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{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 34, "sc": 250, "ep": 34, "ec": 874} | 610 | Q2104230 | 34 | 250 | 34 | 874 | Atomkraft | Queen of Death | rift developed in the band as a result of discussions over management.
Tony wanted to use the services of a London-based company, while Ged and Rob wanted to use Venom’s management. The disagreement could not be resolved and so Tony left the band.
Neat then released the track "Your Mentor" as part of the Powertrax promotional cassette, while the vocal tracks on the rest of the "Your Mentor" sessions were re-recorded by Ian Davison-Swift from Avenger. D.C. Rage (Darren Cook of Avenger) was brought in as bassist and two new tracks were recorded, with the new four-piece, "Queen of Death" and "Protector" |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 34, "sc": 874, "ep": 34, "ec": 1473} | 610 | Q2104230 | 34 | 874 | 34 | 1,473 | Atomkraft | Queen of Death | (although Alan Hunter of Tysondog had originally contributed vocals to "Protector"). In October 1986 the re-titled Queen Of Death EP was released with the title track and "Protector" on the A-side, and "Demolition", "Funeral Pyre" and "Mode III" on the B-side. The pictures on the back cover show the line-up of Ged, Rob, Ian and D.C. Rage although this line-up never played live. A re-recording of the track "Future Warriors", with Ian on vocals was also licensed for future inclusion in a compilation. With touring commitments lining up for the band, Tony was invited to rejoin the band as rhythm |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 34, "sc": 1473, "ep": 38, "ec": 530} | 610 | Q2104230 | 34 | 1,473 | 38 | 530 | Atomkraft | Queen of Death & Conductors of Noize | guitarist, making Atomkraft a 5 piece outfit for their upcoming shows. Conductors of Noize The new line-up records the mini-album Conductors of Noize, which was released in July 1987, and then promoted the record as part of support to Agent Steel and Nuclear Assault. The first date of the tour, at Hammersmith Odeon featured an expanded line-up of Max Penalty, Atomkraft, Onslaught, Nuclear Assault and Agent Steel, and was promoted as ‘The Longest Day’. Atomkraft’s performance was filmed for the Live Conductors video as well as being recorded for a live BBC radio broadcast. They also played Dynamo Festival alongside |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 38, "sc": 530, "ep": 46, "ec": 146} | 610 | Q2104230 | 38 | 530 | 46 | 146 | Atomkraft | Conductors of Noize & Disbandment & Reformation | Testament, Destruction and Stryper with the show going out live on Dutch radio. Disbandment The expanded 5-piece embarked on a 1988 European tour with Nasty Savage and Exumer ultimately resulting in a ‘unique’ gig (for the time) in Katowice, Poland at Spodek Stadium. This show was recorded for live TV/video. On completion of the tour Tony (who was offered a position in Venom as replacement for Cronos), and despite Ged’s attempts to recruit replacements the band folded in 1988. Reformation In 2004 Sanctuary Records (who have previously acquired the Neat Records back-catalogue) released an Atomkraft anthology. With renewed interest in |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 46, "sc": 146, "ep": 46, "ec": 781} | 610 | Q2104230 | 46 | 146 | 46 | 781 | Atomkraft | Reformation | the band, Tony reformed Atomkraft for live dates in 2005 and a possible new album. The 2005 line-up includes Payre Hulkoff (from Swedish industrial band Raubtier) on guitar and Steve Mason on drums. However, this line-up didn't release any new material.
Atomkraft didn't have real activities during the following years, despite of regular rumors about a possible new album. Finally, an EP of new material came out in 2011 on Austrian underground label W.A.R. Productions. This EP was called Cold Sweat and contents three unreleased tracks recorded with members of the 2005 line-up and session musicians plus a Thin Lizzy cover |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 46, "sc": 781, "ep": 46, "ec": 1401} | 610 | Q2104230 | 46 | 781 | 46 | 1,401 | Atomkraft | Reformation | of the famous "Cold Sweat" track, featuring Australian guitar player Joe Matera on guitar solo.
Following the release of the Cold Sweat EP, Tony Dolan recruited a new line-up and did one date in London under the Atomkraft moniker in 2011, performing classic tracks and songs from the new EP. The 2011 line-up includes Kraen Maier and Rich Davenport on guitars, plus Paul Caffrey (from Gama Bomb) on drums.
This line-up of Atomkraft (minus Rich Davenport) performed the Future Warriors LP in its entirety in March 2014 at the second edition of the Brofest, a NWOBHM festival based in Newcastle upon Tyne. |
{"datasets_id": 610, "wiki_id": "Q2104230", "sp": 46, "sc": 1401, "ep": 46, "ec": 1692} | 610 | Q2104230 | 46 | 1,401 | 46 | 1,692 | Atomkraft | Reformation | Former Venom guitarist Jeff Mantas appeared as a guest during the gig.
A new compilation album, called Looking Back To The Future, was released in 2014 by Italian label Minotauro Records. It contains essentially unreleased demos and live tracks from every era of the band's history. |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 630} | 611 | Q49310 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 630 | Attakullakulla | Names | Attakullakulla Names Early on in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah. According to the anthropologist James Mooney, Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated "leaning wood", from ada meaning "wood", and gulkalu, a verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" derived from the English meaning of his Cherokee name along with a reference to his physical stature. As naturalist William Bartram described him, he was "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame." "His ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders." He was mild-mannered, |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 6, "sc": 630, "ep": 10, "ec": 178} | 611 | Q49310 | 6 | 630 | 10 | 178 | Attakullakulla | Names & Early life | brilliant, and witty.
Felix Walker accurately characterized Attakullakulla in his speculation on the origin of the name Little Carpenter: just “as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation”. He also excelled at building houses which could be another reason for him getting his title. Early life Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of the Overhill Cherokee, in what is now East Tennessee , sometime in the early 1700s. His son, Turtle-at-Home, said |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 10, "sc": 178, "ep": 10, "ec": 755} | 611 | Q49310 | 10 | 178 | 10 | 755 | Attakullakulla | Early life | that he was born to a sub-tribe of the Algonquian-speaking Nipissing to the north near Lake Superior. He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought back to Tennessee to be adopted by a Cherokee family, where he was raised as Cherokee. He married Nionne Ollie, a Natchez captive adopted as the daughter of his cousin, Oconostota. The marriage was permissible because they were of different clans; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan.
He was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to England in 1730. In 1736, he |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 10, "sc": 755, "ep": 14, "ec": 268} | 611 | Q49310 | 10 | 755 | 14 | 268 | Attakullakulla | Early life & Cherokee warrior | rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the Overhill Cherokee. Three or four years later, he was captured by the Ottawa, allies of the French, who held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of Chota. Cherokee warrior In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began, Cherokees journeyed to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and Indian strongholds. Cherokees |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 14, "sc": 268, "ep": 14, "ec": 957} | 611 | Q49310 | 14 | 268 | 14 | 957 | Attakullakulla | Cherokee warrior | were murdered on their way home by Virginia frontiersmen. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of trade goods as compensation. But this was not enough to satisfy young Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla even led a Cherokee war party against French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British.
These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, Cherokees went to Charleston |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 14, "sc": 957, "ep": 14, "ec": 1616} | 611 | Q49310 | 14 | 957 | 14 | 1,616 | Attakullakulla | Cherokee warrior | to try to negotiate with South Carolina authorities for peace. The colonial governor, William Henry Lyttetton, seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee responsible for killing white settlers were surrendered. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1700 men, Lyttleton set out for Fort Prince George, with the hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokees would deliver up "murderers" in exchange for nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George.
Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 14, "sc": 1616, "ep": 14, "ec": 2237} | 611 | Q49310 | 14 | 1,616 | 14 | 2,237 | Attakullakulla | Cherokee warrior | but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota subsequently lured a Lt. Richard Coytmore out of the fort by waving a bridle over his head. He then incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated with the execution of all the remaining Cherokee hostages. Cherokee Indians launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokees blamed Attakullakulla for the death of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded the Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 14, "sc": 2237, "ep": 14, "ec": 2855} | 611 | Q49310 | 14 | 2,237 | 14 | 2,855 | Attakullakulla | Cherokee warrior | Towns. They were forced to retreat and Fort Loudoun fell to the Cherokees. Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this did not come until after a punitive British and South Carolina military expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns in 1761. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761, but was robbed and harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement and was a frequent guest in Charles Town and Williamsburg. In the early 1740s the French-allied Ottawa warriors captured Attakullakulla and |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 14, "sc": 2855, "ep": 18, "ec": 370} | 611 | Q49310 | 14 | 2,855 | 18 | 370 | Attakullakulla | Cherokee warrior & Diplomatic contributions | took him to Canada. He returned to the Cherokee country precisely when the imperial rivalry between the British and the French intensified.When he returned he became the top lieutenant in his maternal uncle's Connecorte, Old Hop the head chief of the Chota. Diplomatic contributions In the 1750–1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for in best interests of the Cherokees When Connecorte died, it left Attakullakulla, the diplomat, and Oconostota, the war leader, with shared power and they led the Cherokees |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 18, "sc": 370, "ep": 18, "ec": 991} | 611 | Q49310 | 18 | 370 | 18 | 991 | Attakullakulla | Diplomatic contributions | for a generation.
On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods to live, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a punitive British expedition dispatched by General Jeffery Amherst and commanded by Colonel James Grant ravaged the Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Having failed to secure French support, the Cherokees recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as superintendent of Southern Indian |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 18, "sc": 991, "ep": 18, "ec": 1637} | 611 | Q49310 | 18 | 991 | 18 | 1,637 | Attakullakulla | Diplomatic contributions | affairs.
In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the Watauga Association, a government formed by settlers, in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored the so-called Transylvania Purchase which North Carolina colonel Richard Henderson bought twenty million acres in Kentucky and Middle Tennessee.
In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), he agreed to a Cherokee land succession in exchange for the English promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were away at war. He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokees for doing |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 18, "sc": 1637, "ep": 22, "ec": 137} | 611 | Q49310 | 18 | 1,637 | 22 | 137 | Attakullakulla | Diplomatic contributions & Family and death | so. However, he played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other to secure fair trading practices for his people.
In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded by his Excellency William-Henry Lyttjelton with Attakullakulla, it stated that there would “be firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and the nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoever”. Family and death Although little is known of his parentage, his family did produce other leaders. Connecotre (Old Hop), the headman of the Cherokee during |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 22, "sc": 137, "ep": 22, "ec": 805} | 611 | Q49310 | 22 | 137 | 22 | 805 | Attakullakulla | Family and death | the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s. His niece, Nancy Ward, was a ‘beloved woman’, who had the power to free war captives.During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son, Dragging Canoe, the Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the Cherokee-American wars, split with his father during this time.
After the Cherokees massacred Fort Loudon, Attakullkulla realized that Capt. Stuart, an agent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 22, "sc": 805, "ep": 22, "ec": 1415} | 611 | Q49310 | 22 | 805 | 22 | 1,415 | Attakullakulla | Family and death | had escaped death. Attakullakulla had purchased Stuart from the Indian who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After so doing, this by Cherokee custom made Stuart his eldest brother. The lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English.The life of Capt. Stewart being again menaced, for refusing to aid in the mediated reduction of Fort George, Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or perish in the attempt. He accordingly signified to his countrymen that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. |
{"datasets_id": 611, "wiki_id": "Q49310", "sp": 22, "sc": 1415, "ep": 22, "ec": 1853} | 611 | Q49310 | 22 | 1,415 | 22 | 1,853 | Attakullakulla | Family and death | The distance to the frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements. Attakullakulla is believed to have died in 1777. He was succeeded as First Beloved Man by Oconostota. |
{"datasets_id": 612, "wiki_id": "Q20400343", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 50} | 612 | Q20400343 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 50 | Attasaddy Misurata Sports Club | History | Attasaddy Misurata Sports Club History Attasaddy Misurata Sports Club was founded on 1983 |
{"datasets_id": 613, "wiki_id": "Q127267", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 660} | 613 | Q127267 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 660 | Attenberg | Plot | Attenberg Plot Marina, a sexually inexperienced 23-year-old woman, lives with her terminally-ill architect father, Spyros, in an industrial Greek town by the sea where she works at the local steel mill.
Unable to relate to her fellow humans, she lives her life through the wildlife documentaries of Sir David Attenborough, the songs of Suicide and the sex education lessons given to her by her friend Bella.
Despite her sexual inexperience, Marina's relationships with her father and Bella show warmth and thought. Spyros, contemplative as he approaches death, shares with her how he believes, "Man has designed ruins with mathematical accuracy..." referring |
{"datasets_id": 613, "wiki_id": "Q127267", "sp": 6, "sc": 660, "ep": 6, "ec": 1221} | 613 | Q127267 | 6 | 660 | 6 | 1,221 | Attenberg | Plot | to the destiny of most architecture, eventually. But then cynically, he reflects that " We (Greece) went from sheep to bulldozers...'
When a stranger comes to town, an engineer whom begins a work course at the steel mill, Marina has her first sexual relationship with him. She is secretive. Telling first Spyros and later Bella. Spyros asks of course, "If you do not want me to meet him, why are you telling me about him?"
As Spyros comes closer to death, Marina asks Bella to sleep with her father, as a favor for a dying man, whom she duly |
{"datasets_id": 613, "wiki_id": "Q127267", "sp": 6, "sc": 1221, "ep": 14, "ec": 60} | 613 | Q127267 | 6 | 1,221 | 14 | 60 | Attenberg | Plot & Reception & Promotion | obliges. Meanwhile, Marina begins a sexual relationship with the stranger.
The film reaches its conclusion after Spyros's passing, where the last scenes are of Bella and Marina scattering his ashes in the sea. Reception Quentin Tarantino, who was head of the Jury for the 67th Venice International Film Festival, said that the film "grew on us the most, and showed another Greece". Journalist Shane Danielsen called the film "an intellectually rigorous, quietly wrenching Greek drama". Peter Bradshaw characterised the film as "an angular, complex, absorbing and obscurely troubling movie". Promotion A promotional picture for the film, where the tongues of two |
{"datasets_id": 613, "wiki_id": "Q127267", "sp": 14, "sc": 60, "ep": 14, "ec": 177} | 613 | Q127267 | 14 | 60 | 14 | 177 | Attenberg | Promotion | women meet, was censored on Facebook, but Facebook now hosts a profile for the film in which the picture is allowed. |
{"datasets_id": 614, "wiki_id": "Q65045957", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 204} | 614 | Q65045957 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 204 | Attitude object | Attitude object An attitude object is the concept around which an attitude is formed and changes over time. This attitude represents an evaluative integration of cognitions and affects in relation to the attitude object. |
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{"datasets_id": 615, "wiki_id": "Q2870876", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 550} | 615 | Q2870876 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 550 | Audrey De Montigny | Career | Audrey De Montigny Career Her career began in 2003, when she auditioned for the 2003 debut season of Canadian Idol. As a Québécoise, she could speak little English, but was praised for her renditions of English songs as she learned quickly during the competition. Her singing and her personality helped her to win a substantial fan base during the competition, and she made it to the top four.
After her stint on Canadian Idol, De Montigny was signed by 19 Entertainment and BMG Music Canada. Her father was her manager, and he sold his home to help his daughter with |
{"datasets_id": 615, "wiki_id": "Q2870876", "sp": 6, "sc": 550, "ep": 6, "ec": 1119} | 615 | Q2870876 | 6 | 550 | 6 | 1,119 | Audrey De Montigny | Career | her career. She released her debut single Même Les Anges on November 4, 2003. The single debuted at #2 on the Canadian singles chart and stayed on the chart for 28 weeks. In Quebec, the single was #1 for 11 consecutive weeks.
In April 2004 her debut album Audrey which contained a mix of French and English songs (mostly French) was released. She sold 35,000 albums. Her second single Dis-Moi Pourquoi was a top 10 hit in Quebec. The album was nominated for a 2005 Juno Award in the category Francophone Album of the Year.
De Montigny left BMG and 19E |
{"datasets_id": 615, "wiki_id": "Q2870876", "sp": 6, "sc": 1119, "ep": 6, "ec": 1780} | 615 | Q2870876 | 6 | 1,119 | 6 | 1,780 | Audrey De Montigny | Career | in order to have more artistic control over her second album. Her family started their own label called DEM Musique.
In June 2006 her debut single "Prends-Moi Comme Je Suis" from her second album Si l'Amour Existe (out September 26, 2006) was released to radio.
De Montigny had her first international success "Here We Are" (2006) in collaboration with musician Steve Barakatt. The single reached number one on the Top Downloads chart in South Korea. The association with Steve Barakatt allowed Audrey de Montigny to release John Lennon's song "Love" for the Amnesty International "Make Some Noise" project.
In 2012 De Montigny released |
{"datasets_id": 615, "wiki_id": "Q2870876", "sp": 6, "sc": 1780, "ep": 6, "ec": 2134} | 615 | Q2870876 | 6 | 1,780 | 6 | 2,134 | Audrey De Montigny | Career | the single "Aujourd'hui Tout Va Changer" which went to number six on the charts followed by the release of a new album Un Seul Instant that fall. The second single from the album "De Toi Je Rêve" peaked at number two on the Francophone charts.
After 2012, she retired from music and transitioned to a full-time career in real estate in Montreal. |
{"datasets_id": 616, "wiki_id": "Q4821293", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 473} | 616 | Q4821293 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 473 | Augusto La Torre | Augusto La Torre Augusto La Torre (Mondragone, Province of Caserta, September 24, 1962) is an Italian criminal and former Camorra boss. Up until his arrest and subsequent collaboration with Italian justice in January 2003, La Torre was the head of the La Torre clan, a powerful Camorra organization whose vast lucrative criminal empire stretched from its base Mondragone in the hinterland of Campania out into Aberdeen, Scotland, as well as the Netherlands. His brother is Antonio La Torre. |
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{"datasets_id": 617, "wiki_id": "Q1131436", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 506} | 617 | Q1131436 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 506 | Aurelianus (consul) | Biography | Aurelianus (consul) Aurelianus (fl. 393–416), also known as Aurelian, was a prominent politician of the Eastern Roman Empire. Biography Aurelianus was the son of the Consul of 361, Taurus, and brother of Caesarius; he had a son called Taurus, Consul in 428. Aurelianus was a Christian, and erected a church to protomartyr Stephen.
Aurelianus was Praefectus urbi of Constantinople between 393 and 394. When the Gothic Magister militum Gainas rose to power at the court of Emperor Arcadius, he had all supporters of his enemy Eutropius removed; he chose Aurelianus as Praetorian prefect of the East (August 399), replacing Eutychianus, |
{"datasets_id": 617, "wiki_id": "Q1131436", "sp": 8, "sc": 506, "ep": 8, "ec": 1142} | 617 | Q1131436 | 8 | 506 | 8 | 1,142 | Aurelianus (consul) | Biography | Eutropius' choice. Aurelianus, therefore, became the most powerful civilian official and was involved in the trial against Eutropius, which started at Chalcedon in September of that year and culminated in the latter's execution. He was appointed consul for the year 400, but his colleague in the West, the magister militum Stilicho, did not recognize him in an act of open confrontation with the Eastern court and particularly with Gainas. He was still Prefect at the beginning of 400, when he received the order to confiscate the properties of Eutropius and destroy his statues.
In mid-April 400, Gainas, who had rebelled with |
{"datasets_id": 617, "wiki_id": "Q1131436", "sp": 8, "sc": 1142, "ep": 10, "ec": 24} | 617 | Q1131436 | 8 | 1,142 | 10 | 24 | Aurelianus (consul) | Biography & Aurelianus in literature | his Goths, went to Constantinople, where he forced Arcadius to hand over Aurelianus and Saturninus; Aurelian was exiled (and possibly deposed), but his properties were not confiscated. After the defeat of the Goths at Constantinople (July 12 400), Aurelianus made a triumphant return to the capital. It is known from the laws sent to him and preserved in the Theodosian Code that he was Praetorian prefect of the East a second time between 414 and 416.
He was an important figure in the Senate until late in life and the Senate dedicated him a statue in gold. Aurelianus in literature |
{"datasets_id": 617, "wiki_id": "Q1131436", "sp": 12, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 241} | 617 | Q1131436 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 241 | Aurelianus (consul) | Aurelianus in literature | The character of Osiris in the work Aegyptus sive de providentia by Synesius of Cyrene has been identified with Aurelianus; in this work Osiris is opposed to Typhon, representing Caesarius or Eutychianus, while Horus should represent Taurus. |
{"datasets_id": 618, "wiki_id": "Q4822370", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 452} | 618 | Q4822370 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 452 | Aurifeuillean factorization | Aurifeuillean factorization In number theory, an aurifeuillean factorization, or aurifeuillian factorization, named after Léon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille, is a special type of algebraic factorization that comes from non-trivial factorizations of cyclotomic polynomials over the integers. Although cyclotomic polynomials themselves are irreducible over the integers, when restricted to particular integer values they may have an algebraic factorization, as in the examples below. |
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{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 9} | 619 | Q168903 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 9 | Aurochs | Taxonomy & Etymology | Aurochs Taxonomy The aurochs was variously classified as Bos primigenius, Bos taurus, or, in old sources, Bos urus. However, in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos primigenius for the aurochs. Taxonomists who consider domesticated cattle a subspecies of the wild aurochs should use B. primigenius taurus; those who consider domesticated cattle to be a separate species may use the name B. taurus, which the Commission has kept available for that purpose. Etymology The words |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 10, "sc": 9, "ep": 10, "ec": 671} | 619 | Q168903 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 671 | Aurochs | Etymology | aurochs, urus, and wisent have all been used synonymously in English. But the extinct aurochs/urus is a completely separate species from the still-extant wisent, also known as European bison. The two were often confused, and some 16th-century illustrations of aurochs and wisents have hybrid features.
The word urus (/ˈjʊərəs/; plural uri) is a Latin word, but was borrowed into Latin from Germanic (cf. Old English/Old High German ūr, Old Norse úr). In German, OHG ūr was compounded with ohso "ox", giving ūrohso, which became early modern Aurochs. The modern form is Auerochse.
The word aurochs was borrowed from early modern German, replacing |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 10, "sc": 671, "ep": 14, "ec": 200} | 619 | Q168903 | 10 | 671 | 14 | 200 | Aurochs | Etymology & Description | archaic urochs, also from an earlier form of German. The word is invariable in number in English, though sometimes a back-formed singular auroch and/or innovated plural aurochses occur. The use in English of the plural form aurochsen is nonstandard, but mentioned in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. It is directly parallel to the German plural Ochsen (singular Ochse) and recreates by analogy the same distinction as English ox (singular) and oxen (plural). Description The appearance of the aurochs has been reconstructed from skeletal material, historical descriptions, and contemporaneous depictions, such as cave paintings, engravings, or Sigismund von Herberstein’s |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 14, "sc": 200, "ep": 18, "ec": 229} | 619 | Q168903 | 14 | 200 | 18 | 229 | Aurochs | Description & Size | illustration. The work by Charles Hamilton Smith is a copy of a painting owned by a merchant in Augsburg, which may date to the 16th century. Scholars have proposed that Smith's illustration was based on a cattle/aurochs hybrid, or an aurochs-like breed. The aurochs was depicted in prehistoric cave paintings and described in Julius Caesar's The Gallic War, Book 6, Ch. 28. Size The aurochs were one of the largest herbivores in postglacial Europe, comparable to the wisent (European bison). The size of an aurochs appears to have varied by region; in Europe, northern populations were bigger on average than |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 18, "sc": 229, "ep": 18, "ec": 884} | 619 | Q168903 | 18 | 229 | 18 | 884 | Aurochs | Size | those from the south. For example, during the Holocene, aurochs from Denmark and Germany had an average height at the shoulders of 155–180 cm (61–71 in) in bulls and 135–155 cm (53–61 in) in cows, while aurochs populations in Hungary had bulls reaching 155–160 cm (61–63 in). The body mass of aurochs appears to have shown some variability. Some individuals were comparable in weight to the wisent and the banteng, reaching around 700 kg (1,540 lb), whereas those from the late-middle Pleistocene are estimated to have weighed up to 1,500 kg (3,310 lb), as much as the largest gaur (the largest extant bovid). The sexual dimorphism between bulls and cows |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 18, "sc": 884, "ep": 22, "ec": 524} | 619 | Q168903 | 18 | 884 | 22 | 524 | Aurochs | Size & Horns | was strongly expressed, with the cows being significantly shorter than bulls on average. Horns Because of the massive horns, the frontal bones of aurochs were elongated and broad. The horns of the aurochs were characteristic in size, curvature, and orientation. They were curved in three directions: upwards and outwards at the base, then swinging forwards and inwards, then inwards and upwards. Aurochs horns could reach 80 cm (31 in) in length and between 10 and 20 cm (3.9 and 7.9 in) in diameter. The horns of bulls were larger, with the curvature more strongly expressed than in cows. The horns grew from the skull |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 22, "sc": 524, "ep": 26, "ec": 560} | 619 | Q168903 | 22 | 524 | 26 | 560 | Aurochs | Horns & Body shape | at a 60° angle to the muzzle, facing forwards. Body shape The proportions and body shape of the aurochs were strikingly different from many modern cattle breeds. For example, the legs were considerably longer and more slender, resulting in a shoulder height that nearly equalled the trunk length. The skull, carrying the large horns, was substantially larger and more elongated than in most cattle breeds. As in other wild bovines, the body shape of the aurochs was athletic, and especially in bulls, showed a strongly expressed neck and shoulder musculature. Therefore, the fore hand was larger than the rear, similar |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 26, "sc": 560, "ep": 30, "ec": 393} | 619 | Q168903 | 26 | 560 | 30 | 393 | Aurochs | Body shape & Coat colour | to the wisent, but unlike many domesticated cattle. Even in carrying cows, the udder was small and hardly visible from the side; this feature is equal to that of other wild bovines. Coat colour The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to a very deep brown or black, with a white eel |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 30, "sc": 393, "ep": 30, "ec": 1002} | 619 | Q168903 | 30 | 393 | 30 | 1,002 | Aurochs | Coat colour | stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured "saddle" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the “wild ox” as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 30, "sc": 1002, "ep": 34, "ec": 571} | 619 | Q168903 | 30 | 1,002 | 34 | 571 | Aurochs | Coat colour & Colour of forelocks | known until the early 1980s. Colour of forelocks Some primitive cattle breeds display similar coat colours to the aurochs, including the black colour in bulls with a light eel stripe, a pale mouth, and similar sexual dimorphism in colour. A feature often attributed to the aurochs is blond forehead hairs. Historical descriptions tell that the aurochs had long and curly forehead hair, but none mentions a certain colour for it. Cis van Vuure (2005) says that, although the colour is present in a variety of primitive cattle breeds, it is probably a discolouration that appeared after domestication. The gene responsible |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 34, "sc": 571, "ep": 38, "ec": 284} | 619 | Q168903 | 34 | 571 | 38 | 284 | Aurochs | Colour of forelocks & Behaviour and ecology | for this feature has not yet been identified. Zebu breeds show lightly coloured inner sides of the legs and belly, caused by the so-called zebu-tipping gene. It has not been tested if this gene is present in remains of the wild form of the zebu, the Indian aurochs. Behaviour and ecology Like many bovids, aurochs formed herds for at least a part of the year. These probably did not number much more than 30. If aurochs had social behaviour similar to their descendants, social status was gained through displays and fights, in which cows engaged as well as bulls. Indeed, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 38, "sc": 284, "ep": 38, "ec": 919} | 619 | Q168903 | 38 | 284 | 38 | 919 | Aurochs | Behaviour and ecology | aurochs bulls were reported to often have had severe fights. As in other wild cattle, ungulates that form unisexual herds, considerable sexual dimorphism was expressed. Ungulates that form herds containing animals of both sexes, such as horses, have more weakly developed sexual dimorphism.
During the mating season, which probably took place during the late summer or early autumn, the bulls had severe fights, and evidence from the forest of Jaktorów shows these could lead to death. In autumn, aurochs fed up for the winter and got fatter and shinier than during the rest of the year, according to Schneeberger. Calves were |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 38, "sc": 919, "ep": 38, "ec": 1573} | 619 | Q168903 | 38 | 919 | 38 | 1,573 | Aurochs | Behaviour and ecology | born in spring. According to Schneeberger, the calf stayed at the cow's side until it was strong enough to join and keep up with the herd on the feeding grounds.
Calves were vulnerable to wolves and, to an extent, bears, while healthy adult aurochs probably did not have to fear these predators. In prehistoric Europe, North Africa, and Asia, big cats, such as lions and tigers, and hyenas were additional predators that probably preyed on aurochs.
Historical descriptions, like Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Schneeberger, tell that aurochs were swift and fast, and could be very aggressive. According to Schneeberger, aurochs |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 38, "sc": 1573, "ep": 42, "ec": 378} | 619 | Q168903 | 38 | 1,573 | 42 | 378 | Aurochs | Behaviour and ecology & Habitat and distribution | were not concerned when a man approached, but when teased or hunted, an aurochs could get very aggressive and dangerous, and throw the teasing person into the air, as he described in a 1602 letter to Gesner. Habitat and distribution No consensus exists concerning the habitat of the aurochs. While some authors think that the habitat selection of the aurochs was comparable to the African forest buffalo, others describe the species as inhabiting open grassland and helping maintain open areas by grazing, together with other large herbivores. With its hypsodont jaw, the aurochs was probably a grazer and had a |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 42, "sc": 378, "ep": 42, "ec": 1048} | 619 | Q168903 | 42 | 378 | 42 | 1,048 | Aurochs | Habitat and distribution | food selection very similar to domesticated cattle. It was not a browser like many deer species, nor a semi-intermediary feeder like the wisent. Comparisons of the isotope levels of Mesolithic aurochs and domestic cattle bones showed that aurochs probably inhabited wetter areas than domestic cattle. Schneeberger describes that during winter, the aurochs ate twigs and acorns in addition to grasses.
After the beginning of the Common Era, the habitat of aurochs became more fragmented because of the steadily growing human population. During the last centuries of its existence, the aurochs was limited to remote regions, such as floodplain forests or marshes, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 42, "sc": 1048, "ep": 46, "ec": 618} | 619 | Q168903 | 42 | 1,048 | 46 | 618 | Aurochs | Habitat and distribution & Domestication | with no competing domestic herbivores and less hunting pressure. Domestication The aurochs, which ranged throughout much of Eurasia and Northern Africa during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, is the wild ancestor of modern cattle. Archaeological evidence shows that domestication occurred independently in the Near East and the Indian subcontinent between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, giving rise to the two major domestic taxa observed today: humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and humped Bos indicus (zebu), respectively. This is confirmed by genetic analyses of matrilineal mitochondrial DNA sequences, which reveal a marked differentiation between modern B. taurus and B. indicus haplotypes, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 46, "sc": 618, "ep": 46, "ec": 1332} | 619 | Q168903 | 46 | 618 | 46 | 1,332 | Aurochs | Domestication | demonstrating their derivation from two geographically and genetically divergent wild populations. A third domestication event possibly occurred from another form of the aurochs in Africa. The sanga cattle, a zebu-like cattle breed with no back hump, is commonly believed to originate from crosses between humped zebus with taurine cattle breeds. However, some archaeological evidence indicates these cattle were domesticated independently in Africa and that bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundreds years.
Domestication of the aurochs began in the southern Caucasus and northern Mesopotamia from about the sixth millennium BC. Genetic evidence suggests that |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 46, "sc": 1332, "ep": 46, "ec": 2020} | 619 | Q168903 | 46 | 1,332 | 46 | 2,020 | Aurochs | Domestication | aurochs were independently domesticated in India and possibly also in northern Africa. Domesticated cattle and aurochs are so different in size that they have been regarded as separate species; however, large ancient cattle and aurochs have more similar morphological characteristics, with significant differences only in the horns and some parts of the cranium.
A mitochondrial DNA study suggests that all domesticated taurine cattle originated from about 80 wild female aurochs in the Near East.
Comparison of aurochs bones with those of modern cattle has provided many insights about the aurochs. Remains of the beast, from specimens believed to have weighed more than |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 46, "sc": 2020, "ep": 46, "ec": 2697} | 619 | Q168903 | 46 | 2,020 | 46 | 2,697 | Aurochs | Domestication | a ton, have been found in Mesolithic sites around Goldcliff, Wales.
Though aurochs became extinct in Britain during the Bronze Age, analysis of bones from aurochs that lived about the same time as domesticated cattle traditionally suggested no genetic contribution to modern breeds. More recent work has pointed to substantial aurochs contributions to indigenous British and Irish cattle breeds, with the most material found in Kerry cattle.
Indian zebu, although domesticated eight to ten thousand years ago, are related to aurochs that diverged from the Near Eastern ones some 200,000 years ago. African cattle are thought to have descended from aurochs more |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 46, "sc": 2697, "ep": 46, "ec": 3361} | 619 | Q168903 | 46 | 2,697 | 46 | 3,361 | Aurochs | Domestication | closely related to the Near Eastern ones. The Near East and African aurochs groups are thought to have split some 25,000 years ago, probably 15,000 years before domestication. The "Turano-Mongolian" type of cattle now found in northern China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan may represent a fourth domestication event (and a third event among B. taurus–type aurochs). This group may have diverged from the Near East group some 35,000 years ago. Whether these separate genetic populations would have equated to separate subspecies is unclear.
The maximum range of the aurochs was from Europe (excluding Ireland and northern Scandinavia), to northern Africa, the |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 46, "sc": 3361, "ep": 50, "ec": 82} | 619 | Q168903 | 46 | 3,361 | 50 | 82 | Aurochs | Domestication & Extinction | Middle East, India, and Central Asia. Until at least 3,000 years ago, the aurochs was also found in eastern China, where it is recorded at the Dingjiabao Reservoir in Yangyuan County. Most remains in China are known from the area east of 105°E, but the species has also been reported from the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, close to the Heihe River. In Japan, excavations in various locations, such as in Iwate and Tochigi prefectures, have found aurochs which may have herded with steppe bison. Extinction By the time of Herodotus (fifth century BC), aurochs had disappeared from southern |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 50, "sc": 82, "ep": 50, "ec": 684} | 619 | Q168903 | 50 | 82 | 50 | 684 | Aurochs | Extinction | Greece, but remained common in the area north and east of the Echedorus River close to modern Thessaloniki. The last reports of the species in the southern tip of the Balkans date to the first century BC, when Varro reported that fierce wild oxen lived in Dardania (southern Serbia) and Thrace. By the 13th century AD, the aurochs' range was restricted to Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia, Transylvania, and East Prussia. The right to hunt large animals on any land was restricted first to nobles, and then gradually, to only the royal households. As the population of aurochs declined, hunting ceased, and |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 50, "sc": 684, "ep": 54, "ec": 63} | 619 | Q168903 | 50 | 684 | 54 | 63 | Aurochs | Extinction & Breeding of aurochs-like cattle | the royal court used gamekeepers to provide open fields for grazing for the aurochs. The gamekeepers were exempted from local taxes in exchange for their service. Poaching aurochs was punishable by death.
According to a Polish royal survey in 1564, the gamekeepers knew of 38 animals. The last recorded live aurochs, a female, died in 1627 in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland, from natural causes. The causes of extinction were unrestricted hunting, a narrowing of habitat due to the development of farming, and diseases transmitted by domesticated cattle. Breeding of aurochs-like cattle While all the wild subspecies are extinct, B. primigenius lives |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 54, "sc": 63, "ep": 54, "ec": 660} | 619 | Q168903 | 54 | 63 | 54 | 660 | Aurochs | Breeding of aurochs-like cattle | on in domesticated cattle, and attempts are being made to breed similar types suitable for filling the extinct subspecies' role in the wild.
The idea of breeding back the aurochs was first proposed in the 19th century by Feliks Paweł Jarocki. In the 1920s, a first attempt was undertaken by the Heck brothers in Germany with the aim of breeding an effigy (a look-alike) of the aurochs. Starting in the 1990s, grazing and rewilding projects brought new impetus to the idea and new breeding-back efforts came underway, this time with the aim of recreating an animal not only with the looks, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 54, "sc": 660, "ep": 58, "ec": 429} | 619 | Q168903 | 54 | 660 | 58 | 429 | Aurochs | Breeding of aurochs-like cattle & Heck cattle | but also with the behaviour and the ecological impact of the aurochs, to be able to fill the ecological role of the aurochs. Heck cattle In the early 1920s, two German zoo directors (in Berlin and Munich), the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck, began a selective breeding program to breed back the aurochs into existence from the descendant domesticated cattle. Their plan was based on the concept that a species is not extinct as long as all its genes are still present in a living population. The result is the breed called Heck cattle. It resembles what is known about |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 58, "sc": 429, "ep": 62, "ec": 576} | 619 | Q168903 | 58 | 429 | 62 | 576 | Aurochs | Heck cattle & Taurus Project | the appearance of the aurochs in colour, and in some cases, also horn shape. Taurus Project The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Biologischer Umweltschutz, a conservation group in Germany, started to crossbreed Heck cattle with southern-European primitive breeds in 1996, with the goal of increasing the aurochs-likeness of certain Heck cattle herds. These crossbreeds are called Taurus cattle. It is intended to bring in aurochs-like features that are supposedly missing in Heck cattle using Sayaguesa Cattle and Chianina, and to a lesser extent Spanish Fighting Cattle (Lidia). The same breeding program is being carried out in Latvia, in Lille Vildmose National Park in Denmark, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 62, "sc": 576, "ep": 66, "ec": 537} | 619 | Q168903 | 62 | 576 | 66 | 537 | Aurochs | Taurus Project & Tauros Programme | and in the Hungarian Hortobágy National Park. The program in Hungary also includes Hungarian Grey cattle and Watusi. Tauros Programme The Dutch-based Tauros Programme, (initially TaurOs Project) is trying to DNA-sequence breeds of primitive cattle to find gene sequences that match those found in "ancient DNA" from aurochs samples. The modern cattle would be selectively bred to try to produce the aurochs-type genes in a single animal. Starting around 2007, Tauros Programme selected a number of primitive breeds mainly from Iberia and Italy, such as Sayaguesa cattle, Maremmana primitivo, Pajuna cattle, Limia cattle, Maronesa cattle, Tudanca cattle, and others, which |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 66, "sc": 537, "ep": 70, "ec": 69} | 619 | Q168903 | 66 | 537 | 70 | 69 | Aurochs | Tauros Programme & Uruz Project | already bear considerable resemblance to the aurochs in certain features. Tauros Programme started collaborations with Rewilding Europe and European Wildlife, two European organizations for ecological restoration and rewilding, and now has breeding herds not only in the Netherlands but also in Portugal, Croatia, Romania, and the Czech Republic. Numerous crossbred calves of the first, second, and third offspring generations have already been born. An ecologist working on the Tauros programme has estimated it will take 7 generations for the project to achieve its aims, possibly by 2025. Uruz Project A further back-breeding effort, the Uruz project, was started in 2013 |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 70, "sc": 69, "ep": 70, "ec": 706} | 619 | Q168903 | 70 | 69 | 70 | 706 | Aurochs | Uruz Project | by the True Nature Foundation, an organization for ecological restoration and rewilding. It differs from the other projects in that it is planning to make use of genome editing. Its preliminary plans called for the use of Sayaguesa, Maremmana primitive, or Hungarian Grey (Steppe) cattle, and Texas Longhorn with wildtype colour or Barrosã cattle. The finalised plans now call for setting up two breeding lines, Sayaguesa × Maremmana primitiva/Hungarian Steppe cattle and Watusi × Chianina, and later crossing these lines. Two Watusi × Chianina breeding herds have been set up in Boxmeer and Breda in the Netherlands, another herd using |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 70, "sc": 706, "ep": 74, "ec": 687} | 619 | Q168903 | 70 | 706 | 74 | 687 | Aurochs | Uruz Project & Auerrind Project | Barrosã is being set up in northern Portugal. Auerrind Project The newest of the back-breeding efforts, the Auerrindprojekt, was started in 2015 as a conjoint effort of the Experimentalarchäologisches Freilichtlabor Lauresham (Lauresham Experimental-Archaeological Open-air Laboratory, run by Lorsch Abbey), the Förderkreis Große Pflanzenfresser im Kreis Bergstraße e.V. (Promoting Association Megaherbivores in Bergstraße District) and the Landschaftspflegebetrieb Hohmeyer (Landscape Preservation Company Hohmeyer). In accordance with the breeding aims, the Auerrindprojekt has already set up two breeding herds of Watusi × Chianina and one breeding herd of Sayaguesa x Podolian cattle; a second breeding herd of Sayaguesa × Podolian cattle will be |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 74, "sc": 687, "ep": 78, "ec": 155} | 619 | Q168903 | 74 | 687 | 78 | 155 | Aurochs | Auerrind Project & Other projects | started in 2017. Podolian breeds used include Maremmana and Hungarian Grey cattle. The project will not use 'Heck cattle' as they have been deemed too genetically dissimilar to the extinct Aurochs, and it will not use any fighting breeds of cattle, as an animal that has been bred for aggression cannot be released into the wild. The project aims to produce a very close facsimile of the wild Aurochs by 2028-2033. Other projects Scientists of the Polish Foundation for Recreating the Aurochs (PFOT) in Poland hope to use DNA from bones in museums to recreate the aurochs. They plan to |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 78, "sc": 155, "ep": 78, "ec": 771} | 619 | Q168903 | 78 | 155 | 78 | 771 | Aurochs | Other projects | return this animal to the forests of Poland. The project has gained the support of the Polish Ministry of the Environment. They plan research on ancient preserved DNA. Other research projects have extracted "ancient" DNA over the past 20 years and their results have been published in such periodicals as Nature and PNAS. Polish scientists Ryszard Słomski and Jacek A. Modliński believe that modern genetics and biotechnology make it possible to recreate an animal almost identical to the aurochs. They say this research will lead to examining the causes of the extinction of the aurochs, and help prevent a similar |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 78, "sc": 771, "ep": 82, "ec": 576} | 619 | Q168903 | 78 | 771 | 82 | 576 | Aurochs | Other projects & Breeding back the aurochs | occurrence with domesticated cattle. Breeding back the aurochs Approaches that aim to breed an aurochs-like phenotype do not equate to an aurochs-like genotype. In 2015, researchers mapped the draft genome of a British aurochs dated to 6,750 years before present. Researchers compared the genome to the genomes of 73 modern cattle populations and found that traditional or landrace cattle breeds of Scottish, Irish, Welsh, and English origin – such as Highland, Dexter, Kerry, Welsh Black, and White Park – carry the ancestry of the sequenced aurochs, but the other populations did not. Another study concluded that because of this genomic |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 82, "sc": 576, "ep": 86, "ec": 232} | 619 | Q168903 | 82 | 576 | 86 | 232 | Aurochs | Breeding back the aurochs & Cultural significance | introgression of the aurochs into these breeds, if this reflects "the bigger picture across the aurochs/cattle range, perhaps several subpopulations of aurochs are not extinct at all." The study proposed that it will be possible to consider breeding back cattle "that are genetically akin to specific original aurochs populations, through selective cross-breeding of local cattle breeds bearing local aurochs-genome ancestry." Cultural significance The aurochs was an important game animal appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. Aurochs existed into the Iron Age in Anatolia and the Near East, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 232, "ep": 86, "ec": 853} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 232 | 86 | 853 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | where it was worshiped as a sacred animal, the Lunar Bull, associated with the Great Goddess and later with Mithras. In 2012, an archaeological mission of the British Museum, led by Lebanese archaeologist Claude Doumet Serhal, discovered at the site of the old American school in Sidon, Lebanon, the remains of wild animal bones, including those of an aurochs, dating from the late-fourth to early-third millennium. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 853, "ep": 86, "ec": 1454} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 853 | 86 | 1,454 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.
Also during antiquity, the aurochs was regarded as an animal of cultural value. Aurochs are depicted on the Ishtar Gate. In the Peloponnese there is a 15th-century BC depiction on the so-called violent cup of Vaphio, of hunters trying to capture with nets three wild bulls being probably aurochs, in a possibly Cretan date palm stand. The one of the bulls throws one hunter on the ground while attacking the second with its horns. The cup despite the older perception of being Minoan seems to be Mycenaean. Greeks and Paeonians were hunting |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 1454, "ep": 86, "ec": 2064} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 1,454 | 86 | 2,064 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | aurochs (wild oxen/bulls) and used their huge horns as trophies, cups for wine, and offers to the gods and heroes. For example, as mentioned by Samus, Philippus of Thessalonica and Antipater when Philip V of Macedon killed an aurochs on the foothills of mountain Orvilos, he offered the horns which were 105 cm long and the skin to a temple of Hercules. Aurochs horns were often used by Romans as hunting horns. Aurochs were among those wild animals caught for fights (venationes) in arenas. Julius Caesar described aurochs in Gaul:
... those animals which are called uri. These are a little below the |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 2064, "ep": 86, "ec": 2638} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 2,064 | 86 | 2,638 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | elephant in size, and of the appearance, colour, and shape of a bull. Their strength and speed are extraordinary; they spare neither man nor wild beast which they have espied. These the Germans take with much pains in pits and kill them. The young men harden themselves with this exercise, and practice themselves in this sort of hunting, and those who have slain the greatest number of them, having produced the horns in public, to serve as evidence, receive great praise. But not even when taken very young can they be rendered familiar to men and tamed. The size, shape, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 2638, "ep": 86, "ec": 3305} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 2,638 | 86 | 3,305 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | and appearance of their horns differ much from the horns of our oxen. These they anxiously seek after, and bind at the tips with silver, and use as cups at their most sumptuous entertainments.
— Julius Caesar. Gallic War Commentaries, Chapter 6.28
They survived in the wild in Europe till late in the Roman Empire and were occasionally captured and exhibited live in shows in the colosseum.
The Hebrew Bible contains numerous references to the untameable strength of re'em, translated as "bullock" or "wild-ox" in Jewish translations and translated rather poorly in the King James Version as "unicorn", but recognised from the last century by |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 3305, "ep": 86, "ec": 3939} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 3,305 | 86 | 3,939 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | Hebrew scholars as the aurochs.
When the aurochs became rarer, hunting it became a privilege of the nobility and a sign of a high social status. The "Nibelungenlied" describes Siegfried killing aurochs: "Darnach schlug er schiere einen Wisent und einen Elch, starker Ure viere und einen grimmen Schelch", meaning "After that, he defeated one wisent and one elk, four aurochs, and one Schelch" - the background of the "Schelch" is dubious. Aurochs horns were commonly used as drinking horns by the nobility, which led to the fact that many aurochs horn sheaths are preserved today (albeit often discoloured). The drinking horn |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 3939, "ep": 86, "ec": 4560} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 3,939 | 86 | 4,560 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, given to the college on its foundation in 1352, probably by the college's founders, the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary, is thought to come from an aurochs. A painting by Willem Kalf depicts an aurochs horn. The horns of the last aurochs bulls, which died in 1620, were ornamented with gold and are located at the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm today.
Schneeberger writes that aurochs were hunted with arrows, nets, and hunting dogs. With immobilised aurochs, a ritual was practised that might be regarded as cruel nowadays: the curly hair on the forehead |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 4560, "ep": 86, "ec": 5167} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 4,560 | 86 | 5,167 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | was cut from the skull of the living animal. Belts were made out of this hair and were believed to increase the fertility of women. When the aurochs was slaughtered, a cross-like bone (os cardis) was extracted from the heart. This bone, which is also present in domesticated cattle, contributed to the mystique of the animal and magical powers have been attributed to it.
In eastern Europe, where it survived until nearly 400 years ago, the aurochs has left traces in fixed expressions. In Russia, a drunken person behaving badly was described as "behaving like an aurochs", whereas in Poland, big, |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 5167, "ep": 86, "ec": 5787} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 5,167 | 86 | 5,787 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | strong people were characterized as being "a bloke like an aurochs".
In Central Europe, the aurochs features in toponyms and heraldic coats of arms. For example, the names Ursenbach and Aurach am Hongar are derived from the aurochs. An aurochs head, the traditional arms of the German region Mecklenburg, figures in the coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The aurochs (Romanian bour, from Latin būbalus) was also the symbol of Moldavia; nowadays, they can be found in the coat of arms of both Romania and Moldova. An aurochs head is featured on an 1858 series of Moldavian stamps, the so-called Bull's Heads |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 5787, "ep": 86, "ec": 6350} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 5,787 | 86 | 6,350 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | (cap de bour in Romanian), renowned for their rarity and price among collectors. In Romania there are still villages named Boureni, after the Romanian word for the auroch. The horn of the aurochs is a charge of the coat of arms of Tauragė, Lithuania, (the name of Tauragė is a compound of taũras "auroch" and ragas "horn"). It is also present in the emblem of Kaunas, Lithuania, and was part of the emblem of Bukovina during its time as an Austro-Hungarian Kronland. The Swiss Canton of Uri is named after the aurochs; its yellow flag shows a black aurochs head. |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 6350, "ep": 86, "ec": 7009} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 6,350 | 86 | 7,009 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | East Slavic surnames Turenin, Turishchev, Turov, and Turovsky originate from the Slavic name of the species tur. In Slovakia, toponyms such as Turany, Turíčky, Turie, Turie Pole, Turík, Turová (villages), Turiec (river and region), Turská dolina (valley) and others are used. Turopolje, a large lowland floodplain south of the Sava River in Croatia, got its name from the once-abundant aurochs (Croatian: tur). The ancient name of the Estonian town of Rakvere, Tarwanpe or Tarvanpea, probably derives from "Aurochs head" (Tarvan pea) in ancient Estonian.
In 2002, a 3.5-m-high and 7.1-m-long statue of an aurochs was erected in Rakvere, Estonia, for |
{"datasets_id": 619, "wiki_id": "Q168903", "sp": 86, "sc": 7009, "ep": 86, "ec": 7487} | 619 | Q168903 | 86 | 7,009 | 86 | 7,487 | Aurochs | Cultural significance | the town's 700th birthday. The sculpture, by artist Tauno Kangro, has become a symbol of the town.
Aurochs are frequently mentioned in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin; in particular, roasted aurochs are sometimes served at banquets.
In the 2012 movie Beasts of the Southern Wild, the six-year-old main character imagines aurochs, though the fantasy creatures are portrayed by "costumed" Vietnamese Pot-bellied piglets. |
{"datasets_id": 620, "wiki_id": "Q4822672", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 560} | 620 | Q4822672 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 560 | Aury Wallington | Biography | Aury Wallington Biography Wallington grew up in Pennsylvania and always wanted to be a writer but was not sure how to go about it. She graduated from Tufts University and moved to New Orleans because one of her favourite writers, Ellen Gilchrist, was from there and Wallington thought that she would soak up some inspiration from living there too. Instead, she spent her nights bartending and her days writing really bad poetry and collecting rejection slips.
After a stint in New York as personal assistant to an actor, she moved to Mexico to do research for a screenplay she |
{"datasets_id": 620, "wiki_id": "Q4822672", "sp": 6, "sc": 560, "ep": 6, "ec": 1099} | 620 | Q4822672 | 6 | 560 | 6 | 1,099 | Aury Wallington | Biography | was writing. She ran out of money before finishing the script and headed back to New York, landing a job as script coordinator on TV show Sex and the City. Wallington was thrilled when she was asked to write an episode for the final season of the show and in the meantime worked on her novel, Pop! and wrote a one-woman show which was performed off-Broadway as part of the Double Helix Theater’s One Festival.
When Sex and the City ended, she moved to Los Angeles and wrote for Veronica Mars and Courting Alex. She also wrote a |
{"datasets_id": 620, "wiki_id": "Q4822672", "sp": 6, "sc": 1099, "ep": 6, "ec": 1307} | 620 | Q4822672 | 6 | 1,099 | 6 | 1,307 | Aury Wallington | Biography | pilot called Pure Sunshine for Sony Television. She is currently working on a new FOX drama called Wedding Album.
Wallington currently lives in Los Angeles with her two-year-old rescue dog, Tuesday. |
{"datasets_id": 621, "wiki_id": "Q4823042", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 621 | Q4823042 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Austin Cotterell Taylor | Background | Austin Cotterell Taylor Background Born in East York, Ontario, Austin Taylor was educated at St. Andrew's College in Aurora, Ontario, where he would later become a member of the Board of Governors. Taylor would make his home in the province of British Columbia where he would make a fortune in the mining and lumber industries, notably through Bralorne Mines, Ltd. of which he was President. An influential business figure in Canada, in 1934 the Wall Street Journal announced his appointment to the Board of Directors of British Columbia Power Corp. and later was appointed a director of the Bank |
{"datasets_id": 621, "wiki_id": "Q4823042", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 10, "ec": 457} | 621 | Q4823042 | 6 | 562 | 10 | 457 | Austin Cotterell Taylor | Background & Wartime service | of Canada.
Austin Taylor married Kathleen Elliott of Winnipeg, Manitoba with whom he had three children. Daughter, Patricia Aldyen Austin Taylor married American conservative author and commentator William F. Buckley, Jr.. Wartime service During World War I, Austin Taylor was part of the Canadian military and was appointed director of the Department of Aeronautical Supplies with responsibility for overseeing the harvesting and preparation of spruce lumber for military aircraft production. During World War II, Major Taylor was appointed chairman of the British Columbia Security Commission, a provincial government agency created to manage Japanese Canadian internment. As well, he served as |
{"datasets_id": 621, "wiki_id": "Q4823042", "sp": 10, "sc": 457, "ep": 10, "ec": 645} | 621 | Q4823042 | 10 | 457 | 10 | 645 | Austin Cotterell Taylor | Wartime service | one of C.D. Howe's dollar-a-year men. In recognition of his service, Taylor was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Austin Taylor died at age seventy-six in 1965. |
{"datasets_id": 622, "wiki_id": "Q4823329", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 164} | 622 | Q4823329 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 164 | Austin Washington | College and amateur & Professional | Austin Washington College and amateur Washington attended Joel E Ferris High School Professional Washington was drafted in the fourth round (54th overall) of the 2008 MLS SuperDraft by Chicago Fire. He was sent on loan to the Cleveland City Stars in early 2009. |
{"datasets_id": 623, "wiki_id": "Q4824277", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 129} | 623 | Q4824277 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 129 | Australian Indigenous Communications Association | History & Funding | Australian Indigenous Communications Association The Australian Indigenous Communications Association (AICA) is the peak body for Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander broadcasters. The AICA aims to represent all Indigenous people and organisations in the media, communications and entertainment industry. It develops national policy, advocates and lobbies on behalf of its members and provides assistance for the creation and sustaining of Indigenous media forms. History AICA was founded in 2003 and replaced the National Indigenous Media Association of Australia. Funding The AICA receives the bulk of its funds from the Australian Government through the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and |
{"datasets_id": 623, "wiki_id": "Q4824277", "sp": 12, "sc": 129, "ep": 12, "ec": 139} | 623 | Q4824277 | 12 | 129 | 12 | 139 | Australian Indigenous Communications Association | Funding | the Arts. |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 135} | 624 | Q1783444 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 135 | Autodesk Mudbox | History & Features | Autodesk Mudbox History Mudbox was developed by Skymatter in New Zealand as the founders David Cardwell, Tibor Madjar and Andrew Camenisch were working on The Lord of the Rings at Weta Digital. They created the software to expand their own toolsets, and was first used as a complete product on King Kong. The beta was released in May 2006, followed by version 1.0 in mid-February 2007. On August 6, 2007, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Skymatter Inc. Features The Mudbox user interface is a 3D environment that allows the creation of movable cameras that can be bookmarked. Models created within |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 10, "sc": 135, "ep": 10, "ec": 728} | 624 | Q1783444 | 10 | 135 | 10 | 728 | Autodesk Mudbox | Features | the program typically start as a polygon mesh that can be manipulated with a variety of different tools. A model can be subdivided to increase its resolution and the number of polygons available to sculpt with. 3D layers allow the user to store different detail passes, blending them with multiplier sliders and layer masks. Using layers the user is able to sculpt and mould their 3D model without making permanent changes.
As a detailing app, Mudbox can import and export .obj, .fbx, and .bio files, as well as its own .mud format. A typical workflow is to create a relatively simple |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 10, "sc": 728, "ep": 10, "ec": 1396} | 624 | Q1783444 | 10 | 728 | 10 | 1,396 | Autodesk Mudbox | Features | (low polygon count) model in a 3D modeling application and then import it to Mudbox for sculpting. Subdivision of models occurs using the Catmull-Clark subdivision algorithm.
The sculpting tool set contains an assortment of brushes with adjustable falloffs.
The use of 3D layers allows for design visualization, non-destructive sculpting, and high polygon counts. Since the layers combine additively, their ordering is unimportant for the final model and may be created arbitrarily. Curves can be created and projected on a mesh for use as precise masking. All of the standard transform and selection tools are here as well. Paint layers were added in |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 10, "sc": 1396, "ep": 10, "ec": 2074} | 624 | Q1783444 | 10 | 1,396 | 10 | 2,074 | Autodesk Mudbox | Features | Mudbox 2009.
Design visualization plays an important role in Mudbox's production value. Simple poly primitives can be created from within Mudbox, facilitating the creation of busts, props, terrain, etc.
Mudbox also includes stamps and stencils. Stencils work by overlaying a grayscale, or "alpha channel" image, such as a bump map, over the mesh. The artist can then project part or all of the image's detail onto the mesh through brush strokes, providing a method to quickly sculpt surface detail.
The underlying architecture of Mudbox was updated in Mudbox 2009 to allow the sculpting of models with larger polygon counts compared to earlier versions. |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 10, "sc": 2074, "ep": 14, "ec": 135} | 624 | Q1783444 | 10 | 2,074 | 14 | 135 | Autodesk Mudbox | Features & Interface | In Mudbox 2009 3D painting and texturing features were introduced to allow artists to paint directly on their models in 3D. In addition, features to display the model with depth of field and ambient occlusion were added for the release.
In Mudbox 2010, an application programming interface (API) was introduced via a software development kit (SDK). In addition, functionality to improve file interoperability with other 3D applications (Autodesk Maya, 3ds Max etc.) was added via the FBX file format. Interface Mudbox's interface includes menus, tabbed windows, and tool trays, and can be customized to a limited extent. It also provides keyboard |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 14, "sc": 135, "ep": 22, "ec": 257} | 624 | Q1783444 | 14 | 135 | 22 | 257 | Autodesk Mudbox | Interface & Platforms & Awards | shortcuts. The navigation in the 3D view is similar to that of Autodesk Maya. Platforms Earlier versions of Mudbox operate on Windows XP (32 and 64 bit), Windows Vista (32 and 64 bit), Windows 7 Professional (32 and 64 bit), Linux 64-bit and Mac OS X. The current version (Mudbox 2014) is 64 bit only, and has dropped support for Windows XP. Awards On February 15, 2014, Canadians Andrew Camenisch, David Cardwell and Canadian-Hungarian Tibor Madjar were honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for scientific and technical achievement for |
{"datasets_id": 624, "wiki_id": "Q1783444", "sp": 22, "sc": 257, "ep": 22, "ec": 421} | 624 | Q1783444 | 22 | 257 | 22 | 421 | Autodesk Mudbox | Awards | the concept and design, along with the two Hungarians, educated at Debrecen University, Csaba Kőhegyi and Imre Major for the implementation of the Mudbox software. |
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