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https://discord.gg/JuWpUUj567
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https://discord.gg/JuWpUUj567 | r/globalintelligence | post | r/GlobalIntelligence | 2022-08-17 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQWc0VGhKNmhHR0xGeTYzZWhtb1dSeGtiaDloNDBGNDlRLXB6RjFYZktyb1hPYlR2RGxYaVZGWjhQdy12UGhERHFLTWhTME5lOXRHajhjVWZlUFN0MVJOcTVVVm9CY2lVeDBSODdzUkRmVE09 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOYlJ4Nlo1cVB4YXliQ2hDNmxzWVRmby0wMFJxYVB5Q1ZrVFNBY2VTeW9yQ3B5TmRVem1PRGhxOEVmeVd0RFE4d1JLRXdFR3RCdFhyWmEtak9tNTRBQnB0TkhBRDlwcXNYUDhKbjFZVnREbmhJWDJPTHlXY2w0MVhlcV9iYmN0X1JpWUo0cDVtQV9JY1NKR21SNjNIMUtNQWFJdzVwZnlwVHQ0ckNWZjlSUVl3PQ== |
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*I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/DisinformationWatch) if you have any questions or concerns.* | r/disinformationwatch | comment | r/DisinformationWatch | 2022-08-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSYXBrSmlIUUdhcThwamZEQ1VVMGdoZEtqM3loNVhqeHotb0hDdmpqSmNnWjRmY054OXBIOU9uSXVaS09SNmhMZGY5aF9wcVQ0b3pOeGNvcWczMDNEelE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOS0xzNlV1ZVJvTlVjSHZZaWVueFZaWU5fbU5La3JYaFNONG1LRDlJTzFsOEstWkJibWpBZTFBT1BKWDlzX0ZWUDh4WXBOcVk2bERoWUg1dUtVVVVJOEswZWc1N1dCb0dfOFN2dnlsdnc2N25PRGJ5VlZxeXVyV3pBR3ZaUHp3RjBjSHFXUmNKRmRGV3p2YlhBUnZqVTh1bmJWcV9BZEptektWYk5MWGZtOWRMNFZJLVAxSEd4Mld2TFRFTlJZaGV2MDRTVi0yZkEzS1BDU0w3YXFfYTRUcERjclJ0bUZXdml3cV9BcTN4SmNHdz0= |
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*I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/DisinformationWatch) if you have any questions or concerns.* | r/disinformationwatch | comment | r/DisinformationWatch | 2022-08-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJScEx4Zm54MmdaNmE1Y3JzajJ1NXBZMFFHdjhwZ1dnUjZ5bloyWUJfd2oxNFZfZ05yODRwVk5SV3VZa1dvLUZUb19BMlp1X1NVRnZINjhyaElGLU5iWUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOWk1VR0x1MEE0Y1pVQkNrUXNfWkZiSHhjeWJUUkZ1N1ktZURaMUk4RXRTa1c5WUN1Zl91U0V3Y2d4WDBoeGE2OG5rWURMS3RqV3pSdkZ6Qm8yLTRiUDc1TUw4ZEp4bTFZdTZZWHRoT1gwMTYtYXRZV1R6djhUUTc0LU51MkFraThqMzllVWRpUC1QTkpqSURPektKRWh2bHBmS2Q4MmJHaVFuM2pIcWZSTzBjV0ZiOEVfOGZSNWdXX1Y5Vkg2TmR0dGtyaFNkOGZ2RWh5X1JBdlRiUmdIcFVTUzJJNFhYbVBLT0JORHlnOGxEOD0= |
Good thing they aren't able to kill many of them. | r/deepstate | comment | r/deepstate | 2022-08-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSOVBtOVFSXzdnMG92WUg0Z2VmT01PYlRFT3k3RmZyR3lGVy1uanJJVFFBZGhIQTUzTE01TDRDNG1acTZUVVBlZUtSTlZQQ0hkRGtoQW5jcGk5Z2RKWkE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOM0FvcmM0ZW1acVF5a2dFNDhQQVhlVkdlSmhWby1kNEpOeFRUcWZYT2RCbzNuME12WUdZTDBBTkJrckZmUTc2WkRwcmVxZE1xTWFXenNZd1gtdE0yX1JvVzRwWDJzUjhCMGFsSnNYZkJlRGZTU2tNSzctR0JVcm52dXY3UEI4NDhBdVduaHpxTldiY2NvUk5wb01fNHlycjk1OWwtbXFlYUhLWWlJMU1QdnBfMU5wQ0VPWXRLU0tuTlhvQjcxbXQyMEQ2dFFLUjRjb1hRZ3dGaWpsLUNhQT09 |
Hi everyone,
So currently I am a technology consultant, I have 2 yrs of exp as SAP consultant and developer.
I want to move into AI and Computing research, I know it's a long path, I am keeping that as long term goal ( hopefully deepmind /ms research/ or ibm research someday)
I don't know where to start,
Currently I know Java and learning Spring and stack/ ds algo to land a sde role, and hopefully at decent company so that atleast I can apply algo in real life and know them and try to get into AI slowly.
Second path: doing ML/ deep learning courses, and landing entry level role as data analyst/engineer and move forward,
But here I don't see much involvement with algo which is crucial for AI, it's math heavy no doubt but more like applied AI, not AI development
So, which would be correct path? I was following the first one, but because of strong association of AI with Data science I am confused, I am also thinking of going for masters once I get some hands on and grab on algo atleast.
Seeking your advice,
Thank you | r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-08-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMW83UmVYQVV1WDNaaVhXeDQ3ekloS012LVJpWk1vWmdYT1BwVUJCRGpDSHNYc2RfN09MVzBzM29HaHJmbFJvaGMxdXR4NElCdndlSGEteWw1N29jaHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOemg4dWVUeTA2VHZ0NHlLc3NLRjBtbm1Ha09TVDhuUDZVZnVKV0paNEU2NzhfWDVMOTN4RmgtdUctY0o2eVV0YjdMUW02aVBTb0hzMkNsWlZVa0dLRGtUZENYM09lOXJxOXFXS2VOcURyMllFS0I3ODBIeTBRYWI4Z21fXzd3dEF3el9WYm9aMFZMQmR4Q01Gc0NZejVqVFh3WWJoNWVvcGV1WHRyb3c5b1l3PQ== |
C is just algebra and substitution. | r/econpapers | comment | r/EconPapers | 2022-08-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSbllnTmdxYjhVSHZjbjl6R2VhVnZkcjdkY2hzT1h1aXJjMEtacUFSYmhCSGNCcVduTWk4TlBaSGxlbGFxVXJuRnA3NG1GeDIyQjF1OFB3SDJGYTg5U1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZGJRTXVLUWxpQkxMUjJ2VjUtX2FBTkNVWV9ZNUJNeWotUUZzcVp2YlFmM3V5V2w3WjhDZGlBa0F2UnEyVFNlNzI3cldDcnRYLUgxajBsTHN5MmRiWm5IWVJBaVF3RnN6aDBkTG5yMXRjRWFzMEpEWmNoRWVPYk1yYTl3YWhGQTVoVjVWUHpiVUFENWJqVTdxTGRvdnY1X29xY0Jtd21GeW93emNEc3VjT19iZzRod2hpRXkzN25ENDVNRDdxenJCemFzakt3RVVQVnphVHR0aXpnSGhrQT09 |
D1 is asking if more than 1 value of x can have the same y | y=f(x) . A great way to test this is with a simple function like f(x) =x*x. | r/econpapers | comment | r/EconPapers | 2022-08-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSV1dYSk90Z3VRc3NfRmFETUlkTnpRVW9MNDdtQjBWLU5pa0pwckpIVHZBRXpqZmYyWUJnRVZnd1JDeGQyNF9lUE1jdXdkeElxalEwdXcxTF9NOExoSmgzN1Bjb255eVJkQVp3bWdLWHVHRk09 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVkhYc0hrSmd2R0F1cU1lMTZmT1RfeTNJbEpkMHRKWTltQ0plLUV0eC04YWlPMGdZRnQzRjNBY3BsMUd2Ml9FeUMwOGdURUd1NVJyTnlIaWRzaElHRFMxY3VOaWV6SlRMRDdMYktJVmJnTVRNTko3TkxiQy1KMm9WcjRXVnB5V1lvSWVjVnFUVmdJRjhHdkNmLUJsdEVSbWhmb3ZCUnpxV1ZHVjAyVk9KYk9JNGtUcER4Z1VWWmNZSVdYeHAzTFJkV3c4V19WYnhpTU1rUXF6YUxuSGZOZz09 |
It’s been a while since I did supply/demand graphs but I think this will be right. For C you need to plot the functions on a graph where price is the y axis and quantity is the x axis. Each function is just a slope intercept y=mx+b. The demand slope is an inverse of the supply slope because it goes down from left to right as opposed to up. QD graph has a negative slope looking like \ while QS looks like /. So the equilibrium price is where they intersect. Plot the points for each function by substituting 0,1,2,3… for Q in each equation. In this case the equilibrium price is 18 because at Q=2 both equations come out to P=18. When you impose a 4£ tax it shifts the supply curve to the left, the new y intercept is 16 instead of 12 but the slope is the same. The new equilibrium price will 20 which makes sense because of the tax of 4. The Q at equilibrium will be 1.33.
For d - a function by definition has only 1 y output for each x output so a function can’t be a vertical line. So I think the answer is yes to both questions but honestly I’m not sure. | r/econpapers | comment | r/EconPapers | 2022-08-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSb1dUQ3kzQlNiRmt1ellrbDAzU1phZlZCRFB6dnpQNkFOa0lsTmx0dzhGN0VoX29FWVZIN3A0YXo5bm1HNDlkVG9Gc0h1ZjJ3b0lldWRMdVBkcjhGVk5uWDBOT0xxdVM3ZDdOeXQzTDdUcTA9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJONDZLN0ZNTmo0dHNPcDNUajFQZ19JUmhMWWlwOER4dERwbTlsWmgyZ3JtejBIejZYMmZoVTNrZk5PVFlURk5yZ0FHTUJTY2VhUkVlUUo1QkZmQ1d6b0xFRUNSQk4xVC1CVHdKcnQ4Mzg0Qno5NGJscEpPZFZOaGJaUTB2OHVERzFTdHUyODVQaUMtTEFPZDBSQlpLRlp5Mlg5bEZJZ1BhYjF5cy11YkluSkJ2RnI5bTBFVExaX0hJTFdiZjl0V0tOY25tMlpsb3lBOEZiWVpIcURSRDZKUT09 |
Hello everyone
I aim to research how committing to a more green environment can influence the economic growth of a country. Since almost all variables that measure environmental commitment such as environmental protective investments, Co2, policy stringencies are endogenous to growth hence refute my results I aim to take the introduction of green parties to a country's parliament as my variable to measure green commitment.
I aim to analyze the impact of the environmental commitment of a country to its GDP. I want to see how the increase or decrease in the green party's share affects GDP growth of the respective country
What statistical method is suitable?
I thought of different in different but I can't compare the country's growth after the introduction of the green party to a GDP without the green party since there is no control group to isolate the treatment effect
Thank you all so much for helping me | r/econpapers | post | r/EconPapers | 2022-08-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUlRKYlBHVTVUTWdBdG9ubjdpbkNGcUQwUkhaOWxuRUw5blFwS0lEdmVyeDN0NExIY2l2XzUxNWpvSHUwcVNweC1ramxLWlZtNXR6QUIwbmJyWXVGWnB6aVdQUThPTkpid2p6eXgzcXp0TDg9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJObzhuUm05MHdTVjZVRnNIczJxQ2FTdXJFcElxQlctTXVwV0RGdWdKRHlsMWhNcG9GcEhWYjdCTlRndUp4ZFV3Y1hFRFJXMzZJWDQtRmpLdWlCcHpIaHpqQzNkaHFwUTNFMGFtb1BHaHNOZVVjZXVSYjlEWkEwVUd0R0VvZ1M3WkV0YXJfUkpJeUIzOXVhUVhmaU9jX3VsS0o1ZmJOZU9vakpDOTk4MFRtek5GZUVPY0N3UjR4RkEyc3h1T2VYYTdI |
r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-08-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNVBoeHFYT0ZybDZqamdSTk0wOHZ6ZWktMUZ4THA3YUlhWHYwYVlaZmo3TUZnMFRkWmUxUWlXLXJhRWlZRWNsa2dQWXRuU012b0lkX25aUTZ3UFZkQVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeEVEei1CYS1jbTdIaE5USkZ1eERmZnpWc0NncXp5N1A3QUFPdkllRm5HSGVvLUhjRW9CZFJmdU11UHhRb1J5LVlwbUlQX3c5NkFUUnRJbm95SUM0M0I3UFdOUEhQNVg5UDBQNFJ2c3VObnRkS1A4SERYWm90VzJlMjFUelNkN2VLMWZDU1RnM0J1VXpZSEpUdUZBakxzOXdQcnlzLWloMURxVFI2aUtwd0hKeEFxX2hPYjZLbmVJYTlKRHk1c3M0 |
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🥳 | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-08-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUURzd0JySGVGRGVaV1JrX2ZCNmdGcnJYdkc1SjdFTkFzeFI0azViN3F5Q1hoOHM1RWVFNDFWVU1UZjZXNDJFT3ZlaDRpWTFHTWFTd1NGRG1DdmwzSkV2NWE5TlE1MDAtZ0NNdU9fU05zY1E9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJONWh4WXYtRkY4TXg3NTZYMUMwZWJNNUUwOWg3aktZOGZ4QnNnWW43amJadlgzRE1HemJSMEI1bkUzQzUwb3pTYjZTOE03X3BIZ3Q4MmdCZ1V2am5qVmluVTRPS1JfNzFIUm5zZm1WeVZXck83Q1gzZ01xM2YtSmdPTlkxM3dfSUVBbFN3eTJRekZIb29vcGJUbkdnZnYxaU9CNTRnR2g4aDRRMjdMTEdibWE2SGExUUV0SEV0XzV3M20yV0pQRk04OWZYWTdTM2g1TDFSMkdwVk9jdEthTDZDbms3ZjVXazRYTWZibmU2eWJEbz0= |
Let's see who can guess what will be announced or talked about.
My guess is:
1: There will be a push for more talent because of the new location in texas.
2: I think the channels have gone up by x3 for the chip and they figured out some material science/software related fixes to increase the readability of the signals.
3: They will give an update on a long-term Install that has been in over 6 months.
4: The power of the chip will double or the size will decrease and opt to use more to cover larger areas. | r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-08-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZDc4X0xrMHJGTi00V1FrdENIQkRKTGcyeXc5dzBubXVvVEVEQ2UzNjh6TDFKMndnVkZoTTFWMHc1VU1JREZOWFdBYkJWZEphWW5DemZZNFRGQnMyblE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUGF0M2FHRnAxdFZTVTNHeklYbGszdHNLMkJEZUZwTEdReVpCbjBCcWVaZk5lNGdVWnlXZzMxRWFVQnJXZ3luY01mSlJnWTJ3VFhuZml3X1BQbGdIOGNsOFlfaThzSmhVMWFQUld3TWlqLU9hdTlESjJKX2JxRC1KaktHUmlNbHROVE1vZGMzdktURklnRF9HNGZlRktocHBxekRsNUIyV25PdXRvUFk0dVVpNmNuVllDaTZ3UktyMHRsQkRtLVho |
I've spoken to people in the US who agree with this. The media doesn't talk about it but people do. | r/refugees | comment | r/Refugees | 2022-08-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSbGRzby1mVWhwbVhTWm5LaXZJbFJ6bXVGcnZMZFVsbm1QLWl3aXhWSHpabG93YnRDLVpWY3Q5SnF2LUtGeVFqbVBVd3gyRDZiVW9nWW9Xd2JYbHRyUnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOMm9sSFg1cEl5eXhleWNrZFhhMGlJeXVsTXU5dmRubTdtSFZJWTE1N2pZdHRVNTdfQnRrMHQ4Rml3MVNzOG8tdDkzclZJVjhLUUpiamNiNU50X3Izd2tJSzM2VWhGQjByeUhRWnNVaUJINmE2RXQ1YWd2RVVFYTl1RXdpdW1VeV9XRXk1Zm9mSF85UFdhclMwYVhiVzcwT3BlUmpQd2NUZlR3QXBFTXdoU2xJLXZCb3VrY1A4NDdKZW5Ud3I2QnpMMVQ1bFhKV1dXWllrSDM1YndDamJBdz09 |
can i share my military technology builds also please? | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-27 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSaVlBZUV0cnNRVFZXUFBSTTBOaXl2U1pHR0p2cVAwVDJtQUhmYWZGMm5iUmN6c2xNN0l6aExpV3hsOXBiWlhMZzN4Q0xwYWtvWGJJN2hIZnV6ZzBHTEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeGwwSklOWEF2S1pMT2RNMVZjcXI4S054eWdVZk9jd2FTajhTR2pVUEFQNnZMQk8zaDFuVDNYbHAxSS0xOVJxY0RXQzRQd0k5RjNxcF9DTWNVXzlGcFNuTkl6Smp2eVBSSnI1b0N3UndOaGNhRjFKa3l5cHJ6ZjA3M3d1NVVrWkloOEd3UGFCQ3JMWHFWbE1UQmdodEF1OEpmZlFCSHh1MFlHM0pCY0txOHl6Q19FdnJEUFFmWmRqcG9lb3FJY3lf |
Dude you are 100% welcome to post u/ElecyGriphen | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-27 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSS0pUREtISmM5bVg3UWUxMm1tMFFSZjNWd3JORHNLUFVjWkNUWlRRa0xFdWZ6OGdNRkNhNGliaHZ6SWhIeVY4VVBWaktIdU5ybWJCdGx6LU5DV3I2U2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOdmRmZEcwRDVHbFBSMDJkSzVLX0VrTVJ2T2JkTUQtVjBNTTBoa2wycjNmUjM1ZXZvTmVTN1hFTG9jZlRPMi1sSXlfQ01XaFVxZGlGdkpRZ0xaU29ZZ3dOUVhYUGRCOG45WVc5RFpQbnhhcmdLcFkxUUpkNVBKcTNtQmczS2dmYVlqMTRiQ1VVTzBROXprRW4xUnlvTEFXV1Jvci13Z2I3VHRES3J3eVk1U3FSMWpvaVFHU2hLMVljd0tRTDJ4N2VB |
Okay thank you my guy | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-27 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSbFlfRzNzeFV1cUZrZHk1N3g4VV9FQlM5c3lZd1ZHRTFFT3VJODI4SkpXeW1xQUJGcG1iaWt4N2tqN3EtVzlBUEppVEt2SW9HczVDaHI1YW1fVEdEUFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOSFZoeDc1Y2hLdmoxYVlqekNYLVBRTF9jU3VYTUhqdmtRMDFwd1FwR1AzWnJHR0NFWVhEb3c5M01SeTV5anc1MVFTZFJlWVR5WW1sWC1fQ19hYkM1enFIUzkxUUEyTUsyNlZPWjlNZ21KRG9mc2Q5T2JBclNvRHdicGUyYU1YRWhHZ0hRNHB4UEY2RHNuaFpGQy0wMmZaYU5qeXI0ODB0YmhRZXVEd3BhcmtyRFk4Y2FGOWhOVHJoN1NMOHBLVUo3 |
I'm making a program that saves lives in a school shooting please check it out and use it for schools only | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdHNFWHhJQWctbDhCWDRQTHdEcGFGWlRTT3FOTEQ4S25oQU1RY3BrV3RfVHNaUVNaSzR4OGhvMXFDZHU5bXZNWjYtX2ljdzlQNUVGUUtmQnZ2NndNNUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeE9BNFNIeVNKWktkSWV0ZzJNenpQUjVaWTZCQ0lRcmd6Yk9pWEtvYzFJRjBYSldhbDk5NHFpVUo0SlVkN3JuM3dQWDFkRkdCQ2RYODBkN20waGJVOWhFYXlhSmNfYlpNNWFEVkI3Skw4SHNjRC1heWJ4LWx3LU1uLU5YWHhSY2FDTnhrSlRBU2lITjVDeVk3SW1fb2JtbWhCQUMtYkpxU0JRTTBiZ3FvSFU4aE1IQTRMWXRwTU9XakYyQmRJc0xF |
https://scratch.mit.edu/projects/725642280/fullscreen/ | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSWVBQTTlQQmViak4wU0g3QUdqdkx5RzY1VlBSTEp1VTZkWlNlNkJGeElGVUxqLWptRFBpRGhVN3dmU2xSVHV4Z2VKUHJ5amFfemd6UFZoZ0RUNVN5OXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVUFUU1ZLb29mUU1tN3o2VmxFQU9hTVRhRFcxLXJYYy1VNXZiazE0RC1KWXF1NkhpdE81ejdmOTd3ZVpBX0dvUHYyeXZvSjBQTzhrZVcyMFRMVThLdUxjUzAtRlRiTkI2MktZRGF0Z0hEVjVBenhyTUhLRUNDY1o0Mm01aFd6V050OERBTXVTQVUzc3Q3OUs3WU5lMk9xaDJmU2FIYWg1OXoyaDNnWWJEV1lEdmtBV2hGRUszOHhsRlBSMFZBMEhl |
Please watch the video fully also | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSM0dfSnpYUDY1MTdjU0pRWENsMElNSEY4bWVQVEtDWnRYQUtxaHhpbTViX2tEb1VXbGJFX1FLcjhqOGhKZFItd2w2VWZxOUc2WTdlcDJDTFRPNEtRU2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOLUhabWhUVHZud2tfZWFfSjNTTnNGNW4zcTJHd2FUTmVjNkZZY0k3UXhKTHhudHhzMnFHai1mS1FaWXBqa2pHcDBKNmJqY29zZl9IOGdxOVpQWXdnWVBtcDlxTXdoS3czdVpRa1BlQktZN3p3QURXM0JYdGN0R0tKcF90Qko5QXQydlVXZXhFZkZTYTBReFY1RHBwWUxtVmZVLXJib1RYT2w0anZybjRWTTN4amxxbE1FR1NLb2dHbWhHQ2NGLVZG |
Awesome alert system for any type of building, nice and versatile! Well done! | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSd1hDYUxwekRvaVRkQ1ZSQXpoVDZUaFZNMEdST25Ua3JKMTZ0Z3ptVi1LU1lUZFVENEtSTEZCMGJXM0pWNGJtMWVDR2hJbk5qbUZnRkRaSVVxLW9YV1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJORlpEc0xqUXdxczFDVjhXdmhmNGlCOElCZG1kRktKVlZDT0Jnd094Zmp0ZnctRE8waUhEMF82eDAxNlhwYTR2d1NEbUdnWEF2cWs5TF9ra0hra0tjNzRYNklpRmdFUDhKbFE0OTNsQS1uNTk5QjFtZ3ZYdGcycUpiTVhFZ1JqdTd4R04wZ2s3S3dwYVpVQ1R0REJoelNDb1VyNzN0RTFjaWU0Tk82TzRfdVR4WmZVdWpXWkN2YUN1dVI2bjlic1ps |
Thanks I I worked on it really hard | r/militarytechnology | comment | r/MilitaryTechnology | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNmt2VHVZb0VyRnkxb1IwbzdlbDdKZ0c2SnhjNVVUWEQ5MDBsS25xenhNdG12c0RGTnZRMWlLNEJvRWtXNGxKTWtzdUl1UWQteWsyMWM0Q1ljRnVPS0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOekVsVGlkRzN0YXRJU3BlR1dSNGFuUDRwNTRoc011dHNJaFpVTHNSR3FXUTgzcUxoQzFQeUNIMkZoYkU2RmNlWlFNQVk4WEZlbV9ORFFTQW9PYmFFeXMwdjFHNG5rbFdsN2JqbS1tMzdzNEg2Zk9qekNtbmdXMHAyaFJVTXpBajRzZGl0a3VJNnpLSzB1RS1QVC1pUmt2M3daTEZiOTczaDE0TlNaSGNPS09GUEh1RnJjZTNJdDBfejZBVE1sLUpN |
They did, repeatedly, so did the BBC and may other western news sources before it became politically unwanted to discuss the NAZI problem.... | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJScVJGTkl3dWRHUXRaalJCckJ5Y0RxTHJXVXZrZkZKSkdzcWVfTW5GOWpMLUlUQ2JfMmYxVl84WWdadF94ZEt4OENFZF9fb3dxNDZHU0E1S05nWFB6b2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOaWk4VTYyelh5SGxLdDBvYlFteWpTTkRjTWhMT0FWbjNTNE0yZk5uQjNSYThlS3VQRlNsVmZRc2JiV3BxMHFtT2NlNHc4WWxJNVBrNkQwUUVYZDMteDZEQWllRmNlSDlQWXRWMEpPSWZDVkVkNWtyTGhPeHRzQ1NLYWdoRHdyQjVmbHpQRnI4ZFRZRldJczJObnhIdUtGdjR1WXJRUFhhNlpZZjdETk1fUkZqOXZCQzVOMG9wbHBXeWdDQjNwblBnVkI4d055TWtXU1RTVElOUVUzTGVHUT09 |
They did, repeatedly, so did the BBC and may other western news sources before it became politically unwanted to discuss the NAZI problem... | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdVBOcjM2bkNqWVFoTTdCSVByR1R4c0FzSXVmSzVJbnBoSHBXQktzLW1uQ2FBX3lFeTF0QVhUY3F3enBUeUt4bThGSDBxUjVLSFp1RW5CNmU1VkhiSHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOOVptMkk0VW8xV29hR2hDTTVzNkc3a0IxR3AwYTFOUF9QV3NvNHY0SnR3X21WWS1oX0F0bWViczEyaVQtamdwU2wxR1F6eFlxZERTRGUtN1lHUTI5S1ZRbk9OdEppcU5qeU14UUJLQWdUX2lCUlAySlQ5ZkNzTmRNNzcyY3VTTXhLa2ZiX01NQWpIcjlmMUlfbHkwOE9oU0ZhaU5FTnlZc0NDU2JnUk9uXzBnVlVNYVdSZnpvQ29zU1ZNOE93a3dSVEQ0OGlTSWV0U2N6dEg5ZVBmV0U2Zz09 |
Source? | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUU1VM2NsSUNqWE45NzJxNmZ4S0tpMmFLVnJqdTVIQkctenRJOVBNZVhILTBMMnNKZFh2dDhwUVFfZ21xQ19OVUtsbzBWaDFPNjB1bnNHWVRCWWs1ZFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOTnZYSUwxN1Q3NXFrSlkyMFJSdTFqeE5vVzUwWkZ5NVFsc1A5OGlNaEx1NHpPNmhFSGxrbkpTUW1jN3BCOFVTZmFIdmZXT0lwT2t5WTkyU2RmMmRJem1GQXBLY1I2WmZZUTJkZHA1RGp5OWo1dXd1aHE0WGVsdHBZZmhGS2pXRURfSnlRelB1bWtzM21STTJUQWFFS3dkLWVtbFBBOEhyOFVUUmZNczBIUm4wdmVqWllTM3B4TjNVSDg1U1NNdlJuNWszRGZscU9yRmJpcF9HTjlXZkw2UT09 |
Do your own homework, I’ll give you a start by saying look from about 2014-2018. | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSbFlkX0pUX0tjWHBWczNXbGJfQTBqRGY4R3JVM2F3NlpJZzYzTkNoc3JRZFkxZVlfOU9ONGJlaEJDNEJuelM2NFNzM085eXZiRDZLT3BEZ1Vld3M2d0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVzNlbG1IdVFPc3BuNXNDUmxnTld3OUpVNWhFeWVDMmNsS25zZWlHX3dWVkE5QmwzRmFiY09fTGwxUXljdFZyM0RNNDk5T2xJV1BKTTZnc00wd1prX2otNXFZYjJMOC1tMzhUYzF1dTdJOG9qOGJqZjRhTC1XZ0ZyaTk1UmVoYkRJQ1pheXhKUVpJQmlqZlFfb3V4MXg3Y2RjRkZ6OUlQUkdlcmN1T09ZVVkzVm9ERVEyX3pVWU1WbUlOU2xwZXN0ZGtrWmtBMTRpVE9vNTQtNWxtNnJtUT09 |
That's the thing, i looked, i asked around, could never find any case of when Russia has accused the government of Ukraine being Nazis that are causing a serious humanitarian crisis that needs to be dealt with in front of the UN. | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSaVJua3NHZjkzU0tfb25FMnRxTlFxSGFtSDhDR2Y1NTJhb2w4S1Q0NmNqOTlVSDQwdzZNNE1XOFl3MXFXTUlFZXhTYzluZXBJd2Q0a2M4bm1xd0RONGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVG41VXozYUdjNXJIT2JkbHNONl9SdkxwZExISDgya1RrUHVhTTlqZ3VVdWpLbUdWWXJjWVd2Zm9CMnNueHk1LWNnXzZhSDR1bDdRU0tZSFNEYW1RMmVzTUR1dkZGY1JWRlRrRXA0TGRQZEJMLUtHVVhpbGItQ0FXNk4yWFNYT3F2M1doYlY5R09wNnFFNGoySWJ5NDZqSV9ERS1YQkhtV2tHM29yNHk0Yzl3dUh6UVVtNjhDWE5kRkxTYXh4bXpxekpwbXZLcDVBb1YzUy1XZ21OemFvQT09 |
And another thing: Zelensky or his party Слуга Народу wasn't even in the Ukrainian government between 2014 and 2018.
So even if Russia did complain about the Ukrainian government in the UN between 2014 and 2018 then they are fighting a completely different government now. | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSWXhvUWxzVXR4eVN1N0pjZlIyU3dQMTk5ckkxb251dWlrdnhoN09lWVRXaW9oS3pORWpidXVjZGtTU2tpYVJxUWFLb3h2TEIwMll4S19pTHhibXJsWXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOdmRwLVM1MGd3SDItLVNyUHBidTFfUktLNjlrRjhIaV92dW5xNEEtN29GSy05RlB2S0VHWEtleVpadVVfaWRrb01fMkFuZjBVRmtiNkZ1b3p6WThnMmtDaVk5cmpSQzBKd3IwY2I5WkQ4cmEzQl9LQWNPV0RMNkExU2lKOHdXWTFsVjF3cHNLLU9UOWstb3NiX3doWVVqT1NyUTNqV1MyR2hlaGI3dEM3UGpQbjczaW4xclNvajhOUnhlTk9TSXg5Zkt6dnpySWllb0JTOVBwdnVkSTNGQT09 |
There is they talked about the serious problem of Azov and the right sector until it became politically inconvenient. There’s videos of rooms full of Nazi memorabilia in their headquarters, it’s a bbc report you will find it if you look hard enough. I would but I’m busy researching climate change stuff. It was pretty widely reported on until the truth about that became bad for the narrative they spun recently. | r/russianpolitics | comment | r/RussianPolitics | 2022-08-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSa2h4b0hpY19fM1hSTk1Fb2M5Z0Q0Ri04SV9TLTg2cjNNY3A3WFBKTDhhajlJYzdRdTY2cEg3bC1POUpOZG9TcHpsdTB5QnA0QzQ0RzFXUUJaUDRKZnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOV2FpbmZLRDExc3kxblFKUDFJc093ZkNpV3VDcXA2Vi1aQ2VUcENLYVh1VHU2aWJJNDN3QmNXcVRUMmVjaXJzYnU0X3lic0w0NnhXQ1JGel8xR2hJeFlyYlJEbGZaeEFQSVJObjNDNEgyTkx0cmNfVjBnbzVNWmk4bVZTcXBzcXo3YVY5OXhtWUt4Y2x0Y1ZlTzExc2gtc05wMUJ4aTdTV1g1NktRay1nN2pZczdnNmVDdkN5eWRIZEdBY3dQVHBlRG4zVU9IVWRKbWtpWGlranNpdjFUQT09 |
r/libyancrisis | post | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-08-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQkFQTGp6Zk9DR2Z4SnRHV01XNlBDMVdpeC1Sb1Mxekxrd3YwcTVzUk5IV29BR3dFYzBOMVNqZF9xY2F3VFQ0bHNvdlg0SUs1UDF2MmVoQmFrRlB6Tmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOR09DOEJnZHB0SnhaTmdIN0lBUGN5YkZiZnhWTlpYLVBQN1p0cGNybEFMT3NmeVFrR1ZOWl9JNUZlMXFGTzF0VUlrbzNLa3lkRzA4MlVPWTRrU3h6dW00d3RVZzQwVGdjeWRQU2plTDRjRG5BbkJrdHVVSGktcnR6VTFtUDZEZ2ZfVVZEUW1SOElLdzFYbkNUSjgwajZET1gyR1RNdFFfRkhpdTBRLWYzcDAwdWVjSWU1dFduQ2lYVlNhbDZVN09iQXZ5T2RsYTRYQTgzWTd0aGkxcXFjZz09 |
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Truly tragic.
These Mad Maxers need to have their assets and vehicles [ and credit cards ] confiscated not only by the courts, but by the local communities.
Looking for a few honest judges, mayors, city councilpersons, and bailiffs in Tripoli, and Sirte too. | r/libyancrisis | comment | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-08-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMmxUVXN6Z2QtazQtdFBnMDZLSHg3Vk9idDQyYWc0eHlKQndWaVBTbWdTbE1KZFNwVjkwcVhoN09DMDlrQjhxdmk0YzZ5MVMwWnFKN1hoLXdlald1U2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUFE2d21adnBMVXRSbTB5Z1RUZ2owOTFEb2dYMWFHLXk0YkEtNFhMMnBSMkRMNGRIVlBUbDdUUG5LOXB0R0hLb1h1ZkNYN3Z5RHhSR2FDUmpRV2FPTV9LYjNlMnlBVU5mc0x6MDNsUmJJMTF6bGZhZHJzZ2Q5RUgzZUs3R2d6OGlhbXFkUkZCMlRIbmdMeEdtSlJFTXR1N3FKLXhUVGhJYnFHV3NmTXJaYS0wREZVeWZiRUhzMmRMQ0VpbHJDeGNESTVDcE1UbEFLb1dGSkMtamtfLVZSdz09 |
r/mistral | post | r/mistral | 2022-09-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSa0U0V0p3RU5OMEdDa05uODFBZjgzUlVDNkFMZFJZSjRyYjByOGsyb1lpMTlINmFXWS1fYmNCVzBLcndKeGE3T01WVGV2cnAxYXJHRVMtUzgwM1laVWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOdFN3bk9kNVhDUjFyVkJVaURaWGFCcWhYUW5SWWEwV0VZVzd5YWxxMWJ4M2o2R1hTcktCbDFTaUV3UDFpTzJfY2FsNDZTX01uSklZTHhQbl9oeGF0RkJDaU1GdXdHLXhXV2hQRHUyN2dNT3RIZ3NYTWpReDJQejRMaE9JdHFkYlYxY0tMMFJuT1BvMkxVU0NjUXhJS0EwZ1NHV2owUnlPYUdBOXhjb0MyVFU3YmdCOVRUcF84cnk2SWhUWXBFNVE3RFdBUTh6VjRYeVliQkVCeU5rc3pzZz09 |
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r/mistral | post | r/mistral | 2022-09-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSV2FhaFU5ZXJiZHBOakxVZW82WF9DS3QxZFRncUF0QUdlamtMRGxLMUNHMUFYTEJPQjAwZkc0YXFDZGtRZ0drLUFLeUZPVm1mS2p6cWhraEFTcGR2dFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOa2tTM1Q0UjZHMW5ubEpuclJ0VGRnR3M2SF9xUjNveDlaNHBLb1pyeDJITFBpOHZ3RHRKYm15YXFnMmNfa3VwSk54OG5CX051VFZrY0lweHRoOEJoaW5uNHMta09YSkZsWUVWWl81ZFJwQzF2aW5zNGFiNVJ5ZncxNHYtMEgwWFJkcnpVZ3pBVWozajNMRkNjWEtXNkZTZzlNeWh2YWdiQTNUUm9pZW5JZ0FJPQ== |
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r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-09-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSRzdpblZTUkpjelh2M3JZRGtiVTEwQlRBbkxKN1J3S3hMZXVJaDR0QU5PV2dwZXlBY3ZfVnJDR25SM2l5UmFURkZhY1NSRndYdlZzendXNnJCZzR0aXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOYXlwR1NCS2R5WkVvUHJuMW5ZaDNaZXlsVzlpZHFDS1ZLbXRQNFRTQXZYSE5fcXo2RzdlQW9Vanp4a2NibFBwLWNNQ0k3Z0V4b190RU5sQWstR2tjWHpXZ01ZeEtqX0t1cW0yX1BBUG95UUVvRDBJemJMRW9pVGZEQXNLUzdPTUJENU9CWE1rVHA2bURjZ29YYWRMOTkycHdKZXJkeTEzRnU3dDlueWw5eFF0bTV6WjItc0tGcHJMNGFMRU85bHd3 |
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r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQ1lKNFdLSGFYajhOM09YTXlEUXZjX0xSdDZ2UWJoQWc1NFR1R1FJOXk4bWlQUUR0bFROcHFXSzk5N3FxVHB0a0pDcDFDTFRsUU9xVnU4OVlYM1hmWEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOemZOWWQzc2FzUXBWeDJvNzAzRHdTdWdhU0trdXRpNlhwanZVM3l1aXh1MVRqZm8xdldrNTZCc2d3X0c0WnJpRXo1Uy1ISWRjc3k0b2wzTVU4V3pheTFfV2hGSUNNb2QzZUllaDRkVjc3OUNSWjZqdjJxNW9WdDlSZ1VKOFp1Nl9CU0g1REFVS2c1Q05pcFdLbFJXVi1WRUFyX0RKb3pzdFBLOVZETnRZT0tzRTFVMkx1YTVKaXdjZW1Qa1kzUEtmallPN0liY0lRbkpHN2NqQVBVbWdZdz09 |
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*“I could not forget the injunction of the only man I ever obeyed almost blindly, Jatin Da’s heroic death must be avenged. Only a year had passed since then. But in the meantime I had come to realise that I admired Jatin Da because he personified, perhaps without himself knowing it, the best of mankind. The corollary to that realisation was that Jatin da’s death would be avenged if I worked for the ideal of establishing a social order in which the best in man could be manifest.”- M.N.Roy.*
*Though I had to do my duty, I have a great admiration for him. He died in an open fight. If he had been an Englishman, his statue would have been next to Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square- Charles Tegart, British intelligence chief who captured him.*
​
https://preview.redd.it/80upg10c6ym91.png?width=467&format=png&auto=webp&s=569120ca7e193ed7b9aff183e4453ccb80894d81
Jatindranath Mukherjee, also known as Bagha Jatin, after he killed a tiger with his bare hands, one of the greatest revolutionaries of all time. Kushtia now in Bangladesh, the ancestral land of Rabindranath Tagore, was where Jatin was born on December 8, 1879 to Sharat Shashi and Umeschandra Mukherjee. Losing his father when he was just five years, Jatin grew up under the care of his mother, a gifted poet herself. Growing up to be a strapping young lad, Jatin was known for his physical strength, as well being a gifted actor, especially in playing roles of Pauranic characters like Prahlad, Hanuman, Dhruva. Driven by a nationalist fervor, he used the dramas to spread the message of nationalism, and urged the singing bards to sing more patriotic songs.
Finishing his studies from Krishnanagar, Jatin joined the the Kolkata Central College( now named after Khudiram Bose to study Fine Arts in 1895. It was here he came in touch with Swami Vivekananda, who influenced his ideology, and he became one of Swamiji’s most ardent devotees. He was one among the youth volunteers whom Swamiji desired with with “muscles of iron and nerves of steel”, and played an active role in assisting the poor and needy, especially during floods and famines.
He actively assisted Bhagini Nivedita, in her service missions and also learnt wrestling. Fed up with the English education system, he began to write regularly, showcasing the British exploitation of India and the need to have an Indian National Army. In 1900, he was married to Indubala Banerjee of Kumarkhali, and had 4 children.
However when he lost his elder son Atindra, he went on a pilgrimage to Haridwar, where he found inner peace. Returning to his native village, he had that encounter with the tiger, when searching for a notorious man eating leopard. He managed to kill the tiger with a Khukri, but not before being severely wounded himself. The surgeon Lt Col Suresh Sarbadhikari, who treated him, and removed the tiger nails from his body, published an article, impressed by his bravery. And that is when he got the title of ” Bagha” Jatin, that also became his more popular name
Jatin played a vital role in setting up one of the brances of Anushilan Samiti, at Dhaka, where he met Aurobindo in 1903,and decided to collaborate with him. During a procession of the Prince of Wales in Kolkata in 1905, Jatin assaulted a group of English soldiers, who were misbehaving with the Indian ladies, drawing attention of the higher ups.
Along with Barindra Ghosh, one of the founding members of Jugantar, Jatin set up a bomb factory near Deoghar( now in Jharkhand), while Barindra did the same at Maniktala. He simultaneously developed a loose network of autonomous sleeper cells, which organized relief missions, welfare activities, as well as religious congregations like the Kumbh Mela, and used to celebrate the birth anniversaries of Ramakrishna Paramahansa and Swami Vivekananda annually.
By now he was fully under British surveillance, who saw him as one of the biggest threats. Soon he began to spread his activities, setting up branches of the Anushilan Samiti in Darjeeling and Siliguri, apart from being noted for his regular fisticuffs with the British officers. One such clash led to legal proceedings, and when warned by the Magistrate to behave, Jatin shot back, stating he would not hesitate to do so again for the rights of his fellow Indians. When the British cracked down on the conspirators of the Alipore Bomb case, Jatin was one of those who managed to get away. He soon filled up the leadership vaccum, taking over the Jugantar Party and began to set up it’s units all over Bengal, as well as in Odisha and Eastern UP.
When the British Government struck back with a series of repressive measures, to surpress the revolutionaries, Jatin hit back with a series of actions, most conducted in top secrecy. Assasination attempts were made on the Lt. Governor of Bengal in 1908, bank robberies carried out to raise funds.
Finally on January 27, 1910, Jatin was arrested in connection with the assasination of prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas, and DSP Samsul Alam, but released. Only to be arrested again in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, along with 46 others on charges of waging war against the Emperor and instigating Indian soldiers in the army. However the case failed due to lack of proper evidence and in the meantime, he also made good contacts with other fellow revolutionaries in prison.
On release from prison in 1911, Jatin temporarily suspended his revolutionary activities for some time. Having lost his job, he left Kolkata and started doing contracts on the Jessore-Jhenaidah railway line, that gave him ample time to move around and revitalize the units in Bengal. Going on a pilgrimage to Haridwar, Vrindavan he got in touch with Swami Niralamba, an ex revolutionary Jatindra Nath Banerjee, who took up Sanyas.
He soon coordinated with [Rash Behari Bose](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/rash-behari-bose/), and Lala Hardayal in spreading the revolutionary work in the Northern part of India. On his return to Kolkata,he reorganized Jugantar, continuing his relief activities, especially during the devastating Damodar river floods, in Midnapore, Burdwan districts. Rash Behari too joined him around that time, calling him a real leader of men, and soon began to plan a 1857 kind of revolt, negotation with disaffected Indian army officers at Fort William, the nerve center of the British Indian army then.
Jatin’s fame had spread abroad too, and expat Indian revolutionaries in US, Europe were inspired by him. His emissary Taraknath Das, along with Guran Ditt Kumar was already organizing evening schools for Indian immigrants on the West Coast of US and Canada, most of them migrant Hindu and Sikh worker, at Vancouver, Portland, Seattle, San Francisco. Apart from teaching them simple English, they were made aware of their rights, and periodicals like Free Hindustan, Swadesh Sevak( in Punjabi) spread the revolutionary, nationalist thoughts amongst them.
Lala Hardayal meanwhile resigned from his teaching job at University of California, Berkeley in 1913, and travelling along the West Coast, openly exhorted the Indian migrant workers to revolt against the British rule. It was around this time in November he founded Ghadr, which involved the Sikhs on a large scale in the revolt.
When World War I, broke out, in September 1914, the Berlin Committe was formed by Virendranath Chattopdhyaya that included members of the Ghadr party too. It’s aim was to foment an 1857 style uprising, in India, as it felt that with the British engaged in the war, it would be the right time to strike. The German Government supported the mission with arms, ammunition and funds, while a large number of Ghadr party members too began to leave for India.
It was Jatin who carried out the entire mission, leading the Jugantar, while Rash Behari began to execute the plan in UP and Punjab. Called as the German plot or Hindu-German conspiracy, Jatin began to raise funds organizing a series of armed robberies, using taxicabs. With police surveillance intensifying, Jugantar members urged Jatin to shift to a safer spot like Balasore on the Odisha coast, which was also the entry point for German arms into India.
Jatin sent one of his close associates Naren Bhattacharya, who would later become more well known as M.N.Roy, the founder of the Communist party in India, to make a deal with the Germans regarding financial aid and arms.
However a group of Czech revolutionaries, who had infiltrated the network, uncovered Jatin’s plans, and soon the information was leaked out to the higher authorities in Britian and US. The British sealed off the Eastern coast of India from Chittagong to Gopalpur, as well as the entire Gangetic delta. They also raided Harry and Sons, which Jatin had set up as a front, for smuggling in the arms, and soon traced his location to Kaptipada village, where he was hiding with his associates Chittapriya Ray Chaudhari and Manoranjan Sengupta.
Jatin was advised to leave his hideout, however his insistence on taking two other associates Niren and Jatish, caused a delay, giving enough time for the police, to reach the area, along with an army unit from Chandbali, cutting off all escape routes. For two days, Jatin along with his companions fled through the thick forests of Mayurbhanj, before reaching Balasore station.
However tempted by the reward for capture of the five “bandits” announced by the British, the local villagers, informed the police. Finally on September 9, 1915, Jatin and his associates took up position in a small trench at Chashakhand near Balasore. Inspite of Chittapriya, asking him to flee, Jatin refused to abandon his companions and fought back against the British.
In an intense gunfight that lasted for 75 minutes, between the five revolutionaries armed with Mauser pistols, and fully armed police contingent, they still managed to inflict a large number of casualties on the British side. Chittapriya died in the firing, Jatin and Jatish were severely wounded, while Manoranjan and Niren ran out of ammunition and were captured.
September 10, 1915- The man who had fought a tiger bare handed, led a long revolution against the British, passed away due to the bullet wounds. Bagha Jatin was no more, the tiger of Bengal had fallen silent.
Source: My article on him here
[Bagha Jatin.](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2018/09/10/bagha-jatin/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSVlZPZ0g0cXVVYy1nTE9JNGFkTE1WZXAtaVF2d3ZVRDZ5dFhTRkxHYWE1R3ZIdm1XWm5sLTc3VXZETTgtUEs5bF9QOE1uWk52cEhHSEcxMlJYai1UTlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOSzZtWEozQmhTeld0UGVCQzRkRTdBeFA2ZjFkYjlSeXd3Y19hT1pGUGRJNVQ2QWNqZ180dXFLNU1rcFdBQVhkUXNaMTJXRXVCQzNNclFlelJCNEpqMnpuXzBqZUpkYU5mUlVNQUhXZHBpQ3FRbHZLVU5zUDI3Y0xLSkQ3WnRCaEhPcnh2Mk1ONzIzczZ4SUNnSDdsTEN4cWtRYXljUnlaMHRSVm9oMGhTWm1CSjB3YllTLVowRFVNSE43a2RTT0FRN21CUGgwTFJ2WDhqd3RGNkw5X0FiQT09 |
I'm not sure but I was wondering if anyone knows of any countries that accept Americans as refugees? I had interest in the Netherlands but they don't accept American citizens. | r/refugees | comment | r/Refugees | 2022-09-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdlBsTWJrbzRuN1NDNTI4M0w4OHc1Y2UwRVVBQ3lCNkFvMFg4LUFwdi1FMVZsbk1lTF8tVnBycFF4aThZalVYYXR1T3JVVmtnd01mcnRBOXpOS2x3U2tWa2o0djNQUjBPUHNRODZZcmVyYlU9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOa3c0aXo4T3hzZTdrenI3aHZZdnVkX0lYY0c4MWl5bUstN0gzcFU4RjV6cHBCblBCeXlNWnlTbENpZUNpZjR4Xy14NTl2SjZtLTREdTNsekxtUzBLVmRzdndIZTliQzBiWlFzbm5uT005XzdWOG5XQmpyVHNLQWpQVmxjbWpORUt0M2JtSzJJQmV4Z2FBVVRhdk52TEhOS1VDR19JSlMwcGl2dXpGMS13eTZ3Z0JGazFQaEhrQ0R6UDd4d2RfVk9VUjZLbWZxSGd2Q1VCLWpiZUtjaXFJUT09 |
r/deepstate | post | r/deepstate | 2022-09-11 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdU9Hdk1HckpZam5iMWtxVkw0UE91VmNYWllEZVNNek1IMXRreC1pNjFVQmN3T1N4S1o3Y05YN3RUYTBKU1RTYlJlbHcxSW9JMVIybUUtNWdyYjlSYmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZ1ZyLWI2dU00M3A2dE15YzkxaTA0M2JPQmdYM2x3RFZ4ejR2U3dQdHpVX0Q0REhucHNkNXV2YTJPdWR3Q3doTEZrQVduQU9rVnFVYnRpN0N2Y1RKSVdkV0lfT0JfakVReGRDejZzdjFEck16cUVhd0xYVkhSX1dicXJfNDFkRTd5cV9xMnFzUFJ2N19WRW5qLXpwY3UyVXB6TF9CcGl5ZmFab19fWUFPbkZCTzVGUDZJREdLNzZkQnJETG9UZVBFSGZLQmVxaWF4ZVFWZ0FndUVHbXhyQT09 |
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**Chinnaswami Subramania Bharathi,** or better known as **Mahakavi Bharatiyar**, a writer, a revolutionary, a freedom fighter, a nationalist and thinker. A polyglot fluent in 14 languages, and one of the most prolific writers in Tamil, who wrote on a variety of themes. One of the pioneers of modern Tamil Literature, who used simple language to reach to the masses, and a metre called Nondi Chinu in most of his works. His proficiency in various languages earned him the title of Bharati, when he was just 11, meaning one blessed by Saraswati Devi.
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He was born in Ettayapuram on on December 11, 1882 to Chinnaswami Subramania Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. Losing his mother at the age of just five, he was bought up by his father who wanted him to become a lawyer. Bharatiyar however was more poetically and musically inclined, and he passed out from the MDT College in Tirunelveli. Losing his father at 16, he later married Chellamma, who would be a lifelong companion and source of support to him.
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Bharati’s spiritualism and nationalism, was a result of his stay at Varanasi, where he went for higher studies. It was the time of the freedom struggle, and Bharati was deeply influenced by it’s values. He learnt Hindi, Sanskrit and English there, and grew a beard, began to sport a turban, influenced by a close Sikh friend of his. Returning to Ettayapuram in 1901, he spent some time as the court poet of the Rajah there. He also worked as a Tamil teacher at the Sethupathy High School in Madurai in 1904. It was during this time, that he felt the need to be informed of the much larger world outside, and the events that were happening.
He joined as Assistant Editor in Swadeshimitran, a Tamil daily, however it was his meeting with [Bhagini Nivedita](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2018/10/28/bhagini-nivedita/) in 1905 after returning from the Benares Congress session, that would influence his outlook. It was Nivedita who urged him to work for the cause of women’s education. Bharatiyar saw women as Shakti, who would build a new society along with man. Along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak his political guru, Nivedita would be another great influence on him. He soon became an active member of the Congress, taking part in the Kolkata session under Dadabhai Nauroji which called for Swaraj and boycott of British goods.
He also started to edit the English weekly India and the Tamil newspaper Bala Bharatham with M.P.T. Acharya, another great freedom fighter, who would later work with Veer Savarkar in London. Bharatiyar used the media to inculcate nationalist thoughts in the masses through his poems and articles. From devotional hynmns to nationalist poems, from deeply philosophical works on the relation between God and Man, to songs on the French and Russian revolutions, Bharatiyar’s output was prodigious. During the historic Surat session of Congress in 1907, when the split occured between Moderates and Extremists, Bharatiyar along with [VO Chidambaram Pillai](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2018/09/05/v-o-chidambaram-pillai/) and Varadhachariar, openly supported the Tilak group.
Pillai was arrested by the British in 1908, as also the propretior of the journal India. Facing the prospect of arrest, Bharatiyar fled to Pondicherry, then under French rule, living in exile, and resumed his writing. He edited the weekly journal India, a Tamil daily Vijaya, Bala Bharatam, a monthly and Suryodayam a local weekly. The British struck back stopping remitances, letters to those outlets, both India and Vijaya were banned in 1909.
It was during his exile in Pondicherry that Bharatiyar came into contact with Aurobindo, and leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and VVS Aiyar. He assisted Aurobindo in publication of the journals Arya and Karma Yogi. And he also learnt Vedic literature extensively during this time. It was in this period, 3 of his greatest works were written, Kuyil Pattu a romantic poem , inspired by John Keat’s Ode to a Nightingale. Kannan Paatu a series of poems on Krishna, and his classic Panchali Sabatham, which is about the events leading to Draupadi’s humilation at the Kaurava court, and the pledge she takes to destroy the Kuru royal family. Some critics, saw Panchali Sabatham as an allegory to the freedom struggle too, with Kurukshetra as the freedom struggle, waged by the Indians( Pandavas) against Kauravas( British).
He also translated the Bhagavat Gita, Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra and many Vedic hymns into Tamil. Bharatiyar once again tried to make his entry back to India, but was arrested at Cuddalore in 1918. He spent three weeks in the Central Prison at Cuddalore, before being released on the intervention of Annie Beasant and CP Ramaswamy Iyer. He resumed his editing of Swadesimitran in 1920 from Chennai. However the continous imprisonments took a toll on his health, and financially too he had fallen on hard times.
He spent his last years at Triplicane Chennai, where he continued to write and speak to the people. His last speech was at the Karungalpalayam Library in Erode, on *Man is Immortal.* He used to visit the Parthasarathy Temple at Triplicane regularly, and on one such visit, he was attacked by the temple elephant, whom he used to feed regularly. Though he survived with injuries, his health began to deteriorate and on September 11, he passed away. The Mahakavi whose poems aroused the nationalist feelings of masses, who fought against British rule, was no more. Sadly only 14 people attended the funeral of the great man, as he died unmourned and in poverty.
Bharatiyar is considered as one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature, with his usage of simple language, and also introduced many new literary techniques. It was hard to categorize Bharatiyar, his poetry combined both the classic and contemporary elements. While a reformist, he was deeply rooted in traditional Hindu philosophy and tradition. He wrote on topics as diverse as Indian nationalism, love songs, children’s poems, as well as poems on great leaders like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai. He even translated speeches of Aurobindo, Swami Vivekananda and Tilak to Tamil.
>*Even if Indians are divided, they are children of one Mother, where is the need for foreigners to interfere?*
He felt passionately not just for India’s freedom, but also it’s future. He wrote about the need for a strong defense, a vibrant shipping sector, universal education and a strong industry. He was against casteism, he performed Upanayanam for a young Dalit boy, and spoke of bringing them into mainstream.
Source- My article on him here
[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2019/09/10/mahakavi-bharatiyar/](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2019/09/10/mahakavi-bharatiyar/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-11 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSVmxyY0VxY2w4M1FtbUkzZjEtVF9ZbVFjUVhlQ29pdUhLYTNFMjdyRi1DS0lFTUh4YmpSdE1IYkkzdTJfQ3FFc09tMUNXU3VWRmhGWmZXcFJZMmNEVGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJONzdvUWFGZGtRclVNQ21Ec1NyUkRiS3c1RTBaXzd0YVAta0E3NE1LQV8yM0pZMmdhbHNKZ3RfZl82aGFTR2x3S2FCRDYwY2pGZnR3NkV0eHkyZ0lTNERKY05KMUZuWTE1TTBhcFF3bXpKa1lVdDQ4MXVVMmFPM3FTMThpTDRiN25tRVlLQzJhMHZFRW1HWDlGRnhFNWs1RVVJX2dBZDRCd0VuMFMyajRuN2s2VkJ6dzBTRXc5enktSUNzRzRtS09rUUxjd0lENS1HNmk2RDVuYWJaSVpxdz09 |
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The State of Hyderabad stretched from Aurangabad in the North West to Mahbubnagar in the South East, from Adilabad in the North East to Raichur in the South West. It covered the present day Marathwada in Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, and the Telangana region.
It had a population of 16.34 million as per the 1941 census, the majority of whom were Hindu, around 85%, with Muslims making up 12% and the rest being Christians, Sikhs, Parsis. Though predominantly Telugu speaking , it had fairly good number of Kannada, Marathi, Urdu speakers.
His Exalted Highness Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi GSCI, GBE Asaf Jah VII as the Nizam was officially called, the world’s richest man. Along with Baroda, Mysore, Gwalior, Jammu and Kashmir, he was one of those princely rulers, who had the privilege of receiving a 21 gun Salute.
The Nizam after Operation Polo, quite often positioned himself as a helpless victim of the Razakars, a quasi military organization, founded by Qasim Rizvi, that wanted to integrate Hyderabad with Pakistan, and run it as per the Sharia.
Some others too have come up with the position, that the Nizam was essentially a decent, well meaning man, who was helpless before the Razakar’s storm trooper style tactics. While there is some amount of truth in that, the fact is that the Razakars were the Nizam’s own creation.
To understand the genesis of the Razakars, one needs to go back further to the Telangana rebellion, that broke out in 1946. For a long time, the rural parts of Hyderabad State, were divided into what was called as Samsthanams, essentially pieces of feudal territories,
These Samsthanams were under the feudal role of the Doras or Deshmukhs, who ran a brutal and often oppressive rule. They owned most of the land, and collected the taxes from the poor peasantry, and keeping them in perpetual bonded labor( called as Vetti Chakiri).
These landlords were the masters of their own land, and had a good bonding with the Nizam and his nobles. The Nizam on the other hand, hardly had any control over these lands, and let the Doras run it as per their own free whims, it was pretty much a quid pro quo arrangement.
It was an unlikely person,who would spark off the Telangana revolt, a doughty woman activist called Chakali Illamma, who fought against the local Zamindar’s attempt to take over 4 acres of her land. That sparked off a revolt all over Telangana, with the communists taking lead.
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The revolt against the Telangana doras, that essentially was against bonded labor and exploitation, saw the Nizam himself become the target. To the villagers and activists, the exploitative landlords, were essentially stooges of the Nizam himself. One of the more popular revolutionary songs of that period was “Bandenaka Bandi Katti, Padaharu Ballu Katti, Nenosthanu koduka ra Nizam sarakaroda”. Loosely translated it means “Tying one cart after another, and 16 carts in tow, I am coming for you stooge of the Nizam”.
Rural discontent was high against the Nizam, on one side the Communist leaders like Sundarayya, Ch.Rajeswara Rao , on the other side, Congress leaders like Swami Ramananda Teertha, P.V.Narasimha Rao, rising up against his rule. There was another reason too for the simmering discontent, in spite of the fact that Hindus constituted 85% of the population in Hyderabad State as per 1941 census, with Muslims making up 12%, they were severely under represented in the Government.
The Army had 1268 Muslim officers and only 421 Hindu officers, in a strength of 1765, most of the highly paid officers were Muslim, and the Nizam and his nobles owned 40% of the land. Faced with growing discontent, and also the fear of a Hindu uprising, the Nizam gave a free hand to Qasim Rizvi , an advocate from Latur, to set up the Razakars,to counter it.If terror had a face this was it.
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Qasim Rizvi, had joined the Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul Muslimeen(MIM), which was founded by Nawab Mahmood Nawaz Khan Qiledar, on the advice of the Nizam himself, and it’s first meeting was held in 1927. The aim of the MIM was to establish a Muslim dominion rather than integration with India, it was however under Bahadur Yar Jung, that it acquired the radical character.
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Yar Jung wanted Hyderabad to be a separate Islamic state independent of India, governed by Sharia. Known for his oratory, and a close friend of Mohd.Ali Jinnah and Mohd.Iqbal, he was one of the leading advocates of Pakistan. Rizvi by then had already risen in the ranks, and was a close confidante to Bahadur Yar Jung, and when the latter died suddenly in 1944, he took over the MIM.
He then set up the Razakars, a fanatic, dreaded militia, that was the equivalent of Mussolini’s Black Shirts and Hitler’s Storm troopers, and this had the blessings of the Nizam. The Nizam encouraged Rizvi and the Razakars, in order to counter the rising discontent among the rural population, and also the protests by the Communists and the Hyderabad State Congress.
The Razakars unleashed a reign of terror in Hyderabad State, with their storm-trooping acts. Villages were attacked in the middle of night, and after rounding the mostly Hindu residents up, they were massacred en masse.
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There have been eye witness accounts from some villagers, who managed to escape the Razakar’s by playing dead,often having to lie still on a pile of corpses. In some cases, the villagers fled to the nearest jungle or one of the numerous uninhabited mud forts to escape. Rape, arson, torture, looting, were common tactics by the Razakars to intimidate the population. Much as the Nizam later protested he was a mere pawn, in the hands of the Razakars, the fact is that he was responsible for funding them, and also providing them arms.
It was a Frankenstein he had created, with encouragement from Jinnah, Qasim Rizvi soon became more powerful than the Nizam. He was not just against Hindus, even those Muslims who did not favor integration with Pakistan, and wanted to be a part of India were targeted. A young Muslim journalist Shoebullah Khan who favored integration with India, was murdered. The Nawab of Chattari, Mir Mohd Said Khan was forced out by Rizvi in favor of the more fanatical Mir Laki, and also a close friend of Rizvi.
Sir Walter Monckton, the advisor to the Nizam, resigned, in protest against the Razakar attacks on him. It was not for nothing Sardar Patel told the Nizam, after his surrender, when the latter said “To err is human”, “Yes it may be true, but errors always have consequences”.
August 15, 1947- India had become independent, and the Hyderabad State Congress leaders celebrated it by hoisting the national flag, they were promptly arrested by the Nizam’s police.
The Nizam refused to sign the Instrument of Accession, and instead declared Hyderabad as an independent nation. For Sardar Patel, the existence of an independent country right in the heart of India, was too great a risk, he could never allow it. He was determined to integrate it, even if force was needed. Lord Mountbatten advised Sardar to avoid force, and try seeking a peaceful solution to the issue.
It was then that the Central Govt came up with the Standstill Agreement, in November,1947, which only sought an assurance, that Hyderabad would not accede to Pakistan, and status quo would be maintained. In accordance with the Standstill Agreement, K.M.Munshi was appointed the Indian Government’s envoy and Agent General to Hyderabad. Munshi was one of Patel's close associates, a writer of note, who later founded the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
There was a good reason why Sardar had choosen Munshi for the responsibility, he had earlier been the Home Minister in Bombay from 1937-39, and handled the communally charged situation there well. Munshi had been living in virtual house arrest, was treated with disdain and suspicion by the Nizam’s Government and was living in some buildings that belonged to the Indian Army.
It was some kind of poetic justice, that when the Nizam finally surrendered, he had to submit his resignation to Munshi, whom he had till then treated with disdain. The major issue though was something more serious, hardly was the Standstill Agreement signed, when the Nizam, passed two ordinances in quick succession. One was the restriction on export of precious minerals from Hyderabad to India.
And another was declaring Indian currency as not legal tender in the state, both of them in violation of the Standstill Agreement. On the other hand, the Nizam used this Standstill Agreement to request world leaders, the UN and other Muslim nations to intervene.
He requested for intervention of UN, and also arbitration by the US President Harry Truman, both the efforts in vain though. While Churchill and the Conservatives supported the Nizam, the then Labor Govt headed by Clement Atlee decided to keep its hands off.
The tipping point however came when the Nizam’s Govt, advanced a loan of Rs 20 cr to Pakistan, in form of Govt of India securities. In effect, the Nizam egged on by Rizvi and Laik Ali, was openly cocking a snook at the Indian Govt.On the other hand, the Razakars had become a law unto themselves, carrying out a terror campaign of ethnic cleansing, torture, rape, loot and arson, against Hindus and Muslims who were in favor of integration with India.
**Why did the Nizam and his men have so much confidence on themselves?**
Firstly they felt that even if India were to resort to an economic blockade, Hyderabad State had enough capability to stand on it’s own. They felt that a newly independent India did not have enough military firepower to undertake any action. Also even if India, did take action, all the Muslim nations would automatically come forward to help it, and the UN would be forced to intervene.
Hyderabad state radio, announced that if India were to invade Hyderabad, some thousands of Pathans would come to the rescue of Hyderabad. And above all, you had Qasim Rizvi, the Razakar chief, threatening massacre.
>*Qasim Rizvi-" If India were to attack Hyderabad, nothing but the bones and ashes of 10.5 million Hindus would be found”.*
*Sardar Patel's retort- “If you threaten us with violence, swords will be met with swords”.*
There was a section in the Indian Govt too, that was apprehensive of retaliatory large scale communal violence, against Muslims in other parts of India, should the Hindus face the brunt of any communal violence in Hyderabad.
Also fears of Pakistan attacking India, and the Nizam’s own air-force bombing other cities in India, were there. The Nizam too was busy arming himself, with the help of the Portugese in Goa , Pakistan and a certain Australian arms dealer called Sidney Cotton
Lord Mountbatten in the meanwhile had left India in June, 1948, and that was a huge blow to the Nizam, who was hoping he would somehow help him out.
There still was resistance to Patel’s idea, from the then Commander in Chief of the Indian Army, Sir Roy Bucher, who felt that Hyderabad would be an additional front for the Indian forces already facing a conflict in Kashmir, but Sardar put his foot down.
Finally when the Nizam’s Govt, sent their external Affairs Minister, Nawab Moin Nawaz Jung to the UN Security Council, in September 1948, Sardar felt that there was no other alternative but to invade Hyderabad.
After making a careful study, the decision was finally communicated to the Southern Command, who recommended September 13 as the best date to start the operations.
The official Hyderabad State Army was actually more or less a sub unit of the Razakars, consider this, the total strength of the Nizam’s Army was 22,000 while the Razakar’s made up around 200,000, clearly a case of the tail wagging the dog.
The Army was led by El Eldroos, a close confidante of the Nizam, of Arab Hadrami origin, who had fought in both the World Wars, however an utterly inept commander and strategist to boot.
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The Hyderabad Army actually was more a collection of mercenaries, which included Arabs, Rohillas, Pathans and Muslims from Uttar Pradesh. Though the Razakars made up the bulk of the Army, only 25 % of them were armed with modern weaponry.
The Indian Army was commanded by Gen. Jayanto Nath Chaudhari, a graduated from Kolkata’s St Xavier’s nicknamed as Mucho, and who had fought in the deserts of Africa as well as the Middle East during WWII.
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The final plan for Operation Polo( so called because of the large number of polo grounds in Hyderabad then), was formulated by Lt.Gen. Eric Goddard, GOC of the Southern Command of India and named after him.
Sources
1. Integration of Hyderabad by Sherman Taylor
[http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman\_Integration\_princely\_state\_2007.pdf](http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf)
2) There Once was a Hyderabad- Mohan Guruswamy
[https://www.india-seminar.com/2008/585/585\_mohan\_guruswamy.htm](https://www.india-seminar.com/2008/585/585_mohan_guruswamy.htm)
3) Towards India's Freedom and Partition by S.R.Merhotra
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154)
4) How the Nizam Lost Hyderabad
[https://www.thehindu.com/books/how-the-nizam-lost-hyderabad-in-1948/article3765710.ece](https://www.thehindu.com/books/how-the-nizam-lost-hyderabad-in-1948/article3765710.ece)
5) The Story of the Integration of Indian States by V.P.Menon
[https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf](https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf)
My own article on Operation Polo
[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/operation-polo/](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/operation-polo/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-13 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJST2FqeVQwY0ZLT0Y0TlhsQWVmTHgtN3hvRXNHUmZLc3ZZbGJEdWptRll1MEpjejJNeE1oOXpsUVFoZTNTN1BZclgxU2k3TkJWNXVINS1DUllpejRNR1E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOQXJtZFJ3UFZRNFdJa2ZLRTNEbjlid1ctTElVbkZaT0FsY2lYeVZzZXpNbmp2VVBZaUdiQkdwTEFYZFViVXdqcTltMWoxMUFMZWk3T29YV0djOGpXVnhoV3Z2YnMzWWRMRTNSZzA2dHpSdlZQSU0tZ21pc1FoTmZLMG9MNjlyUHZrQUJabDBlWWhVMGZzVEozOHlCUTBqaERKLWtiTWFxU04xdFl0R0NzcFNtbk53UkZKUWk1X2pSb3lRY0lHUHlqZnMtUEFhM3FDM2k5X2NqS0hEUElyZz09 |
**Oh, oops... cannot find even one.**
Roads, railways & postal/telegraph service
Nope. The British set up these basic infrastructure with the blood & sweat of millions of Indians, using Indian ores and metals and wood and other resources, and then taxed the Indians for these infrastructure which were built with the sole purpose of exploiting India's fertile agriculture and vast resources to the maximum, turning India from richest nation in the world to one of the poorest. Trillions of dollars worth of resources and assets were stolen by the British from India, during their centuries of misrule. In fact, so ruthless and cruel was their exploitation, that every few years India faced artificial famines (despite India being the most fertile land in the world with several of the world's largest river systems!), and thus many millions of impoverished malnourished Indians starved and died on the streets and lands in artificial famines such the Great Bengal Famines and Great Madras Famines.
English education
Nope. This was the Macaulay Doctrine, enforced across India to forcibly teach English and Western education by destroying Hindu/Indian cultural education systems [which were in place since many millenia and had given incredible knowledge to the world including the foundations of mathematics, science, etc.], to ensure a steady supply of trained communicative slaves. Result of this Doctrine is that even today, most of the Indian youth do not learn anything about their culture in their schools, they have forgotten the ancient martials arts feared and banned by the British but some of the oldest martials arts like Kalariyattu and Silambam have somehow survived. Thanks to brave gurus, some great traditions were also saved or revived, e.g., Yoga, Ayurveda, Bharatnatyam, Kathakali, Carnatic Music, Traditional textiles, etc. But the Indian youth are not taught these great concepts and traditions, they are instead taught an anti-Indian anti-Hindu pro-Western curriculum [thanks to decades of corrupted and biased education system deliberately implemented by the Congress political party (which even hired an outsider Arab called Maulana Azad to become India's first education minister! Since then many of the Congress employed education ministers have been anti-India and anti-Hindu whose school textbooks openly glorify the Mughals and British as great and benevolent rulers, while portraying the Indian kings & queens as weak losers or useless martyrs) which were created by the British and still are puppets of the Western powers].
Vedas and Indic texts
Nope. Aryan Invasion Theory has been thoroughly disproved in the scientific community. Max Mueller is thus proven to be a fraud, and his PIE (Proto-Indo European language) is a lie. Vedas and ancient Indic texts are totally Indian in origin and have no European origin. In fact, the reverse is true. Ancient Indian culture spread over Middle East and into Europe and Asia. Cultural history of India is millions of years old! PROOFS: Ancient hominis originated from India. AND Singhbhum (Indian subcontinent) is the first landmass to arise from the oceans after last Ice Age meltdown. This is why the common words like 'man', 'woman', 'mankind', 'humanity' are derived from the root word Manu (मनु) -- he was the Indian King Manu (whose wise tenets were codified and preserved by Indian Rishis/Sages as ManuSmriti, the world's oldest treatise on ethics and laws). Even the basic English words like Mother, Father, Brother, Divine, etc are derived from Sanskrit words. e.g., मातृ (Matru) is the etymological root for "Mother", and it itself is derived from the word मान् (Man), which means that which is respected. This is why we Indians respectfully call our dear & ancient nation as Mother India.🇮🇳🙏
Law & Governance
Nope. The less said about this the better. Thanks to the British, the Indian judiciary, police, administration and politicians were by default anti-Hindu and anti-India. Police force in India was formed by the British to brutally quell any Indian rebellions. Constitution of India is the only Constitution in the world that's anti-majority (anti-Hindu). And unfortunately, this travesty of democracy and laws happened in the land that taught the world the basic concepts of democracy, human rights, politics, ethics, laws, social welfare and commerce etc (via the pioneering ancient Indian texts like ManuSmriti, Kautilya's ArthaShastra & NitiShashtra, etc.)
Protecting from World Wars
Nope. It was Indians who were forcibly conscripted by the British to fight an alien war that had nothing to do with India, and significant chunk of the Allied forces were Indians, however Britain steadfastly refused (for more than half a century) to acknowledge the Indian soldiers' contributions (obscuring them from most history books, including the Indian bravery at Battle of Dunkirk etc) and only in recent years have there been any small repatriations done (a few statues of of Sikh soldiers, etc.).
Uniting India
Nope. It was the Maratha empire and Sikh empires which united most of India, by overthrowing the Mughals and British wherever they were entrenched, and even reconquering Delhi. The Marathas empire was also the pioneer of the modern Indian Navy - Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is considered as Father of Indian Navy. The British just took over from them (thus getting a united India) when the Maratha empire weakened due to betrayals, misfortunes and infighting. Sardar Patel unified the Princely States into Union of India. Before the British exited India (due to their weakening in the world wars, and due to the threats of the advancing army of Netaji Bose and the armed rebellions of the Indian soldiers such as Singapore Sepoy Mutiny, Naval Mutiny and Ghadar Rebellion), the cunning British ruthlessly executed their goodbye blow of Partitioning India (on basis of religion!), which mortally, physically, financially and emotionally impacted hundreds of millions of Indians in its bloody wake. Greatest Holocaust of modern era, it was, and its repercussions are still hurting the Indian subcontinent even till today.
As a resurging India now rises to a bold and hopeful destiny, the enemies of India are relentless in their attempts to hurt and weaken India, as they continue their civilizational war every day, but for Indians to survive and defend, the foremost essence is knowledge and awareness. Forewarned is forearmed.
India was never industrialized by the British.
In fact, they did the reverse.
They systematically dismantled and destroyed most of the traditional industries in India.
The British cut off the thumbs & fingers of expert handloom weavers, to prevent them from weaving the extraordinary fine textiles that India was famous for many millenia.
The British forced Indian farmers not to grow their traditional crops or even most food crops, but only to grow the crops that British needed, such as jute (which decimates the soil; jute was needed for the ropes etc used in all the British ships), rubber plantations, cotton. The result of such deliberate misgovernance and extreme exploitative taxation on the enslaved impoverished Indians was the Great Artificial Famines that destroyed many millions of Indian lives.
The British destroyed or captured the India sea ports, and dismantled the traditional import-export goods system with their own meant only to export goods to Britain and to import few goods meant only for the British officers & families in India. Surat had thrived as the world's premier trading post as India was only source of diamonds, but the British corrupted this industry too, and all gems & jewels went to Britian. This is how the Kohinoor and other priceless Indian gems became the Crown Jewels. Over the centuries of British Raj, the shipping industry of India was crippled to the extent that it took decades for Indian ports to recover even after Independence. Indians used to be world famous as shipmakers, but today that industry is almost non-existent except for internal national use.
The British destroyed the technical industries of India such as the metalsmithing (e.g., the Wootz steel to make Damascus blades which were world famous examples of legendary techniques of Indian metalsmithing), ship-manufacturing, architecture, etc. Over the centuries of British Raj, Indians lost the legendary skills in these industries which they had learnt over many millenia, which had made India world famous for its industrial outputs, especially spices, food, metals, gems and textiles.
The British ensured that not a single city of India was transformed into a mega-polis like London or New York were (UK and USA were built using the trillions of dollars/pounds worth of wealth and assets and blood&sweat looted from Colonies, especially India, over the centuries).
The British controlled the Telegraphs and Post Offices.
The British controlled and looted the temples and ashrams.
The British destroyed the traditional Vedic education system and replaced it with Anglicised rote-learning based flawed education based on Macaulay's Doctrine.
Suffice it to say that British succesfully made Bharat (the richest most industrialized region of the world - it was the dominant economy of the world), and turned it into the poorest artificial-famine-stricken industry-crippled region of the world.
credits: u/Random_Reflections | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSeXpkY3ljVWZFSTItaWFmSTl2YmFVYjE1OUtuT3FuWlAwemN6TW8yTURIYWduSnh5SDdaNGR4RWF5ZkQ4S2doVWRCWURkRFhJRWstQWdadWtaWHd4c0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJORWszcVJCMFdxLTYwc2VhT3dWLU1DQ1hqR01lRVZTUTJpT29lRkF0QnNDOGZXa3RhdzF6R3JfMEJCSFBhbUdVNHR5UFRBbGw4RjJVamlJQlFQSnU2R1MxYndmMFpMdVlYUkZkWE5GNXljTHF1cVFCQ3E0TlR4R2xIUGNPSGJ4U0thVkVCd2hWSXpHb3UxcE9FNjVNZlJJcUFsOFNkUkZGQ0dYQ1BlT045blltZmM1VHZOdTJRUW1GNUhsS253TVhJMy1mWW1GYnlzSE1ORjEzc3ZqTzd2UT09 |
Sonia Gandhi, Rahul and current family have not served in any critical governmental position ever, and they had zero threats as they are best friends of Pakistan and China, but they deliberately had ultra-expensive top-tier SPG category security for decades, at taxpayers cost, especially for their innumerable personal vacations (at taxpayers cost) to Bangkok, Italy, London, etc. Even PM Dr. Manmohan Singh was not given such special privileges, and the Nehru-family routinely misused their undue power & illegal privileges. When China invited India officially for Beijing Olympics, Sonia ditched the PM (Dr Manmohan Singh) and went herself (along with SPG security and all family, chamchas and servants retinue) to Beijing as official face of India (though she had no government position or authority to do so. Imagine the sheer international disrespect to Dr Manmohan Singh and to India, due to this lady's utter selfishness and arrogance. It's taken recent years for India to recover itself from such fiascos and scandals.) This SPG security for Sonia and family was finally revoked only in 2019, and reduced to Z+ security. PMO sources also confirmed that Sonia Gandhi in the past used Range Rovers which were actually procured for the then Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh.
https://www.firstpost.com/india/centre-revokes-spg-cover-for-sonia-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-and-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-accords-them-z-security-7622891.html
Indira Gandhi and Sonia also illegally captured the posh official quarters (10 Janpath) of past PM Lal Bahadur Shashtri, after throwing his family into the streets, and made it into their personal residence (even though it is supposed to be PM's official quarters/residence only, not meant for non-governmental people; Sonia and family hold no official critical government positions). Sonia's family and their coterie of cronies own the most-expensive properties in Lutyens, Delhi (that's why they are called Lutyens Mafia). Guess how.
Jawaharlal Nehru put India's security at direct risk by his repeated audacity to blatantly misuse Indian Navy's biggest warships INS Virat (aircraft carrier ship) and INS Delhi (guided-missile destroyer ship), along with their entire accompanying fleet -- such biggest warships don't patrol alone, so it is an incredibly mind-boggling huge expense and critical risk to national security, for these vital protectivr and deterrent military assets to be deviated from their critical duties), for personal vacations with his family at Lakshwadeep, Andaman, Indonesia, etc. He even misused the Indian navy frigate INS Trishul to pay his mid-ocean personal respects to his lover Edwina Mountbatten upon her demise. And we all know about the Bofors scam, coffin scam, bulletproof-vests scam, VVIP chopper scam, etc. -- all are more examples of how the corrupt regime betrayed our hardworking brave soldiers, just for personal gains.
https://www.opindia.com/2019/05/how-jawaharlal-nehru-used-indian-navy-assets-not-just-to-vacation-but-pay-respects-to-edwina-mountbatten-after-she-died/
After Indira's illegal Emergency, when she had thrown her rivals and critics into jail, she changed the ecosystem of news in India. Sycophants and puppets became the norm during every Congress regime. Editors and journalists of most news media in India became accustomed to lavish dinners (with open bar for unlimited expensive imported drinks) and all expenses paid foreign trips, just to lick the boots of Congress and allied politicians with favorable "news" and "articles". (These lavish perks stopped when Modi government took over, which is one important factor why these "journos" spew hate and abuse on him and his crew.).
Mamata Banerjee misused taxpayers funds to commission and deploys hundreds of statues of her all over West Bengal state. She's misused taxpayers funds to enable illegal Rohingya immigrants to get official Indian citizen documents, facilities and jobs, so that they will be her vote bank. Many CMs have done similar golmaal of public funds.
Nehru and family have spent hundreds of millions of taxpayers funds to vainly rename official initiatives and institutions after their own family name (hence the names like IGNOU, JNU, etc).
As per official records, the huge priceless tourist-heavy Jallianwala Bagh park & its land (adjacent to Golden temple in Amritsar), where the unfortunate Jallianwala Bagh massacre by the British (with tacit support from Congress, as evidenced by Congress party led by MK Gandhi sending an appreciation letter to the British after this evil event!) occurred, had been in direct control of Congress president since past so many decades (Congress got control over the huge expensive land, by capitalizing on that unfortunate tragic event.). Why? Shouldn't it have been with Punjab government or with the Golden temple trust? Who have the profits from that heritage land's tourism and other revenues been going to, all these decades? Only in 2019 was a Parliamentary bill passed to finally remove the Congress president from the Jalianwala Bagh trust board. God onky knows how many more such heritage trusts are still under Congress control for exploitation.
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bill-to-remove-cong-chief-as-jallianwala-trustee-passed/story-oxYgEgMNntwJ4OdcGGaUEN.html
The history and extent of such scams and misuse of government properties and taxpayers funds by greedy & corrupt politicians and their puppets/chamchas are endless. (Remember the time when almost every politician had posh government cars with siren lights and cavalcade that blocked traffic across many miles? Why should Indian citizens suffer for the antics of people we voted to serve us as government)?
Nobody dares to question the blatant extravagant waste and misuse of taxpayer funds for such frivolous illegal expenses by these biased journos and corrupt politicians.
But when current security team and PMO of current PM of India (who has significant threats from domestic and international agencies) decide to replace his old armored car (its official lifespan is supposed to be only 6 years, but it is already 8 years old - it was procured during Dr Manmohan Singh regime), then suddenly all these biased journalists and corrupt politicians are crying crocodile tears, pretending to be worried about the cost. Shame on these unpatriotic frauds! Do they actually want PM of India to be unsecured?
Thankfully, the aam junta of today are more aware and wiser, so we cannot be fooled by such dramabaazi.
Note: In case anyone is wondering, I would support Manmohan or any other PM of India to get such best security too. India has too many enemies unfortunately (remember, we've lost 3 PMs to assassinations). Enough of India being the underdogs, let's lead the world forward with our head held high as our wisdom, dignity and righteous actions show the world what India and Indians can help achieve for the betterment of the world.
Credits: u/Random_Reflections | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJScXYwTkwzQmhfRHR2NVIxcEVBZHJWYzNhRVhqSlNJZ04xZl8zWk9tRmEzN1Q4UVNWZlBCbnphSHZ1b3JnYVdYZWxsSGdtR2NiNmdKbUQ2bWpvUUJORHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOanpfaktqeGFnR0R4bi0yZDR4MzZBcTJXWlpUUEQwUlZqQ3FMOUtjQW9DLTh5bWRYYU5qMnBtbGk0cXhOb19panJRT1kyTzV6TmJyV2dEZG51WHZNbjktLWpodXhYaGJXV3ZpMXFxdUlEdU1KbjdNcnVBcWVnOTEtOXMtSGQtZjF1RlRBZmpyb1U1RVJNN1BlMDl4R1NubExNZWg3alFyNFdmSWg2TF9mV0htWXBLUVp1djB3X2JFMjJwWjE1RGNPTXZwUnVhY2IzTnBhRTBIY1JVcUg5dz09 |
#### Britain's Holocaust on Indians
First see this linked photo:
https://np.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/x79ff0/a_man_guards_his_family_from_the_cannibals_during/
_The British genocides on the Hindus and other Indians is the greatest Holocaust of human history._
The historical truth is that British (led by East Jndia Company officials, Christian missionaries, and later Churchill etc.) deliberately massacred many many millions of native people in India throughout the brutal exploitative British rule. Even ignoring Partition and civil riots, here are just ballpark numbers of the deaths in the artificial famines caused by the British in India.
The Great Bengal Famine: 1769 - 1770:
10+ Million Deaths
Madras City & Chalisa Famines: 1782 - 1783:
11+ Million Deaths
Doji Bara Famines: 1791 - 1792:
10+ Million Deaths
Agra Famine: 1837 - 1838:
1 Million Deaths
Upper Doab Famine: 1860 -1861:
2 Million Deaths
Orissa Famine: 1866:
1+ Million Deaths
Rajputana Famine: 1868 - 1870:
1.5 Million Deaths
Bihar Famine: 1873 - 1874:
5.5 Million Deaths
Ganjam/Orissa/Bihar Famines: 1888 - 1889:
100,000 + Deaths
Indian Famine: 1896 - 1897:
Millions of Deaths
Indian Famine: 1899:
1+ Million Deaths
Bombay Presidency Famine: 1906 - 1906
100,000+ Deaths
Bengal Famine: 1943-1944
4+ Million Deaths
Churchill was mostly to blame in the last century, but the British had been doing such deliberate evil to Indians for a long time even before Churchill and the world wars:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53405121
https://medium.com/@write_12958/the-crimes-of-winston-churchill-c5e3ecb229b3
According to Shashi Tharoor, one-sixth of all the British forces that fought in World War I were Indian – 54,000 Indians actually lost their lives in that war, 65 000 were wounded and another 4000 remained missing or in prison.
#### Britain owes tens of trillions of dollars in repatriations to India for looting and exploiting it for centuries
At the beginning of the 18th Century, India's share of the world economy was 23%, as large as all of Europe put together. By the time the British departed India, it had dropped to less than 4%.
The reason was simple: India was governed for the benefit of Britain. Britain's rise for 200 years was financed by its depredations in India.
By the end of the 19th Century, India was Britain's biggest cash-cow, the world's biggest purchaser of British exports and the source of highly paid employment for British civil servants - all at India's own expense. We literally paid for our own oppression.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33618621
The handloom weavers of Bengal had produced and exported some of the world's most desirable fabrics, especially cheap but fine muslins, some light as "woven air".
Britain's response was to cut off the thumbs of Bengali weavers, break their looms and impose duties and tariffs on Indian cloth, while flooding India and the world with cheaper fabric from the new satanic steam mills of Britain.
Weavers became beggars, manufacturing collapsed; the population of Dhaka, which was once the great centre of muslin production, fell by 90%.
So instead of a great exporter of finished products, India became an importer of British ones, while its share of world exports fell from 27% to 2%.
https://www.indiapost.com/the-great-loot-how-britain-stole-45-trillion-from-india/
Research by renowned economist Utsa Patnaik made public in 2018 deals a crushing blow to this narrative. Drawing on nearly two centuries of detailed data on tax and trade, Patnaik calculated that Britain drained a total of nearly $45 trillion from India at today’s value.
“It’s a staggering sum. For perspective, $45 trillion is 17 times more than the total annual gross domestic product of the United Kingdom today,” Jason Hickel, an academic at the University of London and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, wrote in an article in December 2018.
It happened through the trading system. Prior to the colonial period, Britain bought goods like textiles and rice from Indian producers and paid for them in the normal way – mostly with silver – as they did with any other country. But something changed in 1765, shortly after the East India Company took control of the subcontinent and established a monopoly over Indian trade.
Here’s how it worked. The East India Company began collecting taxes in India, and then cleverly used a portion of those revenues (about a third) to fund the purchase of Indian goods for British use. In other words, instead of paying for Indian goods out of their own pocket, British traders acquired them for free, “buying” from peasants and weavers using money that had just been taken from them.
It was a scam – theft on a grand scale. Yet most Indians were unaware of what was going on because the agent who collected the taxes was not the same as the one who showed up to buy their goods. Had it been the same person, they surely would have smelled a rat.
Some of the stolen goods were consumed in Britain, and the rest were re-exported elsewhere. The re-export system allowed Britain to finance a flow of imports from Europe, including strategic materials like iron, tar and timber, which were essential to Britain’s industrialisation. Indeed, the Industrial Revolution depended in large part on this systematic theft from India.
On top of this, the British were able to sell the stolen goods to other countries for much more than they “bought” them for in the first place, pocketing not only 100 percent of the original value of the goods but also the mark-up.
After the British Raj took over in 1858, colonizers added a special new twist to the tax-and-buy system. As the East India Company’s monopoly broke down, Indian producers were allowed to export their goods directly to other countries. But Britain made sure that the payments for those goods nonetheless ended up in London.
Britain didn’t develop India. Quite the contrary – as Patnaik’s work makes clear – India developed Britain and United States.
“Indian taxpayers had to cough up a 100 million pounds in that time’s money. India supplied 17 million rounds of ammunition, 600,000 rifles and machine guns, 42 million garments were stitched and sent out of India and 1.3 million Indian personnel served in this war,” Tharoor said and added that the cost was even higher during World War II in which around 2.5 million Indians were in uniform.
Of Britain’s total war debt of 3 billion pounds in 1945 money, 1.25 billion was owed to India and never actually paid, Tharoor stated. And as Patnaik’s research found out, it is worth $45 trillion in today’s money. Should Britain, repay, apologize or prepare for reparations? | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-14 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQlNQN3VTMV9BcUVzeEN2U0lLay1nQmFCQzNCdGtrdWxLend4Z3lqRGtESlJWeU5LZkpGRXNTZ3ZTYTJBSF9GZTZZaFY2c2pYQ2kycjVmQkMzTWxSaFpPdjNITndodzJlRkhkZGt1WXpLWTA9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOY1lWZzhTOUNqcl80NGZ0X0UwZk5XZm5VdktHOGUzVkhlRlZjMmtiS0hPOGVSR1IzeGk4OC1LSnJFZDcyaC1NVE1LaVBpM3I1NENfaFRJa0dXNU9XM0kyRmdFM1BGNXg4NGJPVFZnQUhvX1E0M3I5SlI0VkZucW5vQ0dqdDV4TEtETWpuNzl6YTZ5VUJJWWxfdEVJN0RXYXZlVlZzNGlHTXpVV0hOM3dKNTRIZEJseV9xTFJGTllCLTFXalFxNGst |
Every where you go in Mysore region, you can find his legacy, be it the mighty Krishna Raja Sagar Dam or institutions like State Bank of Mysore or the Bhadravati Steel Factory.
​
https://preview.redd.it/bwy6hq87vxn91.png?width=600&format=png&auto=webp&s=2f794c785b9582e7b4744c26eb53229345941843
He was born in Mudenahalli, now located in Chikballapur district on Sept 15,1861 to Srinivasa Sastry and **(Venkachamma) Venkatalakshmamma.** His father was a well known Sanskrit scholar, from whom he learnt to respect the culture and traditions of Bharat. When he came to Bangalore for higher education at the Central College, he had no funds nor a place to stay. Fortunately a well off Kodava family there, hired him as a tutor for their children, which gave him a place to stay, as also earn while studying.
Being disciplined , right from a young age, and coupled with hard work, enabled him to score high marks in B.A.Examination in 1881. With financial assistance from the Mysore Maharaja, he joined at the College of Engg, Pune where he completed his degree in civil engineering, in 1883. He immediately got a job with the Govt of Bombay, as Asst Engineer at Nashik, which began what woud be a rather illustrious career. In his very first job itself, he devised a way to supply water to a small town Sukkur from the Sindhu river. He devised a new system of irrigation called the Block System, using steel doors, and this in turn prevented wastage of water. He would be using some of these irrigation techniques in the construction of the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam too.
Another of Vishwesarayya's lesser known achievements is his supply of drinking water to Aden, one of the major ports in Gulf. Being a desert area, it had no sources of water, and he managed to supply water to the port city, from a rainfed place 60 miles away. He also got the lake near Kolhapur rennovated, after it was extensively damaged. He was stationed in Hyderabad, where his greatest achievement was taming the Musi river. The city was hit by devastating floods in 1908, that destroyed many homes, killed many.
It was Vishwesarayya who came up with a series of embankments, bridges near the Musi that would tame the river's flow, as well as dams on it. He also suggested the layout of parks near the river front. It's another thing that the Musi is no better than a drain canal now. Prior to Hyderabad, he designed and patented a system of automatic weir floodgates at the Khadakvalasa reservoir near Pune in 1903. These gates enabled the raising of the water level in reservoir to the highest without damaging the dam itself.
https://preview.redd.it/sfsufex8vxn91.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=b75cdcfd0ef854c0fcca96d6c7ca5b7d8bb59d39
Another achievement of Vishwesarayya , was building the breakwaters at Vizag Port. Being a natural harbor, Vizag was prone to erosion, he came up with a kind of breakwater system, that would curtail the waves, and prevent erosion. Well known landmark at my hometown. He joined Mysore State in 1912, that would mark the most glorious phase of his career. He literally built modern Mysore State, laid it's foundation, of course with active backing from the visionary ruler Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, one of the wisest rulers of his times. served for 3 years as Chief Engineer of Mysore State, before he was appointed as the Dewan( equivalent to Chief Minister) to the Maharaja. His greatest achievement would be the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam, a marvel of modern engineering.
​
https://preview.redd.it/mqjn8zqavxn91.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=398ad45b5d6f67f099ccd1f1ced5e0403fd15321
The Mysore-Mandya region till then was heavily affected by drought, he came up with the idea of using the Kaveri waters for irrigation purposes in that region. And presented his blueprint to the Maharaja who gave the approval and a sum of Rs 81 lakhs for the construction. He adopted many path breaking techniques in construction of KRS Dam. One was using Surki, a local mortar, as cement then was not available in India, and importing it would have been costly.
He also adopted the technique of automatic gates, that would open and close with the rise and fall in water level. Around 48 such gates were installed at the KRS Dam, and finally the dam was inauguarated in 1924. It would be a boon to the farmers of the delta. Krishnarajasagar Dam would be Vishweswarayya's greatest achievement. It turned the drought hit Mysore-Mandya region, into fertile land, supplied electricity and water to the whole region, up to Bangalore. In short he literally turned the region around.
To date many people in Mysore-Mandya region, remember Shri Vishwesarayya fondly, for the change he bought in their lives with the KRS Dam. I believe in some homes there, people worship him, and even place his portrait in the Puja room. He believed in the value of education, he felt only that would pull the nation out of poverty. When he assumed charge was Dewan, there were just 4500 schools in Mysore state. By the time he retired, 6500 more schools were added, and more than 3 lakh benefited.
If Mysore-Bangalore today is an educational hub in India, credit due to Shri Vishwesarayya, who set up a chain of schools, upgraded the Maharani college to a grade level, set up the first hostel for girls there. And more than anything else he founded Mysore University. Till then all colleges were affiliated to Madras University, Vishwesarayya, played a major role in setting up Mysore University, first ever university set up by an Indian princely state. Also arranged for scholarships for higher studies, man was a visionary.
He also felt that education should help one to earn a living. He set up an Agricultural School, to teach latest methods. And also first Engineering College at Bangalore, now named after him, UVCE is one of the more prominent engg colleges in India known for it's standards. He also recognized the value of industries for growth, and set up a whole lot of them in Mysore State. Steel plant at Bhadravati, Mysore Soap Factory among the more well known ones. He also founded the State Bank of Mysore and Mysore Chamber of Commerce.
He was also equally passionate about the arts and literature. He set up the Kannada Parishad for the development of Kannada language, favored the practice of holding seminars in Kannada itself. His contribution to Mysore State was immense. Even after retirement, Vishweswarayya kept on working one way or other for the development of Bharat. Jayanagar in Bangalore was a result of his vision, one of the first planned neighborhoods. As also HAL in Bangalore, that was one of his dreams. It was not just Mysore State, Hirakud Dam was constructed in Odisha on the basis of his report to control the frequent flooding in Mahanadi river. He also regularly advised many city corporations on urban planning. He travelled around the world, bought back new ideas.
He was known for his simplicity and down to earth nature. When the Govt wanted to name a polytechnic institute in Mysore after him, he refused and asked it to be named after the Maharaja. Even in his 90s, he was as fit as any one, hitting the ground, working as hard. He also had to face British high handedness and arrogance, especially when trying to set up Mysore University. They did not want a University in an Indian princely state, but he stood his ground, refused to yield to their bullying, and managed to set it up. An intensely self respecting, proud Indian, MV resigned from his post in the Govt of Bombay, when it was said only a Britisher could be the Chief Engineer there. When Indians were made to sit on the floor in British Durbar, he boycotted it, and forced em to provide chairs. When a British officer wrote a letter, to him saying that he wanted a cushion to rest his feet, because the chair was too high, he got the legs of the chair shortened, and wrote back saying now the chair was quite low. That was the man, not to take insults meekly.
Mokshagundam Vishwesarayya was given the Bharat Ratna in 1955, one of the few times, where it was given to a deserving person. But I would say, that the Bharat Ratna got more value by giving it to a legend like MV. A genius, and one of the most selfless souls ever.
Sources
[Vigyan Prasar on Mokshagundam Visweswarayya](https://web.archive.org/web/20070604111903/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2000/article1.htm)
[https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/visvesvaraya/](https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/visvesvaraya/)
[Article in Deccan Herald by Shakuntala Krishnamurthy](https://web.archive.org/web/20160917090001/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov272006/national0405920061127.asp)
[Economic Times](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-celebrates-engineers-day-on-visvesvarayas-birth-anniversary/articleshow/65818789.cms)
[Deccan Herald on Visweswarayya's home](https://www.deccanherald.com/content/95209/for-locals-vivesvarayas-house-place.html)
My article here on Shri Mokshagundam Viswesarayya
[https://sadashree.substack.com/p/mokshagundam-vishwesarayya](https://sadashree.substack.com/p/mokshagundam-vishwesarayya) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-15 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSRU96bWlEdzl2UFNyVWt6SVUzTzhoWVFPSVRyeVlPWndUS0N6SjcyNXZkUndrcVdOamtxMzBhSFRIZGlGcGVHMXBPcm5JbTRuZDZycEw1dGpWQktWVlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJORlAzT3ZFQlp5clJwZ3hFNVFXSlEzeGIwekdMR3Z5TWE5STZBeFAxWm11WExmT3pNQ0tzQ21USmhLa2J5eUFSNndJOGRSR2hmZTFPLWp6OUpvLVh5djctSUFPQ2ZKb01PYnJpUXB3YjgwZlFDbm9RZnlvWWRtUkZHeGJFbWlyZWpvV0g1akdQTHhzb1paaFMtNV9GUEVfdW5YUzNvUkJWdWNPNW02VHNQWXNDWnBfaElnREdQX3NLRTQ5M2h5QUlVZlpMWGtPRXVnaFJrS0tvclhTaUI3UT09 |
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**“The vultures have resigned, I don’t know what to do”**
**Sept 17, Hyderabad**– The bespectacled and unassuming lawyer received the invite for a meeting at 4PM, and he broke out in a wry smile. He could afford to do so, the man who had called him for the meeting, was no ordinary person. Time magazine in it’s February 1937 edition, had put him on the cover page and called him the world’s richest man, a man who used the 100 million $ worth Jacob’s Diamond as a paper weight, and whose personal fortune ran into billions. Along with Baroda, Mysore, Gwalior, Jammu and Kashmir, he was one of those princely rulers, who had the privilege of receiving a 21 gun Salute. **His Exalted Highness Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi GSCI, GBE Asaf Jah VII** as he was officially called, presided over a kingdom that was around 215,339 sqkm in area, the largest of all the princely states in India. The State of Hyderabad stretched from Aurangabad in the North West to Mahbubnagar in the South East, from Adilabad in the North East to Raichur in the South West. It covered the present day Marathwada in Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, and the Telangana region. It had a population of 16.34 million as per the 1941 census, the majority of whom were Hindu, around 85%, with Muslims making up 12% and the rest being Christians, Sikhs, Parsis. Though predominantly Telugu speaking around 48%, it had significant population of Marathi(26.4%), Kannada(12.3%) and Urdu(10.3%) speakers.
The bespectacled, unassuming lawyer on the other hand hailed from a relatively humble family, in Broach, Gujarat, and was educated in Baroda, known to be excellent at academics too. **Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi**, aka **K.M.Munshi,** was a student of Aurobindo Ghosh, at Baroda, later made a name for himself as a successful lawyer, in Bombay, and was also a well known writer too. Starting off as a revolutionary, he later took active part in the **Bardoli Satyagraha** along with Sardar Patel, and one of his more well known achievement was founding of the **Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan** in 1938. A great admirer of Sardar Patel, after independence he was appointed as Agent General to Hyderabad State, to negotiate it’s accession to the Indian Union. There was a good reason why Sardar had choosen Munshi for the responsibility, he had earlier been the Home Minister in Bombay from 1937-39, and handled the communally charged situation there well. Munshi had been living in virtual house arrest, was treated with disdain and suspicion by the Nizam’s Government and was living in some buildings that belonged to the Indian Army. It was a vindication of sorts, for Munshi, that the Nizam who till then had ignored him, was now seeking to have an audience with him. The day before, the Nizam had demanded the resignation of his Prime Minister, Laik Ali and his entire cabinet. And when Munshi met him, the world’s richest and till then one of the most powerful men, declared with an air of resignation and helplessness-
>*“In November last \[1947\], a small group which had organized a quasi-military organization surrounded the homes of my Prime Minister, the Nawab of Chhatari, in whose wisdom I had complete confidence, and of Sir Walter Monkton, my constitutional Adviser, by duress compelled the Nawab and other trusted ministers to resign and forced the Laik Ali Ministry on me. This group headed by Kasim Razvi had no stake in the country or any record of service behind it. By methods reminiscent of Hitlerite Germany it took possession of the State, spread terror … and rendered me completely helpless.”–The Nizam in his radio speech, Sept 23,1948.*
To get a more detailed perspective on Operation Polo do check out my article here.
[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/operation-polo/](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/operation-polo/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-17 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNkF6QjJ2Si1iNzZBWTNvUFd3Q1lXSFRFamEyemlwUjV0bE1Ca0w0NG9sYVM5ZDY2cVJZQTdqWVZuME5GNXRFV3JYN1AtSkh4b0xmV0h3MlBjcWdvaGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOb1ZnWlU5MHVDdHptRjVXUGNYbnd3LVgwdWlNSnlubkY1M1IwOTRfTjY3eWtXclZwMGYySkg1VTlqa1ZtZVNiWDNOdjZpNnRYaTAza0g3cUs3a2NaeXhIbU5NQnl4cHRqbjNrQXFBSUJ0eFdiOXJTaXZRQjRWVmpLRVBoWE5BaDVyVGNpRHUtNTg5a2o4UlFVbnE4M3gwYkNlalZYUkRmbnVfNFduTmdZLS1mckVrSl8tTzgydlhxMWI4b3VMY3lIbmhQTGtKRFVOT2xaN1pHWDdoRFBXQT09 |
Hailing from Amritsar, the sixth born of the city’s Civil Surgeon, two of his brothers were doctors, while two other were barristers. Coming from a well to do and influential family, Dhingra, could have settled into a life of luxury and comfort.
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Yet he was restless, driven by the call for Swadeshi, right from his student days at the Government College, Lahore in 1904. He led the student protest there against having to forcibly wear a blazer made of imported cloth, which led to his expulsion in turn. Having extensively studied about poverty and famines in India, he felt that only Swaraj( Self Government) was the solution. For some time, he worked as a clerk at a Tanga service in Kalka, Shimla, where his attempts to organize an union came to nought. It was then on the advice of his brother, he went to London, for studying the Diploma Course in Civil Engineering at University College between 1906-09. A very illustrious institution of learning where Dadabhai Naoroji was Professor of Gujarati and Ravindranath Tagore studied English Literature.
Like most other Indian students in England, he was a regular to the India House founded by Shyamji Krishna Verma. His initial days, were spent in frolic and fun, and his good looks ensured, he was in the company of women mostly. The turning point came, at a meeting in India House that was addressed by Savarkar. Apparently Dhingra along with his friends, was making a noise in the adjacent room, that forced Savarkar to intervene.
“What is the matter? You only talk of action and bravery, avoid coming to our weekly meetings. Is this your bravery”
The rebuke by Savarkar had it’s desired effect, and for quite some time Dhingra was not seen around India House. Too ashamed to show his face, and fearful of facing Savarkar’s wrath, he kept away. Until one day, summoning all the courage, he came face to face with Savarkar again at India House. Savarkar however had moved on from the past incident, and spoke normally with Dhingra. A much assured Dhingra asked him “Has the time for martyrdom come?”. To which Savarkar replied
“If a martyr has made up his mind and is ready, it is generally understood that the time for martyrdom has come.”
Having made up his mind, Dhingra now joined the National Indian Association, founded by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. The Association was primarily a gathering of moderate Indian nationalists, who denounced extremism and believed in peaceful negotiation with the British. Dhingra acted as a double agent of sorts, publicly denouncing Savarkar in front of the British, to win their favor. He soon won the trust of Ms.Emma Josephine Beck, the secretary of the Association, and got to know the timings of visits of important officials. He had a fake “falling out” with Savarkar to convince the British officials, and also left India House. Staying for some time at Ledbury Road, in 1909, he began to plot the assassination of one of the most important British officials, Lord Curzon Wylie.
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Dhingra had earlier attempted to assassinate Lord Curzon, the British viceroy universally hated for his Partition of Bengal. However Curzon escaped twice, thanks to late arrival at the venue. His plans to assassinate the ex Governor of Bengal, Bramfield Fuller also came to nought, when the latter turned up late for the meeting. It was then that Dhingra decided to target Curzon Wylie, and not just because of the name. Wylie was one of the top ranking officers in the British Government. Serving the British Army in 1866, Wylie had entered the Political Department in 1879. He had earned a distinction for his role in the 1879 Afghan War, and later in Avadh, Nepal and above all in Rajputana. He was appointed the Political Aide-De-Camp to the Secretary of State for India, but more than anything, he was regarded as the “eyes and ears of the government”.
Wylie headed, the Secret Police, a fact not known to any one, except those in the upper echelons of the British Government. He in turn, was keeping an eye on Savarkar and other revolutionaries at the Indian House. He even appointed an informer, Kirtikar at the Indian House, to get information. Kirtikar was however found out by Savarkar, and gave him all the information about the police operations under force. On the home front, things were not going too well. Savarkar’s elder brother Babarao, was arrested and sentenced for life to the dreaded Cellular Jail in Andamans. His home was confiscated, and Babarao’s wife Yesu died a destitute, homeless on the streets.
The other factor was Savarkar being denied access to the Bar, after he completed his studies in 1906. Savarkar was charged of encouraging sedition by circulating pamphlets, advocating armed revolution and assassination. Given time till May 22, the trial was conducted on May 26, 1909, in camera. New charges were pressed, the letters by Savarkar were examined, and he was disallowed. The deportation of Babarao to Cellular Jail, and Savarkar’s trial, enraged the revolutionaries further, the situation was even more volatile now.
Dhingra knew Wylie personally, having met him earlier on April 13, 1909 based on a recommendation from his brother Kundan Lal. Dhingra apparently wanted to discuss the letter, but in reality his aim was to get closer to Wylie, win his confidence. The moment came when a meeting of the Association was to be organized on July 1, 1909 that would be attended by a large number of Indians and Englishmen, in honor of Lady Lyall, the wife of Sir Alfred Lyall. Dhingra met Savarkar on June 29,1909 at Bipin Chandra Pal’s home in London, discussed the plans of the assassination with him. Savarkar asked Niranjan Pal to type out the statement, Dhingra would make after the assassination, and then gave him a Belgian make Browning pistol. “Do not show me your face again if you fail this time” said Savarkar to an emotionally overwhelmed Dhingra, as he took his leave.
Accompanied by another revolutionary Koregaonkar, he had an early lunch and tea, left at 2 PM, cradling the revolver in his hands. He also bought a brand new dagger in a leather casket, placing it in his pocket. It was evening 7 PM, when the function started, Dhingra was dressed in a lounge suit and blue Punjab turban. He placed a Colt revolver in the right pocket of his coat, and the Browning gifted by Savarkar in another. He took a cab, arrived at the Institute, where Koregaonkar came also, with his pistol. When the time came for Wylie to leave, Dhingra approached him on the pretext of talking something. Just at the landing, coming closer to Wylie, Dhingra pulled out his Colt and fired two bullets point blank. As Wylie reeled, Dhingra fired two more bullets, a Parsi doctor, Cawas Lalkaka, who tried to save Wylie was also shot.
However Dhingra’s plan to commit suicide however failed , as he was overpowered by the security guards around. He managed to even bring down one of the guards, but was ultimately subdued, and arrested. He was taken to the Walton Street Police Station, where the Police Officer asked him if any of his friends knew about this. To which Dhingra calmly replied “There is no need, they will know about my arrest tomorrow in the newspapers”. It was a smart strategy, which ensured none of his friends would be implicated.
Post the assassination of Wylie, Dhingra, was vilified, repeatedly in the British media. An ex army officer at Broadhurst Gardens, Capt Charles Rollerton, even made allegations that Dhingra assassinated Wylie under the influence of “Bhang”. The psychiatrists who examined him, his land lady however testified that Dhingra seemed absolutely normal, and gave no indication of the act he would commit. During the interrogation, Dhingra expressed deep regret for the shooting of Dr.Lalkaka, saying he had no reason to shoot him, and it happened as he came in between.
Dhingra was produced before Mr.Horace Smith, the Magistrate of Westminister Police Court, and he told him clearly
” I do not plead for mercy: nor do I recognize your authority over me…”
On being sent to the Sessions Court, Dhingra asked in a trial, in which Indians were not allowed\*.\*
>*I do not want to say anything in defence of myself, but simply to prove the justice of my deed. As for myself, no English law court has got any authority to arrest and detain me in prison, or pass sentence of death on me. That is the reason I did not have any counsel to defend me.*
*And I maintain that if it is patriotic in an Englishman to fight against the Germans if they were to occupy this country, it is much more justifiable and patriotic in my case to fight against the English. I hold the English people responsible for the murder of eighty millions of Indian people in the last fifty years, and they are also responsible for taking away ₤100,000,000 every year from India to this country.*
*Just as the Germans have no right to occupy this country, so the English people have no right to occupy India, and it is perfectly justifiable on our part to kill the Englishman who is polluting our sacred land. I am surprised at the terrible hypocrisy, the farce, and the mockery of the English people. They pose as the champions of oppressed humanity—the peoples of the Congo and the people of Russia—when there is terrible oppression and horrible atrocities committed in India; for example, the killing of two millions of people every year and the outraging of our women.*
*I have told you over and over again that I do not acknowledge the authority of the Court, You can do whatever you like. I do not mind at all. You can pass sentence of death on me. I do not care. You white people are all-powerful now, but, remember, it shall have our turn in the time to come, when we can do what we like.*
Though Dhingra willed that all his belongings, clothes, books be sold and the money, be given to the National Fund, it was no followed by the London Police. The police said that since Dhingra made no official will, his belongings were the property of the British Government, and they confiscated everything. Sadly Dhingra was disowned by his own family itself. His brother Bhajan Lal, who was in London, condemned him publicly in a meeting. His father publicly apologized and disowned his son. All his family members dropped Dhingra from their surname and adopted Lal, to avoid trouble with the British. The only person who actually stood by Madan Lal Dhingra was Savarkar, who visited him in prison. He was emotionally overwhelmed, when Savarkar told him “I have come here to seek your darshan”. For some one disowned by his family, it meant a lot that somebody out there still cared for him.
The Indian Association held a public meeting on July 5, 1909 to condemn Dhingra’s assassination of Wylie. The meeting was chaired by Aga Khan, and as he was prepared to pass the resolution, one hand raised in protest. It was Savarkar who said “No, not unanimously. There are opponents of the motion as well. Take down my name, Savarkar. I oppose the motion.”
The meeting went into a commotion, after Savarkar’s lone defiance. One of the members Bhavanagiri, tried assaulting Savarkar but was restrained by Aga Khan. A European member named Palmer, hit Savarkar with a stick, causing him to bleed in the eye. A defiant Savarkar refused to back down, sticking to his stand. Surendranath Banerjee was outraged at the assault ” Savarkar had a right to have his say. It was outrageous to attack him” and left the meeting in anger. The police had to rush in and prevent the situation from going out of control. That very night Savarkar wrote a letter to the Times, saying that since the matter of Dhingra was “subjudice”, no one had the right to discuss the case in public and using terms like criminal. It amounted to contempt of the court, the letter was published in the Times on July 6,1909.
Predictably most Indian leaders like Gokhale, NC Kelkar, condemned Dhingra’s act. Some like Hyndman, said that though Dhingra’s act was not acceptable, the allegations he raised against the British Govt, could not be swept away. The Media now turned their focus on Savarkar, claiming him to be the mastermind of the entire act. His relatives and colleagues in India were persecuted by the Govt, students going to London for studies had to produce certificates from the Local Government.
Dhingra meanwhile had some other admirers like W.T.Stead, editor of Reviews, an admirer of Savarkar, and believed in India’s freedom. Stead himself was arrested and put in prison for three months. In a letter to the Observer, Stead contended that Dhingra had committed the murder in a fit of insanity and hence should be given life imprisonment only. In the meanwhile VVS Aiyar,Nitisen Dwarakadas and JS Master, editor of the Gujarati daily Parsee, met the Secretary of India and requested that Dhingra’s dead body be given, so that they could perform the last rites. Savarkar wanted that Dhingra’s ashes, be sent to various parts of India. On the other hand, members of the Secretary’s Morley Council favored life imprisonment, as they felt execution would rather make him a martyr and ignite the volatile atmosphere even more.
King Edward VII was so infuriated with Dhingra’s act, that in a letter to Morley, he proposed that all Indian students should be barred from studying in England. Morley on the other hand was adamant that Dhingra be executed as it would set an example to potential assassins. This was what Wilfrid Blunt, the British poet had to say
>*No Christian martyr ever faced his judges more fearlessly or with greater dignity…if India could produce five hundred men, as resolutely without fear, she would achieve her freedom. It was recorded in medical evidence at the trial, that, when arrested, Dhingra’s pulse beat no quicker than normal, nor from first to last, has he shown any sign of weakening.*
The Irish supported Dhingra with leaflets titled “Ireland Honors Dhingra” pasted all across the country.
**August 17, 1909, Pentonville Prison.**
Finally the date had come, many of Dhingra’s friends made a request to meet him for one last time. JS Master, made a request to the Under Sheriff of London and Home Office, stating he was Dhingra’s close friend and needed to meet him. However the request was turned down at both places. Dhingra however remained calm and composed, slept well on his last night, and after performing his chores, was ready for the hanging. As the clock struck nine, Dhingra walked to the gallows. Many of his friends and some from the media were waiting outside, all of them in a state of mourning.
When a Christian preacher Hudson, walked up to him, for the last prayer, Dhingra turned him down, saying he was born as a Hindu and would die as one. Metcalfe, the Dy. Under Sheriff of London, read out the death warrant to Dhingra, asked him the usual questions. Dhingra just ignored, walked calmly to the noose, to Officer Pierpoint who was waiting for him there. The noose was put around his neck, and the levers pulled, the life of a brave revolutionary was snuffed out.
JS Master who attended Dhingra’s post mortem, requested that he be taken the body for funeral rites. Dhingra wanted to be cremated as per Hindu custom, but Master’s request was turned down. And Dhingra’s body was buried in Pentonville Prison itself in a coffin.
On being asked if Dhingra would be considered a martyr, Master replied
“Certainly. He has laid down his life for his country’s good. Whether his idea of this ‘good’ was right or wrong is a matter of opinion”.
>*“The nonchalance displayed by the assassin was of a character, which is happily unusual in such trials in this country. He asked no questions. He maintained a defiance of studied indifference. He walked smiling from the Dock.”*
As desired by Gyan Chand Verma, Dhingra’s last statement was published on a postcard by Sardar Singh Rana in Paris, along with his photograph. The statement was underlined by Vande Mataram, below which it was written “To the sacred and inspiring memory of patriot Madan Lal Dhingra, who died for his country”. The copies of this statement were sent by Rana to Savarkar in London, who in turn sent a large number of them to India.
Mahatma Gandhi however condemned Dhingra’s action, calling him and other revolutionaries as “anarchists” saying “Is killing honourable? Is the dagger of an assassin a fit precursor of an honourable death?”.
>*Dhingra, the immortal, has behaved at each stage of the trial like a hero of ancient times. England thinks she has killed Dhingra; in reality he lives for ever and has given the death-blow to English Sovereignty in India .- Lala Hardayal in Vande Mataram in 1909.*
Finally on December 12, 1976 in the presence of Natwar Singh, then High Commissioner of India, Dhingra’s coffin was exhumed, and his mortal remains bought back to India.
Sources
Life and Times of Madan Lal Dhingra by Vishav Bandhu-[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U7wwBQAAQBAJ&redir\_esc=y](https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U7wwBQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y)
Trial of Madan Lal Dhingra-[https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t19090719-55&div=t19090719-55&terms=Dhingra#highlight](https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t19090719-55&div=t19090719-55&terms=Dhingra#highlight)
Case of Madan Lal Dhingra-[http://www.blackkalendar.nl/content.php?key=26527&name=Madar%20Lal%20Dhingra](http://www.blackkalendar.nl/content.php?key=26527&name=Madar%20Lal%20Dhingra)
My article on him here
[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2017/03/20/veer-savarkar-assassination-of-wylie-by-madanlal-dhingra/](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2017/03/20/veer-savarkar-assassination-of-wylie-by-madanlal-dhingra/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSSWsxTXh5ajNUWm1kb1RjYmJ6SWRXS0xUZEtmUWRUeHFnbkMzSnVXWnJwaWJ6TVZ0aUQwUXN0bXRjQ1l4WmdIWTV5WTdIOEJZQmdtQjlMbHlsWFRLY2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOQW4tVUdZUXlMR0dpSXFiU0FwUjE1azFFbDZkWlBxMVVTc08yZ2ZyYXBWc2xUQm1Nc0tjTy1oMjNpRkFtX3RMeHE3NzdXQ2VrM1VFZHNPRG1iWFBPU3MzNWw1bTlyN0xlcVdBNUlfS1ctZ3JiUHFtRTFoVEdoMVRJVzNkQlY3ZUxCUmZPeFBtRzVoZnhOdzJ0MlJyLVZ5aC1aSjltMVcydXFuOXE4T0Z0ZUdmR19IRVczYnE4Y0MzSEQ0QVVwRVUzQ3VEOTRoOWVOLVhoc0tRb254QU82Zz09 |
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There could be something like a flamingo-effect involved aka mass psychology. You never know how willing the veterans are to fight when they have the impression that they might lose the battle. But if they are embedded in a larger unit and the bulk is moving towards the enemy lines, then it becomes less likely that an individual soldier will start running. Alone the effect of a synchronized move by a mass increases the overall discipline.
Or take the perspective of soldiers being part of the main battle units. If they see many soldiers behind you, then it is already physically difficult for them to run in the other direction. On the other hand, if there were only the capable and willing fighting forces present, then they might run away as well. You need a very special culture (or a very capable leader or reason to fight) to enure that a small fighting force won't run away even in seemingly unwinnable situations. The classic example is the Spartans at Thermopylae. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNWU5bUdkZ0hscHFMNS1XU0xkcGF3Wm95NmlRa0JfRjJ5bzRtU19lenNJbE1MX21HNm5iUkZIVDBrMHdaV292S3lzYXN6UWFicHhlbFlYQ1Z5RHlFNUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOSUhJUXJYX2JjZ1pkVU9vUEVpcS1lVTZUaVNjTkJkMG5ZcnN5UGJhLVI0VWxlLWVWUFpNY0JidzFJb3huZG9xXzhJak5hNGVuWl81Vi1iSDZoSnhwN3JVdEpRbEZwVnZlbDlLTDNlYS04UnV3YnBjTkFWdGl5SndnWmJPLXJ5Z0hISTBVMGMyMjZMTlpTSUh3dnFsOWszQlQ5Qm9fX3J0VlRxNWFFbzhaZF9LOGlSdUJCS1RhWkFxdFVQc3lIVzNVT0pUSDIwWFdocTVLV1BQNkZpNEVSdz09 |
Watch movies with an emphasis on historic accurate depictions of battle tactics and analyze them.
Gladiator has a very neat scene at the beginning, when \*spoiler alert\* Maximus goes against a horde of Germanic tribesmen. Or take Das Boot about a German WW2 submarine, where the movie was based on the book written by a WW2 submarine veteran. It can't get more realistic. I haven't seen it yet, but Tom Hanks movie about the Battle of the Atlantic is also said to be fairly realistic. So, you get both sides in one.
The battle scenes in war movies are often relatively short and make up 5-10% of the entire movie. You can cut them out and see what how and why things are done/depicted the way they are. In extension, don't forget the other scenes besides the battlefield. Psychology and motivation are most important for how successful different tactics are.
A counter example for a really lousy/unrealistic movie would Red Tails by George Lucas, because the planes do maneuvers in the movie that are physically impossible in reality. Or Fury with Brad Pitt, where most of the movie is well done, but in the decisive confrontation, they used an element that was not possible back then.
Your goal would be to learn how and where to detect in war movies (perhaps also martial arts movies) the realistic parts and where they cheated for the sake of the story telling - this before reading or listening to [expert opinions](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kcRTNBgqGc) about how realistic a specific war movie was. Perhaps, you could even start your own channel or blog on that topic. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSSTN3OHlXWVlBRTNOSTVhMWxrY1RlWDNzTHZlT1BqU1ZhUzJfQUhWQ29wZ3paQWxtbVNZcEJVTEx0WFB0UTFlZnNNaWd5T1JPVjQzekxFZ2lJT1ExUFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOd0wxVmFac0Njckpmb0FqWDJlYXRZMm92V1hxZEx0VG9hN1pSVW9qOWpKbXR6RDNLY2F3YllLMzVWUGhJcTc1R3l0V3hfZDV1MW9aM29ERFBNOFU3UTJjTGdMSC0zSDJkRks5cERUbjIwWXZzdXp1ZEtRVlZXRHJXNzRMS3JUTTdpM3dFcVRTMmVOZnlIeVZFbzBWajdUUkdQcUdQb2FoSTdGSmVJT3A1SXNJaE9fd04wX1hrZXVDMjBHblJIaFhPSVZBcE8yaDJ5bi10ZmE3MEtxTFRvdz09 |
Well, the last days of Troy were quite ingenious. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSM1Myek1LRXIyVU5aNndaZTh1cjI1aENwSU5USzg1TVQwdjV1ZVJUNzZ3TFlZMjMyQmNORTFEMVFvQVN3c25RUmxFdjVoeEVRbkxMNWNSQTBObXZtSFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJObm5CbzN3UzE4X0djMHhxU1EzYWUxNlBqeXVDUjBXQW5zdTAyM3BUd1F2TDNLekgxWVdoeTNrU3JvUk43Mm9obTVOSFdQZGtvSmZXcUVGamJvVUZiZWJCNW5VVi13T0kxaDlLa3lFTkRESXlHWXpiMkJ3aGNoenVmWWVmanAxUWVxeHkxY0VQdjZTeU1CZVphY3F2SlVJMlJHc040VVVpYVRfWmNYMWVSd1E0Qjk1bEg4c3BLLWRQMlBfV2JhWDQyQ2ZTQU1HRVJwbnI2ZEN3bVJHMEkta2MxdldsWi04NWxFTFpjcUkxeThrQT0= |
Is it even worth taking to the field with an army where not just the levies want to run even the veterans want to run? That sounds like a recipe for defeat before the battle has even begun. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJST3BESElFT0p4anNFUVdrUVBQVGNROGlHMWNwNk9DbU9BbS04OGFPR0tDQlJ5RVVya0hncXBUWE1hS2pBVUVYX05hNDJxTGE3NmFESVdkLVZGM2xXTlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUWdEdzlBQXNFdTZ0VXg2dTFZS1lkODVwRkh0UkQ5dFJaTzdkcTRPZkJtZGpYcEViN001TzAyUmVvd2xaQjZEQ1N3ZDBXTEN4SXZLU1hXWU5POEttek9CVjJpYW5qT1UzcGZQVTNKX0hLMWljVjE2QVgwN2VMUTlKaHNNcXRhWWZ6ODR5YjU2RjAtUnVnVF8zZW51T3N5M01CNDlHY2dDRXdJVF9XN2FxRk05ZlFjdEFTaE0teEpWT08xdjhnMXlSdVZ6ZzgwRmozMVVMMlp4VGNGRXNiZz09 |
I don't know. It's hard to imagine a world, in which injury oftentimes meant certain death, while the difference in technology and tactics was relatively small and therefore depending on much bad/luck on either side. But even when you look at conflicts today, there is always just a small group that enters the battlefield without hesitation. All others follow, because they have to or feel the obligation to do so.
Just think of this hesitation on both sides. Nobody in the 5th row onward can be really sure, what would happen to them as a consequence for remaining or fleeing. Even if they win and their leader survives, would he even know that they ran? Or was it just a "tactical retreat that brought the decisive turnaround"?
At the end of the day, even today in professional armies with no strict warrior culture, opportunism is very prevalent. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSLUlZY0Q5aXFqN1BFdzI5TDJFdGNnV3BGNkItVmJhU0xxMHRLa0Fta0ozSXFxVlZGTjJ2d2lhZ2dFaV9jOXFpeVZRZzY2el9RcXd2NlFveUhORzRUWXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJON1lwQWU5eUtwRFc1Tk1JV3R4dzJCYlFhSkRJTjd1cHg3endUSURWYl9NUEoyd3ZiVXNUY2FtaXhOdnpLQnVsTVR1QWQ3alk1RjZCdmlrQW1rdW9xMGpVTkVUdkZfWkhxVzhyMUR0cUNLVkpaS0RMdEJGU054Mklhc184eEhxVXVlOFFucXdPa1pIOEpFVE5XM1U3alJrb2dWTldNQ3BiYmZuMG5td0RESlVpM1cwZVZaTDlZZEkwSERRbW8walU2M0d5Ni02SzVQenVoeHpZeDc4Rlp0QT09 |
It makes sense then why so many leaders went with religious zealotry to try and motivate their forces. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUE9acHRlcFlPOTNRc2tPWFhneGNjalVGQzdWWEFQTjhLTnhLczg4RkdwTEk4OG10b2lGbEJKcUY4bjNZc0EteXZDaVU5WFlOcDRIMTFDUEhQdnpuZUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOYkFWUXpnS05PbnhGbzJQWWdaTXZ0WU0xZ2pLcU55U0trb1MteXkwWk1hRGZfUGg3YnlHU3hzMU9RS3E0Skc0WS01RElLSWVaaEhMb0o1NjNUX0d6d21PalBDSDJ1MnZCRGNtdWNLWXZ6NEEyUEZDRGsxNXFOTUQ3cWpSbVBXelRRQlZkT0N1ajJGMTVKdHVfVTAzTllESVNuMjRVSEVEVnIwYU82RGFPS3Vyam1TejR1WmttdWx4VHlBSU1BMTVRY3U4VXRfSk5wcGlBSHppcGtBRVdXZz09 |
I think so, too, but I see mainly evolutionary processes at work: Groups with religious zealotry had higher chances of winning and therefore could procreate more than moderates, which imprinted that tendency in the human genome.
Another concept would be initiation and masculinity rituals with different milestones. At one point, it is part of your mentality to accept the inevitable, if necessary.
The problem with the latter is the limits to familiarity. There are several genetic limits to trust. One is the family with a dozen people, next comes the clan at \~150 members and then comes the limit to anonymity at \~5000 people.
Depending on the size of your army, you have to use different motivation methods. Above 5000 soldiers, only the the fanatic cult works and if you don't have that, you have to work with other individual and mass psychological tricks.
Also look at military unit sizes. They are all resembling these thresholds. I guess you could even make the argument that armies adapting to them have always been stronger than others putting the wrong emphasis on unit size.
Now you can ask yourself what happens or what you have to do for success in war without social cohesion, without religion and with gender stuff and the outlawing of manhood rituals. | r/militarystrategy | comment | r/MilitaryStrategy | 2022-09-18 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJST19HUkZKVkxvNWJrWERKVUI2S1V6ZXVzSERSRk5wQUM0SkNNbFB4VHNLRTN4TVcweVlFbUVETEF0T2liekU2UDdEZEc0U2N1cUJYdVRXakZjVzNGcWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOTEZLTHZqUk45V2w3YVdYRDdGMU9nUlBYaXNzQnFsRDU3R181ZVJ6LTFlYWJMVUc3WFpZa0FFcm5fVkpFajRVUkNDdkhnVnRyVC1wbU5HY29IbXNRQlVwdEQtd0xRUGdHNGt5RUE3TVFOTm1BdVRZcTNJWHQxYTBJQkZaMmNRNWNySXgzbU5XZTRXSjd6SlRRNkx5dTc5QXVjLXBSenlZTzNzbkt4ODRZTzRKQ21IeUNlVXpla0V0RTlncnlpeXZCNE1RTnRQdHV4dG14V0trYlQ0T2FXQT09 |
Sorry they're sending Haitians back do your research. They are only letting the white/ light skinned immigrants in. Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Honduras. How's it feel though to be invaded? Karma's a trip. And it's your politicians that are doing this to you. | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-09-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZkMxbDBXaGlCbkRaTUtXRVNaWERRaTlsQWJfYk1sYU5PTFl1UmZBZnp3aGo4TEU0TFFaS3dLcEx3VjFRSVh2RGdSUkgxajJFSjZXNjA5N0RudHE5dFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVTJvNzV1bkg2UXRVS21QZWpTSVZtSTNQTmVVQ3ZaWjZMaXpOYWJqQU5ZemJOT3hrenN0cWZqeDl2SHdtQU5jSGRzZmI2TDVkbWN5cVEyMURJNVRrb3ZONHpDNWhKSDFnSVBtWVAtdlZmSVNHVjZVNm9aam5XaG9ZUUItNkxiU3gxSXAzQW45a3luYVBjemZJX1FCX1FlMDdCYUhndElNdXJ4TnRtQVNRaXdvUWRia0txLUFUZ0Z0VlZlRl9pbWZsaDQ4R3NFQlpkcGNzR0pYZTkwZW5vcFZzNWkyZ3pfT0psSW0tbWtUaUQ1ND0= |
Funny this is the America I've always been used to. Transatlantic slave movement. The Native Americans. Ring a bell? So you want to leave America to be a pirate elsewhere? White supremacy created this problem now deal with it! Tough pill to swallow right?🤣🤣🤣🤣 | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-09-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSWGg4N1IydGd3UzU2Y3dwaEdkMnp1TkJ0Ty04amRtSXJBNVNrcktHZjZOckpBRTdJTHBBMlU2a2s3U0RTQnJ4YkFaTGM3QmNwMVRTbUEwWWUxdkI2aWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOQzlDVENVYnZJa2kwV1A2eUNWaWUzaTBfdS1fX0NES05vSTBqeDNpajNxVUs5M1RwX1E0Ni1Yb3ZYX05nOEQwMmkyZWFnWWJLTlRJNFhqR3J6ZEdrUmlQZXVha3JfcFFBa1Vxdmc2Xzd1eXJvdWZrT0JGZWZLdlAzSk1lZmhkVTJwTUNONkQzOEd1a19EbVQyWjM4bWt3Z1NwRDRidW1IdjN6WVM0UjZQVXYyVVRmaHlVMnVadThyN2tZOXBpcG9ONUJDQ1lwRjY3cnBWSEExNkFpaXRHVDlMcGtodHBGWkV6c2hPWVU5SUlsYz0= |
Funny how no one is talking about the invasion on Native Americans or the slaves that were brought here involuntarily. Cant blame this on no one but your government. | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-09-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSU3lkbThwVzlaQy13VlN2dVQ5TlJjcXA5eUJQTlQyd2gtdUJTdjNUMVZnNGpVMUItQkZISFoxMXItWXJ5Vl9MNi1FRndCMmVmWUhRRVBEeTVzNWlMcmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOdmo0WldKdlRXQ3Q1Mzhmc2xHY2FyMlBmU2N0WS1laGNUYnl3elV1WUFUa0dPT21WakgtUENxenR2SVRNZkxwZjBzNmhfUlk4U2tUVUM4X0RaQ0JIRTA2QkRwdkh5ck52d1puQ1M0b0hWWVRMMHZjMmJVaUg4YUtQdTJBNTBUVnBHa3RKU1NUSTNLUWJyTnJkMlI4NUhudEVITlRsRGNLYjF0d3NiTEFCcmxKUHZOYjdaM1gzV2VhVnFwR2drbXd6ZFpZRkk5cFRzMU9weDNlY3NDUzBUQT09 |
Sounds like they're fighting fire with fire, al shabaab regularly beheads people.
>Al-Shabab has increasingly burned houses, destroyed wells, and beheaded civilians in the Hiran region, residents say; that, combined with its demands for taxes amidst the worst drought in 40 years, has pushed more residents to take up arms.
>"Al-Shabab is not strong, it just burns people, beheads people and put their heads in the streets just to terrorize," said Ahmed Abdulle, a Hiran elder.
>"Now, we are doing the same: we have ordered the beheading of al-Shabab fighters," he told Reuters.
Reap what you sow. | r/somaliconflict | comment | r/SomaliConflict | 2022-09-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNmlLbUlrTkR4R3RJOHl3dzlEVkxFS0VuWXVIVmEzMFNwclIxelIyLURydUQ3M2FGV0swZlVhajc1QTNFOEJhUS1RYi1ZM2p5XzAxWTRZd1E2Zy05amc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOaUMzd01hblVuRXVSellpRWRVQjFELW9nTlZaOTZkWmNEZjhJbnNXNWZMT2dhX3ZDTy1pSExvN1JqZVRseVpyUkJQalI4YWxOU0wxZC1fNDRkRkVGaTF0aXUtbk02Z3JnemprMHUxTXZBZ1JPNjQxREdCdTdxYmdVbW83clhQRTFRTkF4Mkc0VWFiUzlIeVMybHp2cjlNRVl0UnVjcENFLXZYY2lnczhrRDRJLTRyQk40WmlZX2dHeFg2RnNCdThxVVladDV4alpzZ0VuMHJYWGIxb3pyeDRpSk53azlaWGdsSFhyTjlZZUI5bz0= |
Ziauddin Barani, a scholar at the Tughlaq court, established the lsIamic Caste System in India in the 14th century itself.
A dirty little secret that the Religion of Equality and Brotherhood keeps under the burqa, so that it can blame Brahmins for its rampant casteism instead.
Unlike native Indian varna or Jaati, the **MusIim castes were 100% based on skin colour and ancestry**. The less Indian ancestry you had, the higher on the ladder you were. Ashrafs, the descendants of Turks, Persians, Afghans, and Arabs occupied the highest rung.
Beneath these White MusIims were the Ajlafs: MusIim converts with significant and undeniable subcontinental ancestry. Bottom-most were the Arzals: converted from the least privileged Indian jaatis, they were lsIam's Untouchables quite literally.
The skin-color and ancestry basis of this hierarchy ensured that no upward mobility was possible for non-white ('Pasmanda') MusIim castes. Marrying into them would pull Ashrafs down by making them racially "impure". There was no opportunity for brown MusIim castes to rise.
This again stood in stark contrast to the native Indian system, in which different jaatis could and did elevate their status & fortunes at different times. That was possible because jaatis were economic & occupation-based categories, not rigidly race-based like MusIim castes.
[Source.](https://rattibha.com/thread/1571151036399890433?lang=en) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMFdZYk92VGVJT1hrTmdUd1p4TUc5X1Z4YWY5Y245a1QzQWVIb3BiT1dhRHdPOS1fR2Z2dkh4X044eU5pNkFicS1YbFluaTlHRExBZEZ1eElrWDd6UkE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUGRiZE9YU2tfR3ljLTJnY3B4V2k1YzFzd2ZkZGhscEpTUjU5Z0JsanJya1lCa3g5OU1FTEFNWUp1bFNjVlJIN09nMjEtMl9maDloY0JHN2M3UldFWGltWWlPaldBcVpGbGpKZlpwdWxWbXpMV3lOTDdOTm1kd1BiWE1pcHVNdVk3dTkzREQtRnRLTktVOXllc1RxaGJsVUdLaVpfd3NYWVdJREhnOGNzNWE2aDVfVjRibWJtNURwSWdPaUNOdmtVOFM5eVZPOWljU0w1YllEWFVIaUgxZz09 |
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https://preview.redd.it/0ef8btnix4p91.png?width=220&format=png&auto=webp&s=d78436ac8032160a0d491be824698726d091e871
One of the prominent princely states of Rajasthan has been Kingdom of Amber, covering the Dhundhar region, that contains the current capital city of Jaipur, Tonk, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur and parts of Kairali district. Flanked by the Arravalis on the North West, Ajmer to the West, Mewar to the South West, Hadoti to the South, and Bharatpur to the east. This region is drained by the Banganga and Banas River, containing the Ranthambore National Park, the palaces of Jaipur, the step wells of Abhaneri among others.
https://preview.redd.it/yzr4lv1kx4p91.png?width=768&format=png&auto=webp&s=d8c63749d0b9d73d9063ab403a18151e56a796ca
https://preview.redd.it/gm3wnugkx4p91.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=4bb4d5c64f3a9687450d59c621de23ef46dc09b0
The kingdom was founded by the Kachwahas, a Rajput clan that is believed to have got it’s name from the fact that they claimed descent from Kush, one of the sons of Shree Rama. They had migrated from Ayodhya, to Gwalior, and later to Rajputana where Dullah Rai founded the kingdom in 1093 AD at Dausa. He would defeat the Meena rulers of Amber, Manchi and subjugated the Bargujjars of Dausa, Deoti thus creating the kingdom of Amber. The rulers of Amber served as generals under Prithviraj Chauhan, and later under Rana Sanga too against Babur. However it was conquered later by Maldev Rathore, and became a feudatory of Marwar till the 16th century. It was Bharmal Kachwaha who made an alliance with Akbar against the Rathores, and was reinstated on the throne, leading to a long alliance with the Mughals. It was his daughter Jodha Bai, who would later become the mother of Jahangir. The Amber kingdom had some distinguished generals in the Mughal army, that included Bhagwant Das and Man Singh.
Among the most famous of the Kachwaha rulers was Jai Singh II, the 29th ruler, son of Bishan Singh, also called as Sawai Jai Singh. He founded the city of Jaipur to where he moved his capital from Amber, performed the Ashwamedha sacrifice, translated Euclid’s Elements of Geometry into Sanskrit and had the Jantar Mantar built at 5 different cities.
Jai Singh however ascended the throne in 1699, when he was just 11 years old, under the most challenging circumstances. His predecessors preferred a policy of engagement with the Mughals than conflict, due to the fact that Amber lay much closer to Delhi, Agra than other Rajput kingdoms. However under Aurangzeb, a succession of Kachwaha rulers from Ramsingh II were deprived of their rank and pay, two of them Jai Singh I and Kunwar Kishan Singh died in rather mysterious circumstances. The treasury was depleted from the constant military campaigns, and there was no money to pay to the cavalry.
On the other hand Aurangzeb ordered him to serve in his long Deccan campaign against the Marathas, that would cripple the Mughal empire financially. However Jai Singh delayed in responding to the order, as he was getting married to the daughter of Udit Singh, and also the Mughal Emperor ordered him to recruit a much larger force beyond his capability. When he finally reached Burhanpur in 1701, he could not advance ahead due to the heavy rains. Though he did play a major role in the siege of Khelna in 1702, he only got back his title of Sawai( one and a quarter, meaning more capable than one man). When he was given the governorship of Malwa in 1704, Aurangzeb angrily revoked it as Jaiz nist( un Islamic).
When Aurangzeb passed away in 1707, a bitter war of succession broke out amongst his sons, and Jai Singh backed one of his sons Azam along with his son Bidar Bakht. However Azam ended up on the losing side, with Bahadur Shah emerging victorious, who continued his father’s bigoted policies towards Hindus. This would lead to the Rajput Revolt between 1708-10, where Jai Singh formed an alliance with the Rathores of Marwar as well as the Ranas of Mewar through matrimony. The alliance defeated Bahadur Shah, who in turn began to take in Rajputs into the Mughal administration reversing his father’s policy. Jai Singh was made governor of Agra and Malwa, where he had to deal with the revolt by the Jat peasants.
The Jats taking advantage of Aurangzeb’s preoccupation in the Deccan campaign, had risen in revolt in Agra, taking control of the province. However Jai Singh managed to subdue the revolt with the support of Bhim Singh Hada of Kota,Gaj Raj Singh of Narwar and Budh Singh Hada of Bundi, defeating the Jat ruler Churaman.
As Governor of Malwa betwen 1714-17, he defeated the Marathas under Khanderao Dabhade and Kanhoji Bhonsle, at the Battle of Pilsud, with an alliance of Budh Singh Hada, forcing them to surrender their loot.
He however had to face a far tougher challenge from the Marathas in Malwa, in 1728 when Pehwa Baji Rao, after defeating the Nizam, had got free passage from him into this region, sweeping through most of Malwa. Baji Rao’s brother Chimaji Appa, defeated the Malwa governor Giridhar Bahadur in November, 1728, as the Marathas advanced further. Jai Singh understanding the fact that the Mughals were no longer a power, made a tactical withdrawal from Malwa, giving the Marathas a free run.He also appealed to Shahu, to restore the fortress of Mandu that was occupied by the Marathas then.
During his third stint in Malwa between 1732-27, he advised the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, to make peace with the Marathas. However with the Mughal nobility now turning against Jai Singh, and Muhammad Shah’s own dilly dallying,he was removed as Governor. His succesor Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I had to taste a humiliating defeat at the hands of Baji Rao, as the Marathas completely took over Malwa by the Treaty of Duraha on January 1738.
Also Nadir Shah taking advantage of the weak Mughal ruler Muhammad Shah, defeated them at Karnal( February 1739) and later Delhi( March 1739), that would lead to the sacking of the city, and the looting of it’s treasures including the Peacock Throne and the Kohinoor diamond.
Jai Singh took advantage of the declining Mughal power, as he began to capture most of their territories increasing the size of his kingdom, especially the Shekawati region of Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu,Nagaur whose residents would form the bulk of his army. Realizing the importance of artillery, he built a large armory modernizing the army. The soldiers began to use matchlocks instead of the traditional sword and shield. The Jaivana was manufactured during his reign, that remains to date the largest wheeled cannon ever in the world.
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[ ](https://preview.redd.it/r4i0mcdnx4p91.png?width=300&format=png&auto=webp&s=e6ac271b3af61411b0410e20679b8e1a1990aab0)
He built up a professional army with an equal proportion of infantry, cavalry, musketeers making it one of the most formidable ones in the north. All the other Rajput rulers looked up to him for protection, as well as representing their interests at the Mughal court. When the Marathas after having overran the Deccan and most of Central India, began to advance into the North, Jai Singh decided to counter them with an alliance of Rajput states, as he annexed Bundi, Rampura and made a matrimonial alliance with Mewar. However his interference in the internal affairs of Jodhpur and Bikaner, turned the other Rajput clans against him, as they allied with the Marathas. He was defeated by the Rathores of Marwar under Bakht Singh, at Gangwana in 1741, inspite of a formidable alliance he had built up with Bundi, Kota, Bharatpur backed by the Mughals. The defeat ended Amber’s domination and the rise of Marwar as the most powerful kingdom in Rajasthan. Jai Singh himself passed away two years later in 1743, heart broken over the defeat.
Sawai Jai Singh was one of the greatest rulers ever, whose reign has often been called Amber’s Golden Age, due to his patronage of arts, science and culture. He performed the Ashwamedha and Vajpaeya sacrifices, and belonging to the Nimbarka Sampradaya of Vaishnavism, he promoted Sanskrit learning, abolished Sati. He also got the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah to remove the hated Jizjiya tax as well as the pilgrimage tax on Hindus. He drew up a set of tables called the Zij Muhammadshahi to make astronomical observations that were remarkably accurate. He got Euclid’s Elements of Geometry translated into Sanskrit, as well as several works on trignometry, and John Napier’s work on logarithms too.
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https://preview.redd.it/jq8mpw3tx4p91.png?width=220&format=png&auto=webp&s=96c6f1046e2a93d20d9ca07f1e0139664f2ba636
https://preview.redd.it/58e7acgux4p91.png?width=220&format=png&auto=webp&s=e9d4080113343ffe978cf8a453e49d39f7852f20
One of his greatest achievements was building the Jantar Mantar, five astronomical observatories in Delhi,Mathura, Varanasi, Jaipur and Ujjain, motivated by a discussion with the Mughal emperor over astronomical calculations to determine an auspicious date. The observatories were constructed using ancient astronomical principles, to accurately predict eclipses and other phenomena. The instruments were primarily the Ram Yantra(a cylindrical building with an open top and a pillar in its center), Jai Prakash(a concave hemisphere), Samrat Yantra( huge sundial), the Digamsha Yantra(a pillar surrounded by two circular wall) and the Narivalaya Yantra( cylindrical dial). However of the 5 observatories only those at Jaipur, Varanasi and Ujjain are still functional, while Delhi one has become more known for protests, and the one at Mathura does not exist anymore.
And he built the city of Jaipur, originally called as Jainagara, between 1725-27, designed by a Bengali architect Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, it followed the ancient Hindu grid pattern, as per the Silpa Sutras, making it one of the most planned cities ever. Protected by thick walls and a garrison of 17,000 the city attracted merchants from all over India, who settled down here and prospered.
Sawai Jai Singh was one of the greatest rulers ever of the 18th century, a king whose rule marked a high point in the study of arts, science and saw a flourishing of culture and arts. His legacy would live forever in the form of Jantar Mantars and the city of Jaipur.
Sources
A History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar
[An Astronomer's Progress by David Pingree](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181975)
My article on him here
[https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2021/09/20/sawai-jai-singh/](https://historyunderyourfeet.wordpress.com/2021/09/20/sawai-jai-singh/) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-21 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQlhidHJ6U2dDc1pZSGNmeHFMWll6X2hqVWFtZEZpX3hxNk93RVlxM1IyOE1PalVWQlYyNzYzYm1YR1NQc013U054QjBRUEpXWEk3WVJiX2VXMEw0UGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOX25sYXhRVXA5bHBwZUJ3T09ib0dTNzgyTDFPdVJwSFZYMEVUQXJ5WE0yTHZYUm45QU52WXUxcHJtdU83M2VVS1o3NDBEckxCV3FzdlpBSnJrVkF0VTB2NGpRSGNxRjhLa3pXeno0blBMdWdxdWd3SERXakUwZEVBbWJDM2RFd2xvSVB0Zkt3aHBoODJaczRjUU1NV2k1TldQWUp0cnNXZEQtM2RhLVNEYWNtQ1NuYjBkLTVWLW5fWDFLRERQcFFKZ3Flc05fTXFPd0IzSEE0bUV6Mk9BUT09 |
Aurat, the Urdu word for a woman, originates from the Arabic "awrat," meaning "genitalia," "defectiveness," & "nudity."
**Is Aurat, the Urdu term for woman, a “dirty” word? If that’s the case, why aren’t we talking about it?** I had often wondered about the linguistic roots of the word Aurat, which, in Urdu, means woman. I knew that the word originates from Arabic, signifying something along the lines of ‘hidden’ or ‘covered.’
But recently, I discovered that it meant something else.
Not long ago, when I met a Moroccan friend, I asked him what the word Aurat meant in Arabic. His reaction was most peculiar; he started laughing and said that the Arabic word “awrat” was a “profanity,” which means “genitals,” in Arabic.
Upon further research, I discovered that the original word in Arabic means “genitalia,” “nudity,” “weakness,” “defectiveness” or “imperfection.” Furthermore, I discovered that, like most Arabic words, the word “awrat” had entered Urdu via Persian.
However, in Persian, the word “owrat” retained its original meaning – genitals or the private parts of a man or a woman – which, according to Islamic religious injunctions, needed to be covered. The Persian equivalent in an online dictionary was most telling. It describes the word “owrat” as sharmgah, meaning ‘the place of shame.’ A quick look at Mohammad Moin’s dictionary of Persian also revealed that the word “awrah” had two meanings – “nakedness” and a “young woman.”
From [an article by Hammad Hassan Rind](https://archive.ph/KNlKx) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-21 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZmdyVzh2djdsNEw3Y3RHclpTS2hTZHlkN1Jxb2RpX1Y1b0RuclFDTURhckNjeDRGaUpnMHpHMUtUck5kb0RmQ1JER2dYTGlOSjhRVHp3cHIyMDBSZUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOaHBYNXdtSnZEbTNlaWx2TUREZGpyVDlmWVlhRzhlMmM5Z3o1bkt0clM1V0s1anZOa2NoT2RmblRxWXJhUFRoTktVYi1vQ2I1Q1dIR2ktRnAwSUtHZDVRbjU4bUVPRXVBNkFlYV9CeGx2bVdKY1dvMkUyak1VVm5pOU9HektuY0ZpQU9kRXNvdVFlMllBOW51YzNXd2pneTE5Nm9hTXFSMjJ6SFEzM1FtckI1bzFCX2M5MW93dkdXWk03ZEZRMFJYXzlPWUp4eUJwUXVXR3FGTU5ldm1Mdz09 |
r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-09-21 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSRmRXVWFPdmlLNmJGV0J2U1psandERFRfTmpWYXd0ZGpUVk5HcVFCazYxeXJBbS1uR3dSRW1aMUZBUGpJeHlMemlrSGd5QVJ1aTNUWjUtekl2Rm5KTmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJONkFuZzJaVnZoOEpENVl2djFmbjlPS2pCTk1veTVQdjBGby1NNW01MVY2VHhrSzZWSzIzRGJZRENpNEF1YzdLUUtURUlOd3F0dHBveWpGU2VVWlo2c3lKSXVYYUdhUU54WTlDYU4tM0ZXVkVwNm9fZjc4bmJCeFBheUJiZUlReFBnWUNicUxBSVJoZDBnVEJaSi1ESnIyOFo0WU5CTkVEUVRqbkEzRVZleUJsTWZadmc4T0JyZWxLdnFOU244Q1pD |
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Hi.
I have an upcoming interview for this role: [https://boards.greenhouse.io/deepmind/jobs/948921](https://boards.greenhouse.io/deepmind/jobs/948921)
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I'd like to know some insights about how I should prepare. I did get a preparation PDF but for those that had these interviews before, how do they usually go? What sort of topics are being discussed?
About me:
Hons. BSc. in Computer Science (in progress).
2-3 YOE in industry.
Did a Research internship at IBM for Quantum Machine Learning
Founded the Computer Vision department at Scanline VFX, now a Netflix subsidiary.
No papers yet.
Currently doing research at a Canadian university for enhanced recommendation systems. | r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-09-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSeUlXemdMTmFWOXFDcGZKM01qbjI0dGp4SUhKMkFEcGlSSWhlSHlOamtKem5RTnMzakxWeFhSanY0VXFUeDlVaEZrRVVJSXJMUVZfeFVvanpMXzQ1aFE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOSzc1MDRrUkptMHR1UlZzZ0ZTb3hqSWt5VDh3cWZPSUtBLThkV2hjbUFpRzUtUFA3ZmU0cU5YUngydnI5dWdDTHA2bUIyVV9OMXVIaXJvX3BFWHJXWU1VTWZWaXRuTTIyemFNYjhnMFlkWHM3TnFwQ0ZjTW85N241bDg5bGRqUF9xQkZZY3pBTTAtbEhQSzZjWkdJejhJZGtuSEZMQ29ZVU9DS2RGNkNwUXRnQWo1YWFKUWxNVGJZcEpucUN4eWExX19oZUtNbVRyUmZ1c1lRaHZUMDZ1dz09 |
What? What about the mentally ill and the old who can’t afford housing? | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-09-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSOG83MXk2WV82RWJjTlNwNUFZUE9ac0JoazRrcFF6MEVkbDNfLUwwV19nb05OenZLdjVJeGM5VlVISEhBOEEzbWN5OTdiNUUzbEs1RHVyazVLdWJCM2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOVGZvNGh2NHlLaU1ZTDJVTFZseGZpRGpxS2hvbU44WDhFbTR4dkFzM2F5aXN6RUxXM3hnN3ZJVnhlLXpDVk5HclNIb2VWVmxERTRBUzRMVEdQNGZFUG5nUzRvenl0RWZZQ2ZZRE1CYzdRVU1jdi1FdmR0bzFGYklRdWRrTzAwUjlDZk95RXIzTFNrMURsdnB2VEhfWFZuQ3g0VF9wNFdfQmtMWDZJZFQtQzFWWll2Ty0tS0p0TTltZXlsdjlWRXRWRUdwMFBtMnNVSEFaLXZvdUxfYTlsbW9hMW5DSTBZNV9ibE8yaGtySW5HOD0= |
r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-09-22 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSLTAzb2hKTUNmSmZOUWlJcnE3RzNyQU1pcjhyTkJULWdsZ19XdENITVU1bHJYdldKZWYtN2VFTVpMM3p0XzZzdUlUc0I5dHppbGppZU1aS2lVRzRMNXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeTk5STRzUHhoN2JOeGtiaENHSWQ2QlhuVi0xOExLeWpHLWZPdFUtWFQ1N1dGRWp3VXRhODhrLVMyb3M2MTQwc0p0MDlzcTVjU28tTHBNeGhrNF93Rmc2OGdBY250MU53LVZ6Z3N1dkF6cVBuVFNGOFNyVHV1b2JsNk9iTEJ4LUlwVUdZbk1STVk3OERDZWVJT180RTFCSGI1X2RUSUxCbHFfV2VlSGl2azcta2tZZ0ZQLWFxaS03TWl3X0dUU244 |
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Most countries are spineless against the US, especially the other white countries. Unless the country is brave enough to stand up to the US like Mexico or Russia they will always deny the applications to avoid the US punishing them.
But tbh if you are fleeing the USA the Netherlands probably isn't much better for you. | r/refugees | comment | r/Refugees | 2022-09-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdlNIalRwbWRHRzJDWTc1eUEtcnVvNGFxMlpPMnVRRzBubk41ZW9JQzVzMkdkNDFzV1lwUG80TWpyVGZqSVdsNFBxODlFZnVCQlpwYUZGTlppYmgxTlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZE01RTRoUklBcEtzcDJXdjlNYU1DbU9SMVRfSjBzZFJGZkgzOV9XUi1ralI2dmZJSzNuaTAwaDUwaTZUa0RhT1RpN3ZySTF2UlBfejVZYldqODdmQUZxTEtJdjJNc3dSRnZDM1p2S3gzSkt2LWFIYTZmc0JCZ3JuLWg0Y3pmOXhseWpYNEtadkdEa045R2s1dFRoendxNlotX0RMMVN0QmNUMU9IZ0Fld096NVFvQnBFMFRGcHNNQmxlR0VuMFRJNThxa2RjbXZNM0lWRzVWMnZEbzFQQT09 |
r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-09-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSM0V4Z3g0VTJ2UHQ1V0dDZGttOGZsUDlldXNaU1RvcW9WQTNtVHdUMV8tSkJQbjNaUHBxQ0RLcXRhOHZTNUlxaF9TYWhYMVhSYmZkTXB3QXFKTFpqNkE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOWUNIT2hpUUM2R05CTTBGQ21ZdF9sYkd0R1hJZjY3eGQ0S1ZlNWJ4UVJfR1REQnhuZXlMLWsyUTVUX1RWYzhlbTYweXF5LXFvNkNqa1Ffc0NGamhHY09LMWlLTlQyQ3ZJb3RnR2pqdlRJNFhrNUY0YW5yeXIzYTFuOVlmY1ZVZkw3VHJIeVdTc282SXYtTHhpeUlDbFJjR1FIMFd2VjR5aS1uNjc2QU5fajdsQk5YQkViSWdVSDB6dk1lUWVvQndJTW9EZGFvOHl4QW9ieXMzbEZzQXIyUT09 |
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r/libyancrisis | post | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-09-26 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMDJETHhDQl9zNGZDS21QQUxoeXR4dDM3UDF0X2l1dFBxUUhEbHJFTk9YOEp6MXd1eHBoaE1YNk5kaElyTzJxT2Zsd3QtTmxNQzg0ZTl1UUtEWjJfNmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOWmN4Q2JUMElUS1dTNW1kcWZhRUo0LW9sb3Zhb3pYWTJIUVFtVjlBbE11Yk0tRk9XTG5CMU5pSmtGTlhMdVRUaW1NMmpVU3kyb3RHOURMMWdUbEtIV3RUSks3YmNUVXF2ZHp3Q3dMREIzZnAzeEtXUDlqQW5jaWpVOUlKRTBTVFRJd2FVYjl5aktySkJQR2o1eHNZdVpPS0RmNEFUZlR6aU1hYUFlS196NEE0YmQ1aG1XQWVocGYyU0syY0xQWmU2Q2UzNE1QS296RWtiRGxjazd0MklGZz09 |
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I'm confused about the exact mechanism of how Neuralink will be able to write information to the human brain. Could you tell me how this will be done? | r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-09-26 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSWkFUU2pfcjFabTEwNWtySDRHQnBjR0lzN3NKNzdLYVpwdjdySXdXY25KdmkzSzdnZnhaZzBNMnJ2SExVM2xMWEgtTlJyc210WnkyTXRoempLVXBTb3c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeEVyenRwYWh6dVM3RjUtR3hLeXFtMHNuTFNKWG9DY29oWXhpWF9iVVNhUjZOXzZXbTFYdWFGU1hvbHJXT3pzZ1FQS3pNdFFzd05xYWxoWTFqeE4xQjZ1V3c4aXlfN3NldjlRRXRKN084eEVqUjRKcHZfTjI5MEFvSDJMRTVzUWptMHFhTjUtdU5vemkzQndBTHV1WWRxQ25HOTZUOWx5R0diYTV3OG56LXJDcFdXbjd6Z0RlV01sTzZrcXhXcHU2Sl9wbUsxbzZuemtkUU8zZE1CY1BEQT09 |
r/deepstate | post | r/deepstate | 2022-09-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSYjh3NW9GZ1VFU0lYcVlRSmZ6YktOazFHUFFORVJBZHZfeG9QZzZiMnEtZ2ZOMUNjc3o2WDdNdUNrd2tZdlZnQzVzSjhocXVtMnpYcUM2ekxyQUE0UmRFTlBuc3ZfblVMTEVhTVFfX1FNMm89 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeFM5RGNXWmliR2RleU00ZzJSVnVUdlhvdlExZTMxWkl6VVY2ZTI2ZVRzRHZjdzhHWTA1QTY2ZkxGOTdmSlZlMWpuQjhqY3BfTzkxOEhxZlZCXzlLZExJaUtGRUJVb1luazR6RDh0U290alN3LUR0bVZOelFVS1lWVlZqOXcwdHlDTm8yYWJrZkdHdERzTzdDUm9PSkR3PT0= |
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I am planning to pursue a masters in computational science,
But I want to practice leetcode and learn some framework related to software development so that I can land a job if things don't go my way,
So I am confused since definitely my thesis and project would be ML oriented involving computational science
So I am not sure if they ask frameworks like pytorch / tensorflow for research positions? Or is project enough
Since I would be dedicating my time to leetcode/learning software development frameworks(Java/springboot maybe, since python is only popular for prototyping/ and data science roles) I am not sure I will be getting time for kaggle and learning pytorch and all in depth?
What would you guys recommend?
Any insight/ suggestion is appreciated
Thank you very much | r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-10-01 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSemN0VnZfell1eGNXdWdZTFh4Y3d6V0tOb01lY1ZVajdQWG1jQ3FHRnJQbXlyQU5DWmVxTlhGdlJTMUZPWHdJMlBjODNIeW96Mkw4WTNzWkpETFJ6elE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOby1DOXdtQVBxYTlnTG14b1ZNTWdIZHZpbW1fczAyZGgxUXY3ZV9qbmtRcVpBd0QweE5LU3hKZ1k1U3llYnBYajRpUzV1WlI2TkhKb2RxbEdGRmd1WmRGU2lpRUVCNHo1Y0U4MGlpQm40Z1ZrNnlyVEdQMUhPUS1Yd0hIcDIxeVNDNnZxQUxuTEs0RVVnVWVleE5paDRUbW5BSlE5ZWoxN1NqZHlJNUFRNjZfNnRnckFDOFVxZC1ZN1U3cnhNcmJ5 |
r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-10-05 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQXAyYkxVR0NOVEM1a0ZfNkpBZWloWmpiS2RwTjJtY0V4a2xuWVROejlrY0dBT05YaUxqSWlqeTB5LU03ZlVELXFqaUVyaHBYR0YyelVFSjJIZkpUT3c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOT3pvWWlaUzdMbWhnRXNIYkhtdGExTmh0WDJWV3U1Nkp0UXMtaW0yQk10VDFWdG53VXpNalNYbUZCQWRIczFRTnJJNzlBWTBFSGROZ2U0Zm9KX3cxOTBjaWtIVmVTWkNLdE1jNG13YUp4QzJ2X185NTFjYUN2UXFlYmNBVnFDTmNwdlJaT3I2SkhaVW9kRl9peURBZUJLUDZ4WnB2MEpseEJOamNXb2pKWkpZUVZmamd1MlFLUnpFdDRXNlhUZDg2Y21pYkpDWG5CRXpWZF84Y1JRUGJSZz09 |
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r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSOUhKYXFFZGdKalpodXc4eUVPRTFIa0VoNG9Na01nTmxoNlByTDNTRUtNMFBJeFZ1RlhYTVFxWm5UVi1ORVhJRUw3a0ZjMGJNdnFBanh1eWVYSlVWZHc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOV2lBZml4WnFxX2h5ZV91N1JtSFA0Z2RFWFpmdUUxdWlqT3ctejVHUXhUQ0lhcHc4eFByVldjanc4OXNfVkx6ZEVhdmhDMWNDVnkyTXJkVGpFb1pjUHEwOGFNMDdDYWVkbnFVcHhOUUdKNm5FaFZqby1STVd2VUhlT2JZd2JuZWR3SFBsbFBkTk1OTUY4R2Jya09XVkx6SXZ2ZWNkMzIxdnlzclVwaV91YV95dnBUWmUxUGJUXzFHNDFZRk9Ib1ZzRDhsWWtwMGpyMmVKXzVSam5PX2stUT09 |
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# Caste system in India: According to Wikipedia
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[Wikipedia page dedicated to the topic \\"Caste System in India\\"](https://preview.redd.it/7tjy03qldes91.png?width=799&format=png&auto=webp&s=7e447b8a27806389a2572f9968455866fbd315e7)
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[From the same Wikipedia page](https://preview.redd.it/vzdepx6qdes91.png?width=804&format=png&auto=webp&s=f4ab92d4f61959e1d43eca338f97bc4ff68ada2a)
Under the Varna section, the article mentions that it is a system consisting of four classes. And, then it goes on to say that there is also a 5th class outside the system! If a 5th class indeed existed, why the ancient texts that mention the other four classes did not talk about the 5th one? Were tribes and untouchables absent in ancient societies? That can't be the case because evolution theories suggest that societies are the advanced form of primitive tribes.
Thankfully, Wikipedia allows us to verify the information by checking the citation. Clicking on citation 23rd will take us to the referred book. However, the said book seemed to have a low rating and a few bad reviews due to its lack of authenticity and quality.
Below is an excerpt from one of the reviews,
> “I should also mention that the author of this book (Susan Bayly) goes under the username 'Sitush' in Wikipedia; who enjoys quoting this book in many caste and community related articles (to raise it's academic importance? I can only suspect). Outside of Wikipedia, this book holds no or very little academic value as significant conclusions are drawn solely from opinion of the author. “ ([https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HbAjKR\_iHogC&sitesec=reviews](https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&sitesec=reviews))
Even though disappointed, one might go back to the Wikipedia page to resume the reading with an assumption that this one might be a rare occurrence.
The next section talks about Jati
​
https://preview.redd.it/5y3esvqtdes91.png?width=788&format=png&auto=webp&s=476537c2086b667b6e11a05981d04135290c8a63
Here under the Jati sub-section, the article states that Jati is mentioned less often in the ancient texts. Here again, it mentions that the ancient text mentions Varna more often and there are four Varnas! It's normal for people to get confused by reading contradictory statements on the same topic. Thankfully Wikipedia has a page dedicated to "Varna" ( [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna\_(Hinduism)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)) ) . So lets' check that page to clear the confusion in our heads.
​
https://preview.redd.it/57ko6f3wdes91.png?width=526&format=png&auto=webp&s=9c6408953a76feb254c5244a5b200dbd25b92b49
https://preview.redd.it/jceupvrxdes91.png?width=808&format=png&auto=webp&s=aead0be94bc8ff6ab0abc91ba360d2e1b07dde11
Here it is mentioned that the four varnas together are called Savarna and Dalits and tribals are called Avarna. However, under the etymology section it says, Varna contextually means "colour, race, tribe, species, kind, sort, nature, character, quality, property. So, if the word Varna has such a broad meaning and it is the basis for the varna system, then why Dalits and tribes are excluded? Don't they have any such attributes? The section also mentions that the word varna can be used in the context of Objects. So, does this varna system applies to Objects too?
Since the section mentions Mahabharata as a reference, let's check whether it offers more information on Varna.
Thankfully, the Bhagavat Gita, which is part of Mahabharata, mentions something about Varna. It says
>**catur-varnyam maya srstam guna-karma-vibhagasah**
>
>**tasya kartaram api mam viddhy akartaram avyayam**
>
>***Translation: Even though the four varnas that are categorized based on qualities and duties are created by me, I remain as a non-doer.***
*Here the Gita* explicitly says that Varnas are created based on qualities and duties and there are four varnas. However, on Wikipedia, we can see a desperate attempt to create a 5th Varna for people that are “assumed” to be outside these 4 varnas. *If there was indeed a fifth Varna, why was it not mentioned in any of the ancient texts including the texts that mention the four varnas? So, by not mentioning a fifth Varna, do the texts implicitly say everything is included in the Varna classification? Or is exclusion has become the norm when something is not mentioned?*
# Then what is the Varna system?
The Varna System divides society into major 4 groups; [Brahmins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin) (People equipped with the task to acquire and share knowledge), the [Kshatriyas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya) (rulers, administrators and warriors), the [Vaishyas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishya) (merchants, tradesmen), and [Shudras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra) (farmers and artisans and labourers). Contradictory to the misinterpretation each class served the same society rather than serving a single class or one another.
If someone wants to check whether the Varna system was vertical by design and the Shudras were the lowest among the four, just visit the dedicated wiki of Shudra ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra))
​
https://preview.redd.it/h1o3noo0ees91.png?width=506&format=png&auto=webp&s=22d8e419e9bd5aa4d8b993656995b08441570e1d
The article mentions that the lowest “caste” Shudra participated in the coronation of Kings or were ministers and kings (Kshatriya, an upper caste, according to wiki’s own definition) according to ancient Indian texts.
The same page also states that The term *śūdra* appears only once in the [*Rigveda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda) under the mythical story of creation embodied in the [*Purusha Sukta*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha_Sukta) *("The Hymn of Man"). However, the following paragraphs mention that* The *Purusha Sukta* verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a [charter myth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_myth) . According to [Stephanie Jamison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_W._Jamison) and Joel Brereton, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system". It also quotes Historian [R. S. Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma) states that "the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of the social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth... \[it\] was primarily organised on the basis of kin, tribe and lineage.
​
https://preview.redd.it/37ezd2z4ees91.png?width=814&format=png&auto=webp&s=e4fe442e9acf1d7a7f30d4a0fea0d5cd0d2ed004
So, after going through [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra) it is very normal for readers to question the authenticity of all other articles mentioning the “caste system” as it is presented and propagated widely today on and outside of Wikipedia.
Going back to the "Caste system" page of Wikipedia, It mentions Manusmriti, ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti)) as the main source of "Caste system". However, the main Wikipedia page for Manusmriti states that the presumed authenticity of the text is false.
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https://preview.redd.it/0kjgwmw6ees91.png?width=619&format=png&auto=webp&s=72016a09e37eb019d35d998272dcd1775ef1ad84
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https://preview.redd.it/a1omd8s9ees91.png?width=805&format=png&auto=webp&s=054e26a0c57ca149f57a952379a0a6273d5459ee
**Manava dharmasastra (Manusmriti)**
* The Manava dharmasastra presents itself as a discourse given by [Manu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)) (Svayambhuva) and [Bhrigu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu) on [dharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma) topics such as duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others.
* The current Manu, **Vaivasvata Manu**, also referred to as **Shraddhadeva** and **Satyavrata** was the king of [Dravida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Kingdom) before the [great flood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth). He was warned of the flood by the [Matsya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya) (fish) [avatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar) of [Vishnu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu), and built a boat that carried the Vedas, Manu's family and the [seven sages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarishi) to safety, helped by Matsya.
* If we go by the chronology of Vishnu Avatars, Matsya avatar come before Rama, Vamana and Krishna avatars. etc. So, if Manu was present during Matsya Avatar, He must have written down Manusmriti after the great flood once he had saved the Vedas and sages.
* However, Ramayana, the Itihasa of Rama and Mahabharata the Itihasa of Krishana and Pandavas do not mention anything about Manusmriti nor the “caste system” in the form widely presented today (including the first mentioned Wikipedia pages).
* This raises several questions such as, what was the “caste system”, if it ever existed, in the Dravida Kingdom? If Manu wrote down the laws after the great flood, why is the social structure and dharma philosophy mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata inconsistent with the "Law of Manu"? If it was written after Mahabharata, are the rules apply only to kaliYuga (KaliYuga starts after the death of Krishna) and were never implemented prior to it? Then what is the authenticity of saying the “Caste system” originated in Hinduism? (Since most Hindu texts are written prior to Mahabharata)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru\_and\_Yadu\_Dynasties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru_and_Yadu_Dynasties) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_Ikshvaku\_dynasty\_kings\_in\_Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ikshvaku_dynasty_kings_in_Hinduism) mention various dynasties after Manu. So, what was the “Caste system” that existed during this period if there was indeed one?
* If the title “Manusmriti” is a modern term and late innovation, was it a deliberate attempt to give authenticity to the book by naming it after "Manu," one of the forefather figures in Hinduism?
* Since the current Manu is the 7th of 14 manus, which Manu is mentioned in Manusmriti? If it is the 7th Manu himself, then what was the “Caste system” followed in previous Kalpas, if there was any?
* Hinduism was the religion of several kingdoms such as Thailand, Bali, Cambodia etc. Why the “Caste system” is peculiar to India?
The page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti) quote several scholarly on the historical validity of Manusmriti
​
https://preview.redd.it/ba30eskcees91.png?width=774&format=png&auto=webp&s=a4090f6ed9ed1728e0a116d26d587bd2f6d10ed1
* **So, if Manusmriti (Manava** **Dharmasastra) was never implemented by any kings or rulers in history, why do several Wikipedia pages state it as the source of Varna and the “caste system” in India? Without proving the historical validity of the book and Varna, how can someone conclude that the "Caste system in India" originated from Hinduism?**
# Jatis
In Indian philosophy, *jati* (genus) describes any group of things that have generic characteristics in common. For example, Natyasastra mentions that Jātis[\[53\]](https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210187.html#note-e-82387) relating to the Overlapping notes are three in number: Madhyama, Pañcamī and Ṣaḍjamadhyā. It also says there are seven Jātis in the Ṣaḍja Grāma; Ṣāḍji, Ārṣabhī, Dhaivati, Naiṣādi, Ṣaḍjodīcyavatī, Ṣaḍjakaiśikī and Ṣaḍjamadhyamā. The eleven Jātis[\[55\]](https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210187.html#note-e-82389) in the Madhyama Grāma are; Gāndhārī, Raktagāndhārī, Gāndhārodīcyavā, Madhyamodīcyavā, Madhyama, Pāñcamī, Gāndhārapañcamī, Āndhrī, Nandayantī, Karmāravī and Kaiśikī.
If we check Vedanta, we can see that both Varna and Jati are mentioned under classical metres.
The Classical metres are divided into three types viz. 1. *vṛtta* or *varṇa*, 2. *mātrā* or *jāti* 3. *gadya*. The metres (*chandas*) which are calculated through letters are called as *varṇa* type, and the *mātrā* type is calculated by syllabic instances. The *gadya* type of metres are not accepted by all prosodicians, but authorities like Gaṅgādāsa, Candraśekhara, Raghunātha and Gopīnātha advocate for this metre.
When it comes to social structure, ***Jāti*** as a term was used to describe a cohesive group, mostly based on occupation and traditions. Knowing one's Jati made it easier for others to understand his occupation.
Since it was used to identify a group, there was no hierarchy in place and it was not hereditary in nature.
For example, Traditional Nair communities ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nair) ) were warriors. They were literate in Sankrit and Malayam. They also served as scribes and bailiffs for the royal courts and many took fame as philosophers and poets. As per modern definition Nairs are treated as a “Caste”. However, if we try to classify this community under the Varna system, we can place them under any four categories due to the various roles played by them in society. **Kartha** ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartha) ) or **Karthavu**, meaning "Lord" in the Malayalam language, is an aristocratic Nair title which traditionally meant, "One who does". In modern times, Kartha is treated as another “Caste” even though traditionally they were part of the Nair clan.
Another “Caste” Kaniyar, now classified as “Other backward Communities” were proficient in Sanskrit and Mathematics. They practised Ayurveda and astrology and also taught in village schools. They were also Kalaris (Traditional fencing, martial arts). ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniyar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniyar)) conducted by Kaniyars.
We can find similar phenomena across almost all castes and jati in a historical sense.
**If we investigate Hindu literature,**
* Vyasa's (compiled the single, eternal *Veda* into four separate books — [*Rigveda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda)*,* [*Samaveda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaveda)*,* [*Yajurveda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda) and [*Atharvaveda*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda). And also wrote Mahabharata among other books) birth name was *Krishna Dvaipayana*, which possibly refers to his dark complexion and birthplace. He was born to Satyavati a fisherwoman and **Parāśara**, a Maharshi and the author of many ancient Indian texts.
* Later Satyavati married King Shantanu
* Nala was a Nishada. He was an expert with horses and popular for his culinary skills. He married Damayanti, daughter of Bhima (not the Pandava one) and a princess of the [Vidarbha Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidarbha_Kingdom)
* As Bahuka (ugly dwarf form due to a curse) Nala served King [Rituparna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituparna) of Ayodhya. Nala served as both charioteer and cook.
* Indrasena, the daughter of Nala and Damayanti was married to [Mudgala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgala), the king of [Panchala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchala). Mudgala later became a Rajarshi.
* Guha, a Nishada, was a dearest friend of Rama and Rama revered him as he is his 4th brother.
* Krishna was raised by Nanda and Yashoda of Yadavas (one of the castes of Other Backward Classes today). Yadavas were cattle herders (Krishna himself used to rear cattle). He later becomes the King of Dwaraka. He volunteered to take the role of charioteer for Arjuna during the Mahabharata war.
* Ekalavya was a Nishada prince. He fought alongside Jarasandha, King of Magadha.
* Karna was raised by Radha and Adhiratha Nandana (a charioteer). He went to school in Hastinapura and studied martial arts under the sages Drona, and Kripa. He later becomes the King of the Anga kingdom.
* Ravana was the son of Sage “Vishrava / Vishravas” who was the son of sage “Pulastya”(son of Brahma). His mother was Kekashi, daughter of SUMALI - a Daitya. However, he later becomes the King of Lanka. He is regarded as Rakshasa (not to be confused with Daitya (Children of [Diti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diti)), Raksha means to protect and Rakshsa means from whom need protection) due to his character and Sita even called him a Chandala (Not to be confused with caste, Chandala means people who do not follow social rules and live in Shmashana).
* Drona, Kripa, Parashurama etc were Brahmins by birth but fought in many wars and were experts in Dhanuvidya.
* Vishwmitra was a King once. He became Rajarshi and then brahmarshi. The is considered to be the father/Rishi of Gayatri mantra.
* The youngest of Pandavas, Sahadeva is described to be skilled in swordsmanship and astrology. His brother Nakula is described as skilled in *Ayurveda*, sword fighting, and horse keeping.
* One of the wives of Bhima was Hidimbi, a Rakshasi and forest dweller. Their son Ghaṭotkaca was a great warrior and played an important role in the Mahabharata war.
* Hanuman was born to Anjana and Kesari of Vanara kingdom (Vanara means forest dwellers). Vanaras fought alongside Rama in Ramayana.
* Mahapadma Nanda was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. The Puranas describe him as a son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman
* In Soundarya Lahari - Shloka 75 - , Sankaracharya, the founder of Dasanami sects call himself Dravida Sisu. IN Sanskrit Dravida means the land between three waters (Oceans), unlike the modern meaning.
* The story of Satyakama Jabala
* Raikva, Janashruti and Kavasa Ailusha were admitted to ashrams for Vedic learning even after revealing their low caste status
* Sage Parasara was born of a Shvapaka woman, Kapinjala of a Chandala woman, and Madanapala of a boat woman
So, if we compare the concept of Jati and caste, we can find that
* The Jati system was totally different from the caste system
* It was common for people to change Jati and occupation.
* People changed occupations based on the living standards and opportunities available
* People from the same caste participated in different occupations varying from Brahmin varna to Shudra varna
* People competed with each other in observance of dharma and purity rules. The one who followed his dharma was considered superior and revered in society.
* We don’t find any examples of the modern-day caste system
\--------------------------------------------------------------
# Caste system: False narratives
One of the most misinterpreted terms is Chandala. For example, the below sloka from Ramayana is interpreted as
>न शक्या यज्ञमध्यस्था वेदी सृग्भाण्डमण्डिता ।
द्विजातिमन्त्रपूता च चण्डालेनावमर्दितुम् ।।3.56.18।।
>
>The sacrificial altar adorned with ladles and vessels and sanctified by the sacred mantras recited by brahmins cannot be defiled by a **chandala** (man of the lowest caste).
Here, the translation emphasises that chandala is a lower caste even though the sloka does not mention anything about “caste”.
To understand how much misinterpreted and out-of-context such slokas are, let's have a look at the previous and following slokas of Ramayana.
The slokas are taken from Aranya kanda of Ramayana
Context: Sita reprimanding Ravana.
>यदा विनाशो भूतानाम् दृश्यते काल चोदितः |
तदा कार्ये प्रमाद्यन्ति नराः काल वशम् गताः || ३-५६-१६
>
>"As and when ruination of created beings manifests actuated by Time, then all of them will place their behaviour in endangerment, as they have gone under the control of End-Time. \[3-56-16\]
>
>माम् प्रधृष्य स ते कालः प्राप्तो अयम् रक्षस अधम |
आत्मनो राक्षसानाम् च वधाय अन्तः पुरस्य च || ३-५६-१७
>
>This is that time which has bechanced on you owing to your molesting me, you basely demon, by which time-factor yourself, all of your demons, and even all of your queens in the Chambers of Queens will be devastated. \[3-56-17\]
>
>न शक्या यज्ञ मध्यस्था वेदिः स्रुक् भाण्ड मण्डिता |
द्विजाति मंत्र संपूता चण्डालेन अवमर्दितुम् || ३-५६-१८
>
>It is impossible for a profaner to heavily tread on the Altar of Fire amidst a Ritual Hall surrounded by oblational vessels, further sanctified by Vedic hymns. \[3-56-18\]
>
>तथा अहम् धर्म नित्यस्य धर्म पत्नी दृढ व्रता |
त्वया संप्रष्टुम् न शक्या अहम् राक्षसाधम पापिना || ३-५६-१९
>
>Likewise, I am the solemnly pledged legitimate wife of one who steadied himself in righteousness, and such as I am, you basely demon, it is impossible for you trespasser to touch me even. \[3-56-19\]
So, here Sita telling Ravana (The king of Lanka who has queens in chambers of queens, born to a brahmin, an expert in Vidya and Veda, a revered devotee of Shiva) that it will be impossible for him to touch her. Here the term Chandala is used to show the behaviours of Ravana which are against the established social norms.
Chandala was a term used to describe people who do not follow the rules of society.
Traditionally Chandals were a community who has the right to “*antya, uttara kriyaaH”* (the rituals of death and cremation). As per Hindu traditions, they are equal to Brahmins (Vedic scholars). The brahmins conduct “jaata aadi kriyaaH 'rites from birth onwards...' as an initiator. But it was Chandals who conducts death rites. They were not used to participating in society because they saw the material life and social norms as Maya. Generally, Lord shiva is regarded as Chandala. (Prajapati, being the father of society disapproved his daughter’s marriage to Shiva). Shiva is the lord of Dissolution and is the lord of all laws but participates in none (Similar to what Krishna said to Arjuna in Geeta, Shiva is regarded as the father of all sampradaya traditions and spirituality).
In short, Ravana, a person who is an expert in Vedas and Sastras and whose responsibility is to conduct according to the same, is now behaving like a Chandala.
***Now coming to Rigaveda, the famous sloka where the four varnas are mentioned as the limbs of Brahma***.
Quoting BBC ([https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616))
>“At the top of the hierarchy were the Brahmins who were mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma's head. Then came the Kshatriyas, or the warriors and rulers, supposedly from his arms. The third slot went to the Vaishyas, or the traders, who were created from his thighs. At the bottom of the heap were the Shudras, who came from Brahma's feet and did all the menial jobs.
>
>The main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific occupation.
>
>Outside of this Hindu caste system were the achhoots - the Dalits or the untouchables.”
​
https://preview.redd.it/xdf6zl2gees91.jpg?width=976&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=5336bef587ef47199b5cbd119bed45bc4eee3173
The below image is from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna\_(Hinduism)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism))
​
https://preview.redd.it/shwlvtlhees91.png?width=876&format=png&auto=webp&s=d036d4df25bcfd16c01b3d0f29d91943b11e6114
So, let's have a look at the Sloka 10 90 11-12, which is part of Purushasukta, in Rigveda
>यत्पुरुषं व्यदधुः कतिधा व्यकल्पयन् ।
>
>मुखं किमस्य कौ बाहू का ऊरू पादा उच्येते ॥११॥
>
>ẏat-Purussam Vya\[i-ā\]dadhuh k͟hatidhā Vya\[i-ā\]kalpayan |
>
>ṃukham k͟himasya k͟hau Bāhū k͟hā ūurū Pādā ūcyete ||11||
>
>**What did the purusha (i.e. virat) hold within him? How many parts were assigned in his huge form? What was his mouth? What was his arms? What was his thighs? And what was his feet?**
>
>ब्राह्मणोऽस्य मुखमासीद् बाहू राजन्यः कृतः ।
>
>ऊरू तदस्य यद्वैश्यः पद्भ्यां शूद्रो अजायत ॥१२॥
>
>Brāhmanno-āsya ṃukham-āasīd Bāhū ṟājanyah k͟hrtah |
>
>ūurū ṭad-āsya ẏad-Vaiśyah Padbhyām ṣūdro ājāyata ||12||
>
>**The Brahmanas were his mouth, the kshatriyas became his arms, the vaishyas were his thighs, and the shudras were assigned to his feet.**
Let's also have a look into Sloka 13 to 16 of Purushasukta to understand the context.
>चन्द्रमा मनसो जातश्चक्षोः सूर्यो अजायत ।
>
>मुखादिन्द्रश्चाग्निश्च प्राणाद्वायुरजायत ॥१३॥
>
>Candramā ṃanaso Jātaś-Cakssoh Sūryo ājāyata |
>
>ṃukhād-īndraś-Ca-āgniś-Ca Prānnād-Vāyur-ājāyata ||13||
>
>The moon was born from his mind and the sun was born from his eyes, Indra and agni (fire) were born from his mouth, and vayu (wind) was born from his breath.
​
>नाभ्या आसीदन्तरिक्षं शीर्ष्णो द्यौः समवर्तत ।
>
>पद्भ्यां भूमिर्दिशः श्रोत्रात्तथा लोकाँ अकल्पयन् ॥१४॥
>
>ṇābhyā āasīd-āntarikssam ṣīrssnno ḍyauh Samavartata |
>
>Padbhyām Bhūmir-ḍiśah ṣrotrāt-ṭathā l̤okā ākalpayan ||14||
>
>His navel became the antariksha (the intermediate space between heaven and earth), his head sustained the heaven, from his feet the earth (was sustained), and from his ears the directions (were sustained); in this manner all the worlds were regulated by him.
​
>सप्तास्यासन् परिधयस्त्रिः सप्त समिधः कृताः ।
>
>देवा यद्यज्ञं तन्वाना अबध्नन्पुरुषं पशुम् ॥१५॥
>
>Saptāsya\[i-ā\]asan Paridhayas-ṭrih Sapta Samidhah k͟hrtāh |
>
>ḍevā ẏadyajnyam ṭanvānā ābadhnan-Purussam Paśum ||15||
>
>By making seven enclosures with three times seven sacrificial firewood, the deva (the shining one referring to virat) in that yagna (sacrifice of creation), bound the infinite expanse of the purusha as (apparently) finite living beings (pashu).
​
>यज्ञेन यज्ञमयजन्त देवास्तानि धर्माणि प्रथमान्यासन् ।
>
>ते ह नाकं महिमानः सचन्त यत्र पूर्वे साध्याः सन्ति देवाः ॥१६॥
>
>ẏajnyena ẏajnyam-āyajanta ḍevās-ṭāni ḍharmānni Prathamānya\[i-ā\]asan |
>
>ṭe ḥa ṇākam ṃahimānah Sa-Canta ẏatra Pūrve Sādhyāh Santi ḍevāh ||16||
>
>The devas performed the external yagna by meditating on the real yagna (i.e. contemplating on the purusha who is shining behind everything); and thus they first obtained the dharma (based on the oneness of the purusha), by meditating on the greatness of the chidakasha (blissful spiritual sky behind everyone, which is the essence of the purusha), during those earlier times, the spiritual aspirants became the shining one themselves.
From this description, it is clear that the particular sloka is taken out of context. Purushasukta, talks about the whole universe as Purusha. Every living and non-living thing is assigned to his limbs. Also, it is important to note that, there is no mention of varna, jati or caste in the mentioned Sloka. Since all limbs of Purusha have the same colour, the division can not be based on the colour right?
Now after going through all these slokas, can anyone think that the slokas as mentioned in Wikipedia and BBC talk about 4 castes and how it is hierarchical in order, “exploitive” and then there is also an outcast!
If anyone still thinks that there is a “chance” for a 5th Varna, let's have a look at the sloka 4 of the same section. ([https://shlokam.org/purushasuktam/](https://shlokam.org/purushasuktam/) )
​
>त्रिपादूर्ध्व उदैत्पूरुषः पादोऽस्येहाभवत्पुनः ।
>
>ततो विष्वङ् व्यक्रामत्साशनानशने अभि ॥४॥
>
>ṭri-Pād-ūurdhva ūdait-Pūrussah Pādo-āsye\[a-ī\]ha-ābhavat-Punah |
>
>ṭato Vissvang Vya\[i-ā\]krāmat-Sāśana-ānaśane ābhi ||4||
>
>The three parts of the purusha is high above (in transcendental realm), and his one part becomes the creation again and again. There, in the creation, he pervades all the living (who eats) and the non-living (who does not eat) beings.
So Purusha prevails in everything (Including no living thing). So the classification applies to everything, the whole universe, not just human beings, right?
This shows how misinterpreted the Vedas are! After comparing original literature with the modern definition of caste, one will start to wonder whether there is an agenda to create narratives to give authenticity to the modern-day caste system. The failure in interpreting the slokas also shows the lack of intelligence in the translator because if it was indeed hierarchical in structure, why say Kshatriyas are arms? In a proper hierarchy, it is better to assign chest or abdomen to Kshatriyas instead of arms! This also shows most interpreters (and translator) does not understand what is Purusha in Hinduism.
This also shows the lack of understanding of Hindu culture. As per Hindu Dharma, one’s feet are the most revered (The concept of Lotus feet) out of all limbs. The Hindu philosophy states that all beings are divine, and all earthly beings are an incarnation of the Paramatma.
By taking the form of an earthy being and touching the earth with the divine feet, one makes the earth equal in divinity to Paramatma. The same philosophy is applied in Hindu customs such as Namaskar, touching the feet and even blessing someone with feet. Gurupadukas (The divine padukas (loosely translated to slippers in English) of Guru) are most revered among Hindu paramparas. Bharat, the brother of Rama took the padukas worn by Rama on his head and placed them on the throne of Ayodhaya and ruled the kingdom on behalf of Rama.
Similarly, if we refer to Manu smriti, the “most referred sloka” says
​
>लोकानां तु विवृद्ध्यर्थं मुखबाहूरुपादतः ।
ब्राह्मणं क्षत्रियं वैश्यं शूद्रं च निरवर्तयत् ॥ ३१ ॥
>
>*lokānāṃ tu vivṛddhyarthaṃ mukhabāhūrupādataḥ* |
*brāhmaṇaṃ kṣatriyaṃ vaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ ca niravartayat* || 31 ||
>
>For the sake of the prosperity of the worlds he caused the Brahmana, the Kshatriya, the Vaisya, and the Sudra to proceed from his mouth, his arms, his thighs, and his feet.
Here also no “caste’ is mentioned. No hierarchy is mentioned. The Sloka itself says Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra are created for the prosperity of the world.
Since as per popular narrative, brahmins are at the top of the “hierarchy” and bestowed with the permission to exploit the other 3 “lower” varnas, let's crosscheck what the Manusmriti says on this matter (For a moment, let's accept the authenticity of the text).
​
https://preview.redd.it/z7cw890mees91.png?width=523&format=png&auto=webp&s=01ede0464ea61ba7495381650e1813c7996b9208
1.87. **But in order to protect this universe He, the most resplendent one, assigned separate (duties and) occupations to those who sprang from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet.**
​
https://preview.redd.it/uucy0tgmees91.png?width=475&format=png&auto=webp&s=5da8581ab9442ddb1a2e91810874cea576079319
1.88. **To Brahmanas he assigned teaching and studying (the Veda), sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms).**
As per the above sloka, brahmins are the most exploited among the four because he is supposed to study and teach Vedas, sacrificing (Yagna) for their own benefit and for others. He is supposed to take alms for a living and also give alms. If we look into Gurukula sampradaya and stories of Drona, Sudama and many other acharayas, we can see that this principle was indeed followed.
**Edicts 3 and 11 of Ashoka also order to respect Brahmanas and Sramanas.**
So, if we go through the original test it becomes clear that In the Varna system, each Varna is supposed to serve the other three Varnas.
* Kshatriyas protected the other three.
* Brahmins taught the other three.
* Vaishyas gave materials and money to the other three.
* Sudras gave service to the other three
So the system was interdependent, unlike feudal systems where the top class exploit the others. This division of duties was based on the concept of **universal responsibility** and became the root of the **Jajamani system** that protected ancient kingdoms and societies.
**The word “Varna”**
Varna is a Sanskrit word that has been misinterpreted the most in history. Commonsense says that to understand a Sanskrit word, you must rely on Vyakarna and Nirukta. Without these codes of interpretation, it is easy to misinterpret Sanskrit. A small word in Sanskrit might have a wider meaning depending on various contexts.
The word “Varna” is not exclusive to the Varna system. In Nirukta itself, there are 5 major ways mentioned to interpret the meaning of Sanskrit words. These are
1. Varnaagama
2. Varnaviparya
3. Varnavikara
4. Varnalopa
5. Tatvardhanusara
If we assign the meaning “colour” to varna, how come words have colours?
Let's take the example of the word Gotra. According to Sanskrit rules, the word gotra originates from “gung” (Shabda/syllabi) which is also common with the Sanskrit word for cloud. This is because clouds absorb water with the help of sun rays, contain it and send it back to the surface in the form of rain to sustain life on earth.
Similarly, a gotra preserves knowledge through Parampara (not to be confused with racial lineage) and shares it with the right person when the time comes. It is for the interpreter to understand the meaning of the word as per the context. Such usages are very common across Sanskrit literature. You may evaluate the meaning of “Meghnath” using the same principle and see whether the son of Ravana was the lord of clouds or he represent something else.
**Additional notes**
Along with Manava Dharmasastra (Manusmriti), ancient India had between eighteen and thirty-six competing Dharma-sastras (as per some scholarly opinions). So, taking a book of assumed authenticity and misunderstanding the concept of dharma for laws/rules and using the book exclusively for the administration and legislation shows the myopic mindset of the then administrator. This misunderstanding might be caused due to the fact that they didn't understand the native culture, were not able to understand Sanskrit properly or because they followed a single book to distinguish between rights and wrongs concerning all matters in life. However, Dharma sutras are descriptive in nature not prescriptive.
Also here are a few slokas from ancient Hindu literature that portrays how the Varna classification is not hereditary in nature, yet all-inclusive and all varnas are to be treated equally.
​
>Rucham no dhehi brahmaneshu Rucham rajasu naskridhi |
>
>Rucham vishveshu shudreshu Mayi dhehi rucha rucham ||
>
>–Taittiriya Samhita V 7.6 3-4
>
>***Put light in our Brahmanas, put it in our chiefs (kings), (put) light in vaishyas and Shudras, put light in me by your light.***
​
>Na kulam vrittahinasya Pramanamiti me matihi /
>
>Anteshwapij jatanam Vrittameva vishishyate //
>
>– Mahabharata, Udyoga Parva, Ch 34, v 41.
>
>***High birth can be no certificate for a person of no character. But persons with good character can distinguish themselves irrespective of low birth.***
​
>Yastu Shudro dame satye dharme cha satatotthitah
>
>tam brahmanamaham manye vritten hi bhavet dvijah
>
>– Mahabharata, Vanaparva, Ch 216, vs 14-15.
>
>***That shudra who is ever engaged in self-control, truth, and righteousness, I regard him a brahmin. One is a twice born by conduct alone.***
​
>Na jatih karanam tata gunah kalyanakaranam
>
>Vritasthamapi chandalam tam devah brahmanam viduh
>
>\- Uttaragita
>
>***Birth is not the cause, my friend; it is virtues, which are the cause of welfare. Even a Chandala observing the vow is considered a brahmana by the gods***
**The story of Shankaracharya**
A chandala stood in the way of the Shankaracharya. The Acharya asked him to move away. The Chandala asked him whether the Acharya’s behaviour was consistent with his philosophy. He asked further: Viproyam Shvapachoyam ityapi mahan koyam Vibhedabhramah (what is this confusing distinction between a brahmin and an untouchable?). Shankaracharya then prostrates before him as before a guru and breaks out into five verses known as Manisha Panchakam. He reiterates his Advaita philosophy, but in his very first verse, he says that a person who knows the Supreme, whether he is a Chandala or a twice-born, is a guru for him. (Chandaloastu sa tu dvijoastu gururityesha manisha mama)
**Twice born**
As per Hindu philosophy, all new burns are treated equally. All are born Shudra and only after the Upanayana one becomes a twice-born. The sacred thread indicating twice borns is worn only after getting initiated into Brahamavidya after which the person becomes brahmachari (Moving towards Brahman/practising Brahma vidya). Later when the person accepts Sanyasa the thread is left behind since a sanyasi and Brahman is not two entity but one.
**Lineage as per Hindus**
The Hindu tradition followed the Gotra system. All beings were born to one of the 7 gotras that originated from Saptarshis (Each Kalpa these saptarshis changes). The main purpose of Gotra was to eliminate inbreeding. No gotra bestowed any special advantages to its people, because all varnas and Jatis were part of all gotras and Varnas and Jatis were dynamic and offered mobility.
​
>*“This distinction is invariably kept up through all the castes, from the Brahman to the Pariah. And however remote the persons related are from the original stock, so long as the memory is preserved of their springing from the same root, although in the fiftieth generation, or in the twentieth degree of relationship, the male line retains its right in all cases to connect itself with the female ; but never can the children of the male line intermarry with each other, nor those of the female line unite. Agreeably to this distinction, a custom has arisen, which, as far as I know, is peculiar to the Brahmans. They are all supposed to know the Gétram or root from whence they spring; that is to say, they know who was the ancient Muni or devotee from whom they descend ; and in order to avoid intermixture with a daughter or descendant of this original stock they find a reason for marrying into a different Gétram.”* (A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdnk5QkVJbFhVVGNIckhZaFA4THpUOWxua2R3V2taTVVsZnZVaTMzZW9yVkZWd01GZDRRVzR5OWVkd09TcUYzUEViYlZNQ3RTbmlDVkpaUlRNRmNHVVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOalVJVVRhN0podE5PM3hIbmpFNzgxX181QXcwc2JuTC1EWW9Gc0swSk0yd2psZnVCTXpoUzI1T3QxbEhobXM5c3RMVloyaWItQ1pXNWMtYWRkLXBjZmMwMUtMR1k5a0F0V24zNDZOQjloNjZNbjkwd1JSMUhpM3pIeFRiOU9PV19kMnR2eWFDcjlFTllNc05RN0VPdHRDZEJydFVIdFNRemlhSWVJcWh5SkRfYUpIcmplV1VwSkVXNWY4ajVIQllHQS1qLTVSai00QlktcGdKUmxLSTk0Zz09 |
Continuation of **Caste System in India: Part 01 (Varna, Jati and Hinduism)** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1eo4/caste\_system\_in\_india\_part\_01\_varna\_jati\_and/](https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1eo4/caste_system_in_india_part_01_varna_jati_and/))
# The caste system: Origin
>**“The artificial divisions of society in India, first made known to us by the Portuguese, and described by them under the term “caste”, signifying ‘breed, race, kind’ which has been retained in English under the supposition that it was the native name**” (Wedywood, s.v.)
​
>“**We do not find that the early Portuguese writer Barbosa (1516) applies the word Casta to the divisions of Hindu society**. He calls these divisions in Narsinga and Malabar so many leis de gentos, i.e., ‘laws’ of the heathen, in the sense of sectarian rules of life. But he uses the word casta in a less technical way, which shows us how it should easily have passed into the technical sense. Thus, speaking of the King of Calicut: “This King keeps 1000 women, to whom he gives regular maintenance, and they always go to his court t act as the sweepers of his palaces….these are ladies, and of good family” (estas saom fidalgas e de boa Casta. In coll. Of Lisbon Academy, ii, 316)
​
>“**Some of them asserted that they were of the caste (Casta) of the Christians**”. ( Correia, Lendas, I 2, 685) Year 1561
​
>**“There are thousands and thousands of those so-called castes; no man knows their number, no man can know it; for the conception is a very flexible one, and moreover new castes continually spring up and pass away”** (F. Jagor, Ostindische Handwerk und Gewerbe, 13) Year 1878
The word “caste” has its origin in Casta (Spanish: [\[ˈkasta\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish)), a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. The librian word Casta meaning lineage is documented in Spanish since 1417 and is linked to the proto-Indo European “Ger”. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta) )
The Casta system was based on the purity of blood [limpieza de sangre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre), originating under Moorish rule that developed in Christian Spain to denote those without recent Jewish or Muslim heritage. The Inquisition only allowed those Spaniards who could demonstrate not to have Jewish and Moorish blood to emigrate to Latin America. However, this rule was not strictly followed and there were many Jewish conversos and black Africans who were part of the Spaniards.
​
[Image credit: Wikipedia](https://preview.redd.it/9ansaqrefes91.jpg?width=800&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=6710f35a862c134712766be452afa8c0232edc66)
In Spanish America, racial categories were registered at local parishes upon baptism as required by the Spanish Crown. Initially, in Spanish America, there were three ethnic categories. They generally referred to the multiplicity of indigenous American peoples as "Indians" (indios). Those from Spain called themselves españoles. The third group were black Africans, called negros ("Blacks"), brought as slaves from the earliest days of the Spanish empire in the Caribbean.
Colonial Spanish America resulted in widespread intermarriage: unions of [Spaniards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people) (españoles), [Amerindians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindians) (indios) and [Black people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people) ([negros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroes)). Basic mixed-race categories that appeared in official colonial documentation were [mestizo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo), generally the offspring of a Spaniard and an indigenous person; and [mulato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato), the offspring of a Spaniard and a black African.
This racial categorization had a wide impact on all Spanish territories, including Spain itself. Evidence of lack of purity of blood had consequences such as whether one is eligible for office, entrance into the priesthood, and emigration to Spain's overseas territories. General racial groupings had their own set of privileges and restrictions, both legal and customary. There were laws created restricting certain races from being in certain occupations. A Spanish Friar approached Spanish lawmakers and stated that Mestizos, who were a combination of Spanish and Indigenous parentage should not be allowed to become priests in 1578. ([https://www.nuestraverdad.com/post/spanish-caste-system](https://www.nuestraverdad.com/post/spanish-caste-system) )
# Jati system in India prior to East India Company rule
>*“In what then does Hindoo caste consist? We would liken it to what, as similar in its feelings and effects, has also been denominated caste among Europeans. To a certain extent at least they both spring from the same origin, just as they both for the most part manifest themselves in the same things—in eating and in forming matrimonial alliances between families.”* **(Benjamin Irvin: The theory and practice of caste)**
​
>*“A caste may be defined as a collection of families or groups of families bearing a common name;.* *claiming common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine; professing to follow the same hereditary calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community. The name generally denotes or is associated with a specific occupation. A caste is almost invariably endogamous in the sense that a member of the large circle denoted by the common name may not marry outside that circle, but within the circle there are usually a number of smaller circles each of which is also endogamous.”* **(The people of India)**
The caste system as it is defined and propagated today didn’t exist in the pre-east India company era.
Then existed Jatis which was essential for the Jajamani system and social order.
The society was divided into different ‘Jatis” that had distinctive characteristics as a community.
​
* Each Jati had a distinctive name
* Everyone in the community participated in a common occupation
* Each Jati was specific to a geography.
* Each geography had its own version of common Jatis. However, even though they shared common socio-economic conditions, some Jatis didn’t marry into their parallel jati in the nearby geography. (To give a very crude example, Tamil coat makers not marrying Kannada coat makers). Sometimes food habits also varied due to environmental conditions.
* They had their own food habits, for example, some Jatis saw eating meat as unclean and worthy of loathing. The acts of Killing and eating cows were treated as a penial crime among most jatis.
* Some communities intermarried. Others married only outside their sub-jati but inside the main Jati. Most followed the gotra system. (For example, the community that specialized in making saddles from leather did not marry from their own community but married inside the leather-making community)
* Jatis that followed occupations related to dealing with dead animals (Eg skinning) and killing/eating animals were considered “Unclean”. “Drunkenness” was also looked down upon. Eating beef was considered a penial sin and worthy enough to lose his/her Jati
* Each jati was rooted in the principle of **Dharma and universal responsibility**. Swaying away from one’s dharma was not encouraged. Interfering with someone’s else dharma (Doing jobs of some other community) was also not encouraged.
* The Jati system gave a clear definition of the duties of each community towards society.
* The Jajmani system was based on the principle of Dharma and Jati.
# Historical accounts of jati system
1. **Dharmic root/ sense of division of duty**
**From** **The theory and practice of caste: Benjamin Irving (17-18**
>“in the Bengal Presidency alone, they would pro- bably amount to some hundreds; almost every district containing some, which are not known in the adjacent province. Their rules are so various, and depend so much upon preconceived ideas, and the connection of feeling in the mind, that even to Europeans, who have mixed longest with the people, caste is a mysterious subject. Among the lowest classes, and more especially among the servants of the English in Calcutta, caste has degenerated into a fastidious tenacity of the rights and privileges of station, and an unmeaning observance of ridiculous regulations. The man who sweeps your room would resolutely refuse to take an empty cup from your hand. He whose business it is to groom your steed would feel himself aggrieved if .requested to mow a little grass for its sustenance.”
>
>“Coolies will carry any load, however offensive, upon their heads; bid them carry a man for a few paces, and though it be a matter of life and death, they will answer you, that it is the business of another caste.”
**From The chamars**
>“In another case two Chamars were fined ten and six rupees respectively for removing dead animals from the house of another Chamar’s clients’
>
>“The husband of a Chamar woman who worked as midwife for another Chamar’s client was fined five rupees”
2. **Vocation**
>*“Most of the professions, and almost all the trades, with the arts and employments which are indispensable to society, belong to the tribe of the S’‘adras: and as, by the prejudices of the country, no caste and no individual can be of two trades, a particular tribe being exclusively set apart for each oceupation and each trade, it is not sur- prising that the divisions and subdivisions of castes should be so exceedingly numerous in this tribe, or that it should stand so high in point of number.”* ***(A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India)***
Below are examples of a few Jatis, their vocation and how they got their name
* Ghosis: Sellers of milk. (In Sanskrit Ghosi signify a cattle-per)
* Bhar-Bhunjas: Grain roasters (Bhar means furnace and Bhunna means to parch)
* Bhatyaras: Serai-keepers (Bhatti means oven)
* Chamars: Leather workers (Charmakara means workers in hides)
3. **Intermarriage**
Marriage played a vital role in distinguishing one Jati from others. Marrying from other Jatis was mostly discouraged, especially when it comes to giving women for marriage. It might be due to the wide role played by women in Hindu families. Quoting from “The state of Christianity in India” on the role of females in a Hindu family
>*“In fact, to them belong the entire management of their household, the care of their children, the superintendence of the menial servants, the distribution of alms and charities. To their charge are generally intrusted the money, jewels, and other valuables. To them belongs the care of procuring provisions, and pro viding for all expences. It is they also who are charged, almost to the exclusion of their husbands, with the most important affair of procuring wives for their sons, and husbands for their daughters ; and, in doing this, they evince a niceness, an attention, and foresight, which are not certainly surpassed in any country ; while, in the management of their domestic business, they in general show a shrewdness, a savingness, and an intelligence which would do honour to the best house wives in Europe…The influence of the Hindoo females on the welfare of families is so well known, that the successes or misfortunes of the Hindoos are almost entirely attributed to their good or bad management. When a person prospers in the world, it is customary to say that he has the happiness to possess an intelligent wife, to whom he is indebted for his welfare; and when any one runs to ruin, it is the custom to say that he has for his partner a bad wife, to whom his misfortunes must chiefly be attributed. In short, a good-natured and intelligent wife is considered, by all castes of natives, as the most valuable of all the blessings which could be bestowed on a family, and a bad one as the most dreaded of all curses; so great is their influence on the fate of the Hindoo households. The authority of married women within their houses is chiefly exerted in preserving good order and peace among the persons who compose their families; and a great many among them discharge this important duty with a prudence and a discretion which have scarcely a parallel in Europe.”*
Below are a few examples of how marriage was conducted in Hindu society.
>*“In no case will any pretext avail them for contracting a marriage with a stranger. Neither can the Idaiyan of the Tamil country form an alliance with the Gollavadu of the Telugu country, although these two castes are but one, which is that of the herdsmen differently denominated in the respective dialects. The Okkiliyaru of the Karnataka districts, will on no account intermarry with the Tamilian Vallalar, although these two castes differ only in name: and the case is the same with other tribes.”* **(A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India)**
​
>“As a rule, the Chamar chooses his wife locally, outside his own village group, but within his own sub-caste. Although the sub-castes are essentially endogamous groups, marriages are occasionally arranged between members of different sub-castes. For example, Dhusiyas and Kanaujiyas intermarry/ and Jatiyas and Kaiyans sometimes do.” **(The chamars p35)**
​
>“Occupation may become a bar to marriage, sometimes even within the endogamous group. Thus, those who remove manure and night-soil cannot intermarry with those who serve as grooms. Rai Dasis (in the Punjab) will not marry with Jatiyas who skin dead animals. Jatiyas in the Delhi territory, who work in the skins of "unclean" animals, are• refused marriage by some clans of the Sutlej. 2 In some places Kurils who tan do not marry with Kurils who make shoes.” **(The chamars p35)**
**4. How food played a role in Jati**
**From** **The theory and practice of caste: Benjamin Irving**
>*“The numerous incongruities which arise therefrom. The master, being of an inferior class, must not touch the vessels which the domestic uses for his own food. Nor, on the other hand, will the prejudices of the domestic suffer him to withdraw from the table the plates which he had served up. What he has prepared is pure for his master; but what his master has touched is polluted to him.”*
>
>*“The majority of the people of Bengal and Orissa will not eat meat, though all classes join in eating fish; whilst on the other hand, at Bickanee, fish is held in the utmost abhorrence. Nearly all Hindoos so rigorously refrain from animal food, and look upon swine with such especial disgust that, in the great drought of 1770, when it has been calculated that more than one-fourth of the teeming population of Bengal perished of famine, thousands died rather than violate their religious scruples ; yet all these, with perhaps the exception of the very highest castes, will eat the flesh of the deer and wild boars, if not killed by their own hands.\* In Kumaon all will eat the short-tailed sheep of the hills, but none will touch one with a long tail. To the Brahmins all animal food, save that of fishes and kids, is forbidden ; yet in some districts they will readily partake of the flesh of any animal whatever, if only, as in the case of other Hindoos, it be not killed by their own hand. The Eajpoots eat fish, mutton, and venison ; fowls, beef, and pork are held in abomination. Many castes follow the same rules. With some, however, pork is the favourite diet, beef only is prohibited.””*
>
>*“Bramins would be polluted by drinking from the same cup as a Sudra; if, however, the beverage be a species of whey there is no pollution. Spirituous liquors are in general only allowed to the Pariahs. In some parts of Southern India, the Bramins partake of them without scruple.”*
**From "The Chamars"**
>*“Chamars will not accept food from Mohammadans. When, however, they are outcasted, they will eat anything.” (The chamars p47)*
*5.* **Below are two accounts of the Jajamani system**
>“Is the reverend gentleman ignorant, that there are everywhere in India, as well as in Europe, tailors, washermen, and shoemakers. That these professions, as well as every other, are exercised by castes, to which they belong exclusively, and that the individuals who compose those castes, both males and females, are obliged for a trifling salary to discharge the duties of their profession whenever called upon for the purpose by the other tribes?” **(State of Christinanity p194)**
​
>“There are certain hereditary rights which are the privilege of a certain Chamar family (or families) in each village. These rights, called Jajaman or Gaukama, are carefully guarded. In return for these perquisites the Chamar gives regular services to the landlords. The circle of clients from whom he receives these privileges expect him to remove dead cattle, to prepare leather from the hide, and to furnish a certain limited supply of shoes and other leather articles. Besides the dead cattle, which belong to him by right, he gets a fee of from ten to twelve seers of grain for curing the hides of the animals that die. From the hide he sells one pair of shoes to the Zamindar for two and half seers of grain. The rest of the hide is his.” **(The chamars )**
**6. Jati: Mobility**
The creation of new jati was a common phenomenon across the land. A new Jati came into existence whenever one of the below things happened.
* **Migration:** A community moving to new geolocation adopted a new name. The names were usually a mixture of their original Jati name and the geography they originally belonged to. Migration was usually looked down upon. But, losing patronage, lack of vocation etc. forced communities to migrate to new locations where the opportunities are better.
* **Taking up a new vocation/specialization:** Usually, the new name was a mixture of their original name and the name of the new vocation. There were different scenarios when a change in the vocation used to happen (Kor Chamar, a \~weaver become tanner; Chamar-Julaha, a chamar become weaver, Dom becoming Mochi)
1. **There is high demand for certain products:** For example, when there is a higher demand for leather saddles, some people in the leather-making community took up the vocation of saddle making creating a new jati.
2. **Patronage:** Sometimes certain communities/people were favoured by the ruler due to their skills or service. They crated a new subset in the old Jati
3. **It was usually for some communities to rise in power**. For example, when people from Nairs got lordship, a new Jati called Kartha was born. So many Sub jatis of Rajputs were born this way.
The socio-economic conditions of various Jatis were not rigid. It was usual for some jati to rise up economically and socially due to an increase in demand for their products or services or some politically powerful figure associating with them.
**(From The theory and practice of caste: Benjamin Irving)**
>*“Caste no longer ties a man down to follow his father's business.- Most men certainly do follow the occupation to which they have been brought up. This, however, is not peculiar to India. It is the case with every people. A man is educated in his father's shop or office, in all the minutiae of his business ; his mind becomes accustomed to it, his business friends are of avail there, and perhaps in no other line of commerce; and in India, as elsewhere, when the father dies his son commonly succeeds to his business : but caste no more involves obligation to do so in India than it does in England. If we except the priesthood, which now chiefly belongs to the Bramins (and even in this point great latitude is allowed) caste\* has not necessarily any effect on the line of life in which a man embarks.”*
​
>*There is nothing to prevent a common shopkeeper, or bunnea, from becoming, if his affairs prosper, a wealthy merchant. There is nothing to prevent a merchant of high rank from sinking into the most menial occupation.-j- Men of all castes have held commissions in our army. You may constantly see, as in England, one brother following the hereditary vocation, whilst another enters the army, hires himself as a domestic servant, or strikes out some other new course of life. How little occupation depends on caste may be seen from the following remark of a writer on India : " Among the crew of our boat, consisting of ten men, were actually found the following variety of castes —twoj Rajpoots, four Kuhars, one Kisan, one Goojur, one Bhatj and only one regular mullah, or boatman, by profession."*
​
>*“Most of the Mahratta Rajahs are Sudras ; and yet, at a period when the English were only known as foreign merchants at Calicut, in Malabar, and some other seaports, they fought their way to their respective thrones against Mahometans, or whatever opposed them. Salivahana,\* who flourished in the first century of the Christian era, and was their oldest, as well as most powerful monarch, is said to have been the son of a potter. Yet neither he, nor any other Peishwa, ever found the high-caste Bramin ill-disposed to be his minister, or join in council with a Sudra Rajah. In fact,f the Mahratta chiefs were usually so illiterate, that Bramins managed their affairs, and throughout the whole of their country they are still the great men of business, occupying the position of the Kaits and Parsees in other states. The founders of the families of Holcar and Scindia were both Sudras, whilst Trimbuk-jee was a Bramin of the highest class. The great family of Rastia, in the Mahratta country, were Bramins, then became extensive bankers, and lastly military leaders. Many other examples to the same effect might be quoted. So that it is obvious that it depends much more upon the wealth and power of the parties, than upon their caste, which shall serve the other.*
​
>*“The English in point of caste are on an equality with the lowest Sudras, and yet they never find a difiiculty in hiring men of high caste to perform menial services. In the South of India\* the Bramins apply themselves to cookery, in which art they attain great proficiency. Individuals of any caste may, without pollution, eat what has been prepared at their hands. On this account, as well as for the eclat of entertaining a domestic of such reputed rank, they are in great request with the opulent Sudras: this, too, notwithstanding the numerous incongruities which arise therefrom.”*
Below are other historical accounts
>*“But the Chamar is not now chiefly a tanner and a worker in leather. The census returns for the United Provinces in 1911 show less than 131,000 who reported their hereditary occupation as their principal means of livelihood, while but 38,205 reported leather-work of any sort as their subsidiary means of livelihood. But 26,112 actual workers who returned their traditional occupation as their principal means of livelihood, had some subsidiary occupation. 1,354,622 recorded their principal occupation as cultivation ; 1,245,312 were returned as field-labourers, wood-cutters, etc.; 142,248 as artisans and workmen; 331,244 as labourers (unspecified); and 31,855 as domestic servants. 1 In the United Provinces the great majority of the Chamars are engaged in" the exploitation of the earth's surface." Similarly we find that, in the Punjab, they are an extensive class of low-caste cultivators ; and that in the Central Provinces, the great bulk of the caste, namely, the Satnamis, do not touch leather at all.”* ***(The chamars)***
​
>*“Caste, again, has been habitually modified by the action of the Rajas, who claimed the right of promoting and degrading members of the various castes. The process of amalgamation of caste and tribal groups is specially observable in the case of the forest tribes when they come in contact with Hinduism. Each of them shows a ragged fringe in which the more primitive type is found intermingled with the more civilised race. In the case of certain areas, like Burma, Kashmir, Gujarat, the existing population represents a mixture of various races which have amalgamated within the historical period.”* ***(The people of India)***
​
>*Traditions say that in times past when Marwar was troubled by foreign invaders, a large number of Rajputs, Jats and Charans joined the Bhambi caste and thus in course of time there arose four sub-division among the Bhambis as follow.*
>
>*1.* *The Adu or unmixed Bhambis*
>
>*2.* *The Maru Bhambis comprising Rajputs*
>
>*3.* *The Jata Bhambis including Jats*
>
>*4.* *The Charnia Bhambis including Charans*
>
>(Report on the census of 1891: Marwar)
>
>*“In reply to this it has been urged that Risley has exaggerated the isolation of the present grouping of the people ; that caste, in its modern, rigid form, is of comparatively recent origin. The older custom, for instance, recognised the possibility of a Kshatriya becoming a Brahman, or vice versd; and although a man was supposed to take his first wife from his own class, there was no binding rule to this effect, while in any case he was free to take a second wife from a lower class. Similar laxities of practice prevail at the present time among certain communities in the Himalayan districts of the Panjab.”* **(The people of India)**
# It was difficult to Distinguish Varna from Jati
* In a practical sense, “Varna” as a political caste system was never implemented by any rulers.
* Some Jatis served as Royals, Soldiers, Village heads, cultivators, servants of royals etc historically or during the same period.
* As per the Jajamani system, each caste had the “right” to participate in certain ceremonies and festivals. It was also their duty to serve others as per their vocation (Dharma).
For example “Charan”s have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, poets, historians, pastoralists, agriculturalists and also administrators, jagirdars and warriors and some even traders.
Deshastha Brahmin traditionally served as priests, writers, accountants, and moneylenders and also practised agriculture.
Koli is an Agriculturist caste of Gujarat but in coastal areas, they also work as fishermen along with agriculture. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Koli caste was recognised as a Criminal Tribe. They also served as Thakur (Feudal title) alongside of Brahmins, Rajputs, Charans, Ahirs, and Jats.
During the British colonial period, the Vellalars who were landowners and tillers of the soil and held offices pertaining to land were ranked as Sat-Sudra in the 1901 census. Under the Chola rulers, people from the same caste acted as courtiers, army officers, and served in the lower ranks of the bureaucracy and the upper layer of the peasantry.
>*“Be this as it may, the caste which at present exists throughout the greater part of India is very different from that described in the laws of Menu: though to them it may probably owe a good deal of its stability, and all the prestige, which is attached to it among Europeans. The second and third orders do not now exist as separate classes. The very names are un- known, as conveying the original meaning.* ***The people are all comprised in two classes, the Bramins and the Sudras; while at the same time thousands are hardly acquainted with the latter name.*** *Instead of the three twice-born classes, with their inferior divisions, and the Sudras, with some few exceptions, not only the Hindoos, but even the Mussulmans, Jews, Parsees, and Christians, are divided into an almost infinite number of castes”* **(The theory and practice of caste: Benjamin Irving)**
​
>*“Chamars employ Brahmans as astrologers. Besides this, in the west, nearly all Chamars employ Chamarwa Brahmans as priests. In the east, the well-to-do engage degraded Sarwariya or Kanaujiya Brahmans. Gurra Brahmans, who wear the sacred thread but who are looked upon by other Brahmans as polluted, receive offerings from Chamars but do not eat with their clients nor enter their houses. Chamarwa Brahmans serve certain sub-castes of Chamars and sometimes preside at weddings. Formerly they intermarried with Chamars/ but they are now an endogamous group. Those of the Punjab were Chamars. A branch of the Gaur Brahmans, the Chamar Gaudas, serve the Chamars as priests. The Jatiyas of some parts of the Punjab employ high-caste Gaur Brahmans.”* ***(The Chamars)***
# Jati: Hierarchy
From the above examples, it is already clear that there was no hierarchy in the jati system. The only thing that made a Jati inferior to others was “cleanliness” since Jatis that ate flesh or took part in unclean vocations such as killing animals, skinning, leather making, cleaning and washing etc. were considered unclean.
Since the Jati system offered mobility, people belonging to certain Jatis moving up and down in socio-economic ladder due to changes in vocation or food habits were common.
>*“With regard to the particular subdivisions of the tribes, it would be difficult to determine which exceed the rest in dignity, because some castes which are decried in one part are frequently esteemed in another according as they conduct themselves with propriety or exercise the more reputable employments. Or if it should happen that the prince of a district belongs to a particular caste, although otherwise of the least consideration, it rises to distinction, and all its members partake in the lustre of its chief…In general, it will be found that the tribes which are most attentive to propriety of demeanour, in the rigid sense in which it is understood by Hindus : who are constant in their ablutions; who abstain from animal food; who are exact in the rules prescribed for family alliance ; whose wives are the most recluse, and most vindictively punished when they err; those who most resolutely maintain the customs and privileges of their order: such are the castes that are reputed the most noble.”* **(A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India)**
# Losing Jatis
**1. Converting to the religions of invaders**
**From the book "State of Christianity in India"**
>“At that very time happened the European invasion, and the bloody contests for dominion between the English and French. The Euro peans, till then almost entirely unknown to the natives in the interior, introduced them selves in several ways and under various de nominations into every part of the country. The Hindoos soon found that those mission aries, whom their colour, their talents, and other qualities, had induced them to regard as such extraordinary beings, as men coming from another world, were in fact nothing else but disguised Fringy (Europeans) ; \* and that their country, their religion, and original education, were the same with those of the vile, the contemptible Fringy, who had of late invaded their country. This event proved the last blow to the interests of the Christian religion. No more conversions were made; apostacy became almost general in several quarters; and christianity became more and more an object of contempt and aversion, in proportion as the European manners became better known to the Hindoos.” (p11)
>
>aimed by the Hindoos against Christianity. In fact, how can our holy religion prosper amidst so many insurmountable obstacles? A person who embraces it becomes a proscribed and outlawed man; he loses at once all that can attach him to life. A husband, a father is forthwith forsaken and deserted by his own wife and children, who obstinately refuse to have any further intercourse with their degraded relative. A son is unmercifully driven out of his paternal mansion, and entirely deserted by those who gave him birth. By embracing the Christian religion, therefore, a Hindoo loses his all. Relations, kindred, friends, —all desert him! Goods, possessions, inheritance, all disappear! (p13-14)
**Benjamin states**
>“By Government Regulations of 1814, native Christians were debarred from filling any public office of respectability. There is on record one instance at least, in which a sepoy was actually dismissed from the army, in consequence of embracing Christianity. He was a naick or corporal, a man of high caste, who under the influence of Mr. Fisher, the clergyman at Meerut, renounced Hinduism, Bishop Heber, who saw him in 18'25, describes him as " a tall, plain-looking man, with every appearance of a respectable and well-behaved soldier."
However, we can see a change in customs after almost 100 years. This might be due to the changes in British policies and their open support for conversion.
>“Becoming a Christian does not necessarily result in excommunication. Although he will, as a Christian, adjure caste practices, he is not excluded from social intercourses with the sub-caste from which he came. But a Chamar who has turned Mohammadan is permanently excluded from his clan. In some places, where the Christian is considered by the caste as a social outcaste, he may be reinstated by the payment of a fine. The amount imposed will depend upon the financial ability of the outcasted party. Where a whole village which has become Christian desire to be reinstated in the Biradari, an amount, determined by the financial resources of the village, is paid through the Chaudhari to the head Chaudhari of that particular part of the country.”
**2. Swaying away from one’s Dharma**
>A Chaudhari was outcasted for 12 years for showing partiality to his brother.
>
>Another chamar, who disgraced his caste by begging, was outcasted. (The Chamars)
**3. Killing cattle/animals**
>“Some others, who were in court convicted of poisoning cattle, were excommunicated for 12 years. They offered 500 rupees to be reinstated but in vain.” **(The chamars)**
One of the reasons why cows were treated as sacred might be due to the importance they played in the diets and rituals of the people. Milk, ghee, curd etc. were used as main nutritional supplements and in most rituals.
**4. Eating food that is not common among his/her Jati**
* One of the reasons for the 1857 revolt was that the sepoys were forced to use cartridges that had animal fat in it.
>*“****These ruins are monuments of Hyder and Tippoo Sultan, the latter of whom caused beef broth to be poured down the throats of several thousand Bramins of this coast, who thus lost their caste, and all the possessions they enjoyed as ministers of the gods****, —an involuntary loss of caste being attended with the same fatal consequences as if it were incurred by the commission of a crime. A number of these poor creatures were starved to death, and many put an end to an existence, rendered miserable by the privation of their privileges and dignities.”* **(Journal of a residence in India p111)**
>
>*“****The Brahmans and Lingamists, who inhabit these districts, are prohibited the use of toddy or arrack under the penalty of exclusion ate their caste or sect****, but they supply the defect by opium, the use of which is universally interdicted, but not held so much in detestation as that of the toddy and other inebriating liquors.”* ***(A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India)***
In Hindu literature, it is mentioned that **Rakshasa eats flesh and hunts animals for food**. This might be one of the reasons why the people, who are mainly vegetarians, saw eating flesh as unclean and not appropriate. **The sanitary conditions and hygiene** might have played a role also.
**5. Migration**
Travelling to faraway places was considered a Taboo. A lot many soldiers of the British Indian army hesitated to go to Kabul because they had to wear cloth made up of sheep, there would be a break in their daily ablution and they had to eat with Mohammedans. Dying far away from home also meant, no final rites would be performed by the kin.
Migrating tribes were also considered inferior since they didn’t follow a continuous practice and didn’t partake in the principle of social responsibility.
>*“A second description of men of degraded rank, in the eyes of the Hindis, consists of Bone who are addicted to a vagrantand wandering life, which leads them into a continual violation of the received practices, and makes them suspected characters. There are several castes of this sort, who have no permanent abode, but are in continual migration. Such are the Kuravers, the Lambady, and many others; some of whom we shall briefly point out.”* **(A description of the character, manners and customs of the people of India)**
The migration happened due to several reasons. Invasions, drought, bad living situations, British policies like destroying native industries, exploitation of the zamindari system and forest encroachment etc caused wide-scale migration causing people to lose jobs and Jati.
Here is an example of how British policy destroyed artisans and caused wide-scale migration
>*“On the other hand, our rule has wrecked the industries of some of these craftsmen. The native courts at places like Delhi, Agra, and Lucknow attracted large numbers of workmen who prospered under the protection of the ruling power, and provided articles of luxury for the King and his nobles who attended his Darbar with a host of followers in their train. Under our practical and, from this point of view, rather dreary and shabby rule much of this has ceased. The Raja is no longer a permanent courtier in attendance on his sovereign. If he is seen in a city he has come to do business, to pay a visit of ceremony to the chief European officers, to appear at an infrequent Darbar, to attend a race meeting. And he is now-a-days contented with a much smaller suite. The city is no longer the haunt of the rich roysterer, the cadets of princely houses, and is given over to the merchant and petty trader and craftsman. Many occupations have from this cause permanently disappeared. Thus, the maker of fireworks does not supply one rocket now for a hundred in the good old times. When every one went armed, the trade of the armourer, the gunsmith, the shield maker, was an important industry. Now-a-days hardly any one wears a sword, and if a sportsman uses a gun or rifle it is usually of European make. In the same way the artistic handicrafts have suffered grievous decline. The fine work in gold, silver, brass, or ivory has almost disappeared.”* **(The North-Western Provinces of India; their history, ethnology, and administration)** | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMDRwanpWcVNMUFNESWhTZmpuVVVHX19DaTNodjFfS2xiXy1NYWFFR21oRzY4M3k2SGlpQ3luQ0JFNHRUNUFEZWpVWHdHb0NkTEhhRXF2QWp4VGI5aGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUG5tLW1mMzU3MVVhRXRBaGgxLUlZWkVnZldjbzRYREJEM1dYTHQwNGtLaVM4N0FSMFZmdl81bmM4QnRDZTFfR2ltMmhMQWRSQ3RNSnBEOTBYQ3A1UDVKWE9lNkhWNk1LRVBjVFVFWHVPakt3VHhrd2F0bDZzVEhxUHlCblZUQnRCbTVMVHVRR3RTSjlhWC1vR2o1S05jaWJxMGFlOW1vVzd5WUM2WWpqSGc4Xy1XY21mTWJ6RTlaLUxsUmdDQXpCZnNFcjJSZ0NzSkp0LThMcE1TNjRMUT09 |
Continuation of **Caste System in India: Part 02 (Varna, Jati and Casta)** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1krn/caste\_system\_in\_india\_part\_02\_varna\_jati\_and\_casta/](https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1krn/caste_system_in_india_part_02_varna_jati_and_casta/))
# The modern caste system in India has its roots in
* Jati system: Practised by Indians at that time
* Taking the "Law of Manu" in a literal sense and using it for legal purposes by the company
* Racism
* English Feudal system: The social hierarchy in England where the aristocrats had an upper position in the society and were well respected among all people
* Colonial mentality: The need of Englishmen to maintain their emperor and secure its future
* Missionary activities: Converting native to the true religion
* Poverty: Due to Islamic invasions and company rule followed by industrialization in Europe
**Benjamin states the importance of studying the Jati system in India**
>“Many other examples of its (Jati system) minor details we might produce; but what effect can these have had on our institutions? Surely, none; though the spirit which produced by its abuse these may also have affected them. It is the effects of this abstract spirit which we must notice, omitting all details, and confining ourselves to the broad features of the case. We shall, then, examine its effects as they have been seen.
>
>First. On the Political, Military, and Civil Institutions of our Indian Empire.
>
>Secondly. On its Social and Domestic Institutions.
>
>Thirdly. On the Moral and Religious Character of the People.
>
>Fourthly. We shall notice how it affects their Conversion to Christianity.
>
>Lastly. We shall consider Its probable effects on the future destinies of that Empire.” **( The theory and practice of caste )**
# 1. The law of Manu
As mentioned earlier, the authenticity of Manava dharmasastra could never be confirmed. There is also no evidence that it was ever implemented in a legal or civic form under any Indian kings. Moreover, Manava dharmasastra (Manusmriti) is one of the many Dharmasastras available under Smriti. When the British translated it for legal purposes and legislation, only a part of India was under British rule, making the legal and civic system that existed in other regions of the country obsolete.
Quoting Sir William Jones
>*“an intention to leave the natives of the Indian provinces in possession of their own Laws, at least on the titles of contrails and inheritances, we may humbly presume, that all future provisions, for the administration of justice and government in India, will be conformable, as far as the natives are affected by them, to the manners and opinions of the natives themselves; an object which cannot possibly be attained, until the manners and opinions can be fully and accurately known. These confederations, and a few others more immediately within my province, were my principal motives for wishing to know, and have induced me at length to publish, that system of duties, religious and civil, and of law in all its branches, which the Hindus firmly believe to have been promulged in the beginning of time by Menu, son or grandson of Brahma', or, in plain language, the first of created beings, and not the oldest only, but the holiest of legislators ; a system so comprehensive and so minutely exact, that it may be considered as the Institutes of Hindu Law, preparatory to the copious Digest, which has lately been compiled by Pandits of eminent learning, and introductory perhaps to a Code which may supply the many natural defects in the old jurisprudence of this country, and, without any deviation from its principles, accommodate it justly to the improvements of a commercial age”* **(Institutes of Hindu law, or, The ordinances of Menu)**
Regarding the credibility of the “Law of Manu”
>*“Should a series of Brahmens omit, for three generations, the reading of Menu, their sacerdotal class, as all the Pandits allure me, would in strictness be forfeited ; but they must explain it only to their pupils of the three highest classes; and the Brahmen, who read it with me,* ***requeued most earnestly, that his name might be concealed****; nor would he have read it for any consideration on a forbidden day of the moon, or without the ceremonies prescribed in the second and fourth chapters for a lecture on the Veda : so great, indeed, is the idea of sanctity annexed to this book, that, when the chief native magistrate at Banares endeavoured, at my request, to procure a Persian translation of it, before I had a hope of being at any time able to understand the original,* ***the Pandits of his court unanimously and positively refused to assist in the work*** *; nor Should I have procured it at all, if a wealthy Hindu at Gaya had not caused the* ***version to be made by some of his dependants****, at the desire of my friend Mr. Law. The Persian translation of Menu, like all others from the Sanskrit into that language, is a rude intermixture of the text, loosely rendered, with some old or new comment, and often with the crude notions of the translator ; and though it expresses the general sense of the original, yet it swarms with errors, imputable partly to haste, and partly to ignorance: thus where Menu says, that emissaries are the eyes of a prince, the Persian phrase makes him ascribe four eyes to the person of a king ; for the word char, which means an emissary in Sanskrit, signifies four in the popular dialect.”* ***(*****Institutes of Hindu law, or the ordinances of Menu)**
Here it’s clear that
* The credibility of the work (translation) itself is in question as the supporters were either morally corrupt, not ready to assist or the one who did assist was a dependent of the person requested for the help.
Sir Jones himself states the low quality of the text as a lawbook but he goes on to say that it must be accepted as legalisation due to the language and devotion present in the book.
>*“The work, now presented to the European world, contains abundance of curious matter extremely interesting both to speculative lawyers and antiquaries, with many beauties which need not be pointed out, and with many blemishes which cannot be justified or palliated. It is a system of despotism and priestcraft, both indeed limited by law, but artfully conspiring to give mutual support, though with mutual checks;* ***it is filled with strange conceits in metaphysics and natural philosophy, with idle superfluities, and with a scheme of theology most obscurely figurative, and consequently liable to dangerous misconception; it abounds with minute and childish formalities, with ceremonies generally absurd and often ridiculous; the punishments are partial and fanciful; for some crimes, dreadfully cruel, for others, reprehensibly flight; and the very morals, though rigid enough on the whole, are in one or two instances (as in the cafe of light oaths and of pious perjury) unaccountably relaxed*** *: nevertheless, a spirit of sublime devotion, of benevolence to mankind, and of amiable tenderness to all sentient creatures, pervades the whole work; the style of it has a certain austere majesty, that founds like the language of legislation, and extorts a respectful awe ; the sentiments of independence on all beings but God, and the harsh admonitions, even to kings, are truly noble; and the many panegyrics on the Gayatt'i, the Mother as it is called, of the Veda, prove the author to have adored (not the visible material fun, but) that divine and incomparably greater light, to use the words of the most venerable text in the Indian scripture, 'which illumines all, delights all, from which all proceed., to which all must return, and which alone can irradiate (not our visual organs merely, but our souls and) our intellects.”*
He continues
>*“Whatever opinion in short may be formed of Menu and his laws, in a country happily enlightened by found philosophy and the only true revelation, it must be remembered, that those laws are actually revered, as the word of the Most High, by nations of great importance to the political and commercial interests of Europe, a****nd particularly by many millions of Hindu subjects, whose well-directed industry would add largely to the wealth of Britain,*** *and who ask no more in return than protection for their persons and places of abode, justice in their temporal concerns, indulgence to the prejudices of their old religion, and the benefit of the laws, which they have been taught to believe sacred, and which alone they can possibly comprehend.”*
**Below is another account of how deceptive the law of Manu was. But still, it was implemented.**
>*“To this end Sir Wilham Jones, after an astonishing amount of persuasion, induced some of the most illustrious pundits of the day, to furnish him, notwithstanding their religious scruples on the point, with a translation of the Code of Menu, which was supposed, and which they averred, contained the legitimate regulations of Hindoo caste.* ***What a deceptive picture of this institution is there given, we have before noticed. Such as it was, however, it was adopted, and in many particulars credited, by the government and literati\* of the day; and many of the orders of the Board of Directors in England, and Regulations of the Council in India, are careful that its spirit should not be wantonly offended.”*** ***(The theory and practice of caste (p34)***
**Below is an account of how religiously the law of Manu was followed.**
>*“The pretensions of Bramins, and the high respect which had been awarded to them from antiquity, were often regarded in points, in which they ill accorded with the preconceived ideas of Europeans, and in some cases were not neglected even in the courts of justice. The Kshatriyas, as a class, were extinct in the greater part of India, but the Rajpoots of Rajasthan claimed descent from them, and readily found occupation as sepoys, in our armies; whilst the lowest castes, such as Coolies, Maters, Choomars, Mullahs, &c., were for a long time studiously excluded. Bramins and men of high caste, as Vakeels, or native lawyers, and Moonsiffs or inferior judges, were occupied in the administration of justice; whilst little encouragement was given to the Sudra and the Ryot, to leave the cultivation of the soil, that occupation to which the Code of Menu had devoted him*.”**(The theory and practice of caste)**
>
>*“When the policy of pleasing the natives was especially strong, under the administration of Lord Cornwallis, men of the lowest caste were, as we have remarked above, excluded from our army ; yet even among the higer classes there was the same exclusiveness as would have existed between men of the highest and lowest castes. It was unaccompanied, however, by that discontent which would have arisen, if the latter had been admitted. Even these regulations do not at present prevail. There is now no legal bar to the admission of even a Pariah into our Indian regiments, though such would be rejected, as any pro- motion which might happen to be granted them would be viewed with dissatisfaction by those of superior caste, who, in general, form the majority of a regiment.* \* **(The theory and practice of caste)**
In short
* From company times, utmost importance was given to the "Law of Manu" to protect British interests. The assumption was that implementing laws that are native to the region will help them with avoiding any dissension and eliminate any possible threat to their empire.
# 2. Coloniality
Benjamin states
>*“In one point of view there exists a remarkable difference between the history of Europeans and Asiatics. In that of Western nations it is the exploits of the people, that are, for the most part, described. We are made acquainted with their feelings and sentiments, and the impulse which these gave to their internal as well as external policy…If otherwise so remarkable that history for a time centres in their person, it is either because opposed to their people, or with dictatorial power heading their armies in or against foreign invasion.”*
>
>*“With the East this is not the case. Their history is a narrative of the deeds of princes, not of the sentiments of nations. We read not so much of the constitutional struggles of myriads, as of the* *diplomacy, the treachery, the crimes, and the ambition of a few ; and history becomes most interesting when it enters most minutely into the personal habits and feelings of an illustrious monarch. This is especially the case with India. The Ramayana, the Mahabarat, and the Puranas, make us to a considerable extent acquainted with its history, fabulous or otherwise, from the earliest periods ; whilst Ferishta and Persian writers in abundance give us the events of more modern times. But upon what do they chiefly dwell ? The people are lost sight of, the deeds of princes are alone conspicuous.* ***The whole is one mass of private feuds, of jealousy, of tyranny, of sudden rebellion, and of remorseless punishment ; of the rise of princes and of the fall of dynasties. Occasionally some Chandragupta, or Mahmoud, or Akbar, command our respect for their conquests or legislation.”***
>
>***“We look in vain for a description of the effects of minor circumstances upon the feelings, the actions and institutions of the early invaders of Indostan. We know that then, as now, the same intricate rules of caste prevailed, yet we find little or no notice of its influence on the character of their policy ;*** *though it must, in one form or other, have come in contact with every act of legislation. Strange as it may seem, its influence was so subtle and inscrutable, that, either from ignorance of its character, or from despair of accurately defining it, they have altogether neglected to notice even its existence. It may happen occasionally to have forced itself on their attention, when the overweening influence of some particular class may have produced a sudden political movement. As, for instance, when Khusru, the vizier of Mobarik K-hilji,f entirely surrounded himself with those of his own caste, by their means* *overthrew the power of his master, and exterminated the house of Khilji.”*
**Below are accounts of how colonial policers were conceptualized and implemented**
>*“Consistent with this idea has been the policy of our government. Well aware that for many years (even if the same may not now be true) our empire was not founded upon the good-will of the people, or our own popular acts, but was an " empire of opinion," as it has been termed, that is, one founded upon a prevailing idea among oar subjects, that we are morally and physically their superiors, and that no power which they could exert against us will ever effect our removal. Well aware of this****, the East India Company have made it a fundamental point in their policy, never to afford the people an opportunity of learning their strength by a sudden outbreak of popular fury. Hence the Directors have been especially careful that the prejudices of the natives should be respected.”*** ***(The theory and practice of caste)***
​
>*The fact that the Hindoo law is to be learned chiefly from Sanscrit books, and the Mahometan law from Arabic books, has been much insisted on, but seems not to bear at all on the question. We are commanded by Parliament to ascertain and digest the laws of India. The assistance of a Law Commission has been given to us for that purpose. As soon as the Code is promulgated the Shasters and the Hedaya will be useless to a moonsiff or a Sudder Ameen. I hope and trust that, before the boys who are now entering at the Mudrassa and the Sanscrit College have completed their studies, this great work will be finished.* ***It would be manifestly absurd to educate the rising generation with a view to a state of things which we mean to alter before they reach manhood.*** **(Macaulay minute)**
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>*In one point I fully agree with the gentlemen to whose general views I am opposed. I feel with them that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people.* ***We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, --a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.*** *To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.* **(Macaulay minute)**
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>***I would at once stop the printing of Arabic and Sanscrit books. I would abolish the Mudrassa and the Sanscrit College at Calcutta. Benares is the great seat of Brahminical learning, Delhi of Arabic learning. If we retain the Sanscrit College at Bonares and the Mahometan College at Delhi we do enough and much more than enough in my opinion, for the Eastern languages. If the Benares and Delhi Colleges should be retained, I would at least recommend that no stipends shall be given to any students who may hereafter repair thither****, but that the people shall be left to make their own choice between the rival systems of education without being bribed by us to learn what they have no desire to know. The funds which would thus be placed at our disposal would enable us to give larger encouragement to the Hindoo College at Calcutta and establish in the principal cities throughout the Presidencies of Fort William and Agra schools in which the English language might be well and thoroughly taught.* **(Macaulay minute)**
**How Macaulay’s education policy affected the Hindus**
>***The once Brahman, but now Christian editor of the Inquirer newspaper, who himself received his English education at the Government Hindu College, where no religion is taught, thus strongly testifies: —“The Hindu College, under the patronage of Government, has\^ as indeed it must have, destroyed many a native’s belief in Hinduism****. How could a boy continue to worship the sun, when he understood that this luminary was not a devatah, (a divinity) but a mass of inanimate matter? How could he believe in the injunctions of such Shasters as taught him lessons contrary to the principles inculcated by his lecturer in natural philosophy? The consequence was, that the castle of Hinduism was battered down. No Missionary ever taught us (meaning himself, the editor) to forsake the religion of our fathers; it was Government that did us this service.”* **(Vindication of the Church of Scotland's India missions)**
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>*“Are there any signs that Mission Higher Education is moving caste Hinduism \*? We believe that there are. It is the universal opinion that caste feeling is no longer what it once was. We were everywhere told that caste was being slowly undermined. The mere contact with Western civilisation and British rule might account for part of this without the education in Christian truth received in Mission Colleges. But it is well to ask what Hindus, who are passionately attached to Hinduism, think about the matter. Hinduism is now seriously alarmed.* ***Hindus are arming in defence of Hinduism. They establish Hindu high schools, Hindu colleges. They write Hindu tracts and form Hindu associations.****”* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
# 3. Racism
The British could never understand the peculiarity of Jati system. Following are a few examples of how complex the Jati system was when the British landed on the subcontinent.
Benjamin in his book states
>*“Suppose by way of illustration, that a gentleman of consequence engaged in making a purchase, feels thirsty. He asks the shop-boy for a glass of ale or water. If he drink it in the shop all is well; but if he go into the back room, and there drink his beverage, seating himself on one chair whilst the boy seated himself on another, he would be considered to have committed an impropriety. We understand the difference; but it would probably be impossible for a native of India to do so. He does not possess the turn of thought necessary for its comprehension. He would probably say, if the gentleman may quench his thirst in a tradesman's house, what possible difference can it make whether seated or standing, whether in one room or the other? This is precisely the same with us, in our attempts to understand many of the peculiarities of Hindoo customs. We have not the train of thought and association of ideas requisite; and we in equal astonishment ask, " If you eat bread \^ prepared by that man what possible difference can it make to eat boiled rice which he has cooked?" or, "You make no objection to such a person handling prepared pastry, how can his touch render impure another sort of food? "*
>
>*“****Such is the case with caste in India. To a stranger it is one mass of inconsistencies, to a native the most important feature of his society.*** *The foundation of the whole matter rests on self-confidence, and a desire of exalting ourselves in society. This feeling is common to all mankind. Caste, as its offspring, affects all men more or less; but in India it has been carried to its furthest extent, and endued with all the respectability which religion and antiquity could confer.”*
​
**Below are other accounts of how complete the then-existing social system in India was**
>*“****People in this country, are ever apt to conceive of India, as if it were a mere Asiatic province of limited territorial extent, like some section of the Island of Great Britain. It is necessary, therefore, constantly to remind them that, in extent, India more resembles Europe than Britain****: —and how much more than any mere section of the latter? Consequently, though the Brahmanical system, as elsewhere remarked, “may be said to preserve, through the wide extent of its baneful domination, a sort of universal identity in fundamental principles, yet in the practical development of these principles, it may exhibit modifications that are endlessly or even capriciously diversified. So that what may be strictly and literally true of the mental habitudes, the social and religious practices, of the people of one city or province, may require some qualification when predicated of the inhabitants of another.” From overlooking this essential circumstance, the statements of Missionaries situated in different parts of India, have sometimes been pronounced, erroneous, exaggerated, distorted, or, even contradictory. Whereas the truth may be, that each may all the while be conveying a scrupulously exact Report of his own individual findings, and local experience.* ***(Vindication of the Church of Scotland's India missions)***
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>*“****The student of sociology will thus find within the limits of a single Indian Province a complete series of the stages through which civilisation must everywhere progress****. We start in the lowest grade with the Korwa, a mere savage, living on the roots or fruits which he can collect in the jungle or the animals which he can slay for food. Little higher is the Dom, whose only industry is a little rude work in bamboo, a loafer, a thief, a beggar, an eater of carrion, a collector of filth. Then we meet the Kanjar or Sansiya, a pure nomad who lives by hunting birds and animals, and will eat the lizard which has its home in the salt plains. A little higher is the Baheliya and Chiryamar, who catches birds for food and sale. Then comes the Pasi, who collects palm juice as an intoxicant ; the Bari, who makes leaf platters for use at fetes ; the Khairaha, who distils catechu from the acacia ; the Bansphor, who makes baskets out of canes or twigs. Then we have the wandering juggler and acrobat like the Nat; the nomad Lohar blacksmith ; the Bengah', an itinerant surgeon ; the Saikalgar, or peripatetic cutler. Another stage leads us to the Mallah and Kahar, who are boatmen, water-carriers, bearers of palanquins, fishermen, and collectors of tank produce. With the Gujar and Ahir we come upon the seminomad grazier and rearer of cattle, and the Gadariya whobreeds sheep and practises agriculture merely as a secondary occupation”* **(The North-Western Provinces of India; their history, ethnology, and administration)**
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>*“I'or my own part have always been much* ***impressed by the difficulty of conveying to European readers who have no experience of India even an approximate idea of the extraordinary complexity of the social system which is involved in the word "caste."*** *At the risk of being charged with frivolity I shall, therefore, venture on an illustration, based on one which I published in Blackwood's Magazine a good many years ago, of a caste expressed in terms of an English social group. Let us take an instance, and, in order to avoid the fumes of bewilderment that are thrown off by uncouth names, let us frame it on English lines. Let us imagine the great tribe of Smith, the " noun of multitude," as a famous headmaster used to call it, to be transformed by art magic into a caste organized on the Indian model, in which all the subtle nuances of social merit and demerit which Punch and the society papers love to chronicle should have been set and hardened into positive regulations affecting the intermarriage of families. The caste thus formed would trace its origin back to a mythical eponymous ancestor, the first Smith who converted the rough stone hatchet into the bronze battleaxe and took his name from the "smooth"\* weapons that he wrought for his tribe. Bound together by this tie of common descent, they would recognize as the cardinal doctrine of their community the rule that a Smith must always marry a Smith, and could by no possibility marry a Brown, a Jones, or a Robinson. But overand above this general canon threeother modes or principles of grouping within the caste would be conspicuous. First of all, the entire caste of Smith would be split up into an indefinite number of "in-marrying" clans based upon all sorts of trivial distinctions. Brewing Smiths and baking Smiths, hunting Smiths and shooting Smiths, temperance Smiths and licensed-victualler Smiths, Smiths with double-barrelled names and hyphens, Smiths with double-barrelled names without hyphens, Conservative Smiths, Radical Smiths, tinker Smiths, tailor Smiths, Smiths of Mercia, Smithsof Wessex—all these and all other imaginable varieties of the tribe Smith would be as it were crystallized by an inexorable law forbidding the members of any of these groups to marry beyond the circle marked out by the clan-name. Thus the Unionist Mr. Smith could only marry a Unionist Miss Smith, and might not think of a Home Rule damsel ; the free-trade Smiths would have nothing to say to the tariff reformers ; a hyphen-Smith could only marry a hyphen-Smith, and so on. Secondly, within each class enquiry would disclose a number of "out-marrying" groups, bearing distinctive names, and governed by the rule that a man of one group could in no circumstances marry a girl of the same group. In theory each group would be regarded as a circle of bloodkindred and would trace its descent from a mythical or historical ancestor like the Wayland-Smith of the Berkshire hills, the Captain Smith who married Pocahontas, or the Mr. W. H. Smith of the railway bookstalls. The name of each would usually suggest its origin, and marriages within the limits defined by the group-name would be deemed incestuous, however remote the actual relationship between the parties concerned. A Wayland could not marry a Wayland, though the two might come from opposite ends of the kingdom and be in no way related, but must seek his bride in the Pocahontas or bookstall circle, and so on. Thus the system, the converse o{ that just described, would effect in a cumbrous and imperfect fashion what is done for ourselves by the table of prohibited degrees at the end of the Prayer-book—cumbrous because it would forbid marriage between people who are in no sense relations, and imperfect because the group-name would descend in the male line and would of itself present no obstacle to a man marrying his grandmother. Thirdly, running through the entire series of clans we should find yet another principle at work breaking up each in-marrying clan into three or four smaller groups which would form a sort of ascending scale of social distinction. Thus the clan of hyphen-Smiths, which we take to be the cream of the caste—the Smiths who have attained to the crowning glory of double names securely welded together by hyphens—would be again divided into, let us say, Anglican, Dissenting, and Salvationist hyphen-Smiths, taking regular rank in that order. Now the rule of this series of groups would be that a man of the highest or Anglican group might marry a girl of his own group or of the two lower groups, that a man of the second or Dissenting group might take a Dissenting or Salvationist wife, while a Salvationist man would be restricted to his own group. A woman, it will be observed, could under no circumstances marry down into a group below her, and it would be thought eminently desirable for her to marry into a higher group. Other things being equal, it is clear that two-thirds of the Anglican girls would get no husbands, and two-thirds of the Salvationist men no wives. These are some of the restrictions which would control the process of match-making among the Smiths if they were organized in a caste of the Indian type. There would also be restrictions as to food. The different in-marrying clans would be precluded from dining together, and their possibilities of reciprocal entertainment would be limited to those products of the confectioner's shop into the composition of which water, the most fatal and effective vehicle of ceremonial impurity, had not entered. Water pollutes wholesale, but its power as a conductor of malign influence admits of being neutralized by a sufficient admixture of milk, curds, whey, or clarified butter in fact, of anything that comes from the sacred cow. It would follow from this that the members of our imaginary caste could eat chocolates and other forms of sweetmeats together, but could not drink tea or coffee, and could only partake of ices if they were made with cream and were served on metal, not porcelain, plates. I am sensible of having trenched on the limits of literary and scientific propriety in attempting to describe an ancient and famous institution in unduly vivacious language, but the parallel is as accurate as any parallel drawn from the other end of the world can well be, and it has the advantage of being presented in terms familiar to European readers. The illustration, indeed, may be carried a step further. If we suppose the various aggregates of persons bearing the two or three thousand commonest English surnames to be formed into separate castes and organized on the lines described above, so that no one could marry outside the caste-name and could only marry within that limit subject to the restrictions imposed by differences' of residence, occupation, religion, custom, social status, and the like—the mental picture thus formed will give a fairly adequate idea of the bewildering complexity of the Indian caste system.”* **(The people of India)**
Jones’s theory of Indo-European language gave way to so many racial theories including the "Aryan invasion" hypothesis. Since Sanskrit had a lot in common with other languages in Europe, a popular assumption prevailed that there was a common ancestral race that later moved towards India and Europe from central Asia and conquered the land by subjugating the natives.
Later such racial theories were brought to the mainstream by people like **Herbert Hope Risley** and other students of **“scientific racism”**
Following are a few examples of how anthropology promoted scientific racism and created certain prejudice against the idea of Jati and Varna.
>*“It is impossible here to discuss at length the wide and difficult question of the value of anthropometry as a test of race, on which controversy is still active. " Of late years," says Mr. O'Malley, "anthropometry as a test of race has begun to fall out of favour." \* Perhaps it may be safer to say that measurements collected in a haphazard fashion among the larger composite groups, like Brahmans, Rajputs, Nayars, or Vellalas, which include all sorts and conditions of men, must remain of doubtful value, unless it is certain that the individuals who have been examined belong to sub-castes or families which have not been contaminated by union with outsiders.”* (The people of India)
The below accounts mention how only a very few parameters were considered by Risley. **Risley’s whole theory was built around the original “Casta system” how people with different skin colours and physical attributes could be treated as different races and how people can be classified based on the "purity of the blood".**
>*“Secondly,* ***it has been urged that Risley devoted too little attention to the influence of environment in modifying bodily structure.*** *The views of Professor Franz Boas, who claims to have proved that the head-forms of immigrants to the United States rapidly become modified in their environment, have not been universally accepted. \* But the stress laid on these influences by Professor W. Ridgeway deserve more attention than they have hitherto received in India. It can hardly, it is urged, be possible that the differences of climate, soil, and food supplies throughout the Indian Peninsula fail to exert their influence 'on the physical characteristics of the population. The contrast between the deltas of the great rivers and regions like the Panjab, the Deccan, or the forest and hill tracts is obvious. Differences in the food supply equally deserve investigation, when we compare the races of Bengal or Madras, who mainly subsist on rice, with the people of the Deccan whose staple food is . millet, the Panjabi who eats wheat or barley, the jungle-dwellers who largely use the wild products of the forest.”* ***(The people of India)***
>*“…,* ***the views expressed 'in this work on the origin of the Rajputs, Jats, and Marathas have met with vigorous criticism. Accepting the fact that the people of Central Asia are of an uniform brachycephalic type, Risley argued that it was impossible to suppose that the long-headed Rajputs and Jats could be descended from races entering India from that region…*** *As regards the Marathas, Risley suggested that they originated in bodies of Scythians, driven from the grazing-grounds of the Western Panjab towards the south, where they intermingled with the Dravidian type. There seems to be, however, no historical, or even traditional, evidence of a Scythian migration into the Deccan.”* ***(The people of India)***
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>*“It is a familiar experience that the ordinary untravelled European, on first arriving in India, finds much difficulty in distinguishing one native of the country from another. To his untrained eye all Indians are black; all have the same cast of countenance; and all, except the " decently naked labouring classes, wear loose garments which revive dim memories of the attire of the Greeks and Romans. An observant man soon shakes off these illusions and realizes the extraordinary diversity of the types which are met with everywhere in India. The first step in his education is to learn to tell a Hindu from a Muhammadan. A further stage is reached when it dawns upon him that the upper* ***classes of Hindus are much fairer than the lower and that their features are moulded on finer lines****.”*
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>*“For ethnological purposes physical characters may be said to be of two kinds indefinite characters which can only be described in more or less appropriate language, and definite characters which admit of being measured and reduced to numerical expression. The former class, usually called descriptive or secondary characters, includes such points as the colour and texture of the skin; the colour, form, and position of the eyes the colour and character of the hair; and the form of the face and features. Conspicuous as these traits are, the difficulty of observing, defining, and recording them is extreme. Colour, the most striking of them all, is perhaps the most evasive, and deserves fuller discussion as presenting a typical instance of the shortcomings of the descriptive method.* ***Some forty years ago the French anthropologist Broca devised a chromatic scale consisting of twenty shades, regularly graduated and numbered, for registering the colour of the eyes, and thirty-four for the skin. The idea was that the observer would consult the scale and note the numbers of the shades which he found to correspond most closely with the colouring of his subjects****.”*
>
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>
>*“The proportions of the nose are determined on the same principle as those of the skull.. The length the nasal breadth are measured from certain specified points, and the latter dimension is expressed as a percentage of the former.-* ***The nasal index, therefore, is simply the relation of the breadth of the nose to its length****. If a man's nose is as broad as it is long—no infrequent case among the Dravidians—his index is loo…It thus represents very distinctly the personal impressions which a particular type conveys to the observer. The broad nose of the Negro or of the typical Dravidian is his most striking feature, and the index records its proportions with unimpeachable accuracy. Where races with different nasal proportions have intermixed, the index marks the degree of crossing that has taken place; it records a large range of variations ; and it enables us to group types in a serial order corresponding to that suggested by other characters.”*
To know how scientific racism was implemented and how it impacted the 1901 census and the British policies, please read “The people of India” and about the "contribution" of Risley.
If anyone thinks that racism was not prevalent in Europe at that time, please read the following account
>*“There is likewise a male orphan asylum, where the boys are brought up to different trades. If such establishments are wanted anywhere, it is in India, where the numbers* ***of half-caste,*** *and therefore (if 1 may use the expression), half-parented children, exceed what one could imagine.* ***I cannot but think it a cruelty to send children of colour to Europe, where their complexion must subject them to perpetual mortification****. Here, being in their own country, and associating with those in the same situation with themselves, they have a better chance of being happy.”* **(Journal of a residence in India)** | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSVlppR2toT19qVkpBaDhhMThOUm9WZGgtT0N0VGtQaGdlU1U0Y0hkcTYwVEhGMHBZRWMwTWZfbktlU0tUalFtQ28zZDdFaWQ3X3A2bEk5TTdvNXRjMlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOemVocFVocVc1aWM3Z2RxV2Y1TVltbkxZdnU5N1FDc3JmdFJMSnlKczZHTUkxdk1mX3ozQXZJSEh5LTc0OWVGb3hqYkRFVV8wS3owT2hjdjZ4aUFMbnVEd0xKZ0hOaHp4QkNHQXJpeHQxSDAwam5yOXYyZlg4cmdvNVZ4S3dCbDNsV2FlOUJFTFRKSmJscVFJdG5yRkxvLWpWaVk3S2VSeXdwZnBqVUdpa0s5bExqV01SRHF6Z1JGZlRqcDFBcmhUVkJLbHotemZXX3lPMlFNRUpuRFFXZz09 |
Continuation of **Caste System in India: Part 03 (Jati, Caste and Coloniality)** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1rlz/caste\_system\_in\_india\_part\_03\_jati\_caste\_and/](https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1rlz/caste_system_in_india_part_03_jati_caste_and/))
# 4. Missionary mindset and Hindumisia
Hindumisia is defined as "**Hatred of Hinduism and Hindu people".**
**Below are accounts of how British administrators and missionaries saw Hindus and the native culture.**
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>*“Our English schools are flourishing wonderfully. We find it difficult indeed, in some places impossible to provide instruction for all who want it. At the single town of Hooghly fourteen hundred boys are learning English. The effect of this education on the Hindoos is prodigious.* ***No Hindoo who has received an English education ever remains sincerely attached to his religion. Some continue to profess it as a matter of policy; but many profess themselves pure Deists, and some embrace Christianity****.* ***It is my firm belief that, if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence.*** *And this will be effected without any efforts to proselytize; without the smallest interference with religious liberty; merely by the natural operation of knowledge and reflection. I heartily rejoice in the prospect”* **(To Zachary, Macaulay, 12 October 1836)**
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>*But there is yet another argument which seems even more untenable. It is said that the Sanscrit and the Arabic are the languages in which the sacred books of a hundred millions of people are written, and that they are on that account entitled to peculiar encouragement. Assuredly it is the duty of the British Government in India to be not only tolerant but neutral on all religious questions. But to encourage the study of a literature, admitted to be of small intrinsic value, only because that literature inculcated the most serious errors on the most important subjects, is a course hardly reconcilable with reason, with morality, or even with that very neutrality which ought, as we all agree, to be sacredly preserved. It is confined that a language is barren of useful knowledge. We are to teach it because it is fruitful of monstrous superstitions. We are to teach false history, false astronomy, false medicine, because we find them in company with a false religion. We abstain, and I trust shall always abstain,* ***from giving any public encouragement to those who are engaged in the work of converting the natives to Christianity****. And while we act thus, can we reasonably or decently bribe men, out of the revenues of the State, to waste their youth in learning how they are to purify themselves after touching an ass or what texts of the Vedas they are to repeat to expiate the crime of killing a goat?* **(Macaulay minute)**
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>*“We have passed many laws. Several very large pieces of legislation, which from the opposition and dislike to them have acquired the name of the Black Acts, have been kept for me. The one having a sub-nickname -the Hindu Black Act-I have passed\~ and it is one of moment. By the Hindu law, every man ceasing to be a Hindu cease to have any right of inheritance to property of any kind. In consequence of this, every convert Christian converts among others-were subjected to penalty by severe civil loss on change of ·their religious belief. I hold that in India the eternal principles on which British law is founded should prevail as elsewhere; and that while we leave to the Hindu there to be mainly governed by his own law, we cannot permit in India, any more than elsewhere, that a man should be exposed to penalty or to civil injury by reason of his religious belief.* ***Therefore, we have enacted that no Hindu shall lose his inheritance rights if he quits his religion****…I wish that the Government should abstain from proselytising, because I believe they would impede at present, not promote, its advance; but abstaining from proselytising and permitting the continuance of grave infliction of injuries on those who become proselytes are two very different things. So, the law has passed, and it was a, good day's work when done.”* **(April /l6tn, 1850 Marquess of Dalhousie).**
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>*“The jesuits began their work under these favourable auspices and made a great number of converts among all castes of Hindoos, in those countries where they were allowed the free exercise of their religious functions. It appears from authentic lists, made up about seventy years ago, which I have seen, that the number of native christians in these countries, was as follows, viz. in the Marawa about 30,000, in the Madura above 100,000, in the Carnatic 80,000, in Mysore 85,000. At the present time hardly a third of this number is to be found in these districts respectively…These orders were reluctantly complied 11 with: but what the jesuits had foreseen happened: —a great number of proselytes preferred renouncing the new religion to abandoning their practices. A stop was put to conversions****; and the christian religion began to become odious to the Hindoos on account of its intolerance.”*** **(State of Christianity in India)**
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>*“To all these speculations, I will briefly and in general answer, that in no country in the world has the Christian religion had to encounter the stupendous obstacles that are to be met with in India. In no country was the struggle so desperate ; in none had it to deal with a people so completely priest-ridden* ***; in none had it to oppose a system of cunning and priestcraft so deep laid, and so well calculated to baffle all the attempts of that divine religion to gain a solid footing*** *; but, above all, in no country had it to encounter any difficulty resembling that baneful division of the people into castes which (whatever may be its advantages in other respects) has always proved, and will ever prove, an in surmount able bar to its progress. In consequence of this fatal division, nowhere but in India is a father reduced to the cruel and unnatural necessity of separating himself for ever from a beloved son who happens to embrace this religion; or a son to renounce for ever a tender father for the same reason. Nowhere is a spouse enjoined to divorce, for the same cause, a cherished husband; or an unmarried young person, after having embraced Christianity, doomed to pass the rest of his life in a forced state of celibacy. In no other country is a person who becomes a Christian exposed, by doing so, to the loss of kindred, friends, goods, possessions, and all that he holds dear. In no country, in short, is a man, by becoming a convert to Christianity, cast out as a vagrant from society, proscribed and shunned by all: and yet all this happens in India, and a Hindoo who turns Christian must submit himself to all these, and many other no less severe trials.”* **(State of Christianity in India)**
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>*I again repeat, that I pity, I love, I cherish the idolatrous Hindoos****; but I abhor their idolatry.*** *The fact is, however, that the very words of of Montezuma to the Spaniards have been repeated to me a hundred times by the Hindoos, Brahmins, and others, in my religious controversies with them. It was ordinarily by the words of that Mexican emperor they put an end to the dispute, exclaiming with much emphasis, " After all, your religion is good for your country, and ours is good for India."* **(State of Christianity in India)**
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>*Caste Hinduism includes all manner of religions in our Western sense of the word, varying from a refined theosophy down to what is little better than rude fetish worship, and has no common creed, although beneath all there lies a curious pantheism which is the one common religious basis.* ***Hinduism, in the strict sense of the word, is what may be called a cellular system of society, where the cells are built up separately, and kept from all possibility of coalescing by an elaborate system of boycotting in food and in marriage.*** ***And this has given rise to a habit of thought which is the deadliest foe to Christian aggressive work.*** *The one sin which the caste Hindu regards as unpardonable is to think and act for himself. Individual responsibility, one of the most important elements in Christian morality, is the one great sin to the caste Hindu. The individual is nothing, the caste is everything. If the average caste Hindu is to accept a new faith, then the probability is that he will come to it by a movement of masses, and not of individuals*. **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>*It is regarded as an inevitable fact, that when a caste Hindu becomes a Christian he has to give up everything for Christ- —father, mother, wife, children, goods —and what is more, that no further impression has been made on Hinduism than the detachment of this single individual, and that no breach has been made in the smooth hard wall of Hinduism. The individual is simply thrown out, and has no influence on the circle among which he lived. Among the Santals and other aboriginal tribes, on the other baud, each conversion is not merely the winning of a single soul for Christ, it is a breach made in the heathenism of the tribe, and the one convert is sure to bring many others, perhaps his whole village...* ***unless the Christian Church speedily converts these aborigines, they will be absorbed in Hinduism proper, when their conversion will be much harder work****.* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>***“Preparation for the reception of the Gospel is a recognised feature in all Mission work, but it is very much more important in Missions which attack caste Hinduism than elsewhere.*** *The one unpardonable sin in caste Hinduism, is to act on individual personal responsibility. The caste is everything; the individual is nothing.”* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
# 5. Missionaries and their education policy
Missionaries used education as a tool to harvest more souls.
>***Education, as a part of a missionary agency, may be regarded either as a means of conversion or as a means of edification. It may be looked on as an instrument blessed by God in the training of men who have already become Christians, and of producing through the education of the children of converts a second generation of Christians.*** *Christian education, or the godly upbringing of the youth, is even more important among converts from heathenism than among the children of professing Christians at home.* ***Or it may be used as a means of preparing the soil, and even of sowing the seed of the Divine Word in the hearts of those who are still heathens in profession.*** *These two uses of education ought to be kept distinct, in thought at least. Education in Mission work includes both…These schools prepare the ground and sow the seeds of Divine truth in the hearts of the young and prepare them for the more direct Gospel appeals which can be made to them by the missionary in address or in conversation. Almost all Missionaries, besides, look to such education as a means of weakening the hold of heathen superstitions on the minds of the children and people among whom they are working.* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>*Bishop Caldwell, the greatest Missionary authority outside of our Own circle of Missionaries, has declared,* ***that while it must be confessed with regret, that few converts have been won from caste Hinduism, these few have come from Educational Missions****. It is in and through the higher education that Christianity has had access to caste Hinduism.* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>***One of our educational converts has converted twelve hundred Mangs; another has organised a splendid system of girls' schools at Madras, and has been able, by quiet, continuous work, to provide Christian schoolmistresses for every class ; a third is a leading pleader in Calcutta, and the foremost Christian orator in Bengal—perhaps in India****…Students are scarcely ever converted to Christianity while attending the High School or College, but men who have gone through Mission colleges and schools are continually giving themselves to Christ, and professing their faith in Him in baptism after they have left College. The soil has been prepared, some seed has been sown, and the Evangelistic Missionary reaps the fruit.* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>**Oriental scholars, British and German, have practically recovered for Hindus their earlier faith, and shown that it contained fewer of the degrading elements than now belong to it, and, at least, some elements of a morality, not altogether different from what they have been taught to admire in Christianity.** There is a wonderfully close parallelism between what is now going on in India among the educated classes, and the half-religious, half-metaphysical movements in the Roman Empire during the three centuries in which the early Christian Church was struggling for existence. **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>***The students in the College receive three hours' instruction in religious knowledge every week.*** *During the months of November and December 1888, the Bible hour on Thursdays was devoted to a lecture on some Christian subject given to the four classes simultaneously…Both College and School Classes are taught on six days in the week. In the School the ninth or lowest class gets six hours of i 49 eighth classes third, and Christian instruction a week ; the sixth, seventh, and have four hours a week devoted to this subject ;* ***the second, fourth classes have Bible lessons during three hours in the week*** *; the pressure of preparation for the University Entrance Examination reduces the Bible instruction in the first or entrance class, for part of the year at least, to one hour per week. The Bible lessons are given by the native Christian teachers, and in the two higher classes by the missionaries.* ***The Elementary Catechism, the Peep of Day, Barth's Bible Stories, Genesis, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and the Acts of the Apostles are read in the classes.*** *The school fees vary from 8 annas up to Rs.2, 8a. per month.* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
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>*“My fourth statement is. T****hat a thorough English education, apart from religious instruction altogether, is entirely subversive of Hinduism.*** *The rationale of this I formerly explained at length, and shall not, on that account, again revert to it.* ***The literature and science of the Hindus being incorporated with their religion, if you destroy the former, which abounds with palpable errors, by the introduction of the true literature and science of Europe, the foundations of the latter must be overthrown.*** *Should this appear to anyone, merely in the light of a plausible theory, let him ponder well the following unsuspicious testimonies from natives themselves, and say if they are not absolutely decisive of the question.”* **(Vindication of the Church of Scotland's India missions)**
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>***“We think it might be well to ask our Evangelistic Missionaries to remember that their mission is to the whole population within the district in which they work.*** ***We think this is necessary, because we have had evidence that caste Hinduism is much more accessible to direct Evangelistic work than it was fifteen or twenty-five years ago*** *; and some influential Bengali Christians are of opinion that family feeling may be awakened and made use of among caste Hindus in somewhat the same way as Dr. Sheshadri has made use of it among his many converts.”* **(The India mission of the Free Church of Scotland 1888)**
# 6. Anti-Brahminism
At some stages, the British recognized that “brahmins” were the main obstacles to their political and religious progress. They divided the natives into two categories: people following Brahminism and animism, even though both beliefs had the same root and principle. They identified that Brahmins had a high influence on the religious practice of natives and is a big roadblock to conversion efforts.
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>*“I have the best reasons for believing that they were so communicating, and I know that, on the eclipse of the moon, they collected and fed IOO Brahmins at Attaree, and continued to feed them for days afterwards, without either asking leave or reporting the fact. On this I ordered their arrest. They will of course plead religious observances. But this is a futile plea here. In the first place, no religious observances require such an assemblage.* ***In the next place, these Brahmins are notorious as the intriguers through whom every political machination is carried on in India.****”* **(5th October 1849, Marquess of Dalhousie)**
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>*“The Hindoo, on the contrary, has been bereft of his reason and understanding by his crafty religious guides; he cannot (as has been already observed) in any circumstance judge for himself, not even in his domestic concerns, or the most trifling occurrences of life. All is invariably ruled by his unchangeable institutions.* ***Imparting or receiving know ledge is a crime and listening for the purpose to any other but his religious leaders, the Brahmins, is considered as a heinous transgression.*** *An Hindoo, and above all, a Brahmin, by his institutions, his usages, his education and customs, must be considered as a kind of moral monster, as an individual placed in a state of continual variance and opposition with the rest of the human race ; as a being sequestrated from mankind, with whom he is forbidden all free and confidential intercourse, nay, whom he is obliged to shun, to scorn, and to hate. The crafty Brahmins, (in order that the system of imposture that establishes their unmolested superiority over the other tribes, and brings the latter under their uncontroled bondage, might in no way be discovered or questioned,) had the foresight to draw up* ***between the Hindoos and the other nations on earth an impassable, an impregnable line, that defies all attacks from foreigners****. There is no opening to approach them, and they themselves are strictly, and under the severest penalties, precluded from access to any body for the purpose of improving themselves, and bettering their actual condition, than which, as they are firmly and universally persuaded, nothing on the earth is more perfect.”* (State of Christianity in India)
# 7. English social hierarchy
According to Benjamin Irving
>“In Europe, however, caste is simply a social distinction; often not even that. It is received as a necessary evil, and condemned, if not in itself, at any rate in its tendencies, by our moralists, and by the opinion and example of those who are regarded with universal respect. In India, on the other hand, it is professedly a religious institution, upheld by sacred books, and protected by every argument which can be drawn from antiquity and prevalence. In this consists of the great difference. This it is which makes it so important, which renders it so strongly prevalent, not as in England among the higher classes, but in every corner of Indostan and which has preserved some of its more arbitrary regulations unimpaired for many centuries.
>
>… Such in a much greater degree, owing to the greater importance of caste, as a division of society, enforced not merely by popular opinion, but by civil laws and religious authority, are the sentiments of Englishmen with reference to Hindoo caste.”
Based on such comparison, the English perceived Brahmins as a higher caste in the society as it was them who received the most respect in the Hindu society. | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSbUkxZndBSzRYSXpIOGNiR1dUVjY2aHpoWUktRVJmTGRZaXRPREFqdUUyLTRzOWxOQWkyYmcyTTlzZ2xfM2VCYjNaRll0SFd6X3pMNDd6MzVYdWQzWmc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOeDMyZk5CV1pMMVE1QWRkWFp2UmM4MTZ2MVd2cVNuS2FkZ296OG9HTWhyRmZrTmxobGY5Nlh1ZU9KcGhhdlo2Z1I0Y19UNDBDMzV3eXlmNGJNWHRXakdfTGJja3pwV3ZNajcwZjdWLTg4cTFLdjZ1Ul9PUHAyTDVkaS1RQVVxMVYwUjZtTUJKbjNYX1FVQzFJTlJyVDFFc1pOakk0S0UxQUJnVVFvNUo5b01DZDN1Z2c3Wl8yLTBGeWI0ZHNVTXJESE9ieHNDMlBmTkNEaFRBQWhhQ3hiUT09 |
Continuation of **Caste System in India: Part 04 (Jati, Caste and Coloniality)** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1us5/caste\_system\_in\_india\_part\_04\_jati\_caste\_and/](https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1us5/caste_system_in_india_part_04_jati_caste_and/))
# The origin of the modern caste system: Contribution of British
1. The caste system has no validity as per Hindu literature or philosophy.
2. The Jati system prior to British rule was a social structure to protect craftsmanship, local industries and veganism. It encouraged social responsibility and discouraged Individualism.
3. Mobility was very much present in the Jati system
4. Caste/Jati was prevalent in all religious communities, not just Hindus.
5. Multiple invasions followed by cultural imposition and slavery during Islamic rule caused widespread migration, forced conversion and poverty that resulted in people losing their Jati due to loss of vocation and change in food habits.
6. Legalizing the "Law of Manu" had broad consequences. It made the jati system rigid, eliminated mobility in the jati system and favoured Brahmins among all classes in society. In administration and military, Brahmins and other “upper castes” ended up having an upper hand.
7. While the administration favoured the upper caste, the missionaries saw brahmins as a threat to their conversion efforts. Using education and propaganda, they tried to alienate other classes from brahmins in order to convert such classes to Christianity.
8. Racism and socioeconomic factors played a vital role in deciding who is an upper caste and who is lower. In the British census itself, **a parameter to decide whether a caste was higher or lower was to see whether Brahmins drink water from the community.**
9. The modern caste system becomes more rigid and formalized with the census. The following accounts show how the priesthood was not exclusive to Brahmins and how the British tried to put natives into rigid classifications based on their physical attributes and prejudice upheld by the enumerators.
>***H. H. Risley, the 1891 census commissioner, who would soon introduce changes to the census schedule and furnish caste with a biological connotation, admitted that “many of the Brahmans of the more remote tracts have been manufactured on the spot by the simple process of conferring the title of Brahman on the tribal priests.”*** *(Government of India, 1891 Census of India, vol. 1-2 (Calcutta: Government of India Press, 1893), vol. 1, p. 540.)*
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>*Assigning new caste categories to parts of India where these had no previous footing occurred throughout the colonial censuses of 1881 and 1891. The 1881 Census of the Panjab discussed the perils of determining the “degree of discretion to be allowed to the enumerators and supervising staff in rejecting answers given by the people and recording what they believe to be the truth.”(* *Ibbetson, Report on the Census of the Panjab, vol. 1, p. 485.)* ***Caste names were, at times, introduced to people by their enumerators. In Panjab, members of an indigenous tribe known as the Syals were labelled as Rajputs, even though “not one man in a hundred of the Syals is aware that he is a Rajput.”****(* *Ibid., p. 189.)*
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>***With his anthropometric measures and application of a seven-part racial typology to caste, H. H. Risley would make significant changes to the Indian census***\*. Risley’s 1891 publication The Tribes and Castes of Bengal brought him renown in administrative circles, and he was “the Empire’s leading proponent of ethnology from the 1890s until his death in 1911.”(\* *Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India, p. 129) This made Risley a likely candidate to revise the caste tables as well as the enumeration process. Critical of the 1891 national census, Risley argued that the “non-scientific” theories of caste being used were insufficient. (Herbert Hope Risley, “The Race Basis of Indian Political Movements,” Contemporary Review, vol. LVII (1890), pp. 743-767.)* ***He felt that an ethnological understanding of caste, with an attendant set of anthropometric measures, was required. As an example of Risley’s shifting discourse concerning caste, he argued that “the Aryan type, as we find it in India at the present day, is marked by a relatively long (dolichocephalic) head a straight, finely cut (lepto-rhine) nose, a long symmetrically narrow face, a well developed forehead, regular features and a high facial angle*** *. . . a larger series of measurement would probably add several more castes to the list.”(* *Ibid., p. 747.) Risley saw what he called the “remarkable vitality of caste” in the bodies of Indians themselves. (Herbert Hope Risley, The People of India (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co., 1908), p. 110.)*
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>*“If the person enumerated gives the name of a well-known tribe, such as Bhil or Santal, or of a standard caste like Brahman or Kayasth, all is well. But he may belong to an obscure caste from the other end of India; he may give the name of a religious sect, of a sub-caste, of an exogamous sept or section, of a hypergamous group ; he may mention some titular designation which sounds finer than the name of his caste ; he may describe himself by his occupation or by the province or tract of country from which he comes.* ***These various alternatives, which are far from exhausting the possibilities of the situation, undergo a series of transformations at the hands of the more or less illiterate enumerator who writes them down in his own vernacular, and of the abstractor in the central office who transliterates them into English***\*”.\* (The People of India)
Following is an account of how the British made caste hierarchy based on their own perceived notion of social structure and aristocracy and misinterpretation of the "Law of Manu"
>*Incidentally of the remarkable vitality of caste at the present day, is to be found in the great number of petitions and memorials to which it gave rise, the bulk of which were submitted in English and emanated from the educated classes who are sometimes alleged to be anxious to free themselves from the trammels of the caste system. If the principle on which the classification was based had not appealed to the usages and traditions of the great mass of Hindus, it is inconceivable that so many people should have taken much trouble and incurred substantial expenditure with the object of securing its application in a particular way.* ***Of these memorials the most elaborate was that received from the Khatris of the Punjab and the United Provinces who felt themselves aggrieved by the Superintendent of Census in the latter Province having provisionally classified them as Vaisyas, whereas in the specimen table circulated by me they had been placed in the same group as the Rajputs***\*. A meeting of protest was held at Bareilly, and a great array of authorities was marshalled to prove that the Khatris are lineally descended from the Kshatriyas of Hindu mythology, much as if the modern Greeks were to claim direct descent from Achilles and were to cite the Catalogue of the Ships in the second book of the Iliad in support of their pretensions. In passing orders on their memorial I pointed out that they were mistaken in supposing that this was the first census in which any "\^working\*\^ attempt had been made to classify castes on a definite principle, or that the selection of social precedence as a basis was an entirely new departure. As a matter of fact the scheme of classification adopted in 1891 purported to arrange the groups more or . less in accordance with the position generally assigned to each in the social scale, as has been suggested by Sir Denzil Ibbetson in his Report on the Punjab Census of 1881.\* ***The result, in the case of the Khatris, was to include them as number 13 in " Group XV—Traders" immediately after the Aroras of the Punjab, ten places lower than the Agarwals, and several places below the Kandus and Kasarwanis of the United Provinces and the Subarnabaniks of Bengal. The Rajputs, on the other hand, ranked first in the entire scheme as number 1 of " Group I—Military and Dominant.****" (The people of India)*
*Here Risley himself gives how the classifications were determined*
>***“The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Hindu system ; that Brahmans will take water from certain castes that Brahmans of high standing will serve particular castes that certain castes though not served by the best Brahmans***\*, have nevertheless got Brahmans of their own, whose rank varies according to circumstances ; that\* ***certain castes are not served by Brahmans at all, but have priests of their own ; that the status of certain castes has been raised by their taking to infant-marriage or abandoning the remarriage of widows ; that the status of some castes has been lowered by their living in a particular locality ; that the status of others has been modified by their pursuing some occupation in a special or peculiar way ; that some can claim the services of the village barber, the village palanquin-bearer, the village midwife, etc., while others cannot*** *; that some castes may not enter the courtyards of certain temples ; that some castes are subject to special taboos, such as that they must not use the village well, or may draw water only with their own vessels, that they must live outside the village or in a separate quarter, that they must leave the road on the approach of a high-caste man, or must call out to give warning of their approach. In the case of the Animistic tribes it was mentioned that the prevalence of totemism and the degree of adoption of Hindu usage would serve as ready tests.* ***All Superintendents, except three who were either defeated by the complexity of the facts or were afraid of hurting people's feelings, readily grasped the main idea of the scheme, and their patient industry, supplemented by the intelligent assistance readily given by the highest native authorities, has added very greatly to our knowledge of an obscure and intricate subject.”*** *(The people of India)*
**The below account again proves that Varna and Jati were not originally hierarchical.**
>*“The Provincial schemes of classification are summarized in the Census Report of India, 1901, vol. i, p. 560 et seq\* Although they cannot be reduced to common terms, they exhibit points of resemblance and difference which deserve some further examination. The first thing to observe is the predominance throughout India of the influence of the traditional system of four original castes. In every scheme of grouping the Brahman heads the list. Then come the castes whom popular opinion accepts as the modern representatives of the Kshatriyas, and these are followed by mercantile groups, supposed to be akin to the Vaisyas. When we leave the higher circles of the twiceborn, the difficulty of finding a uniform basis of classification becomes apparent.* ***The ancient designation Sudra finds no great favour in modern times, and we can point to no group that is generally recognized as representing it***\*. The term is used in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, to denote a considerable\* ***number of castes of moderate respectability, the higher of whom are considered " clean " Sudras***\*, while the precise status of the lower is a question which lends itself to endless controversy. At this stage of the grouping a sharp distinction may be noticed between Upper India and Bombay and Madras. In Rajputana, the Punjab, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bengal, and Assam the grade next below twice-born rank is occupied by a number of castes from whose hands Brahmans and members of the higher castes will take water and certain kinds of sweetmeats. Below these again is a rather indeterminate group from whom water is taken by some of the higher castes but not by others.” (The people of India 114)\*
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**10. Post-1857 mutiny there were large-scale changes in British policies. British invested more into divide and rule policy to avoid any further rebellions.**
Prior to 1857,
>*“Most of these new recruits from outside Bengal were high-caste Hindu peasants: Rajputs, the traditional warrior caste of northern India; or Bhumimars, the military wing of the priestly caste of Brahmins; or Brahmins themselves (though, for official purposes, the two latter groups were lumped together as Srahmins) . This reliance on high-caste recruits was partly because they were the most physicially imposing, partly because the Company assumed that these "traditional high-caste warriors" would prove to be the most loyal, and partly because Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General (1774-85), was keen to preserve Indian caste roles in the military institutions the Company was gradually imposing upon north India. The "high-caste overtones of the army" suited the* *political interests of the Company, wrote Alavi, because "it provided the requisite legitimacy to Company rule" (The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian)*
However, this preference for high caste, especially for brahmins, changed once the British recognized that the dissent in the native regiments originated from the Brahmins since they were more orthodox in nature with respect to food and customs (One of the main reasons for 1857 mutiny was animal fat in the cartridge) and wield great influence on other sepoys.
>*“The first sign of discontent came at Rawalpindi in July 1849 when the 13th and 22"d regiments refused to receive their reduced pay. Though both regiments were eventually persuaded to back down, Napier was uneasy because his intelligence indicated that other disaffected regiments were in communication with their Rawalpindi comrades.* ***He decided to act on hearing that high-caste sepoys were to blame. "When it was made known that Brahmins were at the head of the insubordinate men of the 13th and 22ný" he wrote later, "and that in the first regiment alone there were no less than four hundred and thirty, the necessity of teaching that race they should no longer dictate to the Sepoys and the Government struck me, and my thoughts at once turned for means to the Goorkas.”*** *(The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny)*
>
>***“Napier’s immediate response was to disband the regiment and replace it with the Nasiri Battalion, henceforth known as the 60h (Gurkha) N. I. "I resolved to show these Brahmins that they cannot control our enlistment, "*** *he informed the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, on 27 February 1850. "1 mean to repeat the operation if anotheregiment mutinies, unless your Lordship disapproves. "47 However there were no more mutinies because, wrote Napier, the "Brahmins saw that the Goorkas, anotherace, could be brought into the ranks of the Company's Army -a race dreaded as more warlike than their own” (The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny)*
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>*“The only other recommendations of the Peel Commission that directly concern this study were those concerning recruitment: "That the Native Army should be composed of different nationalities and castes, and as a general rule, mixed promiscuously through each regiment" and "That all men of the regular Native Army ... should be enlisted for general service". 33 Both were aimed at dismantling the high-caste Hindu brotherhood in the Bengal Native Infantry that had made a general mutiny possible. Interestingly enough, the Commissioners' report made no specific mention of religion. If they had believed religion to be as central to the mutiny as most subsequent historians have done, it is reasonable to assume they would have referred to it in some way: if only to recommend the Indian government to be cautious when introducing measures which might offend the sepoys' faith. Instead* ***the Commissioners proposed to weaken the position of the high-caste sepoys in the Bengal Army still further by broadening the recruitment base, the very policy that is said to have contributed to the mutiny in the first place” (The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny)***
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>*‘These systems remained unchanged for two decades. But during that time more and more commanding officers of the General mixture regiments began to report that long association removed any class or race differences between their men,* ***thereby fostering a general esprit de corps. This trend was seen as increasing the threat of a mutinous combination and the General mixture system was abolished in 1883***\*. Thereafter, 32 regiments of Bengal infantry and 14 of Bengal cavalry were organised on the Class company or troop system; and the remaining 12 regiments of infantry and 3 of cavalry used the Class regiment system. By 1899, with a halt having been called to the enlistment of low-caste men or menial classes, there were just 22 Class company and 42 Class infantry regiments in Bengal.\* ***Madras and Bombay also abandoned the General mixture system between 1887 and 1889: but their regiments were placed on the Class company or troop system, with the exception of one Class regiment in Madras. In general terms, the chief recruitment ground for the Bengal Army had moved from Oudh and its adjacent provinces to Nepal, the Punjab and the North-West Frontier***\*. In 1893, for example, only nine of the 64 regiments of Bengal infantry were composed of high-caste men: seven of 38 Rajputs and two of Brahmins.” (The Bengal Army and the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny)\*
The change in the army composition was the philosophy of “Divide and rule”. The abandoning of the general mixture system was a well-thought strategy by the British to raise class-oriented troops that could be used to keep one another in check. Following is an example, of how the new class system was put into use.
>*“This line of argument very naturally raises the question, wherefore then is the maintenance of so large a European army necessary? Eebellion has been crushed, and European troops are not suited for the repression of such local disturb- ances as occasionally occur. There is little present prospect of war from without, though Persia is moving towards Herat, and apparently preparing for Dost Mohammed's death. The answer which I invariably receive is this—'* ***You cannot toll what will happen in India. Heretofore you have held the Sikhs in subjection by the aid of the Sepoys, and the Sepoys by means of the Sikhs.*** *But see what is happening now. The Sikh soldiers are quartered all over India. They are fraternising with the natives of the South—adopting their customs and even their faith. Half the soldiers in a regiment lately stationed at Benares were converted to Hindooism before they left that holy place. Beware, or you will shortly have to cope in India with a hostile combination more formidable than any of those which you have encountered before.' If you draw from all this the inference that what you really dread is your native army, you get into the vicious circle again.” (Letters and journals of James, eighth Earl of Elgin)*
​
11. **The colonial administration policy**
Earlier, the East India Company highly favoured brahmins and Kshatriyas in the administration and military. Later, the rules were relaxed, mainly due to missionary pressure. After the 1857 revolt, there was a clear change in this policy and people from the Brahmin and Kshatriya classes were discouraged to join the administration unless they belonged to a family that already served the British empire.
>\*“\****When the policy of pleasing the natives was especially strong, under the administration of Lord Cornwallis, men of the lowest caste were, as we have remarked above, excluded from our army*** *; yet even among the higer classes there was the same exclusiveness as would have existed between men of the highest and lowest castes.”* (The theory and practice of caste)
The below account mentions how there is a change in the native's behaviour and attitude once they join the system. After a while, they become not much different from their European counterpart.
​
>*“****Again, many of our sepoys are the descendants of men who have served us. They have been born in our camps, brought up in a daily regard for our institutions, and have known no other master than the Company. On entering the ranks they have no pre- conceived antipathies to conquer. They have learned to regard their caste no further than the regulations of the camp allow****. They learn to pay little respect to its rules, and to be indifferent spectators of the most glaring offences against its spirit. To conclude with the words of the great Duke of Wellington, " I know well the feeling of the Indian army ; I know its subordination and discipline to be such, that there is no feeling of distinction as concerns religion or caste, any more than among British troops."* (The theory and practice of caste)
Other British policies and legislation like **Land Alienation Act** in 1900 and **Punjab Pre-Emption Act** in 1913, listed castes that could legally own land and denied equivalent property rights to other castes mentioned in the census.
**12. Socioeconomic impacts**
The early policy of appeasement by the Empire of opinion caused wider socioeconomic disparities in the societies. While Brahmins and Kshatriyas got opportunities in the administration and military, the main job provider for the masses, the other classes were excluded. “Extortion policies” of the company like the “Zamindari system” and “moneylending “and lack of alternative opportunities put the majority of the population in poverty. Their usual patrons, kings, were replaced by colonial rule and native industry was ruined by the industrial revolution in Britain. The colonial system flooded the Indian market with low-cost, factory-made products. Poverty caused wide-scale migration and forced people to abandon their crafts and pick up menial jobs.
Such policies further deteriorated the socioeconomic conditions of the people who were already affected by the former Mughal rule. Acts like the “Criminal Tribes Act” further deteriorated the conditions of an already weak section of society. The CTA initially included castes such as Gujjar, Gadriya and Ahir; however, it later expanded to include Chamars Sanyasis, hill tribes, Bowreah, Budducks, Bedyas, Domes, Dormas, Gujjar, Rebari, Pasi, Dasads, Nonias, Moosaheers, Rajwars, Gahsees Boayas, Dharees, and Sowakhyas.
Below is an account of how Count Lally looted and plundered the land during his tenure in Southern India.
>*“It was ignorance of this, which ruined the fortunes of Count Lally, and led to the annihilation of French influence in India. Lally was profoundly ignorant of the complex nature of Indian society. He forcibly employed the different castes in labours to which they had not been accustomed, or which they deemed derogatory to their dignity. The more rigour he exercised, the greater became the difficulty of finding labourers, or of getting any work done. His sepoys were disgusted. Careless of success, they fought with- out spirit, and seized every opportunity for desertion. His ill treatment of Bramins, his pillage of temples, and the excesses of his followers in their march upon Tanjore, surpassed even the worst atrocities of the Pindarrees and Senassie Fakirs, A regiment of hussars was constantly employed in cattle-lifting. The natives saw their cows and oxen driven into the French camp, where no price was paid or even promised; their sacred bulls were mercilessly slaughtered ; their women outraged to the last degree. At Kivalore, on the line of his march, stood a pagoda supposed to contain great riches. Here he halted, ransacked the place and the houses of the Bramins, dragged the tanks, and got possession of a multitude of idols, which to his bitter disappointment were found to be composed, not of gold, but of brass. On another occasion he seized Bramins, men revered as much for their piety as for their caste, and blew them from the mouths of his cannon ; by this means incurring a horrible odium without any profit. These excesses, un- popular as they would have made him in any country, had an effect upon the feeling of the Hindoos, which no favours and no successes could ever erase ; and he fell, and with him fell the French rule in India ; less by its military than its political errors ; less by its misfortunes in the field, than by disaffection in its own •camp, arising from this very subject of caste.”* ***(The theory and practice of caste)***
​
**13. Education policy**
**13.01** **Education efforts by the British**
The early East India company was in line with the “Law of Manu” (Translation of Manava Dharma sastra). According to the translation, education should only be open to the Brahmins. This policy was contrary to the existing practice followed by the Indian schools that welcomed people from all Jati and backgrounds.
​
>*“What was practised in terms of employment was replicated in the field of education too. The early educational institutions established by the British were Sanskrit colleges of Banaras (1792), Calcutta (1821) and Poona (1821) and College of Fort St. George (1812), gave educational access to Brahmins alone. The colleges at Agra (1824) and Delhi (1825) were meant for the Hindu and Muslim landed aristocracy. The intellectual support to these elite came from Orientalists who controlled the administration in Bengal and North India. They used the Dharmasastras as reference texts and not the existing customary laws to justify their arguments. They also argued that traditionally in the Hindu society, Brahmins alone had access to knowledge—which was true for Sanskrit schools but not for vernacular schools”* (Colonial State as ‘New Manu’? Explorations in Education Policies in Relation to Dalit and Low-Caste Education 90)
Later, when Macaulay’s education policy was implemented, the support for native school and Sanskrit teaching were stopped and all the efforts were focused on creating “Brown British”.
**13.02 Efforts of Missionaries**
The missionaries saw the people of India as “Souls to be Harvested”. Based on their perspective of modernity in rituals and religious practices, they divided the heathens into three categories: Brahmins, Animistic and aboriginals. After 1860, mostly due to the results of the education policy, this category became Caste Hindu, casteless Hindu and tribes respectively.
Missionaries worked in India with a clear agenda of conversion. They used “education as a tool” to achieve this goal. Due to the loss of patronage and no alternative job opportunities due to early British education and job policies, the majority of the people faced poverty and discrimination. By promising financial support and education, missionaries were able to convert economically backward classes. With the introduction of the **Caste Disabilities Removal Act in 1850**, the pace of conversion saw a steep rise.
However, the better classes were out of reach for conversion until Macaulay’s education policy was implemented. In some areas, the British gave direct responsibility to the “missionaries” to implement the policy. The new education policy was in line with the missionaries’ objectives. Both tried to create “a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect”. **The missionaries went one step further and ensured that the created classes are British in religion and spirit too, a policy which was informally supported by the government.**
The new education policy had broad implications.
* Directly it created a class of persons that has no connection with native culture or knowledge. Based on tastes, opinions and morality they were more British than Indians.
* By stopping all support for traditional education and Sanskrit, the original knowledge and tradition of the natives became forgotten. This created a new class of people who are not Indian nor British in opinion and taste. The next generation had no opportunity to interact with the traditional culture, literature or knowledge. They later came under the influence of “Brown British”, the class of people created directly by Macaulay’s education policy and took opinions that are in conflict with the tradition and original culture of the native civilization\*\*.\*\* **(Downward Filtration Theory)**
* Discouraging native schools and the policy of no upper caste in prominent positions in turn helped the missionaries to alienate Brahmins from the native people. It was a deliberate move to eliminate any threats that might rise due to unity among natives. Such policies also made sure that the majority of the native population remain out of the influence of the brahmins and they have no way to learn their actual tradition and culture in an authentic way; as a result, they become an easier target for conversion efforts by missionaries.
By the 17th century itself, the missionaries had identified Brahmanism as a major obstacle towards their conversion effort. In the beginning, the missionaries used to imitate brahmins in dressing and behaviours to have an influence on the native communities. Later, when the govt policy became favoured to them, they used tools such as education, financial support etc. to ease up their conversion efforts. Since they saw Brahmanical influence as detrimental to their efforts, they also tried to create anti brahmin and anti-Hindu sentiments through their education machinery. | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZTR4NVA3OG1ubDFlXzlwM2ZnMDMxWHdwNUtFS21FZ01LQXg5bFR3bUpUZUFCbEswYWNiRWJiQnRpT2h6cjZSX1NwTkRXUHo5WUJWeXdueDE0M2R0TEE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOTTZnR05VSV9oSTRoQ3I4VjFIaW03TlR5UzBuUjQ1dms1VEQzVG5za0FFSW5DOGxEdk5VOUk2UE40SVpxZ1dJRnZZN2lEQmlhRWo4VDhYblI2VmdDbGZSYmVBRV9JMTEweWlUc0E4aWtXeDFFejdSUHlZRWM1WkUwYUtZMmtXVVZ6WGxyZ0tIazlpSnl0U3lwalVmdk02bEVncmZKSlhPM0lRcFRrTXJrbHhSN2hybkRaaXd1cUlSbDdDTUdKLVdtNG9Yank2ZERRaDU4NUZZYXkycG95UT09 |
Continuation of **Caste System in India:** **Part 05 (Contribution of British)** ([https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1xvi/caste\_system\_in\_india\_part\_05\_contribution\_of/](https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaRWResources/comments/xy1xvi/caste_system_in_india_part_05_contribution_of/))
**Government**
* The government legally prohibited discrimination based on caste, religion and race. Untouchability became a penial offence. Laws such as Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) etc were implemented.
* Reservation was implemented to uplift the socially and economically backward classes.
**Caste system**
* The British policies followed by the caste census made the traditional system of Jati a rigid system of Caste.
* While in the majority of places, especially in urban areas of the country, caste has become obsolete, caste-based discrimination still exists in remote areas.
* In modern days, Acts such as “Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities)” have become a tool for harassment for people belonging to the “backward classes” ([https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scst-atrocities-act-has-become-a-means-to-blackmail-citizens-public-servants-sc/article23303970.ece](https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scst-atrocities-act-has-become-a-means-to-blackmail-citizens-public-servants-sc/article23303970.ece))
* Caste is prevalent in regions like Islam too ([https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-who-are-the-pasmanda-muslims-the-group-that-bjp-is-trying-to-woo/articleshow/92766145.cms](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-who-are-the-pasmanda-muslims-the-group-that-bjp-is-trying-to-woo/articleshow/92766145.cms))
* The reservation has added more rigidity to the caste system. Due to the benefits offered by reservation, more people are ready to be identified by their caste. Removing caste identity from society is becoming harder due to groups of people with vested interests. A part of the Political spectrum, Bureaucracy, and society does not want to abolish the caste identity due to the benefits it offers in the form of reservation and vote bank.
**Coloniality and racism**
* Countries with the objective of Neocolonialism and supremacism are still using the “divide and rule” philosophy to advance their interest. Through media and official channels, they are using “caste” as a tool to influence Indian policies.
* Misinterpretation of Hindu literature and “scientific racism” gave birth to theories such as “Aryan invasion”. Such theories are being used to create a Faultline in the country.
**Western Interest**
* The Western ecosystem uses the caste system to create faultlines in India so that they can leverage the opportunity and keep India under check.
* They also see that the caste system encourages brain drain in India. If it is eliminated, the talent that goes to the west now for higher education and skilled labour will stay in India and boost the Indian economy. This will negatively affect the western economy and the current world order.
**Missionaries**
* Missionary works still continue in India. Through education policy and anti-development protests, they still aim better the life of heathens.
1. [https://www.firstpost.com/politics/church-role-in-kudankulam-protests-merits-wider-probe-228719.html](https://www.firstpost.com/politics/church-role-in-kudankulam-protests-merits-wider-probe-228719.html)
2. [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/sep/12/vizhinjam-port-pastoral-letter-read-out-in-churches-of-thiruvananthapuram-2497231.html](https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/sep/12/vizhinjam-port-pastoral-letter-read-out-in-churches-of-thiruvananthapuram-2497231.html)
3. [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/parties-hedge-church-backs-fishermens-protest-against-adani-port-project-8104946/](https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/parties-hedge-church-backs-fishermens-protest-against-adani-port-project-8104946/)
* **There is a demand for caste reservation for Christians in India. Similar to how the “caste disabilities removal act” helped the missionaries in the 19th century**, if accepted, this demand will be beneficial to the missionaries in terms of conversion. ([https://theprint.in/opinion/why-plea-on-reservation-for-dalit-christians-is-a-dangerous-and-divisive-movewhy-plea-on-reservation-for-dalit-christians-is-a-dangerous-and-divisive-move/1111998/](https://theprint.in/opinion/why-plea-on-reservation-for-dalit-christians-is-a-dangerous-and-divisive-movewhy-plea-on-reservation-for-dalit-christians-is-a-dangerous-and-divisive-move/1111998/) )
* Similar to how the colonial system and church operated hand in hand, the new age Think Tanks and missionaries share a common interest when it comes to heathen nations. Most of the anti-Hindu and anti-India propaganda are created and sponsored by these groups.
* Large funds and research are being utilized to convert the heathens. For example, here is caste-based data on people yet to be converted.
1. [https://joshuaproject.net/people\_groups/16561/IN](https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16561/IN)
2. [https://joshuaproject.net/people\_groups/print/21212/IN](https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/21212/IN)
**Education Policy**
* Not much has changed from Macaulay’s education policy.
* The education policy still produces a class of people who are Indian in colour and British in taste and opinion. Due to a lack of knowledge of traditional literature and culture, they still rely on literature and research work produced by then-colonial writers. As a result, they see the native culture from the eyes of the colonizer who made the infamous claim that **“a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia”.**
**The new Brahmins**
Recently, the position of “brahmins” are being assigned to “Vocal Hindus” who tried to understand and preserve the native culture. The term “Hindutwa” has become a modern-day equivalence for “Brahminism”. According to the emerging narrative, Hindutwa is different from Hindusim and it tries to oppress other parties in the society. It is similar to the old narrative that claims “Brahmanism” was not native to the land and it oppressed the true natives once it become prominent.
Such narratives are built by groups with an agenda to create division in society so that they can later benefit from it. **For example, the leaked PFI documents advocate using the ‘National Flag’, ‘Constitution’ and ‘Ambedkar’ to “shield the real intention of establishing an Islamic rule” and to reach out to SCs/STs/OBCs and gain their trust to meet the objectives.** ([https://newindian.in/establish-islamic-rule-in-india-by-2047-pfis-8-page-vision-document/](https://newindian.in/establish-islamic-rule-in-india-by-2047-pfis-8-page-vision-document/) )
\----------------------------------------------------------------
# The strength of narratives: Pariah
Pariah is an infamous term used to denote an “outcaste”. But who are Pariah really?
Pariah is a westernized term for Parriar, a Jati belonging to the southern part of India that originally functioned as ceremonial drummers. Tamil Parai is a large drum, beaten at certain festivals, and the beaters of it are called Paraiyan (Singular) and Paraiyar (Plural).
“In the city of Madras this caste forms one fifth of the whole population, and from it came (Unfortunately) most of the domestics in European service in that part of India. As with other castes low in caste-rank they are low also in habits, frequently eating carrion and other objectionable food, and addicted to drink. From their coming into contact with and under the observation of Europeans, more habitually than any similar class, the name pariah has come to be regarded as applicable to the whole body of the lowest castes, or even to denote outcastes or people without any caste. But this is hardly a correct use. There are several castes in the Tamil country considered to be lower than the pariahs, e.g., the caste of shoemakers, and the lowest caste of washerman. And the pariah deals out the same disparaging treatment to these that he himself receives from higher castes. The pariahs “constitute a well-defined, distinct, ancient caste, which has ‘subdivisions’ of its own, its own peculiar usages, its own traditions, and its own jealousy of the encroachments of the castes which are above it and below it. They constitute, perhaps, the most numerous castes in the Tamil country. In the city of Madras they number 21 per cent of the Hindu population:” (Bp. Caldwell, u. i., p545)
The mistaken use of pariah, as synonymous with out-caste has spread in English parlance over all India. Thus the lamented prof. Blochmann, in his School Geography of India: “Outcastes are called pariahs.”. The name first became generally known in Europe through Sonnerat’s Travels (Published in 1782, and soon after translated into English). In this work the Parias figure as the lowest of castes. The common use of the term is however probably due, in both France and England, to its appearance in the Abbe Raynal’s famous Hist. Philosophique des Etablissenents dans les Indes, formerly read very widely in both countries, and yet more perhaps to its use in Bernardin de St. Pierre’s preposterous through once popular tale, La Chaumiere Indienne, whence too the misplaced halo of sentiment which reached its acme in the drama of Casimir Delavigne, and which still in some degree adheres to the name.
It should be added that Mr. C.P. Brown says expressly, ***“The word Paria is unknown” (In our sense?) “to all natives, unless as learned from us.”***
***(The last three paragraphs of this section, The strength of narratives: pariah, is a summary from A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms)***
***Just like how Pariar became pariah and pariah became a synonym for outcaste, the meaning of several Indic traditions has been corrupted by coloniality. Since it fits the agenda, such misconceptions are made mainstream by certain groups to achieve their personal interests.***
\--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So, a few questions remain
* Can we understand the real meaning of Hindu literature and the original traditions of Bharat, by reading the books produced during the colonial era?
* Is it possible to interpret Sanskrit words without following the actual code of interpretation such as Vyakarana and Nirukta?
* What is the validity of research and books produced without referring to the original literature in Sanskrit but only to the translated colonial versions?
* Why do encyclopaedias and websites such as Wikipedia only refer to western writers and historians without checking their credibility and whether their works are based on original Sanskrit texts?
* Why there is always an uproar when someone expresses the need to recheck the current education policy of India?
* What is the agenda of media that promote misconception and disinformation without checking its authenticity? Even if notified of their mistakes, why are they ignoring factual information that is available in the form of original literature?
​
[A weaver engraving by Sonnerat 1782](https://preview.redd.it/19okuxn2jes91.png?width=478&format=png&auto=webp&s=aaf702f4f8f38dbe7402c1ef1883afd926cb49c6)
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https://preview.redd.it/g8ogybi5jes91.png?width=1083&format=png&auto=webp&s=f1b72627d6f29132f7859cac4ff1a15a1e5efd29
​
[Herbert Hope Risley](https://preview.redd.it/giwwhr27jes91.png?width=1137&format=png&auto=webp&s=9ec3c282d415b66c65f7f1a3b62d95f10902154a) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-07 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZjhRR012bXB0a2lQN3p5dVN0S2FZSzliOXRQVVFXcUM5c1hmdlVlWlNHSkdNQWR1QTgxZklvZXA5UkVFZTh5N3dFUXc4U0l2Rkd4a2lqSUlrTVl3RGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOS3dNaWdJbHVIdXQ3NWtCSU9HV1ZwcHkzYUFOMGZpNnJUaks2WHl5b1djMHJ1aTl2MUlJZ1JqZ3drSms5SzhLV2IxaUZXM2FDRkVVWkJEUC15eUxjenJlSUUyMl9XWlVJU2dTWkpUTGRVYVhja0dXSEJwRGJSajlTUC1LV2hfNk03OXpzMHhWc0xVbkduUnp1VTZ1RW0tOUNIUHctbjBYZ0ZEWm9VZjhoSWZ1Vlp4ZGhORUZfQTczZzhhS2NKNHgzVTdTYUJ5UXV2QktNY1g3Z2stMVRqdz09 |
r/libyancrisis | post | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-10-08 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNkg3MmhkVFMxQU9qWnUtTFVsWEJ4YzZ6a3ptMmYwdklGTmNhZFRKUS04SFZuUV9HNlZscWNpbnMxQ1RWc0k0MEJENzlVdElObDJOcndPUFp5bkNLVGw1LUJzUENMWEFBNHAxY0UzdmZkclE9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUkRCb1RjS1FrWXhEQkZMclhlZUhHNVRXb3l0R2pXRUF1Y0RGYU9HdG5TaTJQbUUycUxSeGllTXhsSFZkYmhJbG5YLVcwNWt6OXQ3ZHhvajBiVW9DRENCRzRFR09lVm5zSFpheVNycDFBSXcwNnN5bDZNRW9zamlkQ09PX0N3ODEzMU0tMEowVnQ1anBhbUhOVUwtTVBGbGpLeGNKVC0tMF8xcktSMTJWcWxzPQ== |
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Recently, [an image of a news report from a newspaper was shared on twitter with a claim that Mahatma Gandhi, a man who is known for his struggle to provide equality to all and a feminist of his time, asked women to take poison to save their chastity, and to protect themselves from getting raped during Noakhali riots in 1946.](https://imgur.com/UJPSeXQ)
A twitter user shared the image with a caption, "This is the story of partition in Bengal rarely told, Gandhi and Nehru never allowed the army to intervene to save the honour of Hindu women being abducted, raped and men killed. In fact Gandhi asked women to take poison before they got raped to save their honour! - Sanjay Basu"
The news piece titled, "Gandhi urges women to take poison", reported about the situation in riot-hit Noakhali in Eastern Bengal. According to the report, Hindus were being threatened to convert to Islam or they would be burned alive, and women were being abducted and raped.
Facthunt in their investigation, found the claims made in the image of the news report to be true.
During their research, they found a blog expressing disappointment over Gandhi's statement that he advised women in the riot-torn areas of Noakhali to commit suicide by poison or other means to avoid dishonor. The blog also shared links to few reports on Gandhi's statements including one by New York Times correspondent, Preston Grover who reported the same.
A book named 1946: The Great Calcutta killings and Noakhali genocide, written by [Dr. Dinesh Chandra Singha also quoted Gandhi making the contentious statements on 18th October, after receiving a telegram informing murders, loot, abduction, mass conversion and rapes in Noakhali region.](https://imgur.com/ooHZlI1)
In 1946, on the 10th of October, riots engulfed the Noakhali and Tipperah Districts of Bengal (in present-day Bangladesh) where the Hindu community was targeted. The riots were semi-organized massacres led by the Muslim League to support their demand for creating a separate Islamic nation, Pakistan. More than 1 lakh Hindus were affected during the riots. According to some sources, the violence started on the 10th, enforcers were sent to the affected areas only on 14th, and earlier intervention from the government might have prevented thousands of deaths.
[source 1](https://admin.facthunt.in/posts/912/FACT-CHECK:-Did-Gandhi-ask-women-to-take-poison-in-order-to-save-their-honor-during-Noakhali-riots)
[source 2](https://twitter.com/itz_metoo/status/1225423070803808259) | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMlIxV2ZYU3YzN0R1bFhXbzVnNm1fMktKeHRmeERtd3F2QTRXXzFpMGE0UWU3SVZrejFhQkJVbW9udWowcERYYUtRdXROVXV5QWtFd19tNEs0cUFsOXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOdlFmRlBlNlh1RUxlWGZNNHliVy1TSDhhazVOOFlWMV9Lb1k1VWo5Y01CdGU1N0lTNXQxbGcyY0FBdFY5ekJMV3VtUXNscjRvdG9Dd0tvQ3kwYk5PZ3dMRElNWlo0RDR0dkxRQWdKemtZcFNRRE94N1MzRlhiN0lPakdHVE1oRDdILXg3S1Rvc3RydWk3U0JlZDd3TlptS3VnRFc3R0xnUmFtanh0WVBreU8xQWN3TUV4LVBrMjdncXZZTEVBeEU5TllqYTdxZzVsTURsemUtODhEbFVmZz09 |
r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-10 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSVEhlTTU0ZDJsbVM3azR1UnZuUkhobFZyMkRyVTFsbTY5LW5zREMxNWtMLU1NZ2dZTmRfbXZXTTc2dEJ6SXZsUExhWGpkZjhwZjZoNWU1dW9OekJFT2c9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZXpEMHZKcE1NbFh3bjhrdV95VWZaU3pkUUU3WU1ENUlzM3k4RFppU3ZQRHg3MDRNU2dYVV9aaUt2ZzJGX2xYOFBqcVdQakhBd2x1SnlycVlrdXByVHRueWR4T0VhNnQ5am5iejRMZXJkcEFGYWZHd1JtcGk0dG4wNmVuTzlkUXYyVjNTcTkxaU1OY3VxUXhhOE1SdlpDZVlnb2VxMThTQ3lJVHllZ0tKTzFrWjJWT0ZIWG9GWl9FTW84c25HZllWT0YteFA0VGVJdUVSVGJZVE16Ym9xZz09 |
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Hello,
In the Netherlands, I learned that even if you speak in English and the interviewer knows English, the interview would be in Dutch. The only way you wouldn't have a translator would be if you were at native speaker in Dutch or something like that.
Countries may change, but this may be a common practice. | r/refugees | comment | r/Refugees | 2022-10-13 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSa2pVMzBLTml0dThGWEdIcXVudHZEdmhtSzRqWWlnZTVIOG5obF95RFJpQ0g2V3Bva3hPOERtTXNOcndxeHRwWkZzWGNBakI1NkZiZmdsdm5nZTlaNnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUllYbTl2Sm5ORF9lQ3JPNTZuVzhkcVI2LXlNcnptUTBuM1JlOUZHaFM2VzZkNzc1bGRyWEJXODR3eUZRNVNrUEhqNmlic1U5RFJZNXlQYjZMSDd3bmFoUjRNNWJoY0NnWmRkTUl4UUFwSEJ0YlptYXpSYkVsZkpPSV8wSGRvNTZwNjV0c21DNUpKZWVlSmNpQ2FsZmVfLXhNclN6UW9XWjVha0I2Tm40MWd1d1BXUEQxWmJwRnVOb3E2TzMxLWRMUVRENnFjQXZOdGJOUTZLT3V3YmFyUT09 |
Yeah the constant overwhelming sense of ads to justify buying goods you don't need. I think its' part of the capitalist structure. Consumer sentiment is the staple of the our economy in the U.S. and if people buy, they keep working, etc. productivity - but it's not a fun cycle to be in to be honest. | r/refugees | comment | r/Refugees | 2022-10-16 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZzZYQUNtS3hucC1ZYWdTTTdlTlhwODZEZldkSnF4b3ZBaWxLMy1xcVdtQUJjNC14eHJzRHdIaUUtOGFUeFlCVllFLXdPWUZGNWR1ejdFdDVwRlJjM2YxYjc0dk4tX1NDVDRuWmhTTjFXMnM9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUVJILTRRWkxkdGx1d3ZYd2lzejNnT3lGaE1ERDh1YW10blpNa3FzcVhROHFYcWE4cHVnR0gzRThTZVpVTWoxdXpZTEZyQm40NEtRa3BxMWVOcjBIMGZ5RUdEcHRMODVuSEw3akUzVjI4YnZoOHJOTVc3dGJSR2htOGlXVXBMNnB0X3hnZlhOdHBOSUlkQ2VvSXFFTXJpajZIUUFXNTJNU1BKc2pTU0pKQzU2aUJDd080eTdia1hvOElub2NLSXIzOTRWb1BKd3I1Wk5MTHJYbnpUMWRMUT09 |
r/econpapers | post | r/EconPapers | 2022-10-16 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUnBzNmltOWlaNnJqWEhOeUNMdGNnYjVtS0hHQW1GOVg5T3BWY09jbUx5bkZab2xmSlV1cTIwWF85Z01TSVJqaHlSYjlCWk9EVWhQR0VUV1NpSldpbnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOV0pFOVR6NWpBUlR0NElFUl9nVkJiTDlNcVhVX2VaZS1saEswUG9KQkdQa05ST3dNNDhPNVQ2Y2NLTXAxSnpOQlZsNlN1N052OHZMeUlyVjRFZThqbkNESWd1M3BzdmNiTmhoM3ZWSmxKMlhmQnFza2hDX1FVX2lLYmFnalR2OEFNNmFFVHNlLWFwNFlEYzdLSTU1OVdXXzBaX0Y5a3lCNHJXbEdxdHVneGloVWhyMEQxdjdlQ0pMZFVtanczNzNYLUJJSU9jdnlZR1N1cm9LR2Y3TTg0UT09 |
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r/libyancrisis | post | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-10-19 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSVzN4QTNmcnhldWhiV3BpRjVJMmJHdlY4TE5wRXBRT09hTXBwcXV5Y3YyNDRQek16bnNwN3Q1VVZLQjV1ZjUtd2VuQjhLWmdUMmN3M2xRdnp0ZlpDSnc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJON2x1OXZEV3R3UjhXRXRHdHRiR09admRPd1h1YlB3cTZ0b2VRRDFPYnNVLUloZDZxajJTVngxOWJpX04wMWdsVjloakp5Ty1MUHp1cy1HU3hMVzNscTFMRTh1ME1IQTNMYkhEdmxjOXEwc1pTOVE4MGIzZ1FDaktuQ3QybUU0c2pBbzhJTWx2MVZyMVNtSDdCblUtcDRQY1hEeDlxUE4xQ2dKejNkY0ZTYXpXUHJkRzl3enpWUDlpbmFpWnNrVlVHSE9DNlZPSmp0Vi1VSFI0V2wybUNBUT09 |
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Has someone heard from DeepMind wrt various research engineer positions which opened recently? I've received 3 rejections right now. If you received a positive response, what does your profile look like? What have they asked you to prepare for the interview? | r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-10-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSWnpDSlJHV0VkR0s5TlVheDVYN1VFNHZCN1hMWEduYnJkck1jSGphSEg1R2ZjWDBXSVJBYnQxTktEdUF3anNVTzIwTkdhMkNLN09BbHlSN3BHMHRlZWc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZjNHOFRKWWlVMmNDRERVUGdMeFE2TTZsLVFuNXBHWU1ON0VTM0g5U2l0TXlXS3dxXzRtV0NLMnRKbjN1RjhxeUcxbkRZa0g4YmZnLVB6OU43UnBycnRKNTZiTlV5T0RkMHJkeUlFVjJibDd6UmJoT01pdVMtZGN2REZ2emJXVFZZSDQ5Q2VTeXpRVGdWa3V0WWtmRGpkRU1zNEQwQzdFTkpsZTlCQmFJUWNpVGtnZ0ZKcWZ6a1k2dmxGUEZneWZkU3FkVXJqQWxtZTYzNmptbkhzaUtPUT09 |
r/deepmind | post | r/deepmind | 2022-10-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSRUxaZHdlWkdPWTRLdzJsdTFzeVFtel9oMHlWcVVhYUp1eUVsRmRnZnVTVjlrNlhKNzVWcGp3WjVuNEtLa3FxaVpHcXQ4ZGxLdF92RndRTHI2Vy1MVVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOLXk1eWtVY29ERTgtT19ZN0prV3k0czdBTnl1WDkyT0g5bmtINnMtQkZsUklfV2c1R2ZPMlhmZ3pUdDZ2S3FXdE52Y3dGRXZJdlFpcG9SMDRIdW1GUGNmaUhRVEFGUG9NT3FSdk9jc0pqU2xEaC1wZjdkTWtvNGRndVVVYVpzSE05Q1lsRUxBSDhvVkxMXzkzdWdhWmd1YWRPSEdxWVd0dTVuZ0poWmZGdWNpUHpSVmpBQ2p3eEZUWEpWVG0yZkNSS1MxS3hIeGN6YTdHOHBzTEVqUU9pZz09 |
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r/libyancrisis | post | r/LibyanCrisis | 2022-10-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSZFVtaU1jVTRpOHc5S2Z4UEM1cTVaeFVBc3NZMW1PMzJ5bUx0Z2VLTWhUNl9tdzA2UEUwNTdFRVJqRno0RXp4bEcwQ1dGa0l0V21uWWgwNWhqQ1lzZ1ZyY2Z5Y3VEQ0JqY3EyOWFZaUVnZ1E9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOOWt5QUtfLVl2bVBYQmRmQjJTRnExbjZycjhkVEtxNHBScXdJWDluclhJMGItU0xwREhQbnZUUVp5S3FIakJndm5Ncml2ajlmOHBUMm1FUzF2ZnFpc3VfRVE1bmc3N2J5Q0xHb0VfY1ZwWHR3OUFXWnM2RmJxd0xvOTNmRjVmQjVib0NhNUJkcXVGY2xYY2FWeFpvSzIwSDB5RlhxMlgwTzZ5amJGQlc0bXRYWTFzVUZsTklSc1JCLUc3RE96OFVkbGxpSGVKUmdRa20wVUM5cHVvV0lWZz09 |
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r/econpapers | post | r/EconPapers | 2022-10-23 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSV3RrLTNNYmZWSkNxeDhBZmRuYy1kYW01VjdMMkFPMGZoNkFTaUNqMTJmMTkwSXo2Vy1qd2Z5V0VHUlJQcDhEVURmeXQ5Uk05dG5MZlhDYW5QQTNUOTNncHlJRVllMkoyT3BUOEFEY1ducGs9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOWUk4T2lRNEo0VVZ6T3dUeGpyY0JsMDBPODF0aU5iWmhfYUxFZUw4c3VZRXkyMDNrUkxCOTYxMlpHUzJUdkx6dHhEVWtCVnpaQjlDanJ3S3YyRDU3ckFlWWwtQzNFMEVqUDJnRHdEOExBN21EdXBsUTVNZHhGNkJTQmtjV2pwRmdaUm4zUi1WNmpyTXAzTjlmUmY1R3pJY05vUjNRRHBnZTVLbl9SZkdaT1FFci1zcVg1U29wRV9GQVF0S01LR3FVQlRmMTl1Wkg2dnBwbzVUTUs5RlJUQT09 |
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Dude, this is such a low-effort post, and not what this sub is for. | r/econpapers | comment | r/EconPapers | 2022-10-24 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSY2VYS1hVUk9LaE8zMHNmREdKSUMyMHllUGNGUjZ0YUJKVTRWX2xnRnoybzNCaXpUZmZackZRbVB5VDVBVFlMOF8tY2NCNk81ZU9KVVU3MGx0cmF0U0pxTHFwbDFCWUM5S1h4cElfZU9KNms9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJORkt4eWxfX2lRcGZoZGRNMFNUTU1mMGRkUWRHUzRkRmR5NXVXVUFMQjM1UWdKQXYyVEFVa0dJbWMyanRacWVEM1lZZXNMcXZ6aTJaSFpGS292RDBLdGN6R1g4c3VkWDBqWXpsb2ZRWGVnS2tUd2l3Zi1wV252NjdTTFVrSnhNZ2Rncm5ncHd3N2JmZ0kzaU5iS1F0OUlOV0dfTVhMM3FDMGx2UjliSEE3LUtERy1kVGo4Y2hyM1hFVzRuU04wcVhZS2ZmWVUwUjNYcjJGOUd1cjBad21udz09 |
r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSMlNUc2tob2lXUkNreGRnTF80b2ZheFdTOFd5TjQ5VGVKWnM1OUZHYjJvWWtKbXowQVp3dGtfc29WOTZ1dHFkVTdMNWswVm94aEM0SWlILW9LcFZRRGc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOSHQyUkpwNmJUcHVTX1k4MWVEME9QV1duNDYtVnVWN1U3c2JHZEJNY3B6U2MwT3AzekE5bU9RTThGbjNEUkYzTXFXMWh2NkZBNFdMSVJDVHFvMEI2TWpCdGtRYkItVXd3Y0pxdFhnM2t4SmZCWExzUmZzMnFDVXRibWk0QVJXajdSRHI4TWhRbUlhTEhVWE1lVGIxdzFmSlU1SXNaa19VN1liR19vVTNLYUMyd3dVc2twZ1NlaW16RmpxYXJQSVlxdjNGQ1hTQ2FUZS1zdzBIeTYtNHN6Zz09 |
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Don't be apologetic about Diwali! it is a major festival only in India and it causes much less pollution compared to the things listed below. Celebrate it with responsibility. The feeling of guilt planted in you is calculated assault on Sanatan...
It is understood that in Bengaluru alone, 4 lakhs Animals are Killed on Eid which includes 10000 Large animals like Cattle and Camels.
It generates 300 tonnes of animal waste which is just buried in pits near Kogilu on the city outskirts
For 14 lakh Muslims in Bengaluru - 4 lakh Animals killed
Even if one Animal weighs 10 kg then can an average person eat 3 kg meat on single day ?
And mind you this includes kids and infants also
So most of the meat goes waste though people might claim we give it to poor
https://www.google.com/amp/s/newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/karnataka/bengaluru-all-set-to-witness-over-4-lakh-animals-slaughter-for-bakrid-in-bengaluru
If you conflate this number to whole of India then imagine the number of Animals killed on the single day ?
For 200 millon it must be at least 20 millon Animals
And 200 millon kgs of Meat and staggering 8 billon kgs of Green House gases or Carbon dioxide and we are not even calculating the lakhs of tonnes of bio waste generated
And now conflate this number to the whole world
It is 200 millon Animals 80 billon kgs of CO2
Now let us come to ThanksGiving in USA - 45 million Turkeys are killed
https://plantbasednews.org/opinion/opinion-piece/thanksgiving-scary-truth-turkeys/#:~:text=These%2045%20million%20turkeys%20are,and%20forming%20long%2Dlasting%20connections.
Christmas in US - 25 million Turkeys are killed
In US 30 million trees are chopped off every year to make Christmas Tree and 50 million artificial trees are used which is made of plastic and is even more polluting. Around the world 120 million trees are cut every year to celebrate Christmas.
https://www.thetatva.in/world/120-million-trees-are-cut-down-every-christmas-across-the-world/3347/
On Independence Day July 4th USA uses 1 billion Worth of fire crackers which is 5 times more than what India uses in an whole year (12 to 14 crore kgs of fireworks)
https://www.google.com/amp/s/fortune.com/2018/06/29/july-4th-fireworks-billion-dollar-burn-injuries/amp/
Chinese use more firecrackers on Chinese New Year alone than what US does on July 4
https://www.google.com/amp/s/theconversation.com/amp/chinese-new-year-your-guide-to-everything-from-importance-of-the-colour-red-to-firework-bans-175870
World wide on New year billions Worth Fire crackers are used.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.dw.com/en/new-years-eve-are-fireworks-harming-the-environment/a-41957523
Hindu festivals are the only Eco Friendly festivals on Earth as most of Hindus eat only Vegetarian food on festivals. Other wise every other religion meat is the most important item on a festival or any celebration
But when it comes to narrative, it is only hindu festivals which are being maligned as polluting
Holi - Water Pollution so Waterless Holi
Ganesh - Sea or River Pollution So Green Ganesh
Dussehra - Riots/ sexual abuse so don’t go dandia or no Durga Idol immersion
Diwali - Air Pollution so no fire crackers
Have you seen any one raising topic of Pollution on Christmas New year or Eid ?
Has anyone campaigned for Veg Xmas or Green New Year or No killing on Eid ?
So don’t let breaking India forces take the fun out of Diwali. Hindu festivals are green by nature as Hindus worship nature and all the festivals are born out of nature worship
PS - The most comprehensive report on Delhi Pollution by IIT Kharagpur has not included Fire crackers in the report
Road Dust, Concrete batching, Vehicles, Coal tandoors, Crop burning, industries are responsible for Delhi air pollution .
https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/iit-study-has-all-answers-delhi-pollution-woes
Have A blasting Diwali🎇🎇🎇
Be Proud of Your Religion | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSYnVXTGx4WjVJU2FWNURUQm5Sb0t4Q2xKb004NklCZWc3TndkLTVGS2xkUmc1VmQwVTBUdk9rQ1g2QVNFLVhOV3JYeXJSd01Odk5GNW1jSnc1TGo4eXc9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOY1VYVXdVYVFfdVB4NDdRX2ZVcVpVWkZ6OEs3dElmUEVIcER0R1FLUXpyZTYyQ2NoODJEdDBQNmVqYTZJTUt3eGtGNmw0aFRGREJhUzNmSkZRdl9ua2NETHN2YkZoeDB2UEc1eHBoOUY0a3ZmMnFTaTk2TEpwR0Q0bWRFZGFFemZrRGU4MFg0U2w5STlFNHJRanIyckFlZk9mazNmcmRpaDBRRkZTWFVpMG91ZmdIRFNhR0N4QUpYZW9GTEZkb0NpaHZzZGNsWnVRTlA3d2d0dnVsLTdXZz09 |
r/neuralink | post | r/Neuralink | 2022-10-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSTF9wRXV3ak5RY1d5S1QtX09sNE1JcFJOMUJwWks1Rm16TUdsejJKZmJBZjZBS2drODJaY19BSDgycDlZRkdHZ3VyOTk1SDhKT2lCSmg3YkNsXzlPSVE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUnUzYV96NmV0TThwTjJoNXlMMVhZbzJLQjM5U3JfUWhoOTY2YVpEZGc1clNjSWJOY293YXgwWlhRT1RELWdQREViTDByNlBMR1A1M2hRWjJ1SW1ra3Y5Sno3Sm85bl9rTmNSWmphb2NJS2FBWFUxZlh4cGNaekZTdDYwM0JWZ3dTNzhzTTNZRThtanc0T2MzaXVjc09yc1NEc2FaRENfWU5uT1lFcGxqamYzbzY4M056b01URFZnVXZ5WnVnOFpfWlNlckliT0Y3QzlySUl1c1NSTjVjZz09 |
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https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.indiatoday.in/amp/diu/story/rising-personal-loans-india-consumer-debt-levels-pandemic-induced-inflation-1987234-2022-08-12
When I read the above article, I was totally taken aback that India has got 35 Trillion personal loans in debt and 1529 billion credit card loans?
On looking at it a little deeper, one can understand the mischievous way the article has been written. 35 Trillion in Rupees is just 42,443.80 crores USD. This is a trifling figure when you compare the credit card loans of US.
US has got 887 billion USD as credit card loans alone ie credit card loans in US is more than double than that of all personal loans taken by all of India including housing loans. Remember, population of US is just one fourth that of India.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/en.as.com/latest_news/what-is-the-average-credit-card-debt-in-the-us-in-2022-n/%3foutputType=amp
... And some idiot has written an essay in a national magazine that loans outstanding for Indians is alarming.. In fact, it is the other way around. Banks are trying to give more loans as loans are not being availed by Indians as it is done by western countries. | r/indiarwresources | post | r/IndiaRWResources | 2022-10-25 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSODlpNkNyNzZoM2YweFpyMlpxSk9BZ1lHXzdtU09HbjNFOWw4Qk5CS3diVTF1dkFBazFTNE1vQTFtM0gxRzBFNDNlZkZVS0QtMDdESUpxMnZrNWNqSlE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOMjJkMm8wNTlVcTRhTngwWlBZMmMyQU5sMEw3R1NfeDJ2ekhwaXNSR3RoNTdBN1BFX0xWQ1lhZmVXRkVYWE9MTUVocXhDeFhuM0VLRGhzSWY2ZDl2SXhXTzl0clY4WDNZZ21fU0U1U0RhaDZyQXEza0lJZ3VmclJoajluZjM5YXRMbzJjUmxIVFF0YVZGelN6M2U1M3ZHOU11S1hHLVZfbmlYdl9LeUJkRnY5Vmh5ZHZYcVhOYnVrd0lvYXFadHh6alVZNXplYUx0NV96ck1PUF9xZXNOZz09 |
hi | r/financialtimes | comment | r/FinancialTimes | 2022-10-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNFR3WU00MjZBNURvTFVhRTBDM3ZRbXpGUFIxbmZiWGdFWUY4cjFGcHVsZWRlNUZhbDZ5VmdsTzJDR2ZFUW91SnBPOXp6M0FRMFFVWVZvRi1XZzBHalE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOUEJ1djJ3WW80dVBKZnBlMGMybENvX0Z2dXhsRHI1VGVwUGVvTTd3VWE0N0ZhUzA3RVN5RThZd2dtSlRIRnJienk4WHRKOUhSWmVzUi1IbFF3NmRwck13V2lpdmtrS3hqX2dDV0xUQmR3VlFqZE1zbW5jaVJaTlhQYy1XOWNGdG1Gemg2SHhDcndYNHVNdkRNT1ZVYzFBTk1vVGdIY2dtS1VSVnRYVHhhYWVGUlI3UWRxM2tsZGYxRHdfX055QmpW |
Shh, don't disturb the dead. | r/financialtimes | comment | r/FinancialTimes | 2022-10-28 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSdEQ1WGJDMEpKNFQyckZXMVY5T2lfd3B1SW5NNXMxWm1yQTE2d3lWSkk2RUs0WnNTMm54WmQtYzZ3NUJlSU1sd1dsbVpVbDIxdnM1aFhxTGJ4Umk3Y0E9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOZjB0N2dGdW1NMjV0eHlmaE4zU1lKRkhCOGxEd1lwajRuVUVScFpadjRlMXFiX01mcGx2Y2R4NkE2VU16TTlESTNFRUdzcW83LUgtMThpSUdmc3Vsb2lYTjc0Yjl5V2xxV25NOFBFR0RZOVFuYVYzT2RCX0V6cEFRR1RkdGVGRlpXNk16VlVlTjN1NmZCOFNIenpnWWp1bnZwLXRBal9BTmI1V3p1WHJ2UEFsSTEyZTZwcFFMN3BTc29lTVZhX05z |
PS. Candadians are allowed to come to the US without a visa.
Just, you know, get your bigotry right. | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-10-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSNDBlNy12QXAxbDRFS0Jfa2o2QlhSU3VMRGxZRUxTN1c2TDV5eldPSlp4czI2MG0xampPZlBhTl8zZlBUbWtuYkFYWDNmQ1hGNDZmU3c0Y1JHaDYyekE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOc1BWWkNIOHZMVG9NNEJjSmwzLXMzd2tGX3UzNlAxRkp1N3VhbWVpUk00R0ttNVJYYmtzWnlvRFJmRFV0REZxeEV4YkZ2bkJ5TGNoZG1SRHppRFBXb0lwSjE1Zl9kOHBQNFdnOEtpY2pLcl8xemNNSndaQi04TGlvdkVUUWdyeWcxQUY2ZmltZkhUT01jS0lOWDM4VDR0MS1RZllMc3BPRUFxZ3Z1cWI0Q09LcDhWb09zenpFUFFxa3VueEg4WUZN |
You, benchod, are a liar.
Great article, no mention of his legal status. | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-10-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSUzZKQU11ZUtQREZWQXZJU2tLVXNNcmhfSDlDZVBVV1NtRTBjR0YyMWp1R2Q1YXNmRmdhQ3JWaHhPbmNEVTBBNUJLbm9pN3VqbkRPYXIwRE8zTWpjR09VSWE1YnVZVm5hS3lmY3lmMmVMdnM9 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJOOGVYN1JEWnNMMmg2dHZWdDU3Z1RxSnh6SUVTRVY3YkItbkwtdEpzV2pHQi1IOENsdmhLVUdwRmRoR3NXRjd0YW5ZREJkbmZGMFRKMjFDZDhfRW9GZFRydi1IeUNyblc2NndNTmdtaElzanpPOFA2SUExYk5uN1NIbWozS3VZLTZVSnh1WmlEWk55SHBQODZta1VqTmtpTVNORURFVk5YTk9yRnFpY2ZCblpKUVNJTHRFT2pfZHg1V1VsNEs0STFI |
For six months at a time. To stay longer you need to have a green card, or you need to leave the country and return to reset the six month clock. | r/illegalimmigration | comment | r/IllegalImmigration | 2022-10-29 | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJSQ3U3Yk5LWmxGYTdIV2NXSXBfdUhxRTBmdnhDMzJyYndaT09PZDVVT1F5SVJxMHdhNzdBVl9wNXJaV3NXYVllb20teW02WVV6S3JGT0JKdGFoR0gwbUE9PQ== | Z0FBQUFBQm0yeGJObXNWTkZTN3hnUFFGbk5HY3BFZVVWY05DMmFyeWMyNjJuYW0zVm9NaFBWdlg3ZVhKd3I3MXJteU5YOUdsOFNPdVIxVmJvYnBFMmEzYWZ2d0Utci1lWnZkV2cxY3gzTWxMQjdTR0VJRFIza1JFbnp5b1lITWdXTThkOVhWbFVtRWJzUjJxUV9ZWVVKRy05cWpmdkE2S1ZCQ0JMWWxtMGJ2eFdhYTFBb2xhLWVySU1ROVBCbXhIRm9jN28tTEY4akRf |
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