\-\-O\-P\-T\-E\-R\-R, plugin\-\_\-return\-::n, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-D\-E\-F\-A\-U\-L\-T, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-L\-U\-G\-I\-N, context\-::options, options\-\_\-string\-\_\-import(), options\-::plugin\-\_\-list, plugin\-\_\-list\-\_\-open(), plugin\-\_\-return\-\_\-defined(), plugin\-\_\-return\-\_\-free(), plugin\-\_\-return\-\_\-get\-\_\-column(), plugin\-\_\-return\-\_\-init(), context\-::plugins, and context\-::plugins\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance(), and openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_abb643cb703073cd62032ece84ed481f7}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero@{options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero}}
\index{options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero@{options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static {\bf bool} options\-\_\-hash\-\_\-changed\-\_\-or\-\_\-zero (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf sha256\-\_\-digest} $\ast$}]{a, }
\item[{const struct {\bf sha256\-\_\-digest} $\ast$}]{b}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_abb643cb703073cd62032ece84ed481f7}
Helper for \hyperlink{init_8c_a9b053b7a612943b6be1d1be2c25181bf}{do\-\_\-up()}.
Take two option hashes and return true if they are not equal, or either one is all-\/zeroes.
Definition at line 1913 of file init.\-c.
Referenced by do\-\_\-up().
\hypertarget{init_8c_acd4b5343f4f2c63b813a3f67d2c3ef46}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon@{possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon}}
\index{possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon@{possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} possibly\-\_\-become\-\_\-daemon (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_acd4b5343f4f2c63b813a3f67d2c3ef46}
Definition at line 1007 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, daemon(), options\-::daemon, options\-::inetd, options\-::log, M\-\_\-\-E\-R\-R, msg, restore\-\_\-signal\-\_\-state(), and set\-\_\-std\-\_\-files\-\_\-to\-\_\-null().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a59a07bcc9f2a989620749a9742d5330b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!pre\-\_\-setup@{pre\-\_\-setup}}
\index{pre\-\_\-setup@{pre\-\_\-setup}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{pre\-\_\-setup}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void pre\-\_\-setup (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a59a07bcc9f2a989620749a9742d5330b}
Definition at line 1138 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::config, options\-::exit\-\_\-event\-\_\-initial\-\_\-state, options\-::exit\-\_\-event\-\_\-name, win32\-\_\-signal\-::mode, win32\-\_\-signal\-\_\-open(), window\-\_\-title\-\_\-generate(), window\-\_\-title\-\_\-save(), W\-S\-O\-\_\-\-F\-O\-R\-C\-E\-\_\-\-C\-O\-N\-S\-O\-L\-E, W\-S\-O\-\_\-\-F\-O\-R\-C\-E\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-I\-C\-E, and W\-S\-O\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E\-\_\-\-C\-O\-N\-S\-O\-L\-E.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a8e6926f8074e0ab4b54ff2eb47cca9b7}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info@{print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info}}
\index{print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info@{print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}{\bf bool} print\-\_\-openssl\-\_\-info (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a8e6926f8074e0ab4b54ff2eb47cca9b7}
Definition at line 896 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::cipher\-\_\-list, show\-\_\-available\-\_\-ciphers(), show\-\_\-available\-\_\-curves(), show\-\_\-available\-\_\-digests(), show\-\_\-available\-\_\-engines(), show\-\_\-available\-\_\-tls\-\_\-ciphers(), options\-::show\-\_\-ciphers, options\-::show\-\_\-curves, options\-::show\-\_\-digests, options\-::show\-\_\-engines, and options\-::show\-\_\-tls\-\_\-ciphers.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aded279bc953617852338a38e3d1a256b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask@{pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask}}
\index{pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask@{pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}unsigned int pull\-\_\-permission\-\_\-mask (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{const struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_aded279bc953617852338a38e3d1a256b}
Definition at line 2000 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::ncp\-\_\-enabled, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-C\-O\-M\-P, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-E\-C\-H\-O, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-E\-X\-P\-L\-I\-C\-I\-T\-\_\-\-N\-O\-T\-I\-F\-Y, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-I\-P\-W\-I\-N32, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-M\-E\-S\-S\-A\-G\-E\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-N\-C\-P, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-E\-E\-R\-\_\-\-I\-D, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-E\-R\-S\-I\-S\-T, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-P\-U\-L\-L\-\_\-\-M\-O\-D\-E, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-R\-O\-U\-T\-E\-\_\-\-E\-X\-T\-R\-A\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-T\-E\-N\-V, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-H\-A\-P\-E\-R, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-O\-C\-K\-B\-U\-F, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-S\-O\-C\-K\-F\-L\-A\-G\-S, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-T\-I\-M\-E\-R, O\-P\-T\-\_\-\-P\-\_\-\-U\-P, context\-::options, and options\-::route\-\_\-nopull.
Referenced by incoming\-\_\-push\-\_\-message().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5eea9a05e4580cb48e8b0daad33c59fe}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers@{reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers}}
\index{reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers@{reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void reset\-\_\-coarse\-\_\-timers (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a5eea9a05e4580cb48e8b0daad33c59fe}
Definition at line 1166 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c2, and context\-\_\-2\-::coarse\-\_\-timer\-\_\-wakeup.
Referenced by check\-\_\-connection\-\_\-established\-\_\-dowork(), do\-\_\-init\-\_\-timers(), do\-\_\-up(), process\-\_\-explicit\-\_\-exit\-\_\-notification\-\_\-init(), and schedule\-\_\-exit().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a70394c62f63e30e1def3847ff1688a2b}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause@{socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause}}
\index{socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause@{socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void socket\-\_\-restart\-\_\-pause (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf context} $\ast$}]{c}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a70394c62f63e30e1def3847ff1688a2b}
Definition at line 2186 of file init.\-c.
References A\-R\-\_\-\-N\-O\-I\-N\-T\-E\-R\-A\-C\-T, auth\-\_\-retry\-\_\-get(), options\-::ce, connection\-\_\-entry\-::connect\-\_\-retry\-\_\-seconds, connection\-\_\-entry\-::connect\-\_\-retry\-\_\-seconds\-\_\-max, options\-::connection\-\_\-list, D\-\_\-\-R\-E\-S\-T\-A\-R\-T, do\-\_\-hold(), connection\-\_\-list\-::len, max\-\_\-int(), min\-\_\-int(), msg, openvpn\-\_\-sleep(), context\-::options, context\-::persist, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-C\-L\-I\-E\-N\-T, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-T\-C\-P\-\_\-\-S\-E\-R\-V\-E\-R, P\-R\-O\-T\-O\-\_\-\-U\-D\-P, context\-\_\-persist\-::restart\-\_\-sleep\-\_\-seconds, and options\-::unsuccessful\-\_\-attempts.
Referenced by do\-\_\-startup\-\_\-pause().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a957b67d2e2cd2894508fa50fea589447}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread@{test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread}}
\index{test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread@{test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void$\ast$ test\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-thread (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void $\ast$}]{arg}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a957b67d2e2cd2894508fa50fea589447}
Definition at line 4394 of file init.\-c.
References A\-S\-S\-E\-R\-T, context\-::c1, context\-::c2, context\-\_\-gc\-\_\-free(), context\-\_\-init\-\_\-1(), context\-\_\-2\-::crypto\-\_\-options, do\-\_\-init\-\_\-crypto\-\_\-static(), context\-\_\-2\-::frame, frame\-\_\-finalize\-\_\-options(), init\-\_\-verb\-\_\-mute(), I\-V\-M\-\_\-\-L\-E\-V\-E\-L\-\_\-1, key\-\_\-schedule\-\_\-free(), context\-\_\-1\-::ks, next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry(), context\-::options, crypto\-\_\-options\-::packet\-\_\-id, packet\-\_\-id\-\_\-free(), options\-::test\-\_\-crypto, and test\-\_\-crypto().
Referenced by do\-\_\-test\-\_\-crypto().
\hypertarget{init_8c_aff80af3a5bd83064f5ce89b21789a9fa}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!tun\-\_\-abort@{tun\-\_\-abort}}
\index{tun\-\_\-abort@{tun\-\_\-abort}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{tun\-\_\-abort}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}void tun\-\_\-abort (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_aff80af3a5bd83064f5ce89b21789a9fa}
Definition at line 1893 of file init.\-c.
References do\-\_\-close\-\_\-tun(), and static\-\_\-context.
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-exit().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a02ceb57bb5de63c8eaedf553219d9793}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback@{uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback}}
\index{uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback@{uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
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\end{DoxyParamCaption}
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Definition at line 3797 of file init.\-c.
References management\-\_\-clear\-\_\-callback().
Referenced by init\-\_\-instance\-\_\-handle\-\_\-signals(), tunnel\-\_\-point\-\_\-to\-\_\-point(), and uninit\-\_\-management\-\_\-callback\-\_\-multi().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a04bb98ad987538a3b9a2db4f34e5063e}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!uninit\-\_\-proxy@{uninit\-\_\-proxy}}
\index{uninit\-\_\-proxy@{uninit\-\_\-proxy}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
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Definition at line 524 of file init.\-c.
References uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork().
Referenced by close\-\_\-instance().
\hypertarget{init_8c_ab9fa9b1c374767a587500f8b351548af}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork@{uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork}}
\index{uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork@{uninit\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
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Definition at line 471 of file init.\-c.
References context\-::c1, context\-\_\-1\-::http\-\_\-proxy, http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-close(), context\-\_\-1\-::http\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-owned, context\-\_\-1\-::socks\-\_\-proxy, socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-close(), and context\-\_\-1\-::socks\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-owned.
Referenced by init\-\_\-proxy\-\_\-dowork(), and uninit\-\_\-proxy().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a69da0027cf5c712abfc06b7e4f41a7b3}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!uninit\-\_\-static@{uninit\-\_\-static}}
\index{uninit\-\_\-static@{uninit\-\_\-static}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
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\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{void}]{}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)}}\label{init_8c_a69da0027cf5c712abfc06b7e4f41a7b3}
Definition at line 843 of file init.\-c.
References free\-\_\-ssl\-\_\-lib().
Referenced by openvpn\-\_\-main().
\hypertarget{init_8c_a806d01fa4ef5f524a58ace959090142d}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post@{update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post}}
\index{update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post@{update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}static void update\-\_\-options\-\_\-ce\-\_\-post (
\begin{DoxyParamCaption}
\item[{struct {\bf options} $\ast$}]{options}
\end{DoxyParamCaption}
)\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a806d01fa4ef5f524a58ace959090142d}
Definition at line 102 of file init.\-c.
References options\-::ce, options\-::ping\-\_\-rec\-\_\-timeout, options\-::ping\-\_\-rec\-\_\-timeout\-\_\-action, P\-I\-N\-G\-\_\-\-R\-E\-S\-T\-A\-R\-T, P\-I\-N\-G\-\_\-\-U\-N\-D\-E\-F, P\-R\-E\-\_\-\-P\-U\-L\-L\-\_\-\-I\-N\-I\-T\-I\-A\-L\-\_\-\-P\-I\-N\-G\-\_\-\-R\-E\-S\-T\-A\-R\-T, connection\-\_\-entry\-::proto, proto\-\_\-is\-\_\-dgram(), and options\-::pull.
Referenced by next\-\_\-connection\-\_\-entry().
\subsubsection{Variable Documentation}
\hypertarget{init_8c_a5726665a3a94e70598b71c22b77c5693}{\index{init.\-c@{init.\-c}!static\-\_\-context@{static\-\_\-context}}
\index{static\-\_\-context@{static\-\_\-context}!init.c@{init.\-c}}
\paragraph[{static\-\_\-context}]{\setlength{\rightskip}{0pt plus 5cm}struct {\bf context}$\ast$ static\-\_\-context\hspace{0.3cm}{\ttfamily [static]}}}\label{init_8c_a5726665a3a94e70598b71c22b77c5693}
Definition at line 58 of file init.\-c.
Referenced by tun\-\_\-abort().
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\bibitem{1521} Debora Gil, Jaume Garcia, Manuel Vazquez, Ruth Aris, \& Guillaume Houzeaux. (2008).<a target={\textquoteright}_blank{\textquoteright} href={\textquoteright}/files/GGV2008.pdf{\textquoteright}> "Patient-Sensitive Anatomic and Functional 3D Model of the Left Ventricle Function "</a> In \textit{8th World Congress on Computational Mechanichs (WCCM8)/5th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS 2008)}. Venezia (Italia).
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\title{Italia: Aggiornamento sullo sciopero della fame di Anna e Silvia}
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La direttrice del carcere di L’Aquila è andata a incontrare le compagne anarchiche in sciopero della fame, Anna e Silvia, informandole che farà pressione sul DAP per il loro trasferimento.\forcelinebreak Non sappiamo se si tratta di una presa in giro, ma per le due compagne è pur sempre un risultato.\forcelinebreak Mercoledì prossimo dovrebbero incontrarla di nuovo.
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Anarhija.info
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Italia: Aggiornamento sullo sciopero della fame di Anna e Silvia
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via mail
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Falling cat. Optimal control.
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\title{Optimal rotations of deformable bodies \\ and orbits in magnetic fields}%
\author{ J.E. Avron,
O. Gat, O. Kenneth and U. Sivan}
\address{Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
}%
\email{[email protected]}
\date{\today}%
\pacs{02.40.-k,07.10.Cm,83.50.-v}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{abstract}
Deformations can induce rotation with zero angular momentum where
dissipation is a natural ``cost function''. This gives rise to an
optimization problem of finding the most effective rotation with
zero angular momentum. For certain plastic and viscous media in
two dimensions the optimal path is the orbit of a charged particle
on a surface of constant negative curvature with magnetic field
whose total flux is half a quantum unit.
\end{abstract}
\maketitle
Rotations with zero angular momentum are intriguing. The most
celebrated phenomenon of this kind is the rotation of a falling
cat. A mechanical model \cite{ref:kane} replacing the cat by two
rigid bodies that can rotate relative to each other, has been
extensively studied, see \cite{ref:montgomery,ref:marsden} and
references therein. Here we address rotations with zero angular
momentum under linear deformations. Our motivation comes from
nano-mechanics: Imagine an elastic or plastic material with its
own energy source, and ask what is the most efficient way of
turning it through an appropriate sequence of autonomous
deformations without external torque.
Deformations can generate rotations because order matters: A cycle
of deformations will, in general, result in a rotation. The ratio
between the rotation and the (infinitesimal) area of the controls
can be interpreted as curvature \cite{ref:novikov,ref:shapere}.
Consequently, small cycles
%of the controls
are ineffective since a cycle of length $\eps$ in the controls
leads to a rotation of order $\eps^2$. The search for optimal
paths forces one to mind deformations that are not small.
The problem we address has three parts. The first part is to
determine the rotation for a given path of the controls. We solve
this problem for general linear deformations. In two dimensions
this leads to curvature on the space of the controls which is
exponentially localized. If one thinks of the curvature as a
magnetic field, then the total magnetic flux is that of half a
unit of quantum flux. The second part is to set up a model for the
cost function. We choose the cost function to be a measure of
dissipation and focus on two settings, one where the dissipation
is rate independent, as is the case in certain plastics, and the
other where it is rate dependent as in liquids. Both cost
functions lead to the same metric on the space of deformations.
The third part is to pose and solve the problem of finding the
path of minimal dissipation for a given rotation. In two
dimensions and for either model of dissipation, the problem maps
to finding the shortest path that starts at a given point and
encloses a given amount magnetic flux. Optimal paths tend to
linger near the circle in the space of controls where the ratio of
eigenvalues of the quadrupole moment of the body is
$(\phi+\sqrt{\phi^2-1})^2$. $\phi=(1+\sqrt{5})/2$ is the golden
ratio.
Deformations generate rotations {\em because} angular momentum is
conserved \cite{ref:shapere}. Consider a collection of point
masses $m_\alpha$ at positions $x_\alpha$. Internal forces may
deform the body, but there are no external forces. Suppose that
the center of mass of the body is at rest at the origin and that
the body has zero angular momentum. The total angular momentum,
$L_{ij}$, must then stay zero for all times.
A linear deformation is represented by a matrix $M$ that sends
$x\to M x$. The $i,j$ component of the angular momentum is
\begin{equation}L_{ij}
=\Tr\,(\dot M Q M^t\, \ell_{ij}),%\nonumber
\end{equation}
where $Q$ is the quadrupole moment of the body
\begin{equation}\label{eq:qmoment}
Q_{ij}=\sum_\alpha m_\alpha (x_\alpha)_i(x_\alpha)_j
\end{equation} and $\ell_{ij}, \ i<j$ are the $n\choose 2$
generators of rotations in $n$ dimensions, {\it i.e.}
$(x,\ell_{ij}y)=x_iy_j-x_jy_i$. Since $\ell_{ij}$ span the
anti-symmetric matrices, the set of $n\choose 2$ equations
$L_{ij}=0$ imply that the matrix $(dM)QM^t$ is symmetric.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Two immediate consequences of this symmetry are:
\begin{itemize}
\item Isotropic bodies: With $Q=1$, and $M$ close to the identity,
the symmetry of $(dM)QM^t$ reduces to $dM$ being symmetric: the
linear transformation must be a strain \cite{ref:landau}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item Pointers: Pointers are bodies with large aspect ratios,
such as needles and discs. In the limit of infinite aspect ratio,
$Q$ may be identified with a projection where $\dim Q$ is the
dimension of the pointer. With $M$ near the identity, the symmetry
of $ (dM) Q$ implies that $ (1-Q)(dM) Q=(1-Q) Q (dM)^t = 0. $
Since $Q$ does not acquire a component in the normal direction,
$1-Q$, under $dM$ a pointer keeps its orientation.
\end{itemize}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
We now derive the fundamental relation between the response
(rotation) and the controls (deformations). To this end we use the polar
decomposition $M=RS$ with $R$ a rotation and $S$ a positive matrix.
Assuming $S$ positive is a choice of a gauge which makes the
representation unique with $S=\sqrt{M^tM}$. The symmetry of
$(dM)QM^t$ gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq:CAR0}\{
\A,SQS\} =SQ(dS)-(dS)QS, \quad \A=R^{-1}\dbar R.\end{equation}
Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR0}) determines the differential rotation, $\A$,
in terms of the variation of the controls $dS$. The symbol
$\dbar$ stresses that the differential will not, in general,
integrate to a function on the space of deformations.
Geometrically, the differential rotation is the connection 1-form
which fixes a notion of parallel transport.
Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR0}) can be interpreted in terms of a variational
principle: The motion is such that the kinetic energy is minimal
for a given deformation. To see this, let $M=1$ and
$\dot M =\dot R +\dot S $
with $\dot R$ antisymmetric ({\it i.e.} a rotation) and $\dot S$
symmetric ({\it i.e.} a strain). The kinetic energy is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:kinetic}
E=\frac 1 2 \Tr\,\big( \dot M Q\dot M^t\big) =\frac 1
2\,\Tr\,\big( (\dot R+\dot S) Q (-\dot R+\dot S)\big)\; .
\end{equation}
Minimizing with respect to $\dot R$ gives
\begin{equation}
0=\delta E= \frac 1 2 \Tr\,\big( \delta \dot R \big(-\{Q,\dot
R\}+[ Q,\dot S]\big)\; .
\end{equation}
The trace is of a product of antisymmetric matrices, and its
vanishing for an arbitrary antisymmetric $\delta \dot R$ implies
$\{\dot R,Q\}=[ Q,\dot S]$ which is Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR0}) for $M=1$.
One readily sees that if $\A$ is the solution of Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR0})
given $S$ and $Q$, then it is also a solution for $\lambda
S$ and $Q$ for $\lambda$ a scalar valued function. Hence scaling
does not drive rotations and we may restrict ourselves to volume
(or area) preserving deformations with $\det S=1$.
Since any $Q$ is obtainable by a linear deformation of the
identity, we may assume without loss of generality that $Q=1$.
Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR0}) reduces to
\begin{equation}\label{eq:CAR}
\{\A,S^2\}=[S,dS]
\; .
\end{equation}
Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR}) is
conveniently solved in a basis where $S$ is diagonal. Let $s_j$
denote the eigenvalues of $S$ then
\begin{equation}\label{eq:connection}
\A_{ij}=\frac {s_i-s_j} {s_i^2+s_j^2}\,(dS)_{ij} \; .
\end{equation}
Normally, the curvature $F$ is more interesting than the
connection. It is defined by $F=d\A+\A\wedge \A$. Calculation
gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq:curvature}
F_{ij}=2\sum_k \frac{s_i\,s_j\, (s_i+s_k)(s_j+s_k)}{(s_i^2+s_j^2)
(s_j^2+s_k^2)(s_i^2+s_k^2)}\, (dS)_{ik}\wedge (dS)_{kj} \; .
\end{equation}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The situation is particularly simple in two dimensions. We use the
Pauli matrices $\sigma_x, \sigma_z, i\sigma_y$ and the identity as
basis for the real $2\times 2$ matrices. Positive unimodular
matrices correspond to points on the hyperboloid $t^2-x^2-z^2=1,\;
t>0$ shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:hyper} where
\begin{equation}\label{eq:2-dS}
S^2(t,x,z)=t+ x\sigma_x+ z\sigma_z\,.
\end{equation}
Natural coordinates are $(\tau,\theta)$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:coordinates}
(t,x,z)=(\cosh\tau,\sinh\tau\,\cos\theta,\sinh\tau\,\sin\theta)\;,
\end{equation}
with $S=\cosh (\tau/2)+
\sinh(\tau/2)(\sigma_x\cos\theta+\sigma_z\sin\theta)$. Let
$R^t\dbar R=-i\,\sigma_y\,\dbar\varphi$.
Eqs.~(\ref{eq:connection}) and (\ref{eq:curvature}) give
\begin{equation}\label{eq:CAR2}
\dbar \varphi=a(\tau) \sinh\tau\, d\theta,\quad
a(\tau)=\frac{\cosh\tau-1}{\sinh 2\tau},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:curv2}
F(\tau)= f(\tau) \sinh\tau\, d\tau\wedge d\theta, \quad
f(\tau)=\frac{1}{2\cosh^2 \tau}.
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=4cm]{hyper.eps}
\caption{Positive, area preserving linear transformations may be
identified with the hyperboloid of revolution. The induced metric
obtained by embedding the hyperboloid in Minkowski space gives it
the structure of the Lobachevsky plane with constant negative
curvature.}\label{fig:hyper}
\end{figure}
The total curvature is easily computed from Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR2})
and one finds $\int F =\pi$. This, together with the positivity of
$f$, implies that in any single closed cycle ({\it i.e.} one
without self intersections), the angle of rotation is at most
$\pi$. When interpreted as magnetic flux, $\pi$ corresponds to
half a unit of quantum flux \cite{remark}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The cost function must include some measure of dissipation. For,
without dissipation energy is a function of the controls and no
change in energy is associated with a closed loop. We consider two
models of dissipation in isotropic media. Both lead to the same
metric on the space of controls, namely
\begin{equation}\label{eq:inv-metric} (d\ell)^2=
\,\Tr\left(S^{-2}\,d(S^2)\otimes S^{-2}d(S^2)\right)\ .
\end{equation}
The metric is
distinguished by symmetry: It is invariant under congruence, $g\to
AgA^t$, for an arbitrary invertible matrix $A$.
Consider a medium with viscosity tensor $\eta$. The power due to
dissipation is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:viscosity-dissipation}
P= \frac 1 2\,\sum \eta^{ijkl}\dot u_{ij}\dot u_{kl}\; ,
\end{equation}
where $u$ is the strain tensor and $\dot u$ the strain rate. $S$
is related to $u$ by $2u=S^2-1$. To see this recall that the
strain is {defined} as the change in the distance between
two neighboring points caused by a deformation. If the deformation
is described by a metric $g$ then $g=1+2u$, where
$1$ is the metric associated with the undeformed reference
system~\cite{ref:landau}.
When considering {\em linear} deformation described by a symmetric
matrix $S$, the resulting metric is $g=S^2$ (regarding the
covariant components of $g$ as the elements of a positive matrix).
This establishes the claimed connection between $u$ and $S$.
The space of (symmetric) 4-th rank isotropic tensors
is two dimensional and spanned by the two viscosity coefficients
$\eta$ and $\eta'$
\cite{ref:landau}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:viscosity-scalar}
\eta^{ijkl}=\eta g^{ik}g^{jl}+\eta' g^{ij}g^{kl}\ .
\end{equation}
We therefore find that in an isotropic medium
\begin{equation}\label{eq:dissipation}
P= 2\eta\, Tr \left(g^{-1} \dot g g^{-1}\dot g\right) +2\eta'\,
Tr\,\left( g^{-1}\dot g\right)Tr\,\left( g^{-1}\dot g\right)
\end{equation}
%%%%%
For volume preserving transformations the term multiplying $\eta'$
vanishes and one is left with the first term alone. By choosing
the unit of time appropriately one can take $\eta=1$. This leads
to the metric of Eq.~(\ref{eq:inv-metric}).
The dissipation in certain plastic materials can be rate
independent. This is the continuum mechanics analog of the
dissipation due to friction when one body slides on another
\cite{ref:ori}. In plastics, rate independence is a consequence
of the L\'evy-Mise constitutive relation: $s\,
\delta\lambda=\delta u$, where $s$ is the stress and $\delta
\lambda$ a scalar valued function \cite{ref:hill}. The
constitutive relation is formally the same as for fluids
\cite{ref:hill}, and by isotropy, the dissipation must be a
function of $d\ell$ of Eq.~(\ref{eq:inv-metric}). If the material
is memoryless, dissipation is additive with respect to
concatenating paths and must be proportional to $d\ell$.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In two dimensions, with the parametrization of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:2-dS}), the metric Eq.~(\ref{eq:inv-metric}) gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq:metric-2d}
(d\ell)^2=
(dx)^2+(dz)^2-(dt)^2=(d\tau)^2+\sinh^2\tau(d\theta)^2\,.
\end{equation}
This is the metric on the hyperboloid induced from Minkowski
space. It gives the hyperboloid the geometry of the pseudo-sphere
i.e. it makes it into a surface of constant negative curvature
$-1$ \cite{ref:novikov}.
The metric enables us to assign a scalar to the curvature 2-form
$F$ of Eq.~(\ref{eq:curv2}) as the ratio between $F$ and the area
form of the pseudo-sphere, $ \sinh\tau\, d\tau\wedge d\theta$.
This ratio is $f(\tau)$ and is plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:curv},
along with $a(\tau)$ which serves as the $\theta$ component of a
vector potential for $f$. The curvature is everywhere positive and
it is concentrated near the origin, $\tau=0$. It decays
exponentially with $\tau$. This means that large deformations are
ineffective. We already know that small deformations are
ineffective. This bring us to the optimization problem.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{figure}[h]
\hbox{
\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{curvature.eps}
\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{connection.eps}
} \caption{The scalar curvature, $f(\tau)$, which can be
interpreted as a magnetic field (left) and the $\theta$ component
of the vector potential $a(\tau)$. $f$ is exponentially localized
near the origin of the control space $(\tau,\theta)$, while $a$
has a maximum on the circle $\cosh\tau=\phi$, $\phi$ the golden
ratio. $a^2/2$ appears also as a potential in the effective
1-dimensional dynamics of the optimization problem.}
\label{fig:curv}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The control problem is to find a closed path $\gamma$ in the space
of deformations, starting at $S_0=\sqrt Q_0$, ($Q_0$ is the
initial quadrupole), which rotates the quadrupole by $\Phi$
radians, with minimal dissipation. If the dissipation is rate
dependent, one adds a constraint that the time of traversal is
$1$.
For viscous media $\gamma=\big(\tau(t),\theta(t)\big)$ is then the
solution of the variational problem
\begin{equation}\label{eq:variation}
{\delta}\int_0^1\left( \frac{ \dot\tau^2 +\dot\theta^2
\sinh^2\tau}2\,-\lambda a(\tau)\sinh(\tau)\dot\theta\right) dt=0
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is a Lagrange multiplier and
$\gamma(0)=\gamma(1)=S_0=S(\tau_0,\theta_0)$. This is the
(variation of the) action of a classical particle with charge
$\lambda$ and unit mass moving on the hyperbolic plane (i.e. the
pseudo-sphere) in the presence of a magnetic field $f(\tau)$ given
in Eq.~(\ref{eq:curv2}).
Since motion in a magnetic field conserves kinetic energy the
particle moves at constant speed and the dissipation, $\frac 1 2
|\gamma|^2$, depends only on the length of the path. The
variational problem can therefore be cast in purely geometric
terms: Find the shortest closed path starting at a given point
which encloses a given amount of magnetic flux. The shortest path
is evidently also the solution in the case that the dissipation is
rate independent.
%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Consider the family of isospectral deformations $\tau=const$ which
keep the the eigenvalues of $S$ (or $Q$) constant while rotating
its eigenvectors. We call these ``stirring'', see
Fig.~\ref{fig:chain}.
One can not stir an isotropic
body, since its eigenvectors don't have well defined directions.
Among the stirring cycles there is an optimal one which maximizes
the rotation per unit length. From
Eqs.~(\ref{eq:CAR2},\ref{eq:metric-2d}) the flux to length ratio
for stirring cycles is $a(\tau)$ of Eq.~(\ref{eq:CAR2}). The
function $a$ takes its maximum at
$\cosh\tau_s=\phi,\tau_s\approx1.061$, see Fig.~\ref{fig:curv}.
Every cycle of the controls rotates by
$\Phi_s=(2-\phi)\pi\approx.382\pi$ radians, somewhat less than a
quarter turn.
To make full use of the optimal stirring cycle the initial
conditions must be right. This is the case for a quadrupole with
$Q=S(2\tau_s,\theta)$, $\theta$ arbitrary. With other initial
conditions and for large angles of rotations, the optimal paths
approach the optimal stirring cycle, linger near it, eventually
returning to the initial point. This is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:pi-cat} for a half turn of an isotropic body.
\begin{figure}[h]
\hbox{\includegraphics[width=4cm]{cat1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=4cm]{cats5rh.eps}}
\caption{A reference shape (left), assumed to have $Q=1$, and four
instances from the optimal stirring cycle (right).
The configurations on the right are ordered clockwise with
increasing $\theta$, starting with the top left. Both the first and the
last correspond to $\theta=0$ and are therefore related by a pure
rotation.}
\label{fig:chain}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{pi_catv3.eps}
\caption{The optimal path in the space of shapes
for a rotation by $\pi$ of a body with initial
quadrupole moment $Q=1$. Polar coordinates $(\tau,\theta)$ are
used to parametrize the plane. The
path reaches exponentially close to the optimal stirring cycle at $\cosh\tau=\phi$,
and winds around it twice before returning to the initial configuration.
The optimal stirring cycle is not distinguishable from the envelope of the orbit
in the scale of this figure.}
\label{fig:pi-cat}
\end{figure}
Since the magnetic field $F(\tau)$ is rotationally invariant, the
angular momentum
\begin{equation}\label{eq:angular-mom}
J=\sinh\tau\left(\dot\theta\sinh\tau - \lambda a(\tau)\right)
\end{equation}
is conserved. Conservation of energy gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq:radial}
0\le\dot\tau^2 =2E- \left(\frac J
{\sinh\tau}+\lambda{a(\tau)}\right)^2,
\end{equation}
which reduces the problem to quadrature. The three conditions,
$\tau(1)=\tau(0)$, $\theta(1)\equiv\theta(0)\,{\rm mod}\ 2\pi$,
and the constraint of enclosed flux $\Phi$, determine the three
parameters $E$, $J$ and $\lambda$.
The initial condition $\tau(0)=0$ is special: By Eq.~(\ref{eq:angular-mom})
the angular momentum $J$ is forced to have the value 0. In turn, there is
also one less condition to satisfy, as the value of $\theta$ when
$\tau=0$ is meaningless. It then follows from Eqs.~(\ref{eq:angular-mom})
and~(\ref{eq:radial}) that the optimal orbit, $\tau(\theta)$, depends
only on the ratio $E/\lambda^2$. Rescaling time properly, we can achieve
$\lambda=1$ by relaxing the constraint that the time to complete
a cycle should be 1.
The key equation controlling the dynamics is Eq.~(\ref{eq:radial}), which
describes effective one-dimensional motion in the potential $a^2(\tau)/2$.
As shown above, $a(\tau)$ has a maximum at $\tau_s$. Therefore, closed orbits
which correspond to optimal paths have energy values $E<a(\tau_s)^2/2$. The
motion is quite simple: Trajectories leave the origin with a positive $\dot\tau$,
reach the turning point $\tau_t=a^{-1}(\sqrt{2E})$, and return symmetrically to
the origin, thereby completing a cycle. The flux accumulated during a cycle
is
\begin{equation}
\Phi=\int_0^{t_{\hbox{\tiny cycle}}}a(\tau)\sinh(\tau)\dot\theta dt\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\dot\theta$ is obtained from Eq.~(\ref{eq:angular-mom}).
Increasingly longer orbits are obtained when $E$ approaches the
separatrix energy $a(\tau_s)^2/2$. The orbit corresponding to the
unstable equilibrium point at $\tau=\tau_s$ is the optimal
stirring cycle, which is a $J=0$ orbit. The flux accumulated
during a complete turn in parameter space, where $\theta$
increases by $2\pi$, is hence bounded by $\Phi_s$. Large values
$\Phi$ require many turns during which the orbit approaches
exponentially the optimal stirring cycle, see
Fig.~\ref{fig:pi-cat}. A circular disc of playdough would
therefore rotate by $\pi$, with no angular momentum, in about
three cycles.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf Acknowledgment:} We thank Amos Ori for pointing out that
dissipation in plastic materials is geometric. This work is
supported by the Technion fund for promotion of research and by
the EU grant HPRN-CT-2002-00277.
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem {ref:kane} T.R. Kane and M.P.Scher, Int. J. Solid
Structures {\bf 5}, 663-670 (1969).
\bibitem{ref:montgomery} R. Montgomery, Fields Istitute Comm. {\bf
1}, 193 (1993); M. Fecko, J. Math. Phys. {\bf36}, 6709 (1995).
\bibitem {ref:marsden} J. Marsden, Motion control
and geometry, Proceeding of a Symposium, National Academy of
Science 2003
\bibitem{ref:novikov} B.A. Dubrovin, A.T. Fomenko, S.P. Novikov ;
{\it Modern geometry--methods and applications } translated by
Robert G. Burns, Springer (1992)
\bibitem{ref:shapere} F. Wilczek and A. Shapere, {\it
Geometric Phases in Physics} , World Scientific, Singapore,
(1989).
%\bibitem{ref:berry} M. V. Berry, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London),
%{\bf 392}, 45 (1984)
\bibitem{ref:landau} L.D. Landau and I.M. Lifshitz, {\it Theory
of elasticity}, Pergamon
\bibitem{remark}
It is noteworthy that the total curvature of the hyperboloid is
$\pi$ and not an integer multiple of $2\pi$ as one would expect
from Gauss Bonnet Chern theorem. The reason is the restriction to
the hyperboloid with $t>0$. If both signs of $t$ are taken, the
two hyperboloids can be glued at infinity to give a sphere with
total curvature $2\pi$.
\bibitem{ref:hill} R. Hill, {\it The mathematical theory of
Plasticity}, Oxford, (1950).
\bibitem{ref:ori}We are indebted to Amos Ori for this observation.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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Mboxout
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5 -1 roll
4 -1 roll
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{
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moveto
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1 1
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{
dup
1 sub
exch
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dup
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exch
7 index
9 index
Mshadeproc
Mrectproc
} for
pop
} for
pop pop pop pop
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pop
matrix
invertmatrix
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1 sub
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1 1
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dup
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exch
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dup
1 sub
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7 index
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setgray
Mrectproc
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/Mimage {
4 index
4 index
mul 1600 gt
{ image }
{ _Mimage }
ifelse
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6 index
6 index
mul 1600 gt
{ colorimage }
{ _Mcolorimage }
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1.000000 -1.000000 scale
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%% FIRST RENAME THIS FILE <yoursurname>.tex.
%% BEFORE COMPLETING THIS TEMPLATE, SEE THE "READ ME" SECTION
%% BELOW FOR INSTRUCTIONS.
%% TO PROCESS THIS FILE YOU WILL NEED TO DOWNLOAD asl.cls from
%% http://aslonline.org/abstractresources.html.
\documentclass[bsl,meeting]{asl}
\AbstractsOn
\pagestyle{plain}
\def\urladdr#1{\endgraf\noindent{\it URL Address}: {\tt #1}.}
\newcommand{\NP}{}
%\usepackage{verbatim}
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty}
%% BEGIN INSERTING YOUR ABSTRACT DIRECTLY BELOW;
%% SEE INSTRUCTIONS (1), (2), (3), and (4) FOR PROPER FORMATS
\NP
\absauth{}
\meettitle{}
\affil{}
\meetemail{}
%% INSERT TEXT OF ABSTRACT DIRECTLY BELOW
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
%% INSERT YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES HERE;
%% SEE (4) BELOW FOR PROPER FORMAT.
%% EACH ENTRY MUST BEGIN WITH \bibitem{citation key}
%%
%% IF THERE ARE NO ENTRIES
%% DELETE THE LINE ABOVE (\begin{thebibliography}{20})
%% AND THE LINE BELOW (\end{thebibliography})
\end{thebibliography}
\vspace*{-0.5\baselineskip}
% this space adjustment is usually necessary after a bibliography
\end{document}
%% READ ME
%% READ ME
%% READ ME
INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUPPLYING INFORMATION IN THE CORRECT FORMAT:
1. Author names are listed as First Last, First Last, and First Last.
\absauth{FirstName1 LastName1, FirstName2 LastName2, and FirstName3 LastName3}
2. Titles of abstracts have ONLY the first letter capitalized,
except for Proper Nouns.
\meettitle{Title of abstract with initial capital letter only, except for
Proper Nouns}
3. Affiliations and email addresses for authors of abstracts are
listed separately.
% First author's affiliation
\affil{Department, University, Street Address, Country}
\meetemail{First author's email}
%%% NOTE: email required for at least one author
\urladdr{OPTIONAL}
%
% Second author's affiliation
\affil{Department, University, Street Address, Country}
\meetemail{Second author's email}
\urladdr{OPTIONAL}
%
% Third author's affiliation
\affil{Department, University, Street Address, Country}
% Second author's email
\meetemail{Third author's email}
\urladdr{OPTIONAL}
4. Bibliographic Entries
%%%% IF references are submitted with abstract,
%%%% please use the following formats
%%% For a Journal article
\bibitem{cite1}
{\scshape Author's Name},
{\itshape Title of article},
{\bfseries\itshape Journal name spelled out, no abbreviations},
vol.~XX (XXXX), no.~X, pp.~XXX--XXX.
%%% For a Journal article by the same authors as above,
%%% i.e., authors in cite1 are the same for cite2
\bibitem{cite2}
\bysame
{\itshape Title of article},
{\bfseries\itshape Journal},
vol.~XX (XXXX), no.~X, pp.~XX--XXX.
%%% For a book
\bibitem{cite3}
{\scshape Author's Name},
{\bfseries\itshape Title of book},
Name of series,
Publisher,
Year.
%%% For an article in proceedings
\bibitem{cite4}
{\scshape Author's Name},
{\itshape Title of article},
{\bfseries\itshape Name of proceedings}
(Address of meeting),
(First Last and First2 Last2, editors),
vol.~X,
Publisher,
Year,
pp.~X--XX.
%%% For an article in a collection
\bibitem{cite5}
{\scshape Author's Name},
{\itshape Title of article},
{\bfseries\itshape Book title}
(First Last and First2 Last2, editors),
Publisher,
Publisher's address,
Year,
pp.~X--XX.
%%% An edited book
\bibitem{cite6}
Author's name, editor. % No special font used here
{\bfseries\itshape Title of book},
Publisher,
Publisher's address,
Year.
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\begin{document}
\title{Review: Management of Hyperkalemia in Kidney Transplant Recipients}
\author[1]{Bassem Almalki}%
\author[1]{Kathleen Cunningham}%
\author[1]{Michelle Kapugi}%
\author[1]{Clare Kane}%
\author[1]{Akansha Agrawal}%
\affil[1]{Northwestern Memorial Hospital}%
\vspace{-1em}
\date{\today}
\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Hyperkalemia is a frequent complication among kidney transplant
recipients that can lead to fatal arrhythmias. The causes of
hyperkalemia post kidney transplant are multifactorial and often are
drug-induced, and include decreased glomerular filtration rate, tubular
dysfunction, and impaired sodium delivery in the distal nephron. This
review will discuss pathophysiology and management of both acute and
chronic hyperkalemia in kidney transplant recipients.%
\end{abstract}%
\sloppy
\textbf{Methods}
This review is based on an English language literature search that was
performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The keywords
`Hyperkalemia', `Management' and `Kidney Transplantation' were used for
the search. The last search was done in 15 June 2020. Due to the lack of
publications in kidney transplantations, all papers that evaluated
hyperkalemia were selected for a further analysis.
\textbf{Introduction}
Kidney transplant (KT) is an established treatment option for patients
with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Electrolyte imbalances are a common
consequence of ESRD that often normalize after successful KT. However,
electrolyte imbalances, including hyperkalemia, may persist after KT for
various reasons including tubular dysfunction caused by acute and/or
chronic rejection, direct drug-induced tubular toxicity, and
drug-induced enhanced sodium delivery in the distal nephron. Moreover,
KT recipients are more prone to electrolyte abnormalities compared to
non-kidney transplant recipients with the same level of kidney
function.{[}1{]}
The prevalence of hyperkalemia ranges from 25-44\% in KT recipients on
calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). {[}2{]} The time course of hyperkalemia
is not well defined after KT. In a small study, hyperkalemia occurred on
an average around 100 days post-transplant. {[}3{]}
There is no consensus definition of hyperkalemia but generally potassium
levels greater than 5.5 mmol/L require immediate intervention. {[}4 5{]}
Hyperkalemia in the general population is usually asymptomatic but if
left untreated may lead to muscle weakness or paralysis, cardiac
arrhythmias, and death. {[}6{]} The exact consequences of untreated
hyperkalemia after KT have not yet been established.{[}7{]} However,
data from the general and chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations
highlights the importance of maintaining normal serum potassium
concentrations.{[}6 8 9{]} Despite the high incidence and potentially
life-threatening consequences of hyperkalemia, there is a lack of
consensus on the management in KT recipients. The purpose of this
article is to review the pathophysiology, dietary considerations, and
management of acute and chronic hyperkalemia with a focus on kidney
transplant recipients.
\textbf{Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia in kidney transplant}
With an intracellular concentration of 150 mmol/L compared to 4 mmol/L
in the extracellular compartment, potassium is the most abundant
intracellular cation. Potassium intake, distribution between
intracellular and extracellular compartments, and renal excretion help
determine serum potassium concentration. In the distal nephron segments
and mediated by aldosterone, potassium secretion takes place in response
to distal sodium delivery which triggers sodium reabsorption via the
epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). This action creates an electrical
gradient that favors potassium secretion. {[}10{]} Medications used in
KT are considered to be the major cause of hyperkalemia in a functioning
graft.{[}7{]}
CNIs such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine are the core maintenance
immunosuppressants in KT due to superior graft survival. They can,
however, induce hyperkalemia by various mechanisms, with tacrolimus
posing a significantly higher risk than cyclosporine.{[}11{]} These
mechanisms include impaired function of the sodium-chloride
cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule as well as
downregulation of mineralocorticoid expression via RAAS suppression
leading to hyperkalemic type 4 renal tubular acidosis. {[}12{]} In
addition, supratherapeutic CNI concentrations can result in afferent
renal arteriolar vasoconstriction and acute kidney injury resulting in
impaired potassium elimination. {[}13-15{]} These mechanisms offer
insight into unique treatment options for hyperkalemia.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is an antimicrobial that is
commonly used post-transplant to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia and
urinary tract infections. Trimethoprim can cause hyperkalemia by
blocking the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the distal nephron,
thereby impairing potassium elimination. {[}16{]} Of note, the incidence
of hyperkalemia is relatively lower with a regimen consisting of one
single strength tablet three times weekly compared to full dose (1-2
double strength tablets twice daily) regimens. {[}7{]}
Finally, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) inhibitors
appeal for the management of hypertension as they have been shown to
decrease proteinuria and decrease mortality in patients with CKD.
However, RAAS inhibitor use post-transplant has been associated with a
2.2-fold increased risk for life-threatening hyperkalemia (defined as a
K \textgreater{}6mmol/L), limiting their routine use. {[}17{]}
Nevertheless, the introduction of the new potassium binders (patiromer
and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate) may allow for the continuation of
RAAS inhibitors in patients with compelling indications. {[}18{]}
\textbf{Dietary considerations in kidney transplant}
Many potassium-rich foods are considered part of a healthy diet. In
non-dialysis, normo-kalemic patients with CKD, the National Kidney
Foundation suggests an unrestricted potassium intake. {[}19{]} However,
in a nonfunctioning graft or elevated serum potassium concentration, a
low potassium diet with potassium intake 1 - 3 g/day should be
encouraged. {[}20{]} Healthcare providers play an important role after
KT in educating KT recipients about their potassium and nutritional
management. Table 1 contains examples of food rich in potassium content
([?] 300 mg). {[}21{]}
\textbf{Management of hyperkalemia in kidney transplant}
\emph{Stabilization of the cardiac membrane~}
\textbf{Calcium}
Calcium directly antagonizes the toxic myocardial effects of
hyperkalemia by reducing the threshold potential of cardiac myocytes
leading to stabilization of the membrane potential, with or without
changing the serum potassium concentration. {[}22{]} It is indicated
when serum potassium concentration is \textgreater{} 6.5 mmol/L or when
it is \textgreater{} 6.0 mmol/L with EKG changes. {[}23{]} Calcium for
injection is available as the chloride or gluconate salt. Calcium
gluconate is the preferred agent due to the potential for extravasation
with calcium chloride. {[}24{]} The suggested dose of calcium gluconate
is 1,000 mg (10 mL of a 10 \% solution) infused over 2 to 3 minutes,
with constant cardiac monitoring. The dose can be repeated in 5 to 10
minutes if EKG changes persist. The use of intravenous calcium to treat
arrhythmias in the setting of hyperkalemia is not based on robust
evidence. It was shown to be effective in animal experiments and case
reports. {[}25-27{]} However, administration of intravenous calcium is
believed to be an important and life-saving approach in hyperkalemia
with life-threatening EKG changes. {[}28 29{]} Peripheral vasodilation,
hypotension, bradycardia, and arrhythmias are noted adverse reactions
with intravenous calcium administration.{[}30{]}
\emph{Redistribution of potassium}
\textbf{Insulin-glucose}
Insulin temporarily reverses hyperkalemia by shifting sodium out of the
cell in exchange for potassium via the activation of sodium--potassium
ATPase pump. Bolus insulin is recommended to be administered as 10 units
of regular insulin intravenously given along with an intravenous bolus
of dextrose 25-50 g. This regimen when given to anephric adult patients
resulted in a reduction of serum potassium concentrations by about 0.6
mmol/L in \textless{}15 minutes. This effect can last between 30 and 60
minutes after a single bolus followed by a gradual serum potassium
rebound. {[}31 32{]} Caution should be used when administering IV
insulin to patients with kidney dysfunction, as insulin is renally
eliminated. Hypoglycemia can occur for up to 6 hours after IV insulin
administration, therefore frequent blood glucose monitoring is advised
for the first 4-6 hours after administration. {[}33 34{]} The
sensitivity to insulin varies with diabetes severity and current renal
function. A prospective observational study of 72\% of patients with CKD
found that 17\% of patients who received insulin-glucose therapy
developed symptomatic hypoglycemia. {[}33{]} Various studies have
explored different insulin dosing strategies in the setting of renal
dysfunction. LaRue et al {[}34{]} and Pierce et al {[}35{]} found that
patients with kidney failure who received 10 or 5 units of regular
insulin achieved similar rates of serum potassium reduction and
hypoglycemia. Conversely, one study reported that an insulin dose of 5
units significantly reduced the risk of hypoglycemia compared with 10
units, with an increase in serum creatinine being associated with an
increased risk for hypoglycemia. {[}36{]} Farina et al {[}37{]}
concluded that the use of 50 g of dextrose instead of 25 g did not
reduce hypoglycemia incidence. It should be noted that the evidence is
limited by small cohort sizes and retrospective design. The KDIGO
guidelines recommend the administration of 5 units regular insulin along
with 25g of dextrose in patients with CKD. {[}23{]}
\textbf{Beta-2 Agonists}
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists work by promoting the activation of
sodium--potassium ATPase pumps resulting in intracellular potassium
shifting.{[}38{]} Salbutamol, intravenously or by nebulization, has been
shown to be an effective agent in treating hyperkalemia. The nebulized
route is preferred due to the ease of administration and fewer
side-effects. {[}39-41{]} With a dose dependent effect, the onset of
action of salbutamol is 30 minutes with a peak effect within 60
minutes.{[}42{]} It reduced serum potassium levels by approximately 1
mmol/L, and the effect persisted for at least 2 hours. Salbutamol via
nebulizer can be given in doses of 10 or 20 mg.{[}32 43 44{]}. Albuterol
is another beta-2 agonist commonly used in the treatment of hyperkalemia
in the United States (US). When albuterol was given as 10 mg
nebulization, the serum potassium concentration was lowered by a mean of
0.62 mmol/L, and 20 mg reduced serum potassium by 0.98 mmol/L after 2
hours. {[}42{]} Administration of these relatively high doses of beta-2
agonists may lead to tremor, tachycardia, and headache. In KT recipients
on tacrolimus, tremors and headaches caused by beta-2 agonists can be
confused with tacrolimus toxicity.
\textbf{Sodium bicarbonate}
By raising extracellular bicarbonate levels, an increase in
sodium--potassium ATPase pump activity results in an increase in uptake
of intracellular potassium. {[}10{]} The use of bicarbonate infusion
fails to lower serum potassium acutely and therefore has fallen out of
favor.{[}43 45{]} However, in a case series of patients with metabolic
acidosis (pH \textless{} 7.35), a decrease in serum potassium
concentration (1.5--3.0 mmol/L) in response to sodium bicarbonate was
observed. {[}46-48{]} Sodium bicarbonate should be avoided in
hypervolemic patients due to the risk of sodium overload and pulmonary
edema. {[}49 50{]} In general, oral sodium bicarbonate (3-5g/day) should
not be used as a first line treatment, and should be considered only in
patients with concomitant metabolic acidosis (HCO3 \textless{}
22mmol/L). However, it appears less effective in lower serum potassium
levels in patients with advanced CKD {[}23 51{]}
\emph{Elimination of potassium from the body}
Potassium binding agents. Table 2 includes a detailed comparison of
existing potassium binding agents.
\textbf{Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS)}
With higher affinity for potassium than sodium or calcium,
cation-exchange resins including SPS, work by competitively exchanging
cations for secreted potassium in the colon, where the most potassium
excretion takes place. {[}52{]} Each gram of resin binds approximately
0.65 mmol of potassium \emph{in vivo} . {[}53{]} In patients with CKD
and mild hyperkalemia (5.0--5.9 mmol/L), the results of a double-blind
randomized controlled trial showed that 30 g daily of SPS for 7 days was
superior to placebo in reducing serum potassium concentration.{[}54{]}
This study reported an absolute reduction of serum potassium
concentration of 1.25 mmol/L (p\textless{}0.001) with SPS. More subjects
in the SPS group achieved normokalemia, although the difference was not
statistically significant (p=0.07). Common adverse reactions of SPS
include diarrhea, abdominal bloating and cramps, vomiting, and
electrolyte imbalance.{[}54 55{]} SPS can cause serious adverse
gastrointestinal (GI) events including bowel necrosis and consequent
death. In a systematic review, SPS use was associated with 58 cases of
bowel necrosis and 33\% mortality. {[}56{]} SPS occasionally is mixed
with sorbitol, a polyalcohol sugar, to induce faster passage through the
digestive system. Sorbitol is thought to be the reason for these serious
GI adverse events, but the findings of 2 recent large observational
studies refuted that notion. Serious adverse GI events were twice as
high among those treated with SPS (without sorbitol) compared to the
non-SPS groups. {[}57 58{]} It should be noted that SPS should be
avoided in patients who are not having consistent bowl movements as well
as in KT recipients in the immediate post-operative phase. The use of
SPS in clinical practice is controversial due to its unestablished
safety and efficacy profiles.{[}59 60{]} In the acute setting, SPS
utilization should be limited to patients with mild to moderate
hyperkalemia without electrocardiography (EKG) changes as the onset of
action may take up to 3 days. {[}55 61{]} Nevertheless, SPS continues to
be routinely used due to its accessibility and lower cost. {[}18{]}
Limited data in using SPS in the management of hyperkalemia in kidney
transplant recipients.
\textbf{Patiromer}
Patiromer is an organic, non-absorbable potassium-binding polymer. It is
formulated with calcium as the exchange ion, leading to less excessive
sodium absorption and potentially less volume overload compared to SPS.
The drug is active throughout the GI tract but mostly in the colon with
an onset of action ranging from 4 -- 7 hours. {[}62{]} PEARL-HF was a
double-blinded, placebo-controlled study evaluating the role of
patiromer in heart failure patients with CKD.{[}63{]} The patiromer
group (15g twice daily) had a mean potassium reduction of --0.22 mmol/L
from baseline to week 4 compared to an increase of 0.23 mmol/L in the
placebo group (mean difference --0.45 mmol/L, p \textless{}0.0001). The
proportion of patients with potassium \textgreater{} 5.5 mmol/L at any
time during the study was 7\% in the patiromer group vs 25\% in the
placebo group (p=0.015). The use of patiromer allowed the dose of
spironolactone to be increased from 25 mg/day to 50 mg/day in 91\% of
patiromer patients compared to 74\% of placebo patients (p=0.019).
Patiromer was also evaluated in patients with CKD on RAAS inhibitors.
(Weir, 2015) Patiromer was dosed based on serum potassium as 4.2g twice
daily (serum K+ 5.1 -- 5.4 mmol/L) or 8.4g twice daily (serum K+ level
5.5 -- 6.4 mmol/L). Mean change in serum potassium concentration at week
4 (phase 1) was -1.01 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.03 mmol/L (P\textless{}0.001). After 8 weeks,
more patients in the patiromer group (94\% vs. 44\%) were maintained on
RAAS inhibitors. The AMETHYST-DN study was designed to establish the
safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of patiromer in patients with
hyperkalemia and diabetic nephropathy. {[}64{]} Patiromer dose varied
from 4.2g -- 16.8g twice daily. In the maintenance phase, the proportion
of patients with normal potassium at each visit through week 52 was
83.1\%--92.7\% in the mild-hyperkalemia group (5.1-5.5 mmol/L) and
77.4\%--95.1\% in the moderate-hyperkalemia group (5.6-5.9 mmol/L). The
lowest starting dose was selected to be 8.4 g/day for mild hyperkalemia
and 16.8 g/day for moderate hyperkalemia. PEARL-HF Extension study was
an 8-week open-label follow-up study to the PEARL-HF trial to determine
the effectiveness of patiromer 8.4 g twice daily. In 90.5\% of patients,
serum potassium concentrations between 3.5 -- 5.5 mmol/L were reached
with mean potassium reduction -0.13 mmol/L at the end of study. {[}65{]}
Patiromer is generally well tolerated with common adverse effects
including constipation and hypomagnesemia.{[}62 66 67{]} Patiromer was
shown to bind to half of tested oral medications in vitro. When tested
in humans, patiromer did not impact the bioavailability of 14 drugs when
administration was separated by 3 hours, however, the bioavailability of
ciprofloxacin was decreased (90\% CI) for maximum concentration
83\%--133.8\%, exceeding the 80\%--125\% limit. {[}62{]} Hypercalcemia,
though uncommon, has been reported in patients receiving patiromer as a
result of systemic absorption of calcium released from the patiromer
polymer. {[}68{]} Patients with more advanced CKD are thought to be more
prone to this adverse effect. {[}69{]}
In KT recipients, there is limited data regarding the safety and
efficacy of patiromer when taken with anti-rejection medications. In a
retrospective study of 19 KT recipients, patiromer, when administered 3
hours apart from tacrolimus, was shown to be effective in reducing serum
potassium concentration without having a significant impact on
tacrolimus trough concentrations. {[}70 71{]} A pharmacokinetic study is
currently underway to evaluate the significance of the drug-drug
interaction between patiromer and tacrolimus or mycophenolate mofetil.
{[}72{]} With the limited available evidence, spacing out patiromer 3
hours from anti-rejection medications should be considered. Patiromer
has become a valuable treatment option for chronic hyperkalemia as it
has demonstrated a better safety and efficacy profile when compared to
SPS. While chronic patiromer use can be costly (a 30 day supply of
patiromer 8.4 g is \$850), it was associated with a reduction in
hospitalization costs related to hyperkalemia in heart failure patients.
{[}73{]}
\textbf{Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS9)}
ZS9 is the newest potassium binder that received an initial FDA approval
for the treatment of hyperkalemia in 2018. ZS9 is a non-absorbable
potassium binder that exchanges hydrogen and sodium for potassium and
ammonium ions throughout the entire GI tract with an onset of action
within 1 hour after ingestion. {[}74{]} Unlike patiromer, ZS9 does not
affect magnesium levels, but does increase bicarbonate levels, which is
an advantage in the context of hyperkalemia. In a multicenter
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients
with mean serum potassium concentration 5.3 mmol/L were randomized to
receive ZS9 (1.25g -- 10g by mouth 3 times daily) or placebo for 48
hours.{[}75{]} A significant dose-dependent reduction in serum potassium
concentration was observed in the ZS9 groups. Following the initial 48
hour phase, patients who received a maintenance dose of ZS9 (5 or 10 g
daily) remained normokalemic for 12 days. Similar outcomes were seen
when the maintenance phase was extended to 28 days and 12 months. {[}76
77{]} It important to note that KT recipients were excluded from all of
the previous studies, except in the study by Spinowitz et al. where only
1\% of included patients were KT recipients (n=9). {[}77{]}
In a recent retrospective study of 35 transplant patients (16 kidney
recipients), the effect of ZS9 on both hyperkalemia and
immunosuppression concentrations was evaluated. The mean decrease in
serum potassium concentration from day 0 to day 7 was -1.3 mmol/L (p=
\textless{}0.001) without a significant impact on tacrolimus drug
pharmacokinetics (the mean change in tacrolimus concentrations was -0.54
ng/mL). {[}78{]} ZS9 is generally well tolerated when compared to SPS.
The most common adverse effects are hypokalemia and edema. {[}74{]}
The drug-drug interaction profile of ZS9 has not been established,
however, it is reasonable to separate ZS9 from other medications to
prevent chelation and decreased absorption. Due to its relatively fast
onset of action, ZS9 is the only potassium binder shown to be effective
in the setting of acute hyperkalemia. Cost may be a barrier in the US, a
30 day supply of ZS9 can cost \$656 USD. The cost-effectiveness of ZS9
is questionable when compared to the other potassium binders. {[}79{]}
\textbf{Fludrocortisone}
The role of fludrocortisone in the management of hyperkalemia is due to
its mineralocorticoid properties as well as its ability to enhance
potassium secretion in the GI tract. {[}80{]} Fludrocortisone, when
given for 3 months to patients with CKD on dialysis showed no benefit in
decreasing serum potassium concentrations. {[}81{]} In kidney
transplant, most data are from case reports. Marfo et al. reported 3
cases of successful hyperkalemia management when fludrocortisone 0.1
mg/day was used in the setting of acute and chronic hyperkalemia.
{[}82{]} Its role was also described in tacrolimus-induced aldosterone
resistance. {[}13{]} In 2 case reports, normokalemia was achieved in 2
days when fludrocortisone 0.1 mg/day was initiated in KT
recipients.{[}83 84{]} Signs and symptoms of fluid retention need to be
monitored in patients receiving fludrocortisone.
\textbf{Diuretics}
Loop and thiazide diuretics enhance potassium excretion by increasing
delivery of sodium to the collecting ducts. {[}10 85{]} Loop diuretics
are the most common diuretic class used in hyperkalemia because they
promote urinary potassium excretion even in patients with moderate renal
impairment. There are no data in using loop diuretics in acute
hyperkalemia. Loop diuretics can be considered in the setting of mild
chronic hyperkalemia in patients with CKD and volume overload. {[}10{]}
Generally, the use of thiazides should be avoided in kidney transplant
recipients due to increase the risk of developing potassium
disturbances. {[}86{]} The role of diuretics in acute hyperkalemia is
uncertain, but in patients with chronic hyperkalemia who are
normovolemic or hypervolemic, diuretic therapy can be considered.
{[}28{]}
\textbf{Dialysis}
Dialysis is the ultimate treatment for severe hyperkalemia (serum
potassium concentration \selectlanguage{english}[?] 6.0 mmol/L with EKG changes or \selectlanguage{english}[?] 6.5 mmol/L)
in patients with ESRD. {[}23{]} Potassium removal can be effected by
dialysate concentrations of potassium and bicarbonate, as well as a
dialyzer blood flow. Using a low potassium and glucose dialysate can
enhance potassium removal, however, it may reduce the efficiency of urea
clearance and aggravate ventricular arrhythmias. {[}87-89{]} The use of
high bicarbonate dialysate can also accelerate the drop in the serum
potassium concentration. {[}90{]} However, the safety of this approach
has not been established. Lastly, potassium clearance can be enhanced by
increasing the dialysis blood flow resulting in maximizing the potassium
gradient between the blood and the dialysate. {[}91{]}
\textbf{Author Recommendations for Management of Acute and Chronic
Hyperkalemia in Kidney Transplant Recipients}
\textbf{Management of Acute Hyperkalemia in Kidney Transplant
Recipients}
Hyperkalemia may manifest as an acute or chronic condition. A logical
5-step approach to treat acute hyperkalemia should be followed (Figure
1). In patients with a serum potassium concentration \textgreater{} 6.5
mmol/L or \textgreater{} 6.0 mmol/L with EKG changes, calcium gluconate
should be administered to stabilize cardiomyocyte membranes. The dose
should be repeated if there is no effect within 5-10 minutes. Second,
shift potassium into cells using intravenous insulin 5-10 units along
with dextrose 25 g +- a nebulized beta-2 agonist. Consider sodium
bicarbonate if acidosis is present without volume overload. Third,
remove potassium from the body with a potassium binder +- diuretics. ZS9
is the preferred potassium binder in acute hyperkalemia due to its
relatively fast onset of action. Drug-drug interactions with
anti-rejection medications and cost should be evaluated when ZS9 is
chosen. Fourth, monitor serum potassium concentration at 1 - 2 hours
after the initiation of treatment and blood glucose, if insulin-glucose
therapy is used, hourly for up to six hours. Fifth, prevent recurrence
by initiating a low potassium diet (\textless{} 1-3 g/day),
discontinuing medications known to cause hyperkalemia (when possible),
and/or continuing a potassium binder. Dialysis should serve as the last
resort when hyperkalemia does not respond to the above therapies or when
rapid potassium removal is deemed necessary.
\textbf{Management of Chronic Hyperkalemia in Kidney Transplant
Recipients}
Patients with chronic hyperkalemia warrant a review of medications and
dietary intake. Metabolic acidosis should be corrected with sodium
bicarbonate and initiation of a potassium binder or loop diuretics may
be helpful. Patients with a serum potassium concentration \selectlanguage{english}[?] 6.5 mmol/L
may require hospital admission for emergency treatment.
\textbf{Concluding Remarks}
Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte abnormality after KT with an
incidence ranging from 25-44\% in KT recipients on CNIs.{[}2{]} In KT
patients, factors such as tubular dysfunction and various drug classes
may increase the risk of hyperkalemia. Limited data exist in the kidney
transplant population on the management of hyperkalemia. Our
recommendations are mainly based on data from studies in patients with
CKD. Nevertheless, KT patients by definition have CKD and the approach
to treating hyperkalemia should be generally the same. Understanding the
pathophysiology, treatment options, as well as limitations are all key
to the successful treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia post-kidney
transplant.
\textbf{Disclosers}
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work
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\subsection*{}
{\label{section}}
\subsection*{Table 1. Food Rich in Potassium
Content}
{\label{table-1.-food-rich-in-potassium-content}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
Source & Serving size ( \textgreater{}300 mg of
potassium)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Milk & 1 cup\tabularnewline
Banana & 1 medium\tabularnewline
Cantaloupe & 1 cup\tabularnewline
Chicken & 3 ounces\tabularnewline
Fish & 3 ounces\tabularnewline
Carrot & 1 large\tabularnewline
Celery & 1 stalk\tabularnewline
Spinach & \selectlanguage{ngerman}½ cup\tabularnewline
Potato, baked & 1 medium\tabularnewline
Sweet potato & \selectlanguage{ngerman}½ cup\tabularnewline
Tomato & 1 large\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\subsection*{Table 2. Comparison of Existing Potassium
Binders}
{\label{table-2.-comparison-of-existing-potassium-binders}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SPS\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Patiromer\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ZS9\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mechanism of action\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Cation-exchange resin, exchanges sodium for H\textsuperscript{+}~in
stomach, then exchange for H\textsuperscript{+}~for other cations in
large intestine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nonabsorbed organic polymer\textsuperscript{,} binds potassium in the
colon\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Inorganic polymer; negative charge to framework enables cation
exchange\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dosing\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Oral: 15 g 1 to 4 times daily Rectal: 30 to 50 g every 6 hours\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Oral: Initial: 8.4 g once daily; adjust dose at [?]1-week intervals in
increments of 8.4 g; maximum dose: 25.2 g/day\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.24\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Oral: Initial: 10 g 3 times daily for up to 48 hours; maintenance: 10 g
once daily (range: 5 g every other day to 15 g once daily); maximum
maintenance dose: 15 g/day\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Onset of action\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Variable\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7 hours\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 hour\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Efficacy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Reduces serum potassium concentration by 0.82 and 1.14 mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mean reduction in serum potassium concentration at week 4: -1.01
mmol/L\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mean initial reduction in serum potassium (48 hr) -0.46 to -1.1; 98\%
achieved normokalemia within 48 hr\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Safety\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Risk of acute bowel necrosis, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal
intolerance\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Constipation and hypomagnesemia\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.22\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hypokalemia and edema\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\subsection*{Figure 1. Management of Acute
Hyperkalemia}
{\label{figure-1.-management-of-acute-hyperkalemia}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image1/image1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}
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\title{Sve je moguće}
\date{1968.}
\author{Fredy Perlman}
\subtitle{}
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\section{Uvod}
„Budimo realni – tražimo nemoguće!“
Ta parola, koja se pojavila tokom revolucionarnih događaja u Francuskoj, pravi je šamar u lice zdravom razumu, naročito „zdravom razumu“ američke korporacijsko-vojne propagande. Ono što se \emph{dogodilo} u maju šamar je i za zvanični američki „zdrav razum“. Naime, u okvirima tog „razuma“, mnogo toga što se na ovom svetu svakodnevno dešava jednostavno je nemoguće. To ne može biti. Ako se ipak \emph{događa}, onda je zvanični „zdrav razum“ samo besmislica, skup mitova i fantazija. Ali kako bi zdrav razum mogao biti besmislica? To je nemoguće.
Da bi pokazao kako je \emph{sve moguće}, ovaj esej će sučeliti neke mitove i neke događaje. Esej će zatim pokušati da utvrdi zašto su neki mitovi mogući, drugim rečima, da istraži „naučnu zasnovanost“ tih mitova. Ako uspe, ovaj esej će pokazati da je sve moguće: i da ljudi prihvate mitove za zdrav razum i da sâmi tvorci tih mitova poveruju u njihovu stvarnost, uprkos samoj stvarnosti.
\section{Američki „zdrav razum“}
\begin{quote}
„Nemoguće je da ljudi sami upravljaju svojim životima; zato i nemaju moć da to čine. Ljudi su nemoćni jer nemaju ni sposobnost, ni želju da preuzmu kontrolu i odlučivanje o društvenim i materijalnim uslovima u kojima žive.“
„Ljudi žele vlast i privilegije samo u odnosu jedni na druge. Na primer, nemoguće je da se studenti univerziteta bore protiv institucije koja im garantuje privilegovan položaj. Takvi studenti uče da bi dobili najviše ocene, zato što s visokim ocenama mogu dobiti najbolje plaćene poslove, što podrazumeva mogućnost upravljanja i manipulisanja drugim ljudima, kao i mogućnost da kupuju više potrošačkih dobara nego drugi ljudi. Kada se učenje ne bi nagrađivalo najvišim ocenama, velikim primanjima, vlašću nad drugima i obiljem robe, niko ne bi učio; ne bilo motivacije za učenje.“
„Jednostavno je nemoguće da radnici žele da sami upravljaju svojim fabrikama, da žele da odlučuju o svojoj proizvodnji. Sve što radnike zanima su nadnice: oni samo žele da im nadnice budu veće nego drugima, tako da mogu kupovati veće kuće, više automobila i ići na duža putovanja.“
„Čak i ako studenti, radnici i farmeri žele nešto drugo, oni su očigledno zadovoljni onim što rade, inače ne bi to radili.“
„U svakom slučaju, oni koji nisu zadovoljni mogu slobodno da izraze svoje nezadovoljstvo kroz potrošnju i glasanje: ne moraju da kupuju ono što im se ne sviđa, ne moraju da glasaju za kandidate koji im nisu po volji. Nemoguće je da svoj položaj promene na bilo koji drugi način.“
„Ako neki ljudi ipak pokušaju da promene situaciju na neki drugi način, oni nikada neće moći da deluju jedinstveno. Uvek će se boriti između sebe, zato što su beli radnici rasisti, crni nacionalisti protiv belaca, feministkinje protiv svih muškaraca, a studenti imaju svoje posebne probleme.“
„Čak i ako se ujedine, nikada neće moći da unište državu i policijski i vojni potencijal jednog tako moćnog industrijskog društva kao što su Sjedinjene Države.“
\end{quote}
\section{Događaji}
Milioni studenata širom sveta – u Tokiju, Torinu, Beogradu, Berkliju, Berlinu, Rimu, Riju, Varšavi, Njujorku, Parizu – upravo ovog časa vode borbu za preuzimanje kontrole nad društvenim i materijalnim uslovima u kojima žive. Ne zaustavljaju ih ni nedostatak želje, ni nesposobnost: zaustavlja ih policija. Možda su ih u tome nadahnuli drugi borci koji su se suprotstavili policiji: Kubanci, Vijetnamci\dots{}
Na primer, u Torinu i Parizu studenti su okupirali univerzitete i osnovali generalna veća, na kojima svi studenti učestvuju u donošenju svih odluka. Drugim rečima, studenti su pokrenuli svoje sopstvene univerzitete. Ne zato da bi dobili najviše ocene: što se njih tiče, gotovo je sa ispitima. Ne zato da bi dobili dobro plaćene poslove i veće privilegije: ono o čemu su raspravljali bilo je ukidanje svih privilegija i svih dobro plaćenih poslova; započeli su diskusiju o ukidanju društva u kojem moraju da prodaju svoje živote. U toj tački, ponekad po prvi put u životu, studenti su počeli da uče.
U Parizu, nadahnuti primerom studenata, mladi radnici su okupirali jednu fabriku aviona i direktora stavili pod ključ. Primeri su počeli da se umnožavaju. I drugi radnici su počeli da zauzimaju svoje fabrike. Uprkos činjenici da su celog života zavisili od toga da neko drugi odlučuje za njih, neki radnici su osnovali komitete u kojima su raspravljali o tome kako da povedu štrajk po sopstvenim pravilima, tako da svi radnici odlučuju o tome, umesto po onima koje je diktirao sindikat – a neki radnici su osnovali komisije u kojima su diskutovali kako da sami vode fabrike. Ideja na koju je u normalnim uslovima bilo besmisleno, apsurdno, nemoguće pomisliti, odjednom je postala moguća i ukazala se kao zanimljiva, izazovna, uzbudljiva. Radnici su počeli da razgovaraju čak i o tome da proizvode dobra prosto zato što su ljudima potrebna. Ti radnici su znali da „nije tačno da su ljudi protiv besplatnih javnih službi, da seljacima više odgovara komercijalna cirkulacija preko mase posrednika, da su bedno plaćeni radnici zadovoljni, da su ’menadžeri’ ponosni na svoje privilegije\dots{}“\footnote{Mouvement du 22 mars, \emph{Ce n’est qu’un debut, Continuons le combat}, Paris, Maspero, 1968.} Neki električarski radnici su besplatno snabdeli demonstrante opremom za zaštitu od policije; neki seljaci su počeli da radnicima donose besplatnu hranu; a radnici iz jedne fabrike oružja razmatrali su mogućnost da svim radnicima podele oružje, da bi mogli da se odbrane od državne vojske i policije.
Uprkos večitoj tržišnoj propagandi o tome kako su radnici „zadovoljni“ kolima, kućama i drugim stvarima koje dobijaju u zamenu za svoju životnu energiju, radnici su to svoje „zadovoljstvo“ iskazali kroz generalni štrajk koji je celu francusku industriju paralizovao na duže od mesec dana. Uprkos tome što su celog života učeni da „poštuju zakon i poredak“, radnici su prekršili sve zakone time što su okupirali fabrike koje im nisu „pripadale“samo zato što je tu policija, koja se, kao što su brzo naučili, stara da fabrike i dalje „pripadaju“ kapitalističkim vlasnicima. Radnici su naučili da su „zakon i poredak“ ono što ih sprečava da sami upravljaju svojom proizvodnom aktivnošću, i da su taj „zakon i poredak“ ono što moraju uništiti da bi upravljali vlastitim društvom. Panduri se pojavljuju istog časa kada radnici počnu da se ponašaju u skladu sa svojim nezadovoljstvom. Možda su radnici oduvek bili svesni ko im stoji iza leđa: možda je zato izgledalo da su radnici „zadovoljni“. S pištoljem uperenim u potiljak, skoro svaka iole inteligenta osoba bila bi „zadovoljna“ da drži ruke uvis.
U Parizu i drugim gradovima radnici su počeli da se odazivaju na poziv studenata da im se pridruže u većanjima na pariskom Univerzitetu (Sorbona, Censier, Halle-aux-vins, Beaux Arts, itd.\footnote{„Censier“, novi Fakultet književnosti; „Halle-aux-vins“, novi Fakultet prirodnih nauka podignut na mestu stare vinarije; Beaux Arts, Likovna akademija. (Prim. prev.)}). Tamo je trebalo da zajedno razmotre mogućnost ukidanja novčane ekonomije i pretvaranja fabrika u društveni servis kojim bi upravljali oni koji tamo rade i kojima je ta proizvodnja namenjena. Radnici su počeli da se \emph{sami izražavaju}. Upravo u tom trenutku vlast i njeni upravnici su zapretili građanskim ratom, i ogromna vojno-policijska mašinerija bila je pokrenuta da bi se ta pretnja učinila stvarnom. Taj brutalni nastup „sila reda i zakona“ odjednom je ogolio kralja: sada je svako mogao da se uveri u represivni karakter kapitalističke diktature. Ljudi su izgubili sve iluzije i fantazije o svom „potrošačkom suverenitetu“, svojoj „glasačkoj moći“, o tome da se kapitalističko društvo može izmeniti potrošnjom i glasanjem. Sada su znali da su njihova „kupovna“ i „glasačka moć“ samo znaci njihovog potčinjavanja i predaje pred zastrašujućom silom. Pobuna studenata i generalni štrajk u Francuskoj (kao i crnački bunt u SAD i antiimperijalistička borba na tri kontinenta) samo su učinili da se uvek prisutno nasilje potpuno ogoli: to je omogućilo ljudima da prepoznaju neprijatelja.
Suočeni s nasiljem kapitalističke države, studenti, francuski radnici, strani radnici, dobro plaćeni i loše plaćeni radnici, seljaci, mogli su dobro da vide čijim su interesima služili nadzirući jedni druge, mrzeći jedni druge i plašeći se jedni drugih. Pred ogoljenim nasiljem zajedničkih tlačitelja, sve podele među potlačenima su nestale: studenti su prestali da se bore za privilegije nad radnicima i pridružili im se; francuski radnici su prestali da se bore za privilegije nad stranim radnicima i udružili se s njima; seljaci su prestali da se bore za poseban tretman i uključili se u borbu studenata i radnika. Sada su svi bili u zajedničkoj borbi protiv jedinstvenog svetskog sistema koji tlači i deli studente od radnika, kvalifikovane radnike od nekvalifikovanih, francuske radnike od španskih, crne radnike od belih, „urođeničke“ radnike od „domaćih“, kolonizovane seljake od celog stanovništva „metropola“.
Borba u Francuskoj nije uništila političku i vojnu moć kapitalističkog sistema. Ali ta borba nije dokazala da je to nemoguće.
\begin{quote}
– Tokom demonstracija u Parizu, studenti su znali da ne mogu da izdrže policijski juriš, ali neki studenti se nisu povukli pred policijom; počeli su da prave barikadu. To je ono što je \emph{Pokret 22. mart} (Mouvement du 22 Mars) nazvao „akcijom za primer“: studenti su prikupili hrabrost, nisu pobegli pred policijom i počeli su da prave barikade.
– Studenti su znali da ne mogu sami da unište državu i njen represivni aparat, a ipak su okupirali i počeli da sami vode univerzitete, dok su na ulicama na plotune policijskog suzavca uzvraćali plotunima kaldrme. I to je bila akcija za primer: radnici iz mnogih fabrika su prikupili hrabrost, zauzeli svoje fabrike i bili spremni da ih brane od njihovih „vlasnika“.
– Prvi radnici koji su okupirali fabrike s namerom da ih preuzmu i sami vode, bili su svesni da ne mogu da unište vlast kapitalističke klase ako i svi ostali radnici ne preuzmu fabrike i ne odbrane ih, uništavajući tako državu i njenu represivnu silu, a ipak su to uradili. I to je bila akcija za primer, ali tim radnicima nije uspelo da taj primer prenesu ostalim radnicima: vlast, štampa i sindikati govorili su ostatku populacije da ti radnici vode tradicionalni štrajk, da bi od države i vlasnika fabrika dobili veće plate i bolje radne uslove.
\end{quote}
Nemoguće? Sve to se dogodilo u periodu od dve nedelje, krajem maja. Ti primeri bili su izuzetno zarazni. Da li posle toga bilo ko može da kaže da su oni koji proizvode oružje, naime, radnici, ili čak policajci i vojnici, koji su takođe radnici, imuni na to?
\section{„Naučna zasnovanost“ „zdravog razuma“}
„Sociolog“ je neko ko je plaćen da brani mitove ovog društva. Njegov odbrambeni mehanizam, u svom najsvedenijem obliku, funkcioniše otprilike ovako: on polazi od \emph{pretpostavke} da je društvo u kojem živi, u datom vremenu i prostoru, \emph{jedini mogući} oblik društva; zatim \emph{zaključuje} da je neki drugi oblik društva \emph{nemoguć}. Nažalost, „sociolog“ retko kada priznaje svoje pretpostavke; on obično kaže da ne polazi od bilo kakvih pretpostavki. Ne može se reći da time otvoreno laže: svoje pretpostavke on uzima \emph{zdravo za gotovo} do te mere da nije ni svestan da ih ima.
„Sociolog“ uzima zdravo za gotovo društvo u kojem već postoji visoko razvijena podela rada, koja istovremeno uključuje razdvajanje radnih zadataka i razdvajanje („specijalizaciju“) ljudi. Radni zadaci podrazumevaju društveno korisne stvari, kao što su proizvodnja hrane, odeće i kuća, ali i društveno beskorisne stvari, kao što su ispiranje mozga, manipulacija i ubijanje ljudi. Naravno, naš „naučnik“ \emph{sve} te aktivnosti definiše kao korisne, jer \emph{njegovo} društvo bez njih ne bi moglo da funkcioniše. Dalje, za njega se podrazumeva da ti zadaci mogu da se obavljaju samo ako se neka osoba za njih veže doživotno, drugim rečima, ako neki specijalizovan zadatak izvode samo za to specijalizovane osobe. On ne pretpostavlja da to važi u svemu. Na primer, ishrana i spavanje su nužne aktivnosti; društvo bi propalo kada se one ne bi izvodile. Ipak, čak ni „sociolog“ ne misli da bi samo nekolicina ljudi trebalo da jede, a svi ostali da ne jedu, ili da bi samo nekolicina trebalo da spava, a svi ostali da ne spavaju uopšte. On pretpostavlja potrebu za specijalizacijom samo onih aktivnosti koje su specijalizovane u njegovom posebnom društvu. U korporacijsko-vojnom društvu nekolicina ljudi ima svu političku moć, svi ostali nikakvu; nekolicina ljudi odlučuje o tome šta će se proizvoditi, ostali samo troše; nekolicina odlučuje kakve će se kuće graditi, ostali samo žive u njima; nekolicina odlučuje šta će se učiti u školama, ostali samo gutaju; nekolicina stvara, ostali su pasivni; nekolicina je aktivna, ostali su samo posmatrači. Ukratko, nekolicina ljudi ima svu moć nad određenom aktivnošću, a svi ostali ljudi nikakvu, čak ni kada su direktno izloženi njenim posledicama. I naravno da ljudi koji nemaju nikakvu moć nad konkretnom aktivnošću ne znaju šta da rade s takvom moći: ne bi ni počeli da uče kako da je koriste ni kada bi je imali. Iz toga takav „naučnik“ zaključuje da ljudi nisu ni sposobni, niti zaista žele da imaju tu moć, odnosno, da ne žele da imaju nikakvu kontrolu i moć odlučivanja o društvenim i materijalnim uslovima u kojima žive. Još doslovnije, ta argumentacija u stvari govori: ljudi nemaju takvu moć u \emph{ovom} društvu, a ovo društvo je \emph{jedini} mogući oblik društva; samim tim nemoguće je da ljudi steknu tu moć. Još prostije: ljudi ne mogu imati tu moć zato što je nemaju.
Logika se ne uči mnogo u američkim školama, a ovakva argumentacija deluje još impresivnije u pratnji ogromnog statističkog aparata i krajnje zamršenih geometrijskih prikaza. Ako neki kritičar insistira da je takva argumentacija simplicistička i cirkularna, on se pobija čim „naučnik“ izvuče brojke sračunate na kompjuterima nedostupnim javnosti, a zatim i potiskuje čim „naučnik“ počne da „komunicira“ na potpuno ezoteričnom jeziku, satkanom od logičkih grešaka, ali koji je razumljiv samo njegovim „naučnim kolegama“.
Mitološki zaključci izvedeni na osnovu mitoloških pretpostavki „dokazuju“ se pomoću statistike i tabela; veliki deo „primenjene sociologije“ sastoji se iz podučavanja mladih ljudi koju vrstu „podataka“ treba da prikupljaju da bi došli do određenih zaključaka, a veliki deo „teorije“ od uklapanja tih podataka u prethodno zacrtane formule. Tako se, na primer, pomoću brojnih tehnika, može „dokazati“ da radnici više žele dobro plaćene, a ne prijatne ili smislene poslove, da se ljudima „sviđa“ ono što čuju na radiju ili televiziji, da su svi ljudi „pripadnici“ ovog ili onog judeohrišćanskog kulta i da skoro svako glasa ili za Demokrate ili za Republikance. Studenti se podučavaju kako da jedne metode koriste za sakupljanje podataka, druge za njihovo sortiranje, treće za njihovu prezentaciju, kao i „teorijama“ za njihovo tumačenje. Apologetski sadržaj „podataka“ prikriva se njihovom statističkom prefinjenošću. U društvu u kojem jesti znači imati neki plaćen posao, i u kojem bavljenje nekim „smislenim poslom“ može značiti da se neće biti plaćen, prednost koju radnik daje dobro plaćenim poslovima umesto onim smislenim znači samo to da bi radije bio sit nego gladan. U društvu u kojem ljudi nemaju nikakav uticaj na to šta slušaju ili gledaju na radiju ili televiziji, ostaje im samo da im se „sviđa“ ono što čuju i vide ili da isključe prokletu spravu. Ljudi koji su svesni da bi ih njihovi najbliži prijatelji čudno gledali ako bi se izjasnili kao ateisti, radije idu u ovu ili onu crkvu, a skoro svako ko je svestan da živi u društvu u kojem bi izgubio i sve prijatelje i posao ako bi bio socijalista ili anarhista, očigledno će radije biti demokrata ili republikanac. I to su „podaci“ koji „sociologu“ služe kao osnova za njegove ideje o tome šta je za ljude moguće ili nemoguće i čak o njihovoj „ljudskoj prirodi“.
Intervjui, istraživanja javnog mnjenja i statistički prikazi religiozne pripadnosti, izbornog ponašanja, radnih preferencija, svode ljude na monotoni niz podataka. U kontekstu takve nauke, ljudi su stvari, objekti s beskrajnim nizom svojstava, pri čemu se, da čudo bude veće, svako od tih svojstava poklapa sa ovom ili onom institucijom korporacijsko-vojnog društva. Tako ispada da svoje „materijalne potrebe“ ljudi „zadovoljavaju“ zahvaljujući korporacijama, da njihove „fizičke potrebe“ „zadovoljava“ vojni kompleks, da njihove „duhovne teženje“ „zadovoljavaju“ razni kultovi, a da njihove „političke preferencije“ „zadovoljava“ ili Republikanska ili Demokratska partija. Drugim rečima, sve u vezi s američkim korporacijsko-vojnim sistemom prosto savršeno odgovara ljudima.
Sve je u tabelama, osim činjenice da radni čovek \emph{služi samo kao oruđe}, da vreme svog života i svoju kreativnu sposobnost prodaje u zamenu za stvari, a da pri tom ne odlučuje ni šta će proizvoditi, ni za koga, ni zašto.
„Sociolog“ tvrdi da su njegovi nalazi empirijski zasnovani i objektivni; on tvrdi da ne iznosi nikakve vrednosne sudove. Ali samim svođenjem ljudi na hrpu ukusa, želja i sklonosti, čiji izbor kapitalističko društvo unapred ograničava, „objektivni naučnik“ dolaze do bizarnog iskaza da je ta hrpa ono što radnik zapravo jeste; odatle njegov fantastični vrednosni sud da radnik ne može biti drugačiji, osim onakav kakav u kapitalističkom društvu već jeste. Prema „zakonima o ljudskom ponašanju“ te „nauke“, solidarnost studenata i radnika, okupacija fabrika od strane radnika, želja radnika da sami upravljaju proizvodnjom, distribucijom i koordinacijom jesu nešto nemoguće. Zašto? Zato što je to u kapitalističkom društvu nemoguće, a za te „naučnike“, koji ne donose vrednosne sudove, postojeća društva su jedina moguća društva, pri čemu je korporacijsko-vojno društvo najbolje od svih mogućih društava.
Prema vrednosnom sudu tih eksperata („koji ne donose vrednosne sudove“) svaki član američkog društva prosto \emph{mora} biti zadovoljan. Naime, za te vrednosno operisane „naučnike“ nezadovoljstvo je „vrednosni sud“ uvezen sa strane; kako bi u najboljem od svih mogućih svetova neko mogao biti nezadovoljan? Ako neka osoba taj svet ne vidi kao najbolji od svih mogućih svetova, onda je to zato što sledi ideje „stranog porekla“; ako je ta osoba nezadovoljna njime, onda mora biti neuravnotežena; mora biti i opasna, ako namerava da deluje u skladu sa svojim nezadovoljstvom; i zato je treba ukloniti s posla, ako je moguće izgladneti, a po potrebi i ubiti, da bi naš ekspert bio potpuno zadovoljan.
Za američkog sociologa „ljudska priroda“ je ono što ljudi u korporacijsko-vojnoj Americi rade: nekoliko njih odlučuje, ostali izvršavaju naređenja; jedni misle, drugi rade; neki kupuju rad drugih ljudi, ostali prodaju svoju radnu snagu; nekolicina investira, svi ostali su potrošači; jedni su sadisti, drugi mazohisti; jedni imaju želju za ubijanjem, drugi da budu ubijeni. Kod „naučnika“ sve to prolazi kao „razmena“, „reciprocitet“ i „podela rada“, u kojoj su ljudi podeljeni po radnim zadacima. Za „sociologa“ je sve to nešto tako \emph{prirodno} da on zaista veruje kako ne donosi nikakve vrednosne sudove kada sve to prihvata zdravo za gotovo. Korporacije i vojni kompleks daju mu čak i sredstva da bi dokazao da je tako shvaćena „ljudska priroda“ duboko usađena u sam početak istorije i dubine nesvesnog. (Američki psiholozi, naročito bihevioristi, dali su vrlo dvosmislen „doprinos“ nauci u obliku tvrdnje da čak i životinje poseduju „ljudsku prirodu“: ti psiholozi su dovodili pacove do ludila izlažući ih uslovima sličnim ratnim, koje su sami osmislili, dokazujući tako da i pacovi imaju želju za ubijanjem, kao i sklonost ka mazohizmu.)
S takvim shvatanjem „ljudske prirode“, snaga korporacijsko-vojnog sistema ne počiva samo u potencijalnom nasilju njegove vojske i policije već i u činjenici da je korporacijsko-vojni sistem u skladu s ljudskom prirodom.
U okvirima onoga što američki „sociolog“ uzima zdravo za gotovo, kada su studenti i radnici u Francuskoj stupili u borbu za ukidanje „reciprociteta“, „razmene“ i podele rada, oni se nisu borili protiv kapitalističke policije već protiv ljudske prirode. A pošto je tako nešto očigledno nemoguće, sve ono što se dogodilo maja 1968. jednostavno se nije dogodilo.
\section{„Zdrav razum“ eksplodira}
Na pitanje šta je \emph{moguće} ne može se odgovoriti u okvirima onoga \emph{što jeste}. Činjenica da je „ljudska priroda“ sklona hijerarhiji u jednom hijerarhijskom društvu ne znači da je hijerarhijska podela ljudi po radnim zadacima neophodna za društveni život.
Nisu kapitalističke institucije te koje zadovoljavaju ljudske potrebe. Radni ljudi u kapitalističkom društvu su ti koji moraju da se oblikuju tako da se uklope u institucije kapitalističkog društva.
Kada neki ljudi kupuju rad, a drugi ga prodaju, svako pokušava da se proda po najvećoj mogućoj ceni, pri čemu se svako upinje da i kupca i samog sebe ubedi kako onaj do njega vredi manje.
U takvom društvu, studenti koji se pripremaju da jednog dana postanu dobro plaćeni menadžeri i manipulatori moraju da uvere svoje kupce i same sebe da su kao „profesionalci“ superiorniji od fakultetski neobrazovanih manuelnih radnika.
U takvom društvu, „vaspovski“ radnici (WASP, White Anglo-Saxon Protestant; beli anglosaksonski protestanti) koji pokušavaju da se prodaju za dobro plaćene, lakše poslove, mahnito uveravaju sami sebe i svoje kupce da su bolji, vredniji i pouzdaniji od stranih, katoličkih, jevrejskih, portorikanskih, meksičkih i crnih radnika; crni „profesionalci“ govore samima sebi da vrede više od crnih manuelnih radnika; svaki belac govori sebi da je bolji od svakog crnca; a svaki Amerikanac govori sebi da je bolji od svakog južnoameričkog, azijskog i afričkog „urođenika“. Pošto „vaspovcima“ sistematski uspeva da se prodaju po najvećoj ceni, svako ispod njih nastoje da bude što sličniji nekom „vaspovcu“. („Vaspovci“ su tradicionalno pripadnici vladajuće klase. Ako bi kepecima sistematski uspevalo da postignu najveću cenu, svi ispod njih nastojali bi da postanu kepeci.)
Da bi zadržala svoje relativne privilegije, svaka grupa pokušava da onu ispod sebe spreči da uzdrma strukturu.
Tako se u „mirnodopskim“ uslovima sistem u velikoj meri samonadzire: kolonizovani tlače kolonizovane, crnci tlače crnce, a belci tlače jedni druge, crnce i kolonizovane. Tako radna populacija tlači samu sebe, „red i zakon“ se održavaju, a vladajuća klasa je pošteđena dalje primene svog represivnog aparata.
Za „sociologa“ i profesionalnog propagandistu ta „podela rada“ je prirodna isto koliko i sama „ljudska priroda“. Jedinstvo različitih „interesnih grupa“ za „sociologa“ je nepojmljivo isto koliko i revolucija.
Pošto smatra „naučno dokazanim“ da se različite grupe ne mogu ujediniti u borbi protiv kapitalizma, ekspert čini sve što je u njegovoj moći da se to jedinstvo ne ostvari, dok njegove kolege konstruišu nova oružja, za slučaj da se ljudi ipak ujedine protiv kapitalističkog sistema.
Zato što se ponekad cela struktura raspukne.
Ekspert koji tvrdi da je kapitalizam u potpunom skladu s „ljudskom prirodom“, s ukusima, željama i težnjama ljudi, u isto vreme konstruiše ceo arsenal mitova i naoružanja kojima se taj sistem brani. Ali od čega taj sistem mora da se brani? Od ljudske prirode? Ako taj sistem, da bi opstao, mora da se brani od ljudske prirode, to onda, izraženo jezikom sâmog eksperta, može da znači samo jedno: da je taj sistem krajnje \emph{neprirodan}.
I dok neki eksperti tvrde kako je pobuna u Francuskoj \emph{nemoguća} zato što je neprirodna, njihove kolege prave gasove za onesposobljavanje s kojima će panduri moći da uguše takve nemoguće pobune. Naime, SVE JE MOGUĆE.
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1968.
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Anarhistička biblioteka
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Anti-Copyright
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Fredy Perlman
Sve je moguće
1968.
\bigskip
Fredy Perlman, „Anything Can Happen“, \emph{Black and Red}, no 1, September 1968.
Preveo AG, 2003 (2019).\forcelinebreak \href{https://anarhija-blok45.net}{https:\Slash{}\Slash{}anarhija-blok45.net}
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\begin{document}
\onecolumn
\title{Bibliography of Publications related to \\
Classical and Quantum Gravity\\
in terms of
Connection and Loop Variables}
\author{
Last updated by \\
Christopher Beetle and Alejandro Corichi \\
Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry \\
Pennsylvania State University \\
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
}
\date{March, 1997}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This bibliography attempts to give a comprehensive overview of all the
literature related to the Ashtekar connection and
the Rovelli-Smolin loop variables. The original version was
compiled by Peter H\"ubner in 1989, and it has been subsequently
updated by Gabriela Gonzalez, Bernd Br\"ugmann, Monica Pierri,
Troy Schilling, Alejandro Corichi and Christopher Beetle.
Information about
additional literature, new preprints, and especially corrections are
always welcome.
\end{abstract}
\newpage
\twocolumn
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Pointers}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%When this bibliography was last updated, Bernd Br\"ugmann included
%some suggestions for the non-specialist. These are intended to serve
%as entry points into the literature. Here are his suggestions:
Here are some suggestions, intended to serve as entry points into the
literature.
First of all, for a complete and authorative presentation of canonical
gravity in the Ashtekar variables there is of course Ashtekar's latest
book [2] which appeared in 1991. The most recent general introduction
to the new variables by Ashtekar are his Les Houches lectures of 1992
[379].
The latest and up to date book in the `loop representation' is the
book by Gambini and Pullin [12], specially in lattice methods and
the `extended loop representation'. Many recent articles can be
found in the book by Ehlers and Friedrich [9].
Rather complete reviews of canonical gravity
in the Ashtekar variables
can be found in Rovelli [189], Kodama [233] and
Smolin [247]. For a critical appraisal of canonical
quantum gravity see Kucha{\v r} [277]. An overview over different
approaches to quantum gravity is given by Isham in [9].
More recent reviews on the two most prominent viewpoints, namely
the `connection' and `loop-spin networks ' representations are
given by Ashtekar et. al. [385]
on one side, and De Pietri and Rovelli [448] on the other.
A {\it dialogue concerning the two chief World systems}
is given in [487].
Finally let us mention a few more specialized references. A clear
and detailed exposition of connection dynamics is given by Romano in
[298]. For newer developments related to matter couplings (geometric
approach) see Peld\'an [369]. The definition of the loop representation is
discussed in Br\"ugmann [7]. Pullin [372] gives an introduction to
results obtained via the loop representation in (unreduced) quantum
gravity.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Books and Dissertations}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\begin{raggedright}
\begin{enumerate}
\item
Abhay Ashtekar and {invited contributors}.
{\em New Perspectives in Canonical Gravity}.
Lecture Notes. Napoli, Italy: Bibliopolis, February 1988.
[Errata published as Syracuse University preprint by Joseph D. Romano
and Ranjeet S. Tate.]
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
{\em Lectures on non-perturbative canonical gravity.}
(Notes prepared in collaboration with R. Tate).
Advanced Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology-Vol. 6.
Singapore: World Scientific, 1991.
\item
J.C. Baez.
{\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}.
Oxford U. Press. (1994).
\item
J.C. Baez and J. Muniain.
{\em Gauge Fields, Knots, and Gravity}.
World Scientific Press (1994).
\item
R. Borissov.
{\em Quantization of Gravity: In search of the space of
physical states}.
Ph.D. Thesis, Temple U. (1997).
\item
O. Bostr\"om. {\em Classical aspects on the road to
quantum gravity}. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Theoretical
Physics, G\"oteborg (1994).
\item
B. Br\"ugmann.
{\em On the constraints of quantum general relativity in the loop
representation.}
Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University (May 1993)
\item
R. Capovilla.
{\em The self-dual spin connection as the fundamental gravitational
variable.}
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland (1991).
\item
J. Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds.
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to Quantum}.
Lecture Notes in Physics 434, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995).
\item
K. Ezawa. Nonperturbative Solutions for Canonical Quantum Gravity: an
Overview. Ph.D. Thesis, Osaka U (January 1996). gr-qc/9601050.
\item
G. F\"ul\"op.
{\em Supersymmetries and Ashtekar's Variables}.
Licentiate Thesis, I.T.P. G\"oteborg (1993).
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin. {\em Loops, Knots, Gauge Theory
and Quantum Gravity}. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (1996).
\item
V. Husain. {\it Investigations on the canonical quantization of gravity.}
Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University (1989).
\item
J. Iwasaki.
{\em On Loop-Theoretic Frameworks of Quantum Gravity}.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh (April 1994).
\item
S. Koshti.
{\em Applications of the Ashtekar variables in Classical Relativity}.
Ph. D. Thesis, University of Poona (June 1991).
\item
H.J. Matschull.
{\em Kanonishe Formulierung von Gravitations und
Supergravitations Theorien}. Ph.D. Thesis,
Hamburg University (July 1994), ISSN 0418-983.
\item
H.A, Morales-T\'ecotl.
{\em On Spacetime and Matter at Planck Lenght}.
Ph. D. Thesis SISSA/ISAS (January 1994).
\item
P. Peld\'an.
{\em From Metric to Connection: Actions for gravity, with generalizations}.
Ph.D. Thesis I.T.P. G\"oteborg (1993) ISBN 91-7032-817-X.
\item
Paul. A. Renteln. {\em Non-perturbative approaches to Quantum Gravity. }
Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University (1988).
\item
D. Rayner.
{\em New variables in canonical quantisation and quantum gravity.}
Ph.D. Thesis, University of London (1991).
\item
J. D. Romano.
{\em Geometrodynamics vs. Connection Dynamics (in the context
of (2+1)- and (3+1)-gravity)}.
Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University (1991), see also gr-qc/9303032
\item
V.O. Soloviev.
{\em Boundary values as Hamiltonian Variables. I. New Poisson brackets}.
Ph.D. Thesis ?????. IHEP93-48 (submitted to J. Math. Phys.)
\item
C. Soo.
{\em Classical and quantum gravity with Ashtekar variables.}
Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
VPI-IHEP-92-11 (July 1992)
\item
R.S. Tate.
{\em An algebraic approach to the quantization of constrained systems:
finite dimensional examples.}
Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University (Aug. 1992), gr-qc/9304043
\item
T. Thiemann.
{\em On the canonical quantization of gravity in
the Ashtekar framework}. Ph.D. Thesis, Achen T.
Hochschule, 1993.
\item
J.J. Zegwaard. {\em The Loop Representation for Canonical Quantum Gravity and
its Interpretation}. Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University (January 1994). ISBN
90-393-0070-4.
% theses: Blencowe? Manojlovic?
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Papers}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1980}
\item
Paul Sommers.
Space spinors.
{\em J. Math. Phys.} {\bf 21}(10):2567--2571, October 1980.
\section*{1981}
\item
Amitabha Sen.
On the existence of neutrino ``zero-modes'' in vacuum spacetimes.
{\em J. Math. Phys.} {\bf 22}(8):1781--1786, August 1981.
\section*{1982}
\item
Abhay Ashtekar and G.T. Horowitz.
On the canonical approach to quantum gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D26}:3342--3353, 1982.
\item
Amitabha Sen.
Gravity as a spin system.
{\em Phys. Lett. } {\bf B119}:89--91, December 1982.
\section*{1984}
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
On the {H}amiltonian of general relativity.
{\em Physica} {\bf A124}:51--60, 1984.
\item
A. Ashtekar and G.T. Horowitz.
Phase space of general relativity revisited: A canonical choice of
time and simplification of the Hamiltonian. \jmp{25}: 1473-1480, (1984).
\item
E.~T. Newman.
Report of the workshop on classical and quantum alterate theories of
gravity.
In B.~Bertotti, F.~{de Felice}, and A.~Pascolini, editors, {\em The
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on General Relativity and
Gravitation}, Amsterdam, 1984.
\section*{1986}
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
New variables for classical and quantum gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf 57}(18):2244--2247, November 1986.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Self-duality and spinorial techniques in the canonical approach to
quantum gravity.
In C.~J. Isham and R.~Penrose, editors, {\em Quantum Concepts in
Space and Time}, pages 303--317. Oxford University Press, 1986.
\item
Robert~M. Wald.
Non-existence of dynamical perturbations of {S}chwarzschild with
vanishing self-dual part.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 3}(1):55--63, January 1986.
\newpage
\section*{1987}
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
New {H}amiltonian formulation of general relativity.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D36}(6):1587--1602, September 1987.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
{E}instein constraints in the {Y}ang-{M}ills form.
In G.~Longhi and L~Lusanna, editors, {\em Constraint's Theory and
Relativistic Dynamics}, Singapore, 1987. World Scientific.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar, Pawel Mazur, and Charles~G. Torre.
{BRST} structure of general relativity in terms of new variables.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D36}(10):2955--2962, November 1987.
\item
John~L. Friedman and Ian Jack.
Formal commutators of the gravitational constraints are not
well-defined: A translation of {A}shtekar's ordering to the {S}chr{\"o}dinger
representation.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D37}(12):3495--3504, June 1987.
\item
Kazuo Ghoroku.
New variable formalism of higher derivative gravity.
\pl{B194}: 535-538, 1987
\item
Ted Jacobson and Lee Smolin.
The left-handed spin connection as a variable for canonical gravity.
{\em Phys. Lett. } {\bf B196}(1):39--42, September 1987.
\item
Joseph Samuel.
A {L}agrangian basis for {A}shtekar's reformulation of canonical
gravity.
{\em Pram{\=a}na-J Phys.} {\bf 28}(4):L429-L432, April 1987.
\item
N.~C. Tsamis and R.~P. Woodard.
The factor ordering problem must be regulated.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D36}(12):3641--3650, December 1987.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1988}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
A $3+1$ formulation of {E}instein self-duality.
In J.~Isenberg, editor, {\em Mathematics and General Relativity},
Providence, 1988. American Mathematical Society.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Microstructure of space-time in quantum gravity.
In K.~C. Wali, editor, {\em Proceedings of the Eight Workshop in
Grand Unification}, Singapore, 1988. World Scientific.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
New perspectives in canonical quantum gravity.
In B.~R. Iyer, A.~Kembhavi, J.~V. Narlikar, and C.~V. Vishveshwara,
editors, {\em Highlights in Gravitation and Cosmology}. Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar, Ted Jacobson, and Lee Smolin.
A new characterization of half-flat solutions to {E}instein's
equation.
{\em Commun. Math. Phys.} {\bf 115}:631--648, 1988.
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
Note on {A}shtekar's variables in the spherically symmetric case.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}(10):L139--L142, October 1988.
\item
R. Gianvittorio, R. Gambini and A. Trias.
\pr{D38} (1988) 702
\item
J.~N. Goldberg.
A {H}amiltonian approach to the strong gravity limit.
{\em Gen. Rel. Grav.} {\bf 20}(9):881--891, September 1988.
\item
J.~N. Goldberg.
Triad approach to the {H}amiltonian of general relativity.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D37}(8):2116--2120, April 1988.
\item
Viqar Husain.
The {$G_{\mbox{Newton}}\rightarrow\infty$} limit of quantum gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}(4):575--582, April 1988.
\item
Ted Jacobson.
Fermions in canonical gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}(10):L143--L148, October 1988.
\item
Ted Jacobson.
New variables for canonical supergravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}:923--935, 1988.
\item
Ted Jacobson.
Superspace in the self-dual representation of quantum gravity.
In J.~Isenberg, editor, {\em Mathematics and General Relativity},
Providence, 1988. American Mathematical Society.
\item
Ted Jacobson and Lee Smolin.
Covariant action for {A}shtekar's form of canonical gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}(4):583--594, April 1988.
\item
Ted Jacobson and Lee Smolin.
Nonperturbative quantum geometries.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B299}(2):295--345, April 1988.
\item
Hideo Kodama.
Specialization of {A}shtekar's formalism to {B}ianchi cosmology.
{\em Prog. Theor. Phys.} {\bf 80}(6):1024--1040, December 1988.
\item
Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin.
Knot theory and quantum gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf 61}:1155--1158, 1988.
\item
Joseph Samuel.
Gravitational instantons from the {A}shtekar variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}:L123--L125, 1988.
\item
Lee Smolin.
Quantum gravity in the self-dual representation.
In J.~Isenberg, editor, {\em Mathematics and General Relativity},
Providence, 1988. American Mathematical Society.
\item
C.~G. Torre.
The propagation amplitude in spinorial gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 5}:L63--L68, 1988.
\item
Edward Witten.
(2+1) dimensional gravity as an exactly soluble system.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B311}(1):46--78, December 1988.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1989}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Non-pertubative quantum gravity: A status report.
In M.~Cerdonio, R.~Cianci, M.~Francaviglia, and M.~Toller, editors,
{\em General Relativity and Gravitation}. Singapore: World Scientific, 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Recent developments in {H}amiltonian gravity.
In B.~Simon, I.~M. Davies, and A.~Truman, editors, {\em The
Proceedings of the {IX}th International Congress on Mathematical Physics},
Swansea UK, July 1988.(Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1989).
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Recent developments in quantum gravity.
In E.~J. Fenyves, editor, {\em Proceedings of the Texas Symposium on
Relativistic Astrophysics}. New York Academy of Science, 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Recent Developments in Quantum Gravity. {\it Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences} {\bf 571}, 16-26. December 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar, A.~P. Balachandran, and S.~G. Jo.
The {CP}-problem in quantum gravity.
{\em Int. Journ. Theor. Phys.} {\bf A4}:1493--1514, 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar, Viqar Husain, Carlo Rovelli, Joseph Samuel, and Lee Smolin.
$2+1$ quantum gravity as a toy model for the $3+1$ theory.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}:L185--L193, 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar and Joseph~D. Romano.
{C}hern-{S}imons and {P}alatini actions and ($2+1$)-gravity.
{\em Phys. Lett. } {\bf B229}(1,2):56--60, October 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar, Joseph~D. Romano, and Ranjeet~S. Tate.
New variables for gravity: Inclusion of matter.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D40}(8):2572--2587, October 1989.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar and Joseph~D. Romano.
Key ($3+1$)-equations in terms of new variables (for numerical
relativity).
Syracuse University Report (1989).
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
{Y}ang-{M}ills theory and general relativity in three and four
dimensions.
{\em Phys. Lett. } {\bf B220}:51--53, 1989.
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
Some remarks on space-time decomposition, and degenerate metrics, in
general relativity.
{\em Int. J. Mod. Phys. } {\bf A4}(20):5527--5538,
1989.
\item
Riccardo Capovilla, John Dell, and Ted Jacobson.
General relativity without a metric.
{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf 63}(21):2325--2328, November 1989.
\item
Steven Carlip.
Exact quantum scattering in 2+1 dimensional gravity.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B324}(1):106--122, 1989.
\item
B. P. Dolan.
On the generating function for Ashtekar's canonical transformation.
{\em Phys. Lett. } {\bf B233}(1,2):89-92 , December 1989.
\item
Tevian Dray, Ravi Kulkarni, and Joseph Samuel.
Duality and conformal structure.
{\em J. Math. Phys.} {\bf 30}(6):1306--1309, June 1989.
\item
N.~N. Gorobey and A.~S. Lukyanenko.
The closure of the constraint algebra of complex self-dual gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}(11):L233--L235, November 1989.
\item
M.~Henneaux, J.~E. Nelson, and C.~Schomblond.
Derivation of {A}shtekar variables from tetrad gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D39}(2):434--437, January 1989.
\item
A. Herdegen. Canonical gravity from a variation principle in a copy of
a tangent bundle. {\it Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}(8):1111-24,
(1989).
\item
G. T. Horowitz.
Exactly soluble diffeomorphism invariant theories. {\it Commun.
Math. Phys.} {\bf 125}(3): 417-37, 1989.
\item
Viqar Husain.
Intersecting loop solutions of the {H}amiltonian constraint of
quantum general relativity.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B313}:711--724, 1989.
\item
Viqar Husain and Lee Smolin.
Exactly solvable quantum cosmologies from two {K}illing field
reductions of general relativity.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B327}:205--238, 1989.
\item
V.~Khatsymovsky.
Tetrad and self-dual formulation of {R}egge calculus.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}(12):L249--L255, December 1989.
\item
Sucheta Koshti and Naresh Dadhich.
Degenerate spherical symmetric cosmological solutions using
{A}shtekar's variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}:L223--L226, 1989.
\item
Stephen~P. Martin.
Observables in 2+1 dimensional gravity.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf 327}(1):78--204, November 1989.
\item
L.~J. Mason and E.~T. Newman.
A connection between {E}instein and {Y}ang-{M}ills equations.
{\em Commun. Math. Phys.} {\bf 121}(4):659--668, 1989.
\item
J.~E. Nelson and T.~Regge.
Group manifold derivation of canonical theories.
{\em Int. J. Mod. Phys.} {\bf A4},2021 (1989).
\item
Paul Renteln and Lee Smolin.
A lattice approach to spinorial quantum gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 6}:275--294, 1989.
\item
Amitabha Sen and Sharon Butler.
The quantum loop.
{\em The Sciences}: 32--36, November/December 1989.
\item
L. Smolin.
Invariants of links and critical points of the {C}hern-{S}imon path
integrals.
{\em Mod. Phys. Lett.} {\bf A4}:1091--1112, 1989.
\item
L. Smolin.
Loop representation for quantum gravity in 2+1 dimensions.
In the {\em Proceedings of the John's Hopkins Conference on Knots,
Topology and Quantum Field Theory}, ed. L. Lusanna (World Scientific,
Singapore 1989)
\item
Sanjay~M. Wagh and Ravi~V. Saraykar.
Conformally flat initial data for general relativity in {A}shtekar's
variables.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D39}(2):670--672, January 1989.
\item
Edward Witten.
Gauge theories and integrable lattice models.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B322}(3):629--697, August 1989.
\item
Edward Witten.
Topology-changing amplitudes in (2+1) dimensional gravity.
{\em Nucl. Phys.} {\bf B323}(1):113--122, August 1989.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1990}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
C. Aragone and A. Khouder .
Vielbein gravity in the light-front gauge.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}:1291--1298, 1990.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Old problems in the light of new variables.
In {\em Proceedings of the Osgood Hill Conference on Conceptual
Problems in Quantum Gravity}, eds. A. Ashtekar and J. Stachel
(Birkh\"auser, Boston 1991)
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Self duality, quantum gravity, {W}ilson loops and all that.
In N.~Ashby, D.~F. Bartlett, and W.~Wyss, editors, {\em Proceedings
of the 12th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation}.
Cambridge University Press, 1990.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar and Jorge Pullin.
{B}ianchi cosmologies: A new description.
{\em Proc. Phys. Soc. Israel} {\bf 9}:65-76 (1990).
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Lessons from 2+1 dimensional quantum gravity.
In {\em "Strings 90"} edited
by R. Arnowitt et al (Singapore: World Scientific, 1990).
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
A new phase for general relativity?
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1):27--39, January 1990.
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
P, T, and the cosmological constant.
{\em Int. J. Mod. Phys. } {\bf A5}(17):3449-3459 (1990).
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson.
Self-Dual Yang-Mills fields and Ashtekar variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}:L223-L228 (1990)
\item
Ingemar Bengtsson and P. Peld{\' a}n.
Ashtekar variables, the theta-term, and the cosmological constant.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf B244}(2): 261-64, 1990.
\item
M.~P. Blencowe.
The {H}amiltonian constraint in quantum gravity.
{\em Nuc. Phys.} {\bf B341}(1):213, 1990.
\item
L.~Bombelli and R.~J. Torrence.
Perfect fluids and {A}shtekar variables, with applications to
{K}antowski-{S}achs models.
{\em Class.Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}:1747 (1990).
\item
Riccardo Capovilla, John Dell, and Ted Jacobson.
Gravitational instantons as {SU(2)} gauge fields.
{\em Class.Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1):L1--L3, January 1990.
\item
Steven Carlip.
Observables, gauge invariance and time in 2+1 dimensional gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D42}, 2647-2654 (October 1990).
\item
S. Carlip and S. P. de Alwis.
Wormholes in (2+1)-gravity.
{\em Nuc. Phys.} {\bf B337}:681-694, June 1990.
\item
G. Chapline.
Superstrings and Quantum Gravity.
{\em Mod. Phys. Lett.}{\bf A5}:2165-72 (1990).
\item
R. Floreanini and R. Percacci.
Canonical algebra of GL(4)-invariant gravity.
{\em Class.Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}:975--984, 1990.
\item
R. Floreanini and R. Percacci.
Palatini formalism and new canonical variables for GL(4)-invariant
gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}: 1805-18, 1990.
\item
R. Floreanini and R. Percacci.
Topological pregeometry.
{\em Mod. Phys. Lett.} {\bf A5}: 2247-51, 1990.
\item
Takeshi Fukuyama and Kiyoshi Kaminura.
Complex action and quantum gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D41}:1105-11, February 1990.
\item
G.~Gonzalez and J.~Pullin.
{BRST} quantization of 2+1 gravity.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D42}(10): 3395-3400 (1990).
[Erratum: {\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf 43}: 2749, April 1991].
\item
N.~N. Gorobey and A.~S. Lukyanenko.
The {A}shtekar complex canonical transformation for supergravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1):67--71, January 1990.
\item
C. Holm.
Connections in Bergmann manifolds.
{\em Int. Journ. Theor. Phys.} {\bf A29}(1):23-36, January 1990.
\item
V. Husain and K. Kucha{\v r}.
General covariance, the New variables, and dynamics without dynamics.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D42}(12)4070-4077 (December 1990).
\item
Viqar Husain and Jorge Pullin.
Quantum theory of space-times with one Killing field.
{\em Modern Phys. Lett. } {\bf A5}(10):733-741, April 1990.
\item
K. Kamimura and T. Fukuyama. Ashtekar's formalism in 1st order tetrad form.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D41}(6): 1885-88, 1990.
\item
H. Kodama.
Holomorphic wavefunction of the universe.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D42}: 2548-2565 (October 1990).
\item
Sucheta Koshti and Naresh Dadhich.
On the self-duality of the {W}eyl tensor using {A}shtekar's
variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1):L5--L7, January 1990.
\item
Noah Linden.
New designs on space-time foams.
{\em Physics World} {\bf 3}(3):30-31, March 1990.
\item
N.Manojlovic.
Alternative loop variables for canonical gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}:1633-1645. (1990).
\item
E.~W. Mielke.
Generating functional for new variables in general relativity and
{P}oincare gauge theory.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf A149}: 345-350 (1990).
\item
E.~W. Mielke.
Positive gravitational energy proof from complex variables?
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D42}(10): 3338-3394 (1990).
\item
Peter Peld\'{a}n.
Gravity coupled to matter without the metric.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf B248}(1,2): 62-66 (1990).
\item
D.~Rayner.
A formalism for quantising general relativity using non-local
variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1):111--134, January 1990.
\item
D.~Rayner.
Hermitian operators on quantum general relativity loop space.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(4):651--661, April 1990.
\item
Paul Renteln.
Some results of {SU}(2) spinorial lattice gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(3):493--502, March 1990.
\item
D.C. Robinson and C. Soteriou.
Ashtekar's new variables and the vacuum constraint equations.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(11): L247-L250 (1990).
\item
Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin.
Loop representation of quantum general relativity.
{\em Nuc. Phys.} {\bf B331}(1): 80-152, February 1990.
\item
M.~Seriu and H.~Kodama.
New canonical formulation of the {E}instein theory.
{\em Prog. Theor. Phys.} {\bf 83}(1):7-12, January 1990.
\item
Lee Smolin.
Loop representation for quantum gravity in $2+1$ dimensions.
In {\em Proceedings of the 12th John Hopkins Workshop: Topology and
Quantum Field Theory} (Florence, Italy), 1990.
\item
C. G. Torre.
Perturbations of gravitational instantons.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D41}(12) : 3620-3621, June 1990.
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C.~G. Torre.
A topological field theory of gravitational instantons.
{\em Phys. Lett } {\bf B252}(2):242-246 (1990).
\item
C. G. Torre.
On the linearization stability of the conformally
(anti)self dual {E}instein equations,
{\em J. Math. Phys.} {\bf 31}(12): 2983-2986 (1990).
\item
H. Waelbroeck.
2+1 lattice gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}(1): 751--769, January 1990.
\item
M. Waldrop.
Viewing the Universe as a Coat of Chain Mail.
{\em Science} {\bf 250}: 1510-1511 (1990).
\item
R. P. Wallner
New variables in gravity theories.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D42}(2):441-448 ,July 1990.
\item
R.S. Ward.
The SU($\infty$) chiral model and self-dual vacuum spaces.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 7}: L217-L222 (1990).
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1991}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
V. Aldaya and J. Navarro-Salas.
New solutions of the hamiltonian and diffeomorphism constraints of quantum
gravity from a highest weight loop representation.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf B259}: 249-55, April 1991.
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Old problems in the light of new variables.
In {\em Proceedings of the Osgood Hill Conference on Conceptual
Problems in Quantum Gravity}, eds. A. Ashtekar and J. Stachel
(Birkh\"auser, Boston 1991)
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
The winding road to quantum gravity.
In {\em Proceedings of the Osgood Hill Conference on Conceptual
Problems in Quantum Gravity}, eds. A. Ashtekar and J. Stachel
(Birkh\"auser, Boston 1991)
\item
Abhay Ashtekar.
Canonical Quantum Gravity.
In {\em The Proceedings of the 1990 Banff Workshop on Gravitational
Physics}, edited by R. Mann (Singapore: World Scientific, 1991), and
in the {\em Proceedings of SILARG VIII Conference}, edited by M.
Rosenbaum and M. Ryan (Singapore: World Scientific 1991).
\item
A. Ashtekar, C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
Gravitons and loops.
{\em Phys. Rev.}{\bf D44}(6):1740-55, 15 September 1991.
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Samuel.
Bianchi cosmologies: the role of spatial topology.
\cqg{8} (1991) 2191--215
\item
I. Bengtsson.
The cosmological constants.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf B254}:55-60, 1991.
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Self-duality and the metric in a family of neighbours of Einstein's equations.
{\em J. Math. Phys.}{\bf 32} (Nov. 1991) 3158--61
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Degenerate metrics and an empty black hole.
\cqg{8}, 1847 (1991),
Goteborg-90-45 (December 1990).
\item
Peter G. Bergmann and Garrit Smith.
Complex phase spaces and complex gauge groups in general relativity.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D43}:1157-61, February 1991.
\item
L. Bombelli.
Unimodular relativity, general covariance, time, and the Ashtekar
variables.
In {\em Gravitation. A Banff Summer Institute}, eds.~R. Mann and P.
Wesson (World Scientific 1991) 221--32
\item
L. Bombelli, W.E. Couch and R.J.Torrence.
Time as spacetime four-volume and the Ashtekar variables.
\pr{D44} (15. Oct. 1991) 2589--92
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann.
The method of loops applied to lattice gauge theory.
{\em Phys. Rev. } {\bf D43}: 566-79, January 1991.
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann and J. Pullin.
Intersecting N loop solutions of the Hamiltonian constraint
of Quantum Gravity.
{\em Nuc. Phys.} {\bf B363}: 221-44, September 1991.
\item
R. Capovilla, J. Dell, T. Jacobson and L. Mason.
Self dual forms and gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 8}: 41-57, January 1991.
\item
R. Capovilla, J. Dell and T. Jacobson.
A pure spin-connection formulation of gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 8}: 59-74, January 1991.
\item
Steven Carlip.
Measuring the metric in 2+1 dimensional quantum gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 8}:5-17, January 1991.
\item
S. Carlip and J. Gegenberg.
Gravitating topological matter in 2+1 dimensions.
{\em Phys. Rev.}{\bf D44}(2):424-28, 15 July 1991.
\item
L. Crane.
2-d physics and 3-d topology.
{\em Commun. Math. Phys.} {\bf 135}: 615-640, January 1991.
\item
N. Dadhich, S. Koshti and A. Kshirsagar.
On constraints of pure connection formulation of General Relativity
for non-zero cosmological constant.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 8}: L61-L64, March 1991.
\item
B.~P. Dolan.
The extension of chiral gravity to {SL}(2,{C}).
In {\em Proceedings of the
1990 Banff Summer School on gravitation}, ed. by R. Mann (World Scientific,
Singapore 1991)
\item
R. Floreanini and R. Percacci.
GL(3) invariant gravity without metric.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.}{\bf 8}(2):273-78, February 1991.
\item
G. Fodor and Z. Perjes.
Ashtekar variables without hypersurfaces.
{\em Proc. of Fifth Sem. Quantum Gravity, Moscow} (Singapore: World
Scientific 1991) 183--7
\item
H. Fort and R. Gambini.
Lattice QED with light fermions in the P representation.
IFFI preprint, 90-08. \pr{D44}:1257-1262, 1991.
\item
T. Fukuyama and K. Kamimura.
Schwarzschild solution in Ashtekar formalism.
\mpl{A6} (1991) 1437--42
\item
R. Gambini.
Loop space representation of quantum general relativity and the group of loops.
{\em Phys. Lett.} {\bf B255}:180-88, February 1991.
\item
J.N. Goldberg.
Self-dual Maxwell field on a null cone.
\grg{23} (December 1991) 1403--1413
\item
J.N. Goldberg, E.T. Newman, and C. Rovelli.
On Hamiltonian systems with first class constraints.
\jmp{32}(10) (1991) 2739--43
\item
J. Goldberg, D.C. Robinson and C. Soteriou.
Null surface canonical formalism. In {\em Gravitation and Modern Cosmology},
ed. Zichichi (Plenum Press, New York, 1991)
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J. Goldberg, D.C.Robinson and C. Soteriou.
A canonical formalism with a self-dual Maxwell field on a null surface.
In {\em 9th Italian Conference on General Relativity and Gravitational
Physics (P.G. Bergmann Festschrift)}, ed. R. Cianci et al (World
Scientific, Singapore 1991)
\item
G.T. Horowitz.
Topology change in classical and quantum gravity.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.} {\bf 8}:587-601, April 1991.
\item
V. Husain.
Topological quantum mechanics.
{\em Phys. Rev.} {\bf D43}: 1803-07, March 1991.
\item
H. Ikemori.
Introduction to two form gravity and Ashtekar formalism.
YITP-K-922 preprint (March 1991).
{\em Tokyo Quantum Gravity}:7-88, 1991.
\item
C. J. Isham.
Loop Algebras and Canonical Quantum Gravity.
To appear in Contemporary Mathematics,edited by M. Gotay, V. Moncrief
and J. Marsden (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1991).
\item
K. Kamimura, S. Makita and T. Fukuyama .
Spherically symmetric vacuum solution in Ashtekar's formulation of gravity.
\mpl{A6} (30. Oct. 1991) 3047--53
\item
C. Kozameh and E.T. Newman.
The O(3,1) Yang-mills equations and the Einstein equations.
{\em Gen. Rel. Grav.} {\bf 23}:87-98, January 1991.
\item
H. C. Lee and Z. Y. Zhu.
Quantum holonomy and link invariants.
{\em Phys. Rev.}{\bf D44}(4):R942-45, 15 August 1991.
\item
R. Loll.
A new quantum representation for canonical gravity and SU(2)
Yang-Mills theory.
\np{B350} (1991) 831--60
\item
E. Mielke, F. Hehl.
Comment on ``General relativity without the metric''.
\prl{67} (Sept.\ 1991) 1370
\item
V. Moncrief and M. P. Ryan.
Amplitude-real-phase exact solutions for quantum mixmaster universes.
{\em Phys. Rev.}{\bf D44}, (1991), 2375.
\item
C.~Nayak.
The loop space representation of 2+1 quantum gravity: physical
observables,variational principles, and the issue of time.
{\em Gen. Rel. Grav.} {\bf 23}: 661-70, June 1991.
\item
C.~Nayak.
Einstein-Maxwell theory in 2+1 dimensions.
{\em Gen. Rel. Grav.}{\bf 23}:981-90, September 1991.
\item
H. Nicolai.
The canonical structure of maximally extended supergravity in three dimensions.
\np{B353} (April 1991) 493
\item
P. Peld{\' a}n.
Legendre transforms in Ashtekar's theory of gravity.
\cqg{8} (Oct. 1991) 1765--83
\item
P. Peld{\' a}n.
Non-uniqueness of the ADM Hamiltonian for gravity.
\cqg{8} (Nov. 1991) L223--7
\item
C. Rovelli.
Ashtekar's formulation of general relativity and loop-space non-perturbative
quantum gravity : a report.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.}{\bf 8}(9): 1613-1675, September 1991.
\item
Carlo Rovelli.
Holonomies and loop representation in quantum gravity.
In {\em The Newman Festschrift}, ed. by A. Janis and J. Porter.
(Birkh{\" a}user, Boston 1991)
\item
Joseph Samuel.
Self-duality in Classical Gravity.
In {\em The Newman Festschrift}, ed. by A. Janis and J. Porter.
(Birkh{\" a}user, Boston 1991)
\item
Lee Smolin.
Nonperturbative quantum gravity via the loop representation.
In {\em Conceptual
Problems of Quantum Gravity}, eds. A. Ashtekar and J. Stachel
(Birkh\"auser, Boston, 1991)
\item
G. t'Hooft.
A chiral alternative to the vierbein field in general relativity.
\np{B357}: 211-221, 1991.
\item
S. Uehara.
A note on gravitational and SU(2) instantons with Ashtekar variables.
\cqg{8} (Nov. 1991) L229--34
\item
M. Varadarajan.
Non-singular degenerate negative energy solution to the Ashtekar equations.
\cqg{8} (Nov. 1991) L235--40
\item
K. Yamagishi and G.F. Chapline.
Induced 4-d self-dual quantum gravity: $\hat{W}_{\infty}$ algebraic approach.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.}{\bf 8}(3):427-46, March 1991.
\item
J. Zegwaard.
Representations of quantum general relativity using Ashtekar's variables.
{\em Class. Quan. Grav.}{\bf 8} (July 1991) 1327--37
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1992}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Loops, gauge fields and gravity.
In {\em Proceedings of the VIth Marcel Grossmann meeting on general
relativity}, eds.\ H. Sato and T. Nakamura (World Scientific, 1992),
and in {\em Proceedings of the VIIIth Canadian conference on
general relativity and gravitation}, edited by G. Kunstater et al
(World Scientific, Singapore 1992)
\item
A. Ashtekar and C. Isham.
Representations of the holonomy algebras of gravity and non-abelian
gauge theories.
\cqg{9} (June 1992) 1433--85
\item
A. Ashtekar and C. Isham.
Inequivalent observable algebras: a new ambiguity in field
quantisation.
\pl{B274} (1992) 393--398
\item
A. Ashtekar and J.D. Romano.
Spatial infinity as a boundary of space-time.
\cqg{9} (April 1992) 1069--100
\item
A. Ashtekar and C. Rovelli.
Connections, loops and quantum general relativity.
\cqg{9} suppl. (1992) S3--12
\item
A. Ashtekar and C. Rovelli.
A loop representation for the quantum Maxwell field.
\cqg{9} (May 1992) 1121--50
\item
A. Ashtekar, C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
Self duality and quantization.
{\em J. Geom. Phys.} {\bf 8} (1992) 7--27
\item
A. Ashtekar, C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
Weaving a classical geometry with quantum threads.
\prl{69} (1992) 237--40
\item
J.C. Baez.
Link invariants of finite type and perturbation theory.
Lett. Math. Phys {\bf 26} (1992) 43--51.
\item
I. Bengtsson and O. Bostr\"om.
Infinitely many cosmological constants.
\cqg{9} (April 1992) L47--51
\item
I. Bengtsson and P. Peldan.
Another `cosmological' constant.
\ijmp{A7} (10 March 1992) 1287--308
\item
O. Bostr\"om.
Degeneracy in loop variables; some further results.
\cqg{9} (Aug. 1992) L83--86
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann, R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Knot invariants as nondegenerate quantum geometries.
\prl{68} (27 Jan. 1992) 431--4
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann, R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Knot invariants as nondegenerate states of four-dimensional quantum gravity.
In {\em Proceedings of the Twentieth International conference on
Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics, Baruch College, City
University of New York,1-7 June 1991}, S. Catto, A. Rocha eds. (World
Scientific, Singapore 1992)
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann, R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Jones polynomials for intersecting knots as physical states of quantum
gravity.
\np{B385} (Oct.\ 1992) 587--603
\item
R. Capovilla.
Nonminimally coupled scalar field and Ashtekar variables.
\pr{D46} (Aug. 1992) 1450--
\item
R. Capovilla.
Generally covariant gauge theories.
UMDGR 90-253 Preprint, May 1990, \np{B373}: 233-246, (1992).
\item
R. Capovilla and T. Jacobson.
Remarks on pure spin connection formulation of gravity.
Maryland preprint UMDGR-91-134, {\em Mod. Phys. Lett} {\bf A7}: 1871-1877,
(1992).
\item
L. N. Chang and C. P. Soo.
Ashtekar's Variables and the Topological Phase of Quantum Gravity.
In {\em Proceedings of the Twentieth International conference on
Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics, Baruch College, City
University of New York,1-7 June 1991}, S. Catto, A. Rocha eds. (World
Scientific, Singapore 1992)
\item
L. N. Chang and C. P. Soo.
BRST cohomology and invariants of four-dimensional gravity in
Ashtekar's variables.
\pr{D46} (Nov. 1992) 4257--62
\item
S. Carlip.
(2+1)-dimensional Chern-Simons gravity as a Dirac square root.
\pr{D45} (1992) 3584--90
\item
Y.M. Cho, K.S. Soh, J.H. Yoon and Q.H. Park.
Gravitation as gauge theory of diffeomorphism group.
\pl{B286}: 251-255, 1992.
\item
G. F\"ul\"op.
Transformations and BRST-charges in 2+1 dimensional gravitation.
gr-qc/9209003, \mpl{A7} (1992) 3495--3502
\item
T. Fukuyama.
Exact Solutions in Ashtekar Formalism.
In {\em Proceedings of the VIth Marcel Grossmann meeting on
general relativity}, eds.\ H. Sato and T. Nakamura (World Scientific, 1992)
\item
T. Fukuyama, K. Kamimura and S. Makita.
Metric from non-metric action of gravity.
\ijmp{D1} (1992) 363--70
\item
A. Giannopoulos and V. Daftardar.
The direct evaluation of the Ashtekar variables for any given metric
using the algebraic computing system STENSOR.
\cqg{9} (July 1992) 1813--22
\item
J. Goldberg.
Quantized self-dual Maxwell field on a null surface.
\jgp{8} (1992) 163--172
\item
J. Goldberg.
Ashtekar variables on null surfaces.
In {\em Proceedings of the VIth Marcel Grossmann meeting on
general relativity}, eds.\ H. Sato and T. Nakamura (World Scientific, 1992)
\item
J.N. Goldberg, J. Lewandowski, and C. Stornaiolo.
Degeneracy in loop variables.
\cmp{148} (1992) 377--402
\item
J.N. Goldberg, D.C. Robinson and C. Soteriou.
Null hypersurfaces and new variables.
\cqg{9} (May 1992) 1309--28
\item
J. Horgan.
Gravity quantized?
{\em Scientific American} (Sept.\ 1992) 18--20
\item
V. Husain.
2+1 gravity without dynamics.
\cqg{9} (March 1992) L33--36
\item
T. Jacobson and J.D. Romano.
Degenerate Extensions of general relativity.
\cqg{9} (Sept. 1992) L119--24
\item
A. Kheyfets and W.A. Miller.
E. Cartan moment of rotation in Ashtekar's
self-dual representation of gravitation.
\jmp{33} (June 1992) 2242--
\item
C. Kim, T. Shimizu and K. Yushida.
2+1 gravity with spinor field.
\cqg{9} (1992) 1211-16
\item
H. Kodama.
Quantum gravity by the complex canonical formulation.
gr-qc/9211022, \ijmp{D1} (1992) 439
\item
S. Koshti.
Massless Einstein Klein-Gordon equations in the spin connection formulation.
\cqg{9} (1992) 1937--42
\item
J. Lewandowski.
Reduced holonomy group and Einstein's equations with a cosmological
constant.
\cqg{9} (Oct. 1992) L147--51
\item
R. Loll.
Independent SU(2)-loop variables and the reduced configuration space
of SU(2)-lattice gauge theory.
\np{B368} (1992) 121--42
\item
R. Loll.
Loop approaches to gauge field theory.
Syracuse SU-GP-92/6-2, in {\em Memorial
Volume for M.K. Polivanov, Teor. Mat. Fiz.} {\bf 91} (1992)
\item
A. Magnon.
Ashtekar variables and unification of gravitational and
electromagnetic interactions.
\cqg{9} suppl. (1992) S169--81
\item
J. Maluf.
Self-dual connections, torsion and Ashtekar's variables.
\jmp{33} (Aug.\ 1992) 2849--54
\item
J.W. Maluf.
Symmetry properties of Ashtekar's formulation of canonical gravity.
Nuovo Cimento {\bf 107} (July 1992) 755--
\item
N. Manojlovi{\' c} and A. Mikovi{\' c}.
Gauge fixing and independent canonical variables in the Ashtekar formalism
of general relativity.
\np{B382} (June 1992) 148--70
\item
N. Manojlovi{\' c} and A. Mikovi{\' c}.
Ashtekar Formulation of (2+1)-gravity on a torus.
\np{B385} (July 1992) 571--586
\item
E.W. Mielke.
Ashtekar's complex variables in general relativity and its teleparallelism
equivalent.
\apny{219} (1992) 78--108
\item
E.T. Newman and C. Rovelli.
Generalized lines of force as the gauge-invariant degrees of freedom
for general relativity and Yang-Mills theory.
\prl{69} (1992) 1300--3
\item
P. Peld\'an.
Connection formulation of (2+1)-dimensional Einstein gravity and
topologically massive gravity.
\cqg{9} (Sept. 1992) 2079--92
\item
L. Smolin.
The ${\rm G_{Newton}\rightarrow 0}$ limit of Euclidean quantum gravity.
\cqg{9} (April 1992) 883--93
\item
L. Smolin.
Recent developments in nonperturbative quantum gravity.
In {\em Proceedings of the XXII Gift International Seminar
on Theoretical Physics, Quantum Gravity and Cosmology, June 1991,
Catalonia, Spain} (World Scientific, Singapore 1992)
\item
V. Soloviev.
Surface terms in Poincare algebra in Ashtekar's formalism.
In {\em Proceedings of the VIth Marcel Grossmann meeting on
general relativity}, eds.\ H. Sato and T. Nakamura (World Scientific, 1992)
\item
Vladimir Soloviev.
How canonical are Ashtekar's variables?
\pl{B292}:30, 1992.
\item
R.S. Tate.
Polynomial constraints for general relativity using real
geometrodynamical variables.
\cqg{9} (Jan. 1992) 101--19
\item
C.G. Torre.
Covariant phase space formulation of parametrized field theory.
\jmp{33} (Nov. 1992) 3802--12
\item
R.P. Wallner.
Ashtekar's variables reexamined.
\pr{D46} (Nov. 1992) 4263--4285
\item
J. Zegwaard.
Gravitons in loop quantum gravity.
\np{B378} (July 1992) 288--308
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1993}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Recent developments in classical and quantum theories of connections
including general relativity.
In {\em Advances in Gravitation and Cosmology}, eds.\ B. Iyer, A.
Prasanna, R. Varma and C. Vishveshwara (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi 1993)
\item
A. Ashtekar, lecture notes by R.S. Tate.
Physics in loop space.
In {\em Quantum gravity, gravitational radiation and large scale
structure in the universe}, eds. B.R.\ Iyer, S.V. Dhurandhar and K.
Babu Joseph (1993)
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski.
Completeness of Wilson loop functionals on the moduli space of
$SL(2,C)$ and $SU(1,1)$-connections.
gr-qc/9304044, \cqg{10} (June 1993) L69--74
\item
A. Ashtekar, R.S. Tate and C. Uggla.
Minisuperspaces: observables, quantization and singularities.
Int. J. Mod. Phys. {\bf D2}, 15--50 (1993).
\item
A. Ashtekar, R.S. Tate and C. Uggla.
Minisuperspaces: symmetries and quantization.
In {\em Misner Festschrift}, edited by B.L. Hu, M. Ryan and C.V.
Vishveshwara (Cambridge University Press, 1993)
\item
J.C. Baez.
Quantum gravity and the algebra of tangles.
\cqg{10} (April 1993) 673--94
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Some observations on degenerate metrics.
\grg{25} (Jan. 1993) 101--12
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Strange Reality: Ashtekar's variables with Variations.
Theor. Math. Phys. {\bf 95} (May 1993) 511
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Neighbors of Einstein's equations --- some new results.
G\"oteborg preprint ITP92-35
\cqg{10}: 1791-1802, 1993.
\item
J. Birman.
New points of view in knot theory.
{\em Bull. AMS}{\bf 28} (April 1993) 253--287
\item
B. Br\"ugmann, R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
How the Jones polynomial gives rise to physical states of quantum
general relativity.
\grg{25} (Jan.\ 1993) 1--6
\item
B. Br\"{u}gmann and J. Pullin.
On the constraints of quantum gravity in the loop representation.
\np{B390} (Feb.\ 1993) 399--438
\item
R. Capovilla and Jerzy Pleba\'nski.
Some exact solutions of the Einstein field equations in terms of the
self-dual spin connection.
\jmp{34} (Jan.\ 1993) 130--138
\item
S. Carlip.
Six ways to quantize (2+1)-dimensional gravity.
gr-qc/9305020, {\em Canadian Gen. Rel.} (1993), 215
\item
C. Di Bartolo, R. Gambini and J. Griego.
The Extended Loop Group: An Infinite Dimensional Manifold
Associated With the Loop Space.IFFI/93.01, gr-qc/9303010
\cmp{158} (Nov. 1993) 217--40
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Quantum Einstein-Maxwell fields: a unified viewpoint from the loop
representation.
hep-th/9210110, \pr{D47} (June 1993) R5214--8
\item
D.E. Grant.
On self-dual gravity.
gr-qc/9301014, \pr{d48} (Sept. 1993) 2606--12
\item
V. Husain.
Ashtekar variables, self-dual metrics and $W_\infty$.
\cqg{10} (March 1993) 543--50
\item
V. Husain.
General covariance, loops, and matter.
gr-qc/9304010, \pr{D47} (June 1993) 5394--9
\item
V. Husain.
Faraday Lines and Observables for the Einstein-Maxwell Theory.
\cqg{10} (1993) L233--L237
\item
G. Immirzi.
The reality conditions for the new canonical variables of general relativity.
\cqg{10} (Nov. 1993) 2347--52
\item
T. Jacobson and J.D. Romano.
The Spin Holonomy Group in General Relativity.
\cmp{155} (July 1993) 261--76
\item
C. Kiefer.
Topology, decoherence, and semiclassical gravity.
gr-qc/9306016, \pr{D47} (June 1993) 5413--21
\item
K. Kuchar. Canonical quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9304012. In {\em General Relativity and Cosmology 1992},
R.J Gleiser, C Kozameh, O.M. Moreshi eds. (IOP Publishing, 1993).
\item
H. Kunitomo and T. Sano.
The Ashtekar formulation for canonical $N=2$ supergravity.
Prog. Theor. Phys. suppl. (1993) 31
\item
K. Kamimura and T. Fukuyama.
Massive analogue of Ashtekar-CDJ action.
Vistas in astronomy {\bf 37} (1993) 625--
\item
S. Lau.
Canonical variables and quasilocal energy in general relativity.
gr-qc/9307026, \cqg{10} (Nov. 1993) 2379--99
\item
H.Y. Lee, A. Nakamichi and T. Ueno.
Topological two-form gravity in four dimensions.
\pr{D47} (Feb.\ 1993) 1563--68
\item
J. Lewandowski.
Group of loops, holonomy maps, path bundle and path connection.
\cqg{10} (1993) 879--904
\item
R. Loll.
Lattice gauge theory in terms of independent Wilson loops.
In {\em Lattice 92}, eds J. Smit and P. van Baal, \np{B}
(Proc.\ Suppl.) {\bf 30} (March 1993)
\item
R. Loll.
Loop variable inequalities in gravity and gauge theory.
\cqg{10} (Aug. 1993) 1471--76
\item
R. Loll.
Yang-Mills theory without Mandelstam constraints.
\np{B400} (1993) 126--44
\item
J. Louko.
Holomorphic quantum mechanics with a quadratic Hamiltonian constraint.
gr-qc/9305003, \pr{D48} (Sept. 1993) 2708--27
\item
J. Maluf.
Degenerate triads and reality conditions in canonical gravity.
\cqg{10} (April 1993) 805--9
\item
N. Manojlovi{\' c} and G.A. Mena Marug{\' a}n.
Nonperturbative canonical quantization of nimisuperspace models:
Bianchi types I and II.
gr-qc/9304041, \pr{D48} (Oct. 1993) 3704--19
\item
N. Manojlovi{\' c} and A. Mikovi{\' c}.
Canonical analysis of Bianchi models in the Ashtekar formulation.
\cqg{10} (March 1993) 559--74
\item
D.M. Marolf.
Loop representations for $2+1$ gravity on a torus.
\cqg{10} (Dec. 1993) 2625--47
\item
D. Marolf.
An illustration of 2+1 gravity loop transform troubles.
gr-qc/9305015, {\em Canadian Gen. Rel.} (1993) 256.
\item
H.-J. Matschull.
Solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt constraint of canonical gravity
coupled to scalar matter fields.
gr-qc/9305025, \cqg{10}:L149-L154, (1993).
\item
H. Nicolai and H.J. Matschull.
Aspects of Canonical Gravity and Supergravity.
\jgp{11}:15-62, (1993).
\item
O. Obreg{\'o}n, J. Pullin, M.P. Ryan.
Bianchi cosmologies: New variables and a hidden supersymmetry.
gr-qc/9308001, \pr{D48} (Dec. 1993) 5642--47
\item
Peter Peld\'an.
Unification of gravity and Yang-Mills theory in 2+1 dimensions.
\np{B395} (1993) 239--62
\item
A. Rendall.
Comment on a paper of Ashtekar and Isham.
\cqg{10} (March 1993) 605--8
\item
A. Rendall.
Unique determination of an inner-product by adjointness
relations in the algebra of quantum observables.
\cqg{10} (Nov. 1993) 2261--69
\item
J. Romano.
Geometrodynamics vs. connection dynamics.
gr-qc/9303032, \grg{25} (Aug.\ 1993) 759--854
\item
J. Romano.
Constraint algebra of degenerate relativity.
gr-qc/9306034, \pr{D48} (Dec. 1993) 5676--83
\item
C. Rovelli.
Area is length of Ashtekar's triad field.
\pr{D47} (Feb.\ 1993) 1703--5
\item
C. Rovelli.
Basis of the Ponzano-Regge-Turaev-Viro-Ooguri quantum-gravity model
is the loop representation basis.
\pr{D48} (Sept. 1993) 2702--07
\item
C. Rovelli.
A generally covariant quantum field theory and a
prediction on quantum measurements of geometry.
\np{B405} (Sept. 1993) 797--815
\item
T. Sano and J. Shiraishi.
The non-perturbative canonical quantization of the $N=1$ supergravity.
\np{B410} (Dec. 1993) 423--47
\item
L. Smolin.
What can we learn from the study of non-perturbative quantum general
relativity? gr-qc/9211019, in {\em General Relativity and Cosmology 1992},
R.J Gleiser, C Kozameh, O.M. Moreshi eds. (IOP Publishing, 1993).
\item
L. Smolin.
Time, measurement and information loss in quantum cosmology.
in {\em Directions in General Relativity,
Proceedings, Simposium, College Park, USA,
May 1993} B.L. Hu and T. Jacobson (eds),Cambridge U. Press, 1993.
gr-qc/9301016,
\item
R.S. Tate.
Constrained systems and quantization.
In {\em Quantum gravity, gravitational radiation and large scale
structure in the universe}, eds. B.R.\ Iyer, S.V. Dhurandhar and K.
Babu Joseph (1993)
\item
T. Thiemann.
On the solution of the initial value constraints for
general relativity coupled to matter in terms of Ashtekar's variables.
\cqg{10} (Sept. 1993) 1907--21
\item
T. Thiemann and H.A. Kastrup.
Canonical quantization of spherically symmetric
gravity in Ashtekar's self-dual representation.
\np{B399} (June 1993) 211--58
\item
D.A. Ugon, R. Gambini and P. Mora.
Link invariants for intersecting loops.
\pl{B305} (May 1993) 214--22
\item
J. Zegwaard.
Physical interpretation of the loop representation for non-perturbative
quantum gravity.
\cqg{10} suppl. (Dec. 1993) S273--6
\item
J. Zegwaard.
The weaving of curved geometries.
\pl{B300} (Feb. 1993) 217--222
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1994}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
D. Armand-Ugon, R. Gambini, J. Griego, and L. Setaro.
Classical loop actions of gauge theories,
hep-th/9307179, \pr{D50} (1994) 5352
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Overview and outlook.
CGPG-94/1-1, gr-qc/9403038, in J Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds,
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to
Quantum}. Springer-Verlag Berlin (1994).
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lee.
Weak field limit of General Relativity in terms of new variables:
A Hamiltonian framework.
CGPG-94/8-3, \ijmp{D3}: 675-694, (1994).
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski.
Representation theory of analytic holonomy $C^{*}$-algebras.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
gr-qc/9311010.
\item
A. Ashtekar and R. Loll.
New loop representations for $2+1$ gravity.
CGPG-94/5-1, gr-qc/9405031, \cqg{11}: 2417-2434, 1994
\item
A. Ashtekar, D. Marolf and J. Mour\~ao.
Integration on the space of connections modulo gauge transformations.
{\em Proc. Lanczos International Centenary Conference}.
J. Brown et al (eds), SIAM, Philadelphia, 1994.
CGPG-94/3-4, gr-qc/9403042.
\item
A. Ashtekar and R.S. Tate.
An algebraic extension of Dirac quantization: Examples.
CGPG-94/6-1, gr-qc/9405073. \jmp{35} (1994), 6434
\item
A. Ashtekar and M. Varadarajan.
A striking property of the gravitational Hamiltonian.
CGPG-94/8-3, gr-qc/9406040, \pr{D52} (1994), 4944
\item
J. Baez.
Generalized Measures in Gauge Theory.
{\em Lett. Math. Phys.} {\bf 31} (1994) 213--223
\item
J.C. Baez.
Strings, loops, knots, and gauge fields. in {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity,
Proceedings, Workshop, Riverside, 1993}.
J.C. Baez (ed), Clarendon,
Oxford U.K. (1994).
hep-th/9309067.
\item
J.C. Baez.
Diffeomorphism-invariant generalized measures on the space of connections
modulo gauge transformations.
in {\em The Proceedings of the Conference on Quantum Topology},
L. Crane and D. Yetter (eds) World Scientific, Singapore, 1994.
hep-th/9305045.
\item
J.F. Barbero G.
Real-polynomial formulation of general relativity in terms of connections.
\pr{D49} (June 1994) 6935--38
\item
J.F. Barbero.
General Relativity as a Theory of 2 Connections.
CGPG-93/9-5, gr-qc/9310009, \ijmp{D3} (1994) 379--392
\item
J.F. Barbero G. and M. Varadarajan.
The phase space of $(2+1)$-dimensional gravity in the Ashtekar formulation.
\np{B415} (Mar. 1994) 515--530,
gr-qc/9307006.
\item
C. Di Bartolo, R. Gambini, J. Griego and J. Pullin.
Extended loops: A new arena for nonperturbative quantum gravity.
\prl{72} (June 1994) 3638--41
\item
Y. Bi and J. Gegenberg
Loop variables in topological gravity.
gr-qc/9307031, \cqg{11} (Apr. 1994) 883--96
\item
R. Borissov.
Weave states for plane gravitational waves.
\pr{D49} (Jan. 1994) 923--29
\item
O. B\"ostrom. Loop variables and degeneracy. in
{\em Proceedings of the VII J.A. Swieca Summer School on Particles and
Fields, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 1993}, World Scientific (1994).
\item
B. Br\"ugmann.
Loop Representations.
MPI-Ph/93-94, gr-qc/9312001.In J Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds,
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to
Quantum}. Springer-Verlag Berlin (1994).
\item
R. Capovilla and J. Guven.
Super-Minisuperspace and New Variables.
CIEA-GR-9401, gr-qc/9402025, \cqg{11} (1994) 1961--70
\item
R. Capovilla and O. Obregon
No quantum Superminisuperspace with $\Lambda\neq 0$. \pr{D49} (1994),
6562
\item
S. Carlip.
Geometrical structures and loop variables in $2+1)$-dimensional gravity.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
UCD-93-30, gr-qc/9309020.
\item
S.M. Carroll and G.B. Field.
Consequences of propogating torsion in connection-dynamic
theories of gravity.
\pr{D50}: 3867-3873, 1994.
gr-qc/9403058.
\item
S. Chakraborty and P. Peld\'an.
Towards a unification of gravity and Yang-Mills theory.
CGPG-94/1-3, gr-qc/9401028, \prl{73} (1994) 1195.
\item
S. Chakraborty and P. Peld\'an.
Gravity and Yang-Mills theory: two faces of the same theory?
CGPG-94/2-2, gr-qc/9403002,
{\em Int. J. of Mod. Phys.}{\bf D}3 (1994) 695.
\item
L.N. Chang and C. Soo. Superspace Dynamics and perturbations around
`emptiness'. \ijmp{D3}:529 (1994).
\item
L. Crane.
Topological field theory as the key to quantum gravity.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
\item
G. Esposito and H.A. Morales-T\'ecotl. Self Dual Action for Fermionic
Fields and Gravitation. gr-qc/9506073, {\em Nuov. Cimiento}
{\bf 109B}: 973-982 (1994).
\item
G. Esposito, H.A. Morales-T\'ecotl and G. Pollifrone. Boundary Terms for
Massless Fermionic Fields. gr-qc/9506075, {\em Found. Phys. Lett.} {\bf 7}:
303-308 (1994).
\item
S. Frittelli, S. Koshti, E.T. Newman and C. Rovelli.
Classical and quantum dynamics of the Faraday lines of force.
\pr{D49} (June 1994) 6883--91
\item
G. F{\" u}l{\" o}p.
About a super-Ashtekar-Renteln ansatz.
gr-qc/9305001, \cqg{11} (Jan. 1994) 1--10
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
The Gauss linking number in quantum gravity.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
\item
D. Giulini.
Ashtekar variables in classical general relativity.
THEP-93/31, gr-qc/9312032. In J Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds,
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to
Quantum}. Springer-Verlag Berlin (1994).
\item
J.N. Goldberg and D.C. Robinson.
Linearized constraints in the connection representation:
Hamilton-Jacobi solution.
\pr{D50}: 6338-6343, 1994.
gr-qc/9405030.
\item
S. Hacyan.
Hamiltonian Formulation of General Relativity
in terms of Dirac Spinors.
\grg{26} (Jan. 1994) 85--96
\item
J. Hallin.
Representations of the SU(N) T-Algebra and the Loop Representation in
1+1 Dimensions. \cqg{11} 1615--1629
\item
H.-L. Hu.
$W_{1+\infty}$, KP and loop representation of four dimensional gravity.
\pl{B324} (Apr. 1994) 293--98
\item
V. Husain.
Self-dual gravity and the chiral model.
\prl{72} (Feb. 1994) 800--03
\item
V. Husain.
Self-dual gravity as a two-dimensional theory and conservation laws.
\cqg{11} (Apr. 1994) 927--38
\item
V. Husain.
Observables for spacetimes with two Killing field symmetries.
Alberta-Thy-55.93, gr-qc/9402019, \pr{D50}, (1994), 6207
\item
G. Immirzi.
Regge Calculus and Ashtekar Variables.
DFUPG 83/94, gr-qc/9402004, \cqg{11} (1994) 1971--79
\item
J. Iwasaki and C. Rovelli.
Gravitons from Loops -- Nonperturbative Loop-Space Quantum-Gravity
Contains the Graviton-Physics Approximation. \cqg{11} (1994) 1653--76
\item
H.A. Kastrup and T. Thiemann.
Spherically symmetric gravity as a completely integrable system.
PITHA 93-35, gr-qc/9401032, \np{B425}: 665-685, (1994).
\item
L.H. Kauffmann.
Vassiliev invariants and the loop states in quantum gravity.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
\item
J. Lewandowski.
Topological Measure and Graph-Differential Geometry on the
Quotient Space of Connections.
gr-qc/9406025, \ijmp{D3} (1994) 207--210
\item
J. Lewandowski.
Differential geometry for the space of connections modulo gauge
transformations. In {\em the proceedings of Cornelius Lanczos
International Centenary Conference}. J. Brown, et al (eds), SIAM
Phyladelphya, 1994.
gr-qc/9406026
\item
R. Loll.
The loop formulation of gauge theory and gravity.
In {\em Knots and Quantum Gravity}, ed. J. Baez, Oxford U. Press, 1994.
\item
R. Loll.
Gauge theory and gravity in the loop formulation.
CGPG-94/1-1. In J Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds,
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to
Quantum}. Springer-Verlag Berlin (1994).
\item
J. Louko and D. Marolf.
Solution space of 2+1 gravity on ${\bf R} \times T^2$ in Witten's
connection formulation.
gr-qc/9308018, \cqg{11} (1994), 315
\item
J. M{\" a}kel{\" a}.
Phase space coordinates and the Hamiltonian constraint of Regge calculus.
\pr{D49} (Mar. 1994) 2882--96
\item
H.-J. Matschull.
About loop states in supergravity.
DESY-94-037, gr-qc/9403034, \cqg{11}: 2395-2410, (1994).
\item
H.-J. Matschull and H. Nicolai.
Canonical quantum supergravity in three dimensions.
gr-qc/9306018, \np{B411} (Jan. 1994) 609--46
\item
G.A. Mena Marug{\' a}n.
Reality conditions in non-perturbative quantum cosmology.
\cqg{11} (Mar. 1994) 589--608
\item
G. Modanese.
Wilson Loops in 4-Dimensional Quantum-Gravity.
\pr{D49} (1994) 6534--42
\item
H.A. Morales-T{\' e}cotl and C. Rovelli.
Fermions in quantum gravity.
\prl{72} (June 1994) 3642--45
\item
J.M. Nester, R.-S. Tung and Y.Z. Zhang.
Ashtekar's new variables and positive energy.
\cqg{11} (Mar. 1994) 757--66
\item
J.A. Nieto, O. Obreg\'on and J. Socorro.
The gauge theory of the de-Sitter group and Ashtekar formulation.
IFUG-94-001, gr-qc/9402029, \pr{D50} (1994), 3583
\item
P. Peld{\' a}n.
Actions for gravity, with generalizations: a review.
gr-qc/9305011, \cqg{11} (May. 1994) 1087--1132
\item
Peter Peld\'an.
Ashtekar's variables for arbitrary gauge group.
G\"oteborg ITP 92-17, \pr{D46}, R2279.
\item
P. Peld\'an.
Real formulations of complex gravity and a complex
formulation of real gravity.
GCPG-94/4-6, gr-qc/9405002, \np{B430}, (1994), 460
\item
J. Pullin.
Knot theory and quantum gravity: a primer.
in {\em Fifth Mexican School of Particles and
Fields}. J.L. Lucio and M. Vargas (eds),
AIP Conference Proceedings 317, AIP Press (1994).
hep-th/9301028.
\item
A. Rendall.
Adjointness relations as a criterion for choosing an inner product.
MPA-AR-94-1, gr-qc/9403001. In J Ehlers and H. Friedrich, eds,
{\em Canonical Gravity: From Classical to
Quantum}. Springer-Verlag Berlin (1994).
\item
C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
The physical Hamiltonian in nonperturbative quantum gravity.
\prl{72} (Jan. 1994) 446--49
\item
D.C. Salisbury and L.C. Shepley.
A connection approach to numerical relativity.
\cqg{11}: 2789-2806, 1994.
gr-qc/9403040.
\item
P. Schaller, J. Strobl.
Canonical quantization of two-dimensional gravity with torsion
and the problem of time.
\cqg{11} (Feb. 1994) 331--46
\item
L. Smolin
Finite Diffeomorphism-Invariant Observables in Quantum Gravity.
SU-GP-93/1-1, gr-qc/9302011, \pr{D49} (1994) 4028--40
\item
J. Tavares.
Chen integrals, generalized loops and loop calculus.
\ijmp{A9}: 4511-4548, 1994.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Reduced Phase-Space Quantization of Spherically Symmetrical Einstein-Maxwell
Theory Including a Cosmological Constant.
\ijmp{D3} (1994) 293-298
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1995}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
D. Armand-Ugon, R. Gambini and P. Mora.
Intersecting braids and intersecting knot theory.
{\em Journal of Knot theory and its ramifications}
{\bf 4}:1, 1995.
hep-th/9309136.
\item A. Ashtekar.
Mathematical problems of non-perturbative quantum general relativity.
Published in: {\em Gravitation and Quantization (Les Houches,
Session LVIII, 1992}. Ed. B. Julia (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995)
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Recent Mathematical Developments in Quantum General Relativity.
In {\em The Proceedings of PASCOS-94}. K.C. Wali (ed),
World Scientific, 1995.
gr-qc/9411055.
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski.
Differential geometry on the space
of connections via graphs and projective limits.
CGPG-94/12-4, hep-th/9412073, {\em J. Geom. Phys.} {\bf 17} (1995), 191
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski.
Projective techniques and functional integration.
CGPG/94/10-6, gr-qc/9411046, \jmp{36} (1995), 2170
\item
A. Ashtekar, J. Lewandowski, D. Marolf, J. Mour\~ao and T. Thiemann.
Quantization of diffeomorphism invariant theories of connections
with local degrees of freedom.
gr-qc/9504018, \jmp{36} (1995), 519
\item
G. Au.
The quest for quantum gravity.
{\em Current Science}, {\bf 69}: 499-518, 1995.
gr-qc/9506001.
\item
J.C. Baez.
Link invariants, holonomy algebras and functional integration.
{\em Jour. Funct. Analysis} {\bf 127}:108, 1995.
\item
J. C. Baez, J. P. Muniain, and Dardo D. Piriz.
Quantum gravity Hamiltonian for manifolds with boundary.
gr-qc/9501016, \pr{D52} (1995), 6840
\item
J. Fernando Barbero G.
Solving the constraints of general relativity.\cqg{12}:L5-L10, 1995.
CGPG-94/11-3, gr-qc/9411016.
\item
J. Fernando Barbero G.
Reality Conditions and Ashtekar Variables: a Different Perspective,
\pr{D51}:5498-5506, 1995. gr-qc/9410013.
\item
J. Fernando Barbero G.
Real Ashtekar Variables for Lorentzian Signature Space-times. \pr{D51}:5507
-5510 (1995). gr-qc/9410014.
\item
J. F. Barbero and M. Varadarajan.
Homogeneous (2+1)-Dimensional Gravity in the Ashtekar Formulation,
\np{B456}:355-376, 1995. gr-qc/9507044.
\item
C. Di Bartolo, R. Gambini, and J. Griego.
Extended loop representation of quantum gravity, gr-qc/9406039,
\pr{D51} (Jan. 1995) 502
\item
C. Di Bartolo, R. Gambini, J. Griego and J. Pullin.
The space of states of quantum gravity in terms of loops and extended
loops: some remarks.
\jmp{36}: 6511, 1995.
gr-qc/9503059.
\item
P.A. Blaga, O. Moritsch and H. Zerrouki.
Algebraic structure of gravity in Ashtekar's variables.
TUW 94-15, hep-th/9409046, \pr{D51} (Mar. 1995) 2792
\item
B. Br\"ugmann.
On a geometric derivation of Witten's identity for Chern-Simons
theory via loop deformations.
{\em Int. J. Theor. Phys.} {\bf 34}:145, 1995.
hep-th/9401055.
\item
G. Esposito and C. Stornaiolo.
Space-time covariant form of
Ashtekar's constraints.
\ncim{110B}:1137-1152, 1995.
gr-qc/9506008.
\item
K. Ezawa.
Combinatorial solutions to the Hamiltonian constraint in
(2+1)-dimensional Ashtekar gravity.
gr-qc/9506043, \np{B459}: 355-392 (1995).
\item
T.J. Foxon.
Spin networks, Turaev - Viro theory and the loop representation.
\cqg{12} (April 1995) 951
\item
R. Gambini, A. Garat and J. Pullin.
The constraint algebra of quantum gravity in the loop representation.
CGPG-94/4-3, gr-qc/9404059, {\em Int. J. Mod. Phys.} {\bf D4} (1995) 589
\item
H. Garcia-Compean and T. Matos.
Solutions in Self-dual Gravity constructed Via Chiral Equations.
\pr{D 52}: 4425-4429, 1995.
hep-th/9409135.
\item
J.N. Goldberg and C. Soteriou.
Canonical General Relativity on a null surface with coordinate and
gauge fixing.
\cqg{12}: 2779-2798, 1995.
gr-qc/9504043.
\item
G. Gonzalez and R. Tate.
Classical analysis of Bianchi types I and II in Ashtekar variables.
\cqg{12}:1287-1304, 1995.
gr-qc/9412015.
\item
I. Grigentch and D.V. Vassilevich.
Reduced phase space quantization of Ashtekar's
gravity on de Sitter background.
\ijmp{D4}: 581-588, 1995.
gr-qc/9405023.
\item
V. Husain.
The affine symmetry of self-dual gravity.
\jmp{36}: 6897, 1995.
hep-th/9410072.
\item
R.A. d'Inverno and J.A. Vickers.
2+2 decomposition of Ashtekar variables. \cqg{12} (Mar. 1995) 753
\item
J. Iwasaki and C. Rovelli.
Gravitons as embroidery on the weave.
{\em Int. J. Mod. Phys}{\bf D1} (1995) 533
\item
R. Loll.
Independent loop invariants for $2+1$ gravity.
CGPG-94/7-1, gr-qc/9408007, \cqg{12}:1655-1662, (1995).
\item
R. Loll.
Quantum Aspects of $2+1$ Gravity. gr-qc/9503051, \jmp{36}:6494-6509, (1995).
\item
R. Loll.
Non-perturbative solutions for lattice quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9502006, \np{B444}:614-640, (1995).
\item
R. Loll.
The volume operator in discretized quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9506014, \prl{75}:3048-3051, (1995).
\item
R. Loll, J.M. Mour\~ao and J.N. Tavares.
Generalized coordinates on the phase space of Yang-Mills theory.
CGPG-94/4-2, gr-qc/9404060, \cqg{12}:1191-1198, (1995).
\item
J. Louko.
Chern-Simons functional and the no-boundary proposal in Bianchi IX
quantum cosmology.
\pr{D51}: 586-590, 1995.
gr-qc/9408033.
\item
S. Major and L. Smolin.
Cosmological histories for the new variables.
CGPG-94/2-1, gr-qc/9402018, \pr{D51} (1995), 5475
\item
D. Marolf and J.M. Mour\~ao.
On the support of the Ashtekar-Lewandowski measure.
CGPG-94/3-1, hep-th/ 9403112, {\em Comm. Math. Phys.}{\bf 170} (1995),
583
\item
H.J. Matschull.
Tree-dimansional Canonical Quantum Gravity. gr-qc/9506069, \cqg{12}: 2621-2704,
(1995).
\item
H.J. Matschull.
New Representation and a Vacuun State for Canonical Quantum Gravity.
gr-qc/9412020, \cqg{12}: 651-676, (1995).
\item
G.A. Mena Marug\'an.
Is the exponential of the Chern-Simons action a normalizable physical state?
CGPG-94/2-2, gr-qc/9402034, \cqg{12} (Feb. 1995) 435
\item
S. Mizoguchi.
The Geroch group in the Ashtekar formulation.
\pr{D51}: 6788-6802, 1995.
gr-qc/9411018.
\item
H.A. Morales-T\'ecotl and C. Rovelli. Loop Space Representation of Quantum
Fermions and Gravity. \np{B451} (1995) 325.
\item
R. de Pietri and C. Rovelli. Eigenvalues of the Weyl Operator as
Observables of General Relativity. \cqg{12}: 1279-1286 (1995).
\item
J. Pullin.
Recent Developments in Canonical Quantum Gravity.
CAM-94 Physics Meeting, in AIP Conf. Proc {\bf 342}, 459, ed. Zepeda A
(AIP Press, Woodbury, New York), 1995.
\item
M. Reisenberger.
New Constraints for Canonical General Relativity.
\np{B457}: 643-687, 1995.
gr-qc/9505044.
\item
C. Rovelli.
Outline of a generally covariant quantum field theory and a quantum
theory of gravity.
gr-qc/9503067, \jmp{36}: 6529-6547 (1995).
\item
C. Rovelli and L. Smolin. Spin Networks and Quantum Gravity. gr-qc/9505006,
\pr{D52}: 5743-5759.
\item
C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
Discreteness of area and volume in quantum gravity.
\np{B442}: 593-622 (1995). Erratum: \np{B456}:734 (1995).
gr-qc/9411005,
\item
L. Smolin. Linking TQFT and Nonperturbative Quantum Gravity. gr-qc/9505028,
\jmp{36}: 6417-6455 (1995).
\item
L. Smolin and C. Soo.
The Chern-Simons invariant as the natural time variable for
classical and quantum cosmology.
CGPG-94/4-1, gr-qc/9405015, \np{B449}: 289-316 (1995).
\item
C. Soo.
Self-dual variables, positive semi-definite action, and discrete
transformations in 4-d quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9504042, \pr{D52}: 3484-3493 (1995).
\item
I. A. B. Strachan.
The symmetry structure of the anti-self-dual Einstein
hierarchy.
\jmp{36}: 3566-3573, 1995.
hep-th/9410047.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Generalized boundary conditions for general relativity for
the asymptotically flat case in terms of Ashtekar's variables.
\cqg{12} (Jan. 1995) 181
\item
T. Thiemann.
Complete quantization of a diffeomorphism invariant field theory.
\cqg{12} (Jan. 1995) 59
\item
T. Thiemann
The reduced phase space of spherically symmetric
Einstein-Maxwell theory including a cosmological constant.
\np{B436} (Feb. 1995) 681
\item
T. Thiemann.
An account of transforms on $\overline{{\cal A}/{\cal G}}$.
{\em Acta Cosmologica} {\bf 21}: 145-167, 1995.
gr-qc/9511050.
\item
R.S. Tung and T. Jacobson.
Spinor one forms as gravitational potentials
\cqg{12}: L51-L55, 1995.
gr-qc/9502037.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1996}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
D. Armand-Ugon, R. Gambini, O. Obregon and J. Pullin.
Towards a loop representation for quantum canonical supergravity.
hep-th/9508036, \np{B460} (1996), 615
\item
J. M. Aroca, H. Fort and R. Gambini
The Path Integral for The Loop Representation of Lattice Gauge Theories.
\pr{D54}:7751-7756, 1996. hep-th/9605068
\item
A. Ashtekar.
A Generalized Wick Transform for Gravity.
gr-qc/9511083, \pr{D53}: 2865-2869, (1996),
\item
A. Ashtekar, J. Lewandowski, D. Marolf, J. Mour\~ao and T. Thiemann.
A manifestly gauge-invariant approach to quantum theories
of gauge fields.
in {\em Geometry of Constrained Dynamical
Systems. Proceedings, Conference, Cambridge, UK, 1994}.
J.M. Charap (ed), Cambridge University Press, 1996.
hep-th/9408108
\item
A. Ashtekar, J. Lewandowski, D. Marolf, J. Mour\~ao and T. Thiemann.
Coherent State Transforms for Spaces of Connections.
{\em J. Functional Analysis} {\bf 135}: 519-551, 1996.
gr-qc/9412014.
\item
J. C. Baez.
Spin networks in gauge theory.
{\em Advances in Mathematics} {\bf 117}: 253, 1996.
gr-qc/9411007.
\item
J. C. Baez.
Spin networks in nonperturbative quantum gravity. In {\em Interface
of Knot Theory and Physics}, L. Kauffman (ed), American Mathematical
Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1996.
gr-qc/9504036.
\item
J. Fernando Barbero G.
From Euclidean to Lorenzian General Relativity: The Real Way,
\pr{D54}:1492-1499, 1996. gr-qc/9605066
\item
J. F. Barbero and M. P. Ryan.
Minisuperspace Examples of Quantization Using Canonical Variables of
the Ashtekar Type: Structure and Solutions. \pr{D53}:5670-5681, 1996.
gr-qc/9510030.
\item
M. Barreira, M. Carfora and C. Rovelli.
Physics with nonperturbative quantum gravity: radiation from a
quantum black hole. \grg{28}:1293-1299, 1996.
gr-qc/9603064.
\item
R. Borissov, S. Major and L. Smolin,
The Geometry of Quantum Spin Networks.
\cqg{13}: 3183-3196, 1996.
gr-qc/9512043.
\item
L. N. Chang and Chopin Soo.
Chiral fermions, gravity and GUTs.
CGPG-94/9-3, hep-th/9411064, \pr{D53}: 5682-5691
(1996).
\item
R. De Pietri and C. Rovelli.
Geometry Eigenvalues and Scalar Product from Recoupling Theory in Loop
Quantum Gravity.
gr-qc/9602023, \pr{D54}: 2664-2690 (1996).
\item
K. Ezawa. A Semiclassical Interpretation of the Topological Solutions
for Canonical Quantum Gravity. gr-qc/9512017, \pr{D53}: 5651-5663 (1996).
\item
K. Ezawa.
Multi-plaquette solutions for discretized Ashtekar gravity.
gr-qc/9510019, {\em Mod. Phys. Lett.} {\bf A}: 349-356 (1996).
\item
K. Ezawa.
Ashtekar's formulation for $N=1,2$ supergravities as ``constrained" BF
theories.
hep-th/9511047, {\em Prog. Theor. Phys.} {\bf 95}: 863 (1996).
\item
S. Fritelli, L. Lehner and C. Rovelli. The complete spectrum of the area
from recoupling theory in loop quantum gravity.
\cqg{13}:2921-2932,1996. gr-qc/9608043.
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
A rigorous solution of the quantum Einstein equations.
\pr{D54}:5935-5938, 1996.
gr-qc/9511042.
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Knot theory and the dynamics of quantum general
relativity.
\cqg{13}:L125, 1996.
gr-qc/9603019.
\item
H. Garcia-Compean, J. Plebanski and M. Przanowski.
From Principal chiral model to selfdual gravity.
\mpl{A11}: 663-674, 1996.
\item
J.N. Goldberg.
Generalized Hamilton-Jacobi transformations: gauge and
diffeomorphism constraint.
\pr{D54}: 4997-5001, 1996.
\item
J. Griego.
Extended knots and the space of states of quantum gravity.
\np{B473}:291-307, 1996.
gr-qc/9601007.
\item
J. Griego.
The Kauffman Bracket and the Jones Polynomial
in Quantum Gravity. \np{B467}:332-354, 1996.
gr-qc/9510050.
\item
J. Griego.
Is the Third Coefficient of the Jones Knot Polynomial
a Quantum State of Gravity?
\pr{D53}:6966-6978, 1996.
gr-qc/9510051.
\item
N. Grot and C. Rovelli.
Moduli-space of knots with intersections.
gr-qc/960410, \jmp{37}: 3014-3021 (1996).
\item
H. Ishihara, H. Kubotani and T. Fukuyama.
Gravitational Instantons in Ashtekar's Formalism.
\ijmp{A11}: 2707-2720, 1996.
gr-qc/9509009.
\item
T. Jacobson.
1+1 sector of 3+1 gravity.
\cqg{13}:L111-L116, 1996.
erratum-ibid {\bf 13}:3269, 1996.
gr-qc/9604003.
\item
S. Holst.
Barbero's Hamiltonian derived from a generalized Hilbert-Palatini action.
\pr{D53}: 5966-5969, 1996.
gr-qc/9511026.
\item
V. Husain.
Einstein's equations and the chiral model.
gr-qc/9602050, \pr{D53} (1996), 4327
\item
V. Husain.
General Covariance, and Supersymmetry Without
Supersymmetry. \pr{D54}:7849-7856, 1996.
hep-th/9609009.
\item
G. Immirzi
Quantizing Regge Calculus.
\cqg{13}: 2385-2394, 1996.
gr-qc/9512040.
\item
K. Krasnov.
Quantum loop representation for fermions coupled to
Einstein-Maxwell field.
\pr{D53}: 1874-1888, 1996.
\item
S. R. Lau.
New Variables, the gravitational action, and boosted quasilocal
stress-energy-momentum.
\cqg{13}: 1509-1540, 1996.
gr-qc/9504026.
\item
L. Leal.
Electric-Magnetic duality and the `Loop Representation'
in Abelian gauge theories.
\mpl{A11}: 1107-1114, 1996.
\item
R. Loll.
Spectrum of the volume operator in quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9511030 \np{B460}:143-154, (1996).
\item
R. Loll.
A real alternative to quantum gravity in loop space.
\pr{D54}: 5381, 1996.
gr-qc/9602041.
\item
S. Major and L. Smolin.
Quantum Deformation of Quantum Gravity.
\np{B473}: 267-290, 1996.
gr-qc/9512020.
\item
H.J. Matschull.
Causal Structure and Diffeomorphisms in Ashteker's Gravity.
gr-qc/9511034, \cqg{13}: 765-782, (1996).
\item
G. Mena Marug\'an.
Involutions on the algebra of physical observables from
reality conditions.
\jmp{37}: 196-205, 1996.
gr-qc/9506038.
\item
H.A. Morales-T\'ecotl, L.F. Urrutia and J.D. Vergara. Reality
Conditions for Ashtekar Variables as Dirac Constraints.
\cqg{13}: 2933-2940, 1996.
gr-qc/9607044.
\item
P. Peldan.
Large Diffeomorphisms in (2+1)-Quantum Gravity on the Torus.
CGPG-95/1-1, gr-qc/9501020 \pr{D53} (1996), 3147
\item
C. Rovelli. Loop Quantum Gravity and Black hole Physics.
{\em Helv. Phys. Acta} {\bf 69}:582-611, 1996.
gr-qc/9608032.
\item
C. Rovelli.
Black hole entropy from loop quantum gravity.
\prl{77}:3288-3291, 1996.
gr-qc/9603063.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Reality conditions inducing transforms for quantum gauge
field theory and quantum gravity.
\cqg{13}: 1383-1404, 1996.
gr-qc/9511057.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Anomaly-Free Formulation of Nonperturbative
Four-dimensional Lorentzian Quantum Gravity.
\pl{B380}: 257-264, 1996.
gr-qc/9606088.
\item
H. Waelbroeck and J.A. Zapata.
2+1 covariant lattice theory and `t Hooft's
formulation.
\cqg{13}: 1761-1768, 1996.
gr-qc/9601011.
\item
G. Yoneda and H. Shinkai.
Constraints and reality conditions in the Ashtekar formulation of general
relativity.
\cqg{13}: 783-790, 1996.
gr-qc/9602026.
\item
J. A. Zapata.
Topological lattice gravity using self dual
variables. \cqg{13}: 2617-2634, 1996.
gr-qc/9603030.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{1997}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
A. Ashtekar and A. Corichi.
Photon Inner Product and the Gauss Linking
Number. \cqg{14}:A43-A53, 1997. gr-qc/9608017.
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski.
Quantum Theory of Geometry I: Area Operators. \cqg{14}:A55-A81, 1997.
gr-qc/9602046.
\item
R. Borissov.
Regularization of the Hamiltonian constraint and the closure
of the constraint algebra.
\pr{D55}:2059-2068, 1997.
gr-qc/9411038.
\item
R. De Pietri.
On the relation between the connection and the loop representation of
quantum gravity. \cqg{14}:53-69, 1997.
gr-qc/9605064.
\item
B.P. Dolan and K.P. Haugh.
A Covariant Approach to Ashtekar's Canonical Gravity,
\cqg{14}:477-488, 1997.
\item
K. Krasnov. Geometrical entropy from loop quantum gravity.
\pr{D55}:3505, 1997.
(Title changed in journal. Other title: Counting Surface States
in the loop quantum gravity.
Also known as: The Bekenstein bound and nonperturbative
quantum gravity.)
gr-qc/9603025.
\item
J. Lewandowski.
Volume and Quantizations. \cqg{14}:71-76, 1997.
gr-qc/9602035.
\item
D. E. Neville.
Open-flux solutions to the constraints for plane gravity waves.
\pr{D55}: 766-780, 1997.
gr-qc/9511061.
\item
D. E. Neville.
Closed flux solutions to the quantum constraints for
plane gravity waves.
\pr{D55}: 2069-2075, 1997.
gr-qc/9607053.
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Preprints older than 12 months}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
J. Baez.
Knots and Quantum Gravity: Progress and Prospects.
To appear in {\em Proceedings of the VIIth Marcel Grossman
Meeting}.
gr-qc/9410018.
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Form connections.
gr-qc/9305004
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Ashtekar's variables.
Goteborg-88-46 preprint (November 1988).
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Curvature tensors in an exact solution of Capovilla's equations.
Goteborg-91-5 (February 1991).
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Ashtekar's variables and the cosmological constant.
Goteborg preprint, 1991.
\item
I. Bengtsson.
Form Geometry and the `t Hooft-Plebanski
action.
gr-qc/950210
\item
Ola Bostr\"om.
Some new results about the cosmological constants.
G\"oteborg preprint ITP91-34
\item
O. Bostr\"om, M. Miller and L. Smolin.
A new discretization of classical and quantum general relativity.
G\"oteborg ITP 94-5, SU-GP-93-4-1, CGPG-94/3-3, gr-qc/9304005.
\item
R. Brooks.
Diff($\Sigma$) and metrics from Hamiltonian-TQFT.
MIT preprint CTPH2175
\item
Greorgy Burnett, Joseph D. Romano, and Ranjeet S. Tate.
Polynomial coupling of matter to gravity using {A}shtekar variables.
Syracuse preprint.
\item
R. Capovilla, J. Dell and T. Jacobson.
The initial value problem in light of Ashtekar's variables.
UMDGR93-140, gr-qc/9302020
\item
Steven Carlip.
2+1 dimensional quantum gravity and the Braid group.
Talk given at the Workshop on Physics, Braids and Links, Banff Summer
School in Theoretical Physics, August 1989.
\item
L. Chang and C. Soo.
The standard model with gravity couplings.
CGPG-94/6-2.
\item
L. Chang and C. Soo.
Einstein manifolds in Ashtekar variables: explicit examples.
hep-th/9207056
\item
L. Crane.
Categorical physics.
Preprint ???.
\item
Ch. Devchand and V. Ogievetsky.
Self-dual Gravity Revisited. JINR-E2-94-342, hep-th/9409160.
\item
G. Esposito.
Mathematical structures of space-time.
Cambridge preprint DAMTP-R-gols, to appear in Fortschritte der Physik.
\item
R. Floreanini, R. Percacci and E. Spallucci.
Why is the metric non-degenerate?
SISSA 132/90/EP preprint (October 1990).
\item
R. Gambini, and L. Leal.
Loop space coordinates, linear representations of the diffeomorphism group
and knot invariants.
\item
Sucheta Koshti and Naresh Dadhich.
The General Self-dual solution of the Einstein Equations. IUCAA 94/29,
gr-qc/9409046.
\item
B.~Grossmann.
General relativity and a non-topological phase of topological
{Y}ang-{M}ills theory.
Inst. for Advanced Studies, Princeton, 1990 preprint.
\item
G. Harnett.
Metrics and dual operators.
Florida Atlantic University preprint, 1991.
\item
G. Horowitz.
Ashtekar's approach to quantum gravity.
University of California preprint, 1991.
\item
W. Kalau.
Ashtekar formalism with real variables.
U. Of Wuppertal NIKHEF-H/91-03 Amsterdam preprint (December 1990).
\item
K. Kamimura and T. Fukuyama.
Massive analogue of Ashtekar-CDJ action.
gr-qc/9208010
\item
V. Khatsymovsky.
On polynomial variables in general relativity.
BINP 93-41, gr-qc/9310005.
\item
A. Kheyfets and W. A. Miller.
E. Cartan's moment of rotation in Ashtekar's theory of gravity.
Los Alamos preprint LA-UR-91-2605 (1991).
\item
S. Koshti and N. Dadhich.
Gravitational instantons with matter sources using
Ashtekar variables.
Inter Univ. Centre for Astron. and Astrophysics, Pune, India.
June 1990 preprint.
\item
C. Kozameh, W. Lamberti, and E.T. Newman
Holonomy and the Einstein equations.
???
\item
R. Loll.
Chromodynamics and gravity as theories on loop space.
CGPG-93/9-1, hep-th/9309056.
\item
R. Loll.
An example of loop quantization.
CGPG-94/7-2.
\item
R. Loll
Wilson loop coordinates for $2+1$ gravity.
CGPG-94/8-1.
\item
R. Loll, J. Mour\~ao, J. Tavares.
Complexification of gauge theories.
hep-th/9307142
\item
A.M.R. Magnon.
Self duality and CP violation in gravity.
Univ. Blaise Pascal (France) preprint (1990).
\item
J. Maluf.
Symmetry properties of Ashtekar's formulation of canonical gravity.
Universidade de Brasilia preprint, 1991.
\item
J. Maluf.
Fermi coordinates and reference frames in the ECSK theory.
SU-GP-92/1-2
\item
L.~J. Mason and J{\"o}rg Frauendiener.
The {S}parling 3-form, {A}shtekar variables and quasi-local mass,
1989 preprint.
\item
O. Moritsch, M. Schweda, T. Sommer, L. Tataru and H. Zerrouk.
BRST cohomology of Yang-Mills gauge fields in the presence of gravity in
Ashtekar variables. TUW 94-17, hep-th/9409081.
\item
N. O'Murchadha and M. Vandyck.
Gravitational degrees of freedom in Ashtekar's formulation of
General Relativity.
Univ. of Cork preprint - 1990
\item
P. L. Paul.
Topological Symmetries of twisted N=2 chiral supergravity in
Ashtekar formalism.
hep-th/9504144.
\item
J. Rasmussen and M. Weis.
Induced Topology on the hoop group.
NBI-HE-94-46, hep-th/9410194.
\item
Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin.
Loop representation for lattice gauge theory.
1990 Pittsburgh and Syracuse preprint.
\item
C. Rovelli and L. Smolin.
Finiteness of diffeomorphism invariant operators in nonperturbative
quantum gravity. Syracuse University preprint SU-GP-91/8-1, August 1991.
\item
M.P. Ryan, Jr.
Cosmological ``ground state'' wave functions in gravity and electromagnetism.
To appear in {\em Proceedings of VIIth Marcel Grossman Meeting on
General Relativity, 1994}
gr-qc/9312024
\item
Lee Smolin.
The Problem of Quantum Gravity: a status report (Address to the AAAS meeting,
Washington D.C., February 1991). Syracuse preprint SU-GP-91/2-1.
\item
L. Smolin.
Experimental Signatures of Quantum Gravity. To appear in
{\em The Proceedings of the 1994 Drexel Symposium on Quantum
Theory and Measurement}, World Scientific, 1997
gr-qc/9503027.
\item
L. Smolin.
Fermions and topology.
GCPG-93/9-4, gr-qc/9404010.
\item
L. Smolin and M. Varadarajan.
Degenerate solutions and the instability of the perturbative vacuum in
nonperturbative formulations of quantum gravity.
Syracuse University preprint SU-GP-91/8-3, August 1991.
\item
T.A. Schilling.
Non-covariance of the generalized holonomies: Examples.
CGPG-95/3-1, gr-qc/9503064.
\item
J. Schirmer.
Triad formulations of canonical gravity without a fixed reference frame.
gr-qc/9503037.
\item
C. G. Torre.
A deformation theory of self-dual Einstein spaces.
SU-GP-91/8-7, Syracuse University preprint, 1991.
\item
M. Tsuda.
General considerations of matter coupling with
selfdual connection.
gr-qc/9505019.
\item
M. Tsuda, T. Shirafuji and H.-J. K Xie.
Ashtekar Variables and Matter Coupling.
STUPP-95-138, gr-qc/9501021.
\item
R. P. Wallner.
A new form of Einstein's equations.
Univ of Cologne, Germany, preprint 1990 (submitted to
Phys. Rev. Lett.)
%\item
%R. Wald.
%New Scientist. ???
\newpage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{Recent preprints}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\item
P. Aichelburg and A. Ashtekar.
Mathematical Problems of Quantum
Gravity.
Abstracts of seminars given at the {\em Quantum
Gravity Workshop at the Erwin
Schrodinger Institute, Viena}.
\item
J. M. Aroca, H. Fort and R. Gambini
Path Integral for Lattice Staggered Fermions in
the Loop Representation. hep-lat/9607050.
\item
J.M. Aroca, H. Fort and R. Gambini.
On the path integral loop representation of (2+1)
lattice non-Abelian theory.
hep-lat/9703007.
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Polymer Geometry at Planck Scale and Quantum Einstein Equations.
in {\em Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on General
Relativity and Gravitation}, M. Francaviglia (ed) World Scientific,
Singapore.
hep-th/9601054.
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Geometric Issues in Quantum Gravity. To appear in {\em Geometric
Issues in the Foundation of Science}, L. Mason et al (eds.) (Oxford
University Press). CGPG-96-61-4.
\item
A. Ashtekar.
Quantum Mechanics of Riemannian Geometry. To appear in {Proceeding
of the Workshop on Physics and Geometry, Institut d'Estudis
Catalans, 1996}.
\item
A. Ashtekar and A. Corichi.
Gauss Linking Number and Electro-magnetic Uncertainty Principle.
hep-th/9701136.
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski. Quantum Field Theory of Geometry.
to appear in {\em Proceedings,
Conference on Historical Examination and
Philosophical Reflections on Foundations
of Quantum Field Theory, Boston, MA, 1996}.
hep-th/9603083
\item
A. Ashtekar and J. Lewandowski, D. Marolf, J. Mourao and T. Thiemann.
$SU(N)$ Quantum Yang-Mills Theory in 2-dimensions: a complete solution.
hep-th/9605128.
\item
J.C. Baez. Degenerate solutions of general relativity from topological
field theory. gr-qc/9705051.
\item
J.C. Baez and K. Krasnov.
Quantization of diffeomorphism invariant theories with Fermions.
hep-th/9703112.
\item
J.C. Baez and S. Sawin.
Functional Integration on Spaces of Connections.
q-alg/9507023.
\item
G. Barnich and V. Husain,
Geometrical Representation of the Constraints of Euclidean General Relativity.
gr-qc/9611030.
\item
Roumen Borissov.
Graphical Evolution of Spin Netwoks States.
gr-qc/9606013.
\item
A. Corichi and J.A. Zapata.
On diffeomorphism Invariance for Lattice Theories.
(To appear in \np{B} 1997)
gr-qc/9611034.
\item
R. De Pietri.
Spin Networks and Recoupling in Loop Quantum Gravity.
to apper in {\em Proceedings of the 2nd
Conference on Constrained Dynamics and Quantum Gravity,
Santa Margherita, Italy, 1996}.
gr-qc/9701041.
\item
C. Di Bartolo.
The Gauss constraint in the extended loop representation.
gr-qc/9607014.
\item
I. Bengtsson and A. Kleppe.
On chiral P forms.
hep-th/9609102.
\item
H. Fort, R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Lattice Knot Theory and Quantum Gravity in the Loop
Representation. gr-qc/9608033.
\item
R. Gambini and J. Pullin.
Variational derivation of exact skein relations from
Chern-Simons theories.
(to appear in \cmp 1997)
hep-th/9602165.
\item
H. Garcia-Compean, J. Plebanski and M. Przanowski.
Geometry associated with self-dual Yang-Mills
and the chiral model approach to selfdual gravity.
hep-th/9702046.
\item
H. Garcia-Compean, L. E. Morales and J. F. Plebanski.
A Hopf algebra structure in self-dual gravity.
CINVESTAV-FIS GRMP 10/94, hep-th/9410154.
\item
J. Griego.
On the Extended Loop Calculus.
gr-qc/9512011.
\item
Y. Hashimoto, Y. Yasui, S. Miyagi, T. Otsuka.
Applications of the Ashtekar
gravity to four dimensional hyper-K\"ahler
geometry and Yang-Mills instantons.
hep-th/9610069.
\item
G. Immirzi.
Real and complex connections for canonical gravity.
gr-qc/9612030.
\item
G. Immirzi.
Quantum gravity and Regge calculus.
in {\em 2nd Meeting on Constrained Dynamics and
Quantum Gravity}, Santa Margherita, Italy, 1996.
gr-qc/9701052.
\item
V. M. Khatsymovsky.
Ashtekar Constraint Surface as Projection of
Hilbert-Palatini One.
gr-qc/9604053.
\item
K. Krasnov. On statistical mechanics of Schwarzschild black hole.
(Formerly known as: On statistical mechanics of gravitational systems).
gr-qc/9605047
\item
J. Lewandowski and J. Wisniewski.
(2+1) sectors of (3+1) gravity.
gr-qc/9609019
\item
R. Loll.
Making quantum gravity calculable.
gr-qc/9511080.
\item
R. Loll.
Further results on geometric operators in quantum
gravity.
gr-qc/9612068
\item
R. Loll.
Latticing quantum gravity.
Contributed to 2nd meeting on constrained dynamics and
quantum gravity, Santa Margherita, Italy, Sep 1996.
gr-qc/9701007
\item
R.Loll.
Quantizing canonical gravity in the real domain.
gr-qc/9701031.
\item
R. Loll.
Still on the way to quantizing gravity.
gr-qc/9701032.
\item
R.Loll
Imposing det E>0 in discrete quantum gravity.
Preprint AEI-028.
gr-qc/9703033.
\item
S. Major and L. Smolin.
Mixmaster Quantum Cosmology in Terms of Physical Dynamics.
gr-qc/9607020.
\item
F. Markopoulo and L. Smolin.
Causal evolution of spin networks.
CGPG-97/2-2.
gr-qc/9702025.
\item
D. Marolf, J. Mourao and T. Thiemann.
The status of diffeomorphism superselection in
Euclidean (2+1) gravity. (to appear in \jmp).
gr-qc/9701068.
\item
J. Pullin.
Canonical quantum gravity with new variables and loops: a report.
gr-qc/9606061.
\item
M. Reisenberger.
A Left-Handed Simplicial Action for Euclidean General Relativity.
gr-qc/9609002.
\item
M. P. Reisenberger and C. Rovelli.
`Sum Over Surfaces' Form of Loop Quantum Gravity.
gr-qc/9612035.
\item
L. Smolin.
Three dimensional strings a collective coordinates of
four-dimensional nonperturbative quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9609031.
\item
L. Smolin.
The classical limit and the form of the Hamiltonian
constraint in nonperturbative quantum general relativity.
gr-qc/9609034.
\item
L. Smolin.
The future of spin networks.
To appear in {\em Geometric Issues in the Foundation
of Science}, L. Mason et al (eds.) (Oxford
University Press).
qr-qc/9702030.
\item
M. Tsuda.
Consistency of matter field equations
in Ashtekar formulation.
gr-qc/9602022.
\item
M. Tsuda and T. Shirafuji.
Consistency of matter field equations in Ashtekar formulation.
gr-qc/9602022.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Quantum Spin Dynamics (QSD).
gr-qc/9606089.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Quantum Spin Dynamics II (QSD).
gr-qc/9606090.
\item
T. Thiemann.
Closed formula for the matrix elements of
the volume operator in canonical quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9606091.
\item
T. Thiemann.
A lenght operator for canonical quantum gravity.
gr-qc/9606092.
\item
T. Thiemann.
The inverse loop transform.
hep-th/9601105.
\item
T. Thiemann.
An axiomatic approach to quantum gauge field
theory.
hep-th/9511122.
\item
L.F. Urrutia.
Towards a Loop Representation of Connection
Theories Defined Over a Super-Lie Algebra.
hep-th/9609010.
\item
J.A. Zapata.
Combinatorial space from loop quantum gravity.
CGPG-97/3-8.gr-qc/9703038
\item
J.A. Zapata.
A combinatorial approach to diffeomorphism invariant
quantum gauge theories.
CGPG-97/3-7.gr-qc/9703037
\end{enumerate}
%\end{raggedright}
\end{document}
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\[\mathop{\mathrm{Ko}_{2m+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{\infty%
}\frac{A_{2\ell+1}^{2m+1}(h^{2})}{A_{2s+1}^{2m+1}(h^{2})}\left(\mathop{I_{\ell%
-s}\/}\nolimits\!\left(he^{-z}\right)\mathop{K_{\ell+s+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(%
he^{z}\right)+\mathop{I_{\ell+s+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(he^{-z}\right)\mathop{K_%
{\ell-s}\/}\nolimits\!\left(he^{z}\right)\right).\]
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http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray/amwiki/extensions/wikitex/tmp/71b843e93e18cb057142a33b7087ef57
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caltech.edu
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
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\begin{equation*}t_f\end{equation*}
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VERSION 1.0 CLASS
BEGIN
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DataSourceBehavior = 0 'vbNone
MTSTransactionMode = 0 'NotAnMTSObject
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Attribute VB_Name = "clsPatric"
Attribute VB_GlobalNameSpace = False
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Attribute VB_PredeclaredId = False
Attribute VB_Exposed = False
Option Explicit
' Ostergard, P.R.J.: A fast algorithm for the maximum clique problem, Discrete Applied Mathematics, Vol. 120. (2002) 197-207
' (without compressing graphs etc)
Private level_nodes() As Long, nStart() As Long, NodesNum() As Long
Private t As Long, mnMaxClique As Long
Private nMaxCliques() As Long
'
Public Function Start() As Long
Dim i As Long, t_minus_1 As Long, nn As Long
ReDim level_nodes(1 To Nodes, 1 To Nodes)
ReDim NodesNum(1 To Nodes)
ReDim nStart(1 To Nodes)
ReDim nMaxCliques(1 To Nodes)
' ReDim degree_arr(1 To nodes) As Long
mnMaxClique = 0
'''''' each level has its own set of nodes
For i = 1 To Nodes
level_nodes(1, i) = i
Next
NodesNum(1) = Nodes
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
DefineClasses
For nn = Nodes To 1 Step -1
t = 2
NodesNum(t) = 0
For i = nn + 1 To Nodes
If arr(level_nodes(1, nn), level_nodes(1, i)) Then
NodesNum(t) = NodesNum(t) + 1
level_nodes(t, NodesNum(t)) = level_nodes(1, i)
End If
Next
If NodesNum(t) = 0 Then
t = t - 1
If t > mnMaxClique Then mnMaxClique = t
Else
nStart(t) = 0
End If
While t >= 2
nStart(t) = nStart(t) + 1
''' Degree control
If (t + NodesNum(t) - nStart(t)) > mnMaxClique And _
(t + nMaxCliques(level_nodes(t, nStart(t)))) > mnMaxClique Then
t_minus_1 = t
t = t + 1
nStart(t) = 0
NodesNum(t) = 0
''' define nodes for the next level
For i = nStart(t_minus_1) + 1 To NodesNum(t_minus_1)
If arr(level_nodes(t_minus_1, nStart(t_minus_1)), level_nodes(t_minus_1, i)) Then
NodesNum(t) = NodesNum(t) + 1
level_nodes(t, NodesNum(t)) = level_nodes(t_minus_1, i)
End If
Next
If NodesNum(t) = 0 Then
t = t - 1
If t > mnMaxClique Then
mnMaxClique = t
t = 1
End If
End If
Else
t = t - 1
End If
Wend
nMaxCliques(level_nodes(1, nn)) = mnMaxClique
Next
Start = mnMaxClique
End Function
Private Sub DefineClasses()
Dim class_init() As Boolean '' show if node exist
Dim i As Long, k As Long
Dim mnRemainNodes As Long, bFirstNode As Boolean, nkNode As Long, nNodeNum As Long
ReDim class_init(1 To Nodes)
'''''
mnRemainNodes = Nodes
While True
''' build up new class
bFirstNode = True
''' position of first node
i = mnRemainNodes
While i > 0
''' swap nodes
nNodeNum = level_nodes(1, i)
If i <> mnRemainNodes Then
''' swap rows
level_nodes(1, i) = level_nodes(1, mnRemainNodes)
level_nodes(1, mnRemainNodes) = nNodeNum
End If
'''
mnRemainNodes = mnRemainNodes - 1
If mnRemainNodes = 0 Then Exit Sub
If bFirstNode Then
For k = 1 To mnRemainNodes
nkNode = level_nodes(1, k)
class_init(nkNode) = arr(nNodeNum, nkNode)
Next
bFirstNode = False
Else
For k = 1 To mnRemainNodes
nkNode = level_nodes(1, k)
class_init(nkNode) = arr(nNodeNum, nkNode) Or class_init(nkNode)
Next
End If
For i = mnRemainNodes To 1 Step -1
If Not class_init(level_nodes(1, i)) Then Exit For
Next
Wend
Wend
End Sub
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\[\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\
m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}\frac{1}{2}(j_{1}+j_{2}-m_{3})&%
\frac{1}{2}(j_{2}+j_{3}-m_{1})&\frac{1}{2}(j_{1}+j_{3}-m_{2})\\
j_{3}-\frac{1}{2}(j_{1}+j_{2}+m_{3})&j_{1}-\frac{1}{2}(j_{2}+j_{3}+m_{1})&j_{2%
}-\frac{1}{2}(j_{1}+j_{3}+m_{2})\end{pmatrix}.\]
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https://gi.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/_media/teaching/2008summer/meilensteine/vorlage.tex
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uni-bielefeld.de
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585246.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019074128-20211019104128-00136.warc.gz
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% Hier fängt das eigentliche Dokument an.
\begin{document}
% Titel(seite) erstellen
\maketitle
% Inhaltsverzeichnis aufbauen
\tableofcontents
% Gliederung des Dokumentes mittels
% \section{} und \subsection{}
\section{Einleitung}
% Ein \label kann dazu verwendet werden um mit \ref auf einen Abschnitt, Bild,
% Tabelle, ... zu verweisen.
\label{sec:einleitung}
% Mit \cite wird auf die Literatur verwiesen. Siehe unten
% (\begin{thebibliography})
Burrows und Wheeler führen eine Textpermutation ein
\cite{Burrows1994bsl}.
\section{Burrows-Wheeler-Transformation}
\label{sec:bwt}
% Die ~ vor dem \ref{} erzeugt ein nicht umbrechendes Leerzeichen.
Wie in Abschnitt~\ref{sec:einleitung} beschrieben, werden bla bla.
Auch Abbildung~\ref{fig:bild} zeigt das.\footnote{Fußnoten sind möglich aber
sollten besser vermieden werden.}
%
\parauthor{Peter Husemann}
% Den letzten Abschnitt, der von einer Person geschrieben wurde
% bitte mit dem folgenden Label markieren. Der Name der Person wird
% dadurch an den Rand gestellt.
% Wenn die Abschnitten zwei Autoren durcheinander geschrieben wurden, vor
% jedem Wechsel dieses Kommando benutzen
%
% Eine Abbildung in einer Fließumgebung.
% LaTeX bestimmt, wo die Abbildung gesetzt wird.
% Einflussmöglichkeit in den eckigen Klammern [htb]:
% h hier
% t top, oben auf einer Seite
% b bottom, unten ...
% p page, eine eigene Abbildungsseite
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
% Um Graphiken einzubinden folgendes:
% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{bild}
% am besten ohne Dateiendung. Mögliche Formate sind
% pdf, png, jpeg, wenn mit pdflatex compiliert wird.
% Bei Verwendung von latex muss eps verwendet werden.
%
% Die framebox ist hier nur ein Platzhalter für das eigentliche Bild
\framebox{Hallo}
\end{center}
\caption{Bildunterschrift.}
\label{fig:bild}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Inverse Transformation}
\label{sec:ibwt}
% Formeln lassen sich in den Text einbetten: $formel$ ...
Die inverse \emph{Burrows-Wheeler-Transformation} $bwt^{-1}$ ist definiert als:
%... oder abgesetzt formatieren:
\[
bwt^{-1} := \int\limits_{0}^{\infty} x :-) .
\]
In Tabelle~\ref{tab:tabelle} sind lauter lustige Zahlen.
% Eine Tabelle als Gleitobjekt. Wieder bestimmt LaTeX wo die Tabelle gesetzt
% wird
\begin{table}[htb]
\caption{Eine Tabelle.}
\label{tab:tabelle}
\begin{center}
% Hier die eigentliche Tabelle
% {l|cr} gibt die Anzahl und Typen der Spalten an.
% l steht für linksbündig, r rechts... und c für zentriert.
% | trennt zwei Spalten mit einem senkrechten Strich.
\begin{tabular}{l|cr}
% \hline fügt eine waagerechte Linie ein.
% Eine Zeile wird mit \\ beendet.
% Die einzelnen Zellen werden mit & getrennt.
Aaaaa & B & C \\ \hline
1 & 266 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6789
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\section{Ein Abschnitt aus Wikipedia}
Die folgenden Sätze sind aus Wikipedia\footnote{\url{http:www.wikipedia.de}}
kopiert.
% Ein Absatz wird durch eine komplett leere Zeile abgetrennt.
Die Informatik hat in praktisch allen Bereichen des modernen Lebens Einzug
gehalten. Offensichtlich wird dies durch den enormen Einfluss des Internets
verstärkt. Die weltweite Vernetzung revolutionierte die
Unternehmenskommunikation und Logistik, die Medien aber auch praktisch alle
privaten Haushalte. Weniger offensichtlich, aber allgegenwärtig ist die
Informatik in Haushaltsgeräten wie Videorekordern oder Spülmaschinen, in denen
eingebettete Systeme die mehr oder weniger intelligente Steuerung übernehmen.
Computer können große Datenmengen in kurzer Zeit verwalten, sichern, austauschen
und verarbeiten. Um dieses zu ermöglichen, ist die Interaktion komplexer
Hardware"= und Softwaresysteme nötig, die auch das wesentliche
Forschungsgebiet der Informatik darstellen. Als Beispiel mag die Wikipedia
selbst dienen, in der 50.000 Anwender und Millionen von Besuchern täglich
tausende Artikel suchen, lesen und bearbeiten.
Die Stärken von Computersystemen liegen darin, schematische Berechnungen auf
großen Datenmengen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit ausführen zu
können. Im Gegensatz dazu basieren viele scheinbar alltägliche
Intelligenzleistungen des Menschen jedoch auf kognitiven Leistungen, die bis
heute von Computern nur stark eingeschränkt erbracht werden können. Als Beispiel
sei hier das Erkennen von Gesichtern oder das Fällen von Entscheidungen bei
unsicherer Wissensbasis genannt. Derartige Prozesse werden von der Künstlichen
Intelligenz untersucht. In einzelnen Teildisziplinen konnten dabei bereits
beachtliche Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Von einer umfassenden Nachahmung
menschlicher Intelligenz kann dabei jedoch noch nicht gesprochen werden.
Als formale Grundlagenwissenschaft hat die Informatik, ähnlich wie die
Mathematik, grundlegende Bedeutung für viele andere Wissenschaftsbereiche. Fasst
man die Mathematik als Wissenschaft des \emph{formal denkbaren} auf, so
konzentriert sich die Informatik auf das \emph{formal realisierbare}, also was
der maschinellen Verarbeitung zugänglich ist. Ihre Fragestellungen, zur
Berechenbarkeit etc., reichen bis in die Philosophie hinein.
% So wird ein Literaturverzeichnis gemacht. Die Einträge werden mit \cite{key}
% referenziert
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{Abel2004GBWK}
J.~Abel.
\newblock {Grundlagen des Burrows-Wheeler-Kompressionsalgorithmus}.
\newblock {\em Inform., Forsch. Entwickl.}, 18(2):80--87, 2004.
\bibitem{Burrows1994bsl}
M.~Burrows and D.~J. Wheeler.
\newblock A block-sorting lossless data compression algorithm.
\newblock Technical Report 124, Digital System Research Center, May 1994.
\bibitem{Krichevsky1994}
R.~E. Krichevsky.
\newblock {\em Universal Compression and Retrieval (Mathematics and Its
Applications)}.
\newblock Springer, 1994.
\bibitem{Lanciani1995apm}
C.~A. Lanciani.
\newblock Auditory perception and the {MPEG} audio standard.
\newblock 1995.
\bibitem{Mahoney2005awc}
M.~V. Mahoney.
\newblock Adaptive weighing of context models for lossless data compression.
\newblock Technical Report CS-2005-16, Florida Institute of Technology CS
Dept., 2005.
\bibitem{Pan1995tutorial}
D.~Pan.
\newblock A tutorial on {MPEG}/audio compression.
\newblock {\em IEEE MultiMedia}, 2(2):60--74, 1995.
\bibitem{Salomon1998dc}
D.~Salomon.
\newblock {\em Data Compression -- The Complete Reference}.
\newblock Springer, 1998.
\bibitem{Schulz2003cod}
R.-H. Schulz.
\newblock {\em Codierungstheorie}.
\newblock Vieweg, 2003.
\bibitem{Seibt2006ait}
P.~Seibt.
\newblock {\em Algorithmic Information Theory: Mathematics of Digital
Information Processing (Signals and Communication Technology)}.
\newblock Springer, 2006.
\bibitem{Wiegand2003H264}
T.~Wiegand, G.~J. Sullivan, G.~Bjntegaard, and A.~Luthra.
\newblock Overview of the {H.264/AVC} video coding standard.
\newblock {\em {IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Techn.}, 13(7):560--576,
2003.
\bibitem{Ziv1977uas}
J.~Ziv and A.~Lempel.
\newblock A universal algorithm for sequential data compression.
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Information Theory}, 23(3):337--343, 1977.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{handout}
\input{mymargins}
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\newcommand{\ard}[2]{#1[#2]}
\newcommand{\tuple}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}
\newcommand{\awt}[3]{#1\tuple{#2 \triangleleft #3}}
\begin{document}
\handout{11}{3}{Homework Assignment 5 \\
Due Thursday, March 28 2013 at 3:30pm}
The answers to the homework assignment should be your own individual work.
Please hand in a hard copy of your solutions in class on the due date.
\begin{enumerate}
\item (20 points)
For each of the following claims, state whether it is true or false.
Give a clear and concise explanation to justify your answer.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Consider a first order-theory $T$ with signature $\Sigma$ and axioms $A$.
Let $F_A$ denote the conjunction of every axiom in $A$, and let $\phi$ be a formula over $\Sigma$. If $\phi$ is satisfiable modulo $T$, then $F_A \rightarrow \phi$ is also satisfiable in standard first-order logic.
\item Consider a first order-theory $T$ with signature $\Sigma$ and axioms $A$.
Let $F_A$ denote the conjunction of every axiom in $A$, and let $\phi$ be a formula over $\Sigma$. If $F_A \rightarrow \phi$ is satisfiable in standard first-order logic, then $\phi$ is satisfiable modulo $T$.
\item Consider a first-order theory $T$ with signature $\{ \}$ and no axioms. The set of sentences that belong to this theory is $\emptyset$.
\item Consider a first order theory $T$ with signature $\{p\}$ and the following axioms:
\[
\begin{array}{rl}
{\rm Axiom \ 1:} & \forall x. \exists y. p(x,y) \\
{\rm Axiom \ 2:} & (\exists x. \exists y. p(x,y)) \rightarrow (\exists x. \forall y. p(x,y)) \\
{\rm Axiom \ 3:} & \forall x. \neg p(x, x)
\end{array}
\]
This theory is complete.
\end{enumerate}
\item (10 points) Decide whether the formula below is valid. If it is valid or unsatisfiable, use the semantic argument method to prove your claim. If the formula is satisfiable but not valid, provide both a falsifying and satisfying structure.
\[
\ard{\awt{a}{i}{e}}{j} = e \ \rightarrow \ i=j \lor a[j] = e
\]
\item (10 points) Apply the congruence closure algorithm to decide the satisfiability of the following $T_=$ formula:
\[
f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) \land f(g(f(y))) = x \land f(y) = x \land g(f(x)) \neq x
\]
You solution should provide detail at the level of the examples in slides 24-31 of lecture 11.
\item (17 points) Solve the following linear program using Simplex:
\[
\begin{array}{ll}
{\rm Maximize:} & x_1 + 3x_2 \\
{\rm Subject \ to:} & \\
& \
\begin{array}{rll}
-x_1 + x_2 & \leq & -1 \\
-2x_1 - 2x_2 & \leq & -6 \\
-x_1 + 4x_2 & \leq & 2 \\
x_1,x_2 & \geq & 0
\end{array}
\end{array}
\]
Show the initial slack form representation and the auxiliary linear program needed to obtain a feasible basic solution. Also, show each step of the Simplex algorithm after performing a pivot operation. Your answer should provide detail at the level of the examples done in class (e.g., slides 37-40 of lecture 12). Use Bland's rule for pivot selection.
\item (8 points) Recall that the Omega Test uses Fourier-Motzkin variable elimination to compute the real shadow.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Use the Fourier-Motzkin technique to eliminate variable $x_1$ from the following system:
\[
\begin{array}{ccc}
-5x_1 - 5x_2 & \leq & -11 \\
2x_1 - 2x_2& \leq & 1 \\
-x_1 + 3x_2 & \leq & 3
\end{array}
\]
\item Using your answer to part (a), what does the Omega test conclude about the existence of an integer solution to this system based on the real shadow?
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}
|
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