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+{"text":"\\section{Supplement}\n\n\\subsection{Optical microscope image and linescan description} \\label{partA}\n\nAn optical microscope image of the MoSe$_2$\/WSe$_2$ lateral heterostructure (LH) and a schematic representation of the linescan process used in the optical spectroscopy experiments are shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS1}a,b. We use water-assisted deterministic transfer to pick up as-grown, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) LHs using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and deterministically transfer and encapsulate them in hBN \\cite{jia2016large,paradisanos2020controlling}. The optical contrast between MoSe$_2$ and WSe$_2$ is different, allowing the direct visualization of the heterojunctions, shown with white dashed lines in Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS1}a. In Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS1}b we show a schematic representation of the process for the Raman, PL and Reflectivity linescans (Figure 2 in the main text). We position the excitation laser ($ \\lambda = 633 $~nm, diffraction-limited spot diameter of 1~$ \\mu $m) on the area of WSe$_2$ and we use piezo-controlled nanopositioners to move the sample with steps of $\\approx150$~nm. After each step, a single -Raman, photoluminescence, reflectivity- spectrum is collected and finally all spectra are plotted as contour representations in Figure 2 of the main text.\\\\\n\\subsection{Optical spectroscopy}\n\\begin{figure}\n\\includegraphics[width=0.95\\linewidth]{figS1}\n\\caption{\\label{fig:figS1} (a) Optical image of the hBN-encapsulated LH. Orange and white dashed lines indicate the boundaries of WSe$_2$ and MoSe$_2$, respectively. (b) Schematic representation of the Raman, PL and Reflectivity linescan process across the heterojunction of MoSe$_2$\/WSe$_2$ LH. The laser is initially positioned on WSe$ _2 $ and a series of sequential steps (step size $ \\approx150$ nm) follows with a single signal acquisition after each step.}\n\\end{figure}\n\\begin{figure*}\n\\includegraphics[width=0.9\\linewidth]{figS2}\n\\caption{\\label{fig:figS2} (a) Raman, (b) photoluminescence and (c) reflectivity spectra of MoSe$_2$ (bottom), on the junction (middle) and WSe$_2$ (top).}\n\\end{figure*}\nRaman, PL and differential white light reflectivity spectra are collected at T=5 K in a closed-loop liquid helium (LHe) system. Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS2}a,b,c shows individual Raman, PL and reflectivity spectra of MoSe$_2$ (bottom), junction (middle) and WSe$_2$ (top), after transfer and encapsulation in hBN. For the Raman and PL experiments we use a 633~nm HeNe laser as an excitation source with a spot size diameter of $ \\approx 1~\\mu $m and 6~$ \\mu $W power.  In reflectivity we use a tungsten-halogen white light source with a power of a few nW to collect the intensity reflection coefficient of the sample with the monolayer ($R_{ML}$) and the reflection coefficient of the substrate ($R_{S}$) so that $\\Delta R=(R_{ML}-R_{S})\/R_{S}$. \nThe spectral shape and amplitude of the differential reflectivity signal also depends on thin-film interference effects related to the thickness of top, bottom hBN and SiO$_2$ layers \\cite{Robert:2018a}\\\\\nThe main Raman peaks of MoSe$_2$ (Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS2}a) include the A$'_{1}$($\\Gamma$) phonon at 241~cm$^{-1}$ and the E$'$($\\Gamma$) at 291~cm$^{-1}$ \\cite{soubelet2016resonance}, while a strong peak at 458~cm$^{-1}$ has been associated two other peaks to form triplets, see supplementary material of \\cite{mcdonnell2020observation}. A strong peak at 531~cm$^{-1}$ was recently assigned to multi-phonon processes either associated with both K and M point phonons or combinations of $\\Gamma$ point phonons \\cite{mcdonnell2020observation}. The observation of this phonon is a signature of resonant excitation with an excited exciton state. WSe$_2$ phonons are spectrally different compared to MoSe$_2$. The degenerate A$'_{1}$($\\Gamma$)\/E$'$($\\Gamma$) phonons are located at 250~cm$^{-1}$ and, similar to MoSe$_2$, a strong and recently discovered peak at 495~cm$^{-1}$ is also observed here and attributed to multi-phonon processes at K and M points or combination of $\\Gamma$ point phonons \\cite{mcdonnell2020observation}. As expected, when the laser spot is on the junction, Raman spectra display a superposition of the individual spectral signatures. We did not identify any measurable shift or broadening of the Raman peaks when we scanned across the junction. PL spectra of MoSe$_2$ and WSe$_2$ monolayers exhibit pronounced peaks (Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS2}b), associated with neutral neutral (X$^{0}$) and charged (X$^{T}$) excitons. Additional peaks appearing at lower energies, especially in WSe$_2$ and at the junction, possibly due to an ensemble of localized emission from defects. Further experiments are necessary to examine any possibility of the formation of interlayer excitons. Strong excitonic resonances appear in reflectivity for both materials with negligible Stokes shift between emission and absorption of the A1s exciton state (see Fig.~\\ref{fig:figS2}c). Clear signatures of B1s states are also observed in both materials while for WSe$_2$ the appearance of the A2s excited state further supports the good quality of the CVD-grown monolayers. Similar to Raman and PL spectroscopy, on the junction we observe a superposition of the available states from both materials.\\\\\n\n\\subsection{Diffusion experiment and model}\nFor the investigation of lateral transport, we used an experimental procedure very similar to the one described in part \\ref{partA}. The excitation is based on a HeNe laser with an excitation spot size of about 0.7$\\mu$m and an excitation power of 5$\\mu$W. The PL images are recorded by a Hamamatsu Fusion-BT CMOS camera. The PL profiles are plotted in polar coordinates. To do so, we integrate over all the polar angles [0;2$\\pi$], the data are therefore $I_{PL}(r)$ where $r$ is the radius from the maximum PL intensity. \\\\\n\\indent To model the scanning part over the junction (see Fig.4 in the main text), we numerically solved the 2D classical diffusion equation with the use of the Matlab toolbox \\textit{pdetool} (partial differential equation toolbox). We set two zones having the same diffusion coefficient of $1cm^2\/s$ but different lifetime of $\\tau_1=100ps$ and $\\tau_2=400ps$. To take into account the contribution of dark and bright states, different radiative efficiency $\\eta$ are taken into account with a ratio of $\\eta_1\/\\eta_2=10$. The laser excitation spot is assumed gaussian, and we model the PL profile for each position of the laser spot. The PL profiles $I_{PL}(r)$ are fitted by a gaussian distribution $I_{PL}(r)=A.exp(-r^2\/w^2)$ where $w^2$ reflects the broadening of the PL profile (i.e. diffusion). We used Neumann boundary conditions with $dI_{PL}(r)\/dr=0$ to simulate ideal interface with no recombination.\n\\\\\n\\subsection{Electron microscopy}\n\nFor STEM investigation, the samples were transferred to Quantifoil$^{tm}$ grids  using PMMA assisted transfer protocol. The High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image was acquired with a Thermofisher Talos 200X microscope operated at 200 kV. \n\n\\begin{figure*}\n\\includegraphics[width=0.8\\linewidth]{figS3}\n\\caption{\\label{fig:figS3} \\textbf{Characterization of lateral heterostructures }(a,b) Optical microscopy image of as grown MoSe$_2$-WSe$_2$ LHs (c,d) AFM height and phase image of as grown LHs. The height profile in the inset of (c) shows monolayer thickness of 0.8~nm. }\n\\end{figure*}\n\n\\begin{figure*}\n\\includegraphics[width=0.8\\linewidth]{FigS4}\n\\caption{\\label{fig:figS4} \\textbf{Examples of PL imaging in different sample areas}. We show more examples of typical PL emission spots in MoSe$_2$ (left), on the junction between the two materials (middle), and in WSe$_2$ (right) for two different sample temperatures as marked on the panels for each line.}\n\\end{figure*}\n\n \\textbf{Acknowledgements}  \\\\\nToulouse acknowledges  partial funding from ANR IXTASE, ANR HiLight, NanoX project 2DLight, the Institut Universitaire de France, and the EUR grant ATRAP-2D NanoX ANR-17-EURE-0009 in the\nframework of the \"Programme des Investissements d'Avenir\", the Institute of quantum technology in Occitanie IQO and a UPS excellence PhD grant.\nGrowth of hexagonal boron nitride crystals was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grants No. 19H05790, No. 20H00354 and No. 21H05233). \nThe Jena group received financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through a research infrastructure grant INST 275\/257-1 FUGG, CRC 1375 NOA (Project B2), SPP2244 (Project TU149\/13-1) as well as DFG grant TU149\/16-1. This project has also received funding from the joint European Union's Horizon 2020 and DFG research and innovation programme FLAG-ERA under grant TU149\/9-1.\n (+) D.B.,  I.P.\\ and Z.G.\\ contributed equally to this work. ($\\ddagger$) T.L. now at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.\n \n ","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaArXiv"}}
+{"text":"\\section{Introduction}\n\nFixing to the smooth, covariant, Coulomb and Landau gauges can be useful for lattice field theorists. The matching of lattice results to continuum perturbation theory, of particular interest for vertex functions, demands the use of a fixed gauge, usually Landau. Coulomb gauge has other benefits; it can be used for the creation of gauge-fixed wall source fermion propagators or for measurements of the static quark potential.\n\nThe Landau and Coulomb gauges are two of the easiest (that have useful continuum analogs) to implement on the lattice as their gauge conditions can be defined as the minimisation of a functional. Such a description allows us to define a smooth deformation of the fields in which we can systematically move toward a local minimum of the functional. This is the aim of many numerical optimisation techniques and several methods are available \\cite{Mandula:1987rh,Mandula:1990vs,deForcrand:1989im}.\n\nConjugate gradient methods were first introduced in \\cite{zbMATH03075195} to solve systems of equations and were generalised to the associated problem of solving non-linear, non-quadratic functions in \\cite{Polyak196994,Fletcher01011964,Polak1969}. We show how a non-linear conjugate gradient method can be used with Fourier Acceleration to create a very fast gauge fixing procedure for both Coulomb and Landau gauge with exact and approximate definitions of the gauge field. We also comment on the ineffectiveness of fixing to these gauges using a so-called ``optimal'' steepest descent (SD) routine that tunes the step-size to best minimise the functional at each iteration.\n\n\\section{Fields and Definitions}\n\nLattice gauge fields (the $A_\\mu$'s) of an $N_d$-dimensional, strongly interacting gauge theory are formally defined by their path-ordered parallel transport matrices (known as lattice links),\n\\begin{equation}\n U_{\\mu}\\left(x+a\\frac{\\hat{\\mu}}{2}\\right) = P[e^{ig_0 \\int_{x}^{x+a\\hat\\mu} A_\\mu( x )dx_\\mu }] \\approx e^{iag_0A_\\mu\\left(x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)},\n\\end{equation}\nand are well described as living halfway between the sites $x$ and $x+a\\hat{\\mu}$ of the lattice, where $a$ is the lattice spacing, $g_0$ is the bare coupling and $\\mu$ is the field's polarisation direction. The links are elements of the group $\\textrm{SU}(N_C)$, the fields are elements of the Lie Algebra $\\mathfrak{su}(N_C)$ with $N_C$ being the number of color charges of the theory.\n\nThe fields cannot be transformed in a gauge-covariant manner directly in lattice simulations, instead they have to be altered by gauge transformation,\n\\begin{equation}\\label{Eq:gtrans}\n U^{(g)}_\\mu\\left( x + a \\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right) = g(x)U_\\mu\\left( x + a \\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)g(x+a\\hat\\mu)^{\\dagger}.\n\\end{equation}\nSuch a transformation preserves the gauge invariance of the action. \n\nThe techniques we consider in this work for fixing the gauge (gradient descent methods) require access to the gauge fields directly. There is some freedom in the choice of field definition: a common one is what we call the ``Hermitian Projection'' and is accurate only up to terms of $O\\left(A_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)^3\\right)$,\n\\begin{equation}\n\\begin{aligned}\n ag_0A_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)= &\\frac{U_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)-U_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)^{\\dagger}}{2i} \\\\\n &-\\frac{1}{2iN_C}\\textrm{Tr}\\left[U_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)-U_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)^{\\dagger} \\right]\\cdot I_{N_c\\times N_c}.\n \\end{aligned}\n\\end{equation}\nSome authors have also investigated the use of exact logarithmic fields \\cite{Furui:1998cg,Ilgenfritz:2010gu}. These will be used here to illustrate the general performance properties of our Fourier Accelerated Conjugate Gradient algorithm.\n\nCayley-Hamilton theorem states that every matrix is a solution of its own characteristic equation. In terms of our links the following finite expansion can be used (where the f's are necessarily complex and $I$ is the identity matrix) \\cite{PhysRevD.69.054501},\n\\begin{equation}\n U_{\\mu}\\left(x+a\\frac{\\hat{\\mu}}{2}\\right) = f_0\\cdot I_{N_C\\times N_C} + f_1A_\\mu\\left( x + a\\frac{\\hat{\\mu}}{2}\\right) + \\cdots +f_{N_C-1}A_\\mu\\left( x + a\\frac{\\hat{\\mu}}{2}\\right)^{N_C-1}.\n\\end{equation}\n\nThe f's are the solution to the following Vandermonde equation,\n\\begin{equation}\\label{chap5:mat:vandermonde}\n\\begin{pmatrix}\n1&q_0&q_0^{2}&\\cdots&q_0^{N_C-1} \\\\\n1&q_1&q_1^{2}&\\cdots&q_1^{N_C-1} \\\\\n\\vdots&\\vdots&\\vdots&\\cdots&\\vdots \\\\\n1&q_{N_C-1}&q_{N_C-1}^{2}&\\cdots&q_{N_C-1}^{N_C-1}\n\\end{pmatrix}\n\\begin{pmatrix}\nf_0 \\\\\nf_1 \\\\\n\\vdots \\\\\nf_{N_C-1} \\end{pmatrix}\n=\\begin{pmatrix}\n e^{iq_0} \\\\\n e^{iq_1} \\\\\n \\vdots \\\\\n e^{iq_{N_C-1}}\n \\end{pmatrix}.\n\\end{equation}\nThe $q$'s are the Eigenvalues of $A_\\mu\\left(x+a\\frac{ \\hat\\mu}{2} \\right)$ and the $e^{iq}$'s are the Eigenvalues of the link matrix $U_\\mu\\left(x+a\\frac{ \\hat\\mu}{2} \\right)$. For our logarithm, we compute the $e^{iq}$'s from the characteristic equation of the link matrix $U_\\mu\\left(x+a\\frac{ \\hat\\mu}{2} \\right)$ and take their complex argument to define the $q$'s on the principal branch. The solution to general Vandermonde systems can become numerically unstable, but for $\\textrm{SU}(3)$ well-behaved functions for the f's in terms of the q's can be used \\cite{PhysRevD.69.054501}. This leads to a computationally efficient and numerically stable definition for the principal logarithm of $\\textrm{SU}(3)$ matrices,\n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:logroj}\nag_0A_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right) = \\frac{f_2^*U_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)-f_2U^{\\dagger}_{\\mu}\\left( x+a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2}\\right)-2i\\Im{\\left(f_0 f_2^*\\right)}\\cdot I_{3\\times3}}{2i\\Im{\\left(f_1 f_2^*\\right)}}.\\nonumber\n\\end{equation}\n\nWe define the lattice finite difference of the gauge fields by,\n\\begin{equation}\n a\\Delta_\\mu A_\\mu(x) = \\sum_\\mu \\left[A_\\mu\\left( x+ a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2} \\right) - A_\\mu\\left( x - a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2} \\right)\\right].\n\\end{equation}\n\nIt will be useful to monitor our algorithm (at it's $n^\\textrm{th}$ iteration) by defining the quantity ($V$ is the lattice volume),\n\\begin{equation}\n\\Theta^{(n)} = \\frac{1}{N_c V}\\sum_x \\textrm{Tr}\\left[ \\left( a\\Delta_\\mu ag_0 A_\\mu^{(n)}(x)\\right)^2 \\right].\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\section{Fourier Accelerated Steepest Descent}\n\nThe continuum gauge condition for Landau gauge (and Coulomb with $\\mu$ only in the spatial directions) is $\\partial_\\mu A_\\mu(x)=0$, and the lattice analog of this is $a\\Delta_\\mu ag_0 A_\\mu(x) = 0$. This occurs at the minimum of the gauge fixing functional,\n\\begin{equation}\\label{Eq:functional}\n F(U) = \\frac{1}{N_C N_d V} \\sum_{x,\\mu} \\textrm{Tr}\\left[ A_\\mu\\left( x + a\\frac{\\hat\\mu}{2} \\right)^2\\right].\n\\end{equation}\n\nA general steepest descent step that drives the gauge fields toward a local minimum of the functional (and thus reduces $a\\Delta_\\mu ag_0A_\\mu(x)$ to 0) is,\n\\begin{equation}\n g(x) = e^{-i\\alpha a\\Delta_\\mu ag_0 A_\\mu(x)},\n\\end{equation}\nfollowed by a gauge transformation of the links (Eq.\\ref{Eq:gtrans}). The parameter $\\alpha$ is a small, fixed, positive tuning parameter. This procedure is repeated until some convergence criterion is met.\n\nThe authors of \\cite{PhysRevD.37.1581} suggested that a re-scaling of the Eigenvalues of the Abelian Laplacian operator ($\\Delta^{2}A_\\mu(x)$) in momentum space was sufficient to reduce some of the critical slowing down in each steepest descent iteration, this is effectively a preconditioner of the gradient. A Fourier Accelerated Steepest Descent (FASD) iteration is,\n\\begin{equation}\n g(x) = e^{\\tilde{F} \\;\\frac{-i\\alpha \\hat{p}^2_{\\textrm{Max}}}{V\\hat{p}^2} \\;F a\\Delta_\\mu a g_0 A_\\mu(x) }.\n\\end{equation}\nFollowed by a gauge transformation. $p^2_{\\text{Max}}$ takes the values $4N_d$ and $4(N_d-1)$ for fixing to Landau and Coulomb gauge respectively. $F$ and $\\tilde{F}$ are forward and backward Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs using FFTW \\cite{FFTW05} in our implementation). We use the definition of lattice momentum (the $n_\\mu$'s are Fourier modes, $L_\\mu$ is the lattice length in the $\\mu$ direction),\n\\begin{equation}\n\\hat{p}^2 = 2\\left( N_d - \\sum_\\mu \\cos\\left( \\frac{2\\pi n_\\mu}{L_\\mu} \\right)\\right).\n\\end{equation}\nThe rest of this paper will present results from gauge group $\\textrm{SU}(3)$, $N_d=4$ dimensional lattice gauge theory. In particular, $\\text{N}_\\text{f}=2+1$, Iwasaki gauge, DWF configurations are used. We will consider three different lattice volumes; the $32^3\\times64$ data has a lattice spacing of $a^{-1}\\approx 2.38$ GeV, the $24^3\\times64$ and $16^3\\times32$ configurations' $a^{-1}\\approx 1.79$ GeV \\cite{RBC:2014tka}.\n\n\\subsection{Optimal FASD}\n\nMany popular techniques for fixing the gauge require some form of tuning to be effective, with FASD and over-relaxation being examples. The tuning parameter can depend on the bare coupling, the gauge action, the field definition and the functional being used. If the tuning parameter is too large the routine will not converge, too small and the routine will have poor performance. The optimal FASD routine, and the Fourier Accelerated Conjugate Gradient algorithm discussed later do not need to be tuned.\n\nWe can define a so-called ``optimal'' steepest descent routine by choosing the parameter $\\alpha_n$ to be the one which best minimises the gauge functional (Eq.\\ref{Eq:functional}) at each iteration of the algorithm. Evaluating the optimal parameter $\\alpha_n$ exactly (by e.g. a binary search) would be prohibitively expensive as each evaluation of what we call a probe $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ requires both a lattice-wide gauge transformation and subsequent functional evaluation. The approach we take instead is to evaluate a selection of probe $\\alpha^{\\prime}$'s and create a cubic spline interpolation of the probes for which we can solve for the minimum and hence provide a good approximation to the actual minimum. Such a process is called an approximate line search and will be integral to the non-linear conjugate-gradient method discussed in the next section.\n\n\\begin{figure}[h!]\n\\centering\n\\subfloat[Cubic spline interpolation.]\n  {\n  \\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{FASD_splines.eps}\n  \\label{Fig:spline_interp}\n  }    \n\\quad\n\\subfloat[Spline minimum history]\n  {\n  \\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{FASD_spline.eps}\n  \\label{Fig:FASD_spline}\n  }\n\\caption[$\\:$ ]{Fig.\\ref{Fig:spline_interp} shows a cubic spline interpolation and the computation of the spline minimum for a series of probe $\\alpha^{\\prime}$s. Fig.\\ref{Fig:FASD_spline} shows the history of the spline minimum per iteration of the optimal FASD from an example $16^3\\times32$ configuration converged to a high accuracy of $\\Theta^{(n)}<10^{-14}$.}%\n\\end{figure}\nFig.\\ref{Fig:spline_interp} shows the cubic spline interpolation for a group of probe evaluations for an FASD step. Fig.\\ref{Fig:FASD_spline} illustrates the typical history of the cubic spline minimum per iteration of the optimal FASD Landau gauge fixing routine, taken from a single $16^3\\times32$ configuration. We see that after the first 50 or so iterations the best $\\alpha_n$ is roughly constant at around $0.08$ which is consistent with the best tuning parameter of similar configurations found in the literature \\cite{PhysRevD.37.1581,Ilgenfritz:2010gu}. The approximate optimal $\\alpha_n$ oscillates each iteration around a central value, illustrating the routine correcting itself from an over or under-estimate of the true optimal $\\alpha_n$.\n\nAs the optimal FASD shows a long plateau of the best $\\alpha_n$ with little variation the cost of the line search is not worthwhile for the FASD algorithm. This is because it is roughly $N\\times$ the cost of one fixed-$\\alpha$ iteration ($N$ is the number of probe $\\alpha^{\\prime}$s) and we need at least $N=3$ to compute a cubic spline interpolant. If the number of iterations is not reduced by a factor of $N$ the optimal FASD is less optimal (in the sense of time taken to reach a desired precision) than the fixed-$\\alpha$ FASD, which we find to be the case.\n\n\\section{Conjugate Directions in Gauge Fixing}\n\nA detailed description of the of the Fourier Accelerated Conjugate Gradient (FACG) algorithm is presented in Alg.1 and Alg.2 of \\cite{Hudspith2015115} and will not be reproduced here.\n\n\\begin{figure}[ht!]\n\\centering\n\\subfloat[FACG spline minimum history]\n{\n\\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FACG_spline.eps}\n\\label{Fig:spline_hist}\n}\n\\quad\n\\subfloat[FACG vs. FASD comparison]\n{\n\\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{FACG_v_FASD_acc_iters.eps}\n\\label{Fig:comparison}\n}\n\\newline\n\\subfloat[Improvement over the FASD, logarithmic fields]\n{\t\n  \\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{scaling_log.eps}\n  \\label{Fig:log_scalings}\n}\n\\caption[]{Fig.\\ref{Fig:spline_hist} shows the optimal $\\alpha_n$'s of the FACG algorithm for an example $16^3\\times32$ configuration being fixed to $\\Theta^{(n)}<10^{-14}$. Fig.\\ref{Fig:comparison} shows the number of iterations required for the (fixed-$\\alpha$) FASD and FACG algorithms to reach the same accuracy for the same configuration, using the Hermitian Projection definition of the gauge fields. Fig.\\ref{Fig:log_scalings} illustrates a measure of the effective speed up of our FACG compared to our FASD routine for the logarithmic field definition for 3 different lattice volumes.}\n\\end{figure}\n  \nFig.\\ref{Fig:spline_hist} shows a histogram of $\\alpha_n$ taken from the probes $(0.0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6)$ for every iteration of the configuration used in the previous section. We can see that most of the optimal $\\alpha_n$'s lie in the range $[0,0.3]$ and so we choose the three probe evaluations $(0.0,0.15,0.3)$ for our routine. The probe at $0.0$ is very beneficial in bounding the minimum and is cheap to evaluate as no gauge transformations are needed. If the spline minimum is negative, we set $\\alpha_n$ to $0.0$ (i.e. we generate a new descent direction) or if it is greater than $0.3$ we set it to $0.3$ knowing that the algorithm will accommodate for a sub-optimal step. \n\nWe provide a comparison of the FACG algorithm (using the 3 probes) to the fixed-$\\alpha$ FASD algorithm in Fig.\\ref{Fig:comparison} showing the number of iterations required to reach $\\Theta^{(n)}<10^{-14}$ for a single configuration, although this behaviour is ubiquitous. We see that for this configuration there is a factor of around $10$ reduction in the number of iterations to reach a high level of convergence. As mentioned for the optimal FASD routine, if the factor of reduction in the number of iterations is greater than the number of probe evaluations ($N$) then the routine is beneficial. \n\nIn \\cite{Hudspith2015115}(Fig.1) we show for the Hermitian Projection definition of the fields a factor of 2 to 4 improvement in the average time taken to converge to a high fixed accuracy was obtained for the FACG routine compared to the FASD. In Fig.\\ref{Fig:log_scalings}, we show that such speedup is also available for the logarithmic field definition for the three volumes considered. The measure of improvement was taken to be the time taken for 25 randomly gauge transformed copies of the same configuration at each volume for the FASD algorithm divided by the time taken for the FACG algorithm.\n\n\\section{Conclusions}\n\nWe have presented results using the FACG algorithm for fixing to Landau and Coulomb gauge. It is shown to be faster than our implementation of the FASD algorithm for both the logarithmic and Hermitian Projection field definitions. We have illustrated why an optimal FASD algorithm does not provide a faster method than the fixed-$\\alpha$ procedure, and have shown why the literature value of $\\alpha=0.08$ is often a good choice for the tuning parameter, although the exact optimal tuning parameter is dependent on several factors. Unlike the fixed-$\\alpha$ FASD or over-relaxation methods, the FACG does not require one to tune a parameter.\n\nThe FACG algorithm converges in fewer iterations than the FASD, and requires only one set of FFTs per iteration; if FFTs are particularly costly this method will show greater improvement over the FASD than presented here. The FACG method (as it is a gradient descent method) allows for options where standard relaxation techniques cannot be used; different gauge field definitions or alternate functionals can be accommodated easily.\n\n\\section{Acknowledgements}\n\nThe results produced in this work were generated on Columbia University's cluster ``CUTH'' using the package GLU (\\href{https:\/\/github.com\/RJhudspith\/GLU}{https:\/\/github.com\/RJHudspith\/GLU}). RJH would like to thank R. Lewis. RJH is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.\n\n\\bibliographystyle{JHEP}\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaArXiv"}}
+{"text":"\\section{Introduction}\nHindman's Theorem states that, in any finite coloring of the integers, some color contains an infinite set and all its finite sums.  Hindman's original proof \\cite{hindman74} is quite complicated; fortunately, there are both simpler combinatorial arguments \\cite{baumgartner74,towsner09:hindman_simple} and an elegant proof based on the topology of ultrafilters (see, for instance, \\cite{comfort77}).\n\nStrikingly, the ultrafilter argument gives, sometimes with little additional work, various strengthenings of the theorem for which combinatorial proofs are iether much harder, or not known to exist.  (\\cite{hindman98} gives a thorough exploration of many uses of ultrafilters in this context.)  One such strengthening promises, not a single monochromatic infinite set and its finite sums, but a tree of such sets in which there are ``many'' possible first elements, for each such first element ``many'' possible second elements, and so on.\n\nIn this paper we give the first combinatorial proof of this theorem, modeled on Baumgartner's proof of the ordinary Hindman's Theorem.  The key idea is the use of approximate ultrafilters, as introduced by Hirst \\cite{hirst04}---countable collections of sets of integers which nonetheless contain enough information to complete the proof.  The proof here is modeled on our related proof of the ordinary Hindman's Theorem \\cite{towsner09:hindman_unwind}\\footnote{Indeed, we originally found a proof quite similar to that one, and only subsequently found proof in the style of Baumgartner which we present here.  This proof is slightly more elegant, and we hope that it will shed some light on the relationship between Baumgartner's proof of the ordinary Hindman's Theorem and the ultrafilter proof.}.\n\nThe reverse mathematical strength of even the ordinary Hindman's Theorem is open; bounds are given in \\cite{blass87}, and the gap between the lower and upper bounds on reverse mathematical strength there have not been improved.  The proof given here is entirely within the bounds of second order arithmetic, but well above their upper bounds; no lower bound for the Dense Hindman's Theorem is known besides the obvious one, that any lower bound for the ordinary Hindman's Theorem must also bound the Dense Hindman's Theorem.\n\nWe thank Mathias Beiglb\\\"ock for bringing this question to our attention, and for many discussions about the mathematics around Hindman's Theorem.\n\n\\section{General Definitions}\nThroughout this paper, variables denoted by lowercase letters will typically be natural numbers, except for $b$, which will always belong to $\\{-1,1\\}$.  Variables denoted by upppercase letters will be sets of natural numbers, and variables denoted by caligraphic letters ($\\mathcal{U}$, $\\mathcal{F}$, etc.) will be sets of sets of natural numbers.  In fact, it would cause no harm to assume that all sets of sets of natural numbers appearing in this paper are countable, and therefore to code them using sets of natural numbers.  The one exception is the property $\\mathfrak{P}$, which represents the set of sets of natural numbers satisfying some shift-invariant divisible'' property, such as the infinite sets, the piecewise syndetic sets, or the sets of positive upper Banach density.  (The notion of divisibility is introduced in \\cite{glasner80}.\n\nWe adopt the notation that if $X$ is a set of integers, $1\\cdot X=X$ and $-1\\cdot X=\\mathbb{N}\\setminus X$.  We write $X-n$ for $\\{m\\mid m+n\\in X\\}$.\n\n\\begin{definition}\n  Let $\\mathfrak{P}$ be a collection of sets of integers such that\\footnote{To keep our promise that the proof go through in second order arithmetic, we should insist that $\\mathfrak{P}$ be given by some arithmetic formula; this includes all the examples given.}:\n  \\begin{itemize}\n  \\item $\\mathbb{N}\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\item $\\emptyset\\not\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\item If $X\\subseteq Y$ and $X\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ then $Y\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\item If $X_0\\cup X_1=X$ and $X\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ then either $X_0\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ or $X_1\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\item For any $X$ and any $n$, $X\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ iff $X-n\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\end{itemize}\n\n  We say a collection $\\mathcal{U}$ of sets of integers has the $\\mathfrak{P}$-finite intersection property ($\\mathfrak{P}$-fip) if for every finite collection $\\mathcal{F}\\subseteq\\mathcal{U}$, \n\\[\\bigcap_{S\\in \\mathcal{F}}S\\in\\mathfrak{P}.\\]\n\\end{definition}\n\nNatural examples of such properties $\\mathfrak{P}$ include:\n\\begin{itemize}\n\\item $\\mathfrak{P}$ is the collection of infinite sets\n\\item $\\mathfrak{P}$ is the collection of sets with positive upper Banach density\n\\item $\\mathfrak{P}$ is the collection of piecewise syndetic sets\n\\item $\\mathfrak{P}$ is the collection of sets $X$ such that $\\sum_{x\\in X}1\/x=\\infty$\n\\end{itemize}\nProperties satisfying all but the final condition, that $X\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ iff $X-n\\in\\mathfrak{P}$, are called \\emph{divisible} \\cite{glasner80}.\n\n\\begin{definition}\nLet $\\mathcal{U}$ be a countable collection of sets of integers\\footnote{None of our arguments would change if uncountable collections---say, true ultrafilters---are allowed.  However we wish to emphasize that none of our arguments will require more than countable collections}.  We write $X\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ if there is a finite $\\mathcal{F}\\subseteq\\mathcal{U}$ such that $\\bigcap_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}}S\\subseteq X$.\n  \n  We say $\\mathcal{U}$ is a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup if $\\mathcal{U}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, $\\mathcal{U}$ is closed under finite intersections, and whenever $X\\in\\mathcal{U}$, there is a $Y\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ such that $X-n\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ for each $n\\in Y$.\n\\end{definition}\nThere are two useful ways to view $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroups.  The first is to observe that every $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup represents a closed semigroup in the space of ultrafilters on the integers (namely, the collection of ultrafilters extending $\\mathcal{U}$).\n\nThe second is to recall that an IP set is a set $S$ such that there is an infinite $T\\subseteq S$ all of whose finite sums also belong to $S$.  Then the collection $\\{S-n\\mid n\\in FS(T)\\}$ (where $FS(T)$ is the finite sums from $T$) is a canonical example of a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup where $\\mathfrak{P}$ is the collection of infinite sets.  The notion of a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup generalizes an IP set in two directions: first, it allows for arbitrary $\\mathfrak{P}$.  (Note that the appropriate requirement is \\textit{not} that $T\\in\\mathfrak{P}$; rather, the requirement is that there are many possible choices for the infinite set $T$---indeed, the an infinite tree of such sets, with the number of possible branches at each level belonging to $\\mathfrak{P}$.  This discussion will be made precise when we state the main theorem below.)  Second, if we have an infinite descending sequence of IP sets $S_1\\supseteq S_2\\supseteq\\cdots S_n\\supseteq$, their intersection may well be $0$.  However the union of the corresponding $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroups is still a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup.  So $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroups also generalize IP sets by accomodating the result of infinitely many successive refinements of an IP set.\n\nThe argument here is very similar to a proof using ultrafilters, but we emphasize that the $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroups appearing in the proof are much simpler objects: they are countable collections, built with no use of the axiom of choice.\n\nThe following lemma is our essential building block:\n\\begin{lemma}\n  Let $\\mathcal{U}$ satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, and let $A$ be a set of integers.  Then either $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{A\\}$ or $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{-1\\cdot A\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\n  Suppose neither collection satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.  Then choose finite sets $\\mathcal{F},\\mathcal{F}'\\subseteq \\mathcal{U}$ such that\n$\\bigcup_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}}S\\cap A\\not\\in\\mathfrak{P}$\nand\n$\\bigcup_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}'}S\\cap (-1\\cdot X)\\not\\in\\mathfrak{P}$.\nThen\n\\[\\bigcap_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}\\cup\\mathcal{F'}}S\\subseteq (\\bigcup_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}}S\\cap X)\\cup(\\bigcup_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}'}S\\cap (-1\\cdot X)).\\]\nBut this is impossible, since $\\bigcap_{S\\in\\mathcal{F}\\cup\\mathcal{F'}}S\\in\\mathfrak{P}$ must hold.\n\\end{proof}\n\n\n\\section{Dense Hindman's Theorem}\n\\begin{lemma}\n  If $\\mathcal{U}$ is a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup, $A$ is a set, $S$ is a set with the property that\n\\[\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{-1\\cdot(A-n)\\mid n\\not\\in S\\}\\]\nsatisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, and $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{S-n\\mid n\\in S\\}$ does not satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, then there is a finite $F\\subseteq S$ and a $Y\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ such that $0\\in Y$ and $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot(A-n-m)\\mid m\\in Y\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.\n\\label{3.1}\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\n  Since $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{S-n\\mid n\\in S\\}$ does not satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, let $X\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ and $F\\subseteq S$ be such that $X\\cap\\bigcap_{n\\in F}S-n\\not\\in\\mathfrak{P}$.  Let $Y$ be the set of $n$ such that $X-n\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$; clearly $0\\in Y$ since $X\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$.\n\nWe claim that $\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot(A-n-m)\\mid m\\in Y\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.  Let $Z\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ and $G\\subseteq Y$ be finite.  Let $Z'\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ be such that $Z-n\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$ for each $n\\in Z'$; then $Z'\\cap\\bigcap_{m\\in G}\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot(S-n-m)\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{U}$.  If we choose any $k$ in this set, we have $Z-k\\cap\\bigcap_{m\\in G}\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot (A-k-n-m)\\in\\mathfrak{P}$, and therefore $Z\\cap\\bigcap_{m\\in G}\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot (A-n-m)\\in\\mathfrak{P}$.\n\\end{proof}\nIn particular, observe that if\n\\[\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{A-n\\mid n\\in S\\}\\]\nsatisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip but whenever $m\\not\\in S$,\n\\[\\mathcal{U}\\cup\\{A-n\\mid n\\in S\\}\\cup\\{A-m\\}\\]\ndoes not satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip then $S$ satisfies the condition of this lemma.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\\begin{definition}\n  We say $A$ is \\emph{large} relative to a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup $\\mathcal{U}$ if whenever $\\mathcal{V}$ is a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup extending $\\mathcal{U}$, $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{A\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.\n\\end{definition}\n\n\\begin{lemma}\n  If $C=C_1\\cup\\cdots\\cup C_n$ and $C$ is large relative to $\\mathcal{U}$, there is a $\\mathcal{V}$ extending $\\mathcal{U}$ and an $i$ such that $C_i$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$.\n\\end{lemma}\n\\begin{proof}\n  Applying induction, it suffices to consider the case $n=2$.  If $C_1$ is large relative to $\\mathcal{U}$ then $1$ and $\\mathcal{U}$ suffice.  Otherwise there is a $\\mathcal{V}$ extending $\\mathcal{U}$ such that $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{C_1\\}$ fails to satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, and therefore $C_2$ is large relative to $\\mathcal{V}$.\n\\end{proof}\n\n\\begin{theorem}\n  Let $\\mathcal{U}$ be a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup and $A$ a set.  If $A$ is large for $\\mathcal{U}$ then there is a $\\mathcal{V}$ extending $\\mathcal{U}$ such that the set of $n\\in A$ for which $A\\cap A-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$ belongs to $\\mathfrak{P}$.\n\\end{theorem}\n\\begin{proof}\nGiven $\\mathcal{U}$, expand to some $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup $\\mathcal{V}$ such that for every finite set $F$, either $\\bigcap_{n\\in F}A-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$ or $\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot(A-n)\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{V}$.\n\nLet $S$ be a maximal set of $n$ so that $0\\in S$, $F\\subseteq S$ implies $\\bigcap_{n\\in F}A-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$, and $m\\not\\in S$ implies that there is an $F\\subseteq S$ so that $\\bigcap_{n\\in F\\cup\\{m\\}}A-n$ is not large for $\\mathcal{V}$.\n\nThen if $F\\subseteq -1\\cdot S$ is finite, we may choose a $G\\subseteq S$ so that $\\bigcap_{n\\in G\\cup\\{m\\}}A-n$ is not large for $\\mathcal{V}$ for any $m\\in F$.  Then $\\bigcup_{n\\in G\\cup\\{m\\}}-1\\cdot(A-n)\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{V}$ for each $m\\in F$, and since $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{\\bigcap_{n\\in G}A-n\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, it follows that $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{-1\\cdot (A-m)\\mid m\\in F\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.  This holds for every finite $F\\subseteq -1\\cdot S$, so $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{-1\\cdot(A-m)\\mid m\\not\\in S\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip.\n\nTherefore, by Lemma \\ref{3.1}, if $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{S-n\\mid n\\in S\\}$ does not satisfy $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip then there is a finite set $F\\subseteq S$ and a $\\mathcal{W}$ extending $\\mathcal{V}$ such that $\\bigcup_{n\\in F}-1\\cdot (A-n)\\tilde\\in\\mathcal{W}$.  But this would contradict the fact that $\\bigcap_{n\\in F}A-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$.  So $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{S-n\\mid n\\in S\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, and is therefore a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup.\n\nSince $A$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$, also $\\mathcal{V}\\cup\\{S-n\\mid n\\in S\\}\\cup\\{A\\}$ satisfies $\\mathfrak{P}$-fip, so in particular, $S\\cap A\\in\\mathfrak{P}$.  Since for each $n\\in S$, $A\\cap A-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$, the claim is proven.\n\\end{proof}\n\n\\begin{definition}\n  For any set of integers $S$, let $FS(S)$ be the collection of finite sums from $S$:\n\\[FS(S)=\\{\\sum_{i\\in T}i\\mid T\\subseteq S, T\\text{ finite}\\}.\\]\n\\end{definition}\n\n\\begin{theorem}\n  Let $\\mathbb{N}=A_1\\cup\\cdots\\cup A_r$.  There is some $i\\leq r$ and a tree $\\mathcal{T}$ of finite sets of integers such that:\n  \\begin{itemize}\n  \\item $\\emptyset\\in\\mathcal{T}$\n  \\item If $F\\in\\mathcal{T}$, $\\{n\\mid F\\cup\\{n\\}\\in\\mathcal{T}\\}$ belongs to $\\mathfrak{P}$\n  \\item If $F\\in\\mathcal{T}$ then $FS(F)\\setminus\\{0\\}\\subseteq A_i$\n \n  \\end{itemize}\n\\end{theorem}\n\\begin{proof}\n  Since $\\mathbb{N}$ is large for the trivial $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup $\\{\\mathbb{N}\\}$, we may choose a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup $\\mathcal{U}$ and an $i$ so that $A_i$ is large for $\\mathcal{U}$.  By the preceeding theorem, we obtain a $\\mathfrak{P}$-semigroup $\\mathcal{U}_1$ extending $\\mathcal{U}$ so that $\\{n\\in A_i\\mid A_i\\cap A_i-n\\text{ is large for }\\mathcal{U}'\\}$ belongs to $\\mathfrak{P}$.  We place $\\{n\\}$ in $\\mathcal{T}$ if $A_i\\cap A_i-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{U}'$.\n\n  Suppose we have $F\\subseteq\\mathcal{T}$ and have a $\\mathcal{V}$ so that $A':=\\bigcap_{n\\in FS(F)\\setminus\\{0\\}}A_i-n$ is large for $\\mathcal{V}$.  Again by the preceeding theorem, we may find a $\\mathcal{V}'$ such that $\\{m\\in A'\\mid A'\\cap A'-m\\text{ is large for }\\mathcal{V}'\\}$ belongs to $\\mathfrak{P}$; then we place $F\\cup\\{m\\}$ in $\\mathcal{T}$ for each such $m$, thereby maintaining the inductive assumption.\n\\end{proof}\n\n\n\\bibliographystyle{plain}\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaArXiv"}}
+{"text":"\\section{Introduction}\\label{sec:intro}\nThe \\emph{$\\mathbb{Z}$-genus} of a knot $K$ in $S^3$, denoted by $g_{\\Z}(K)$, is the minimal genus of an oriented properly embedded locally flat surface $\\Sigma$ in the 4-ball $B^4$ such that the boundary of $\\Sigma$ is $K$ and $\\pi_1 (B^4 \\smallsetminus \\Sigma) \\cong \\mathbb{Z}$. Work of Freedman famously implies that a knot $K$ has $g_{\\Z}(K)=0$ if and only if $K$ has trivial Alexander polynomial~\\cite{Freedman:1982-1, Freedman-Quinn:1990-1, Garoufalidis-Teichner:2004-1}; later work of Feller  generalizes Freedman's result to show that $g_{\\Z}(K)$ is bounded above by half the degree of the Alexander polynomial of $K$~\\cite{Feller:2016-1}. The $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus of $K$ can therefore be thought of as an algebraically controlled upper bound on the topological 4-ball genus of $K$, i.e. the minimal genus of \\textit{any} oriented properly embedded locally flat surface in the 4-ball with boundary $K$ ; see Feller-Lewark for a precise statement of this fact~\\cite{Feller-Lewark:2018-1,Feller-Lewark:2019-1}. Further, we define the \\emph{$($smooth$)$ concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus} of a knot $K$, denoted by $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K)$, to be the minimum value of $g_{\\Z}(J)$ among all knots smoothly concordant to $J$. That is, $$g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K):=\\min\\{g_{\\Z}(J)\\mid J\\text{ is smoothly concordant to } K\\} .$$ Observe that a knot $K$ is smoothly concordant to a knot with trivial Alexander polynomial if and only if $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K)=0$, and that  we obtain the following inequalities for any knot $K$ immediately from the definitions:\n$$g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K) \\leq g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K) \\leq g_{\\Z}(K),$$\nwhere $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K)$ denotes the topological $4$-ball genus of $K$.\n\nWe remark that taking connected sums of a smoothly slice knot with nontrivial determinant produces knots with vanishing $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}$ and arbitrarily large $g_{\\Z}$ (see e.g.\\ Proposition~\\ref{prop:branchedlower}). In particular, this implies that the gap between $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}$ and $g_{\\Z}$ can be made arbitrarily large.\n In~\\cite{Hedden-Livingston-Ruberman:2012-1}, Hedden-Livingston-Ruberman used the Heegaard Floer correction terms of 3-manifolds to show that there is a topologically slice knot $K$ which is not smoothly concordant to any knot with trivial Alexander polynomial, which in particular implies that $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K) < g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K)$. We further show that the gap between these two invariants can be arbitrarily large.\n\n\\begin{theorem}\\label{thm:main}There exist topologically slice knots with arbitrarily large concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus. More precisely, there exists a topologically slice knot $K_*$ such that for each $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ its $n$-fold connected self-sum has concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus at least $n$. Furthermore, we can choose  $K_*$ so that it has smooth $4$-ball genus one.\\end{theorem}\n\n\n\n\n\nWe outline the proof of the main result. We first construct a topologically slice knot $K_*$ with smooth 4-ball genus one in Example~\\ref{exl:ourexl}. Let $n$ be a positive integer and $\\Sigma_2(\\#^n K_*)$ be the 2-fold branched cover of $S^3$ branched over $\\#^n K_*$. We then observe that for any nontrivial 5-torsion element $x$ of $H_1(\\Sigma_2(\\#^n K_*))$, we may multiply an appropriate constant to obtain $z = c\\cdot x$ so that the Heegaard Floer $\\overline{d}$-invariant $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_z)$ is nonvanishing. We use this to show that there is no rational homology cobordism from $\\Sigma_2(\\#^n K_*)$ to any 3-manifold $Y$ with $H_1(Y)$ generated by at most $2n$ elements, and conclude that $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(\\#^nK_*)\\geq n$.\n\n\nOn a similar note, Hom~\\cite{Hom:2015-1} showed that there are topologically slice knots with smooth 4-ball genus equal to one and arbitrarily large concordance genus. Recall that the concordance genus is greater than or equal to concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus since the fundamental group of the complement of a pushed in Seifert surface is equal to $\\mathbb{Z}$.\n\n\nTheorem~\\ref{thm:main} is related  to the following difficult problem.\nWe can analogously define the \\emph{topological concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus} of a knot $K$ as $$g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K):=\\min\\{g_{\\Z}(J)\\mid J\\text{ is topologically concordant to } K\\} .$$ So for any knot $K$ we have that \n$$g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K) \\leq g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K) \\leq g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K) \\leq g_{\\Z}(K).$$\n\n\\noindent Livingston~\\cite{Livingston:2004-1} showed that the gap between $g^\\mathrm{top}_4$ and $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}$ can also be made arbitrarily large by using Casson-Gordon invariants (see Remark~\\ref{rmk:livingston}), but the following remains open.\n\n\\begin{problem}\\label{prob:smoothtop}\nShow that topological $4$-ball genus can be strictly less than topological concordance smooth $4$-ball genus, i.e. \nfind a knot $K$ with $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K)=g \\geq 1$ such that $K$ is not topologically concordant to any knot $J$ with $g_4(J) = g$, where $g_4(J)$ denotes the smooth $4$-ball genus of $J$.\n\\end{problem}\n\n\nThe following problem about properly embedded surfaces is a priori easier, but is nevertheless still open.\n\\begin{problem}\\label{prob:smoothtopsurface}\nFind an oriented properly embedded locally flat genus $g\\geq 1$ surface $\\Sigma$ in the 4-ball such that $\\Sigma$ is not ambiently isotopic rel boundary to any surface $\\Sigma'$ that can be decomposed into a topological concordance glued to a smoothly embedded surface.\n\\end{problem}\n\n Note that a positive solution to Problem~\\ref{prob:smoothtop} certainly implies a positive solution to Problem~\\ref{prob:smoothtopsurface}. \nWhile we avoid the technical details of topological 4-manifold theory needed to prove this formally, it is known both that every topologically slice knot is topologically concordant to the unknot, which of course has smooth $4$-ball genus equal to zero, and that every topologically embedded disk can be decomposed into a topological concordance glued to the standard slice disk for the unknot.  That is, the $g=0$ case of Problems~\\ref{prob:smoothtop} and~\\ref{prob:smoothtopsurface} is resolved.  \n\n\n\n\\subsection*{Acknowledgments} \n\nThis paper began in conversations during the first author's visit to the School of Mathematics at  Georgia Institute for Technology to speak in the Geometry Topology Seminar; she thanks Miriam Kuzbary and the School as a whole for the invitation and for their generous hospitality. We also thank Peter Feller, Mark Powell, and Charles Livingston for helpful conversations.\n\n\\subsection*{Notation and conventions}\nIn this paper, we work in the smooth category unless specified otherwise. Let $-K$ be the reverse of the mirror image of a knot $K$ and $-Y$ be the manifold $Y$ with reversed orientation. For any given knot $K$ in $S^3$,  the 2-fold branched cover of $S^3$ branched over $K$ is denoted by $\\Sigma_2(K)$, \n and for $n\\in \\mathbb{Z}$, the $3$-manifold obtained by $n$-framed Dehn surgery on $S^3$ along $K$ is denoted by $S^3_n(K)$.\n\n\n\n\\section{Proof of Theorem~\\ref{thm:main}}\\label{sec:pfthm}\nFeller-Lewark defined the \\emph{algebraic genus} of a knot $K$ in~\\cite{Feller-Lewark:2018-1} and further showed that this invariant coincides with the $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus~\\cite{Feller-Lewark:2019-1}. This implies the following key  ingredient for the proof of Theorem~\\ref{thm:main}. For a finite abelian group $G$, we denote by $r(G)$ the so-called ``generating rank'', i.e. the minimal number of generators of $G$.\n\n\\begin{proposition}[Proposition 12 of \\cite{Feller-Lewark:2018-1}]\n\\label{prop:branchedlower} If $\\Sigma_2(K)$ is the 2-fold branched cover of $S^3$ branched over a knot $K$, then\n\\[\\pushQED{\\qed}r(H_1(\\Sigma_2(K)))\\leq 2g_{\\Z}(K).\\qedhere\\]\n\\end{proposition}\n\nThe other ingredient for the proof comes from an analysis of metabolizers for  torsion linking forms. Recall that there is a nonsingular symmetric linking form $$\\lambda \\colon H_1(Y) \\times H_1(Y) \\to \\mathbb{Q}\/\\mathbb{Z},$$ for a rational homology sphere $Y$. If $-Y$ is the 3-manifold obtained by reversing the orientation of $Y$, then the linking form on $H_1(-Y)$ is given by $-\\lambda$. We say that a subgroup $M \\subseteq H_1(Y)$ is a metabolizer if $M = M^{\\perp}$ with respect to $\\lambda$; note that for a metabolizer $M$ the nonsingularity of $\\lambda$ immediately implies that $|M|^2=|H_1(Y)|$. \nIt is well known that if $Y$ bounds a rational homology ball $W$, then the kernel of the inclusion-induced map $H_1(Y) \\to H_1(W)$ is a metabolizer for $(H_1(Y),\\lambda)$.  \n\nFor a finite abelian group $G$ and a prime $p$, let $G_p$ denote the $p$-primary subgroup of $G$, i.e.\\ the subgroup consisting of all elements of $G$ which are $p^k$-torsion for some positive integer $k$. \n\n\n\n\\begin{lemma}\\label{lem:key}\nLet $Y_1$ and $Y_2$ be rational homology 3-spheres and let $p$ be a prime integer. Furthermore, for $i=1,2$, let $\\lambda_i$ be the linking form on $H_1(Y_i)$, and let $M$ be a metabolizer for $(H_1(Y_1\\#-Y_2), \\lambda_1 \\oplus -\\lambda_2)$. \n\nIf $H_1(Y_1)_p \\cong(\\mathbb{Z}\/{p^2}\\mathbb{Z})^{2n}$ and $r(H_1(Y_2)_p) \\leq 2m <2n$ for nonnegative integers $n$ and $m$, then $M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to $(\\mathbb{Z}\/p\\mathbb{Z})^{n-m}$.\\end{lemma}\n\n\n\\begin{proof}\nFirst, note that $M$ splits as a direct sum of its $q$-primary components over all prime $q$, each of which is a metabolizer for the $q$-primary component of $H_1(Y_1 \\# -Y_2)$. We can therefore assume without loss of generality that $H_1(Y_1)$ and $H_1(-Y_2)$ are equal to their $p$-primary components, and do so for ease of notation. \n\nFor $i=1,2$, let $\\pi_i \\colon M \\to H_1(Y_i)$ be the restriction of the projection map $$H_1(Y_1 \\# -Y_2) \\cong H_1(Y_1) \\oplus H_1(-Y_2) \\to H_1(Y_i).$$ Observe that $\\Ker (\\pi_2)= M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$, which will be used later. We now argue that $p \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)$ has the property that $-\\lambda_2|_{p \\text{Im}(\\pi_2) \\times p \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)} = 0$. If $b_1, b_2 \\in \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)$, then there exist $a_1, a_2 \\in H_1(Y_1)$ such that $(a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2) \\in M$, and \n\\[ (\\lambda_1 \\oplus - \\lambda_2)( (a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2))\n=\\lambda_1(a_1, a_2) - \\lambda_2(b_1, b_2)=0 \\in \\mathbb{Q}\/\\mathbb{Z}.\n\\]\nSince $H_1(Y_1)$ is annihilated by $p^2$, we have that\n\\[-\\lambda_2(pb_1, pb_2)= -p^2 \\lambda_2(b_1, b_2)= -p^2 \\lambda_1(a_1, a_2) =  -\\lambda_1(p^2a_1, a_2) = 0 \\in \\mathbb{Q}\/\\mathbb{Z},\\] as desired. Moreover, since the linking form $-\\lambda_2$ is nonsingular, we have \n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:1}\n|p \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)| \\leq |H_1(-Y_2)|^{1\/2}.\n\\end{equation}\n\nRecall that since we are assuming $r(H_1(Y_2)) \\leq 2m$ and since $\\text{Im}(\\pi_2)$ is a subgroup of $H_1(-Y_2)$, we have that\n\\[\\text{Im}(\\pi_2) \\cong \\bigoplus_{k=1}^{\\ell}  (\\mathbb{Z}\/ p^k\\mathbb{Z})^{n_k} \n\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\np \\text{Im}(\\pi_2) \\cong \\bigoplus_{k=1}^{\\ell}  ( \\mathbb{Z}\/ p^{k-1}\\mathbb{Z})^{n_k} ,\n\\quad\\text{where}\\quad  \\sum_{k=1}^{\\ell} n_k \\leq 2m.\n\\]\nTherefore, \n\\[ \\frac{|\\text{Im}(\\pi_2)|}{|p \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)|}= \\frac{ p^{\\sum_{k=1}^{\\ell} k n_k}}{p^{\\sum_{k=1}^{\\ell} (k-1)n_k}}= p^{\\sum_{k=1}^{\\ell} n_k}\\ \\leq p^{2m}.\n\\]\nSo, by combining inequality \\eqref{eq:1} with the above inequality, we conclude that $$|\\text{Im}(\\pi_2)| \\leq p^{2m} |H_1(-Y_2)|^{1\/2}.$$\nAlso, recall that $|M| = |H_1(Y_1)|^{1\/2} |H_1(-Y_2)|^{1\/2}$ and $\\Ker(\\pi_2)= M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$. Therefore,\n\\[ |M \\cap H_1(Y_1)|= |\\Ker(\\pi_2)| = \\frac{|M|}{| \\text{Im}(\\pi_2)|} \\geq \n\\frac{|H_1(Y_1)|^{1\/2} |H_1(-Y_2)|^{1\/2}}{p^{2m} |H_1(-Y_2)|^{1\/2}}= p^{2n-2m}.\n\\]\nFinally, since $M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$ is a subgroup of $(\\mathbb{Z}\/p^2\\mathbb{Z})^{2n}$, we conclude that $$M \\cap H_1(Y_1) \\cong (\\mathbb{Z}\/p\\mathbb{Z})^{k_1} \\oplus (\\mathbb{Z}\/p^2\\mathbb{Z})^{k_2}, \\quad\\text{where}\\quad k_1 + 2 k_2 \\geq 2n-2m.$$ \nTherefore,\n\\[ 2n-2m \\leq k_1 + 2 k_2 \\leq 2k_1 + 2k_2,\\] and we conclude that $M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to $(\\mathbb{Z}\/p\\mathbb{Z})^{n-m}$.\\end{proof}\n\n\nNow, we collect some necessary background on the Heegaard-Floer correction term $d(Y,\\mathfrak{s})\\in \\mathbb{Q}$ associated to a rational homology sphere $Y$ with a Spin$^c$ structure~$\\mathfrak{s}$~\\cite{Ozsvath-Szabo:2003-2}. We first recall the following definition from~\\cite{Hedden-Livingston-Ruberman:2012-1}.\n\n\\begin{definition}[{\\cite[Definition 2.2 and 3.1]{Hedden-Livingston-Ruberman:2012-1}}]Let $Y$ be a $\\mathbb{Z}\/2\\mathbb{Z}$-homology sphere. For $z\\in H_1(Y)$, let $\\mathfrak{s}_z$ be the unique Spin$^c$ structure of $Y$ which satisfies $c_1(\\mathfrak{s}_z)=2\\widehat{z}\\in H^2(Y)$ where $\\widehat{z}$ is the Poincar\\'{e} dual of $z$. In particular, $\\mathfrak{s}_0$ is the unique Spin structure on $Y$. Lastly, we define $\\overline{d}(Y,\\mathfrak{s}_z):=d(Y,\\mathfrak{s}_z)-d(Y,\\mathfrak{s}_0).$\\end{definition}\n\n\nFurther, the correction term is additive under connected sums \\cite[Theorem 4.3]{Ozsvath-Szabo:2003-1} and is a Spin$^c$ rational homology cobordism invariant \\cite[Theorem 1.2]{Ozsvath-Szabo:2003-1}. Hence we get the following lemma (see e.g.\\ {\\cite[Proposition 2.1]{Hedden-Livingston-Ruberman:2012-1}}).\n\n\\begin{lemma}\\label{lem:dinvt}If $K$ and $J$ are two concordant knots, then there exists a metabolizer $M \\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(K)\\# - \\Sigma_2(J))$ such that for each element $(m_K, m_J) \\in M$ where $m_K \\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K))$ and $m_J \\in H_1(- \\Sigma_2(J))$, we have that $d(\\Sigma_2(K),\\mathfrak{s}_{m_K})+ d(-\\Sigma_2(J),\\mathfrak{s}_{m_J}) =0.$\\qed\n\\end{lemma}\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe are now ready to prove the following corollary.\n\n\\begin{corollary}\\label{cor:mainobstr}\nLet $K$ be a knot with $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(K) = m$ and $p$ be a prime integer. If $H_1(\\Sigma_2(K))_p \\cong (\\mathbb{Z}\/p^2\\mathbb{Z})^{2n}$ and $n> m$, then there exists a subgroup $N \\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(K))_p$ such that $N \\cong (\\mathbb{Z}\/p\\mathbb{Z})^{n-m}$ and $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K), \\mathfrak{s}_z)=0$ for each $z \\in N$. \n\\end{corollary}\n\n\\begin{proof} Suppose $K$ is concordant to a knot $J$ with $g_{\\Z}(J) = m$. Then by Proposition~\\ref{prop:branchedlower} $r(H_1(\\Sigma_2(J))) \\leq 2m$. As in the proof of Lemma~\\ref{lem:key} we assume that $H_1(\\Sigma_2(K))$ and $H_1(-\\Sigma_2(J))$ are equal to their $p$-primary components. \n\nBy Lemma~\\ref{lem:dinvt}, there exists a metabolizer $M \\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(K)\\# - \\Sigma_2(J))$ such that for each element $(m_K, m_J) \\in M$ where $m_K \\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K))$ and $m_J \\in H_1(- \\Sigma_2(J))$,\n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:2}\nd(\\Sigma_2(K),\\mathfrak{s}_{m_K})+ d(-\\Sigma_2(J),\\mathfrak{s}_{m_J}) =0.\\end{equation}\n\nLastly, since $\\Sigma_2(K)$ and $\\Sigma_2(J)$ satisfy the assumption of Lemma~\\ref{lem:key}, we may conclude that $M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to $(\\mathbb{Z}\/p\\mathbb{Z})^{n-m}$. Set $N:=M \\cap H_1(Y_1)$, then note that for each $z \\in N$, we have $(0,0), (z,0) \\in N$. The proof is complete by using equation~\\eqref{eq:2}.\n\\end{proof}\n\n\n\n\n\\begin{example}\\label{exl:ourexl}\nOur examples come from the cabling construction. Let $K_{p,q}$ denote the $(p, q)$-cable of $K$, where $p$ is the longitudinal winding. We define our knot to be the following\n$$K_*:= D_{2,25} \\# -D_{2,23} \\# -T_{2,25}\\#  T_{2,23},$$\nwhere $D$ is the $4$-fold connected self-sum of the positive Whitehead double of the right-handed trefoil knot. Since $D$ is topologically slice, $D_{p,q}$ is topologically concordant to the torus knot $T_{p,q}$. Therefore $K_*$ is topologically concordant to \n$$K_*':=T_{2,25} \\# -T_{2,23} \\# -T_{2,25}\\#  T_{2,23},$$\nhence is topologically slice. \nAlso, note that by performing two crossing changes with opposite signs on $K_*$ (one in the $ D_{2,25}$ summand and one in the $-T_{2, 25}$ summand), \nwe obtain the smoothly slice knot\n$D_{2,23} \\# -D_{2,23} \\# -T_{2,23}\\#  T_{2,23}.$ Hence $K_*$ bounds a smoothly embedded genus one surface in the 4-ball. Finally, by \\cite{Akbulut-Kirby:branched-covers}, the 2-fold branched cover of $S^3$ branched over $K_*$ is given by\n$$\\Sigma_2(K_*)\\cong S^3_{25}(D \\# D^r) \\#  -S^3_{23}(D \\# D^r)\\# -S^3_{25}(U)\\# S^3_{23}(U),$$ where $D^r$ is a knot obtained by reversing the orientation of $D$. \\end{example}\n\nNext, we compute the correction terms for the 2-fold branched cover. Recall that for any knot $K$ in $S^3$, there are nonnegative integer-valued smooth concordnace invariants $V_i(K)$, introduced by Rasmussen~\\cite{Rasmussen:2003-1}. Furthermore, Ni and Wu~\\cite{Ni-Wu:2015-1} showed that the correction terms of all Dehn surgeries on $K$ can be computed from these invariants.\n\n\\begin{proposition}[{\\cite[Proposition 1.6 and Remark 2.10]{Ni-Wu:2015-1}}]\\label{proposition:NiWu} \nLet $K$ be a knot and $U$ be the unknot. If $n$ is a positive integer, then\n\\[\\pushQED{\\qed}d(S^3_n(K),\\mathfrak{s}_{i}) = d(S^3_n(U),\\mathfrak{s}_{i})-2\\max \\{V_{i}(K),V_{n-i}(K)\\}.\\qedhere\\]\n\\end{proposition}\n\n\nFurthermore, the correction terms for Dehn surgeries on the unknot are computed in \\cite{Ozsvath-Szabo:2003-1}.\n\n\\begin{proposition}[{\\cite[Proposition 4.8]{Ozsvath-Szabo:2003-1}}]\\label{prop:dlens} If $U$ is the unknot and $n$ is a positive integer, then\n\\[\\pushQED{\\qed}d(S^3_n(U),\\mathfrak{s}_{i}) = \\frac{(n-2i)^2}{4n}-\\frac{1}{4}.\\qedhere\\]\n\\end{proposition}\n\nHom and Wu~\\cite{Hom-Wu:2016-1} introduced a nonnegative integer valued smooth concordance invariant~$\\nu^+$. Moreover, for any knot $K$, we have that $\\nu^+(K)=0$ if and only if $V_0(K)=0$ \\cite[Proposition 2.3]{Hom-Wu:2016-1}. Following~\\cite{Kim-Park:2018-1} (see also \\cite{Hom:2017-1}), we say that two knots $K$ and $K'$ are \\emph{$\\nu^+$-equivalent} if $$\\nu^+(K \\# - K') =\\nu^+(K' \\# - K)=0,$$ and it forms a equivalence relation on the set of concordance classes of knots. It is well-known that two $\\nu^+$-equivalent knots have the same $V_i$ invariants (see e.g.\\ \\cite[Proposition 3.11]{Kim-Kracatovich-Park:2019-1}). We will use the fact that $D \\# D^r$ is $\\nu^+$ equivalent to the torus knot $T_{2,17}$. This fact might be well-known to experts, but we sketch the proof here for the reader's convenience. \n\n\\begin{proposition}\\label{prop:DDT217}The knot  $D \\# D^r$ in Example~\\ref{exl:ourexl} is $\\nu^+$-equivalent to the torus knot $T_{2,17}$. In particular, we have\n$$V_i(D \\# D^r)= \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{cl}4&\\text{for }i=0,\\\\\n2&\\text{for }i=5,\\\\\n0&\\text{for }i\\geq 8.\n\\end{array}\\right.$$\n\\end{proposition}\n\\begin{proof} If $K_i$ and $K'_i$ are $\\nu^+$-equivalent for $i = 0, 1$, then $K_0\\#K_1$ and $K'_0\\#K'_1$ are also $\\nu^+$-equivalent (see e.g.\\ \\cite[Proposition 3.12]{Kim-Kracatovich-Park:2019-1}). Also, $D^r$ is $\\nu^+$-equivalent to $D$ since their knot Floer complexes are chain homotopy equivalent \\cite[Proposition 3.9]{ozsvath2004holomorphicknot}. Hence we have that $D \\# D^r$ is $\\nu^+$-equivalent to the $8$-fold connected self-sum of the positive Whitehead double of the right-handed trefoil knot. Lastly, we apply a result of Hedden, Kim, and Livingston~\\cite[Proposition 6.1]{Hedden-Kim-Livingston:2016-1} which states that the $n$-fold connected self-sum of the positive Whitehead double of the right-handed trefoil knot is $\\nu^+$-equivalent to $T_{2,2n+1}$. This proves the first part of the statement.\n\nThe last part follows from two facts. First, as mentioned above, two $\\nu^+$-equivalent knots have the same $V_i$ invariants. The second fact is that $V_i$ invariants for any alternating knot $K$ are determined by their signatures as follows (see e.g.\\ \\cite[Theorem 2]{Hom-Wu:2016-1} and \\cite[Section 5.1]{Aceto-Golla:2017-1}):\n$$V_i(K)=\\max\\left\\{\\left \\lceil{-\\frac{\\sigma(K)+2i}{4}}\\right \\rceil,0  \\right\\} .$$\nThis completes the proof.\\end{proof}\n\nNow, we are ready to compute the correction terms.\n\\begin{proposition}\\label{prop:d-of-2fold}Let $K_*$ be the knot in Example~\\ref{exl:ourexl} and $\\#^nK_*$ be the $n$-fold connected self-sum of $K_*$. If $N\\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*))_5$ is a nontrivial subgroup, then there exists an element $z \\in N$ such that $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_z) \\neq 0$.\\end{proposition}\n\\begin{proof} By Example~\\ref{exl:ourexl}, we have $\\Sigma_2(K_*)\\cong S^3_{25}(D \\# D^r) \\#  -S^3_{23}(D \\# D^r)\\# -S^3_{25}(U)\\# S^3_{23}(U)$ and $H_1(\\Sigma_2(K_*))_5\\cong \\mathbb{Z}\/25\\mathbb{Z} \\oplus \\mathbb{Z}\/25\\mathbb{Z} \\cong H_1(S^3_{25}(D \\# D^r) \\# -S^3_{25}(U))$. Note that by the additivity of the correction terms, we have that \n\\[\n\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{(i,j)})= \\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{(i,0)})+\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{(0,j)})\n.\\]\n\nFor $(i,0) \\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K_*))_5$, we have by Proposition~\\ref{proposition:NiWu}, Proposition~\\ref{prop:dlens}, and Proposition~\\ref{prop:DDT217} that\n\\begin{align*}\n\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{(i,0)}) & = \\overline{d}(S^3_{25}(U),\\mathfrak{s}_{i})-2\\max \\{V_{i}(D \\# D^r),V_{25-i}(D \\# D^r)\\} +2V_0(D \\# D^r) \\\\\n  &= \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{cl}0&\\text{for }i=5 \\text{ and } 20,\\\\\n2&\\text{for }i=10 \\text{ and }15.\n\\end{array}\\right.\n\\end{align*}\nSimilarly, for $(0,j) \\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K_*))_5$ we have that\n$$\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{(0,j)})=-\\overline{d}(S^3_{25}(U),\\mathfrak{s}_{j})= \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{cl}4&\\text{for }j=5 \\text{ and } 20,\\\\\n6&\\text{for }j=10 \\text{ and }15.\n\\end{array}\\right.$$ \n\nBy additivity, we have that\n $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_x) \\geq 0$ for any order $5$ element $x\\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K_*))_5$. Moreover, at least one of $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_x)$ and $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{2x})$ must be strictly positive.\n \n Now, let $N\\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*))_5$ be a nontrivial subgroup, and let $y$ be an order 5 element in $N$. Note that since $\\Sigma_2(\\#^n K_*) \\cong  \\#^n \\Sigma_2(K_*)$, we can naturally write $y=(y_1,\\dots, y_n)$ for $y_i \\in H_1(\\Sigma_2(K_*))_5$ and have that\n \\[\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_y)=\\sum_{i=1}^n \\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(K_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{y_i}).\\]\nTherefore, at least one of $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_y)$ and $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_{2y})$ is strictly positive.\n\\end{proof}\n\nWe are now ready to prove our main theorem. We recall the statement.\n\n\n\\begin{reptheorem}{thm:main}There exist topologically slice knots with arbitrarily large concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus. More precisely, there exists a topologically slice knot $K_*$ such that for each $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ its $n$-fold connected self-sum has concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus at least $n$. Furthermore, we can choose  $K_*$ so that it has smooth $4$-ball genus one.\n\\end{reptheorem}\n\\begin{proof}Let $K_*$ be the knot in Example~\\ref{exl:ourexl}. It is topologically slice and has smooth $4$-ball genus at most one as we observed above. \n\nWe will show that $\\#^nK_*$, the $n$-fold connected self-sum of $K_*$, has concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus at least $n$. Suppose $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{c}(\\#^nK_*)=m$ and $n>m$, then by Corollary~\\ref{cor:mainobstr} there exists a nontrivial subgroup $N \\subseteq H_1(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*))_5$ such that $\\overline{d}(\\Sigma_2(\\#^nK_*), \\mathfrak{s}_z) = 0$ for each $z \\in N$. This contradicts Proposition~\\ref{prop:d-of-2fold}.\\end{proof}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\\begin{remark}\\label{rmk:livingston}\nA similar though much more involved argument using Casson-Gordon signatures instead of $d$-invariants can be used to show that the difference between the topological $4$-ball genus and the topological concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus can be arbitrarily large.\n\n In fact, a careful reading of Livingston's paper~\\cite{Livingston:2004-1} shows that, despite the fact that it only explicitly considers the topological concordance genus (i.e. the minimal Seifert genus of any representative of a given topological concordance class), all the relevant work has been done\n   to prove that for each $n \\in \\mathbb{N}$ there exists a knot $K_n$ with the  following properties:\n\\begin{enumerate}\n\\item $K_n$ has topological $4$-ball genus one. \n\\item $K_n$ is not topologically concordant to any knot $J$ with  $r( H_1(\\Sigma_2(J))) < 2n$.\n\\end{enumerate}\nIn particular, by Proposition~\\ref{prop:branchedlower}, this implies that $K_n$ is not topologically concordant to any knot $J$ with  $g_{\\Z}(J) <n$.\n\\end{remark}\n\nThis result of Livingston is relevant to understanding how $g^\\mathrm{top}_4$ changes under the satellite operation. Classical techniques show that for each pattern $P$ there is a constant $g_P\\geq g_4(P(U))$ such that  for any knot $K$ we have\n\\[g_4(P(K)) \\leq |w_P| \\cdot g_4(K) + g_P,\\]\nwhere $w_P$ is the algebraic winding number of the pattern $P$, and modern Heegaard Floer invariants can be used to show that this inequality is sometimes sharp~\\cite{Feller-Miller-Pinzon-Caicedo:2019-1}. \n\nWe similarly see that for each $P$ there exists a constant $g_P^{\\text{top}}\\geq g^\\mathrm{top}_4(P(U))$ such that for any knot $K$ we have\n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:easybound}\ng^\\mathrm{top}_4(P(K)) \\leq |w_P| \\cdot g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K)+g_P^{\\text{top}},\\end{equation}\nbut now the sharpness of this result is far from clear--in fact, it remains possible that the factor coming from winding number is unnecessary. More precisely, it is not known if the following inequality holds for every knot $K$:\n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:satelliteinequal}g^\\mathrm{top}_4(P(K)) \\leq g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K) + g^\\mathrm{top}_4(P(U)). \\end{equation}\nWork of Feller, Miller, and Pinzon-Caicedo~\\cite{Feller-Miller-Pinzon-Caicedo:2019-1} and independently~McCoy~\\cite{McCoy:2019-1} shows that for $P$ a pattern with $P(U)=U$ one has\n\\begin{equation}\\label{eq:FMPC} \ng^\\mathrm{top}_4(P(K)) \\leq g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K),\\end{equation}\nHence, Livingston's examples of knots $K$ with $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K) < g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K)$ are good candidates for input companion knots if one wishes to show that the inequality \\eqref{eq:satelliteinequal} is not true.  \n\nMore concretely, we state the following problem. \n\n\\begin{problem}\nLet $K_n$ be Livingston's $n$th knot, which has $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(K)=1$ and $g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K) \\geq n$. If the inequality~\\eqref{eq:satelliteinequal} is true, then for any positive integers  $n, m$ we have that $$g^\\mathrm{top}_4(C_{m,1}(K_n))=1.$$ However, the best upper bounds we have coming from the topological concordance $\\mathbb{Z}$-genus (i.e.\\ the inequality~\\eqref{eq:FMPC}) and from classical arguments (i.e.\\ the inequality~\\eqref{eq:easybound}) are\n\\[ g^\\mathrm{top}_4(C_{m,1}(K_n))\\leq  \\min\\{m, g_{\\Z}^\\mathrm{t.c.}(K_n)\\}.\\] \nDetermine  $g^\\mathrm{top}_4(C_{m,1}(K_n))$ for some $m,n>1$.\\end{problem}\n\n\n\n\n\\bibliographystyle{alpha}\n\\def\\MR#1{}\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaArXiv"}}
+{"text":"\\section{Introduction}\nIn recent years, the field of cavity optomechanics, where circulating optical fields couple to a mechanical resonator via radiation pressure, has seen tremendous progress. The state of the mechanical oscillator can be prepared, probed and coherently controlled \\citep{Aspelmeyer, quantum}. The coherent manipulation of mechanical degrees of freedom can enable applications ranging from mode conversion \\citep{hill, dong, xu}, sensitivity metrology \\citep{stowe}, quantum state transfer \\citep{wang} to quantum information processing \\citep{stannigel,le}. Experiments on optomechanical interactions have led to numerous interesting phenomena like strong optomechanical coupling \\citep{S, teufel, verhagen}, optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) \\citep{weis, safavi}. The success of technology attempting to implement quantum information networks depends on our ability to control and utilize high frequency and long-lived acoustic modes \\citep{Aspelmeyer} . High frequency long-lived mechanical excitation's can store quantum information for extended period of time even in the presence of decoherence and this property makes them an excellent candidate for high-fidelity quantum state transfer schemes. Phonons with frequencies in the gigahertz range have already enabled entanglement between spatially separated mechanical resonators \\citep{lee, ockeloen}, single-phonon level quantum control \\citep{cohen, hong}. These micro\/nano-scale systems have the disadvantage that more advanced quantum schemes cannot be implemented due to laser heating. This led to a novel experimental demonstration of an alternate strategy for accessing high-frequency acoustic excitation within bulk crystalline (quartz crystal cavity) \\citep{kharel}. In order to access the 13 GHz phonons and to explore the optomechanical interactions, phase matched Brillouin interaction between two distinct optical cavity modes based on bulk optomechanics led to a new method being proposed to increase the spectral resolving power of a collinear acousto-optical filters \\citep{pustovoit}.\n\nMany of the classical and quantum systems operating across a wide range of energies are not compatible with one another and hence cannot be combined together on a same platform. Thus one require new device strategies for converting photons of dissimilar frequencies to combine and harness their different properties. In the past few years, different optomechanical schemes have been proposed and implemented experimentally \\citep{ali, hill, dong, xu, bagci, andrews, bochmann}. In all of these schemes, laser heating and thermal mechanical dissipation are major obstacles for efficient mode conversion.\n\nGiven the above, we propose in this paper optomechanical coupling of dissimilar optical modes to high-frequency bulk acoustic mode within a macroscopic quartz crystal \\citep{kharel} as an alternative approach to efficient optical mode conversion. Our proposal is based on the optomechanical interaction between the elastic waves within a bulk quartz crystal and two longitudinal optical cavity modes. The interaction between the elastic and optical modes comes into existence due to formation of time-varying photoelastic grating which initiates energy exchange between the optical modes via Bragg scattering. We analyze optical intracavity emission, optical mode conversion efficiency and explain the observed results using the concept of bright and dark modes. We show that the formation of dark mode induces efficient mode conversion from one optical mode to the other. To the best of our knowledge, no similar theoretical research has been carried out to explore coherent wavelength conversion of optical photons using bulk optomechanics. We will be working in the Far-Infrared (F-IR) frequency regime where mode conversion efficiency was found to be maximum using the current strategy.\n\n\n\\section{Proposed Model and Theory}\nA simplified schematic description of the opto-mechanical system that we intend to investigate is shown in Fig.1. A  quartz crystal at cryogenic temperature ($\\approx$ 8 K) [also called the bulk acoustic wave resonator] is placed inside an optical Fabry-P$e^{'}$rot resonator. Our proposed model is based on a recent experiment on high-frequency cavity optomechanics using bulk acoustic phonons \\citep{kharel}. Macroscopic phonon modes are produced within the bulk quartz crystal and acoustic reflections at the planar surfaces of the crystal leads to the formation of acoustic Fabry-P$e^{'}$rot resonator which supports standing-wave high frequency elastic modes with frequency $\\Omega_m > 10$ GHz. \n\n\\begin{figure}[h]\n    \\centering\n    \\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{fig1.jpg}\n    \\caption{Schematic of an optomechanical system that consists of a bulk acoustic wave resonator that is placed\ninside an optical cavity. }\n    \\label{fig:my_label}\n\\end{figure}\n\nThese high frequency bulk phonon modes acts as a mediator between two longitudinal optical cavity modes. Optomechanical coupling between the acoustic and optical mode occurs when frequency of the time-varying electrostrictive optical force (generated by interference between different optical modes) matches the frequency of the acoustic mode. The motion of the elastic-wave modulates the refractive index of the crystal leading to the formation of a time-varying photoelastic grating. Energy exchange between the different longitudinal optical modes takes place via Bragg scattering by the time-modulated photoelastic grating. In the absence of crystal reflections, equally spaced longitudinal optical modes (uniform density of states) are obtained due to the fact that Bragg scattering rate from the incident laser mode $\\omega_j$ to nearest neighbor optical modes $\\omega_{j+1}$ and $\\omega_{j-1}$ is same. In the presence of optical reflection ($\\approx$ 4 $\\%$) from the crystal surface, non uniform density of states is obtained \\citep{kharel}. This allows one to choose one scattering process over the other (either strokes or anti-strokes scattering). The dynamical Bragg scattering due to the optomechanical interaction within the crystal leads to phase matching $(q_m = k_{j-1}+k_j)$ and energy conservation $(\\Omega_m = \\omega_j-\\omega_{j-1})$. Here $q_m, k_{j-1}, k_j$ are the wave numbers of the acoustic mode, optical mode $\\omega_{j-1}$ and $\\omega_j$ respectively. These phonon modes which are capable of mediating Bragg scattering lies near the Brillouin frequency $\\Omega_B = \\Omega_m$ \\citep{kharel,boyd}. We will choose a pair of optical modes separated by the Brillouin frequency for our analysis.\n\nThe Hamiltonian describing this composite optomechanical system is given by \\citep{kharel}\n\\begin{multline}\n    \\hat H = \\hbar \\omega_1\\hat a^{\\dagger}_1 \\hat a_1 + \\hbar \\omega_2\\hat a^{\\dagger}_2 \\hat a_2 + \\hbar \\Omega_m\\hat b^{\\dagger}_m \\hat b_m - \\hbar g^m_0(a^{\\dagger}_2 \\hat a_1 \\hat b_m + b^{\\dagger}_m \\hat a^{\\dagger}_1 \\hat a_2)\\\\ + \\iota\\hbar\\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\alpha_p(\\hat a^{\\dagger}_1 e^{-\\iota\\omega_p t} +  \\hat a_1 e^{\\iota\\omega_p t}) .\n\\end{multline}\n\nHere the first two terms of Eqn.(1) are the energy of the two bare optical cavity modes at frequency $\\omega_1$ and $\\omega_2$. The third term is the energy of the acoustical mode at frequency $\\Omega_m$. The two optical modes $\\omega_1$ and $\\omega_2$ are separated by $\\Omega_m$, i.e., $\\omega_1$ - $\\omega_2$ = $\\Omega_m$. The operators $\\hat a_1$, $\\hat a_2$, and $\\hat b_m$ are the annihilation operators of the optical mode 1, mode 2 and the phonon mode respectively. The fourth term denotes the coupling of the two adjacent standing wave optical modes to the $m$-th phonon mode. In the interaction term, $\\hat a_2^{\\dagger}$ $\\hat a_1$ $\\hat b_m$ represents the annihilation of the optical mode at frequency $\\omega_1$ and a phonon mode at frequency $\\Omega_m$ to create an optical mode at a higher frequency $\\omega_2$ = $\\omega_1$ + $\\Omega_m$. This represents the anti-strokes process. The other term  $\\hat b_m^{\\dagger}$ $\\hat a_1^{\\dagger}$ $\\hat a_2$ represents strokes process. Here $g_0^m$ is the single-photon optomechanical coupling rate given by \\citep{kharel}.\n\n\\begin{equation}\n    g_0^m \\approx \\frac{\\omega_1^2 n^5 p_{13}}{2 c n^2_{eff}}\\sqrt{\\frac{\\hbar}{\\rho A L_{ac}\\Omega_m}} \\frac{L_{ac}}{L_{opt}}  \\hspace{2mm} ,\n\\end{equation}\n\n      \\vspace{3mm}\n       \nwhere $n_{eff}$ is the effective refractive index of the optical mode, $p_{13}$ is the photoelastic constant of the quartz crystal, $\\rho$ is the mass density of the crystal, $L_{ac}$ is the thickness of the crystal, $L_{opt}$ is the spacing between the two cavity mirrors, $A$ is the cross-section area of the crystal, $n$ is the refractive index of the crystal. The last term is the external pump with frequency $\\omega_p$ which drives the mode $\\omega_1$. Also $\\kappa^{ext}_1$ is the loss rate at each cavity mirror and $\\sqrt{\\kappa^{ext}_1}$ $\\alpha_p$ is the rate of pumping the mode 1.\n\nTransforming the Hamiltonian of Eqn.(1) into the rotating frame frequency $\\omega_p$ of the pump field, we obtain the following linearized Hamiltonian,\n\\begin{multline}\n    \\hat H_{eff} = \\hbar \\Delta_1 \\hat a_1^{\\dagger} \\hat a_1 + \\hbar \\Delta_2 \\hat a_2^{\\dagger} \\hat a_2 + \\hbar \\Omega_m \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat b_m - \\hbar G_m (\\hat a_2^{\\dagger} \\hat a_1 + \\hat a_1^{\\dagger} \\hat a_2) - \\hbar G_1 (\\hat a_1 \\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat a_1^{\\dagger})\\\\ - \\hbar G_2 (\\hat a_2^{\\dagger} \\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat a_2 )+ \\iota \\hbar \\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\alpha_p(\\hat a_1^{\\dagger} - \\hat a_1) .\n\\end{multline}\n\nHere, $G_m$ = $g_0^m |b^s_m|$, $G_1$ = $g_0^m |a^s_1|$, $G_2$ = $g_0^m |a^s_2|$. Also, $a_1^s$, $b_m^s$ and $a_2^s$ are the steady state mean values of the operators $\\hat b_m$, $\\hat a_1$ and $\\hat a_2$ respectively. The linearized Hamiltonian can be derived by assuming the optomechanical coupling to be weak and both the cavity modes and the acoustic fields remain near their coherent state \\citep{milburn,wilson}. Optical mode conversion mediated by the mechanical resonator in the absence of the interaction $\\hbar G_m ((\\hat a_2^{\\dagger} \\hat a_1 + \\hat a_1^{\\dagger} \\hat a_2)$ has been realized experimentally in a system comprising of whispering gallery modes (WGMS) coupled to a mechanical mode in silica resonator \\citep{dong}. The Heisenberg equations of motion derived from the Hamiltonian $\\hat H_{eff}$ are,\n\n\\begin{equation}\n   \\dot{\\hat{a_1}} = -(\\iota\\Delta_1 + \\frac{\\kappa_1}{2})\\hat a_1 + \\iota G_m \\hat a_2 + \\iota G_1\\hat b_m^{\\dagger} + \\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\alpha_p \\hspace{2mm} ,\n   \\end{equation}\n   \n   \\begin{equation}\n       \\dot{\\hat{a_2}} = -(\\iota\\Delta_2 + \\frac{\\kappa_2}{2})\\hat a_2 + \\iota G_m \\hat a_1  + \\iota G_2\\hat b_m \\hspace{2mm},\n   \\end{equation}\n   \n   \\begin{equation}\n       \\dot{\\hat{b_m}} = -(\\iota\\Omega_m + \\frac{\\gamma_m}{2})\\hat b_m + \\iota G_1 \\hat a_1^{\\dagger}  + \\iota G_2\\hat a_2 \\hspace{2mm},\n   \\end{equation}\n\n\\vspace{3mm}\n\nwhere $\\Delta_1$ = $\\omega_1$ - $\\omega_p$ is the mode 1 - pump field detuning, while $\\Delta_2$ = $\\omega_2$ - $\\omega_p$ is the mode 2-pump field detuning. $\\kappa_1$, $\\kappa_2$ and $\\gamma_m$ are the decay rates of cavity mode 1, mode 2 and phonon mode respectively. Eqn.(4)-(6) will form the basis of our further study related to optical mode conversion in the next section.\n\n\\section{Optical Intracavity Emission}\nWe are interested in the steady state mean response of the system, hence we can replace the operators by their mean expectation values i.e $<\\hat a_1>$ = $a_1(t)$, $<\\hat a_2>$ = $a_2(t)$ and $<\\hat b_m>$ = $b_m(t)$ \\citep{kwon,ali}. The mean field steady-state solutions of Eqn.(4)-(6) for the intracavity  steady amplitudes of two optical modes $a_1^s$ and $a_2^s$ are given as, \n\n\\begin{equation}\n    |a_1^s|^2 = \\frac{A_{1R}^2 + A_{1I}^2}{(l_1^2 + l_2^2 - m_1^2)^2}\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\begin{equation}\n    |a_2^s|^2 = \\frac{A_{2R}^2 + A_{2I}^2}{[(R_1^2 + R_2^2) - (f_1^2 + f_2^2)]^2}\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\vspace{4mm}\n\nThe details of the expression for $|a_1^s|^2$ and $|a_2^s|^2$ are explicitly given in Appendix A. In these expressions, we have introduced the cooperativities of the two optical modes as $C_1$ = $\\frac{4 G_1^2}{\\gamma_m \\kappa_1}$ and $C_2$ = $\\frac{4 G_2^2}{\\gamma_m \\kappa_2}$. Optical emissions from mode 1 and mode 2 are directly proportional to the steady state intracavity intensities $|a_1^s|^2$ and $|a_2^s|^2$ respectively. For demonstration of optical mode conversion in our proposed model, we will use Far Infrared (Far IR, $10\\mu$m to 100 $\\mu$m wavelength) mode propagating in quartz crystal. For optical applications at tera-hertz frequencies, quartz is an ideal candidate due to its low absorption and high transmission at these frequencies \\citep{davies}. In particular, we will be using $\\omega_1$ = $2\\pi \\times 0.99 \\times 10^{12}$ Hz and $\\omega_2$ = $2\\pi \\times 10^{12}$ Hz. The frequency $\\omega_1$ is excited by the external pump laser and $\\omega_2$ is generated by Bragg scattering within the crystal as demonstrated experimentally in the Near-IR region \\citep{kharel}. The phonons which mediate the dynamical Bragg scattering within the crystal lies near the Brillouin frequency $\\Omega_B$ = $\\frac{2 \\omega_j n v_a}{v_c}$, where $v_a$ and $v_c$ are the speed of sound and light in the quartz crystal respectively. $n$ is the refractive index of the quartz crystal at frequency $\\omega_j$. The two optical modes are separated by the phonon frequency of $\\frac{\\Omega_m}{2\\pi}$ = $90.63$ MHz. Note that the we have used the following experimentally relevant parameters, $n$ = 2.15, $v_a$ = 6327 m\/s, $g_0^m$ = $2\\pi \\times 24$ Hz, $\\kappa_1$ = $\\kappa_2$ = $2\\pi \\times 73$ MHz \\citep{kharel,davies,roberts,devaty}.\n\nFigure 2(a) and 2(b) shows the normalized emission intensity from mode 1 and mode 2 respectively as a function of cavity cooperativity $C_2$ for the case $\\Delta_2\/2\\pi$ = 65.70 MHz, $\\Delta_1\/2\\pi$ = -25MHz $(\\omega_1 - \\omega_2 = - \\Omega_m)$ and two different values of mechanical damping rate $\\gamma_m$ = 0.45 $\\kappa$ (dashed plot) and $\\gamma_m$ = 0.30 $\\kappa$ (solid plot). Such high mechanical damping rate is possible in the Far-Infrared region. To understand the high acoustic damping rate, we can view the propagation of the acoustic field inside the quartz crystal as being similar to the propagation of a laser field in a Fabry-P$e^{'}$rot cavity. The acoustic wavelength corresponding to $\\Omega_m$ = 90.68 MHz $(\\approx 70 \\mu m)$ is much larger than the lateral extent of the excited acoustic mode (beam radius $\\approx$ 43 $\\mu$m) within the crystal \\citep{kharel}. This leads to diffraction loss (analogous to diffraction loss of optical beam in an optical cavity) and the energy in the diffracted acoustic wave which lies outside the acoustic beam radius would be lost. In addition to the intrinsic loss due to diffraction, loss of acoustic energy can also be controlled by adjusting the tilt angle of the crystal axis with respect to the acoustic axis \\citep{kharel,ghatak}. As evident from figure 2, emission power from both the modes continuously increases as $C_2$ increases, reaches a peak and then decreases with further increase in $C_2$. The emission power from the modes is higher for a large $\\gamma_m$ (= 0.45 $\\kappa$) compared to that for a low value of $\\gamma_m$ (= 0.30 $\\kappa$) but the maximum emission power from mode 2 is higher for a lower $\\gamma_m$ as seen in fig.2(b). For a higher $\\gamma_m$, the peak in the emission power is reached at lower value of $C_2$.\n\n\\begin{figure}[ht]\n\\hspace{-0.0cm}\n\\begin{tabular}{cc}\n\\includegraphics [scale=0.92] {fig2a.eps} \n\\includegraphics [scale=0.9] {fig2b.eps}\\\\\n\\end{tabular} \n\\caption{Normalized optical intracavity emission from mode 1 (fig. 2(a)) and mode 2 (fig. 2(b)) as a function of the cavity cooperativity $C_2$ for two different values of mechanical damping rate $\\gamma_m$ = 0.030 $\\kappa_1$ (solid line), $\\gamma_m$ = 0.45 $\\kappa_1$ (dashed line). All system parameters are normalized with respect to the cavity mode 1 damping rate $\\kappa_1$. The other system parameters are chosen as $\\kappa_2$ = 2 $\\kappa_1$, $\\Delta_1$ = $-\\Omega_m + \\Delta_2$, $\\Delta_2$ = 0.9 $\\kappa_1$, $\\Omega_m$ = 1.242 $\\kappa_1$, $G_m$ = 0.025 $\\kappa_1$, $G_1$ = 0.4 $\\kappa_1$.}\n\\end{figure}\n\nFigure 3(a) and 3(b) shows the plot of emission power from mode 1 and 2 versus $C_2$ for two values of cavity cooperativity $C_1$. $C_1$ = $\\frac{4 |g_o^m|^2 |a_1^s|^2 }{\\gamma_m \\kappa_1}$ can be tuned efficiently by pumping more photons into mode 1 using the external driving laser as observed experimentally \\citep{kharel}. As evident from figure 3(a), the increase in emission power from mode 1 as $C_2$ is varied is more for a larger $C_1$. This also leads to an enhanced transfer of energy from mode 1 to mode 2 as $C_1$ is increased from 1.2 to 2.13. This observation is evident from figure 3(b).\n\n\\begin{figure}[h]\n\\hspace{-0.0cm}\n\\begin{tabular}{cc}\n\\includegraphics [scale=0.87] {fig3a.eps} \n\\includegraphics [scale=0.87] {fig3b.eps}\\\\\n\\end{tabular} \n\\caption{Normalized optical intracavity emission from mode 1 (fig. 3(a)) and mode 2 (fig. 3(b)) as a function of the cavity cooperativity $C_2$ for two different value of cavity cooperativity $C_1$ = 1.2 (dashed line) and $C_1$ = 2.13 (solid line). The other system parameters are same as that for figure 2 with $\\gamma_m$ = 0.3 $\\kappa_1$.}\n\\end{figure}\n\n\\section{Optical Mode Conversion Efficiency}\nIn this section, we analyze the optical mode conversion efficiency ($\\eta$) for our proposed model. We define ($\\eta$) as the ratio of mode 2 output photon flux over the mode 1 input photon flux $\\eta$ = $I_{out}\/I_{in}$, $I_{in}$ = $|\\alpha_p|^2$ and $I_{out}$ = $\\kappa_e^{ext}$ $|a_2^s|^2$.\nThus using results derived in the previous section, the photon mode-conversion efficiency can be written as,\n\n\\begin{equation}\n    \\eta = \\frac{\\eta_1 \\eta_2 \\kappa_1\\kappa_2 (\\tilde{A}_{2R} + \\tilde{A}_{2I})}{[(R_1^2 + R_2^2) - (f_1^2 + f_2^2)]^2} \\hspace{2mm} ,\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\vspace{3mm}\n\nwhere $\\eta$ = $\\frac{\\kappa_i^{ext}}{\\kappa_i}$ (i = 1,2) is the output coupling ratio for the two optical modes. Here $\\tilde{A}_{2R}$ = $\\frac{A_{2R}}{\\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\alpha_p}$ and $\\tilde{A}_{2I}$ = $\\frac{A_{2I}}{\\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\alpha_p}$. The extend of destructive interference in the output of mode 1 determines the efficiency of mode conversion \\citep{li}. Figure 4(a) plots the resulting $\\eta$ as a function of cavity cooperativity $C_2$ for two values of $\\gamma_m$ = 0.45 $\\kappa$ (dashed line) and $\\gamma_m$ = 0.30 $\\kappa$ (solid line). Till $C_2$ = 9, the conversion efficiency is higher for large $\\gamma_m$. The peak value of the conversion efficiency corresponding to a lower $\\gamma_m$ higher but is attained at a larger value of $C_2$ = 12, which could be difficult to reach with current technology. Fig 4(b) plots $\\eta$ versus $C_2$ for two values of $C_1$ = 1.2 (solid line) and $C_1$ = 2.13 (dashed line). Clearly, a higher $C_1$ yields higher mode conversion efficiency.\n\n\\begin{figure}[htbp]\n\\hspace{-0.0cm}\n\\begin{tabular}{cc}\n\\includegraphics [scale=0.88] {fig4a.eps} \n\\includegraphics [scale=0.87] {fig4b.eps}\\\\\n\\end{tabular} \n\\caption{The photon-conversion efficiency $\\eta$ as a function of cavity cooperativity $C_2$ for two different value of $\\gamma_m$ (fig. 4(a)) and $C_1$ (fig. 4(b)). The parameters used have the values $\\kappa_2$ = 2 $\\kappa_1$, $G_m$ = 0.025 $\\kappa_1$, $\\Omega_m$ = 1.242 $\\kappa_1$, $\\eta_1 = \\eta_2$, $\\Delta_2$ = 0.9 $\\kappa_1$, $\\Delta_2$ = $-\\Omega_m + \\Delta_2$. For fig. 4(a), $G_1$ = 0.4 $\\kappa_1$ and for fig. 4(b), $\\gamma_m$ = 1.242 $\\kappa_1$.}\n\\end{figure}\n\n\\section{DARK AND BRIGHT MODES}\nWe now analyze our obtained results using the concept of bright and dark modes.\nWe now write the system's Hamiltonian in terms of cavity dark and bright modes which are defined as \n\n\\begin{equation}\n    \\hat a_B = \\frac{G_1 \\hat a_1 + G_2 \\hat a_2 }{\\tilde{G}}, \\hspace{5mm} \\hat a_B = \\frac{G_2 \\hat a_1 - G_1 \\hat a_2 }{\\tilde{G}} \\hspace{2mm} ,\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\vspace{3mm}\n\nwhere $\\tilde{G_1}$ = $\\sqrt{G_1^2 + G_2^2}$. Making use of the above definition of $\\hat a_B$ and $\\hat a_D$, we rewrite using $\\Delta_2 = 0$ and $\\Delta_1$ = -$\\Omega_m$, the Hamiltonian of eqn. (3) as, \n\n\\begin{multline}\n    \\hat H_{eff} = -\\hbar \\Delta_B \\hat a_B^{\\dagger} \\hat a_B - \\hbar \\Delta_D \\hat a_D^{\\dagger} \\hat a_D + \\hbar \\Omega_m \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat b_m - \\hbar G_bd (\\hat a_B^{\\dagger} \\hat a_D + \\hat a_D^{\\dagger} \\hat a_B) - \\hbar G_{12} (\\hat a_D \\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat a_D^{\\dagger} - \\hat a_D^{\\dagger} \\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat a_D )\\\\ - \\hbar \\tilde{G_1} (\\hat a_B^{\\dagger} \\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger} \\hat a_B^{\\dagger} ) - \\hbar \\tilde{G_2}(\\hat a_B^{\\dagger}\\hat b_m + \\hat b_m^{\\dagger}\\hat a_B)+ \\iota \\hbar A_1 (\\hat a_B^{\\dagger} - \\hat a_B) + \\iota\\hbar A_2(a_D^{\\dagger} - \\hat a_D)\n\\end{multline}\n\nwhere, \n\\begin{equation*}\n    \\Delta_D = \\frac{G_2^2\\Omega_m - 2 G_m G_1 G_2}{\\tilde{G^2}}, \\hspace{4mm} \\Delta_B = \\frac{G_1^2\\Omega_m + 2 G_m G_1 G_2}{\\tilde{G^2}}\n\\end{equation*}\n\n\\begin{equation*}\n    G_{bd} = \\frac{[G_1 G_2 \\Omega_m + G_m + G_m(G_2^2 - G_1^2)]}{\\tilde{G^2}}, \\hspace{4mm} G_{12} = \\frac{G_1 G_2}{\\tilde G}\n\\end{equation*}\n\n\\begin{equation*}\n  \\tilde{G_1} = \\frac{G_1^2}{\\tilde{G}}, \\hspace{4mm} \\tilde{G_2} = \\frac{G_2^2}{\\tilde{G}} \n\\end{equation*}\n\n\\begin{equation*}\n A_1 = \\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\frac{\\alpha_p G_1}{\\tilde{G}}, \\hspace{4mm}  A_2 = \\sqrt{\\kappa_1^{ext}}\\frac{\\alpha_p G_2}{\\tilde{G}} \n\\end{equation*}\n\n\\vspace{2mm}\n\nEquation (11) demonstrates a complex interplay between the two optical modes and the mechanical mode. Using the equations of motion derived from $\\hat H^{eff}$, we calculate the steady state values of $a_{B,S}$ and $a_{D,S}$ using $\\kappa_1$ = $\\kappa_2$ = $\\kappa$ . \n\n \\begin{equation}\n    a_{B,S} = A_1(f_{a1} + \\iota f_{a2}) + A_2(g_{a1} + \\iota g_{a2})\n\\end{equation}\n\n\\begin{equation}\n    a_{D,S} = A_1(h_{a1} + \\iota h_{a2}) + A_2(J_{a1} + \\iota J_{a2})\n\\end{equation}\n\nThe details of the expression appearing in eqns. (12) and (13) is given in Appendix B.\n\n\\vspace{5mm}\n\n\\begin{figure}[ht]\n    \\centering\n    \\includegraphics[scale=0.99] {fig5.jpg}\n    \\caption{Calculated bright mode and dark mode steady state population as a function of coupling parameter $G_2$. system parameters used are $\\kappa_1$ = $\\kappa_2$ = $\\kappa$, $G_m$ = 0.025 $\\kappa$, $\\gamma_m$ = 0.2 $\\kappa$, $G_1$ = 0.6 $\\kappa$ and $\\Omega_m$ = 1.242 $\\kappa$.}\n\\end{figure}\n\nIn figure 5, we plot the steady state population of dark mode $|a_{D,S}|^2$ and bright mode $|a_{B,S}|^2$ as function of optomechanical coupling strength $G_2$. As $G_2$, increases the cavity cooperativity also increases and as evident from the plot, as $|G_2|$ increases, the bright mode population $|a_{B,S}|^2$ decreases while the dark mode population $|a_{D,S}|^2$ increases. This observation together with the result of previous figures points to the fact that there is a destructive interference between the bright and dark mode and hence optical mode conversion from mode 1 to mode 2 is initiated by suppression of the bright mode \\cite{ali}.\n\n\\section{Conclusions}\nIn summary, we have demonstrated efficient frequency conversion between two dissimilar standing-wave longitudinal optical modes in the far-IR region via electrostrictive optical force with a standing-wave longitudinal acoustic mode generated within a bulk quartz crystal. It is clearly shown that the efficiency of mode conversion is better for large cavity cooperativies and mechanical damping rates. In our proposed system, the cavity dark mode, which is a superposition of the two optical modes is not decoupled from the acoustic mode. It is found that when the composite system is driven towards the system's dark mode, the mode conversion efficiency increases. The proposed hybrid quantum system using short-lived phonons within a bulk quartz crystal could be a profitable resource for optical mode conversion.\n\\cleardoublepage\n\n\\section{REFERENCES}\n\n","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaArXiv"}}

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+{"text":"The need to tailor release-rate profiles from polymeric microspheres remains one of the leading challenges in controlled drug delivery. Microsphere size, which has a significant effect on drug release rate, can potentially be varied to design a controlled drug delivery system with desired release profile. In addition, drug release rate from polymeric microspheres is dependent on material properties such as polymer molecular weight. Mathematical modeling provides insight into the fundamental processes that govern the release, and once validated with experimental results, it can be used to tailor a desired controlled drug delivery system. To these ends, PLG microspheres were fabricated using the oil-in-water emulsion technique. A quantitative study that describes the size distribution of poly(lactide-coglycolide) (PLG) microspheres is presented. A fluid mechanics-based correlation that predicts the mean microsphere diameter is formulated based on the theory of emulsification in turbulent flow. The effects of microspheres' mean diameter, polydispersity, and polymer molecular weight on therapeutic drug release rate from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres were investigated experimentally. Based on the experimental results, a suitable mathematical theory has been developed that incorporates the effect of microsphere size distribution and polymer degradation on drug release. In addition, a numerical optimization technique, based on the least squares method, was developed to achieve desired therapeutic drug release profiles by combining individual microsphere populations. The fluid mechanics-based mathematical correlation that predicts microsphere mean diameter provided a close fit to the experimental results. We show from in vitro release experiments that microsphere size has a significant effect on drug release rate. The initial release rate decreased with an increase in microsphere size. In addition, the release profile changed from first order to concave-upward (sigmoidal) as the microsphere size was increased. The mathematical model gave a good fit to the experimental release data. Using the numerical optimization technique, it was possible to achieve desired release profiles, in particular zero-order and pulsatile release, by combining individual microsphere populations at the appropriate proportions. Overall, this work shows that engineering polymeric microsphere populations having predetermined characteristics is an effective means to obtain desired therapeutic drug release patterns, relevant for controlled drug delivery.\nBerchane, Nader Samir (2007). Experimental and computational investigations of therapeutic drug release from biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microspheres. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. Available electronically from http : \/ \/hdl .handle .net \/1969 .1 \/ETD -TAMU -2536.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Here at Camp Nicolet, our mission is to provide a safe, fun, and inclusive environment in which girls develop an understanding of and appreciation for self, others, and the natural world through activities, community living, and outdoor adventure.\nWe believe that a Nicolet camper experiences individual growth by \"learning to live together\" with her peers and counselors while exercising her independence and personal autonomy through free choice.\nEnroll in a week of fun for your family. Where families come together.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"to make it until the end.\nwill not take care of you.\nand according to his faith.\nwhile you still can do so.\nif God is not there.\nServe me. I wish to be served.\nand I will show up to you.\nGod is always with His children in any condition we find ourselves, and He is always ready to save.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Spoiler Alert! Don't read this report if you haven't played The Goblin Grail Gang!\nA note from the D&D Dad: I'd normally create two separate articles for this adventure session, but this one-shot by M.T. Black is special. Not only is it a great introduction to new players (I had one at this session), but the entire adventure takes place on ONE sheet of paper! So I'm simply combining my Adventure Report with my Review.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The Nike Free OG BR NSW Running Shoes feature Nike's natural motion technology focused in a great low profile and flexible shoe to promote stronger feet which can reduce injury and improve performance. The flex groove outsole made up of deep cuts along the length and width of the midsole enhances a natural range of motion, encourages a smooth, efficient stride and helps maintain stability. A deconstructed breathable upper provides a shoe that is soft, flexible and ready to move. This provides a great feel with or without socks, along with the deconstructed heel counter, which enhances your comfort. An ORTHOLITE\u00ae sock liner creates a cooler, drier, healthier, better cushioned environment under the foot. Reflective detailing ensures you remain safe and seen in low light conditions.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

data_all_eng_slimpj/shuffled/split2/finalzzttuo

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+{"text":"Fortunately for Borussia Dortmund, there was a only a slight echo of last season's Matchday 17 defeat to SV Werder Bremen in their final competitive outing of the calendar year against 1. FC K\u00f6ln on Saturday afternoon.\nThe 2-1 scoreline was the same, but that is where the similarities end. While BVB finished the 2014\/15 Hinrunde in the relegation zone, they go into the new year in second place, eight points behind Bundesliga leaders FC Bayern M\u00fcnchen.\nSaturday's setback in the Domstadt aside, Dortmund can look back on 2015 with pride rather than disappointment. BVB rallied at the turn of the year to climb out of the relegation zone, eventually qualifying for the Europa League via the play-offs after finishing seventh in the Bundesliga, and reached the DFB Cup final. Now they are challenging for honours on all three fronts.\n\"It's been a great Hinrunde for us, even if today's result detracts from that somewhat,\" affirmed Dortmund captain Mats Hummels on his way out of the stadium. Given the club's about-turn in fortunes, however, perhaps 'remarkable' would be a more apposite description.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"There's good news and bad news in regards to the Bruins' latest injury woes.\nThe bad: center Marc Savard may miss up to a month with a Grade 2 partial MCL tear in his right knee, according to the team. The good: The B's front-line center will not require surgery.\nSavvy is the latest black and blue member of the Black and Gold as defenders Andrew Ference (groin \u2014 out six weeks) and Mark Stuart (sternum \u2014 out 2-3 weeks) are both on the shelf as well. Winger Byron Bitz is day-to-day with a back injury and is out for Saturday's game against the Rangers while center Patrice Bergeron is out for at least another two weeks with a broken thumb.\nSavard suffered his knee injury in the first period against the Blackhawks on Jan. 7, the same night winger Milan Lucic returned from his high ankle sprain.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"This is your VPS desktop!\n+ How to connect to Trading VPS through using Smartphone or Tablet?\nClient can choose to use any other 3rd party application.\nThis guide is to optimize your Metatrader 4 terminal(s) so it will use less computing resources - Memory (RAM) and CPU. It assumes that you are not trading manually on your MT4 as it will turn off some MT4 functions that will disable readings.\nStep1: Go to: Tools -> Options or CTRL+O.\nStep2: Reduce Chart Bars - Go to Charts -> Un-check all the options and change bars to \"1\".\nStep3: Disable News - Go to Server -> Un-check \"Enable news\".\nStep3: Disable MT4 Audio - Go to Events -> Un-check \"Enable\" and click \"OK\".\nStep4: Hide all unnecessary symbols that you are now trading. Go to: Market Watch > Select the symbol > Right click and select \"Hide\".\nStep5: Close all viewing feeds - Go to: View -> Turn off Market Watch or CTRL+M -> Turn off Data Window or CTRL+D -> Turn off Navigator or CTRL+N -> Turn off Terminal or CTRL+T.\nStep7: Close all unused charts \u2013 Only open chart that you are using for EA(s)\/Indicator(s).\nStep 1: Install the MT4 by double clicking on your broker MT4 Install.\nYou can give any name for the folder but make sure that the new terminals folder location does not exist yet.\nStep4: Go to Settings and Enabled all these features as shown.\nthem into the list. Enabled the features as shown.\nStep7: Perform a restart and log in after 30 minutes. All MT4 should re-open automatically upon logging.\nIt is our pleasure to help you.\n+ How to transfer files to Trading VPS?\nStep4: You will find all of the available drives on your computer that can connect to your Trading VPS. Select a drive(s) that you want to share with your Trading VPS. After that click OK and Connect.\nOnce you have connected, go to My Computer on your Trading VPS System, there you will find the drive(s) that you have selected and you can start transferring your files.\nTradingFXVPS will not store any of users' new passwords. Please contact our live chat or support staff if you forgot your password. A password reset will be required if you lost it and it will take within 48 hours to reset the password.\n+ How to extend your VPS Disk Space?\nThis guide shows you how to extend your VPS disk space if you upgraded your disk space.\nThere will be no unallocated disk space now!\nThis guide show you how to retrieve your broker server IP address \/ file.\nExample : Your MT4 account is an Standard Account , Upload Standard Server File.\nWe will get back to you within 24 hours on the best location VPS for your broker!\nThis guide show you how to obtain your Broker server IP address and latency on your VPS\/PC.\nYou can open by going Search > type \"CMD\".\nYou will get your Broker latency on the VPS now. Latency within 0ms-10ms are considered low-latency.\nAnuko World Clock is a program for Windows that replaces the regular system clock with several time zones in which you can choose. Knowing the time around the world has never been simpler. Whether you are an enterprise in need of an efficient timezone monitoring utility, or a home user with a loved-one in another country, or stock and currency trader, this clock is a software you should not live without.\nIn the example below, you can see that Sydney, Tokyo, and London markets are closed, while New York is open.\nNetTime, like most SNTP clients, will generally sync your system time to within 100 milliseconds of the correct time \u2013 often within 10 milliseconds.\nYou can download NetTime HERE.\nThe MT4 Auto-restart EA watches for these connection issues. It can be configured to send alerts, and also to restart MT4 automatically if there is a problem. This restart is usually enough to resolve the problem and re-establish the connection.\nYou can find more information and download it HERE.\nAccount Monitor watch for problems on your accounts, such as low free margin or a loss of connection to your broker.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"F.U.Z.E. uses the same zipper technology as our patented Z.E.N. Zip closure to keep you dry and feeling loose.\nFresh for 2017 with all new TechnoButter 3 and added heat-generating TB Firewall. It's offered in a wide range of styles with the hi-tech features you need to stay warm and toasty in any condition. Psycho Tech is the hardest working wetsuit in the business.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"This purifying mask contains bentonite clay, activated charcoal and white willow bark extract to remove excess oil from skin.\nInstructions: Mix a spoonful of clay with water, honey, yogurt or apple cider vinegar to form a paste and apply to clean skin. Leave mask on for 10-15 minutes and rinse off. Please note that charcoal can stain fabrics as well as skin. If your skin appears dark after rinsing, follow up with a gentle washcloth and cleanser.\nIngredients: Bentonite clay, Activated Charcoal, Salix Alba (White Willow Bark) Extract.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Mearns FM and Radio North Angus are voluntary sub-regional independent local radio stations broadcasting purely localised programming across a wide area.\nThe FM coverage area extends from Monifieth, to the east of Dundee, to Portlethen, south of Aberdeen, utilising 10 transmitters across a 70 mile stretch of the East Coast of Scotland, whilst the Digital transmissions, during mornings and more extensively at weekends, includes Tayside and North Fife.\nThe FM area includes a population of 90,000, with Digital including 400,000.\nBeing entirely voluntary, and enjoying cost-free accommodation, the stations are distinctly different from larger independent radio as operational costs are much lower. The programme formats reflect the needs of the population by having programming aimed at the very young, to the very old as opposed to principally the 15 to 34 age group adopted by larger stations. Programme length ranges from one to four hours, thus ensuring a rapid change of presentation styles and music genres in the course of each day, which differs from the independent radio norm of four hourly programming.\nBoth stations are dedicated to their communities by promoting health and welfare, education, voluntary organisations, and their respective local economies.\nOur low operational costs allow us to offer the lowest joint advertising rates in British independent local radio.\nAdvertising is for one, two or three month periods, but can be extended to twelve months, if desirable.\n1. 10 adverts per day (5 per station) for one month i.e. 310 adverts for \u00a3500 (\u00a31.61p per advert).\n2. 16 adverts per day (8 per station) for two months i.e 992 adverts for \u00a3750 (\u00a3375 per month, 76p per advert).\n3. 20 adverts per day (10 per station) for three months i.e 1860 adverts for \u00a31000 (\u00a3333 per month, 54p per advert).","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":" Book The Hummingbird Cabarete (Dominican Republic) - 2019 PRICES FROM $20!\nThis 2-level Hummingbird Cabarete aparthotel features an outdoor pool with a sun terrace, table tennis, and rooms with free WiFi. The beach is 1476 ft away. A pool and garden view can be enjoyed from all apartments. A full kitchen with kitchenware and a seating area are standard in Hummingbird Cabarete apartments as well. Some apartments have a balcony. A shared TV lounge, garden, and tour desk with ticket service are on site for added convenience. Massages, a bike hire, and transfer service are available for a fee. Guests can find a variety of bar and restaurants within a 5-minute walk. The property is 1.3 mi from Cabarete city center and 9.3 mi from Gregorio Luperon International Airport. Caves, lagoons, and freshwater springs are 26 minutes' drive away at El Choco National Park.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Buy as much car insurance as you can afford.\nNot only do you probably need more liability coverage -- almost all people do -- but the extra is usually downright cheap.\nConsider a driver in California, where the law requires a very low minimum of $15,000 per person in bodily liability coverage, up to $30,000 per accident, and $5,000 in property damage liability insurance. In a worst-case scenario, the insurance company would have to pay out $35,000.\nAn adult male driver in ZIP code 94608 -- in the Bay Area -- could buy that state minimum liability coverage for as little as $470 a year. But he could buy 10 times as much liability coverage for just a few dollars more.\nMost experts will advise anyone with assets such as a home or savings to buy at least 100\/300\/50. After all, the typical new car costs $30,000 these days. Hit somebody in a new Lexus and you're on the hook for whatever your insurance company doesn't pay.\nThose rates are for a 50-year-old man with no ticket or accidents. While rates go up across the board with a worse driving record, the extra coverage still remains a fraction of the overall cost. Here's what the rates look like from two insurers if two speeding tickets for 10 mph over the limit are added.\nAn at-fault accident with $10,000 total damage raises the younger driver's rates substantially, but the additional coverage is still a bargain if he has substantial savings or a home.\nRates were calculated on ZIP code 94608 for a 50-year-old single male with a college degree, a homeowner, driving a paid-for 2002 Buick Regal LS 12,000 miles a year. His current insurer is State Farm; his current coverage level is 100\/300\/50. These annual rates are for liability coverage only.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"216.2(1) An operator of an industrial lift truck shall check for the effectiveness of all safety devices daily before operating the truck.\n216.2(2) If more than one operator uses an industrial lift truck in the course of a day or if the industrial lift truck is used on more than one shift, each operator shall check for the effectiveness of all safety devices before operating the truck.\n229.2(1) An operator of powered mobile equipment shall check for the effectiveness of all safety devices daily before operating the equipment.\n229.2(2) If more than one operator uses powered mobile equipment in the course of a day or if the powered mobile equipment is used on more than one shift, each operator shall check for the effectiveness of all safety devices before operating the equipment.\n230.5(1) An operator of a vehicle shall check daily for the effectiveness of all safety devices before operating the vehicle.\n230.5(2) If more than one operator uses a vehicle in the course of a day or if the vehicle is used on more than one shift, each operator shall check for the effectiveness of all safety devices before operating the vehicle.\nTo meet the requirements of these sections, must each user physically check the safety devices daily?\nNot all users are required to physically check the safety devices each day provided the employer puts in place a system that allows for one of the users to physically check the devices at the beginning of each day and the remaining users to easily verify that the safety check was performed by the designated person.\nIt is also necessary that confirmation that the daily check was performed be posted at or near the equipment controls so that the remaining users can readily verify that the check was made.\nIt is acceptable that the person designated to perform the daily physical checks be rotated through the user group, provided that the designated person is aware of the requirements in the procedure and that the other users have a way to determine who the designated person is at the time of use. Notwithstanding this, users who wish to physically check the safety devices are allowed to do so by the employer.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"KiaraAlexisKlay wrote: Brendan Fehr is Canadian, so he's probably Anglo-French, maybe a little Native?\nMaria (Majandra) Delfino is actually Brazillian or Portugeuese isn't she? Somewhere down in South\/Central America, lol.\nI think Brendan's ancestry is actually German, and Majandra is from Venezuela.\nAugustus Snodgrass wrote: Jason Behr is actually Italian, German and Objibwe Native American.\nNo wonder we can all picture Max as the suave, smooth talking Italian!\nIt's like when there are brand new characters added to a story. How come they are never black, or chinese ?\nMany people, myself included, have always pictured Serena as a beautiful black woman.\nRoswAlien_Lady wrote: Many people, myself included, have always pictured Serena as a beautiful black woman.\nI spy with my little eye something that starts with B.\nRe: Characters as different races?\nTo me the character is more important than the ethnicity. Changing ethnicity gives a whole new range of obstacles and opportunities. I have one story that I will post this fall where the Roswell crash happened in the same location but in 1891. To make Max and Liz come from different sides of the tracks I made Max the son of a rancher and Liz the daughter of a sheepherder. In this case I chose Basque rather than Hispanic. I made a game out of it by trying to follow canon, at least in the story line while I used this time difference. 1891 is the year, I believe that Roswell was founded, Liz's parents worked for a British Lord, named Parker. He assumed the names Jeff, Nancy and Lizzy because he said it would be too hard for the south westerners to pronounce Basque names.\nSince most of my stories occur in the southwest I have tried to include Navajo, Hispanic, Mexican and even South American head-hunters as extras. I found a helper in Misha who translates phrases and slang into Spanish to spice up my stories.\nFan fic is an art. We can paint so many beautiful pictures.\nI've always pictured Serena as a dark haired woman with tanned olive skin and has green eyes. It's just the name sounds exotic, For me I either picture her as hawaiian or similar in looks to Kristin Kruek from Smallville (I don't know why lol).\nAnd Liz, she could pass on as hispanic or Egyptian. She has those nice dark brown eyes and dark brown hair.\nOmg! I didn't know Jason Behr was of many different ehtnicities..Italien, German and I can't remember the others..he's really good looking. Looked hot in Roswell. Very smoking hot.\nHunter wrote: I've always pictured Serena as a dark haired woman with tanned olive skin and has green eyes. It's just the name sounds exotic, For me I either picture her as hawaiian or similar in looks to Kristin Kruek from Smallville (I don't know why lol).\n^^ lol i agree totally agree with you on all accounts.\nbut with Serena yes dark hair but i can also imagine her as a red head.\nKiaraAlexisKlay wrote: Hmmm....Jason Behr is part Italian! LOL So am I!\nBrendan Fehr is Canadian, so he's probably Anglo-French, maybe a little Native?\nBrendan is Mennonite...Mennonites are of German descent.\nMost Canuck-borns are of many backgrounds however. All our immigrant great-grandparents married each other, or else they married the First Nations people already living here. In fact, we have a whole new race of people in Canada, the Metis, who are descended from First Nations women and the French or Scots or English men who married them.\nOn this show both of his parents were white...but I've always thought of a story idea where Alex's dad was white but his mom was hispanic which also added to his being an outcast at school...even more than his being a bit of a geek.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Make better patient connections through a smarter platform. See the difference high quality treatment ads make.\nHigh quality treatment ads make a difference.\nFree tools to make the most of your marketing.\nA smarter platform that drives better marketing results.\nNo matter how large or small, we are here to help you every step of the way.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Advance your shoe game with these 3 easy tools and you'll be sure to turn heads.\nDo you have a pair of old shoes you rarely wear, but won't give up for anything in the world? Sentimental value is transferred to that shoe because of a personal experience only you will truly understand. Over time, the sneakers tend to depreciate in cleanliness despite your refusal to give that shoe up. Don't feel weird about it because I have a few kicks collecting dust for the same reasons.\nPeople tend to underestimate how effective a pair of new shoe strings can be for a sneakers overall pizzazz. With shoe strings, you are able to highlight certain color pallets that weren't the primary colorway.\nThis trend has progressed at an alarming rate due to the global tennis shoe craze. Whether you find a pair online or at a retail store, there is a large quantity of sock themes to make your shoes look fresh.\nAbove all, you must treat your kicks with tender care if you expect longevity. Invest in cleaning products that will preserve the lifespan of your favorite shoe.\nCrep Protect's revolutionary sprays are famed for ensuring protection against stains and rain. The Crep Cure Travel set comes with their patented cleaning solution \u2013 suitable for cleaning up to 50 pairs \u2013 along with a premium hair brush, microfibre cloth and a handy zip-up travel case.\nTake your favorite shoes out of the box and give them a needed makeover. Trust me, they will thank you in the long run.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The European GNSS Agency (GSA) recently participated in the INTERGEO conference and trade fair, taking place in Berlin from 7 \u2013 9 October. This leading event for geodesy, geo-information and land management once again demonstrated the vibrancy and importance of this sector, where satellite-based positioning technologies play a key enabling role.\nAccording to Blasi, Intergeo is all about bringing European Satellite technology down to Earth: \"As for EGNOS, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service that improves the accuracy of GPS, it is widely used in mapping applications where sub metre accuracy is needed and it is opening the door for more demanding high precision surveying applications where Galileo will play an important role,\" he says.\nGSA shared its stand with the European Space Agency (ESA), the Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt, the Fraunhofer Institute and the Copernicus programme, and was coordinated by SATNAV Forum, the national network of regional GNSS initiatives, test environments and innovation clusters funded by the German government.\nClearly, the geographic information sector is a market with great opportunities and, judging by the crowds at INTERGEO, one that has growing popularity and is attracting innovative European entrepreneurs. It is a sector where positioning is a key enabling technology and European GNSS are making a very positive impact.\nThe awards ceremony of the third Council of European Geodetic Surveyors (CLGE) students contest took place at INTERGEO, where Maurice Barbieri, President of the CLGE, announced that the GSA will collaborate in next year's contest.\nNext year will see the introduction of a new category on European GNSS, with the aim of fostering the adoption of EGNOS and Galileo in surveying.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"We offer FREE shipping within Australia when you spend $99 or more in one transaction, after discounts are applied. Simply use the code \"FREESHIP\" upon checkout.\nStandard: Please allow 3 to 7 business days for delivery.\nWe will be offering express and courier services soon!\nPlease note we take no responsibility for parcels being damaged or lost once they leave our trove. Should your order be lost in transit, please contact us for your tracking number so you can follow up with the post provider.\nCustomers are responsible for duties, custom tariffs, VAT, taxes, and\/or the likes.\nYou're welcome to return any full priced item(s) back to us for a refund* or store credit^ within seven days of receiving you order, excluding pierced earrings (for health and safety reasons), skin care, home fragrances, and candles.\n* Cash refunds will incur a handling fee (10% of value of returned goods), which will be deducted from the total refund amount.\n^ Store credit is valid for 24 months from date of issue. Once store credit has been issued, that value can not be changed to a cash refund.\nItem(s) must be in the original condition and packaging, with tags attached, unworn\/unwashed, unstained.\nShipping and handling charges are not refundable, and we do not offer free shipping for returns.\nPlease be sure to request your return within 7 days of receiving your order. Returns must arrive at our address within 14 days of receiving your order.\nPlease email [email protected] if you would like to return your item(s). Please include any gift with purchase, or your refund will be adjusted to reflect the retail price of the gift.\nYou may choose the shipping carrier\/method of your choice. We cannot be held responsible for lost or damaged packages, and recommend you insure and track your package. Packages that arrive C.O.D. may be denied, or the C.O.D. amount may be deducted from your refund.\nWe only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If your item is unable to be repaired or replaced you will receive a refund (sale price less any shipping and handling charges).\nOnce your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you with the status of the return.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Wildflowers is an outdoor kindergarten inspired by the Scandinavian approach.\nEach morning the children explore, play and learn in the beautiful Hampshire countryside.\nIn the afternoon they eat a warm meal and engage in creative activities in a converted barn.\nWildflowers was founded in 2005 by Helena Nilsson, who works with the children every day.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Peter has more than 25 years of leadership and consulting experience across retail, manufacturing, technology, business services, public sector, and logistics organizations. He has supported clients in the areas of growth strategy, supply chain improvement, postmerger integration, public\u2013private partnerships, and other key business and policy issue areas. Prior to joining AlixPartners, he headed the US Department of Transportation's Research and Innovative Technology Administration, where he led the development of a range of technologies to advance transportation safety and efficiency. Peter has a Master of Science in transportation and aeronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"For the third straight time, the Municipality of Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur; in coordination with the Municipal Council for Tourism, Culture and Arts (MCTCA), Mountaineering Federation of Southern Mindanao (MFSM) and Department of Tourism XI is all set to spearhead the 3RD MT. APO BOULDER FACE CHALLENGE in Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur on April 29-30, 2010. The event is one of the highlights of the annual Pista sa Kinaiyahan basically aimed at promoting responsible eco-tourism activities while protecting the environment particularly the Mt. Apo Natural Park.\nIt is a 24-hour extreme adventure challenge from the municipality's beach lines to the skyline of the boulder face of Mt. Apo, the country's highest peak. This year's race edition will be 100% endurance test with racers competing to reach the boulders of Mt. Apo through disciplines of Mountain Biking, Trekking, Water Tubing and Road Running.\nThe 3rd Mt. Apo Boulder Face Challenge is a 3-man team composed of two racers (1 male and 1 female). Completing the team's composition will be one logistic crew who will be responsible for providing assistance to his two team mates. Full time mandatory equipment are race pack, whistle, headlamp, cellphone, 2 mountain bikes, helmet, life vest and inflated water tube. Registration fee is pegged at PhP 3,000.00 per team inclusive of participation certificate and race jerseys.\nThe champion of the race will receive PhP 75,000.00 and trophies while the second and third placers will receive PhP 50,000.00 (plus trophies) and PhP 30,000.00 (plus trophies) respectively. Three finishers will also be given consolation prize of PhP 6,000 each plus medals.\nDeadline of confirmation will be on April 24, 2010. Applications Forms can be downloaded through www.explorestacruz.com.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The FLEXMAG 4050 is the first electromagnetic flowmeter that features a disposable flow tube designed specifically for single use biopharmaceutical applications such as filtration processes, chromatography, or buffer and media preparation. The biocompatible and gamma sterilizable flow tube is produced in a sterile facility and features a single barb fitting that meets biopharmaceutical requirements for adaptation to single use systems.\nAs an electromagnetic meter, the FLEXMAG 4050 will not drift over time. It provides a completely stable, direct and accurate volumetric flow measurement unaffected by fluid properties such as colour or density. The FLEXMAG 4050 provides highly accurate measurement with outstanding repeatability. Transmitter and flow tube are factory calibrated and do not require in-situ calibration. The meter can accommodate two different flow tubes sizes so as to handle two different flow ranges by simply exchanging the tube without having to recalibrate.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Little Sophia has always been a fan of Dolly Parton since her mom loves to listen to her songs at home whenever she's doing chores to help her move faster.\nDolly Parton's \"Jolene\" is by far one of her more popular songs and it' pretty easy to remember the basic lyrics, but little Sophia hasn't quite got it yet.\nInstead of 'Jolene', Sophia says 'Darleen' instead and it makes for a hilarious 2-year-old's cover of Jolene!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Calaway Jolie Shoe is the shoe for the lady golfer who demands a shoe that will perform in all conditions.\nWith the DRYSPORT waterproof membrane to ensure your feet will stay dry to the Full Grain Leather Waterproof Upper this shoe will give you unrivalled comfort whilst giving you all the style you require.\nThe oversized Big Bertha Spikes will give you great stability to help you generate power and performance.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Let's face it. As much as we do not want to admit it, poop is funny. And it is really popular when it comes to kids toys right now. There are many products that poop, pee, toot, and who knows what else \u2013 and kiddos LOVE them. I know that I cannot walk down the toy isle without my girls reaching for some kind of pooping doll or animal. If you aren't pooped out from Christmas shopping just yet, take a look at these pooping toys that you might want to put under your tree this year.\nThe Lalaloopsy Diaper Surprise doll is a real charmer. Literally. Each of these super cute Lalaloopsy babies poop magical charms into reusable diapers. Just feed them water, press their belly \"button,\" and check their diaper for a surprise. Charms come in butterflies, hearts or flowers, and can be hooked onto the included charm bracelet. Ta-dah! A magical poop charm bracelet \u2013 now that's a fashion statement! I love that this \"poop\" is not very messy and that the diapers can be reused! Huge pluses in my mommy book! I just gotta think, how cool would it be if my girls pooped Pandora Bracelet Charms\u2026 Purchase Yours Here.\nTired of having the same boring doll pets? Moxie Girlz Poopsy Pets are anything but ordinary. Kids can take them on an imaginative adventure complete with whimsical pets that poop. Kellan has a pet tiger who poops striped eggs, Lexa has an elephant that poops peanuts, and Avery has a pet panda who poops bamboo shoots! It's a great way to teach kids how to manage pet \"clean up,\" with a laugh! My girls are LOVING their Moxie Girlz Doll and I know they would be really happy to own one of these adorable pooping pets! Purchase Yours Here.\nNow, you may be thinking, \"What about the boys? They love poop too!\" Never fear, I've got one more treat that takes pooping toys to a whole new level. The Little Tikes Big Dog Truck ride-on & walker is the coolest dog on the block! The Big Dog Truck comes with boulders that can be scooped up at the front of the truck when your toddler rides over them, and then dumped out the rear. But don't just take my word for it \u2013 The Big Dog Truck has been awarded Dr. Toy's 2014 Best Picks, Toy Talk Awards' Best Preschool Toy, and ToyTesters TV Gold Award for Best Preschool Toy! I can promise you that my nephews would flip over this truck! Purchase Yours Here.\nWant to win one of these pooping toys for your kiddo? Well I am giving away a Lalaloopsy Diaper Surprise AND a Little Tikes Big Dog Truck to two lucky winners! Enter to win using the Gleam forms below, check out my other giveaways while you are here, and GOOD LUCK!\nMy daughter loves Mittens Fluff N Stuff!\nMy Grandaughter loves LaLaloopsy characters.\nI cannot get behind the toy with the animals that poop gold and rainbows. I hope my daughter never discovers that they exist lol!\ni would love to win the Big Dog Truck for my grandson, Nolan , so he could be just like his Grandpa.\nI'm not to excited about the diaper surprise. Lol. My son would enjoy the truck.\nWe love mittens fluff n stuff!\nMy grandbaby Brentlee would love this.\nI would love to win this for my son! It is the perfect toy for my lil truck lover!\nI would love to win this for my little boy. He would love it.\nI would love to give this to my grandson. He would love this.\nI could guess that my granddaughter would love Bella. She would love them all.\nPixE Flutters is my little boy's fav!!\nMy son would LOVE this truck!!!! They are his favorite things ever!!\nI would give this to my precious granddaughter! If it is something to ride on....she will LOVE it! She loves flying through the house, or riding down the sidewalk\/driveway! Fun stuff!\nI don't know all the different Lalaloopsy dolls that are out there so I have no idea which my great niece would like. Is there a link somewhere to see all the different Diaper Surprise dolls..... the link that was given is just to ONE doll not all of them.\nIf I won the truck, it would go to my son who already loves cars, trucks and trains. He is not even a year yet.\nMy little girl loves all of them!\nMy daughter is a huge Lalaloopsy fan, but her favorite has to be her Mittens Fluff 'N' Stuff! They're all so cute!\nI would love to win this for my daughter, I think she would love it!\nI also have to go with Mittens. My youngest is obsessed with the loopsy minis.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Parker Prestige are pleased to offer this stunning Mercedes-Benz A180 AMG Line. This particular model is presented in Cosmos Black with contrasting Black Leather\/Alcantara. Equipped with a reversing camera and privacy glass. Please call our team on 01748 889588 for a personal video presentation. We know that finding the right car for you can be difficult, particularly when you're looking for a prestigious used car. That's why we are proud to offer a range of luxury used vehicles from distinguished brands such as BMW, Mercedes, Porsche, Land Rover, Jaguar, Audi, Ferrari, Maserati and many more. With our vast knowledge, expertise and connections we source only the very best in quality., Parker Prestige is a family run business with a vast experience of over 100 years, through 3 generations, within the North Yorkshire area. Our dedicated and friendly team endeavor to ensure every customer has an exclusive experience, tailored to their individual needs, making the process of buying a car enjoyable and hassle free. We are reliable and trustworthy and offer the personal touch that many customers feel they do not get from the main dealers., Our stock is constantly changing so if you can't find what you are looking for we will strive to find your ideal car for you., Browse our impressive stock listings and contact us to find out how we can help you drive away in the car of your dreams., Luxury, Sports and Prestige used cars in North Yorkshire from Parker Prestige.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Welcome Marriage Kids and Money fans!\nThe people who feel most in control of their finances aren't the richest or the highest-earning. They're simply the most engaged.\nAnd (perhaps inevitably) the most financially engaged use spreadsheets to track their money.\nSpreadsheets work great with other financial apps and platforms. Financial advisors love them. They're easy to extend, share, and adapt.\nTiller's mission is to make financial spreadsheets faster and more accessible for everyone, whether you're financially experienced or just starting out.\nTrack your finances with the flexiblity of a spreadsheet powered by Tiller.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"\/NOVOSTIVL\/ International marriages in Korea increased sharply in 2018, the latest government data show. This article appeared in The Korea Times.\nAccording to Statistic Korea's data revealed Wednesday, there were 22,698 marriages between a Korean national and a foreigner last year, up 8.9 percent from 2017.The rise was the sharpest in 13 years.\nMarriages between a Korean husband and a foreign wife accounted for 73.2 percent.\nAmong the wives, Vietnamese made up 38.2 percent, followed by Chinese (22.1 percent) and Thai (9.4 percent).\nAmong the foreign husbands, Chinese made up 24.4 percent, followed by Americans (23.6 percent) and Vietnamese (9.6 percent).","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"NorthBay Cardiac Rehabilitation is a nationally certified program located inside NorthBay Medical Center. The staff works directly with the cardiology team to provide care for patients once they are discharged from the hospital. Patients entering the cardiac rehabilitation program are ready to learn and put into practice the tools they'll need to live successfully with their heart condition. The program includes exercise to strengthen the heart, nutrition counseling, and lifestyle counseling that focuses on modifying risk factors.\nThe cardiac patient's first step toward recovery after leaving the hospital is a visit to the cardiac rehab department. Spouses or other family members are strongly encouraged to join the patient in this visit. They meet the staff and sit down with a nurse to discuss their recent hospitalization, their medical history, their current treatment plan, medications and to learn what their next steps are.\n\"This is often a very emotional time for both the patient and the family, as the visit usually coincides with the realization of what exactly happened 'hits them,'\" Gordon says. Many times, patients enter the program with multiple prior medical problems that have complicated their recovery further.\n\"The typical 40-something male patient of long ago no longer exists. We now see both men and women, ranging in age from late 20s to the late 80s,\" Gordon says.\nThe rehab staff needs to find balance between helping the patient face their new reality, and being the first cheerleader for their recovery. Once this is done, goals are negotiated, and the patient is admitted to start working toward recovery.\nPatients receive a comprehensive education program when admitted to cardiac rehabilitation, which also includes consistent lifestyle changes and exercise.\nExercise therapy ranges from eight to 12 weeks, with sessions three times a week for 30 to 60 minutes. The first session includes a functional assessment of their current condition that results in an individualized exercise prescription aimed to strengthen the heart muscle and improve circulation. Along with strengthening the heart, the prescription is designed to improve their strength, balance and endurance so they can do the things they enjoy.\nFeedback and encouragement from staff is weekly and ongoing.\nPatients are monitored closely by intensive care nurses with special training in therapeutic cardiac exercise. Heart monitors and oxygen levels are constantly and closely assessed to keep patients safe. In this environment, patients feel secure challenging themselves because they know that they have a safety net in case something unexpected happens. After a few weeks into the program, patients begin to bond with each other.\n\"Our patients find strength in being with others who are going through the same experience and who understand their feelings,\" Gordon adds. She also encourages her patients to join North Bay Mended Hearts, an educational and ongoing support group which meets monthly, alternating between Fairfield and Vacaville.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Berkeley Rep gift certificates are guaranteed to delight. They're easy to buy, and easy to enjoy. You choose the value. They choose the show. And they never expire.\nGift certificates can be redeemed for performance tickets and class registration. Sorry, gift certificates cannot be used for concessions or redeemed for cash. Any remaining balance can be applied to future purchases.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Stellar playwright Kate Mulvany and award-winning director Leticia C\u00e1ceres, two of Australia's most accomplished artists, evoke the visceral, blood-soaked biosphere of the Amazon warrior women of Greek mythology.\nTasmanian Theatre Company has assembled a dream team for the World Premiere of The Mares \u2013 a significant event in Australian theatre. Designed by Jill Munro and Nick Higgins, The Mares features an exceptional group of Tasmanian actors: Sara Cooper, Jane Johnson, Melissa King, Jane Longhurst and Ben Winspear.\nThis brutal, prescient and poetic new work has the wit, wry humour and gravitas we have come to expect from Kate Mulvany. It's a play for our times, exploring themes of power \u2013 physical, sexual and psychological \u2013 and weaving parallel narratives as it moves seamlessly through time, style and gender, galloping towards an unexpected yet inevitable climax.\nCommissioned by Tasmanian Theatre Company. Produced with the generous support of the Seaborn, Broughton and Walford Foundation.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Whether you want a slow ballad to cuddle up on a date, or a fast, high-energy dance song, or a hard-hitting rock song, this is the band! The Roadsters make every event a success and are invited back for more shows!\nFrom weddings, parties, anniversaries to special events, rodeos, County Fairs and Festivals and nightclubs, this is the band to follow!\nThe Roadsters love their followers and have an extensive fan base! They also support other local musicians and benefits for local venues and musicians.\nWhat great dancers! Always smiling!! Thank you so much for joining us Dale and Troi!\nHad a great time at Bigfoot Jamboree in Calif! Who is that playing drums? He looks familiar!\nGreat time at Lake of the Woods! weather cleared for us! Thank you all for coming up!!\nHad a great night last night at Grape Street! Such a wonderful turnout! We thank each and every one of you for joining us! And to Photographic Expressions for taking some great shots!\nTrying this again hopefully with sound!\nWhat a great time at Grape St this weekend! Thank you to all of our peeps who came out to support us! And thank you to Dustin Clark for coming out and celebrating your beautiful wife's birthday with us! We had a blast!\nHomestead Pub April 15th...our thanks to Mr. Michael St John for rockin on the drums and Mr Ranger Jim for shredding on the guitar!\nOur friend Dan sitting in Friday night at JDs!!! Awesome!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"\"Happy to have someone to check our system. \"\nMary S. in Whitehall, WI was suffering from water leaking into her basement. She was tired of dealing with a wet basement every time they had a heavy rain, so she started looking into long-term repair options. During her research, she discovered American Waterworks and was pleased to see that we have almost 3 decades of experience with waterproofing. She contacted us to receive a FREE estimate, so we sent a Design Specialist to her home to inspect her basement and develop a solution. We recommended that we install WaterGuard, a lateral line, and a TripleSafe sump pump. She was pleased with our design and the proposal, so she scheduled to have our waterproofing system installed.\nOur production team started the installation by removing the concrete around the perimeter of the basement and laying the WaterGuard drainage system and a lateral liner. Then, they installed the sump pump in the corner of the basement and filed back the gaps of the drainage system and sump pump with rock. Lastly, they replaced the concrete, The WaterGuard now properly drains water to the sump pump, which then discharges it from the home. Mary was happy with the result and she is thrilled she can now enjoy a dry basement!\nDo you have water leaking into your basement? Click here to receive a FREE estimate!\nBasement leaks when we have high water or a lot of rain. When I say leak, I mean a lot of water comes up through cracks in the foundation. We get A LOT of water in the basement.\nDouble car garage with the last driveway sections next to the garage have settled. One side broke into two pieces dropping about an inch on the end. The other side broke into three pieces dropping 1-2 inches on the end.\nHappy to have someone to check our system.\nThe crew was very polite and respectful of our property.\nJanna J. S. Main St.\nThe crew were very courteous and we would recommend them to our friends.\nLee A. W. Hawthorn St.\nThanks for the detailed quote for the basement wall and windows!\nThese two guys should get a pat on the back, I worked the construction trade and know how it goes.\nNexusPro is a durable binding agent used to repair cracked concrete slabs on your Whitehall property. SealantPro seals concrete driveways and pool decks, restoring quality and protecting against UV, weather, oil and water damage for 3 to 5 times longer than other concrete sealants. Repair your concrete and seal in quality with our concrete protection system.\nAre you concerned about water in your basement or crawl space, or cracks in your foundation or concrete slabs? American Waterworks is your local expert in all of these services and more. We offer free estimates to all of our customers in Whitehall, WI and throughout the surrounding areas. Schedule yours today!\nRon M. in Whitehall, WI had a severely sunken and cracked driveway. His concrete had sunk almost 3 inches below the concrete of his garage floor, which created a large trip hazard. He also was frustrated by the bump he experienced each time he drove in or out of his garage. He started researching concrete repair and discovered American Waterworks. After having a Design Specialist out to his home for a free estimate, he decided that our PolyLevel concrete repair was the best solution for him, so he scheduled the installation.\nOur concrete repair experts drilled small holes into the concrete slabs of his driveway and injected the polymer foam, which expands and then raises the concrete. Once it was raised to be even with the garage floor, they filled back the holes they drilled with concrete. Then, they sealed the cracks in his concrete with our Nexus Pro sealant. Nexus Pro protects the concrete and gives it a nice, finished look. Ron was pleased with the results and he is glad he chose to repair his concrete with American Waterworks!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Below is specific information about the services we provide for in-home training which we provide in Baker County Oregon and surrounding areas as well as distance training options for those out of the area. All programs are customized to fit your needs, and we are flexible with our training plans to provide optimum learning for you and your canine companions. If you have further questions regarding our service options, please call or email.\nPrivate Training is an in home service, where a trainer comes to you and teaches you to train your dog, in your own home, at your own pace. Private Lessons are great because they are geared towards your needs only. You can cover all the topics you need on your time, and get a training plan, and homework to complete in between sessions. Private lessons include material offered in an average obedience class and are taught in your home, at your convenience.\nThis home-based service offers dog owners who have limited time an opportunity to improve their relationship with their pet dogs. Training at home is especially appropriate for dog owners who find travel to classes difficult. Together we can identify problem behaviors and training solutions. We can also train skills that will improve your dogs ability to be calm and manageable. You will learn gentle and positive training methods that incorporate all kinds of motivation from praise, food and toys as reinforcement for positive behaviors and learned commands.\nBehavioral Consultations are very similar to Private Training except a specific behavioral issue or issues are addressed. Issues such as all types of aggression, separation anxiety, compulsive\/obsessive behaviors, food guarding and territoriality, hyperactivity and compulsive behaviors are all best dealt with on an individual basis. Consultations include a period of observation and discussion, a training plan, demonstrations and practice of techniques and follow up whether by phone, email or in person. The amount of sessions you will need will depend on the issue(s), time you have in between to work with your dog and your comfort level. Everyone is different and we want what works best for you, and gets your dog to a healthy and happy state as fast as possible.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"In order to keep students motivated and moving forward over the summer \u2013 we are having a Moby Max a contest this summer. All students have their personal log in \u2013 so remind them to Log in, earn minutes and win.\nPrizes will be earned for every 200 minutes students log in over the summer. Every student will earn an otter pop for every 200 minutes logged. Log 600 minutes \u2013 you receive 3 otter pops. Then for every 400 minutes logged you receive a ticket to put in a drawing for a $50 gift card of your choice. Most importantly the student that logs the most minutes will receive the otter pops, the tickets and an Amazon Fire Tablet! If you forgot how to log in \u2013 see the directions below. Good luck and have fun on Moby Max!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, a healthy eating plan should supplement various fruits and vegetables with a few lean proteins, while consuming only a low amount of fats and sugars.\nWeightChart provides instant visualizations, calculations, and summarizations, it's a kind of biofeedback for your wellness. With such a rich source of information you will be able to quickly hone in on what works and dosen't work for your wellness progress. For some people this feedback is enough to help them make the daily choices that improve their wellness, without a complicated diet or exercise plan.\nWe'll do our best to help you stay motivated with milestone goals, and email reminders. You can group together with friends, coworkers, and family for encouragement and fun with weight challenges and competitions. We're not here to push a fad diet or some abstract rewards system, we exist to help you discover more about yourself and what wellness approach best fits your life.\nDon't make the same diet mistake twice, keep a wellness record with us and benefit from a perfect memory. You'll pinpoint the things that cause you to get off track and be prepared for monthly and seasonal cycles. You'll see how your sleep, diet, mood, and weight relate to each other. If you have other important factors to track, like blood pressure, workout stats, and blood sugar levels we can help with these as well.\nMany commercial diets and excersise products come with tracking tools, but what happens when you realize these products are not working for you? Track your wellness with us and feel free to change your diet and excersise strategies to find what works best for you.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Size L inseam measures approximately 11\"\nMens_Nike_Heathered_Gray\/Cardinal_Stanford_Cardinal_Fly_XL_4.0_Shorts http:\/\/images.fanatics.com\/lf http:\/\/dmimages.ff.p10\/chains\/2391206.txt false We are unable to customize this item with the text you have entered. Please try a different entry again. Your current entry cannot be processed due to guidelines for past and present player names. Please create a new entry.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Fireside Magazine has opened its doors to the public for free online viewing. Traditionally, the magazine has been supported by Kickstarter funding for yearly chunks. However, they've wanted to try and move away from Kickstarter and to a more communal funding effort. Thus, the options for subscriptions, contributions, and patreon funding have opened up.\nIf you want to take a look, check out the magazine's full catalog over here. If you're also wanting a direct link to my previously published piece of flash fiction, Reversal, the link is right here. To directly help support Fireside, check out their \"Support Us\" page.\nSo yeah, there we go. A couple days late, I know, but things have just been manic. The rig is mostly up and running now, so I'll be completely on my feet before we know it.\nThis entry was posted in Announcements and tagged books, fantasy, fiction, fictional world, Fireside, Fireside Magazine, james darrow, Kickstarter, literature, news, novels, Reversal, short story, thoughts, writer, writing. Bookmark the permalink.\n\u2190 My thoughts on: Destiny.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The Eurofighter is one of five types of combat aircraft that are being tested in flight and ground in Payerne from April to the end of June. The two Airbus Eurofighters (Germany) took off on 9 April 2019 from Warton (UK) and landed the same day in Payerne. The Eurofighter is stationed until 17 April 2019 on the Payerne Air Base.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"PropSpace is proud to announce the launch of its Arabic version, catered to the MENA region.\nDeveloped in 2011 by technology enterprise JRD Group, PropSpace proves the most popular industry enterprise software in the U.A.E., with over 95 percent of the nation's real estate brokerages utilizing the cloud-based system. Considered the region's first full scale multi-functional cloud-based real estate software, PropSpace consists of multiple modules that capture to a variety of workflows in the real estate sector, including but not limited to lead management, listings, deal flow, document generation and the region's largest private MLS (multiple listings service).\nThe launch of the Arabic version follows significant steps by JRD Group to expand the PropSpace client base across the MENA region and globally, to more established markets further afield. Following a successful soft launch in London in September 2015, PropSpace made a promising debut at the 2015 REALTORS\u00ae Conference and Expo held in November 2015 in San Diego, California (U.S.A.); the first in a series of moves intended to position itself as the premier cloud-based real estate software solution worldwide.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"On April 10, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved everolimus tablets for oral suspension (brand name: Afinitor Dispersz, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation) as an adjunctive therapy to treat partial-onset refractory seizures in adults and children over 2 years of age with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Tuberous Sclerois isa genetic disorder that affects one million people worldwide and is characterized by benign tumors in several organs, epilepsy, behavioral problems and intellectual disability.\nDr. Anne Anderson, epileptologist at Texas Children's Hospital and investigator at the Cain Labs and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute. Read the blog posted on the Foundation for Angelman Syndrome Therapeutics website that describes Dr. Anderson's latest research findings on Angelman syndrome.\nA study published in Scientific Reports from the laboratory of Dr.\nDavid Cameron's son Ivan was born with a neurological disorder that baffled doctors. He was later diagnosed with a rare epileptic syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome. Now, he writes, genomic testing can end the anguish of uncertainty.\nA study shows that structural alterations in neurons and the resulting memory deficits that arise after a single generalized seizure can be reversed by inhibiting the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/Akt kinase\/mechanistic target of rapamycin (i.e. PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR) signaling pathway.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Designed for the transportation of finished job pieces, this system also helps in the installation process. The precise extruded structural aluminum tubes with vacuum cups does not hinder setting on cabinets during installation.\nFor further items, we invite you to take a moment to shop our extensive selection of Stone Pro products at Regent Stone Products today.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The founder of Ship Your Enemies Glitter, an Australian website that lets anyone in the world ship their enemies bags of glitter \u2013 the most irritating party product yet invented \u2013 has put his company up for sale, after begging potential customers to stop using his website.\nMathew Carpenter's creation is up for auction on startup marketplace Flippa, with a starting bid of just $1, boasting of the site's \"$20,000+ in sales and 2.5m visits in four days\".\nBut, he says, the site was a joke that got out of hand. \"I launched this website as a bit of a joke not expecting this level of attention. Heck, I launched this website while I was on holiday!\nThe sale comes days after Carpenter, 22, took to start-up website Product Hunt, where his creation had racked up almost a thousand votes, to ask potential users to just not.\nSince schadenfreude is the internet's mother tongue, the replies were less than sympathetic. \"You have made your glitter-coated bed and I'm afraid you will have to lie in it,\" read one.\nFor what it's worth, Carpenter is willing to sign a three-year non-compete clause with any potential buyer, meaning that if a follow-up website \u2013 say, ShipYourEnemiesConfetti.com \u2013 does get made, it won't come from him.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"How do I remove all appearance of color only that may be set up as default?\nThere is a white color only appearance activated somewhere that affects most all parts we have. I can add material color at part level but it is not flowing through at assembly. Did someone set up a default and if so, how do I remove it?\nMessage was edited by: Kathy Spaw I added the part template and tried to delete the appearance but it won't go! I haven't seen anything so tenacious. The assembly template did not have any appearances so the part template is the culprit.\nRe: How do I remove all appearance of color only that may be set up as default?\nHi Kathy, i opened your assembly but i don't see anything funny with it. Did you do a Pack n Go and include the check box for \"Include Custom decals, appearances....\" ?\nHere is a somewhat general\/generic response that might help.\nIf an appearance is applied at the top level of the assembly it will override all others by default. You can see the first cotter pin has a blue appearance applied but is green.\nIf the top level of the assembly doesn't have an appearances then the one in the upper left(assembly applied appearance) will drive the look of the part.\nIf you apply an appearance at the part level it will show up in the bottom right corner of that icon in the display pane.\nJust like appearances in a part there is an order to what overrides what. In a part you can apply an appearance at the part, body, feature or face level. The face will override the feature, feature overrides the body and body overrides the part.\nIf you can take some screen shots of what you are seeing or try a pack n go with the appearances option to make sure it all comes through i will try to expand on that answer.\nThe first thing that comes to mind is that there is a color appearance set up by default (by someone) in your templates which you may need need to edit and remove.\nIt could also be caused if your template has a material assigned by default and the color you are seeing is the default appearance for that material. The remedy is the same, edit and remove the material from your template.\nIf you don't want to do these steps, then you can can also ensure that each time you create a new part, you right click on the very top item on the feature tree, then scroll down and select 'Appearance', and then select 'Remove All Part Appearances From'.\nObviously checking and fixing your templates is the best fix if indeed that is the issue and I would be checking these first.\nCheck original post, I added the part template. That color just won't let go!\nKathy, this is very odd behavior. There was nothing i saw in your part template that would indicate anything funny. The part does have the blueish appearance as shown in Dave's post. However if i change the background, not the appearance, to Plain white the part appearance changes. If i go back to any other such as 3 point faded, the part stays the color we would expect to see.\nWhen i create a part with your part template, the new body has that bluish color to it. When i change backgrounds it goes away.\nPlaying around with it more there seems to be something funny tied to the 3 point faded scene. I opened your template, set the scene to \"Plain White\" and saved another version and it does not seem to exhibit the same behavior. Off hand i don't know of a way to fix the ones you have already made besides changing the scene.\nHere are some screen shots when opening the pin portion of your assembly.\nJust so its easier. Here are the two images together. The larger is how the file opens. the smaller is the same 3 point faded scene but after i switch back and forth between another scene.\nSorry i don't have an answer as to why its happening. I will dig into it a bit more. Just wanted to share what i found.\nAs I stated earlier, I found the issue and I've fixed it. The new template is attached above.\nDave, i checked your attachment and it was a new part template. That doesn't answer the question as to why hers is messed up though. At least that is the one that is driving me a bit batty I don't know why the scene would show the part as one state then another after switching back and forth. I feel like the original 3 point faded on her end was edited and saved over maybe? Somehow switching back and forth lets it go to the default install 3 point faded?\nCan you confirm on your end, with the original that simply switching scenes has the same affect as reapplication of the appearance?\nWe may never know exactly why it happened but it sure is a good exercise trying to find out .\nI was going to suggest looking at that it always makes all parts look \"white\"\nThe background isn't the problem. Every time I change the material or directly remove and add an appearance, like polished steel, the part, at some level shows the \"plain color white\". Yes, a white part on a white background is hard to see but the background behavior is working as expected. It's the \"plain color white\", that won't be removed, that is causing the grief.\nIf this is happening on every new part you create, I would definitely clean your part template.\nAs Dave suggested above: sounds like your assembly template has a pre-defined appearance on it (in your case, white). Open your assembly template (templates should have these extensions: .asmdot - for assemblies and .prtdot - for parts) from inside SolidWorks (if you double click on the file in Windows file explorer it will not recognize the file type and will ask to select the program to open it with). Locate the appearance (see attached image), click on it and delete it. Save the file and close it. From now on, your assembly templates should not be white.\nDo the same with your part template if you wish to remove the pre-defined appearance.\nI tried to do as you suggested but the template wouldn't let go of the color. I attached a copy of it to the original post.\nThe new template is attached and renamed as \"NEW Product Part\"\nI had such hopes but when I opened your template in my system, it showed as white. I am at a loss.\nKathy, when open up Daves template it has the default appearance and 3 point faded scene. What are you expecting the appearance to be? I took Daves template and made the appearance high gloss blue plastic.\nWhen i was talking about the scene setup i know the scene doesn't seem like the issue, but my comment was that changing the scene and changing it right back displayed the model appearance differently. That is what led me to question your .p2s file for the 3 point faded. That file was sent along with your template and it makes the part look different than my default .p2s 3 point faded file.\nYour's worked for me as well as David Bear's.\nI, finally, went into my template and removed all appearance then added matte steel. It seems to stick and hold the appearance into an assembly. I just wish I could fix the appearance of the existing parts.\nKathy, did you even try to create a basic model with the new template and see how it displayed?\nI tested it before I posted it here for you and it worked fine.\nSorry to take so long to get back to you. Life happened.\nYour file \"New Product Part\" is working for me. I even applied the 3-point studio room background and everything works well. What did you do? Is it possible to change existing model appearance with your magic? Thank you!\nUm, do you mean take existing parts that were created with the faulty template and place them into the new template so that the appearance is corrected?\nAre you applying color to each configurations? I'm suspecting that it may be related to display state.\nI'll keep an eye on it but currently, just the default display state 1 shows.\nAs far as the background goes, I long for the Millennium color that Inventor has.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Want a strong opinion the day after a big sporting event? Mike Francesa never fails to disappoint.\nThe bombastic WFAN drive-time host opened up his show Monday afternoon by launching into a tirade against Seahawks coach Pete Carroll, who called the fateful pass play from the 1-yard line that resulted in the interception to seal the Patriots' 28-24 win in Super Bowl XLIX.\n\"That wasn't one of the poorer play calls in the history of the Super Bowl, and that wasn't a play that you can dissect in 10 or 20 different ways. That was the single worst big-game moment call in the history of sports,\" Francesa opined. \"That was the dumbest, most ridiculous, no-excuse, no-alibi, no reason to do what they did.\nFrancesa then slipped on his offensive coordinator hat and diagrammed what would have been the only acceptable pass play to call in that situation.\n\"The only pass you could ever think of throwing there would be out of a tight formation, a power formation, which means you're all in, your tight ends are in, you're in a jumbo look, you're in an I-formation, and you don't give it to the back. You sprint a guy to the corner by himself, and if he's not by himself you throw it into the 15th row. That's the only pass play you could even consider at that point of the game!\nFrancesa, apoplectic at this point, continued to dissect what Seattle did wrong on the goal line.\n\"The Pats are stunned. You hand it to Marshawn Lynch, who almost scores on first down! You now have the game \u2026 the Pats have capitulated! They are not calling timeout! They are saying, 'You know what? We're going to live and die with what's going on here. We're gonna save our timeouts.' Because, I'm sure they're working on a kick return over there, and they're figuring that Marshawn is gonna score on the next play anyway!\nHaving already erupted, Francesa finished calmly.\nWas Seahawks' bad beat so painful it snuffed a dynasty?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Professional Women in Building (PWB) \u2013 HBA of Northern Michigan is hosting it's 4th Annual Wine and Chocolate Tasting event at Petoskey Farms Vineyard and Winery.\nAbbigail Babbit (Center) was the lucky awardee of the PWB Trades Scholarship in 2018. Abbigail has been accepted to Ferris State University this Fall to continue her dreams in the building trades. With the shortage of workers in skilled trades, PWB is very proud to be able to present a scholarship each year to a student going into the building trades. This is made possible through the Wine and Chocolate Tasting. Sip and Taste for a great cause!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"About 35 representatives of the Galician agroforestry sector, including farmers, researchers, producers associations and representatives of the regional Government, Xunta de Galicia, met on September 21st in Gunt\u00edn (Lugo) for the third meeting of the AFINET RAIN, where they discussed and shared technical, economic or political innovations which promote agroforestry management in Galician forests and soils.\nThe Mayor of Gunt\u00edn, Jes\u00fas Carreira, welcomed the Galician Agroforestry Innovation Network to the working session, which will promote a good management of Galician forests. The session was focused on the aspects that most concern the members of the network such as combinations of species in agroforestry systems, technical management issues and aspects related to political regulation and social awareness.\nThe members of the network agreed that the current regulatory framework adversely affects the agroforestry management of the forest and requested recommendations and good practices that favor the implementation and consolidation of these systems.\nRosa Mosquera, coordinator of the project and director of the Department of Plant Production of the University of Santiago de Compostela, together with Juan Luis Fern\u00e1ndez Lorenzo, professor in this same department, presented a guide for the plantation of arboreal species in agroforestry systems, which is being elaborated under the framework of the project.\nOther innovation that generated interest among the RAIN memebers was the design of a predictive model of economic and environmental production of agroforestry exploitations, which helps farmers and forest owners to decide the viability and profitability of including this type of practices in their exploitations.\nAfter the discussion session and presentations, RAIN members visited the Cabuxa Natur goat farm in Gunt\u00edn, which makes use of shrub grass and shrub grass under trees; and Monte Veci\u00f1al in Man Com\u00fan de Carballo, in Friol, where they were able to observe one of the outstanding innovations for silvopastoral management: a mobile system to improve the management of pigs in extensive agroforestry systems.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Sold by the case. 100 units per case.\nThis item does not qualify for free shipping.\nDistinctive, 2 Disc, Premium-Grade Boxes for your Blu-Ray project! Blu-Ray boxes ensure ultimate protection for your message. With a secure ring and a push button release, these boxes keep your Blu-Ray discs from sliding around and getting scratched.\nWe are a family oriented business. We do not manufacture products containing parental advisories, adult oriented content, hate, Anti-American, or anti-religious content.\nAll Content Wholesale Tape & Supply Co., Inc.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Join us for an Open House at CNY Healing Arts in Syracuse for a talk by Dr. Rob and Maria Emmerich, a ketogenic diet & lifestyle expert that shares Dr. Kiltz' passion for living a happy and healthier lifestyle.\nShe is an International Best Selling author of \"The Ketogenic Cookbook\". She also authored 8 other books including several cookbooks and 3 nutritional guide books including \"Secrets to a Healthy Metabolism\" which includes a foreward by New York Time #1 bestselling author of \"Wheat Belly\" Dr. William Davis. Her latest book \"Keto-Adapted\" includes a forward by Dr. William Davis and excerpts from Dr. David Perlmutter author of the New York Times best seller \"Grain Brain\".\nMaria will be signing books and discussing the importance of a ketogenic diet in your everyday life.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"An oil cleansing foam for quick and easy cleansing that gently dissolves makeup with oil and forms a rich lather with water.\nConvenient transforming gel-type cleanser which removing base makeup effectively and keeping skin dewy.\nRoll on the dry face gently and add a bit of water on to skin to make a rich lather and gently massage.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Islamabad, Jan. 16 (TNS): War of words continues between leaders of ruling party as Pervez Rashid on Monday asked Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz to expel Chaudhry Nisar from the party.\n\"He [Nisar] arranged the scheme of things in a way that he was able to please them,\" he added.\nAccording to Rashid, the former interior minister issued misleading statements against the party when it was facing a test [following the controversy].","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"ARLINGTON, Va. Researchers in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Make-It program demonstrated significant progress toward fully automated rapid molecule production, which could speed the pace of chemical discovery for a range of defense products and applications.\nCurrently in the third year of a a four-year effort, DARPA's Make it program is developing software tools based on machine learning and expert-encoded rules to recommend synthetic routes optimized for factors such as cost, time, safety, or waste reduction.\nThe program seeks to free chemists so that they may focus their energy on chemical innovation, rather than testing various molecular synthesis pathways. The program also is developing automated devices that uniformly and reproducibly create the desired chemical based on the software-generated recipe \u2013 this one-device, many-molecules concept is a departure from the traditional dedicated reactors in chemical production.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"This Hampshire business develops electronic systems for the automotive and defence industries. New contracts boosted sales to \u00a324.6m last year. Husband and wife founders Michael and Lesley Gill, 66 and 61 respectively, also run Gill Sensors and Gill Instruments.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The Lasker Foundation and the National Institutes of Health have joined together in an innovative partnership to nurture the next generation of clinician-researchers.\nThe Lasker Clinical Research Scholars program is an NIH-funded initiative that supports early-career medical researchers and helps bridge the widening gap between cutting-edge research and improved patient care. This unique program provides scholars with five to seven years of support as independent investigators in the NIH Intramural Research Program, followed by the opportunity for additional years of financial support, either at the NIH or at an extramural research institution. More information and how to apply.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"With its catchy melodies and humurous plot, Gilbert and Sullivan's 19th century work has become a staple for amateur and school productions, remaining one of the most beloved works of the operetta\/musical theatre genre to this day.\n\"It's a really accessible kind of show \u2026 it's just good fun,\" says Lennox.\nHowever, in her view, \"The Mikado\" is not without its moments of truth and beauty, as well as intelligent writing.\nAll of these qualities contribute to making the operetta an enduring work that appeals to people of different ages and backgrounds.\nIn the Toronto Operetta Theatre's (TOT) production, Lennox plays the character of Katisha, an older woman at the court of the Mikado (the title given to the Japanese emperor) who has set her sights on the emperor's son Nanki-Poo. Faced with the perspective of marrying the unattractive Katisha, the young man runs away, only to find himself caught up in a series of colourful, absurd, and hilarious adventures.\nAlthough a bit of a caricature, Katisha is a determined woman, and Lennox enjoys playing her.\nThis is the singer's second time with the TOT after performing in its world premiere of \"Ernest, The Importance of Being\" in 2008. At the time, she was nine weeks pregnant, and she says it was an experience to remember.\nBalancing a singing career with motherhood has been challenging, but something that Lennox was determined to do.\n\"Ultimately when you love something, you just find a way to make it happen,\" she explains.\nAs a singer, Lennox believes that talent, passion, and hard work are a must. However, they are not the most important factors in a career\u2014she feels success is directly linked to one's character.\n\"The singers I know who are the most successful are generally some of the kindest, most modest people you'll find. I really think that's what keeps your career going,\" she says.\n\"I do believe there's a very, very important space for kindness and support as a singer with both the companies and your colleagues,\" she adds.\nMaking the best of one's time performing is also key.\nEpoch Times is a sponsor of the Toronto Operetta Theatre.\nRichard Wagner's \"Die Meistersinger von N\u00fcrnberg\" clocks in at almost six hours, which may be too much of a good thing. Or maybe not.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The roads are in an enviable state and the motorway network is the most comprehensive in the world. Do not forget take a road map of France not absolutely miss anything!\nThe European country of France has recently become a global giant not only in tourism but in other economic aspects. But what to do with tourism this is certainly one of the strengths of the French economy. For years it has been the most visited country in the world, and is now the second behind Spain and the truth is that merit is not lacking either culture, landscapes, beaches, gastronomy, etc.\nIf we travel in our car or bike we will make a very good choice to not miss anything interesting about this European country although it is best to visit more than once because it really has many beautiful things to see.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Available through the EEA, these publications cover guides, standards, health and safety resources, professional development tools, industry best practice and more.\nWhile many are available to the public, some are provided exclusively for EEA members or available at a discount.\nView by subject below or use the publication search.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Ciabatta sandwich bread - you could use any type of bread you wanted though.\nDirections: Preheat oven to 350'. Slice bread in half and spread generous amount of brie onto the \"bottom\" piece. Melt your butter and add in sugar, stir, and brush on the top of the top piece of bread.\nPlace top on sandwich, bake for 5-10 minutes depending how crispy and melted you want it.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Horeca School, located in Bucharest, has announced six master classes with great, world-renowned pastry chefs, which will take place in 2018 and 2019.\nThe first to visit the culinary and pastry school to teach a hands-on class at the beginning of October will be Hans Ovando (so good #5, so good #11, so good #14), who has just won the Copa Maya as a member of the Chilean team. On October 21 and 22 will be the turn of Diego Lozano, the great ambassador of Brazilian pastry, who will carry out a chocolate demo. And to end the year, Marike Van Beurden, gold medalist at the World Chocolate Masters 2014, will teach the art of making plated desserts from November 15 to 17.\nFor 2019, the school will host master classes by Frank Haasnoot (from March 28 to 30), Nicolas Haelewyn (from May 22 to 25), and Martin Diez (from October 22 to 24).\nHoreca is known as a top school in the culinary education field. Founded by Cristina Van Der Schaaf in 2009, events for the culinary industry are organized and tries to network the main decision factors in gastronomy field in order to help the industry to progress.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Can I connect an external FM antenna?\nAn external FM antenna cannot be connected.\nWhen experiencing poor reception sensitivity, try the following.\nRelocate the receiver to be near a window.\nExtend the antenna wire in a direction with good reception.\nCan I add external speakers to the VAIO computer?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Johnny Og Connolly's latest CD 'Aisling Yoshua' (Joshua's Dream) is a solo recording comprising twelve tracks. It offers a mixture of traditional tunes and some of his own compositions including two waltzes, a lament, a set of Polkas and a lullaby in honour of his nephew Joshua who lends his name to the album title.\nJohnny Og is joined by his father, the legendary melodeon player Johnny Connolly on two of the tracks and accompaniment is provided by some of Ireland's finest musicians, among them, Brian McGrath on Piano, Mick Coneely on bouzouki, Garry O Briain on Mandocello and Guitar, Frank Kilkelly on Guitar and James Blennerhasset on Double Bass.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The Springfield Regional Arts Council (SRAC) is pleased to accept nominations for the 2018 Ozzie Awards through Wednesday, February 28, 2018. Winners will be honored at the 9th annual Flights of Fancy, Southwest Missouri's most celebrated arts gala of the year, on Saturday, October 13, 2018 at the Springfield-Branson National Airport.\nNominate those you know have embodied the pioneering, creative spirit of the Southwest Missouri arts scene. Nominations can be made online, by mail, or in person at the SRAC office located in The Creamery Arts Center, 411 North Sherman Parkway, Springfield, MO 65802. All information regarding nominations is confidential.\nAn ideal Ozzie Award candidate exhibits an extended service in promoting the arts, a broad spectrum of involvement in the arts, support above and beyond professional responsibilities, and should be a catalyst for the growth of the arts in the Ozarks. A Legacy Award is traditionally offered posthumously to an individual who demonstrated the qualities of an Ozzie Award winner in their lifetime.\nFirst awarded in 1985, the Ozzie Awards are given each year to individuals, organizations, and businesses which have demonstrated an outstanding commitment to the arts in Southwest Missouri. A public call for nominations is announced and a selection committee chooses those which best support or personify artistic achievement.\nFor more information about the Ozzie Awards or Flights of Fancy, contact Brett Johnston, Director of Marketing and Development, at [email protected] or 417-862-ARTS(2787).\nPhysical nomination form to print and mail to The Creamery Arts Center (411 N Sherman Pkwy, Springfield MO 65802).","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Plastic dinnerware was discovered in many homes in the 1940s through the 1970s and is extremely collectible now. Throughout the Nineteen Thirties the raw material \"melamine\" hit an all time low worth. With heightening wartime threats and soon to be monetary constraints, American industrialists jumped on the bandwagon to make melamine into functional merchandise for each industrial and households.\nIt's fun to gather it and resulting from it is lengthy production straightforward to make a complete set. Some melmac is price extra in worth than others. Full sets in pretty colours reminiscent of pinks or blues are usually priced larger. Uncommon makers like Lucent, Fostoria (each glass companies that dabbled in melmac), Russel Wright and Raymond Loewy designs are highly sought after.\nAmerican Cyanamid continuously improved their formulation, and did intensive client product testing and analysis (even hiring Russel Wright to do a protracted survey and compile studies in the mid Forties.) Additionally, American Cyanamid (pre 1960) would send inspectors to sure factories to guantee that melmac dishes have been assembly certain specifications and highest quality requirements.\nWatertown Manufacturing Firm of Watertown, Connecticut. This company has ties again to 1915, and made early industrial plastics. Jon Hedu, then-designer worked with the Navy to make military wares. Watertown's finest promoting Lifetime Ware line would make the Trendy Museum of Art's permanent collection (which is cited as being dated to 1940 based on them.) Earliest proof of this line being out there to shoppers was 1946 in accordance with Plastic Dwelling. Satirically, this company would promote out the dinnerware division to Northern Chemical Company (above) circa 1960.\nThis can be why some old adverts for plastic dinnerware particularly say \"Made from Melmac\" and others may say Plaskon, or perhaps simply melamine. I bought it to sell but I really like it so we'll see\u263a.\nHere are a few of our best melmac dinnerware graphic that you should get and print.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Is my student eligible to receive testing accommodations (such as extended time) on the ACT and\/or SAT?\nAll requests for testing accommodations are handled by the school's Learning Specialist Kamauru Johnson and should be sent to Kamauru as soon as possible. Students who receive accommodations in school DO NOT automatically receive accommodations on their college entrance exams.\nWill my student quality for accommodations on both tests?\nThe SAT and ACT are administered by two different organizations and have separate and independent application and review processes. It is possible to be approved for accommodations on one test but not the other.\nWhere can I learn more about special accommodations for both tests?\nPlease visit this page at collegeboard.com to see accommodations for the SAT. Please visit this page at act.org to see accommodations for the ACT.\n'Financial aid' generally refers to resources provided by the federal\/state government or the college\/university a student is attending, to help the student and his or her family meet the costs of attendance at a given college. This is in addition to the family's own financial resources (income, savings, etc.), and scholarships or other monetary awards that a student might receive from outside groups such as corporations and non-profit organizations.\nIs financial aid the same thing as a scholarship?\nA scholarship is a type of financial aid\u2014but there are others, too. Aid can come in the form of grants, scholarships, work-study, and loans (and yes\u2014loans are considered aid, even though you have to pay them back). Most students who apply for aid receive a 'financial aid package' that includes a combination of several types of aid.\nWhat is ``need`` and how is it calculated?\nNeed-based aid is intended to lessen the difference between the full cost of attendance (meaning tuition, room and board, and other expenses) at the student's college of choice, and what the family can afford to pay for college. There is no income cutoff for need-based aid\u2014each family's financial situation will be evaluated individually to determine what the family can afford to contribute (this amount is called the \"Expected Family Contribution,\" or EFC). Sometimes even families with high incomes are eligible for aid, depending on their expenses and the cost of the college their child is attending. The amount of aid your family is eligible for is based on the difference between the EFC and the cost of attendance at a given college.\nHow do we apply for need-based aid?\nTo determine your EFC and apply for aid, you will need to fill out one or more forms. Everyone must fill out the FAFSA\u2014the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. This can be completed online, any time after January 1 of the year the student will be entering college. The FAFSA results determine eligibility for all forms of federal government aid, including Pell Grants, Perkins and Stafford Loans, etc. For an estimate of your family's EFC, click here.\nSome colleges use the EFC from the FAFSA to award their institutional aid, but many private colleges calculate the expected family contribution using a different, more detailed form, called the CSS Profile. This can also be completed online.\nSome colleges also require their own forms\u2014it is important to carefully read the instructions for applying for financial aid on each college's website!\nHow do we apply for merit-based aid?\nState\/Federal aid: Government aid for undergraduates, with very few exceptions, is based only on need.\nInstitutional aid: Not all colleges offer merit-based institutional aid. In fact, many of the most selective colleges in the country, including the members of the Ivy League, offer only need-based aid. Colleges with Division I or II sports may offer athletic scholarships\u2014but Division III schools are prohibited from offering any form of athletic scholarship. Families should read the financial aid websites of the colleges their child is applying to, to find out if they offer merit-based aid, and if so, what types, and what the application procedures are.\nSome colleges automatically consider all applicants for any available merit awards, while others require separate applications. As with everything related to financial aid, it is in your best interest to apply as early as possible to have the best chance of receiving aid, and to be certain of not missing any important deadlines.\nOther forms of aid: The kind of non-institutional aid that you are probably most familiar with is private scholarship programs. These scholarships are usually awarded in recognition of some kind of achievement (academic, artistic, etc.), or because of membership in a particular group or population (children of veterans, for example).\nHow will I know how much financial aid my child has received?\nWhen your child is accepted at a college, if you have submitted all the required aid application forms by the stated deadlines, you will receive a financial aid award letter detailing the costs of attendance at that particular college, and the types and amounts of aid being offered to the student (the \"package\"). You will have an opportunity to compare the aid packages from all of the colleges where your child has been admitted before having to make an enrollment decision, and you may even be able to negotiate with the colleges to get more aid.\nA typical student's financial aid package may include a combination of different types of aid, both need-based and merit-based, including government loans and grants, institutional scholarships and\/or grants, and work-study. Any outside scholarships the student has earned will not be included in the package, but can be applied toward the family's contribution. (Note: in some cases, outside scholarship awards will be considered as income and may therefore reduce the student's eligibility for need-based aid. Questions about this should be directed to the colleges' financial aid offices.) Of course, a package with more aid that doesn't need to be repaid (grants and scholarships) is better than one with more loans\u2014it is important to read the fine print about your child's aid package before making any final decisions.\nThe Federal Work-Study (FWS) program is a need-based form of aid in which students are offered relatively well-paid part-time employment on campus during the school year. (Typical jobs include shelving books in the library, serving food in the cafeteria, answering phones in a department office, etc.) A portion of the student's wages are paid by the federal government. The student can keep his or her earnings, which are intended to be applied towards education-related expenses such as books, transportation, etc.\nWhat is Grant \/ Scholarship aid?\nThese two terms are generally interchangeable, and refer to \"gift\" aid that does not have to be repaid. Grants and scholarships can be given by the government, by the college, or by outside sources such as non-profit organizations, corporations, etc.\nCan you explain the difference between subsidized and unsubsidized loans?\nLoans provide funding for college that must be paid back, with interest, to the lender. Educational loans can come from private sources (such as a bank), or more commonly, from the federal government. Federal student loans can come in two types, subsidized and unsubsidized. With subsidized loans, the government pays the interest on the loan while the student is in school. With unsubsidized loans, interest starts to accrue as soon as the loan is disbursed.\nIs there a glossary of financial aid terms I can use?\nYes! You can refer to one here.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"At Fox & Fox we make carefully crafted sparkling wines that have all the quality of a fine Champagne, but with a unique English twist.\nOur wines are distinctive. They are characterised by rich fruit flavours on the first sip, together with a satisfyingly long and refreshing finish. This is a direct consequence of the focus that we bring in winemaking to allowing the fruit favours to express themselves with minimal intervention.\nWe only use grapes that we grow ourselves. Great care is taken in the vineyard to deliver perfect fruit to the winery.\nOur wines acquire their richness & fruit flavours from the long growing season, extended lees age and medium yielding burgundy clones, while they gain their acid backbone and freshness from champagne clones.\nWe take great care in achieving the optimal c\u00e9page for each cuv\u00e9e and matching it with the best dosage. We only make limited edition cuv\u00e9es when a parcel of grapes is particularly outstanding.\nWe would characterise our philosophical approach to the wines we make as careful, imaginative, respectful of the nuance of season and place, non-interventionist, disciplined and thoughtful.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"As a driven, multi-passionate human being, you work hard. You know that life is short and want to make the most out of every second in your life. You want to make a huge impact and have no interest in playing small.\nAnd yet, burnout can haunt us when we are this way and don't know how to manage it.\nEnjoy the facebook live below - the way we view work and space and expansion and contraction are all part of the larger system that can lead to burnout in the first place.\nPart tips and tricks and part philosophical discussion, we look at the deeper underpinnings of the way the body processes stress and trauma and what to do about it.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"On behalf of Law Offices of Leonard S. Becker, APC posted in Car Accidents on Tuesday, January 19, 2016.\nOn Jan. 13, the National Transportation Safety Board announced its Most Wanted list for 2016 at the 95th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board. It features 10 issues that the agency wants to see addressed in the coming year. The current list contains four issues that were part of the list in 2015 and six new issues included for this year. One of the top priorities is to add collision-avoidance technology for vehicles as well as reduce fatigue-related car accidents in California and around the country.\nAccording to the president of the National Safety Council, there are approximately 35,000 deaths from car accidents each year. However, by continuing to make cars safer and smarter, it may be possible to cut accident deaths down to zero each year. The Most Wanted list is one tool that may be used to help achieve that goal. Increasing occupant protection and ending substance impairment in transportation are steps that make be taken to get closer to that goal in 2016.\nOther issues that the NTSB would like to see focused on relate to better train and aviation safety measures. Specifically, the group wants to see the implementation of positive train control and making rail tank cars safer. Furthermore, increasing rail oversight is another goal to make transportation safer in general.\nThose who are hurt in car accidents may be able to take legal action against the driver who caused the crash. It may also be possible to take legal action against that person's employer if the accident occurred during the course ofemployment. Compensation may be available to help pay for medical bills and recoup lost wages or lost future earnings. An attorney may be able to negotiate a settlement outside of court, which may result in a faster and favorable resolution.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"What is hand foot and mouth disease and is it dangerous?\nHand foot and mouth disease is a common infection, particularly in young children and usually affects those aged under 10 years.\nDespite the similarity in name it is not related to foot and mouth disease, which affects cattle, sheep and pigs.\nIs hand foot and mouth disease contagious and how is it spread?\nAs with many childhood illnesses, it is spread through close contact with others, for example, by coughing and sneezing, saliva or through poo if a child hasn't washed their hands properly.\nA child with hand, foot and mouth is contagious in the days before they are symptomatic but they will most contagious for the first five days of the illness once symptoms are apparent.\nYour child's nursery or early years setting will ask you to keep them away until they've recovered.\nWhat causes hand foot and mouth disease and what are the symptoms?\nThe disease is caused by viruses from the Enterovirus family, most commonly the coxsackievirus, and is characterised by a number of symptoms which develop between three and five days after exposure to the infection.\nAmong the first of these will be a high temperature, a loss of appetite, tummy pains, coughing and a sore throat and mouth. Your child will also generally be feeling unwell and unlikely to be themself.\nAfter a couple of days, ulcers or red spots appear on the tongue and in the mouth, and these then develop into large yellowy-grey sport with red edges. They can be very painful and make eating, drinking and swallowing difficult. Normally, these pass within a week.\nOnce the mouth ulcers appear, your child may also get a rash on the fingers and hands, as well as soles of the feet and sometimes on the buttocks and groin area, which may turn in little blisters with a grey centre. These can be itchy, and will last around 10 days.\nIf you need a diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease then you should see your doctor however they are unlikely to be able to do much to help.\nIs there a cure for hand foot and mouth disease?\nThere is no cure, and the illness will usually pass in a week to 10 days. What you can do is to make your child more comfortable and to ease their symptoms until the infection has run its course.\nGive your child plenty of fluids so they don't become dehydrated. Water and milk are best. Soft foods such as yoghurt, mashed potatoes and soups will be easier to swallow on a sore throat but hot, spicy or acidic food should be avoided.\nParacetamol and ibuprofen will ease aches and pains, but don't give aspirin to children under the age of 16.\nGargling with warm, salty water can relieve the discomfort of mouth ulcers. However, make sure your child doesn't swallow the solution.\nHow do you prevent hand foot and mouth disease from spreading?\nTo try to prevent the infection from spreading use tissues when coughing and sneezing, and try to make sure hands are washed well after toilet visits, changing nappies and before preparing food.\nDon't use the same cups, towels and clothes as anyone who is infected and wash bedding separately on a hot water cycle.\nA trip to your GP may be required if your child's symptoms are particularly bad.\nFor example, if they're unable or unwilling to drink fluids and you think they might be dehydrated, or are having fits or seizures, then seek medical help.\nEqually, you should see your doctor if there is a discharge from the blisters or your child has a constant fever.\nThere may also be cause for concern if there is no sign of recovery after 10 days.\nHand, foot and mouth disease has many strains, so having it once will not necessarily mean your child won't get it again.\nThis article is for information purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical help. If you or your child is unwell you should consult a medical professional.\nTo dummy, or not to dummy?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"A great shower is one of life's simple pleasures. And there was a time, when a person could indulge in one anytime they liked, without so much as a second thought. Today, however, people are concerned about saving precious water. And since most folks aren't much into cold showers, there's also the electric bill to consider! The good news is we are here to help you bring back showers you can feel totally good about. How? Well, we've got marvelous devices that reduce water flow to a miserly half gallon a minute! Yet you still get an invigorating shower because they make less water feel like more! That alone can save the average family of four 50,000 gallons of hot water a year? Which will cut your annual utility bill by hundreds of dollars! And there's more! Please click on these links and see for yourself!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Aunty Sophie died last week.\nUncle Ngawari died this week.\nTama Huata, founder of Kahurangi Maori Dance Theatre - died today.\nUncle Ngawari is my grandmothers half-brother. Of my great-grandfathers 18 children, 9 have succumb to cancer.\nIn other news, I scored myself a few goodies today.\nWhy is the celery red?\nShaking my head as you shake yours. I don't make this stuff up. Was not aware it was growing behind my lemon tree. I do not fancy rhubarb because it's sour, which is also why I do not favor berries. Cooked it all up for my Mum, who adds jelly\/jello to it to pour over a sponge.\nLow carb tortillas, here you come!\nCash Converters aka the local pawn shop, was selling this speedlight for $15. Pretty sure they didn't know what they were doing. It works and apart from it's voltage being a little too high for my cameras, I have a sync safe shoe to fix that, it's the best score of the day.\nWhen you don't like ginger ale for that tummy ache, and Hubba get's them alot. She gags when I try give her ginger ale. Sore tummy saviour.\nThe Mia Maids gave all the widows Valentines Day gifts .. you know, since we probs won't get one otherwise. Thanks Mia Maids .. I'd much rather you babysit on Saturday because I have a wedding to shoot.\nPS. Happy Aniversary to The Livians for the other day. 13 years later and you still dine at Bollywood on date night. The BEST thing that came from 13 years is laying in my bed right now drooling over my sheets.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The photolysis of (H2O)nnanoparticles of various mean sizes between 85 and 670 has been studied in a molecular beam experiment. At the dissociation wavelength 243 nm (5.10 eV), a two-photon absorption leads to H-atom production. The measured kinetic energy distributions of H-fragments exhibit a peak of slow fragments below 0.4 eV with maximum at approximately 0.05 eV, and a tail of faster fragments extending to 1.5 eV. The dependence on the cluster size suggests that the former fragments originate from the photodissociation of an H2O molecule in the cluster interior leading to the H-fragment caging and eventually generation of a hydronium H3O molecule. The photolysis of surface molecules yields the faster fragments. At 193 nm (6.42 eV) a single photon process leads to a small signal from molecules directly photolyzed on the cluster surface. The two photon processes at this wavelength may lead to cluster ionization competing with its photodissociation, as suggested by the lack of H-fragment signal increase. The experimental findings are complemented by theoretical calculations.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"... Specialty Floors, Vinyl\/Resilient, Wood Flooring, ... Also serving Rio Rancho, Los Lunas, Cedar Crest and Albuquerque, New Mexico. House of Floors LLC.\nSolid hardwood flooring, ... Lower cost alternative to hardwood Environmentally ... The Home Depot Mexico; POLICIES.\nprices in town on solid hardwood flooring, engineered, laminate, bamboo and moldings in both prefinished and unfinished.\niFLOOR is America's largest online flooring retailer. Shop discounted hardwood ... discount flooring store ... you to pay wholesale prices for flooring.\nFlooring in Albuquerque NM at the Best Price Without the Hassle!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"For years we have heard the words 'October Surprise' about one thing or another. Now, who picked out october for the month to surprise, I don't know...but expect one. Keep your feet on the ground and take no wooden nickels. By now, most know, the political parties are the opposite sides of the same coin and it's about money. Hold all things in common, is the wisdom as old as dirt. Yes, it can be hard, with emotions and other points of view banging on your head all the time. That's where your own state of peace needs to be guarded as the most precious to you...never mind, the loudest voice in the room or the 'internets'. When what we're all waiting for happens, I will tell you in advance, seek the silence. The world will be skidding sideways and you'll need to find your bearings. There's no repeat of the past happening here so unfamiliarity will be the norm for a while until you get used to the new 'norm'. At this point even the dogs and cats know, something is different and are acting accordingly.\nFind something funny, learn to laugh in the middle of this, you still have a humor button don't you?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The textile and waterfront neighborhoods are home to some of the city's most iconic buildings, from the Gothic 14th-century basilica of Santa Maria del Mar to the over-the-top Moderniste Palau de la M\u00fasica Catalana. At the Museu Picasso, works of the 20th-century master are displayed in five adjoining Renaissance palaces.\nSant Pere, Barcelona's old textile neighborhood, is centered on the church of Sant Pere. A half mile closer to the port, the Barri de la Ribera and the former market of El Born, now known as the Born-Ribera district, were at the center of Catalonia's great maritime and economic expansion of the 13th and 14th centuries. Surrounding the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar, the Born-Ribera area includes Carrer Montcada, lined with 14th- to 18th-century Renaissance palaces; Passeig del Born, where medieval jousts were held; Carrer Flassaders and the area around the early mint; the antiques shop- and restaurant-rich Carrer Banys Vells; Pla\u00e7a de les Olles; and Pla del Palau, where La Llotja, Barcelona's early maritime exchange, housed the fine-arts school where Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, and Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner all studied, as did many more of Barcelona's most important artists and architects.\nLong a depressed neighborhood, La Ribera began to experience a revival in the 1980s; now replete with intimate bars, caf\u00e9s, and trendy boutiques, it continues to enjoy the blessings of gentrification. An open excavation in the center of El Born, the onetime market restored as a multipurpose cultural center, offers a fascinating view of pre-1714 Barcelona, dismantled by the victorious troops of Felipe V at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Passeig del Born, La Rambla of medieval Barcelona, is once again a pleasant leafy promenade.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"for tomorrow's glorious Thanksgiving Day.\nto Grandma's house they come!\nWishing you a loving, peaceful family-filled Thanksgiving, Carolyn!!\nSounds heavenly to have your family all together at your house! Happy Thanksgiving to you and your family! Enjoy the feast!\nHappy Thanksgiving! You have me all excited for the festivities now! Cheers!\nHappy American Thanksgiving to you. Hope you have a great day.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"You may remember me showing you the little packs of work I was sending out a few weeks ago. Well, I was sending them to magazines, companies and a few agents that I really wanted to work with. And I now have some exciting news to share (you may have already seen this over on twitter), I have just signed an agreement with one of these agents!! Yes, I'm very excited and need to keep pinching myself. It's something I've been aiming towards for some time and I've always felt that having an agent would be the best way for me to go. Negotiations, fees & contracts make me nervous and I have no idea how to tackle them.. this along with their impressive list of clients, promotional work and international work drew me to them instantly! I'll let you know who my new agent is once all contracts are signed at their side. I hoped that having a few commissions behind me would give me an advantage, but I think in my heart I didn't believe anyone would want to sign me yet. They've given me an amazing opportunity, boosted my confident and got me excited about the future. (They may have some work in the pipeline already - one of their clients has shown interest!) I hope this is the start of something amazing!\nApparently it was the above piece that really drew them to me. It's one of my favourites too so I'm really glad they liked it!\nI'll leave you with a little piece (in very early stages) I started the other week. I need to do more work on it and will keep you posted! Have a great weekend!\nWell done......! So pleased for you Abby :-D You deserve it, your work is brilliant and you are lovely!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"See where you rank against the competition.\nIn all, UCAS measures 340 data points for the most comprehensive view of your applicants. Part of what makes UCAS so powerful is the way the data is presented to you. You get a high-level, actionable report, but you can also dig deeper and perform your own analysis if desired.\nFind out how UCAS can help you make better decisions.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Twitter are trialling a new feature which allows customers to buy items by Twitter with Home Depot and Burberry. Products will appear on the retailers feeds with a 'Buy Now' button underneath it. Twitter will save credit card information and shipping address so users can make a quick purchase. The 'Buy Now' button will be available to less than 10 percent but will quickly roll out across its user base if successful. Nathan Hubbard, Twitter's commerce chief said, \"First, we'll use the signal and the incredible data that we get from tweets to really tailor the experience to you, the second is this direct connection and the kinds of exclusive and limited edition products that can happen when you have that direct relationship. And the third is ... we're in a world that's moving to on-demand services\u2014and so anything temporal, with urgency, with perishability we think will work on Twitter.\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Contents Protocol is a decentralized content protocol from Korea that allows its Content Providers, the Platform, and its Users to maintainably coexist and cooperate. Essentially, the protocol provides an exchange agreement for content providers, content distribution platforms and users to create decentralized premium content.\nIn this context, content providers refer to the creators and rights holder of content that is provided to the platform for a charge to the platforms in the form of license fees, and content providers refer to the major users of the \"data\" provided by the Platform and the consumers in the ecosystem. Premium content refers to content people pay to consume, and it encompasses all types of content, including video content like movies and TV series, music, comics and books.\nContents Protocol was created by WATCHA Inc, a well-known digital content service provider in Japan and South Korea. It is run by CEO and Co-Founder Park Taehoon and Co-Founder Alex Won. To date, it has raised its first corporate round Of funding on November 5, 2018.\nAs of January 25 2019, Contents Protocol Token (CPT) was officially listed on UPbit, one of the major cryptocurrency exchanges in South Korea that has over 2.5 million users with a daily maximum transaction volume of approximately 12 trillion KRW. Its trading pair is currently CPT\/KRW.\nAs a forward-looking ASEAN-China-US Cross-Boarder Venture Capital Firm, Jubilee Capital Management looks forward to playing an active part in the blockchain realm and work with Contents Protocol to further its efforts in the Asian market.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"For many of us, the arrival of the holiday season brings with it the opportunity to travel\u2013 either to visit friends and relatives or for a well earned holiday. Whether we're staying on our own shores or jetting off further afield, keeping our possessions safe, particularly our watches, can be a real cause for concern.\nSo how can we ensure that our treasured timepiece remains intact and in perfect condition until we're safely home again?\nGenerally speaking, a watch that is suitable for wearing on the beach or playing sports or is not the same watch to match with formal wear at a restaurant. It's rare to find a single watch that is suitable for every occasion, so travelling with a range to choose from becomes necessary.\nA dedicated travel case is an elegant solution to the problem of transporting a number of watches.\nThe newest addition to Zinvo's line of accessories is a compact box that's small enough to fit in any hand luggage, yet fitted with ample padding to protect the contents from the rigours of travel.\nWhen travelling by road or rail, keeping valuables secure is fairly straightforward, it is only when we have to entrust them to others that problems can arise.\nAirport security has become incredibly strict, and rightly so. Security systems are looking for magnetic metals\u2013 gold, silver and platinum will not activate the alarms however the more common casing for watches, stainless steel, will. Although stainless steel is often thought of as being non-magnetic, it is dependant on the concentration of iron in its make up. This is why you are asked to remove watches and place them in the tray's with your other personal belongings for further inspection.\nIf you are bringing a case containing several watches you should, of course, carry it in your hand luggage rather than the hold for the sake of security. Again, it is very unlikely to be flagged, but if so, you will be asked to open the case yourself where you can take as much care as necessary to ensure your watches are protected from potential costly damage.\nA short delay to confirm the contents is a small price to pay to safeguard a favourite piece.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Radio Dismuke W1 airs 1:00 PM on Saturday, April 27, 2019 America\/New_York on the Red network.\nRadio Dismuke W1 airs 3:00 AM on Tuesday, April 30, 2019 America\/New_York on the Blue network.\nRadio Dismuke W1 airs 11:30 AM on Tuesday, April 30, 2019 America\/New_York on the Blue network.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Dunn-Rite Automotive provides Lube and Oil Change services to Middle River, MD, White Marsh, MD, Essex, MD, and other surrounding areas.\nWhy Should You Have Lube and Oil Change Services Performed at Dunn-Rite Automotive?\nWe proudly service the Lube and Oil Change needs of customers in Middle River, MD, White Marsh, MD, Essex, MD, and surrounding areas.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Shaquel al Balushi finds himself on an unexpected spiritual journey to Mazin bin Ghaduba's Tomb.\nMy plan for this Destination was to explore the route on the way to Nizwa as I knew there were a couple of castles that I hadn't checked out before. As usual, it was an early start; this time 4am, and again I was travelling solo as my friend Imran couldn't make this trip.\nBut my plan changed when I instinctively stopped the car near Samail Village. Daylight was just beginning to break. I looked left and saw a huge grove of date palm trees, which were starting to take on the golden hue of the sun.\nAnd then it hit me: this was also an area that I had never explored before.\nI found the turn-off to Samail Village but at this stage I still didn't know what I was driving towards. I wondered if I'd find a wadi or an interesting castle but there were very few people about so I didn't stop to ask for directions.\nInstead, I continued to drive on and finally came to a sign for Mazin Bin Ghaduba's Tomb, which was just 6km away. And it was at this moment that I understood why I had taken this route instead of sticking with my original plan.\nAs you know, Sahabi Mazin Bin Ghaduba is the Companion of the Prophet Muhammad, and the first person in Oman to convert to Islam. He also built the first mosque in Samail, in the 9th century \u2013 the Mosque of Mazin. So I knew this would be a very special journey for me.\nBut after driving for 6km, I couldn't find the tomb. There were a few more people about by now so I asked a cab driver, who pointed towards a huge patch of very tall palm trees. He told me to retrace my steps for a short while and then turn right.\nBecause Samail is an ancient area, there looked to be a route taking me back inside a mountain. So I headed off-road, which was completely deserted.\nSoon, I reached a very small bridge \u2013 it was so small that the width of two fingers could not fit in between the car and the safety rail of the bridge.\nAfter another 10 minutes or so, I spotted another man to whom I offered a lift and when I dropped him off, he told me that the tomb was in the opposite direction, from where we had come.\nI retraced my steps and noticed a very bright cherry-red Cadillac and nearby, a well-dressed Omani collecting dates.\nAgain, I asked for directions. And this time, he said: \"It's here!\" I was still puzzled as I couldn't see anything so he kindly walked with me to a shaded footpath and told me to follow it around to the right. After feeling as if I'd been going around in circles for the better part of the morning, I suddenly turned the corner and there it was: Mazin Bin Ghaduba's Tomb!\nInside the open-air tomb were beautiful mosaic tiles in traditional Islamic colours.\nI stayed for an hour or so, immersed in my thoughts as I sat under a tree next to the tomb. The history and the connection to the Prophet Muhammad were very overwhelming and I just wanted to sit quietly for a while.\nIt was a calm place to be and I've promised myself that I will return \u2013 but next time with Imran, who will also appreciate the spirituality of this historic place.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Sadly, the bee tree was a casualty of the tree destruction that was going on. We had understood that the bee-friends of San Francisco had talked to the SFRPD, and they agreed that the stump would be cut off at 20 feet, preserving the bee's nest within its hollow.\nThat tree was cut down on Jan. 19. The agreement with Rec & Park was to cut the tree at 20 feet. It was cut at 5 feet. The colony's nest was more than 5 feet tall from ground to top. The cut not only penetrated the top of the nest, it also split the trunk and exposed the entire length of the nest. By Jan. 21, most of the bees had left. A concerned resident\/beekeeper attempted to rescue the queen and her retinue. We hope her effort will prove successful. Needless to say, this was a disappointing performance by the city in making good on it's commitment and partnering with concerned residents who made a good faith effort to find a way to protect this resource.\nEdited to add photographs of the destroyed hive, courtesy Scott Mattoon.\n1) SFRPD had killed another feral bee hive only last year. There's a report on that HERE, on the SaveSutro website, that optimistically ends with \"Still, it's reassuring to know that the destruction was accidental and that SF NAP is taking steps to prevent a recurrence. This may help to preserve the other nests we know are in Glen Canyon.\" Really?\n2) It makes any kind of assurances from SF RPD difficult to accept. They may be made in good faith, but implementation may be questionable. We wonder, for instance, if the 160 trees-and-shrubs will actually get planted and nurtured to independent viability.\nThis entry was posted in Impacting Wildlife and tagged bees, environment, Glen Canyon Park tree-felling. Bookmark the permalink.\nI am reading these posts, seeing the destruction and getting sadder and angrier by the day. I understand the funding for these projects was bundled into a bond that was approved by voters; has anyone considered trying a ballot initiative to de-fund NAP? As a longtime resident of the city, for example, I have seen district elections voted in, then voted out, several times.\nThe stump shown in these pictures has since been completely removed. No trace of the thriving honeybee colony remains.\nI agree with Anne; the 2008 Park Bond Fund is allowing the wasteful spending to occur at the expense of our parks; a ballot initiative to de-fund NAP? \u2013 Brilliant idea!\nLets get some groundswell on this matter!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"The Cross is at the centre of our faith, and it is no wonder that it has always been at the centre of a Christian's prayer and worship life, as through the centuries writers have grappled with the sheer wonder of such an outpouring of God's love to humankind.\nand thirty pieces of silver.\nshould now use that knowledge against us.\nknowing the secrets of his heart.\nwhen seen through your eyes.\nto take the easy way out.\nif he was with you, Lord.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"\"My whole life, you've been making deals for my future - for my soul - with other people. Now, you're going to deal with me.\"\nThe prince of Hell has been gunning for a Silversbane heir for decades - a witch whose blood can summon the spirits of the most powerful magic users ever to walk the earth. A witch like me.\nThanks to a soul-shattering devil's bargain, I'm now his most prized possession. But I've got bigger fires to fight than the ones burning in Hell.\nMy friends are still imprisoned. Hunters have joined forces with the dark fae, and the council has turned its back on us. One of my rebels is now forbidden to love me, and another can't remember that he ever did. Mix in an epic betrayal and a few dark secrets, and I'm ready to burn it all down.\nSo yeah, maybe the prince of Hell is used to closing deals and getting what he wants. But when it comes to this Silversbane witch?\nHe probably should've read the fine print.\nloved it so much cant wait for the next one to come out totally recamend.\nTake a chance and read it!!\nLove these books!!! I'm so engulfed in this whole story (world) of Gray's and the guys that I really need to know more!!! Amazing how the writer and the narrators are all so talented!!!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Meet Bros is a music director duo from Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. The duo consists of Manmeet Singh and Harmeet Singh. They were formerly known as Meet Bros Anjjan with longtime collaborator Anjjan Bhattacharya.\nInitially starting out as actors, the duo switched to composing and singing after the success of their first song \"Jogi Singh Barnala Singh\". They began with composing for Isi Life Mein and Do Dooni Chaar but it was with Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum and OMG \u2013 Oh My God! that they got their first recognition as music directors.\nMeet Bros' most well-known and critically acclaimed songs are \"Baby Doll\" from Ragini MMS 2 and \"Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan\" from Roy. Both songs feature the vocals of Kanika Kapoor and the latter was part of a soundtrack that fetched them multiple awards including the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, the Screen Award for Best Music Director, and the IIFA Award for Best Music Director.\nIn 2015, Anjjan Bhattacharya got separated from the trio and started his own music business. Meet Bros also opened their own recording studio named \"Meet Bros Recording Studio\".\n\"Pink Lips\", \"Hangover\", \"Party To Banti Hai\", \"Chittiyaan Kalaiyaan\" were their songs. They both also hold concerts and take part in the concert. They have received the Filmfare Awards for their music.\n\"Khoche Pathan Ki Jubaan Qawaali\"\n\"Pitah Se Hai Naam Tera\"\n\"We Will Rock The World\"\n\"Pump It (The Workout Song)\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Wind down the Beechmont Range and into the Coomera Valley, passing through delicate tea-tree thickets and large stands of eucalypt and brush box on the way. The spectacular cantilevered lookout hangs over the gorge and has beautiful views of Yarrabilgong and Coomera falls.\nFrom the lookout, follow the Coomera Crevice and its waterfall\u2014Gwongorbulli Falls, before passing a series of lovely cascades and waterfalls, the last of which is Goorawa Falls. See if you can spot bright blue and white Lamington spiny crayfish in the pool at the base.\nThis walk is managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. The map only shows an indicative start point; the track route and end point are not shown, and the map cannot be used for navigation purposes. See the web site for detailed maps and the latest park information. When you are in the park, read the signs at and near the start of the track.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"This list is only a guideline. It is NOT prescriptive. It is a set of suggestions to help you find a starting point in working with color therapy. It is not designed to replace traditional medicine, rather it is to provide a means by which you can participate more personally in your own healing process. Use it as such, so that you can develop your own system of color application. Find what works for you. You may need to apply different colors with different intensities. Often, experimentation is the only way we have of discovering what works for the individual.\nBegin all color treatments with white and end them with white. This amplifies the treatment's effect and it serves to keep the color treatments from aggravating a condition. It provides balance. Remember that the red spectrum affects the physical, and is stimulating and warming. Blues are cooling and cleansing, affecting the spiritual energies. The yellow shades affect the mental energies and serve as a bridge between the physical and spiritual.\nThe three together - reds, blues, and yellows - provide opportunities for healing body, spirit, and mind.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"The FUJITSU Server PRIMERGY RX1330 M1 is a mono-socket rack server designed to meet small budgets by delivering high energy efficiency and a rich set of optional expansions to meet individual demands.\nThe FUJITSU Server PRIMERGY RX1330 M1 is a mono-socket rack server designed to meet small budgets by delivering high energy efficiency and a rich set of optional expansions to meet individual demands. Optimized for infrastructure and communication applications, this 1U server delivers up to 32 GB RAM, up to 3 PCIe slots and up to 10 hard disk drives.\nMore links for \"PRIMERGY RX1330 M1 Rack Server (1U) E3-1220 v3, 8GB, 2TB\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Do you need a PowerPoint template set for your business?\nLooking for a professional PowerPoint template?\nLet PPT Solutions create it for you!\nLooking for a professional PowerPoint template that's easy for your organisation's employees to use for creating new presentations? We can help you. You can provide us with your own design, or have us create the entire PowerPoint template.\nIn large companies, we often see that a PowerPoint template isn't all it could be. The PowerPoint template often consists of nothing more than a front page and a following page. In most cases, there are fixed background images giving users far too much room. The result: extremely variable quality in the organisation's presentations. This is a missed opportunity!\nTo facilitate ease of use, we add instructions outside the work field and on the first slide of the template set. This enables users to see how to deal with the particular slides at all times. This sort of approach works much better than, for example, sending a separate PDF with instructions, as these documents are rarely opened or used.\nAre you looking for a professional PowerPoint template? Don't hesitate to contact us.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Located 6 km away from Roanoke city center, this hotel features 79 rooms and an outdoor swimming pool.\nThis hotel, set adjacent to Hawaiian Falls Roanoke, offers a convenient location and boasts 121 modern rooms along with a private swimming pool.\nFeaturing an outdoor swimming pool and 16 rooms, this hotel is only 1.8 km from Texas Motor Speedway.\nGuests can relax in the lounge bar of the hotel that boasts a convenient location in Roanoke.\nOverlooking the mountain, this business hotel welcomes guests with a daily cold buffet breakfast.\nThis hotel is lodged in a historic-style building and boasts location in a busy area, offering guests a picnic area, barbeque and tennis courts.\nOffering an outdoor swimming pool, the hotel is located in a western part of Fort Worth, not far from Vintage Flying Museum.\nConveniently set close to Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the hotel offers non-smoking rooms and an in-house restaurant.\nThe hotel has a salt water swimming pool and lies close to Fort Worth Aviation Museum which is worth visiting.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Hydrangea Paniculata Plant \u2013 Kyushu 5 out of 5 based on 22 ratings.\n\"Kyushu\" panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata \"Kyushu\"), is known for the large numbers of showy white conical flower heads it produces beginning at a young age.\nIn 1926, softwood cuttings were taken by Captain Collingwood Ingram from a slope on a sacred volcano on Aso-San in Kyushu, Japan. He then gave cuttings to Robert and Jelana de Belder of the Kalmthout Arboretum in Belgium, where it was then distinguished and.\nPlant type: Herbaceous Perennial, shrub; Colour: Green, white; Goes well with: -About this genus: Hydrangea (hy-dran-je-a) get its name from the Greek hydor, water, and aggeion, a vessel, or vase, in reference to the shape of the seed capsule. It is a classic garden plant.\nQ: Why won't my hydrangea bloom? \u2013 Problems with hydrangea are some of the most frequently asked questions I receive. While the most common is \"Why doesn't my hydrangea bloom?\" Others concern pruning as in this letter: Q: I would love.\npaniculate hydrangea 'Kyushu' RHS Plants for Pollinators plants This plant will provide nectar and pollen for bees and the many other types of pollinating insects.\npaniculate hydrangea 'Kyushu' RHS Plants for Pollinators plants This plant will provide nectar and pollen for bees and the many other types of pollinating insects.\nIn 1926, softwood cuttings were taken by Captain Collingwood Ingram from a slope on a sacred volcano on Aso-San in Kyushu, Japan. He then gave cuttings to Robert and Jelana de Belder of the Kalmthout Arboretum in Belgium, where it was then distinguished and distributed as a cultivar 'Kyushu' named after Kyushu, Japan.\nHydrangea paniculata 'Kyushu' has an upright form and long panicle shaped flowers from late summer to autumn. Inflorescence: The flower opens with a green tint which turns white as the fertile flowers open.\nDescription Lacy white flowers on this vase-shaped plant from July to September. Flowers start earlier than other Hydrangeas and last through the fall.\novergrown panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) cultivars with thick stems. It will be best to slowly reduce the size of t.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The British Constitution is accepted, in England at least, as the symbol for soundness and reliability: and yet its unwritten mysteries and its practical resilience are the despair of theorists. It is as unexpected as a person, and seems to be defined only by the fact that it lives and works. This 1966 book, then, might be described as a biography by one who has a first-hand knowledge of his subject. It offers ordinary British citizens a reasonable and detached introduction to the system in which they play so large a part; at the same time it provides, for friends and critics overseas, a simple and reliable account of its growth and functioning.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"54 +\/- Acres with 41.6+\/- tillable and remainder in woods.\nGreat Building site in great location.\nBeautiful, well maintained home plus recently totally remodeled w\/many updated features.\nAwesome describes the log home w\/spectacular views over the river.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"'\ud575\ube60\ub978 \ud30c\uc774\uc36c, \ud575\uc2ec\uae30\ucd08' \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc988\ub97c \uc900\ube44\ud558\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ucd5c\ub300\ud55c \ube60\ub974\uace0 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud30c\uc774\uc36c\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc744 \uc815\ubcf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4!\n'\uce5c\uc808\ud55c \ucc55\ud130\ubcc4 \uc124\uba85'\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub610\ud55c \ud2bc\ud2bc\ud55c \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \ub2e4\uc9c0\uae30 \uc704\ud55c '\ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uc608\uc81c'\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc900\ube44\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ucc55\ud130\uc5d0\ub294 Coding Drill [\ucf54\ub529 \ub4dc\ub9b4 : \ucf54\ub529\ud6c8\ub828] \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uac00 \ub9c8\ub828\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uacf5\uc720\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc778\ud130\ub137 \ud559\uc2b5 \uc0ac\uc774\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5f0\uc2b5\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud3ec\uc778\ud2b8 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \ub204\uc801\ub41c \ud3ec\uc778\ud2b8\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \ub098\uc758 \ud559\uc2b5 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4\ub97c \ud55c\ub208\uc5d0 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nWarm-Up '\ud30c\uc774\uc36c \uc2dc\uc791\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uae30\ucd08'\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec!\nIntro Data\uc758 \uc885\ub958, '\uc790\ub8cc\ud615'\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec!\nWhat about companies that make you take an IQ test?\nAnyone felt that it was motivational video or only me? Thank you so much. Love from Bangladesh !\n0:40 The process of getting a job at a big tech company such as Google Chrome or Nintendo Gamecube is the same at almost every big tech company.\nChuck Norris is allergic to mercy. Enough said.\nSiraj be like \"to get the job, just freestyle rap half way through\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Machu Picchu is a Historic and Natural Sanctuary, and is located in the department of Cusco, specifically in the Urubamba River valley, to 2,430 m.a.s.l. The Sacred City of Machu Picchu is one of the expressions most amazing engineering and architecture of the Inca civilization; built in perfect harmony with the landscape, surrounded by green mountains. The tour takes about three hours by marked and easily accessible trails. You can enter from 06:00 hrs. until 16:00 hrs. and can stay inside until 17:00 hrs.\nThe Ticket Machu Picchu offers discounts that have to be processed in the offices of the Ministry of Culture of Cusco. We Ticket Machu Picchu as a travel agency, we have access and authorization to acquire Entrance Ticket to Machu Picchu, with differentiated rates. If you access this tariff, our agency carries out the procedure to validate the discount, just fill in the booking form and additionally send a copy of the identity documents that we request, to our email [email protected]. Review the cases where you can access a discount.\nWho accessing to the Ticket Machu Picchu discounts?\nPeople from countries belonging to the Andean Community (Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru) have access to discounts on the purchase of tickets to Machu Picchu, in any version, with only send a copy of their identity card or passport.\nIn the case of making the trip with children between 8 and 17 years, they can get a discount on the purchase of its Ticket Machu Picchu, in any of its versions. To access this document, you must send a copy of any document attesting the age of the child, either Identity Card or Passport. Minors belonging to the Andean Community (Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru) also have access to the discount.\nChildren under 0-7 years do NOT pay the entrance to Machu Picchu, which should be credited with the Identification Document of the child.\nThe discount for Machu Picchu Tickets for foreign students, it is applied only to those students who have the International Student Identity Card ISIC. The International Student Card gives you a discount on the purchase of your ticket to Machu Picchu in all its types. To access this discount, please send us a scanned copy of your ISIC International Student Card.\nThe ISIC card is the document that certifies students in schools, colleges (technical degree not less than 2 years), university undergraduate and graduate; this card is accepted in more than 120 countries. The ISIC card is a normal term of 16 months, but this can vary according to each country's educational ordinances.\nForeign students belonging to the Andean Community (Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia) also enjoy this benefit, to get it you must to send a copy of the International Student Card ISIC.\nThe Peruvian students also have access to a discount on the purchase of your ticket Machu Picchu, only presenting their DNI, next to the Student Card attesting that pursuing studies in universities and accredited institutes.\nFor discounted rates, visit our section of Ticket Prices Machu Picchu.\nThe requested documents are required exclusively for the purchase process in the Ministry of Culture of Cusco; therefore, these documents must be valid, and be current, at least until the date of admission to the Inca City of Machu Picchu.\nAll children under 8 years are exempt from payment of Entry to Machu Picchu. However, they should enter accompanied by their parents and \/ or relatives, after identification in controlling entry to the Inca City, need not be registered in advance. So that, they can be carried smoothly under the responsibility of their parents.\nHow to buy the Ticket to Machu Picchu with discount?\nChoose the Ticket Machu Picchu you want and check availability, for it must select the date you wish to visit the archaeological site. The number listed by date is the amount of space available, make sure that this number is not at zero.\nAvailability Machu Picchu + Mountain \u2013 07:00 to 08:00 horas \u2013 400 people per day.\nAvailability Machu Picchu + Mountain \u2013 09:00 to 10:00 horas \u2013 400 people per day.\nAvailability Machu Picchu + Museum. Income subject to the Availability of Machu Picchu.\nCheck the Prices and Applied Discounts, for a differentiated rate at Machu Picchu Ticket purchase of your choice.\nProceed with your Booking; click book now and complete the form; remember that the information and documents that you provided are very important to purchase your ticket, so there should be no errors.\nMake payment; when book your Ticket to Machu Picchu, Paypal payment receipt is generated, this will be sent to the email address with which made the reservation. Remember that the reservation lasts only two hours, after this time you must pay.\nOnce your reservation has been confirmed and processed, you will receive the eTicket in pdf version, to the mail address with which you made the reservation, so you can print them. This Ticket Machu Picchu printed must be submitted in controlling access to the City of Machu Picchu, along with personal documents presented for the booking with discount.\nAny change in the entrance to Machu Picchu is subject to the availability of existing spaces, and should be performed with the further in advance as possible before the date printed on the ticket income. In addition, any change in your Ticket Machu Picchu, is subject to a penalty which varies according to the time when the application is filed.\nThe Entrance Ticket to Machu Picchu is valid only once.\nIn case you have not used the ticket there is no refund.\nPHONES: + 51 84 25 44 18 + 51 944 24 27 67 + 51 998 89 89 99.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The classic design elements of the New English Manor runner in combination with the traditional colouring delivers a woven Wilton carpet runner that is as sophisticated as it is attractive. Woven by Turkish craftsman using extra dense 800,000 points per square metre combined with 12mm soft wool like handling polypropylene pile gives a runner weighing a chunky 3.4kg per square metre, which in laymen's terms means it feels as good as it looks. The runner is finished with a bound long edge and a folded and glued short edge to increase stability during use. All in all this is a rug that offers exceptional value for money that will stay looking good years.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"If your level of fitness is fairly low then almost any form of regular fitness training will give you results.\nBut what if you're already reasonably fit and looking to push-on to another level? Or if you just want to get fitter, quicker. In that case, you should look at 10-20-30 training, which has been scientifically proven to be a highly effective training method, even for those who are already fit.\nThe amazing thing about this method is that it has also been shown to be more effective than regular running, and delivers bigger benefits even covering half the distance you might ordinarily do.\nSounds like something you might be interested in? We thought so.\nStart with a warm-up of running approximately 1.2km at a low intensity. Do any dynamic stretching you need to get fully warmed up.\nFive of those will obviously take you 5 minutes. After that, you have earned two minutes of rest.\nBut you don't stop there. The five minute set should be repeated again, followed by another two minute break. In total, you should do three or four of these five-minute sets with two minutes of rest in between each.\nDo three five-minute sets if you're just starting (or two if you're really struggling). Work up to doing four sets when you've built up your fitness levels.\nWe're not going to lie, if you're sticking rigidly to the plan and operating at the intensities suggested, even just one five-minute set will be difficult for a person with a low level of fitness.\nTwo sets will be challenging for a person of moderate fitness. Three requires an extremely high level of fitness. Four? Well, you can imagine it will take you places you aren't going to enjoy. If you're really struggling with this routine but still want to train at different intensities, then try something slightly less structured and less intense from our Fartlek training guide.\nWhy is 10-20-30 training so great?\nIn a study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology, the effects of this type of training were observed for a group of already-fit athletes. Prior to the study, all of them had been doing between two and four weekly training sessions registering an average weekly mileage of around 27km, with their total training time each week being a little over two hours.\nFor the study, half of the group carried on with their existing training routine and the other half did the 10-20-30 fitness routine three times per week.\nBlood pressure improved and cholesterol was lowered.\nAll of this had been achieved even with the group having run less than half of the weekly distance they did before!\nMeanwhile, the group who continued with their single-speed runs made no significant gains at all. And, of course, they had run about twice the distance the 10-20-30 group did \u2013 pretty irritating, eh?\nThe results clearly showed that regular repetition of this high-intensity training had significant advantages over standard running. By taking maximum heart rate to over 90% through short but sustained sprints, it appears to outdo more traditional forms of endurance run training.\n10-20-30 training is just one form of high intensity interval training that can be used to improve fitness levels, even for already fit people. By switching between high and low speeds, it makes this an excellent training tool for sports that also require regular changes of pace, such as football, basketball etc.\nYes, other types of interval training or Fartlek routines can be performed, but this one is a great start, which has been scientifically proven.\nAs we've found above, it has been proven to be more effective than single-pace runs covering almost twice the distance! So, it's better for fitness, more convenient, and reduces potential wear you're placing on your body. What more incentive could you want to give this a try? Stop going for those long pavement-pounding runs and start giving this a go instead.\nCredit for the awesome icons used in the graphic above go to Yamini Ahluwalia, Diego Naive and Desbenoit. Icons have been used under creative commons license.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Limiting the amount of dairy foods and red meat that you eat can help you reduce acne. These foods are difficult to digest and cause acid to form in our bodies. Our skin's health is tied to our internal organs, which means that the problems that these foods are causing will wreak havoc on your skin.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"In the early 2000's research was emerging that showed that children were spending less time in the outdoors and more time with media; while at the same time childhood obesity rates were increasing at an alarming rate. Within just a matter of one generation, our society was radically changing to an increasingly indoor focused world for our children. Author Richard Louv published his watershed book, Last Child in The Woods; Saving Children from Nature Deficit Disorder in 2005 that gave a voice to the issue and launched a grassroots movement to address it.\nIn fall 2009, a bipartisan group of Texas legislators requested that the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, along with the Texas Education Agency, the Texas Department of State Health Services and the Texas Department of Agriculture form a public-private partnership to develop a strategic plan. Over 80 professionals including representatives from state and federal agencies, NGOs, health, education, natural resources, community organizations, and businesses answered the call and formed the Texas Partnership for Children in Nature.\nCarter Smith, executive director of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, chaired the effort. In January 2010, a 17-member Texas Steering Committee representing four state agencies, NGOs, health, education, and business convened to establish a work plan and stakeholder teams. The focus areas were Education, Health, Access and Community, and later, Marketing and Policy\/Legislative.\nThe strategic plan was released in 2010 at the Children in Nature Summit held in Austin, TX. At that time the Action Committees decided to focus on forming regional collaboratives that would work locally with their communities to further the goals laid out in the strategic plan. Regional collaboratives were formed in Austin, Caprock, Coastal Bend, Houston, North Texas, Pineywoods, Rio Grande Valley, and San Antonio.\nWe are a grassroots network of over 375 partner organizations and individuals who are working together to connect children and families with nature in Texas. Each partner brings their unique perspective and solutions to the network. The website www.naturerockstexas.org was created by TCiN to connect families with partner's programs, events and nature spaces, and to support the regional collaboratives.\nYou can get involved with a regional collaborative or at the state level by contacting [email protected]. You can also take action by making a personal commitment to take the kids in your life outdoors more frequently to help them be healthier, happier, and smarter.\nWe all have fond childhood memories of a special place where play, imagination and wonder reigned. For most, that place was outdoors. Through these experiences, we gained understanding, appreciation and a personal relationship with the natural world.\nSadly, today's children are allowed less time for unstructured, creative play in nature than ever before. As the trend away from outdoor play and learning deepens, we are witnessing sobering consequences for children's health, well-being and quality of life. Additionally, this youngest generation is missing out on critical experiences that lay the foundation for future stewardship of our natural resources.\nWe can reverse this trend. One achievable solution is to restore active play and learning in nature. This issue has brought together an unprecedented coalition of partners from all walks of life who formed Texas Children in Nature. These experts from many disciplines thoroughly examined the issues and outlined their recommendations in this strategic plan. Their wisdom, insights and integrity are reflected throughout the plan. By design, the plan is concise, optimizes partnerships and focuses on implementation across multiple public and private sectors.\nPlease consider the recommendations in this plan and join us in restoring our children's well-being and their relationship with Texas's rich natural and cultural heritage. The trend is real, the problem is solvable and the time to act is now.\nThank you for caring for our wild things and wild places. They need you now more than ever.\nTCiN is guided by a Steering Committee comprised of professionals in the conservation, education, health and built-environment fields from around Texas. These dedicated individuals represent state agencies, non-profits, educators and the business community who share in the vision that all children and their families, from all walks of life, will spend more time outdoors, engaged with nature for a healthier, happier, smarter Texas.\nHayden Brooks, American Realty Corp.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Netflow, a Cintra and Plenary joint venture, today welcomed its appointment as preferred respondent for the Western Roads Upgrade project, an availability-style public-private partnership that is the first of its kind for Australia.\nThe $1.8 billion project is the largest single investment in arterial roads in Australia to date and includes eight high-priority road upgrades, almost 30 kilometres of duplicated lanes and more than 700-lane-kilometres of road rehabilitation and maintenance for 20 years across Melbourne's west.\nNetflow Managing Director Phil Dreaver welcomed the Victorian Government's announcement, marking Netflow's first major project since its inception less than 12 months ago.\n\"It demonstrates Netflow can offer governments an innovative and best-practice approach that harnesses our extensive global roads and asset management experience,\" Mr Dreaver said.\nthe Amey and Broadspectrum joint venture as services contractor.\nNetflow now enters a period of exclusive negotiations with the Victorian Government to verify project details and achieve financial close.\nFormed in late-2016, Netflow is a joint venture between Cintra and Plenary with a focus on road projects in Australia and New Zealand. It brings together two of the largest developers and managers of infrastructure globally to provide competitive offerings for road projects including static and dynamic tolling, user recognition and managed lanes. Cintra and Plenary are also part of the Nexus Infrastructure consortium delivering the A$1.6 billion Toowoomba Second Range Crossing project.\nCintra is one of the largest developers and investors in transport infrastructure in the world, managing more than A$30 billion of assets including 26 road concessions across Australia, the US, Canada, Europe and South America. Cintra has delivered technical and financial solutions for some of the world's largest infrastructure projects, applying cutting-edge technology and design innovation to minimise financing, construction and operational costs. Assets under management include the US$3.6 billion 407 ETR toll road in Toronto, and the US$2.6 billion LBJ Express and US$2.1 billion North Tarrant Express managed lanes projects in Texas.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"A pair of 35 liter saddle bags made from High resistance 1200 W\/R Polyester with rigid thermoformed PE backing.\nQuick release mechanism allows you to easily detach the bags and carry over the shoulder with the included shoulder strap.\nIncludes removable inner bag, bottle carrier\/webbing pocket, and rain covers.\nIncludes adapter plates for bolt on and quick release operation with Givi series PL tubular pannier racks.\n***Please note: These cases are supplied WITHOUT any fitting hardware, nor racks.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"While recently hiking the Clevenger Canyon South Trail, I came across this rather large rattlesnake coiled in the middle of the trail. I was looking upward toward a large boulder in the distance and did not see the snake until that chilling telltale rattling sound reached my ears. From that point forward I kept my eyes on the trail ahead! This was but one of three snakes we saw on this hike, but was by far the largest and most dangerous.\nWell, it doesn't look like the camera was shaking too badly, so you must have survived. Neat picture.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Students have to match the verbs to the pictures and include the verbs in a sentence at the present continuous form.\nThis downloadable handout is a great resource for high school students and elementary school students at Elementary (A1) and Pre-intermediate (A2) level. It is a useful material for consolidating Present simple vs continuous (progressive) tense in English, and can be used for enhancing your learners' Writing skills. It includes the answer key, too.\nfrancereference is from\/lives in Italy and has been a member of iSLCollective since 2011-03-09 17:02:09. francereference last logged in on 2012-09-29 14:05:22, and has shared 192 resources on iSLCollective so far.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Jenny's Pure Food desserts allow us to be deliciously healthy without compromising our health. Try out Jenny's Pure Food \"Dark Chocolate Mousse\"; \"Lemon Cream Custard\"; and \"Salted Karmel Cheezecake\". Gluten-free, Dairy-free, Low Glycemic, GMO-Free and Vegan. No white flour, no white sugar, no heavy cream or artificial sweeteners.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Well, at least we savored every last bit of it in the company of friends and acquaintances.\nHere's to next summer being an endless one.\nIf you're wondering how I designed this invite, check out the making-of video!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"If you're looking for something that's a little bit higher up on the epicurean scale, this one's for you. Maple-glazed, seared and thick-sliced duck breast is the bomb on its own. Layer it inside a warm, sturdy flour tortilla with queso, lettuce and the delicious chipotle salsa and the stars really align. One pro tip: Order the pureed black beans and scoop them into your taco! Head to Poco Loco Cantina in Brown Deer for this masterpiece.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Baynons Brake is a series of horse riding trails that have been established by Environment Canterbury Regional Council on the northern Waimakariri river banks in the Clarkville area.\nThey are part of the Waimakariri River Park and have tidied up and given purpose to an area that had been misused in the past by hoons in 4-wheel drives and the like.\nSpace has been put side for parking horse floats and fencing has been put in.\nThe area includes the stopbank in places and signposted trails that give riders a variety of choices in the area between the stopbank and the river.\nThe facility was recently opened (in the rain!) despite the fact that the recent storm had done a lot of damage.\nWell done to David Owen and the crew at ECan!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"The New York State Laborers-Employers Cooperation and Education Trust (LECET) has provided funding to the SUNY Oswego Presidential Scholars for the past 17 years. Bill Shannon, business manager for the Upstate New York Laborers' District and LECET representative, presented a $25,000 check in October to President Deborah F. Stanley to support the program. The Presidential Scholars program helps Oswego attract top talent from high schools across the nation.\n\u00a9 Copyright Oswego Alumni Magazine 2019. All rights reserved.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"MOUNT VERNON, VA \u2013 aois21 publishing, LLC announced today that Zach C. Cohen has joined the company in charge of all audio projects, including the aois21 podcast network. He comes with a wealth of experience in podcast production, as well as experience with writing and editing.\nZach joins aois21 as Chief of Audio Production and will oversee all eight aois21 podcast series, heading up the team of podcast production and audio consultants. He will edit and produce audio files and help grow our presence and recording ability.\n\"As a podcast addict myself, I'm fascinated by the power of audio to tell stories in ways that print cannot,\" Zach said. \"I'm excited to join the growing team at aois21 as we explore new ways to show our authors' work to the world.\"\nZach has previously produced podcasts for National Journal (where he currently works as a staff correspondent), PBS MediaShift, and LinkTV. He is a proud American University graduate and New Jersey native.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"A suffragan diocese of Cashel ; it comprises the greater part of County Clare, a large portion of Tipperary, and parts of King's and Queen's Counties, Limerick, and Galway. Its Irish name is Cill-da-Lua, so named from St. Lua, an abbot who lived about the end of the sixth century, and whose oratory can still be seen in Friar's Island, near the town of Killaloe. Though St. Lua gave his name to the diocese, St. Flannan is its patron saint. He was of royal lineage, his father being the saintly Theodoric, King of Thomond, who towards the close of his life received the monastic habit from St. Colman at Lismore. St. Flannan was the first Bishop of Killaloe, and is said to have been consecrated at Rome by John IV about 640. In the time of St. Flannan, the Diocese of Killaloe was not so extensive as it is at present. It did not then include the old dioceses of Roscrea and Inniscathy. It was only when these were suppressed at the Synod of Rathbresail in the first quarter of the twelfth century, that Killaloe assumed its present shape, which is almost coterminous with the boundaries of the ancient Kingdom of Thomond. The parish of Seir Kieran in King's County, though in Thomond, was allowed to remain subject to the Diocese of Ossory, out of respect to the memory of St. Kieran.\nThe old See of Roscrea grew around a monastery founded there by St. Cronan about the middle of the sixth century. This monastery became a famous school, and it was within its walls that the scribe Dimma wrote for St. Cronan the copy of the Four Gospels now in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, for which Tatheus O'Carroll, chieftain of Ely, made a costly shrine in the twelfth century. The Diocese of Roscrea was coextensive with the territory of the O'Carrolls, added to that of the O'Kennedys. Ware holds that St. Cronan was Bishop of Roscrea, but Lanigan thinks that Ware has been misled by the fact that Roscrea became an episcopal see. Like the Diocese of Roscrea, the Diocese of Inniscathy grew around the monastery of Inniscathy, founded by St. Senan in the early portion of the sixth century. There is no question about St. Senan being the first bishop of the Diocese of Inniscathy, which comprised the Baronies of Moyarta, Clonderlaw, and Ibricken, in Clare; the Barony of Connello, in Limerick ; and in Kerry, the ancient region of the Hy-Fidgente. The last Bishop of Inniscathy was Hugh O'Beachain, who died in 1188. Nevertheless, there were titular bishops of the see up to the close of the fourteenth century. The remains of the cathedral church of Inniscathy and a round tower now mark the ancient see of St. Senan. The Clog-oir, too, still in existence in County Clare, is a highly-prized relic of Inniscathy. St. Brecan's churches of Carntemple, Doora, and Clooney, St. Tola's church at Dysert O'Dea, St. Senan's hermitage at Bishop's Island, near Kilkee, St. Caimin's church and school at Iniscaltra, St. Brendan's and St. Cronan's abbeys at Birr and Roscrea may be named amongst hundreds of churches, schools, and hermitages, which covered Killaloe like a network and which in their decay attest to the devotion to the Catholic Faith of the far-famed Dalgais.\nSome of these foundations deserve mention. Iniscaltra, a green little island in Lough Derg, was celebrated nursery of sanctity and learning in Thomond. It is associated principally with St. Caimin, who made Iniscaltra the seat of a very famous school, which attracted pupils even from foreign countries. A fragment of the commentary on the Psalms collated with the Hebrew text, written by St. Caimin (640), is preserved in the Franciscan convent, Merchant's Quay, Dublin. Birr also was a celebrated seat of learning in Thomond, founded by St. Brendan (550). The Gospels of McRegol, now in the Bodleian Library, were written by McRegol, Abbot of Birr, in 820. Terryglass also was a school of great repute founded by St. Columba (552). It was here that St. Patrick is said to have baptized the Dalgais from Northern Thomond, who crossed Lough Derg in their coracles to meet him. The monastery of Lorrha, founded by St. Ruadhan (550), can claim that it was within its walls that the famous Stowe Missal, now in the library of Lord Ashburnham, was written; but the desertion of Tara owing to the alleged cursing of St. Ruadhan , is without historical foundation. The abbeys at Ennis and Quin are striking illustrations of the piety and munificence of the foremost chieftains of the Dalgais.\nAbout 1240 Donogh Cairbreach O'Brien built the monastery for Conventual Franciscan friars. It was considered one of the finest houses of the order in Ireland, and ultimately it became the occasion of Ennis being made the capital of County Clare. Even in ruin it is beautiful; the east window especially is much admired for its size, grace, and symmetry. Here are buried some of the Kings of Thomond and their chieftains. The Abbey of Quin is one of the noblest remains of monastic antiquity in Ireland, and is in so perfect a state of preservation that little more than a roof is required to make it fit to house the monks and have their chant daily re-echo within its walls. It was founded by Sheda McNamara in 1402. In 1641 a college was opened at the abbey, which soon had eight hundred students. But the most interesting historical remains are to be found at the picturesque little town of Killaloe, the ancient seat of the bishop, which is built on a ridge commanding a fine view of Lough Derg. For here we have the oratory of St. Lua in Friar's Island, the very perfect stone-roofed oratory of St. Flannan, and St. Flannan's cathedral, built in 1160 by Donald O'Brien, King of Limerick, near the site of Brian Boroimhe's royal palace of Kincora. St. Flannan's cathedral was, till the early years of Elizabeth's reign, the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Killaloe. Since then it has been in Protestant hands. Owing to the cruel persecution of the Catholic religion and its bishops and priests, and the suppression of the monasteries in Clare at the opening of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the churches and monasteries fell into decay and ruin, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass being offered up on some rock on a mountain-side, or some lowly \"Mass house.\" It is only since the time of Catholic Emancipation, a glorious era in the annals of Killaloe when the priests of Clare gave powerful aid to O'Connell to win the Clare election, that a \"second spring\" has come, and that Thomond has been again covered with handsome and commodious churches.\nThe first successor of St. Flannan in the Diocese of Killaloe whose name has come down to us, is Cormacan O'Mulcaishel, who died in 1019; and from the death of St. Flannan to the time of the learned O'Lonergain in 1150, the names of only five prelates have been recorded. But from this period the succession becomes regular and complete. In 1179, Constantine O'Brien, fifth in descent from Brian Boroimhe, was Bishop of Killaloe; he attended the Council of Lateran. Conor O'Heney, another Bishop of Killaloe, also attended the Council of Lateran in 1215. Cornelius Ryan, a Franciscan friar, and brother of a chieftain, was consecrated Bishop of Killaloe in 1576. He had a remarkable career. From the time of his appointment he used his marked ability and great organizing power in aid of the Earl of Desmond, who championed the Catholic cause, and succeeded in obtaining for him the support of Gregory XIII and Philip of Spain. For years he shared in all the perils of the insurrection, and he was regarded by Elizabeth and her minions as a most formidable opponent. When the Desmond insurrection ended in disaster, he escaped to the Continent and died at Lisbon in 1617.\nJohn O'Moloney was another eminent Bishop of Killaloe. He was born in Kiltanon, County Clare, in 1617, was a doctor of the Sorbonne and, before his appointment to Killaloe, had been canon of Rouen, in France. He was named bishop by Propaganda in 1671, at the urgent request of the Catholics of the diocese, his qualifications for the exalted office being set forth in various testimonials from the doctors of the University of Paris, and several French bishops and archbishops. In 1673 he was deputed by the Irish bishops to visit France and endeavour to induce the French king and his minister to found an Irish ecclesiastical college in Paris. He succeeded in his mission, and a few years later the Irish college, of which he is regarded as the founder, was opened. In 1689 he was named Bishop of Limerick, retaining Killaloe in administration, but he was soon forced to flee to France, where he died in 1702 at the Sulpician house at Issy, near Paris. The present bishop is the Most Reverend Dr. Fogarty, born in 1859 near Nenagh, County Tipperary. Before his elevation to the episcopate he was vice-president of Maynooth College, where he had been for fifteen years previously a distinguished professor of dogmatic and moral theology. His consecration took place in 1904, at the procathedral at Ennis, the seat of the bishop and also of a well-equipped diocesan college.\nThe diocesan chapter, including dean, archdeacon, and canons, was re-established by papal decree on 11 February, 1903. Catholic population, 137,574, according to census of 1901; non-Catholic population, 8329; parishes, 57; secular clergy, 142; parochial and district churches, 143; houses of regular clergy, 2, viz. Franciscans at Ennis, Cistercians at Roscrea; convents of Sisters of Mercy, 12; Convent of Sacred Heart, 1; number in community, 198; monastic houses, 6; number in community, 63.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Richard Soley is chairman and CEO of the Object Management Group, Inc. Mr. Soley is one of the great thought leaders of our time. He is constantly pushing the envelope on standards and technology. A frequent venture angel, Mr. Soley recently started the Boston CTO Club.\nRichard Soley says, \"If I had to go back and do the emergency crisis response standard again I would do things differently.\nRichard Mark Soley suggests you cannot resolve all ambiguity.\nRichard Soley suggests having a clear business objectives is one of those phrases that is over used.\nRichard Mark Soley suggests that other people's motivations are not the same as your own motivations.\nRichard Mark Soley suggests you have got motivation backwards.\nRichard Soley suggests executive sponsors to find, nurture and sponsor new projects.\nRichard Soley suggests the key to success is to have the domain knowledge.\nRichard Soley suggests the key reason for making fast decisions has nothing to do with always making right decisions.\nRichard Soley says, \"I will give you example of a standard that did not work.\nRichard Soley says, \"I don't think you need to be always instep with your peers.\nRichard Mark Soley suggest the perfect executive sponsor would be someone who understands the product arena.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"The Financial Services Institute of Australasia (FINSIA) has upgraded Dr Dale Cooper's membership status to Fellow.\nBroadleaf carried out a risk assessment of a concessional loan offered by the Commonwealth Government. The risk assessment examined the administration and financial performance of the loan. It confirmed the existing controls were well designed and reasonable in the circumstances as well as helping to establish priorities for assurance of the controls during the term of the loan.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Our kennel Black Russian Terriers \u00abSokrovische Rusi\u00bb established and registered in February 2007 in the FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale) in Belgium under number 271\/07 and has an international accreditation.\nIn his professional activity our kennel adheres to the principle of linear breeding, based on the consolidation and improvement of the best qualities of the founders of our breed dogs: strong nervous system, excellent working qualities, physical health.\nParticular attention is paid to the exterior, health and working quality of the resulting offspring.\nWe also participate in exhibitions - our puppies, juniors and adult dogs frequently display at the exhibitions of regional and international class.\nBlack Terriers our kennel live in many cities of Ukraine and abroad \u2013 the England, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, Poland, Croatia, Israel, Egypt, South Africa, USA, Finland, Russia.\nOur dogs are worthy of their famous ancestors, confident in winning national rings and rings in the international class!\nThe team of our kennel seeks to contribute to the development and popularize this unique domestic breed.\nand maintaining working qualities of our dogs.\nIn not hot weather we with our dogs moving for the whole day \"to the fields\", where our pets can practice in the open air (video archive).\nOur dogs - descendants of the famous Black Russian Terriers in Russia and Ukraine.\nOn this page we present you the famous ancestors of our dogs, who entered the history of breeds and who will be proud of for many generations of breeders and owners of black terriers.\n\"Malahovskiy\" (Russia), \"Zolotoy Grad\" (Russia), \"Deneb-Keitos\" (Russia) and other.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Buyers can stay rest assured for damage-free products from our end as we make use of quality packing material. We also fulfill different packing requirements of the clients such as customized or standard. Our professional warehousing personnel keep a stringent check on the entire lot, stored in the warehouse, to keep it secured from diverse factors such as moisture, rain, dust and similar others.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
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If you are unsure whether use of the material at issue constitutes infringement, please contact an attorney or consult publicly available reference materials such as those found at www.chillingeffects.org.\nAvio USA's Copyright Agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement can be reached as follows: By mail: Copyright Agent Aviomania USA 4791 73rd Street, La Mesa, CA. 91942 USA By fax: By email: [email protected] By telephone: (619) 743 6712 The Copyright Agent will not remove content from the Avio USA Site in response to phone or email notifications regarding allegedly infringing content, since a valid DMCA notice must be signed, under penalty of perjury, by the copyright owner or by a person authorized to act on his or her behalf. Please submit such notifications by fax or ordinary mail only and as further described by this Section. The Copyright Agent should be contacted only if you believe that your work has been used or copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement and that such infringement is occurring on the Site or on sites linked to or from the Site, or in connection with the Services or Materials. All other inquiries directed to the Copyright Agent will not be responded to. Such inquiries should be made through the feedback procedure referenced in Section 9 or the report abuse procedure referenced in Section 21(f).\nExport Control Laws. You acknowledge and agree that products, services or technology provided by Avio USA are subject to the export control laws and regulations of the United States. You shall comply with these laws and regulations and shall not, without prior U.S. government authorization, export, reexport, or transfer Avio USA products, services or technology, either directly or indirectly, to any country in violation of such laws and regulations.\nIndemnity and Liability. You agree to indemnify and hold Avio USA and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, agents, employees, co-branders or other partners, and licensors harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of Your Content, your use of the Site, Services or Materials, your connection to the Site, Services or Materials, the actions of any member of your Group, your access to or use of Linked Sites and your connections therewith, any claim that Your Content caused damage to a third party, any dealings between you and any third parties advertising or promoting via the Site, Services or Materials, your violation of the Terms, or your violation of any rights of another, including any Intellectual Property Rights.\nAll matters relating to your access to, or use of, the Site, Services or Materials shall be governed by the Laws of the State of California, without regard to conflict of laws principles thereof. You agree that any claim or dispute you may have against Avio USA must be resolved by a court located in Santa Clara County, California, except as otherwise agreed by the parties, or as set forth in section (b) below. You agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the courts located in Santa Clara County, California, for the purpose of litigating such claims or disputes. The parties specifically disclaim the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.\nAll claims you bring against Avio USA must be resolved in accordance with this section. All claims filed or brought contrary to this section shall be considered improperly filed. Should you file a claim contrary to this section, Avio USA may recover attorneys' fees and costs up to U.S. $1,000, provided that Avio USA has notified you in writing of the improperly filed claim and you have failed to properly withdraw the claim.\nd. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of your or others' unauthorized access to or use of the Site, Services or Materials in violation of the Terms you agree that Avio USA shall be entitled to apply for injunctive remedies (or an equivalent type of urgent legal relief) in any jurisdiction.\nAny notice provided to Avio USA pursuant to the Terms should be sent to 4791 73rd Street, La Mesa, CA. 91942 USA , Attention: General Counsel. It is the express wish of the parties that the Terms, any Additional Terms and all related documents have been drawn up in English. C'est la volont\u00e9 expresse des parties que la pr\u00e9sente convention ainsi que les documents qui s'y rattachent soient r\u00e9dig\u00e9s en anglais. Avio USA may provide you with notices, including those regarding changes to the Terms, by email, regular mail, text message, postings on the Site or within the Services, or other reasonable means now known or hereafter developed.\nThe Terms constitute the entire agreement between Avio USA and you with respect to your access to or use of the Site, Services and Materials and supersede any prior agreements between you and Avio USA on such subject matter.\nYou may not assign or otherwise transfer the Terms, or any right granted hereunder, without Avio USA's written consent.\nAny failure by Avio USA to enforce or exercise any provision of the Terms, or any related right, shall not constitute a waiver of that provision or right.\nThere are currently (179) users on this website.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Bring out your wild side when you rock these animal print flared pants! The pants are made out of a leopard patterned fabric that looks and feels fabulous. These pants are slim fit from the hip through the knee that flares to a bell bottom leg. Pull-on elastic waistband.\nMade out of 95% polyester and 5% spandex.\nAdd to your natural fierceness with these rad pants!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"If you've ever sat at home on a Friday night, staring into a well-lit microscopic mirror to fully examine your pores and dark spots while simultaneously Googling your various symptoms, rest assured you're not only not alone, but you're in star-studded company.\nOlivia Munn\u2014who never shies away from sharing her well-researched take on health and wellness, including why she's all for egg freezing\u2014talked to Coveteur about her tried-and-true beauty secrets and hacks, and says her affinity for a good Google search is what helped her figure out the secret to combatting her adult acne.\nTwo years ago, Munn decided to do some digging\u2014online, that is\u2014to finally find a way to clear her chin acne.\nSince federal officials have advised states and cities to lower the amount of fluoride in the public water supply (because the mineral has been designated a neurotoxin), tap water may be a non-issue in the future. And in terms of fluoride in toothpaste? The American Dental Association is firmly in the \"pro\" camp\u2014but many dentists say that the non-fluoride route is the healthier one. If it also clears up your monthly chin eruption, as Munn contends? The anti-fluoride crowd might've just gotten a new talking point.\nAs for other celeb acne secrets: Here's the diet that helps Kate Hudson manages hers, the tweak that clears Margot Robbie's skin every time, and Chloe Grace Moretz's cooking oil tip (no, really). Or try these expert tips for beating adult acne for good.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Gondi (G\u014dndi) is a South-Central Dravidian language, spoken by about two million Gond people, chiefly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and in various adjoining areas of neighbouring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, only about half of them still speak it. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are marriage songs and narrations.\nGondi has a two-gender system, substantives being either masculine or nonmasculine. Gondi departed from the parent Proto-Dravidian language by developing initial voiced stops (g, j, \u1e0d, d, b) and aspirated stops (dhh, gh, jh, dh, bh).\nGondi writing can be split into two categories: that using non-native scripts and that using native scripts.\nTraditionally, for lack of a widespread native script, Gondi has been written in Devanagari and Telugu script, which encompass the non-native scripts that have been used to write Gondi.\nEfforts have been undertaken to create a native script for Gondi. In 1928, Munshi Mangal Singh Masaram designed a native script based on Brahmi characters and in the same format of an Indian alphasyllabary. However, this script did not become widely used, and most Gonds remain illiterate.\nAccording to Maharashtra Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre of India, a dozen manuscripts were found in this script. Programs to create awareness and promotion of this script among the Gondi people are in development stage.\n\u2191 Hammarstr\u00f6m, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). \"Southern Gondi\". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.\n\u2191 Hammarstr\u00f6m, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). \"Northern Gondi\". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.\nBeine, David K. 1994. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. 516 p.\nChenevix Trench, Charles. Grammar of Gondi: As Spoken in the Betul District, Central Provinces, India; with Vocabulary, Folk-Tales, Stories and Songs of the Gonds \/ Volume 1 - Grammar. Madras: Government Press, 1919.\nHivale, Shamrao, and Verrier Elwin. Songs of the Forest; The Folk Poetry of the Gonds. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd, 1935.\nMoss, Clement F. An Introduction to the Grammar of the Gondi Language. [Jubbalpore?]: Literature Committee of the Evangelical National Missionary Society of Sweden, 1950.\nPagdi, Setumadhava Rao. A Grammar of the Gondi Language. [Hyderabad-Dn: s.n, 1954.\nSubrahmanyam, P. S. Descriptive Grammar of Gondi Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 1968.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Special THC Oil, where there is more THC than CBD, with a Ratio of 1\/4 CBD\/THC. Oil of 10[ml] with 0.2% CBD (Cannabidiol) and 0.8% THC, made from sustainably produced hemp\/Cannabis sativa flower extract. In a Bottle with Drop counter.\nThe Cannaliz Technic product category offers Oils where a specific CBD\/THC ratio is the Key Aspect of the Product. The specific Ratios can be obtained either because a particular hemp\/cannabis sativa blossom has a special Ratio by Nature, or through a special Method, Chromatography.\nThis particular 1\/4 THC Oil is made using a Process called Chromatography, which allows for a stable Formulation. Chromatography is a Laboratory Technique that separates the Components of a Mixture; It is a Form of Purification. This allows us to define a specific Ratio that is stable while preserving all Components of the Extract. The Mixture is carefully prepared with organic olive oil, which has been selected for its Properties and Harmonizes perfectly with Cannabis extracts (CBD). Despite the Cleansing, it contains the entire Spectrum of action of the Hemp Extract, as it contains all Cannabinoids, Terpenes, Sequiterpenes and Flavonoids, which ensure a very wide range Of Effects.\n1 Drop (1\/20[ml]) = 0.1mg CBD; 0.4mg THC.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Most nursing homes in Clinton, IA offer skilled nursing, post acute care and inpatient rehab for the elderly. In order to find the right nursing home for you, our experienced local advisors in Clinton, IA will walk you through the process.\nCall your local advisor in Clinton, IA and get free personalized service.\nNeighborhoods in Clinton include: Davenport-Moline-Clinton, and Muscatine-Illinois Combined Statistical Area.\nThe official website for the city of Clinton is http:\/\/www.ci.clinton.ia.us\/.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Russian Muslim convert, recently relocated from snowy Siberia to sunny Saudi Arabia. Graduated in International Relations, currently working as a freelance translator. Keen on classical music; have been learning to play the violin for the last 3 years and enjoying it immensely. Good books and sweets also make me happy!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"(From Amazon): As soon as early humans began to scratch images on cave walls, they began to create maps. And while these first drawings were used to find hunting grounds or avoid danger, they later developed into far more complex navigational tools. Charting the World tells the fascinating history of maps and mapmaking, navigators and explorers, and the ways that technology has enhanced our ability to understand the world around us. Richly illustrated with full-color maps and diagrams, it gives children an in-depth appreciation of geographical concepts and principles and shows them how to unlock the wealth of information maps contain. It also features 21 hands-on activities for readers to put their new skills to the test. Children will: build a three-dimensional island model using a contour map, engrave a simple map on an aluminum \"printing plate,\" determine the elevation of hills in their neighborhood, draw a treasure map and have a friend search for the hidden stash, create a nautical chart of a small puddle, survey their backyard or local park, navigate a course using a compass, and much more. Now more than ever, the study of geography is crucial to understanding our ever-changing planet, from political change and warfare to environmental conservation and population growth.\nIs the Map to Scale?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}

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+{"text":"Monthly Natural Farming Hawaii meeting in Hilo at the Sweet Cane Cafe. Every second Tuesday 6-8pm.\nCertification structure for CGNF-Hawaii. Master Cho's official organization incorporated in Hawaii.\nBeyond GMO a project to transform the Hawaiian Papaya industry.\nDifferences between Master Cho and his son Young-san Cho's solutions.\nhow to make water soluble calcium phosphate.\nburn bones till thoroughly black and charred.\ndissolve in vinegar for 7 days.\nmore\u2026 see www.naturalfarminghawaii.net or subscribe to my youtube.\nThis is the Basic Seminar of Master Han-Kyu Cho, founder of Korean Natural Farming, presenting his fundamental seminar.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Have you ever wondered how a computer is put together? It is much more than its definition computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data mostly from binary it is like a person who does all work for you at just a click but behind that there is series of activities take place by different humans and machine Yes it's made in a factory, but everything can't happen in one place. After all, there's a motherboard that has to be assembled in one place and normally you don't even hear about a brand name for a motherboard. Then there's the power supply system that comes from another source while PC cases are sometimes made to custom specifications especially in the case of gaming computers. Today's PC cases are made out different materials although early cases were made only out of steel. You can even buy clear PC cases these days where you can see right into the interior of the machine.\nEveryone using a computer has to have a computer monitor attached to it. The resolution of the monitor is considered the most important in it because this is how the number of pixels on a screen is measured be it a computer monitor, TV or mobile phone. As most people use their devices to watch movies, serials or videos from sites like rainierland . A higher resolution means the images will appear small while a low resolution will provide large text and images. Just because you opt for a large screen doesn't mean that you will be able to watch large images and texts.\nComputer screens also have been changing from their early stage when production rate of computers are at very low pace with a CRT screen which was the only type of screen that was available in the early days. But today, everyone is going for the touch screen monitor on which you can use your finger to find the icons or scroll the screen anyway way you like instead of having to use a mouse. Being still new, the touch screen monitor is rather costly although the price is sure to go down soon with everyone wanting one of these for their computers.You can also find out difference between computer screens on the video provided below.\nOne component that most computer users don't usually bother about much is the sound card. All modern computers have inbuilt sound cards and only those who are into music in a major way will need an extra powerful sound card for recording purposes. Among the different types of audio cards available, the more popular is the USB sound card which can be bought according to your needs and your budget. Before making the purchase you need to understand the number of tracks you will record at one time. A high-end USB sound card will offer more facilities but don't just spend on a high priced card if you really don't have expectations of making use of all the facilities. How to find a a good sound card watch the video below.\nThen there's the graphics card which many consider very important today and these are mostly people who are into playing video games seriously and continuously. Game playing needs a high-speed graphics card and the one you usually get in the computer is not sufficient for a serious gamer. A detailed video is provided down to know more about Graphic card.\nThe DVI high definition output system is the one that's being used in most modern graphics cards today and those that are able to connect to the monitor through a DVI system will find they are able to produce images that are clearer and sharper than when it's done through a VGA port.\nMost modern computers today are built with at least 1GB RAM since this is considered quite sufficient for someone who uses his computer for normal tasks such as surfing the web, sending emails and watching movies,videos online with the help of websites like rainierland. But for those who are into more complicated tasks such as creating graphics and designing, they will require additional computer RAM. But this should always be in keeping with the RAM you already have in your machine as otherwise, it will impact on the smoothing working of the machine.\nAll systems work or perform their task only after if they have a operating system.You can use your computer only after installing an operating system. An operating system helps you in connecting with your hardware. Without an operating system, you can not use RAM, USB Sound card, Motherboard, touch screen monitor and hard-drive. Operating system works as a virtual machine without this actual machine can perform their task.\nAfter knowing about different important parts of computer including the virtual one yes you got it right the operating system a obvious question in your mind may be which one operating system to use? There are a wide range of Operating Systems available and some of them are popular you can try any of the popular operating system rest you can get all on recommendation from different technology review sites and with your own experience help you to understand working ability of different Operating System as they are designed for specific audience like gamer, normal user etc. All of them have different requirements that you need to fulfill. You can easily choose any from Some popular names that you can use in your computer are some of them are microsoft windows for desktop and laptop, Android for mobiles, tablets etc.\n\u00abNext Post Most Secure Smartphone: Apple or Android?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"I love landscapes, night-scapes and sunsets.\nI'm a night-owl and a light sleeper.\nI co-parent a bratty cat with Sarah.\nCowboy Bebop is one of my favorite animes.\nThe Cure & Tycho are one of my favorite bands.\nIt takes me 4-5 business days to reply on social media\u2026 Sarah tags me on something and I won't respond til 4 days later.\nI'm not social media savvy and I'm ok with that.\nI've been craving for Mosas' Burgers for 3 and 1\/2 years now\u2026 I'm waiting until Sarah finally gets cravings for it.\nWe love to celebrate love. It's so easy because we're both in love and our relationship inspires and fuels us. We love connecting with our couples and families during sessions. We don't just bark commands, we ask questions and we always make sure that the photographs we take reflect our couples' + families' personalities and their stories.\nWe want people to look at our images and feel the warmth and the carefree emotions our clients evoke in the images we share.\nI love connecting + taking photos of people.\nI'm an introvert so I lose energy after weddings.\nOur cat is passive-aggressive with me. She prefers Dave over me\u2026 She's a brat.\nDisney's Tangled is my absolute favorite film.\nWhenever I could, I will choose to sleep\/nap.\nMy Chemical Romance is my heart and soul.\nDave and I have seen Paramore, Bruno Mars, Panic! at the Disco, Air Supply, Aj Rafael, Magic! Kawehi live and we're continuously adding more.\nWe're at this Korean restaurant named CHOWON almost every 1-2 times a month.\nPlease include your mobile number and 2-3 ideal dates for your session \/\/ your wedding date.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"Click here to continue as a guest.\nFind and download Safety Data Sheets here!\nLog in above to find Safety Data Sheets specific to your purchase history.\nIf you are a current Burkhart Customer and would like to use online ordering, please call 800.562.8176 or contact your local Burkhart Account Manager to set up your account.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}
+{"text":"This collection contains preludes for all of the hymns in the Lent, Holy Week, Eastertide sections of the Worship Supplement (1969). In some cases two or three preludes were composed for this collection. However, suitable compositions from the available literature were also included.\nFive hymn preludes on often-used hymn tunes. The Hymn Tune Innovations series features the inventive and thoughtful organ compositions of Benjamin M. Culli.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaC4"}}