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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/02%3A_Reading_and_Comprehension/2.04%3A_Reading_Critically | 2.4: Reading Critically
Reading as a writer and reading critically are helpful when entering into a scholarly discussion with a text. It begins with learning to think critically . Check out the video below and consider: What new ideas were presented that will help you get more out of your assigned readings?
“ Reading a... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.085020 | 2019-11-19T04:49:44 | {
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When you critique a text, you evaluate it, ask it questions. Some people think of critique as being negative or mean, but in the academic sense, doing a critique is not the least bit negative. Rather, it’s a constructive way to explore and understand the material you’re working with. The origin o... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.154862 | 2019-11-19T04:49:45 | {
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Whenever you finish a bit of reading, it’s worth taking time to stop and reflect on it. Part of your reflection should involve concisely summarizing the main points. This summarizing will help you think about the content and what it means to you, and also help you remember the main point... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.216798 | 2019-11-19T04:49:46 | {
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Sometimes reading may seem difficult, you might have trouble getting started, or other challenges will surface. Here are some troubleshooting ideas —click on the ones that apply to you and check out the suggestions.
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Developing reading skills is the first step to advancing your scholarly writing capacity. This chapter has provided you with skills to develop your reading and comprehension. In nursing programs, you will be exposed to unfamiliar and complex terminology in your readings, so you will be engaging in ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.333019 | 2019-11-19T04:49:46 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Identify effective reading skills.
- Recognize distractions that hinder the reading process.
- Identify techniques to critically summarize your readings.
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Now that you have been briefly introduced to scholarly writing, it is important to reflect on your own reading and comprehension skills—these skills are important to develop in order to advance your scholarly writing capacity.
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Every time you read, you’re exposed to someone else’s ideas and their style of writing: word choice, vocabulary, knowledge base, use of language, etc. Reading can make you a better writer . Think about what makes a piece of writing compelling, engaging, believable, and rigorous versus dull, un... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.594857 | 2019-11-19T04:49:37 | {
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Stop for a moment and think about yourself and the act of reading. Whether you read headlines or social media posts on a smartphone, or love to settle in with the Sunday paper, or devour stacks of hard-copy books, or read only when forced to, what does reading look like for you?
Ch... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.656646 | 2019-11-19T04:49:37 | {
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So, you have found the best place and the best time for you to do your reading, but “Oh no!” you become consumed with the YouTube clip showing goats yelling “Ahhh!” … and then, of course, you decide to check up on your friends’ social media pages and some memes to cheer you up.
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Over the course of your program, you will use a variety of learning styles. It is useful to think about your preferences for certain learning styles, but also be open to all learning styles so that you can become a better reader and better writer.
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In university nursing programs, much of your time will be spent interacting with texts of all types, lengths, and delivery methods. In academic terms, text refers to anything that conveys a set of meanings to the person who examines and/or creates it. You might have thought... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.852493 | 2019-11-19T04:49:40 | {
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You should start with pre-reading before you do an in-depth read of the text. Pre-reading will give you an overall picture of what to expect and what the author wants you to know at the end of the reading. Before you begin, develop a clear purpose for your reading. Consider the purpose with... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.915174 | 2019-11-19T04:49:41 | {
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Now that your pre-reading is done, you have an overall sense of what to expect when you read the text in full. What’s involved in doing a close reading of the full text? Keep reading and you’ll find out.
Close reading
Close reading allows you to concentrate and make decisions about wha... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:52.979430 | 2019-11-19T04:49:41 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/03%3A_Information_Literacy | 3: Information Literacy Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16473 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 3.1: Caution- Wikipedia and Other Websites 3.2: Chapter Summary 3.3: Chapter 3 Learning Objectives 3.4: Overview- Information Literacy 3.5: Finding Texts 3.6:... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.067631 | 2019-11-19T04:49:28 | {
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As a rule, Wikipedia and other “Wiki” sources are not acceptable sources for university work. The beauty of Wikipedia is its egalitarianism —it’s billed as a public encyclopedia for everyone. The problem with this is that anyone can create a Wikipedia entry and anyone can edit... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.132916 | 2019-11-19T04:49:55 | {
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In this chapter, you have learned about information literacy and how to recognize when information is needed. Searching and finding various sources of information and learning how to evaluate them are important skills to develop. Even if a journal is identified as peer-reviewed, it is important to ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.189710 | 2019-11-19T04:49:56 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Describe information literacy.
- Identify search methods to research topics.
- Evaluate the quality of texts.
- Differentiate between various types of sources. | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.250424 | 2019-11-19T04:49:47 | {
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You probably know the words “information” and “literacy,” but the term information literacy may be unfamiliar. Simply put, information literacy means having the skills to competently evaluate various types of knowledge. See Figure 3.1 .
Figure 3.1: Information Literacy
Becoming infor... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.310269 | 2019-11-19T04:49:47 | {
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Finding and using quality texts is an important component of information literacy and vital to nursing and other health-related practices. For example, if you are learning to take blood pressure, you should read a text authored by someone who has expertise in doing so and is familiar with the best ev... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.366402 | 2019-11-19T04:49:48 | {
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Many written assignments in your nursing program will require you to research your topic before drafting and writing your paper. Although researching a topic is not the main focus of this book, here are a few ideas related to this stage of your journey to becoming a writer:
- Consult library ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.425294 | 2019-11-19T04:49:50 | {
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Search operators are tools to help you optimize your searches. Senior-level students will tell you that they wished they had known about this in year one .
Figure 3.5 : Senior student using search operators
Search operators including Boolean operators (AND, OR, and NOT) as well as truncation and q... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.492119 | 2019-11-19T04:49:50 | {
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Evaluating your sources is critical to the process of academic research. One common tool is called CRAAP . Yes, you read that correctly! The CRAAP test is an evaluation tool that helps you determine a source’s quality and provides you with a way to analyze your sources and determine if they are ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.572513 | 2019-11-19T04:49:52 | {
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Earlier, you read the term “ peer review ”—this term is probably new to you. Peer review means that experts have anonymously reviewed, critiqued, and recommended (or not recommended) an article for publication. It is important to know what this term means, because you should incorporate peer-... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.726129 | 2019-11-19T04:49:53 | {
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In addition to scholarly sources, popular sources and grey literature are other types of information that you may review and consider using in your writing. See Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Other sources of information
| Type | Examples | When to use |
|---|---|---|
|
Popular sources
... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.789360 | 2019-11-19T04:49:54 | {
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Scholarly sources can be classified into primary sources and secondary sources. See Table 3.4 .
In nursing, primary sources are typically used because they are a direct source as opposed to what might be referred to as second-hand information (secondary source). In scholarly writing,... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.853504 | 2019-11-19T04:49:54 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/04%3A_Types_of_Writing | 4: Types of Writing Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16474 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 4.1: Chapter Summary 4.2: Chapter 4 Learning Objectives 4.3: Overview- Types of Writing 4.4: Descriptive Writing 4.5: Reflective Writing 4.6: Analytical Writing 4... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:53.946000 | 2019-11-19T04:49:29 | {
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You now have an initial understanding of the types of writing that may be required of you during your post-secondary nursing program. When starting an assignment, the first thing you should do is closely read the assignment guidelines (and the marking rubric if you are provided one). You need to kn... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.002891 | 2019-11-19T04:50:04 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Distinguish between different types of writing.
- Develop skills associated with each type of writing.
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.067388 | 2019-11-19T04:49:56 | {
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Now that you have had the opportunity to develop your skills related to reading and comprehension and information literacy, it is time to shift to writing. In your post-secondary nursing program, you will be expected to engage in a variety of types of writing .
Early on in your academic ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.135955 | 2019-11-19T04:49:56 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to describe or summarize a text?
In descriptive writing , you describe or write a summary of a text you’ve read. This type of writing usually does not include your personal opinion or critique. Rather, it focuses on a summary of what the authors said.
You wi... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.200761 | 2019-11-19T04:49:57 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to reflect on a text or an experience?
Reflective writing is used by different healthcare professions in various ways, but all reflective writing requires that you think deeply and critically about an experience or a text. At the centre of reflective writing ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.269418 | 2019-11-19T04:49:58 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to analyze a text or an experience or a concept?
There are many types of analytical writing , but fundamentally it involves a detailed examination of multiple elements related to your topic. The purpose of the analysis is clarify a complex topic: if there was... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.335965 | 2019-11-19T04:50:00 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to persuade a reader in your writing?
Persuasive writing is a genre of writing that is intended to convince, motivate, or move readers toward a certain point of view or opinion. This is a common genre of writing in nursing, a profession that is committed to p... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.404781 | 2019-11-19T04:50:01 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to write in a critical manner?
Critical writing involves critical thinking . This type of thinking develops over the course of your university program and involves learning to evaluate and reconstruct your thinking and ideas in the context of other peoples’ thi... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.479071 | 2019-11-19T04:50:03 | {
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What it is?
Have you ever been asked to write an editorial?
When you are asked to write an editorial, you are expected to share your educated opinion on a current and often controversial or debated topic or issue. It is sometimes referred to as an opinion or perspective piece, but what distinguis... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.544654 | 2019-11-19T04:50:03 | {
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What it is?
A literature review involves summarizing what is known about a particular topic based on your examination of existing scholarly sources. You may be asked to write a literature review as a stand-alone assignment or as part of a larger assignment or research project. It will provide yo... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.621980 | 2019-11-19T04:50:03 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Fundamentals_of_Writing | 5: The Fundamentals of Writing Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16475 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 5.1: Commonly Confused Words 5.2: Other Grammar and Style Tips 5.3: Chapter Summary 5.4: Chapter 5 Learning Objectives 5.5: Overview- The Fundamentals ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.710480 | 2019-11-19T04:49:30 | {
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There are many words that are commonly confused and used inappropriately. Click on the words below if you struggle with them or are curious about which to use and in which context.
The original version of this chapter contained H5P content. You may want to remove or replace this element.
Ac... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.768061 | 2019-11-19T04:50:09 | {
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You probably learned a lot about grammar and style rules before entering post-secondary school. Clauses, contractions, modifiers, comma splice – is this sounding familiar?
This section reviews some common errors that instructors see in papers written by nursing students. Check out Tabl... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.837758 | 2019-11-19T04:50:10 | {
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This chapter has helped you refine your writing skills. You learned to reflect on the audience and purpose of your writing, as well as the point of view and tone of your writing. You also considered sentence and paragraph construction, language, and grammar. It will take practice and time to refine... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:54.969341 | 2019-11-19T04:50:11 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Construct your writing to align with the audience, reader, and purpose.
- Appraise sentence and paragraph construction.
- Describe common errors in writing. | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.025008 | 2019-11-19T04:50:04 | {
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Learning the fundamentals of writing is a continuous journey. Some of you will enter post-secondary education with extensive experience, while others will have more limited experience. Consider this an opportunity to refine and advance your writing skills!
This chapter will in... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.079276 | 2019-11-19T04:50:05 | {
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During your university education, you will be expected to write a variety of assignments. Your instructor is always your reader, but your instructor is not necessarily your audience. Your audience is the person or group that you are trying to influence . For example, you may be asked to choose ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.136854 | 2019-11-19T04:50:05 | {
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You should identify your purpose before you start writing. This purpose will guide your writing process and your decisions about how to write and what to include. Sometimes your instructor will provide a purpose for your writing. Other times, your purpose will depend on what effect you want your wr... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.196705 | 2019-11-19T04:50:06 | {
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Point of view (PoV) is the perspective used when writing a text. PoV is best understood through pronoun usage and described as first person, second person, or third person . See Table 5.1 about the use of PoV.
Table 5.1: Use of PoV
| PoV | Examples | When it is used in nursing |
|---|---... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.264045 | 2019-11-19T04:50:06 | {
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Tone of writing identifies a writer’s attitude toward a subject or audience. It influences the message as well as the audience’s mood and receptiveness.
In conversation, you can usually determine a person’s tone quite easily based on the speaker’s pitch, speed, and loudness of their voice. A friend... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.324005 | 2019-11-19T04:50:07 | {
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You should construct your paragraphs and sentences with intention because these elements are the building blocks of scholarly writing. Plan your writing by briefly outlining the main idea of each paragraph. Each paragraph should convey one main point, usually identified in the ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.387406 | 2019-11-19T04:50:07 | {
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Your choice of words while writing a paper is important because it influences a reader’s interpretation of the meaning.
Choose clear and specific words. Avoid broad and general terms, such as government or hospitals , which can be ambiguous. Use more specific language. For example, you ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.453306 | 2019-11-19T04:50:09 | {
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The field of nursing is orientated toward social justice, so it is important to be attentive to the power and use of language. Use respectful and inclusive language that is not oppressive.
Figure 5.3 : Respectful and inclusive language
Labels are words and phrases that describe a... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.514888 | 2019-11-19T04:50:09 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/06%3A_The_Writing_Process_and_Pre-Writing | 6: The Writing Process and Pre-Writing Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16476 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 6.1: Organizing and Connecting Ideas 6.2: Developing an Outline 6.3: Chapter Summary 6.4: Chapter 6 Learning Objectives 6.5: Overview- The Writ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.603232 | 2019-11-19T04:49:30 | {
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Now that you have refined your topic a bit more, you can start organizing how your ideas will support your main idea or thesis. Start looking for connections as you develop a formal outline or roadmap for your paper. Having an outline and imagining how your paper will flow from one ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.660873 | 2019-11-19T04:50:19 | {
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Outlining is a useful pre-writing tool once you are at the stage where you know your topic well or at least know the areas you want to explore. It provides a map of what your paper will look like, including its components.
Traditional outline
A traditional outline (see Figure 6.7 ) uses a num... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.726623 | 2019-11-19T04:50:20 | {
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This chapter has advanced your understanding of the writing process. You have now reflected on drafting and refining a thesis and the main point of your writing. A good thesis statement takes time to develop and requires several iterations. You have also had the opportunity to consider how to devel... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.782454 | 2019-11-19T04:50:20 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to :
- Describe the writing process.
- Evaluate thesis statements.
- Explain how to develop outlines.
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This chapter will introduce you to the writing process: the steps involved between receiving an assignment from your instructor to handing in your paper. Figure 6.1 illustrates the writing process.
Figure 6.1: The writing process
A successful writing project includes the following pha... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.909928 | 2019-11-19T04:50:11 | {
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Now that you have a basic understanding of the writing process, what are the first steps when starting to write a paper? First step: read the assignment guidelines carefully . Second step: think about YOU in relation to the topic .
Step 1: Review assignment guidelines
- Highlight the key points ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:55.971559 | 2019-11-19T04:50:12 | {
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There is no one right way to begin the writing journey. You might be given a topic or be instantly inspired by a topic. You might dive right in by writing complete sentences and paragraphs, or start with some brainstorming or freewriting. Some people choose their strategy based on the ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.037571 | 2019-11-19T04:50:14 | {
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After doing some researching and brainstorming, you have finally chosen one main idea (or closely related group of ideas) out of all of your possible ideas to focus on. Congratulations! Now, you need to decide what you want to say about it. If applicable, you may want to develop a working the... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.172477 | 2019-11-19T04:50:16 | {
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When writing an essay, you must focus on a main idea . This idea will stem from a topic you have chosen or been assigned or from a question your instructor has asked. It is not enough merely to discuss a general topic or answer with a yes or no: you will need to form an opinion and t... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.231567 | 2019-11-19T04:50:16 | {
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The following are good examples of strong thesis statements.
Thesis statement 1
To plan and fund healthcare, local health networks are better at improving the patient experience and access to care than a large central body.
Thesis statement 2
Positioning clients with acu... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.296181 | 2019-11-19T04:50:17 | {
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Readers always want to know “What is the big idea?” Every type of non-fiction writing – from a short essay to a 10-page term paper to a lengthy thesis or dissertation– needs a controlling idea as a “spine” that holds the paper together (see Figure 6.6 ). Look at Table 6.3 : Topics and T... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.358165 | 2019-11-19T04:50:18 | {
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Your thesis statement will probably change as you write so that it reflects exactly what you discuss in your paper. Remember, you will begin with a working thesis statement, an indefinite statement that you make about your topic early in the writing process.
Working thesis statements w... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.425532 | 2019-11-19T04:50:19 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/07%3A_Drafting_and_Writing_a_Paper | 7: Drafting and Writing a Paper Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16477 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 7.1: Chapter Summary 7.2: Chapter 7 Learning Objectives 7.3: Overview- Drafting and Writing a Paper 7.4: Writing the First Draft 7.5: Writing Paragrap... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.513261 | 2019-11-19T04:49:30 | {
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This chapter has provided an overview of how to draft a paper, including some of the structural issues you should be aware of, as well as how to maintain congruence throughout your writing. When you review a draft, make sure that your purpose, main idea/thesis statement, and outline is clear. This ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.569369 | 2019-11-19T04:50:29 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Discuss elements of a first draft.
- Evaluate the quality of a first draft.
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The next step in the writing journey is drafting and writing the paper. A draft is a complete version of a piece of writing, but it is not the final version . After you draft a paper, you will have the opportunity to revise it, and then to edit and proofread it (as detailed i... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.695572 | 2019-11-19T04:50:22 | {
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Writing the First Draft
Now you are ready to write your first draft. Remember to consistently refer to the following items:
- The assignment guidelines and grading rubric.
- Your thesis or main idea.
- Your outline, including the connections that you have identified between the supporting i... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.751942 | 2019-11-19T04:50:23 | {
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A previous chapter ( chapter 5 ) briefly introduced you to the fundamentals of writing in terms of paragraph and sentence construction. Here, you will learn more about developing paragraphs and topic sentences to support your ideas. Paragraphs are a group of sentences that fo... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.817495 | 2019-11-19T04:50:23 | {
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What questions will your readers have? What will they need to know? What makes for good supporting details? Why might readers consider some evidence to be weak?
If you’re already developing paragraphs, it’s likely that you already have a plan for your writing, at least at the most basic level... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.879993 | 2019-11-19T04:50:25 | {
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Once you have a main idea, and supporting ideas, how can you be sure that your readers will understand the relationships between them? How are the ideas connected? One way to emphasize these relationships and logical connections is using clear transitions between... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:56.950993 | 2019-11-19T04:50:25 | {
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Patterns of organization can help readers follow the ideas within your writing and also work as methods of development to help you recognize and further develop ideas and relationships in your writing.
General to specific or specific to general
It might be useful... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.011632 | 2019-11-19T04:50:25 | {
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The common phrase “you don’t get a second chance to make a first impression” expresses how much weight people place on their first experiences when reading a piece of writing. Catching the attention of readers may be your most important task as you write: if you lose them in the introduction,... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.075083 | 2019-11-19T04:50:27 | {
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Studies have shown that the human brain is more likely to remember items at the beginning and end of lists, presentations, and other texts. Recollection of the last thing a person reads or hears is called the recency effect – they’re remembering the most recent information they’ve encountered.... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.138354 | 2019-11-19T04:50:28 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/08%3A_Revising_and_Editing_a_Paper | 8: Revising and Editing a Paper Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16478 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 8.1: Revising and Editing Checklist 8.2: Chapter Summary 8.3: Chapter 8 Learning Objectives 8.4: Overview- Revising and Editing 8.5: Revise to Improve... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.226671 | 2019-11-19T04:49:30 | {
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Some final questions to consider when revising and editing your paper:
- Have you met the assignment’s purpose and requirements?
- Have you met all the grading criteria?
- Are all your sentences less than three lines? If not, did you purposefully construct them this way?
- Are all yo... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.283031 | 2019-11-19T04:50:35 | {
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This chapter has introduced you to the steps involved in revising and editing a paper. This phase of the writing process is important and will take time. Enlist a trusted reviewer, such as a peer, and consider their feedback with an open mind. Additionally, review your instructor’s feedback on subm... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.415935 | 2019-11-19T04:50:35 | {
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At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Explain the elements of revising.
- Explain the elements of editing.
- Recognize how to provide feedback.
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The next steps in writing are revising and editing your paper. These processes allow you to examine two important aspects of your writing separately , so that you can give each task your undivided attention. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, there are distinctions.... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.539770 | 2019-11-19T04:50:30 | {
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As you revise to improve organization, look at the flow of ideas throughout your paper as a whole and within individual paragraphs. Check to see that your paper moves logically from the introduction to the body paragraphs to the conclusion, and that each section reinforces your main ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.599416 | 2019-11-19T04:50:30 | {
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We have already explored transitions in previous chapters. Careful writers use transitions to clarify how the ideas in their sentences and paragraphs are related; these words and phrases help the writing flow smoothly. Adding transitions is not the only way to improve coherence, but they... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.664958 | 2019-11-19T04:50:31 | {
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Once you have revised your paper for organization and cohesion, you can begin revising to improve style and tone . Together, your style and tone create the voice of your paper, or how you come across to readers; you should be consistent throughout the paper. Style refers to how you use la... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.729018 | 2019-11-19T04:50:31 | {
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The next step after revising the content is editing. When you edit, examine the surface features of your text: spelling, grammar, spacing, and punctuation . It takes time, so be sure to budget time into the writing process to complete additional edits after revising. It is also very easy to read... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.788408 | 2019-11-19T04:50:32 | {
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Some writers are very methodical and painstaking when they write a first draft. Others unleash a lot of words and ideas to get out everything they want to say. Do either of these methods match your style? Or is your composing style somewhere in between? Regardless of the author,... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.847944 | 2019-11-19T04:50:33 | {
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In many writing classes, you will be expected to give feedback to your peers. This task is usually called peer review , a concept you learned about in Chapter 3 . At first, it may seem intimidating – you may think, “I’m not an instructor! How can I give useful feedback to another stu... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.912133 | 2019-11-19T04:50:33 | {
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Most people create a title when they are done writing. The title of your paper frames what your paper is about and captures your reader’s attention. Creating a good title is important because it is the first thing your reader sees . Your title conveys your tone to your audience. A go... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:57.969544 | 2019-11-19T04:50:34 | {
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https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nursing/The_Scholarship_of_Writing_in_Nursing_Education_(Lapum_et_al.)/09%3A_Academic_Integrity_and_Style_Rules_(APA_6th_edition) | 9: Academic Integrity and Style Rules (APA 6th edition) Last updated Save as PDF Page ID 16479 Lapum et al. Ryerson University (Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing) via Ryerson University Library 9.1: Creating a Reference Page 9.2: Reference Page Examples – Books 9.3: Reference Page Examples – Print Journal Articles 9.4:... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.062437 | 2019-11-19T04:49:31 | {
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The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed entries provided at the end of the paper in the reference section (APA, 2010). In-text citations provide basic information—the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary—while... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.124996 | 2019-11-19T04:50:42 | {
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Below are reference page examples for books.
The original version of this chapter contained H5P content. You may want to remove or replace this element.
Attribution statement
Content for this page was adapted, with editorial changes and deletion of some examples, from:
Writing for S... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.181943 | 2019-11-19T04:50:43 | {
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With articles in scholarly journals, you include:
- The author or authors’ names.
- Publication year.
- Article title (in sentence case, without quotation marks or italics).
- Journal title (in title case and in italics).
- Volume number (in italics) and issue numbe... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.240100 | 2019-11-19T04:50:43 | {
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Whenever you cite online sources, it is important to provide the most up-to-date information available to help readers locate the source. In some cases, this means providing an article’s URL, or web address. Always provide the most complete URL possible. Provide a link ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.298603 | 2019-11-19T04:50:43 | {
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References
Barker, E. T., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). Global self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and self-reported dieting in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30 (2), 205–224.
Bell, J. R. (2006). Low-carb beats low-fat diet for early losses but not long term. OBGYN News, 41 (... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.361604 | 2019-11-19T04:50:44 | {
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In the final chapter of this book, you have learned about academic integrity and plagiarism. This chapter provided you with skills related to style rules for in-text citations when paraphrasing and quoting. Additionally, you learned about style rules related to the creation of title pages and refer... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.418048 | 2019-11-19T04:50:44 | {
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
- Identify style rules.
- Understand academic integrity.
- Describe how to avoid plagiarism.
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.482792 | 2019-11-19T04:50:35 | {
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Style rules and academic integrity are among the most important elements of your writing.
This chapter will introduce you to APA: this acronym might be unfamiliar now, but by the end of your program you will understand what this acronym is and you will have these style ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.613759 | 2019-11-19T04:50:36 | {
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Style rules are guidelines to ensure uniform writing across authors and publications. You may be familiar with popular guides such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard referencing. Your assignment guidelines will usually specify which style guidelines to use; if not, check with your instructor. Whichever ... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.671974 | 2019-11-19T04:50:36 | {
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Along with your own original work, part of scholarly writing involves integrating the ideas of others. Academic integrity requires that you truthfully present your own ideas and identify when you are incorporating the work and ideas of others .
A citation is a reference to another person’s work... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.732323 | 2019-11-19T04:50:36 | {
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Plagiarism involves integrating another person’s ideas and intellectual material into your writing without giving them credit or citing them . In nursing, you will cite sources including peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, and websites. It might seem funny, but you can also plagiariz... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.797329 | 2019-11-19T04:50:38 | {
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You can incorporate the ideas of others into your writing by paraphrasing or using direct quotations. See Table 9.1 .
Table 9.1: Paraphrasing and direct quotations
| What it is? | Why use it? | Considerations |
|---|---|---|
|
Paraphrasing involves presenting ideas from source m... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.862490 | 2019-11-19T04:50:41 | {
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You will cite another person’s ideas to give credit to their work and to clarify what is their work and what is yours. Every sentence that refers to another person’s ideas needs to be cited. See Film Clip 9.3 about citing another person’s ideas.
Here’s a correctly cited excerpt using... | libretexts | 2025-03-17T19:52:58.931995 | 2019-11-19T04:50:41 | {
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