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17 February 2011
The Correspondence in connection with the 1820 Cape Settler Scheme is preserved at the UK National Archives at Kew and contained in class CO48. Each file is in fact a large leather bound volume into which the correspondence has been inserted (this is the cause of so many [obscured] words as they disappear into the binding, and of course one is not allowed to undo them). The letters were bound in the 19th century, and were filed in order of receipt so that, for example, the many letters of Miles Bowker are spread evenly throughout the B file. Letters were either addressed to Lord BATHURST, Secretary of State for the Colonies (starting My Lord) or to his deputy, Henry GOULBURN, (starting Sir)..
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Who do they think they are?
Popular pages
Info links
It's the home of the famous, alive and dead. Full of articles by people who understand what it’s like to be famous for a particular act or talent because they've been there before. They are the egos who didn't die, but passed on.
Unsurprisingly, they have strong views about the famous people they've passed their egos on to. See who’s in the archive.
"IIf a 'burn notice' is an instruction to ignore henceforth all communication and activity of someone previously thought to be acting on your behalf, then I regard myself as one of the first recipients. Because I had championed women's rights before I took office yet addressed other priorities when in government (such as the conflagration being stoked in the name of the Kaiser), Christabel Pankhurst arranged to burn down the house that was being built for me. Burn notices have since become less literal and more common.
In that less venomous spirit, I would like to issue one of my own. In my opinion, nothing that Nicholas Clegg says or does should be seen as supportive of the Liberal cause.” (read more)
'THE ARCHER PRISM’ by the editor, Will Coe, wins historical fiction section in IndieReader Discovery Awards 2012.
Click Archive to see other perspectives on today from famous names in history.
Or go for it, submit an article yourself.
EGOPENDIUM EBOOKS
2011 compilations
The editor has compiled the best of Egopendium 2011 into two free Ebooks, 'Ten women with a past' and 'Twenty men with a past'. You can download them into any available Ebook reading format from Will Coe's Smashwords page.
The Archer Prism, a 2012 award winner
Will Coe has also published 'The Archer Prism: reflecting Sir John Harington', an Enovel in the Egopendium spirit. Instead of looking at a modern life through an historical lens, it uses the prism of a modern life to help an historical figure understand his own. It's an autobiography with a difference.
John Harington, a colourful, controversial character in Elizabethan England, uses the extraordinary literary and political career of Jeffrey Archer to throw light on his own life.
The novel won first prize in the historical fiction category of the IndieReader Discovery Awards 2012, announced in June at Book Expo America.
It's available from the Kindle store to buy (a snip!) or to sample the early chapters. Later chapters can also be sampled from the Ebooks page on this website.
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How to Clean a Carpet in a Green Way
Wall to wall carpeting can be a wonderful luxury; it feels good under your feet and can look really lovely when it is kept clean. Unfortunately like everything else it has its down sides as well. The bad thing about carpet is that it doesn't stay clean. Even after cleaning and vacuuming you are left with all the dirt, dust, dander, and other hazards that your carpet collects deep into the fibers. Calling a professional carpet cleaner may sound like a good option but is it? It may be expensive plus they may use toxic chemicals to clean your carpets and leave it soaking wet for a very long time which can contribute to mold and mildew growth. You can clean your carpet in a "green" way. Does this Spark an idea?
Instructions
Clean Your Carpet in a Green Way
- 1
Start by getting a vacuum that really sucks…in a good way. You want a vacuum with a HEPA filter that can suck up and trap all the dirt, dust and allergens that may be in your carpet. Vacuum really well a couple times a week. This will keep dust and dirt particles to a minimum. By thoroughly vacuuming regularly you are keeping all the dirt and dust to a minumum in your carpet fibers. This helps keep it clean and stop the dirt from being ground deep into the carpet.
- 2
Invest in a pump sprayer, like one you would use for outdoor staining or gardening. This is what you can put your mixture of carpet cleaning solution and water in to gently spray onto your carpets for cleaning. Most garden centerc carry sveral types. A small cheap one is fine. Don't get anything that will be too heavy for you to carry once it is full of water and cleaning solution.
- 3
Purchase a carpet shampooer, Bissell steam cleaner, or rent a Rug Doctor from your local grocery store. Do not fill it with water or use the shampoos that they suggest you use. Regular carpet shampoos are filled with harsh detergents and soap which does more damage than good. It leaves a residue on your carpet which will actually attract dirt faster than if you didn’t clean it at all. The only thing you want the vacuum/rug doctor for is to suck up your cleaning solution, not to put any wetness into the carpet.
- 4
Get great, natural carpet cleaning products like Bi-O-Kleen’s Bonnet Cleaner carpet cleaning solution. This is a great all natural cleaner that leaves no nasty residue on your carpet. Seventh Generation’s spray carpet cleaning solution is an excellent choice for spot cleaning. It gets nasty stains out easily. Both can be found in many natural stores and online retailers. If you have heavy duty stains you might also want to try Bi-O-Kleen’s Traffic Lane Cleaner, this can be mixed with the Bonnet Cleaner.
- 5
Move all your furniture and vacuum your carpets really well with your HEPA filter vacuum.
- 6
Mix your carpet cleaning solution and water (follow directions on label for amounts) in your pump sprayer. Use hot water.
- 7
Spray the solution all over your carpet. You want it to be wet but not drenched.
- 8
Use the mixed solution or a carpet spotter in a spray bottle, like Seventh Generation’s carpet cleaner and spray directly onto any stains. Nudge these with your foot and work the solution in.
- 9
Use your rug doctor/wet dry vacuum and start sucking up all the solution out of your carpet. This should get everything nice and clean without leaving a residue or toxic odors behind.
- 10
To make sure your carpets dry as fast as possible plug in fans to circulate the air and turn on overhead ceiling fans if you have any.
Tips & Warnings
It may seem like an investment to buy a new vacuum or a wet/dry vacuum or carpet cleaner but if you already have them it’s about time you put them to good use and if you do have to make the investment it will save your money and your health in the long run. And the solutions that you buy will last for many, many cleanings.
Try to avoid brand new carpet. It is especially hazardous because of the toxic fumes that can be released during installation and long after. If you have chemical sensitivities, allergies, asthma or other health conditions you may want to avoid new carpet altogether, unless it is an eco-friendly choice made without chemicals.
You May Also Like
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Environmentally friendly or "green" cleaning solutions provide natural, toxin-free methods and ingredients to perform home maintenance tasks. Various mixtures for ...
- How to Green Clean Your Carpets
Cleaning and deodorizing your carpets does not have to involve harmful, toxic cleaning products. You can make your own carpet cleaners with...
- Green Recipe for Carpet Cleaning
There is no need to add chemicals and toxins to your home environment by using commercial carpet cleaning products. There are safe,...
- Can Simple Green Be Used on Wool Rugs?
Simple Green should be safe to use on a wool rug. Simple Green is a natural, all-purpose cleaner that's been around for...
- Simple Green Carpet-Cleaning Tips
Using green products to clean your carpet could make a significant difference in your quality of life. The University of Connecticut reports...
- How to Clean a Carpet With Simple Green
Simple Green is a brand that makes cleaning products, including products for carpet cleaning. The products are economical because you can dilute...
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Green Commercial Cleaning Products. The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) uses LEED, an internationally used and recognized certification process, to ...
- How to Guide to Carpet Cleaning: Green Carpet Cleaner Shampoo
You can make your own carpet shampoo or steam cleaner for regular carpet cleaning and for your carpet steam cleaner. Rather than...
- Carpet Shampoo Substitutes
Carpet Shampoo Substitutes. Shampooing your carpet can keep it looking newer for longer. It can also lengthen the life of your carpet...
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Listen to Session:
Audio of Session 1 from 2009 EIA Conference
Full Session Transcript pdf
Transmission Incentives pdf ppt
P. Kumar Agarwal has been with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission since 1994 and is presently serving as an acting director for the division of Reliability and Engineering Services within the Office of Electric Reliability. He was with Florida Power and Light Company from 1987 to 1994. He was a member of the adjunct faculty at Florida International University from 1990-93. He was one of the authors of the Commission’s foundational reliability orders - Order No. 672 and the ERO certification order. He testified in litigated cases as an expert witness on issues related to transmission service while he was part of the Commission’s litigation staff during 1994-97. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Maryland. He received his B. S. in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India in 1983 and his M. S. in Electrical Engineering from Florida International University.
Supporting the Infrastructure: Has Deregulation Helped or Hurt? pdf ppt
Timothy J. Brennan is a professor of public policy and economics at the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) and a senior fellow with Resources for the Future (RFF) in Washington, DC. During 1996-97, he was the senior economist for industrial organization and regulatory policy on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers. From 2003 through 2005, he served as a staff consultant to the Bureau of Economics of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. During 2006, he held the T. D. MacDonald Chair in Industrial Economics at the Canadian Competition Bureau. His electricity research has examined the California 2000-01 crisis, capacity markets, reluctance to switch suppliers, energy efficiency and “decoupling,” real-time metering, market power measurement, transmission adequacy, convergence mergers, state/federal relations, stranded costs, and difficulties in implementing competition. He has written two books with others from Resources for the Future on competition and deregulation in the electricity sector, A Shock to the System in 1996 and Alternating Currents: Electricity Markets and Public Policy, published in 2002. He received his B.A. in mathematics from the University of Maryland in College Park and his M.A. in mathematics and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin in Madison.
Electric Power Infrastructure:Status and Challenges for the Future pdf ppt
Mark G. Lauby joined the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in January 2007 as the Manager of Reliability Assessments. He leads the electric reliability organization’s efforts to independently assess and report on the overall reliability, adequacy, and associated risks of the interconnected North American bulk power system. Prior to joining NERC, he worked since 1987 for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) where he held a number of senior positions, including: Director, Power Delivery & Markets; Managing Director, Asia, EPRI International; and Manager, Power System Engineering in the Power System Planning and Operations Program. He started his career in the electric industry at the Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP), in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1979. His responsibilities included transmission planning, power system reliability assessment, and probabilistic evaluation. He is a Senior Member and previously chaired the International Electricity Research Exchange (IERE) and several working group. He has been recognized for his technical achievements in many technical associations, including the 1992 IEEE Walter Fee Young Engineer of the Year Award. He is the author of over 100 papers on the subjects of power system reliability, expert systems, transmission system planning, and power system numerical analysis techniques. He received both his B.A. in Electrical Engineering in 1980 and his M.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1989 from the University of Minnesota.
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So I put back my skinny jeans, flowy top, and ballet flats and made a bee-line for the closest Target store. Here’s what I found:
Comfy Sneakers with Support. These made it through eleven hours of amusement park madness that included all of the stair climbing, standing in line, and running (yes, I said running….how else were we going to manage to beat strollers, packs of children, and other thrill-seekers to the front of the line?) that you could imagine. With these, my feet were not nearly as tired as I’d expected.
Endurance Tee. Wearing a loose tee shirt helped reduce the amount of sunscreen I had to slather on my upper body and the material of this particular one was sweat and water resistant—always a plus!Cross-body lightweight bag. The small shoulder purse that I intended to bring would not have allowed the hands-free result of a cross-body bag. This one that I found worked great and managed to hold wallets, phones, cameras, souvenirs, sunglasses, and car keys for two!
So overall, the fashion-forward outfit that I had originally planned to wear did not suffice. And although I ended up looking like I just walked out of yoga class, I was very happy to have friend remind me that Disneyland is not a Runway and when standing next to Mickey Mouse….no one is looking at you.
We love hearing from you!
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A member of our team will call you back within one business day.. But a bad abrasion or a puncture to the cornea can be very serious. These are medical emergencies..).
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A member of our team will call you back within one business day.
A surgical breast biopsy requires an incision in the skin. This allows your doctor to take a large sample of tissue from the breast. In fact, the whole lump is often removed. The sample is then sent to a lab for study.
A lump that can’t be felt may be hard to locate. In such a case, one or more guide wires may be placed in your breast before biopsy surgery. These thin wires help mark the tissue that is to be removed. A mammogram or ultrasound is used to direct the wire’s placement. Then you’re taken to the operating room for surgery. The wire is removed during the biopsy.
Large core biopsy uses a hollow instrument to remove a tissue sample. A small incision is made in the skin. The hollow instrument is inserted through this incision. A local anesthetic will be used to numb the site. Before the biopsy, a guide wire may be placed to mark the breast mass. Often the entire mass is removed. Large core biopsy takes about an hour to perform. Due to the size of the sample removed, stitches are often needed.
Open surgical biopsy removes a tissue sample through a skin incision. To keep you from feeling pain during the biopsy, you are likely to be given intravenous sedation. This produces a light sleep. Your surgeon then makes one.
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A member of our team will call you back within one business day.
The sutures or staples have come out, and the surgical wound has healed. Now you can begin to prepare your residual limb for a prosthesis. During this time, keep these goals in mind:
Proper positioning of your residual limb
Muscle stretching and strengthening
Touch and desensitization
Residual limb shaping
Daily limb care and hygiene
Keeping your residual limb in the right position is vital. This helps prevent muscle shortening and tightening (contracture), which prevents full range of motion. To avoid contracture, you’ll need to keep your knee and hip as straight as you can. Here’s how to do this:
When seated, always support your residual limb to keep it from dangling or hanging. When sitting in a wheelchair or a regular chair, you can use an “amputee board.” This is a flat board that sticks out to support the weight of your residual limb.
Spend time every day lying flat on your stomach (proning). Proning stretches the muscles at the front of your hip. These muscles get tight when you sit. It’s important to spend 15-20 minutes proning several times a day.
Don’t prop your residual limb on pillows or blankets when you sit or lie down. Keep your residual limb flat, with your knee as straight as you can.
If the amputation is above the knee, keep your residual limb close to the intact leg. Allowing it to move outward may make it difficult to walk with a prosthesis later.
You need to keep the muscles in your residual limb strong and limber. Keep doing the exercises you were taught in the hospital. This will help prevent contracture. It also ensures that your intact limb and residual limb are strong and flexible. Both legs need to be strong to walk with a prosthesis.
At first, the skin on your residual limb will be sensitive to touch. Desensitization can help. This involves massaging, rubbing, and tapping the end of your residual limb. Begin with a light, gentle touch. As your tolerance improves, slowly increase pressure. This helps prepare you for your first prosthesis fitting.
Even after the surgical wound has healed, your residual limb can still be swollen. Swelling must be reduced so your residual limb will fit into the socket of a prosthesis. This process is called “shaping” the residual limb. Your healthcare provider will prescribe a compression stocking to shape your residual limb. Remember:
Wear the compression stocking (shrinker sock). This is a tapered sock that applies even pressure to the bottom of the residual limb. Pressure helps reduce swelling.
Wear the shrinker sock as close to 24 hours a day as possible (except when bathing). Keep it pulled tight to maintain a snug fit at all times.
See your prosthetist regularly. The prosthetist will monitor the changing size of your limb through the entire fitting process. This helps to ensure the prosthesis fits correctly.
Keeping your residual limb clean is vital to prevent skin problems and infection. Do the following every day:
Wash your residual limb at least once a day. Use warm water and a mild antibacterial soap.
Using a washcloth, scrub gently over all surfaces of the residual limb. Pay close attention to the skin behind your knee and on the bottom of your limb.
Dry your residual limb thoroughly. This keeps moisture from being trapped between your skin and the shrinker sock.
Wear a clean shrinker sock every day. Wash each sock with mild soap and water, rinse well, and air dry completely. This removes salts and acids left by your sweat.
Inspect your residual limb daily, especially the skin of the surgical scar. Use a mirror to check the back of your limb. Or ask a family member or friend to help. Call the doctor if you notice the following:
Skin separation along the surgical scar
Scar or residual limb has a bad smell
Area around the scar is warm or hot, or becomes red or swollen
Pus or yellow drainage from the scar, or thick discharge that is brownish gray
Sudden increase in pain or severe tenderness
Fever of 100.4°F or higher
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Reach tens of thousands of people instantly by advertising with Ekklesia. Find out more
Pakistan's authorities have been asked to do more to protect the persecuted Shi’a Hazara, following a devastating attack in Quetta that killed scores.
Canon David Porter, highly regarded for his conflict and change work in Coventry and in Ireland, has been appointed to a post at Lambeth Palace.
Christian Aid wants the UK Government to back signing and implementation of the UN's recently proposed DRC and Great Lakes peace and security deal.
"The situation in Syria is nothing short of catastrophic," says the International Committee of the Red Cross, after a four-day visit to the country.
A campaign has been launched to quash a life sentence which has been given to a Turkish anti-militarist by an Istanbul court.
World Council of Churches General Secretary the Rev Dr Olav Fykse Tveit has expressed “grave concern” over the Korean nuclear test stand-off..
The World Council of Churches' Ecumenical Water Network has launched an online compilation of biblical reflections and resources on water for use during Lent.
Halting the use of child soldiers in conflicts is just one of a series of compelling reasons for states to adopt a strong Arms Trade Treaty.
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Case
[1] "It's been quite a year," thought Tom Moline." On top of
their normal efforts at hunger advocacy and education on campus,
the twenty students in the Hunger Concerns group were spending the
entire academic year conducting an extensive study of hunger in
sub-Saharan Africa. Tom's girlfriend, Karen Lindstrom, had
proposed the idea after she returned from a semester-abroad program
in Tanzania last spring. With tears of joy and sorrow, she
had described for the group the beauty and suffering of the people
and land. Wracked by AIDS, drought, and political unrest, the
nations in the region are also fighting a losing war against hunger
and malnutrition. While modest gains have been made for the
more than 800 million people in the world that are chronically
malnourished, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world
where the number of hungry people is actually increasing. It
was not hard for Karen to persuade the group to focus attention on
this problem and so they decided to devote one of their two
meetings per month to this study. In the fall, Karen and Tom
led three meetings examining root causes of hunger in various forms
of powerlessness wrought by poverty, war, and drought.
[2] What Tom had not expected was the special attention the
group would give to the potential which biotechnology poses for
improving food security in the region. This came about for
two reasons. One was the participation of Adam Paulsen in the
group. Majoring in economics and management, Adam had spent
last summer as an intern in the Technology Cooperation Division of
Monsanto. Recognized, and often vilified, as a global leader
in the field of agricultural biotechnology, Monsanto has also been
quietly working with agricultural researchers around the world to
genetically modify crops that are important for subsistence
farmers. For example, Monsanto researchers have collaborated
with governmental and non-governmental research organizations to
develop virus-resistant potatoes in Mexico, "golden mustard" rich
in beta-carotene in India, and virus-resistant papaya in Southeast
Asia.
[3] In December, Adam gave a presentation to the group that
focused on the role Monsanto has played in developing
virus-resistant sweet potatoes for Kenya. Sweet potatoes are
grown widely in Kenya and other developing nations because they are
nutritious and can be stored beneath the ground until they need to
be harvested. The problem, however, is that pests and
diseases can reduce yields by up to 80 percent. Following
extensive research and development that began in 1991, the Kenyan
Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) began field tests of
genetically modified sweet potatoes in 2001. Adam concluded
his presentation by emphasizing what an important impact this
genetically modified (GM) crop could have on food security for
subsistence farmers. Even if losses were only cut in half,
that would still represent a huge increase in food for people who
are too poor to buy the food they need.
[4] The second reason the group wound up learning more about the
potential biotechnology poses for increasing food production in
Kenya was because a new member joined the group. Josephine
Omondi, a first-year international student, had read an
announcement about Adam's presentation in the campus newsletter and
knew right away that she had to attend. She was, after all, a
daughter of one of the scientists engaged in biotechnology research
at the KARI laboratories in Nairobi. Struggling with
homesickness, Josephine was eager to be among people that cared
about her country. She was also impressed with the accuracy
of Adam's presentation and struck up an immediate friendship with
him when they discovered they both knew Florence Wambugu, the
Kenyan researcher that had initiated the sweet potato project and
had worked in Monsanto's labs in St. Louis.
[5] Naturally, Josephine had much to offer the group. A
month after Adam's presentation, she provided a summary of other
biotechnology projects in Kenya. In one case, tissue culture
techniques are being employed to develop banana varieties free of
viruses and other diseases that plague small and large-scale banana
plantations. In another case, cloning techniques are being
utilized to produce more hearty and productive chrysanthemum
varieties, a plant that harbors a chemical, pyrethrum, that
functions as a natural insecticide. Kenya grows nearly half
the global supply of pyrethrum, which is converted elsewhere into
environmentally-friendly mosquito repellants and
insecticides.1
[6] Josephine reserved the majority of her remarks, however, for
two projects that involve the development of herbicide- and
insect-resistant varieties of maize (corn). Every year
stem-boring insects and a weed named Striga decimate up to 60
percent of Kenya's maize harvest.2
Nearly 50 percent of the food Kenyans consume is maize, but maize
production is falling. While the population of East Africa
grew by 20 percent from 1989 to 1998, maize harvests actually
declined during this period.3 Josephine
stressed that this is one of the main reasons the number of hungry
people is increasing in her country. As a result, Kenyan
researchers are working in partnership with the International Maize
and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to develop corn varieties
that can resist Striga and combat stem-borers. With pride,
Josephine told the group that both projects are showing signs of
success. In January 2002, KARI scientists announced they had
developed maize varieties from a mutant that is naturally resistant
to a herbicide which is highly effective against Striga. In a
cost-effective process, farmers would recoverthe small cost of
seeds coated with the herbicide through yield increases of up to
400 percent.4
[7] On the other front, Josephine announced that significant
progress was also being made between CIMMYT and KARI in efforts to
genetically engineer "Bt" varieties of Kenyan maize that would
incorporate the gene that produces Bacillus thuringiensis, a
natural insecticide that is used widely by organic farmers.
Josephine concluded her remarks by saying how proud she was of her
father and the fact that poor subsistence farmers in Kenya are
starting to benefit from the fruits of biotechnology, long enjoyed
only by farmers in wealthy nations.
[8] A few days after Josephine's presentation, two members of
the Hunger Concerns group asked if they could meet with Tom since
he was serving as the group's coordinator. As an
environmental studies major, Kelly Ernst is an ardent advocate of
organic farming and a strident critic of industrial approaches to
agriculture. As much as she respected Josephine, she
expressed to Tom her deep concerns that Kenya was embarking on a
path that was unwise ecologically and economically. She
wanted to have a chance to tell the group about the ways organic
farming methods can combat the challenges posed by stem-borers and
Striga.
[9] Similarly, Terra Fielding thought it was important that the
Hunger Concerns group be made aware of the biosafety and human
health risks associated with genetically modified (GM) crops.
Like Terra, Tom was also a biology major so he understood her
concerns about the inadvertent creation of herbicide-resistant
"superweeds" and the likelihood that insects would eventually
develop resistance to Bt through prolonged exposure. He also
understood Terra's concern that it would be nearly impossible to
label GM crops produced in Kenya since most food goes directly from
the field to the table. As a result, few Kenyans would be
able to make an informed decision about whether or not to eat
genetically-engineered foods. Convinced that both sets of
concerns were significant, Tom invited Kelly and Terra to give
presentations in February and March.
[10] The wheels came off during the meeting in April,
however. At the end of a discussion Tom was facilitating
about how the group might share with the rest of the college what
they had learned about hunger in sub-Saharan Africa, Kelly Ernst
brought a different matter to the attention of the group: a plea to
join an international campaign by Greenpeace to ban GM crops.
In the murmurs of assent and disapproval that followed, Kelly
pressed ahead. She explained that she had learned about the
campaign through her participation in the Environmental Concerns
group on campus. They had decided to sign on to the campaign
and were now actively encouraging other groups on campus to join
the cause as well. Reiterating her respect for Josephine and
the work of her father in Kenya, Kelly nevertheless stressed that
Kenya could achieve its food security through organic farming
techniques rather than the "magic bullet" of GM crops, which she
argued pose huge risks to the well-being of the planet as well as
the welfare of Kenyans.
[11] Before Tom could open his mouth, Josephine offered a
counter proposal. Angry yet composed, she said she fully
expected the group to vote down Kelly's proposal, but that she
would not be satisfied with that alone. Instead, she
suggested that a fitting conclusion to their study this year would
be for the group to submit an article for the college newspaper
explaining the benefits that responsible use of agricultural
biotechnology poses for achieving food security in sub-Saharan
Africa, particularly in Kenya.
[12] A veritable riot of discussion ensued among the twenty
students. The group appeared to be evenly divided over the
two proposals. Since the meeting had already run well past
its normal ending time, Tom suggested that they think about both
proposals and then come to the next meeting prepared to make a
decision. Everybody seemed grateful for the chance to think
about it for a while, especially Tom and Karen.
II
[13] Three days later, an intense conversation was taking place
at a corner table after dinner in the cafeteria.
[14] "Come on, Adam. You're the one that told us people
are hungry because they are too poor to buy the food they need,"
said Kelly. "I can tell you right now that there is plenty of
food in the world; we just need to distribute it better. If
we quit feeding 60 percent of our grain in this country to animals,
there would be plenty of food for everyone."
[15] "That may be true, Kelly, but we don't live in some ideal
world where we can wave a magic wand and make food land on the
tables of people in Africa. A decent food distribution
infrastructure doesn't exist within most of the countries.
Moreover, most people in sub-Saharan Africa are so poor they
couldn't afford to buy our grain. And even if we just gave it
away, all we would do is impoverish local farmers in Africa because
there is no way they could compete with our free food. Until
these countries get on their feet and can trade in the global
marketplace, the best thing we can do for their economic
development is to promote agricultural production in their
countries. Genetically modified crops are just one part of a
mix of strategies that Kenyans are adopting to increase food
supplies. They have to be able to feed themselves."
[16] "Yes, Africans need to feed themselves," said Kelly, "but I
just don't think that they need to follow our high-tech approach to
agriculture. Look at what industrial agriculture has done to
our own country. We're still losing topsoil faster than we
can replenish it. Pesticides and fertilizers are still
fouling our streams and groundwater. Massive monocultures
only make crops more susceptible to plant diseases and pests.
At the same time, these monocultures are destroying
biodiversity. Our industrial approach to agriculture is
living off of biological capital that we are not replacing.
Our system of agriculture is not sustainable. Why in God's
name would we want to see others appropriate it?"
[17] "But that's not what we're talking about," Adam
replied. "The vast majority of farmers in the region are
farming a one hectare plot of land that amounts to less than 2.5
acres. They're not buying tractors. They're not using
fertilizer. They're not buying herbicides. They can't
afford those things. Instead, women and children spend most
of their days weeding between rows, picking bugs off of plants, or
hauling precious water. The cheapest and most important
technology they can afford is improved seed that can survive in
poor soils and resist weeds and pests. You heard Josephine's
report. Think of the positive impact that all of those
projects are going to have for poor farmers in Kenya."
[18] Kelly shook her head. "Come on, Adam. Farmers
have been fighting with the weather, poor soils, and pests
forever. How do you think we survived without modern farming
methods? It can be done. We know how to protect soil
fertility through crop rotations and letting ground rest for a
fallow period. We also know how to intercrop in ways that cut
down on plant diseases and pests. I can show you a great
article in WorldWatch magazine that demonstrates how organic
farmers in Kenya are defeating stem-borers and combating
Striga. In many cases they have cut crop losses down to 5
percent. All without genetic engineering and all the dangers
that come with it."
[19] Finally Karen broke in. "But if that knowledge is so
wide-spread, why are there so many hungry people in Kenya?
I've been to the region. Most farmers I saw already practice
some form of intercropping, but they can't afford to let their land
rest for a fallow period because there are too many mouths to
feed. They're caught in a vicious downward spiral.
Until their yields improve, the soils will continue to become more
degraded and less fertile."
[20] Adam and Kelly both nodded their heads, but for different
reasons. The conversation seemed to end where it began; with
more disagreement than agreement.
III
[21] Later that night, Tom was in the library talking with Terra
about their Entomology exam the next day. It didn't take long
for Terra to make the connections between the material they were
studying and her concerns about Bt crops in Kenya. "Tom, we
both know what has happened with chemical insecticide
applications. After a period of time, the few insects that
have an ability to resist the insecticide survive and
reproduce. Then you wind up with an insecticide that is no
longer effective against pests that are resistant to it. Bt
crops present an even more likely scenario for eventual resistance
because the insecticide is not sprayed on the crop every now and
then. Instead, Bt is manufactured in every cell of the plant
and is constantly present, which means pests are constantly
exposed. While this will have a devastating effect on those
insects that don't have a natural resistance to Bt, eventually
those that do will reproduce and a new class of Bt-resistant
insects will return to munch away on the crop. This would be
devastating for organic farmers because Bt is one of the few
natural insecticides they can use and still claim to be
organic."
[22] "I hear you, Terra. But I know that Bt farmers in the
U.S. are instructed by the seed distributors to plant refuges
around their Bt crops so that some pests will not be exposed to Bt
and will breed with the others that are exposed, thus compromising
the genetic advantage that others may have."
[23] "That's true, Tom, but it's my understanding that farmers
are not planting big enough refuges. The stuff I've read
suggests that if you're planting 100 acres in soybeans, 30 acres
should be left in non-Bt soybeans. But it doesn't appear that
farmers are doing that. And that's here in the States.
How reasonable is it to expect a poor, uneducated farmer in East
Africa to understand the need for a refuge and also to resist the
temptation to plant all of the land in Bt corn in order to raise
the yield?"
[24] As fate would have it, Josephine happened to walk by just
as Terra was posing her question to Tom. In response, she
fired off several questions of her own. "Are you suggesting
Kenyan farmers are less intelligent than U.S. farmers, Terra?
Do you think we cannot teach our farmers how to use these new gifts
in a wise way? Haven't farmers in this country learned from
mistakes they have made? Is it not possible that we too can
learn from any mistakes we make?"
[25] "Josephine, those are good questions. It's just that
we're talking about two very different agricultural
situations. Here you have less than two million farmers
feeding 280 million people. With a high literacy rate, a huge
agricultural extension system, e-mail, and computers, it is
relatively easy to provide farmers with the information they
need. But you said during your presentation that 70 percent
of Kenya's 30 million people are engaged in farming. Do you
really think you can teach all of those people how to properly
utilize Bt crops?"
[26] "First of all, U.S. farmers do not provide all of the food
in this country. Where do you think our morning coffee and
bananas come from? Rich nations import food every day from
developing nations, which have to raise cash crops in order to
import other things they need in order to develop, or to pay debts
to rich nations. You speak in sweeping generalizations.
Obviously not every farmer in Kenya will start planting Bt corn
tomorrow. Obviously my government will recognize the need to
educate farmers about the misuse of Bt and equip them to do
so. We care about the environment and have good policies in
place to protect it. We are not fools, Terra. We are
concerned about the biosafety of Kenya."
[27] Trying to take some of the heat off of Terra, Tom asked a
question he knew she wanted to ask. "What about the dangers
to human health, Josephine? The Europeans are so concerned
they have established a moratorium on all new patents of
genetically-engineered foods and have introduced GM labeling
requirements. While we haven't done that here in the U.S.,
many are concerned about severe allergic reactions that could be
caused by foods made from GM crops. Plus, we just don't know
what will happen over the long term as these genes interact or
mutate. Isn't it wise to be more cautious and go slowly?"
[28] There was nothing slow about Josephine's reply. "Tom,
we are concerned about the health and well-being of our
people. But there is one thing that you people don't
understand. We view risks related to agricultural
biotechnology differently. It is reasonable to be concerned
about the possible allergenicity of GM crops, and we test for
these, but we are not faced primarily with concerns about allergic
reactions in Kenya. We are faced with declining food supplies and
growing numbers of hungry people. As Terra said, our
situations are different. As a result, we view the possible
risks and benefits differently. The people of Kenya should be
able to decide these matters for themselves. We are tired of
other people deciding what is best for us. The colonial era
is over. You people need to get used to it."
[29] With that, Josephine left as suddenly as she had
arrived. Worn out and reflective, both Tom and Terra decided
to return to studying for their exam the next day.
IV
[30] On Friday night, Karen and Tom got together for their
weekly date. They decided to have dinner at a local
restaurant that had fairly private booths. After Karen's
semester in Tanzania last spring, they had learned to cherish the
time they spent together. Eventually they started talking
about the decision the Hunger Concerns group would have to make
next week. After Karen summarized her conversation with Kelly
and Adam, Tom described the exchange he and Terra had with
Josephine.
[31] Karen said, "You know, I realize that these environmental
and health issues are important, but I'm surprised that no one else
seems willing to step back and ask whether anyone should be doing
genetic engineering in the first place. Who are we to mess
with God's creation? What makes us think we can improve on
what God has made?"
[32] "But Karen," Tom replied, "human beings have been mixing
genes ever since we figured out how to breed animals or graft
branches onto apple trees. We didn't know we were engaged in
genetic manipulation, but now we know more about the science of
genetics, and that has led to these new technologies. One of
the reasons we can support six billion people on this planet is
because scientists during the Green Revolution used their God-given
intelligence to develop hybrid stocks of rice, corn, and other
cereal crops that boosted yields significantly. They achieved
most of their success by cross-breeding plants, but that takes a
long time and it is a fairly inexact process. Various
biotechnologies including genetic engineering make it possible for
us to reduce the time it takes to develop new varieties, and they
also enable us to transfer only the genes we want into the host
species. The first Green Revolution passed by Africa, but
this second biotechnology revolution could pay huge dividends for
countries in Africa."
[33] "I understand all of that, Tom. I guess what worries
me is that all of this high science will perpetuate the myth that
we are masters of the universe with some God-given mandate to
transform nature in our image. We have got to quit viewing
nature as a machine that we can take apart and put back
together. Nature is more than the sum of its parts.
This mechanistic mindset has left us with all sorts of major
ecological problems. The only reason hybrid seeds produced so
much food during the Green Revolution is because we poured tons of
fertilizer on them and kept them alive with irrigation water.
And what was the result? We produced lots of grain but also
huge amounts of water pollution and waterlogged soils. We
have more imagination than foresight. And so we wind up
developing another technological fix to get us out of the problem
our last technological innovation produced. Instead, we need
to figure out how to live in harmony with nature. Rather than
be independent, we need to realize our ecological
interdependence. We are made from the dust of the universe
and to the dust of the earth we will return."
[34] "Huh, I wonder if anyone would recognize you as a religion
major, Karen? I agree that our scientific and technological
abilities have outpaced our wisdom in their use, but does that mean
we can't learn from our mistakes? Ultimately, aren't
technologies just means that we put to the service of the ends we
want to pursue? Why can't we use genetic engineering to end
hunger? Why would God give us the brains to map and
manipulate genomes if God didn't think we could use that knowledge
to better care for creation? Scientists are already
developing the next wave of products that will give us inexpensive
ways to vaccinate people in developing nations from debilitating
diseases with foods like bananas that carry the vaccine. We
will also be able to make food more nutritious for those that get
precious little. Aren't those good things, Karen?"
[35] Karen, a bit defensive and edging toward the other side of
the horseshoe-shaped booth, said, "Look Tom, the way we live is
just not sustainable. It scares me to see people in China,
and Mexico, and Kenya all following us down the same unsustainable
road. There has got to be a better way. Kelly is
right. Human beings lived more sustainably in the past than
we do now. We need to learn from indigenous peoples how to
live in harmony with the earth. But instead, we seem to be
tempting them to adopt our expensive and inappropriate
technologies. It just doesn't seem right to encourage
developing nations like Kenya to make huge investments in
biotechnology when less expensive solutions might better address
their needs. I really do have my doubts about the ability to
teach farmers how to use these new seeds wisely. I've been
there, Tom. Farmers trade seeds freely and will always follow
a strategy that will produce the most food in the short-term
because people are hungry now. Eventually, whatever gains are
achieved by biotechnology will be lost as weeds and insects become
resistant or the soils just give out entirely from overuse.
But I am really struggling with this vote next week because I also
know that we should not be making decisions for other people.
They should be making decisions for themselves. Josephine is
my friend. I don't want to insult her. But I really do
think Kenya is heading down the wrong road."
[36] "So how are you going to vote next week, Karen?"
[37] "I don't know, Tom. Maybe I just won't show up.
How are you going to vote?"
Commentary
[38] This commentary offers background information on global
food security, agricultural biotechnology, and genetically modified
organisms before it turns to general concerns about genetically
modified crops and specific ethical questions raised by the
case.
Food Security
[39] The nations of the world made significant gains in social
development during the latter half of the 20th century. Since 1960,
life expectancy has risen by one third in developing nations, child
mortality has been cut in half, the percentage of people who have
access to clean water has more than doubled, and the total
enrollment in primary schools has increased by nearly two- thirds.
Similar progress has been made in achieving a greater measure of
food security. Even though the world's population has more than
doubled since 1960, food production grew at a slightly faster rate
so that today per capita food availability is up 24 percent. More
importantly, the proportion of people who suffer from food
insecurity has been cut in half from 37 percent in 1969 to 18
percent in 1995.5
[40] According to the International Food Policy Research
Institute, the world currently produces enough food to meet the
basic needs for each of the planet's six billion people.
Nevertheless, more than 800 million people suffer from food
insecurity. For various reasons, one out of every eight human
beings on the planet cannot produce or purchase the food they need
to lead healthy, productive lives. One out of every three
preschool-age children in developing nations is either malnourished
or severely underweight.6 Of these, 14 million children
become blind each year due to Vitamin A deficiency. Every day,
40,000 people die of illnesses related to their poor
diets.7
[41] Food security is particularly dire in sub-Saharan Africa. It
is the only region in the world where hunger has been increasing
rather than decreasing. Since 1970, the number ofmalnourished
people has increased as the amount of food produced per person has
declined.8
According to the United Nations Development Programme, half of the
673 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa at the beginning of
the 21st century are living in absolute poverty on less than $1 a
day.9 Not
surprisingly, one third of the people are undernourished. In the
eastern portion of this region, nearly half of the children suffer
from stunted growth as a result of their inadequate diets, and that
percentage is increasing.10 In Kenya, 23 percent of
children under the age of five suffer from
malnutrition.11
[42] Several factors contribute to food insecurity in sub-Saharan
Africa. Drought, inadequate water supplies, and crop losses to
pests and disease have devastating impacts on the amount of food
that is available. Less obvious factors, however, often have a
greater impact on food supply. Too frequently, governments in the
region spend valuable resources on weapons, which are then used in
civil or regional conflicts that displace people and reduce food
production. In addition, many governments-hamstrung by
international debt obligations-have pursued economic development
strategies that bypass subsistence farmers and focus on the
production of cash crops for export. As a result, a few countries
produce significant amounts of food, but it is shipped to wealthier
nations and is not available for local consumption. Storage and
transportation limitations also result in inefficient distribution
of surpluses when they are produced within nations in the
region.12
[43] Poverty is another significant factor. Globally, the gap
between the rich and the poor is enormous. For example, the $1,010
average annual purchasing power of a Kenyan pales in comparison
with the $31,910 available to a citizen of the United
States.13 Poor
people in developing nations typically spend 50-80 percent of their
incomes for food, in comparison to the 10-15 percent that people
spend in the United States or the European Union.14 Thus, while food may be
available for purchase, fluctuating market conditions often drive
prices up to unaffordable levels. In addition, poverty limits the
amount of resources a farmer can purchase to "improve" his or her
land and increase yields. Instead, soils are worked without rest in
order to produce food for people who already have too little to
eat.
[44] One way to deal with diminished food supplies or high prices
is through the ability to grow your own food. Over 70 percent of
the people living in sub-Saharan Africa are subsistence farmers,
but the amount of land available per person has been declining over
the last thirty years. While the concentration of land in the hands
of a few for export cropping plays an important role in this
problem, the primary problem is population growth in the region. As
population has grown, less arable land and food is available per
person. In 1970, Asia, Latin America, and Africa all had similar
population growth rates. Since then Asia has cut its rate of growth
by 25 percent, and Latin America has cut its rate by 20
percent.15 In
contrast, sub-Saharan Africa still has a very high population
growth rate, a high fertility rate, and an age structure where 44
percent of its population is under the age of fifteen. As a result,
the United Nations projects that the region's population will more
than double by 2050, even after taking into account the devastating
impact that AIDS will continue to have on many
countries.16
[45] Local food production will need to increase substantially in
the next few decades in order to meet the 133 percent projected
growth of the population in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, food aid
donations from donor countries only represent 1.1 percent of the
food supply. The region produces 83 percent of its own food and
imports the rest.17 Given the limited financial
resources of these nations, increasing imports is not a viable
strategy for the future. Instead, greater efforts must be made to
stimulate agricultural production within the region, particularly
among subsistence farmers. Unlike Asia, however, increased
production will not likely be achieved through the irrigation of
fields and the application of fertilizer. Most farmers in the
region are simply too poor to afford these expensive inputs.
Instead, the main effort has been to improve the least expensive
input: seeds.
[46] A great deal of public and private research is focused on
developing new crop varieties that are resistant to drought, pests,
and disease and are also hearty enough to thrive in poor
soils.18 While
the vast majority of this research utilizes traditional
plant-breeding methods, nations like Kenya and South Africa are
actively researching ways that the appropriate use of biotechnology
can also increase agricultural yields. These nations, and a growing
list of others, agree with a recent statement by the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization:
[47]…. It [genetic engineering] could lead to
higher yields on marginal lands in countries that today cannot grow
enough food to feed their people. 19
Agricultural Biotechnology
[48] The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
defines biotechnology as "any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for specific
use."20 The
modification of living organisms is not an entirely new
development, however. Human beings have been grafting branches onto
fruit trees and breeding animals for desired traits since the
advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago. Recent advances in the
fields of molecular biology and genetics, however, considerably
magnify the power of human beings to understand and transform
living organisms.
[49] The cells of every living thing contain genes that determine
the function and appearance of the organism. Each cell contains
thousands of genes. Remarkably, there is very little difference in
the estimated number of genes in plant cells (26,000) and human
cells (30,000). Within each cell, clusters of these genes are
grouped together in long chains called chromosomes. Working in
isolation or in combination, these genes and chromosomes determine
the appearance, composition, and functions of an organism. The
complete list of genes and chromosomes in a particular species is
called the genome.21
[50] Like their predecessors, plant breeders and other
agricultural scientists are making use of this rapidly growing body
of knowledge to manipulate the genetic composition of crops and
livestock, albeit with unprecedented powers. Since the case focuses
only on genetically modified crops, this commentary will examine
briefly the use in Africa of the five most common applications of
biotechnology to plant breeding through the use of tissue culture,
marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering, genomics, and
bioinformatics.22
[51] Tissue culture techniques enable researchers to develop whole
plants from a single cell, or a small cluster of cells. After
scientists isolate the cell of a plant that is disease-free or
particularly hearty, they then use cloning techniques to produce
large numbers of these plants in vitro, in a petri dish. When the
plants reach sufficient maturity in the laboratory, they are
transplanted into agricultural settings where farmers can enjoy the
benefits of crops that are more hearty or disease-free. In the
case, Josephine describes accurately Kenyan successes in this area
with regard to bananas and the plants that produce pyrethrum. This
attempt to micro-propagate crops via tissue cultures constitutes
approximately 52 percent of the activities in the 37 African
countries engaged in various forms of biotechnology
research.23
[52] Marker-assisted selection techniques enable researchers to
identify desirable genes in a plant's genome. The identification
and tracking of these genes speeds up the process of conventional
cross-breeding and reduces the number of unwanted genes that are
transferred. The effort to develop insect-resistant maize in Kenya
uses this technology to identify local varieties of maize that have
greater measures of natural resistance to insects and disease.
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Côte d'Ivoire are all
building laboratories to conduct this form of research.
24
[53] Genetic engineering involves the direct transfer of genetic
material between organisms. Whereas conventional crossbreeding
transfers genetic material in a more indirect and less efficient
manner through the traditional propagation of plants, genetic
engineering enables researchers to transfer specific genes directly
into the genome of a plant in vitro. Originally, scientists used
"gene guns" to shoot genetic material into cells. Increasingly,
researchers are using a naturally occurring plant pathogen,
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to transfer genes more successfully and
selectively into cells. Eventually, Josephine's father intends to
make use of this technology to "engineer" local varieties of maize
that will include a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a
naturally occurring bacterium that interferes with the digestive
systems of insects that chew or burrow into plants. Recent reports
from South Africa indicate thatsmallholder farmers who have planted
a Bt variety of cotton have experienced "great
success."25
[54] Genomics is the study of how all the genes in an organism
work individually or together to express various traits. The
interaction of multiple genes is highly complex and studies aimed
at discerning these relationships require significant computing
power. Bioinformatics moves this research a step further by taking
this genomic information and exploring the ways it may be relevant
to understanding the gene content and gene order of similar
organisms. For example, researchers recently announced that they
had successfully mapped the genomes of two different rice
varieties.26
This information will likely produce improvements in rice yields,
but researchers drawing on the new discipline of bioinformatics
will also explore similarities between rice and other cereal crops
that have not yet been mapped. Nations like Kenya, however, have
not yet engaged in these two forms of biotechnology research
because of the high cost associated with the required computing
capacity.
Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
[55] The first genetically modified organisms were
developed for industry and medicine, not agriculture. In 1972, a
researcher working for General Electric engineered a microbe that
fed upon spilled crude oil, transforming the oil into a more benign
substance. When a patent was applied for the organism, the case
made its way ultimately to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1980
ruled that a patent could be awarded for the modification of a
living organism. One year earlier, scientists had managed to splice
the gene that produces human growth hormone into a bacterium, thus
creating a new way to produce this vital hormone.27
[56] In 1994, Calgene introduced the Flavr-Savr tomato. It was the
first commercially produced, genetically modified food product.
Engineered to stay on the vine longer, develop more flavor, and
last longer on grocery shelves, consumers rejected the product not
primarily because it was genetically modified, but rather because
it was too expensive and did not taste any better than ordinary
tomatoes.28
[57] By 1996, the first generation of genetically modified (GM)
crops was approved for planting in six countries. These crops
included varieties of corn, soybeans, cotton, and canola that had
been engineered to resist pests or to tolerate some herbicides.
Virus resistance was also incorporated into some tomato, potato,
and tobacco varieties.
[58] Farmers in the United States quickly embraced these
genetically modified varieties because they reduced the cost of
pesticide and herbicide applications, and in some cases also
increased yields substantially. In 1996, 3.6 million acres were
planted in GM crops. By 2000 that number had grown to 75 million
acres and constituted 69 percent of the world's production of GM
crops.29
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 2002 spring
survey, 74 percent of the nation's soybeans, 71 percent of cotton,
and 32 percent of the corn crop were planted in genetically
engineered varieties, an increase of approximately 5 percent over
2001 levels.30
[59] Among other developed nations, Canada produced 7 percent of
the world's GM crops in 2000, though Australia, France, and Spain
also had plantings.31 In developing nations, crop
area planted in GM varieties grew by over 50 percent between 1999
and 2000.32
Argentina produced 23 percent of the global total in 2000, along
with China, South Africa, Mexico, and Uruguay.33
[60] In Kenya, no GM crops have been approved for commercial
planting, though the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
received government permission in 2001 to field test genetically
modified sweet potatoes that had been developed in cooperation with
Monsanto.34 In
addition, funding from the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable
Development is supporting research KARI is conducting in
partnership with the International Maize and Wheat and Improvement
Center (CIMYYT) to develop disease and insect-resistant varieties
of maize, including Bt maize.35 A similar funding
relationship with the Rockefeller Foundation is supporting research
to develop varieties of maize from a mutant type that is naturally
resistant to a herbicide thatis highly effective against Striga, a
weed that devastates much of Kenya's maize crop each
year.36 Striga
infests approximately 2040 million hectares of farmlandin
sub-Saharan Africa and reduces yields for an estimated 100 million
farmers by 20-80 percent.37
General Concerns about Genetically Modified (GM)
Crops
[61] The relatively sudden and significant growth of GM crops
around the world has raised various social, economic, and
environmental concerns. People in developed and developing
countries are concerned about threats these crops may pose to human
health and the environment. In addition, many fear that large
agribusiness corporations will gain even greater financial control
of agriculture and limit the options of small-scale farmers.
Finally, some are also raising theological questions about the
appropriateness of genetic engineering.
[62] Food Safety and Human Health. Some critics of GM foods in the
United States disagree with the government's stance that
genetically engineered food products are "substantially equivalent"
to foods derived from conventional plant breeding. Whereas
traditional plant breeders attempt to achieve expression of genetic
material within a species, genetic engineering enables researchers
to introduce genetic material from other species, families, or even
kingdoms. Because researchers can move genes from one life form
into any other, critics are concerned about creating novel
organisms that have no evolutionary history. Their concern is that
we do not know whatimpact these new products will have on human
health because they have never existed before.38
[63] Proponents of genetically engineered foods argue that genetic
modification is much more precise and less random than the methods
employed in traditional plant breeding. Whereas most genetically
engineered foods have involved the transfer of one or two genes
into the host, traditional crossbreeding results in the transfer of
thousands of genes. Proponents also note that GM crops have not
been proven to harm human health since they were approved for use
in 1996. Because the United States does not require the labeling of
genetically engineered foods, most consumers are not aware that
more than half of the products on most grocery store shelves are
made, at least in part, from products derived from GM crops. To
date, no serious human health problems have been attributed to GM
crops.39
Critics are not as sanguine about this brief track record and argue
that it is not possible to know the health effects of GM crops
because their related food products are not labeled.
[64] The potential allergenicity of genetically modified foods is
a concern that is shared by both critics and proponents of the
technology. It is possible that new genetic material may carry with
it substances that could trigger serious human allergic reactions.
Proponents, however, are more confident than critics that these
potential allergens can be identified in the testing process. As a
case in point, they note that researchers working for Pioneer Seeds
scuttled a project when they discovered that a genetically
engineered varietyof soybeans carried the gene that produces severe
allergic reactions associated with Brazil nuts.40 Critics, however, point to
the StarLink corn controversy as evidence of how potentially
dangerous products can easily slip into the human food supply.
Federal officials had only allowed StarLink corn to be used as an
animal feed because tests were inconclusive with regard to the
dangers it posed for human consumption. In September 2000, however,
StarLink corn was found first in a popular bran of taco shells and
later in other consumer goods. These findings prompted several
product recalls and cost Aventis, the producer of StarLink, over $1
billion.41
[65] More recently the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food
and Drug Administration levied a $250,000 fine against ProdiGene
Inc. for allowing genetically engineered corn to contaminate
approximately 500,000 bushels of soybeans. ProdiGene had
genetically engineered the corn to produce a protein that serves as
a pig vaccine. When the test crop failed, ProdiGene plowed under
the GM corn and planted food grade soybeans. When ProdiGene
harvested the soybeans federal inspectors discovered that some of
the genetically engineered corn had grown amidst the soybeans.
Under federal law, genetically engineered substances that have not
been approved for human consumption must be removed from the food
chain. The $250,000 fine helped to reimburse the federal government
for the cost of destroying the contaminated soybeans that were
fortunately all contained in a storage facility in Nebraska.
ProdiGenealso was required to post a $1 million bond in order to
pay for any similar problems in the future.42
[66] Another food safety issue involves the use of marker genes
that are resistant to certain antibiotics. The concern is that
these marker genes, which are transferred in almost all successful
genetic engineering projects, may stimulate the appearance of
bacteria resistant to common antibiotics.43 Proponents acknowledge that
concerns exist and are working on ways to either remove the marker
genes from the finished product, or to develop new and harmless
markers. Proponents also acknowledge that it may be necessary to
eliminate the first generation of antibiotic markers through
regulation.44
[67] Finally, critics also claim that genetic engineering may
lower the nutritional quality of some foods. For example, one
variety of GM soybeans has lowerlevels of isoflavones, which
researchers think may protect women from some forms of
cancer.45
Proponents of genetically modified foods, meanwhile, are busy
trumpeting the "second wave" of GM crops that actually increase the
nutritional value of various foods. For example, Swiss researchers
working in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation, have
produced "Golden Rice," a genetically engineered rice that is rich
in beta carotene and will help to combat Vitamin A deficiency in
the developing world.
[68] Biosafety and Environmental Harm. Moving from human health to
environmental safety, many critics of GM crops believe that this
use of agricultural biotechnology promotes an industrialized
approach to agriculture that has produced significant ecological
harm. Kelly summarizes these concerns well in the case. Crops that
have been genetically engineered to be resistant to certain types
of herbicide make it possible for farmers to continue to spray
these chemicals on their fields. In addition, GM crops allow
farmers to continue monocropping practices (planting huge tracts of
land in one crop variety), which actually exacerbate pest and
disease problems and diminish biodiversity. Just as widespread and
excessive use of herbicides led to resistant insects, critics argue
that insects eventually will become resistant to the second wave of
herbicides in GM crops. They believe that farmers need to be
turning to a more sustainable form of agriculture that utilizes
fewer chemicals and incorporates strip and inter-cropping
methodologies that diminish crop losses due to pests and
disease.46
[69] Proponents of GM crops are sympathetic to the monocropping
critique and agree that farmers need to adopt more sustainable
approaches to agriculture, but they argue that there is no reason
why GM crops cannot be incorporated in other planting schemes. In
addition, they suggest that biodiversity can be supported through
GM crops that are developed from varieties that thrive in
particular ecological niches. In contrast to the Green Revolution
where hybrids were taken from one part of the world and planted in
another, GM crops can be tailored to indigenous varieties that have
other desirable properties. On the herbicide front, proponents
argue that GM crops make it possible to use less toxic herbicides
than before, thus lowering the risks to consumers. They also point
to ecological benefits of the newest generation of herbicides which
degrade quickly when exposed to sunlight and do not build up in
groundwater.47
Critics, however, dispute these claims and point to evidence that
herbicides are toxic tonon-target species, harm soil fertility, and
also may have adverse effects on human health.48
[70] Just as critics are convinced that insects will develop
resistance to herbicides, so also are they certain that insects
will develop resistance to Bt crops. Terra makes this point in the
case. It is one thing to spray insecticides on crops at various
times during the growing season; it is another thing for insects to
be constantly exposed to Bt since it is expressed through every
cell in the plant, every hour of the day. While the GM crop will
have a devastating impact on most target insects, some will
eventually survive with a resistance to Bt. Proponents acknowledge
that this is a serious concern. As is the case with herbicides,
however, there are different variants of Bt that may continue to be
effective against partially resistant insects. In addition,
proponents note that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now
requires farmers planting Bt crops to plant refuges of non-Bt crops
so that exposed insects can mate with others that have not been
exposed, thus reducing the growth of Bt-resistant insects. These
refuges should equal 20 percent of the cropped area. Critics argue
that this percentage is too low and that regulations do not
sufficiently stipulate where these refuges should be in relation to
Bt crops.49
[71] Critics are also concerned about the impact Bt could have on
non-target species like helpful insects, birds, and bees. In May
1999, researchers at Cornell University published a study
suggesting that Bt pollen was leading to increased mortality among
monarch butterflies. This research ignited a firestorm of
controversy that prompted further studies by critics and proponents
of GM crops. One of the complicating factors is that an uncommon
variety of Bt corn was used in both the laboratory and field tests.
Produced by Novartis, the pollen from this type was 40-50 times
more potent than other Bt corn varieties, but it represented less
than 2 percent of the Bt corn crop in 2000. When other factors were
taken into account, proponents concluded that monarch butterflies
have a much greater chance of being harmed through the application
of conventional insecticides than they do through exposure to Bt
corn pollen. Critics, however, point to other studies that indicate
Bt can adversely harm beneficial insect predators and compromise
soil fertility.50
[72] Both critics and proponents are concerned about unintended
gene flow between GM crops and related plants in the wild. In many
cases it is possible for genes, including transplanted genes, to be
spread through the normal cross-pollination of plants. Whether
assisted by the wind or pollen-carrying insects,
cross-fertilization could result in the creation of
herbicide-resistant superweeds. Proponents of GM crops acknowledge
that this could happen, but they note that the weed would only be
resistant to one type of herbicide, not the many others that are
available to farmers. As a result, they argue that
herbicide-resistant superweeds could be controlled and eliminated
over a period of time. Critics are also concerned, however, that
undesired gene flow could "contaminate" the genetic integrity of
organic crops or indigenous varieties. This would be devastating to
organic farmers who trade on their guarantee to consumers that
organic produce has not been genetically engineered. Proponents
argue that this legitimate concern could be remedied with
relatively simple regulations or guidelines governing the location
of organic and genetically engineered crops. Similarly, they argue
that care must be taken to avoid the spread of genes into
unmodified varieties of the crop.51
[73] Agribusiness and Economic Justice. Shifting to another arena
of concern, many critics fear that GM crops will further expand the
gap between the rich and the poor in both developed and developing
countries. Clearly the first generation of GM crops has been
profit-driven rather than need-based. Crops that are
herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant have been developed for and
marketed to relatively wealthy, large-scale, industrial
farmers.52 To
date, the benefits from these crops have largely accrued to these
large producers and not to small subsistence farmers or even
consumers. Proponents, however, argue that agricultural
biotechnologies are scale-neutral. Because the technology is in the
seed, expensive and time-consuming inputs are not required. As a
result, small farmers can experience the same benefits as large
farmers. In addition, proponents point to the emerging role public
sector institutions are playing in bringing the benefits of
agricultural biotechnology to developing countries. Partnerships
like those described above between KARI, CIMMYT, and various
governmental and non-governmental funding sources indicate that the
next generation of GM crops should have more direct benefits for
subsistence farmers and consumers in developing nations.
[74] While these partnerships in the public sector are developing,
there is no doubt that major biotech corporations like Monsanto
have grown more powerful as a result of the consolidation that has
taken place in the seed and chemical industries. For example, in
1998, Monsanto purchased DeKalb Genetics Corporation, the second
largest seed corn company in the United States. One year later,
Monsanto merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn, a major pharmaceutical
conglomerate. A similar merger took place between Dow Chemical
Corporation and Pioneer Seeds.53 The result of this
consolidation is the vertical integration of the seed and chemical
industries. Today, a company like Monsanto not only sells chemical
herbicides; it also sells seed for crops that have been genetically
engineered to be resistant to the herbicide. In addition, Monsanto
requires farmers to sign a contract that prohibits them from
cleaning and storing a portion of their GM crop to use as seed for
the following year. All of these factors lead critics to fear that
the only ones who will benefit from GM crops are rich corporations
and wealthy farmers who can afford to pay these fees. Critics in
developing nations are particularly concerned about the prohibition
against keeping a portion of this year's harvest as seed stock for
the next. They see this as a means of making farmers in developing
nations dependent upon expensive seed they need to purchase from
powerful agribusiness corporations.54
[75] Proponents acknowledge these concerns but claim that there is
nothing about them that is unique to GM crops. Every form of
technology has a price, and that cost will always be easier to bear
if one has a greater measure of wealth. They note, however, that
farmers throughout the United States have seen the financial wisdom
in planting GM crops and they see no reason why farmers in
developing nations would not reach the same conclusion if the
circumstances warrant. Proponents also note that subsistence
farmers in developing nations will increasingly have access to free
or inexpensive GM seed that has been produced through partnerships
in the public sector. They also tend to shrug off the prohibition
regarding seed storage because this practice has been largely
abandoned in developed nations that grow primarily hybrid crop
varieties. Harvested hybrid seed can be stored for later planting,
but it is not as productive as the original seed that was purchased
from a dealer. As farmers invest in mechanized agriculture, GM seed
becomes just another cost variable that has to be considered in the
business called agriculture. Critics, however, bemoan the loss of
family farms that has followed the mechanization of
agriculture.
[76] The seed storage issue reflects broader concerns about the
ownership of genetic material. For example, some developing nations
have accused major biotech corporations of committing genetic
"piracy." They claim that employees of these corporations have
collected genetic material in these countries without permission
and then have ferried them back to laboratories in the United
States and Europe where they have been studied, genetically
modified, and patented. In response to these and other concerns
related to intellectual property rights, an international
Convention on Biological Diversity was negotiated in 1992. The
convention legally guarantees that all nations, including
developing countries, have full legal control of "indigenous
germplasm."55
It also enables developing countries to seek remuneration for
commercial products derived from the nation's genetic resources.
Proponents of GM crops affirm the legal protections that the
convention affords developing nations and note that the development
of GM crops has flourished in the United States because of the
strong legal framework that protects intellectual property rights.
At the same time, proponents acknowledge that the payment of
royalties related to these rights or patents can drive up the cost
of GM crops and thus slow down the speed by which this technology
can come to the assistance of subsistence farmers.56
[77] Theological Concerns. In addition to the economic and legal
issues related to patenting genetic information and owning novel
forms of life, some are also raising theological questions about
genetic engineering. One set of concerns revolves around the
commodification of life. Critics suggest that it is not appropriate
for human beings to assert ownership over living organisms and the
processes of life that God has created. This concern has reached a
fever pitch in recent years during debates surrounding cloning
research and the therapeutic potential of human stem cells derived
from embryonic tissue. For many, the sanctity of human life is at
stake. Fears abound that parents will seek to "design" their
children through genetic modification, or that embryonic tissue
will be used as a "factory" to produce "spare parts."
[78] While this debate has raged primarily in the field of medical
research, some critics of GM crops offer similar arguments. In the
case, Karen gives voice to one of these concerns when she suggests
that we need to stop viewing nature as a machine that can be taken
apart and reassembled in other ways. Ecofeminist philosophers and
theologians argue that such a mechanistic mindset allows human
beings to objectify and, therefore, dominate nature in the same way
that women and slaves have been objectified and oppressed. Some
proponents of genetic engineering acknowledge this danger but argue
that the science and techniques of agricultural biotechnology can
increase respect for nature rather than diminish it. As human
beings learn more about the genetic foundations of life, it becomes
clearer how all forms of life are interconnected. For proponents of
GM crops, agricultural biotechnology is just a neutral means that
can be put to the service of either good or ill ends. Critics,
however, warn that those with power always use technologies to
protect their privilege and increase their control.
[79] Another set of theological concerns revolves around the
argument that genetic engineering is "unnatural" because it
transfers genetic material across species boundaries in ways that
do not occur in nature. Researchers are revealing, however, that
"lower" organisms like bacteria do not have the same genetic
stability as "higher" organisms that have evolved very slowly over
time. In bacteria, change often occurs by the spontaneous transfer
of genes from one bacterium to another of a different
species.57
Thus, specie boundaries may not be as fixed as has been previously
thought. Another example can be found in the Pacific Yew tree that
produces taxol, a chemical that is useful in fighting breast
cancer. Recently, researchers discovered that a fungus that often
grows on Yew trees also produces the chemical. Apparently the
fungus gained this ability through a natural transfer of genes
across species and even genera boundaries from the tree to the
fungus.58
[80] Appeals to "natural" foods also run into problems when closer
scrutiny is brought to bear on the history of modern crops. For
example, the vast majority of the grain that is harvested in the
world is the product of modern hybrids. These hybrid crops consist
of varieties that could not cross-breed without human assistance.
In fact, traditional plant breeders have used a variety of
high-tech means to develop these hybrids, including exposure to
low-level radiation and various chemicals in order to generate
desired mutations. After the desired traits are achieved, cloning
techniques have been utilized to develop the plant material and to
bring the new product to markets. None of this could have occurred
"naturally," if by that one means without human intervention, and
yet the products of this work are growing in virtually every farm
field. Given the long history of human intervention in nature via
agriculture, it is hard to draw a clear line between what
constitutes natural and unnatural food.59
[81] This leads to a third, related area of theological concern:
With what authority, and to what extent, should human beings
intervene in the world that God has made? It is clear from Genesis
2 that Adam, the first human creature, is given the task of tending
and keeping the Garden of Eden which God has created. In addition,
Adam is allowed to name the animals that God has made. Does that
mean that human beings should see their role primarily as passive
stewards or caretakers of God's creation? In Genesis 1, human
beings are created in the image of God (imago dei) and are told to
subdue the earth and have dominion over it. Does this mean that
human beings, like God, are also creators of life and have been
given the intelligence to use this gift wisely in the exercise of
human dominion?
[82] Answers to these two questions hinge on what it means to be
created in the image of God. Some argue that human beings are
substantially like God in the sense that we possess qualities we
ascribe to the divine, like the capacity for rational thought,
moral action, or creative activity. These distinctive features
confer a greater degree of sanctity to human life and set us apart
from other creatures-if not above them. Others argue that creation
in the image of God has less to do with being substantially
different from other forms of life, and more to do with the
relationality of God to creation. In contrast to substantialist
views which often set human beings above other creatures, the
relational conception of being created in the image of God seeks to
set humanity in a proper relationship of service and devotion to
other creatures and to God. Modeled after the patterns of
relationship exemplified in Christ, human relationships to nature
are to be characterized by sacrificial love and earthly
service.60
[83] It is not necessary to choose between one of these two
conceptions of what it means to be created in the image of God, but
it is important to see how they function in current debates
surrounding genetic engineering. Proponents of genetic engineering
draw on the substantialist conception when they describe the
technology as simply an outgrowth of the capacities for
intelligence and creativity with which God has endowed human
beings. At the same time, critics draw upon the same substantialist
tradition to protect the sanctity of human life from genetic
manipulation. More attention, however, needs to be given to the
relevance of the relational tradition to debates surrounding
genetic engineering. Is it possible that human beings could wield
this tool not as a means to garner wealth or wield power over
others, but rather as a means to improve the lives of others? Is it
possible to use genetic engineering to feed the hungry, heal the
sick, and otherwise to redeem a broken world? Certainly many
proponents of genetic engineering in the non-profit sector believe
this very strongly.
[84] Finally, another theological issue related to genetic
engineering has to do with the ignorance of human beings as well as
the power of sin and evil. Many critics of genetic engineering
believe that all sorts of mischief and harm could result from the
misuse of this new and powerful technology. In the medical arena,
some forecast an inevitable slide down a slippery slope into a
moral morass where human dignity is assaulted on all sides. In
agriculture, many fear that human ignorance could produce
catastrophic ecological problems as human beings design and release
into the "wild" novel organisms that have no evolutionary
history.
[85] There is no doubt that human technological inventions have
been used intentionally to perpetrate great evil in the world,
particularly in the last century. It is also abundantly clear that
human foresight has not anticipated enormous problems associated,
for example, with the introduction of exotic species in foreign
lands or the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. The question,
however, is whether human beings can learn from these mistakes and
organize their societies so that these dangers are lessened and
problems are averted. Certainly most democratic societies have been
able to regulate various technologies so that harm has been
minimized and good has been produced. Is there reason to believe
that the same cannot be done with regard to genetic
engineering?
Specific Ethical Questions
[86] Beyond this review of general concerns about GM crops and
genetic engineering are specific ethical questions raised by the
case. These questions are organized around the four ecojustice
norms that have been discussed in this volume.
[87] Sufficiency. At the heart of this case is the growing problem
of hunger in sub-Saharan Africa. It is clear that many people in
this region simply do not have enough to eat. In the case, however,
Kelly suggests that the world produces enough food to provide
everyone with an adequate diet. Is she right?
[88] As noted earlier, studies by the International Food Policy
and Research Institute indicate that the world does produce enough
food to provide everyone in the world with a modest diet. Moreover,
the Institute projects that global food production should keep pace
with population growth between 2000-2020. So, technically, Kelly is
right. Currently, there is enough food for everyone-so long as
people would be satisfied by a simple vegetarian diet with very
little meat consumption. The reality, however, is that meat
consumption is on the rise around the world, particularly among
people in developing nations that have subsisted primarily on
vegetarian diets that often lack protein.61 Thus, while it appears that
a balanced vegetarian diet for all might be possible, and even
desirable from a health standpoint, it is not a very realistic
possibility. In addition, Adam raises a series of persuasive
arguments that further challenge Kelly's claim that food just needs
to be distributed better. At a time when donor nations only supply
1.1 percent of the food in sub-Saharan Africa, it is very
unrealistic to think that existing distribution systems could be
"ramped up" to provide the region with the food it needs.
[89] Does that mean, however, that GM crops represent a "magic
bullet" when it comes to increasing food supplies in the region?
Will GM crops end hunger in sub-Saharan Africa? It is important to
note that neither Adam nor Josephine make this claim in the case;
Kelly does. Instead, Adam argues that GM crops should be part of a
"mix" of agricultural strategies that will be employed to increase
food production and reduce hunger in the region. When stem-borers
and Striga decimate up to 60 percent of the annual maize harvest,
herbicide- and insect-resistant varieties could significantly
increase the food supply. One of the problems not mentioned in the
case, however, is that maize production is also very taxing on
soils. This could be remedied, to some extent, by rotating maize
with nitrogen-fixing, leguminous crops.
[90] In the end, the primary drain on soil fertility is the heavy
pressure which population growth puts on agricultural production.
Until population growth declines to levels similar to those in Asia
or Latin America, food insecurity will persist in sub-Saharan
Africa. One of the keys to achieving this goal is reducing the rate
of infant and child mortality. When so many children die in
childhood due to poor diets, parents continue to have several
children with the hope that some will survive to care for them in
their old age. When more children survive childhood, fertility
rates decline. Thus, one of the keys to reducing population growth
is increasing food security for children. Other keys include
reducing maternal mortality, increasing access to a full range of
reproductive health services including modern means of family
planning, increasing educational and literacy levels, and removing
various cultural and legal barriers that constrain the choices of
women and girl children.
[91] A third question raised by the sufficiency norm has to do with
the dangers GM crops might pose to human health. Does Kenya have
adequate policies and institutions in place to test GM crops and
protect the health of its citizens? The short answer to this
question is no. While the nation does have a rather substantial set
of biosafety regulations, government officials have not developed
similar public health regulations. One of the reasons for this is
because Kenya is still in the research stage and does not yet have
any GM crops growing in its fields. Thus, regulations have not yet
been developed because there are no GM food products available for
consumers. Nevertheless, even when products like GM sweet potatoes
or maize do become available, it is likely that Kenya may still not
develop highly restrictive public health regulations. This is
because the Ministry of Health faces what it perceives to be much
more immediate threats to public health from large-scale outbreaks
of malaria, polio, and HIV-AIDS. The potential allergenicity of GM
crops pales in comparison to the real devastation wrought by these
diseases. In addition, it is likely that officials will continue to
focus on more mundane problems that contaminate food products like
inadequate refrigeration or the unsanitary storage and preparation
of food. 62In
the end, people who are hungry tend to assess food safety risks
differently from those who are well fed. Hassan Adamu, Minister of
Agriculture in Nigeria, summarizes this position well in the
following excerpt from an op-ed piece published in The Washington
We do not want to be denied this technology [agricultural
biotechnology] because of a misguided notion that we do not
understand the dangers and future consequences. We
understand…. that they
have the right to impose their values on us. The harsh reality is
that, without the help of agricultural biotechnology, many will not
live.63
[92] Despite Adamu's passionate plea, other leaders in Africa are
not as supportive of genetically modified crops. During the food
emergency that brought over 30 million people in sub-Saharan Africa
to the brink of starvation in 2002, President Levy Mwanawasa of
Zambia rejected a shipment of genetically modified food aid
furnished by the U.N. World Food Programme. Drawing on a report
produced by a team of Zambian scientists, and appealing to the
precautionaryprinciple, Mwanawasa said, "We will rather starve than
give something toxic [to our citizens.]"64 In addition to concerns
about the impact that GM food may have on human health, Mwanawasa
also expressed concern that the GM maize might contaminate Zambia's
local maize production in the future. Given Josephine's ardent
support for agricultural biotechnology in the case, it is important
to note that not all Africans share her confidence about the
benefits of GM crops.
[93] Sustainability. If, however, Kenyans downplay the dangers
posed to human beings by GM crops, how likely is it that the nation
will develop policies and regulatory bodies to address biosafety
and protect the environment?
[94] In fact, Kenya does have serious biosafety policies on the
books. Prompted by the work that Florence Wambugu did on GM sweet
potatoes in collaboration with Monsanto in the early 1990s, these
policies were developed with substantial financial assistance
furnished by the government of the Netherlands, the World Bank, the
U.S. Agency for International Development, and the United Nations
Environment Programme. The Regulations and Guidelines for Biosafety
in Biotechnology in Kenya establish laboratory standards and other
containment safeguards for the handling of genetically modified
organisms. In addition, the regulatory document applies more
rigorous biosafety standards to GM crops than it does to crops that
have not been genetically modified. In general, Kenya's extensive
regulations reflect a very cautious approach to GM
products.65
[95] The problem, however, is that although Kenya has a strong
biosafety policy on paper, the administrative means to implement
and enforce the policy are weak. The National Biosafety Committee
(NBC) was established in 1996 to govern the importation, testing,
and commercial release of genetically modified organisms, but
limited resources have hampered its effectiveness. In 2001, the NBC
employed only one full-time staff person and had to borrow funds to
do its work from Kenya's National Council for Science and
Technology.66
One of the consequences of this inadequate regulatory capacity has
been a delay in conducting field tests on Wambugu's GM sweet
potatoes. Clearly much progress needs to be achieved on this front
before such tests take place on varieties of maize that have been
genetically modified to be insect- or herbicide-resistant. It is
important to note, however, that KARI and CIMMYT are both well
aware of the biosafety dangers related to the development of these
GM crops and are engaged in studies todetermine, for example, the
appropriate size and placement of refuges for Bt varieties of
maize.67
Because much of KARI's work is supported by grants from foreign
donors, necessary biosafety research will be conducted and made
available to the NBC. The problem is that the NBC currently lacks
the resources to make timely decisions after it receives the
data.
[96] Another concern in the case has to do with the ecological
consequences of industrial agriculture. Karen disagrees with Tom's
glowing account of the Green Revolution. While it produced food to
feed more than two billion people during the latter half of the
20th century, it did so only by exacting a heavy ecological
toll.68 It also
had a major impact on the distribution of wealth and income in
developing nations. As a result, Karen is concerned about Tom's
view that GM crops could have a tremendous impact on increasing
food supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Karen fears that GM crops in
Kenya may open the floodgates to industrial agriculture and create
more problems than it solves.
[97] The question, however, is whether this is likely to happen.
With the significant poverty and the small landholdings of the over
70 percent of Kenyans who are subsistence farmers, it is hard to
see how the ecologically damaging practices of the Green Revolution
could have a significant impact in the near future. The cost of
fertilizers, herbicides, or irrigation put these practices out of
reach for most farmers in Kenya. If anything, most of the
ecological degradation of Kenya's agricultural land is due to
intensive cropping and stressed soils. Yield increases from GM
crops might relieve some of this pressure, although much relief is
not likely since food production needs to increase in order to meet
demand.
[98] This raises a third question related to the sustainability
norm. Can organic farming methods achieve the same results as GM
crops? Certainly Kelly believes that this is the case, and there is
some research to support her view. On the Striga front, some
farmers in East Africa have suppressed the weed by planting
leguminous tree crops during the dry season from February to April.
Since Striga is most voracious in fields that have been
consistently planted in maize and thus have depleted soil, the
nitrogen-fixing trees help to replenish the soil in their brief
three months of life before they are pulled up prior to maize
planting. Farmers report reducing Striga infestations by over 90
percent with this method of weed control. A bonus is that
theuprooted, young trees provide a nutritious feed for those
farmers who also have some livestock.69
[99] A similar organic strategy has been employed in Kenya to
combat stem-borers. In this "push-pull" approach, silver leaf
desmodium and molasses grass are grown amidst the maize. These
plants have properties that repel stem-borers toward the edges of
the field where other plants like Napier grass and Sudan grass
attract the bugs and then trap their larvae in sticky substances
produced by the plants. When this method is employed, farmers have
been able to reduce losses to stemborers from 40 percent to less
than 5 percent. In addition, silver leaf desmodium helps to combat
Striga infestation, thus further raising yields.70
[100] Results like these indicate that agroecological methods
associated with organic farming may offer a less expensive and more
sustainable approach to insect and pest control than those achieved
through the expensive development of GM crops and the purchase of
their seed. Agroecology utilizes ecological principles to design
and manage sustainable and resource-conserving agricultural
systems. It draws upon indigenous knowledge and resources to
develop farming strategies that rely on biodiversity and the
synergy among crops, animals, and soils.71 More research in this area
is definitely justified.
[101] It is not clear, however, that agroecological farming
techniques and GM crops need to be viewed as opposing or exclusive
alternatives. Some researchers argue that these organic techniques
are not as effective in different ecological niches in East Africa.
Nor, in some areas, do farmers feel they have the luxury to fallow
their fields during the dry season.72 In these contexts, GM crops
might be able to raise yields where they are desperately needed. It
is also not likely that the seeds for these crops will be very
expensive since they are being produced through research in the
public and non-profit sectors. Still, it is certainly the case that
more serious ecological problems could result from the use of GM
crops in Kenya, and even though donors are currently footing the
bill for most of the research, agricultural biotechnology requires
a more substantial financial investment than agroecological
approaches.
[102] Participation. The source of funding for GM crop research in
Kenya raises an important question related to the participation
norm. Are biotechnology and GM crops being forced on the people of
Kenya?
[103] Given the history of colonialism in Africa, this question is
not unreasonable, but in this case it would not appear warranted.
Kenya's Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) began experimenting
with tissue culture and micropropagation in the 1980s. A few years
later, one of KARI's researchers, Florence Wambugu, was awarded a
three-year post-doctoral fellowship by the U.S. Agency for
International Development to study how sweet potatoes could be
genetically modified to be resistant to feathery mottle virus. Even
though this research was conducted in Monsanto's laboratory
facilities, and the company provided substantial assistance to the
project long after Wambugu's fellowship ended, it is clearly the
case that this groundbreaking work in GM crop research was
initiated by a Kenyan to benefit the people of her
country.73 In
addition, the funding for GM crop research in Kenya has come almost
entirely through public sector institutions rather than private
corporate sources. Even the Novartis funds that support the
insect-resistant maize project are being provided from a foundation
for sustainable development that is legally and financially
separate from the Novartis Corporation. Thus, it does not appear
that transnational biotechnology corporations are manipulating
Kenya, but it is true that the country's openness to biotechnology
and GM crops may open doors to the sale of privately-developed GM
products in the future.
[104] Josephine, however, might turn the colonialism argument
around and apply it to Greenpeace's campaign to ban GM crops.
Specifically, Greenpeace International urges people around the
world to "write to your local and national politicians demanding
that your government ban the growing of genetically engineered
crops in your country."74 Though Josephine does not
pose the question, is this well-intentioned effort to protect the
environment and the health of human beings a form of paternalism or
neocolonialism? Does the Greenpeace campaign exert undue pressure
on the people of Kenya and perhaps provoke a lack of confidence in
Kenyan authorities, or does it merely urge Kenyans to use the
democratic powers at their disposal to express their concerns? It
is not clear how these questions should be answered, but the
participation norm requires reflection about them.
[105] The concern about paternalism also arises with regard to a
set of questions about appropriate technology. Are GM crops an
"appropriate" agricultural technology for the people of Kenya?
Genetic engineering and other forms of agricultural biotechnology
are very sophisticated and expensive. Is such a "high-tech"
approach to agriculture "appropriate" given the status of a
developing nation like Kenya? Is it realistic to expect that
undereducated and impoverished subsistence farmers will have the
capacities and the resources to properly manage GM crops, for
example through the appropriate use of refuges?
[106] In the case, Josephine responds aggressively to concerns
like these when she overhears Terra's conversation with Tom. She
asserts that Kenya will do what it takes to educate farmers about
the proper use of GM crops, and it is true that KARI is designing
farmer-training strategies as a part of the insect-resistant maize
project.75
Compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya has very
high rates of adult literacy. In 2000, 89 percent of men and 76
percent of women were literate. At the same time, only 26 percent
of boys and 22 percent of girls are enrolled in secondary
education.76
Thus, while literacy is high, the level of education is low. The
hunger and poverty among many Kenyans, however, may be the most
significant impediment to the responsible use of GM crops. In a
situation where hunger is on the rise, how likely is it that
subsistence farmers will plant 20 percent of their fields in non-Bt
maize if they see that the Bt varieties are producing substantially
higher yields?
[107] This is a fair question. The norm of participation supports
people making decisions that affect their lives, but in this case
the immediate threat of hunger and malnutrition may limit the range
of their choices. At the same time, GM crops have the potential to
significantly reduce the amount of time that women and children
spend weeding, picking bugs off of plants, and scaring birds away.
Organic farming methods would require even larger investments of
time. This is time children could use to attend more school or that
women could use to increase their literacy or to engage in other
activities that might increase family income and confer a slightly
greater degree of security and independence. Aspects of the
participation norm cut both ways.
[108] Solidarity. Among other things, the ecojustice norm of
solidarity is concerned about the equitable distribution of the
burdens and benefits associated with GM crops. If problems emerge
in Kenya, who will bear the costs? If GM crops are finally approved
for planting, who will receive most of the benefits?
[109] Thus far, critics argue that the benefits of GM crops in
developed nations have accrued only to biotech corporations through
higher sales and to large-scale farmers through lower production
costs. Moreover, critics claim that the dangers GM crops pose to
human health and biosafety are dumped on consumers who do not fully
understand the risks associated with GM crops and the food products
that are derived from them. It is not clear that the same could be
said for the production of GM crops in Kenya where these crops are
being developed through partnerships in the non-profit and public
sectors. Researchers expect to make these products available at
little cost to farmers and few corporations will earn much money
off the sale of these seeds. Thus, the benefits from GM crops
should accrue to a larger percentage of people in Kenya because 70
percent of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture.
Like developed nations, however, food safety problems could affect
all consumers and a case could be made that this would be more
severe in a nation like Kenya where it would be very difficult to
adequately label GM crop products that often move directly from the
field to the dinner table.
[110] Another aspect of solidarity involves supporting others in
their struggles. Josephine does not explicitly appeal to this norm
in the case, but some members of the Hunger Concerns group are
probably wondering whether they should just support Josephine's
proposal as a way to show respect to her and to the
self-determination of the Kenyan people. There is much to commend
this stance and, ultimately, it might be ethically preferable. One
of the dangers, however, is that Josephine's colleagues may squelch
their moral qualms and simply "pass the buck" ethically to the
Kenyans. Karen seems close to making this decision, despite her
serious social, ecological, and theological concerns about GM
crops. Friendship requires support and respect, but it also thrives
on honesty.
Conclusion
[111] Tom and Karen face a difficult choice, as do the other
members of the Hunger Concerns group. Next week they will have to
decide if the group should join the Greenpeace campaign to ban GM
crops or whether it wants to submit an article for the campus
newspaper supporting the responsible use of GM crops to bolster
food security in Kenya. While convenient, skipping the meeting
would just dodge the ethical issues at stake. As students consider
these alternatives and others, the goods associated with solidarity
need to be put into dialogue with the harms to ecological
sustainability and human health that could result from the
development of GM crops in Kenya. Similarly, these potential harms
also need to be weighed against the real harms that are the result
of an insufficient food supply. The problem of hunger in
sub-Saharan Africa is only getting worse, not better.
© Orbis Books
Printed by permission.
© December 2003
Journal of Lutheran Ethics (JLE)
Volume 3, Issue 12
1 Florence Wambugu, Modifying Africa: How biotechnology
can benefit the poor and hungry; a case study from Kenya (Nairobi,
Kenya, 2001), pp. 22-44.
2 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest:
Biotechnology, Breeding and Seed Systems for African Crops (New
York: CABI Publishing, 2001), p. 103.
3 Ibid., p. 101.
4 Susan Mabonga, "Centre finds new way to curb weed,"
Biosafety News, (Nairobi), No. 28, January 2002, pp. 1, 3.
5 Klaus M. Leisinger, et al., Six Billion and Counting:
Population and Food Security in the 21st Century (Washington, DC:
International Food Policy Research Institute, 2002), pp. 4-6. I am
indebted to Todd Benson, an old friend and staff member at the
International Food Policy Research Institute, for better
understanding issues related to food security in sub-Saharan
Africa.
6 Ibid, p. 57.
7 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds of
Contention: World Hunger and the Global Controversy over GM Crops
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 61.
8 Klaus M. Leisinger, et al., Six Billion and Counting, p.
8.
9 Ibid, p. x. Globally, the World Bank estimates that 1.3
billion people are trying to survive on $1 a day. Another two
billion people are trying to get by on only $2 a day. Half of the
world's population is trying to live on $2 a day or less.
10 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest:
Biotechnology, Breeding and Seed Systems for African Crops (New
York: CABI Publishing, 2001), pp. 30-31.
11 The World Bank Group, "Kenya at a Glance," accessed
on-line April 9, 2002:.
12 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest, p.
29. See also, Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, pp. 59-67. I am indebted to Gary Toenniessen at the
Rockefeller Foundation for his wise counsel as I began to research
ethical implications of genetically modified crops in sub-Saharan
Africa.
13 Population Reference Bureau, 2001 World Population Data
Sheet, book edition (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau,
2001), pp. 3-4. I am indebted to Dick Hoehn at Bread for the World
Institute for helping me better understand the root causes of
hunger in sub-Saharan Africa.
14 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, pp. 106-107.
15 Ibid.
16 Population Reference Bureau, 2001 World Population Data
Sheet, p. 2.
17 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest, p.
33.
18 Ibid, p. 7, 21.
19 Food and Agriculture Organization, Statement on
Biotechnology, accessed on-line April 9, 2002:.
20 United Nations Environment Programme, Secretariat of
the Convention on Biological Diversity, accessed on-line April 9,
2002:.
21 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, p. 33.
22 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest,
pp. 59-66.
23 Ibid, p. 67.
24 International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center
and The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Annual Report 2000:
Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) Project,, IRMA Project
Document, No. 4, September 2001, pp. 1-12.
25 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest, p.
65.
26 Nicholas Wade, "Experts Say They Have Key to Rice
Genes," The New York Times, accessed on-line April 5, 2002: (registration
required).
27 Daniel Charles, Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big
Money, and the Future of Food (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing,
2001), p. 10
28 Ibid, p. 139.
29 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Marc J. Cohen, "Rich and Poor
Country Perspectives on Biotechnology," in The Future of Food:
Biotechnology Markets and Policies in an International Setting, P.
Pardey, ed., (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research
Institute, 2001), pp. 34-35. See also, Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at
the New Gene Café: How Genetic Engineering is Changing What
We Eat, How We Live, and the Global Politics of Food (New York: St,
Martin's Press, 2001), p. 7.
30 Philip Brasher, "American Farmers Planting More Biotech
Crops This Year Despite International Resistance," accessed on line
March 29, 2002:.
31 Robert L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution:
Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries (Baltimore: The
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 3.
32 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Marc J. Cohen, "Rich and Poor
Country Perspectives on Biotechnology," in The Future of Food, p.
34.
33 Robert L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution, p.
3.
34 J. DeVries and G. Toenniessen, Securing the Harvest, p.
68. I am indebted to Jill Montgomery, director of Technology
Cooperation at Monsanto, for better understanding how Monsanto has
assisted biotechnology research and subsistence agriculture in
Kenya.
35 International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center
and The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Annual Report 2000:
Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) Project, pp. 1-12.
36 Susan Mabonga, "Centre finds new way to curb weed,"
Biosafety News, (Nairobi), No. 28, January 2002, pgs. 1, 3.
37 Debbie Weiss, "New Witchweed-fighting method, developed
by CIMMYT and Weismann Institute, to become public in July," Today
in AgBioView, July 10, 2002, accessed on line July 12, 2002:.
38 Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic Engineering in Agriculture:
The Myths, Environmental Risks, and Alternatives (Oakland, CA: Food
First/Institute for Food and Development Policy, 2001), pp. 16-17.
Concerns about the dangers GM crops could pose to human and
ecological health lead many critics to invoke the "precautionary
principle" in their arguments. For more information about this
important concept, see sections of the case and commentary for the
preceding case, "Chlorine Sunrise?"
39 Daniel Charles, Lords of the Harvest, pp. 303-304.
40 Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at the New Gene Café, pp.
46-47.
41 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, p. 90.
42 Environmental News Service, "ProdiGene Fined for
Biotechnology Blunders," accessed on-line December 10, 2002:.
43 Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic Engineering in Agriculture,
p. 19.
44 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, p. 140-141.
45 Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic Engineering in Agriculture,
p. 19.
46 Ibid, p. 20.
47 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, p. 44-45.
48 Miguel A. Altieri, i>Genetic Engineering in
Agriculture, pp. 22-23.
49 See Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler,
Seeds of Contention, p. 45-46 and Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic
Engineering in Agriculture, pp. 26-29.
50 See Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler,
Seeds of Contention, p. 47-49 and Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic
Engineering in Agriculture, pp. 29-31. See also Daniel Charles,
Lords of the Harvest, pp. 247-248; Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at the
New Gene Café, pp. 78-82; and Alan McHughen, Pandora's
Picnic Basket: The Potential and Hazards of Genetically Modified
Foods (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 190.
51 See Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler,
Seeds of Contention, p. 49-50 and Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic
Engineering in Agriculture, pp. 23-25. Controversy erupted in 2002
after the prestigious scientific journal, Nature, published a study
by scientists claiming that gene flow had occurred between GM maize
and indigenous varieties of maize in Mexico. Since Mexico is the
birthplace of maize, this study ignited alarm and produced a
backlash against GM crops. In the spring of 2002, however, Nature
announced that it should not have published the study because the
study's methodology was flawed. See Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Journal
Raises Doubts on Biotech Study," The New York Times, April 5, 2002,
accessed on-line April 5, 2002: (registration
required).05CORN.html
52 Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic Engineering in Agriculture,
p. 4.
53 Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at the New Gene Café, pp.
113-123.
54 Opposition reached a fevered pitch when the Delta and
Pine Land Company announced that they had developed a "technology
protection system" that would render seeds sterile. The company
pointed out that this would end concerns about the creation of
superweeds through undesired gene flow, but opponents dubbed the
technology as "the terminator" and viewed it as a diabolical means
to make farmers entirely dependent on seed companies for their most
valuable input, seed. When Monsanto considered purchasing Delta and
Pine Land in 1999, Monsanto bowed to public pressure and declared
that it would not market the new seed technology if it acquired the
company. In the end, it did not. See Bill Lambrecht, Dinner at the
New Gene Café, pp. 113-123.
55 Robert L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution, pp.
16-17.
56 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, pp. 123-126.
57 Ibid, pp. 33-34.
58 Richard Manning, Food's Frontier: The Next Green
Revolution (New York: North Point Press, 2000), p. 195.
59 Ibid, 194. See also, Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe
Schiøler, Seeds of Contention, pp. 80-81.
60 See Douglas John Hall, Imaging God: Dominion as
Stewardship (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1986), pp.
89-116; and The Steward: A Biblical Symbol Come of Age (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1990).
61 Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schiøler, Seeds
of Contention, pp. 73-75.
62 Robert L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution, pp.
58-59.
63 Hassan Adamu, "We'll feed our people as we see fit,"
The Washington Post, (September 11, 2000), p. A23; cited by Per
Pinstrup-Andersen and Marc J. Cohen, "Rich and Poor Country
Perspectives on Biotechnology," in The Future of Food, p. 20.
64 James Lamont, "U.N. Withdraws Maize Food Aid From
Zambia," Financial Times (Johannesburg), December 10, 2002.
Reprinted in Today in AgBioView, accessed on-line December 11,
2002:.
65 Robert L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution, pp.
50-54.
66 Ibid.
67 International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center
and The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Annual Report 2000:
Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) Project, pp. 15-16.
68 For a brief summary, see a section devoted to the rise
of dysfunctional farming in Brian Halweil, "Farming in the Public
Interest," in State of the World 2002 (New York: W.W. Norton &
Co., 2002), pp. 53-57.
69 Brian Halweil, "Biotech, African Corn, and the Vampire
Weed," WorldWatch, (September/October 2001), Vol. 14, No. 5, pp.
28-29.
70 Ibid., p. 29.
71 Miguel A. Altieri, Genetic Engineering in Agriculture,
pp. 35-47.
72 These observations are based on remarks made by
researchers from sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and the United States
in response to a presentation by Brian Halweil at a conference I
attended in Washington, DC on March 6, 2002. The conference was
sponsored by Bread for the World Institute and was titled,
Agricultural Biotechnology: Can it Help Reduce Hunger in
Africa?
73 Florence Wambugu, Modifying Africa: How biotechnology
can benefit the poor and hungry; a case study from Kenya, (Nairobi,
Kenya, 2001), pp. 16-17; 45-54.
74 Greenpeace International.. Accessed on-line:
April 19, 2002.
75 International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center
and The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Annual Report 2000:
Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) Project, pp. 23-33.
76 Population Reference Bureau, "Country Fact Sheet:
Kenya," accessed on-line April 19, 2002:
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In the latest twist in the never-ending legal battle between Kaleidescape and the DVD CCA, Kaleidescape CEO Michael Malcolm tells CE Pro (Electronic House’s sister publication) that the California 6th District Court of Appeal has granted a temporary stay of the injunction handed down by Judge William J. Monahan earlier in March 2012.
This means the injunction that would have forced Kaleidescape to stop selling its DVD movie servers will not come into effect on April 8, 2012 as previously ordered, according to Malcolm.
“The injunction will not come into effect while the Court of Appeal decides on our petition that the injunction be stayed during the appeal process,” Malcolm says. “If Kaleidescape’s petition is not granted, the injunction could come into effect later in April or in May.”
After the injunction was handed down, Malcolm sent a memo to dealers and said the injunction might never take effect, unless the Court of Appeal affirms Judge Monahan’s ruling. Malcolm also assured dealers the injunction “will in no way enjoin our dealers” as they act independently and outside of Kaleidescape.
In a flash survey by CE Pro, 23 percent of respondents said they don’t care about how the courts rule in DVD-ripping cases, noting that the future is Blu-ray and Kaleidescape is perfectly legal in that regard.
Kaleidescape’s Blu-ray servers,.
If you’re looking for a permanent alternative to the Kaleidescape issue, check out our story on 12 Ways to Rip DVDs and Blu-rays.
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It’s been over two years since the foundations went in for the extension we’re building on our house. In that time I’ve come to respect and somewhat rely on glib phrases such as “Good things come to those who wait” and “Patience is a virtue”. I told my better half we’d be moved in by Christmas, I didn’t say which one though. In this blog series of the time I used FloVENT to simulate the beneficial thermal effects of the layer of sub-floor expanded foam insulation that UK building regulations insist on. There’s not much point in insulation unless you’ve added some heat to keep inside. Being located in quite a rural location we’re not on the gas mains, we haven’t got an oil tank to power a boiler so the only heating options are wall mounted electric storage heaters or underfloor electric heating mats. I’m not a big fan of wearing socks inside and I don’t like cold feet. I opted for the latter.
Electric heaters, whether wall mounted or buried under the floor, rely on the concept of Joule (or ohmic or resistive) heating to turn electric current flow into heat. Whilst electronics cooling is the challenge faced by thermal engineers helping design electronic products, or products with electronics in, electronics heating is the friend of those of us who live in more temperature climates.
The cost of installing wall mounted electric storage heaters compared to underfloor electric heating mats is surprisingly similar. The main difference in operation being the power density (and resulting local temperature) of the heat source. The wall mounted heater is quite small and gets quite hot, in that respect operating in a similar way to a wall mounted hot water radiator heating system though with a much higher thermal mass and subsequent inability to cool down or heat up quickly. The underfloor electric heating mats are spread over the entire floor area and warm the floor up slightly.
The heating mats come rolled up with the electric heating element already taped to a mesh to ensure that when laid out, the element is equally distributed on the floor.
Once taped to the floor you put a layer of adhesive over the top (unless you’re brave enough to lay the tiles directly on top), let that dry then lay the floor tiles as usual. The installation instructions indicate that you should do a resistance check at all stages of the installation. They didn’t say what you should do if the resistance goes up massively (due to damage or fracture of the wire) after the tiles are down. The inference was I think to run screaming outside with your hands flailing above your head prior to phoning professional installers to rip out your attempt and to do the job for you properly.
Thermal simulation of such an application lies somewhere between what FloTHERM and FloVENT was designed to do. The former having the ability to simulate Joule heating, including the temperature dependent effects of the electrical resistivity of the wire. The latter having the ability to predict specific aspects of the resulting human comfort such a comfort temperature, PMV, PPD etc. Let’s just say I used FloTHENT.
From a qualitative perspective you can clearly see the effects of the hot wires and how the heat diffuses down into the concrete screed. But hey, qualitative, shmalitative, who’s interested in pretty pictures? For an accurate simulation it’s critical to ensure the correct boundary conditions are defined for the heating element itself. More on that next time.
11th August 2011, Ross-on-Wye.
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public interface ManagedObjectFactory
A managed object factory is a special case object that can be used to create objects that need to be tracked over time. Any piece of code in an extension can call a managed object factory and request or return an object to it. An excellent use for managed object factories is accessing a database connection pool. In this case, the connection itself is the managed object and the factory is the pool manager.
BaseManagedObjectFactory,
ManagedObjectFactoryLifeCycle
Object acquireObject(EsObjectRO parameters)
void releaseObject(Object object)
ManagedObjectFactoryApi getApi()
void setApi(ManagedObjectFactoryApi api)
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And "a year away from championship quality," according to Todd Blackledge (PSU Alum and CF Analyst) on ESPN's PTI today. Do you agree or disagree?
Before the year began, I'd say (objectively speaking) that Michigan or Michigan State had better all around talent. After the first 3 weeks, I'd have to say that I agree with Mr. Blackledge to some extent, we're on par with Michigan at the top of the conference imo. I personally feel we're currently only a slightly above average team overall though, and probably closer to two years away from championship quality, as opposed to one. What do you guys think?
"OSU: Most Talented Team in the B1G"
And "a year away from championship quality," according to Todd Blackledge (PSU Alum and CF Analyst) on ESPN's PTI today. Do you agree or disagree?
I think they are probably the most talented team, but I disagree that they are a year from a Championship. Urban's guys will still be young, and big impact players like Marshall will only be freshman. I think 2014 is the year they win it all, or are a serious contender that could take on the likes of Bama or LSU. All the immensely talented guys on D will be Jr's and sophomores, Braxton will be a senior, the playmakers like Marshall will have a year under their belts. I say 2013 will be a great year, but 2014 is the title run.
Msu and scum if you combined their best players and made a team are not as talented top to bottom as TOSU... Combine that fact with UFM as our coach and Blackledge is right...
"GIMMIE THAT BEAT FOOL!!! IT A FULL TIME JACK MOVE" Ice Cube jack for beats..
I like Blackledge a lot (even though he played @ Penn State) and I respect his opinion. I think he's correct on the talent @ OSU being best in the conference. I also think by next year we can certainly compete for a national title.
Agree on all fronts. Michigan's defensive talent is still average, and MSU's offensive talent is inferior.
vacuuming sucks
I believe that Ohio State will be "championship quality" next year, but there might be 6-8 teams going into a season that fit that category.
Often, it comes down to breaks, injuries, etc.
Other times, there will be a powerhouse team (or two) that can blast its way through all potential obstacles (e.g., Miami FL in 2001 and, we thought, 2002). As long as there isn't one of those teams next year, and things break right, the Buckeyes might have a puncher's chance next year in spite of youth.
The rest of this season, Spring and Preseason camp, this offense will be championship caliber barring major injuries next season. Braxton doesn't lose any of his wideouts and Hyde, Dunn, Smith all get more experience. The line will be good-very good.
Now for the defense. Well, the offense will be championship caliber.
vacuuming sucks
^Based on what I've seen in recruiting, I think we'll have a Top 5 defense in two year's time. Next year though, you're right, could be a crapshoot. Will likely be a transitional year as guys like Spence, Washington and Shutt try to replace Simon, Williams, Goebel (and Hankins if he leaves after this year).
We do have the most talent, however the thing working against us is that the other teams players are perfectly molded into their systems. In other words we have the best talent but not necessarily the type of player that is needed for each position in the spread offense. For example, a lot of msu's players wouldn't play for osu, however all of there players are pretty good fits for the offense that they run. Going forward particularly into next year and the coming years Michigan should be some real competition but that will probably be about it. In closing, we have the most talent but not even close to the best fit for our players. Also our defense has to improve leaps and bounds if we are to be in national title talk, it probably has to be actually much better than the tressel defenses.
It's destiny. It's just what he does. 2nd year at Utah - unbeaten. 2nd year at Florida - national title. And he has more talent on this team than he did with either of those other 2.
I honestly think Nebraska is the most talented in the B1G this year.
I can't disagree with that. We should by all means have the best team, we kill the B1G in the recruiting trail. Plus we're not Georgia we don't coach down our 4-5* players!!!
Wherever you are, there you be!
Buckeyes14- I respect your opinion but would love to hear your reasoning. They have the advantage at RB for sure and probably OL. Otherwise I don't see where they have more talent, especially with their defensive losses. If anything we might be even overall, but I'd still take OSU's cast any day.
From a talent perspective, OSU is the only team in the B1G who has players that are\will\can end up on award watch lists.
By my amateur estimation, I see the following possible. (Note, this is guys in the running, not anything anyone will end up winning)
Braxton Miller-Maxwell, Heisman, O'Brien, Unitas and Camp
John Simon-Outland and Lombardi
Jonathan Hankins-Outland, Nagurski and Lombardi
Ryan Shazier-Bednarik, Nagurski, Butkus
Bradley Roby-Bednarik, Nagurski, Thorpe.
Now, I don't think any of those names will win any of those awards this year but I wouldn't be shocked if their names crept up on the semi finalist lists at some point, at least for a few of them. I do think Roby will win a Thorpe before its all said and done and Miller will absolutley be your Heisman front runner next year. Shazier has to get the details of the game down but he might want to make a new shelf in his house pretty soon.
OSU is an immensley talented football team. They are actually winning games on talent alone so far as they have a tenuous grasp on the defense and a loose, yet slowly tightening, grasp on the offense. Not many teams in the B1G can say they are winning on talent alone. When these guys all blend the cocktail that is talent and superior coaching, the B1G as a whole and much of the nation at large is in for a very long and painfull curb stomping at the hands of OSU.
4-6 seconds from point A to point B and when you get to point B, be pissed off
Year two could be interesting. The players coming back know what to expect from the coaches in the off season, the competition will heat up for playing time in (spring ball), more talented hungry freshman that's ready to contribute, and coaches ready to roll instead of explaining every little detail. I say we will have a team who knows itself and a team ready to go all out! We may win it all or come close.
Jford
OSU is going to be a top 5 team next season. They'll lose Simon, Sabino, Stoney, Hall, potentially Hankins but all 5 of those guys have their replacements loaded. To be honest, Schutt and Washington has the potential to be a terrifying DT combo with Spence coming off the edge (in addition the rest of the ends OSU is lining up!). Perkins should fill in nicely next season. Dunn and Hyde will be a devastating RB combo. Vannet doesn't have Stoney's versatility but it appears to have the tools to be a very good TE in his own right.
Next year is really going to bug the anti OSU crowd out there...
4-6 seconds from point A to point B and when you get to point B, be pissed off
Unless they improve drastically, not a chance they are championship caliber team. They come out struggling versus teams they should be beating by 2-3 scores at the half. I'll go on record saying I don't think Meyer wins a National Title here.
Run_Fido's favorite word is strawman.
Meanwhile Sparty is losing to directional Michigan late in the 2nd.
Its official, THE BIG TEN IS CURSED!
Run_Fido's favorite word is strawman.
I think we're the best team in the B1G, but let's be honest--it's like being the slimmest person at an Overeater's Anonymous meeting!
First, B1G is horrible...so is this really a compliment? I guess it's all how you look at it and presently I don't look at it as a good thing. We're mediocre and that's not too much to be happy about, but 4-0 is. Hopefully Tue and Wed practices will be enough time to repair all that's broken before 3:30 next Saturday in order to go 5-0. I see Bell getting about 50 carries...why not...OSU's defense hasn't stopped a good RB yet. Not sure 5-0 will be attainable for this team...guess we'll see.
"There's nothing that cleanses your soul like getting the hell kicked out of you."
"I love football. I think it is most wonderful game in world and I despise to lose."
Woody Hayes 1913 - 1987
All I have to say is that Tressel was 7-5 in year 1 and then 14-0 national champions in year 2. Also Meyer's second year at a school has always been better than year 1.
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http://www.elevenwarriors.com/forum/football/2012/09/osu-most-talented-team-in-the-b1g
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Overview
615 Reliance CT, Tega Cay, SCMLS#: 2077332
Listing Overview
- Property Value$435,000
- Property Address615 Reliance CT, Tega Cay, SC, 29708, United States
- TypeHouse
- StyleRanch
- Parking3 cars
- Year Built2009
- Lot Size Area0.65 acres
- Bedrooms4
- Bathrooms2 full & 1 half
York
615 Reliance CT, Tega Cay, SC, 29708, United States
Description
Looking for a spacious ranch home with 3 Car garage? This home features master suite with sitting area, 4th bedroom/bonus, formal dining room, great room with fireplace, vaulted ceilings, Sunroom/Breakfast area and hardwood floors throughout the house. Over 3,000 HLA with Galley style
kitchen with large island and extensive cabinet space. Large fenced backyard, decking and wooded views.
Fully upgraded Somerset floorplan including large master suite w/sitting area, luxurious Master bath and walk-in closet. Profile 36" gas cooktop, double ovens, Hardwood floors throughout, moldings, butler pantry, granite counters & backsplash, addl kit cab & island, SS Profile appliances, pre-wire for surround, security sys, 2" blinds and large utility room. Porcelain Tile and Stone in Bathroom.
- Eli Magids
- Phone: 704-887-6677
- Mobile: 704-620-0060
- Office Phone: 704-620-0060
- Keller Williams Realty Charlotte-Ballantyne Area Market Center
- 3430 Toringdon Way Ste.101
- Charlotte, N.C.
- 28277
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http://www.elimagids.com/Properties.php/Details/2
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Just want to throw a question out to there on the 09 Z28's.
I've struggled w/ torque issues on my GT. Tried torqueless grips and still have a minor issue.
Is the 09 Z28 any different in the grip area? I heard that it's made
a little fatter at the riser.
Info and thoughts please???
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http://www.elitearchery.com/forums/showthread.php?18054-on-torque-and-09-Z&p=234097&viewfull=1
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Associate of Technical Study Degree
The Associate of Technical Study program is open to any student who needs a specially designed course of study. This is a flexible program, though some general requirements outline the number and type of courses needed by all students who are pursuing the Associate of Technical Study degree.
You can combine courses from two or more technical areas to create an integrated program in, for example, industrial management, medical secretarial skills, foreign trade, computerized accounting systems, corrections management, or materials technology.
Many of the credits earned in the Associate of Technical Study degree can be applied toward the Bachelor of Technical and Applied Studies.
A minimum of 61 credit hours of coursework is needed for this degree.
Half of the credit hours will be dedicated to courses that build a foundation for specialized technical study and liberal arts courses from the university's Kent Core Requirements.
Approximately 30 hours are technical courses, which offer an education central to your career goals.
With the help of an advisor, you will develop a written plan of study and select courses to fit that plan as you prepare for the career you have chosen.
Because of the unique nature of the Associate of Technical Study degree, you must start early to create a plan with your advisor.
Need an Advisor? Contact:
Enrollment Management & Student Services
Phone: 330-385-3805
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http://www.eliv.kent.edu/academics/eastliverpool/tech.cfm
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Out with the girly and in with the glam.
When is a fashion show more than a fashion show—when is it a work of art? Marc Jacobs is no stranger to spectacle, but with his NYFW-closing show on Thursday, he elevated the typical show format to a museum-worthy plane. In so doing, he didn’t just delight his audience; he dazzled us. Literally.
Guests arrived at the Lexington Avenue Armoury and entered a show space that was less a set, more a solarscape. A massive ‘sun’ cast an artificial glow over a round, moon-like runway. It was just like Olafur Eliasson’s mock sun from The Weather project, the 2003 Tate Modern installation that had urbanites queuing up to bask in manmade rays through the grayest winter months.
This sun threw a golden-brown light over the catwalk, temporarily obliterating colour perception. When the first model took to the catwalk, we could see shapes and textures, but few fabric details—and no colour at all. Reflective pyjamas, wide-sleeved coats, cheek-baring hot pants, boxy jackets, sequinned dresses and big shaggy furs all took turns.
Every few exits, it looked like a model meandered out from backstage having forgotten to put on the other half of her outfit. Cara Delevingne, almost unrecognisable in her Joan Jett wig, wore a cable-knit sweater and goggly-eyed faux fox stole. Another model made her lunar orbit wearing only a pair of high-waisted hot pants and heels, holding a gloved hand across her chest for a nod to the idea of coverage.
After the entire cast walked, the lighting changed—and they did it again. The natural light by now suffusing the show space revealed unperceived riches of hue. Sequinned shirtdresses flowed over the body in sapphires, rubies and rose quartz tones. The paillette-covered coats and cropped jackets of the finale weren’t just sparkly; they glittered in colour. Bias-cut gowns flowed over the body in precious-metal tones. It was out with the girly and in with the glam.
Jacobs hasn’t enjoyed the easiest of seasons. First Hurricane Sandy devastated his home, to which he apparently has yet to return; then Winter Storm Nemo interrupted work on his collection and forced him to delay his Marc Jacobs and Marc by Marc Jacobs shows. He told WWD that the idea of ‘comfort’ and a reassuring beauty underpinned this collection.
Leaving aside its contemplative basis, one thing about this collection was clear. Sofia Coppola expressed it best as she made her way backstage: ‘I can’t wait to go shopping,’ she said. Something tells us that next season, just about everyone will be ready to let the sun shine in.
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http://www.elleuk.com/catwalk/designer-a-z/marc-jacobs/
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How would you describe your personal style?
Clean, sensitive and sophisticated. I like wearing clothes that contrast femininity and masculinity.
What is there too much of in your wardrobe?
Lots of dresses and blouses mostly from my own label, Vilshenko.
What are your go-to labels?
Chloe, Celine, Balenciaga and Givenchy, and of course, Vilshenko.
What are you happiest wearing?
Patchwork Sarafan from Vilshenko SS12.
Give us a clever styling tip.
Colours should go well together but not necessarily matching. Outfits should never be overdone and fussy- less is more. Showing skin does not equal sexy!
Whose wardrobe would you love to steal?
Carine Roitfeld, ex Editor in Chief of French Vogue.
Do you plan your outfits or throw on whatever's to hand?
I wake up in the morning and decide based on my mood and the weather, of course.
What’s the most treasured item in your wardrobe?
I am not attached to clothes.
Where do you look for inspiration if you don't know what to wear?
I always manage to dress quite quickly however if I am stuck I think about my fashion idols such as Carine Roitfeld for inspiration.
What are your design signatures?
Prints and lots of them, inspired mostly by Russian heritage with lots of embroidery and always in clean, feminine and modern silhouettes.
What has been your career highlight?
My first advertisement in Russian Vogue and Another, followed by a 4 page article in Russian Vogue.
How would you describe the Vilshenko woman?
Sophisticated, intelligent, sensual and smart with a clear sense of style.
What’s the craziest thing you’ve done for the love of fashion?
Start my own fashion label.
Can you talk us through your AW12 collection?
Modern and romantic folk, bohemian styles with lots of prints and embroidery in bright red, mink, straw, jasper and nude colourways.
What is your favourite piece from the collection?
Silver Birch Combidress
If there is one label we should watch out for in 2012, what should it be?
Vilshenko, of course!
What’s your sartorial guilty pleasure?
Wearing real fur.
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http://www.elleuk.com/style/my-style/olga-vilshenko
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Library $50,000 restored, will we notice?
Council restores library budget cuts
The Brookfield's Common
Council last night restored $50,000 in the Brookfield Public Library
budget as part of its approval of the city's 2009 executive budget.
The council approved the budget, which calls for a $34.3 million tax levy, an increase over $33 million in 2009. The overall budget is $73.4 million, a decrease from 2008's $77.1 million.
With the addition of the library funds, the tax rate will be $5.29 per $1,000 of assessed value, meaning the owner of a $335,000 home would pay $1,772 in city taxes.
Two other proposals to reduce the budget - taking $25,000 from the Police Department's DARE program and further reducing fuel budgets - made no headway on the council floor, Finance Director Robert Scott said.
Council to have budget hearing tonightThe city of Brookfield will hold a public hearing on the city's 2009 budget at 7:45 p.m. today at City Hall, 2000 N. Calhoun Road.
The city's overall budget for 2009 is proposed at $73.4 million, a decrease from the 2008 budget of $77.1 million. The tax levy would increase 3.64 percent, going from $33 million in 2008 to $34.2 million in 2009.
The tax rate would be $5.29 per $1,000 of assessed value, meaning the owner of a $335,000 home would pay $1,772 in city taxes, an increase of $47 from 2008.
This site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the "x" in the upper right of it. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use.
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Elsevier’s “Article of the Future” is now available for all Cell Press Journals
Cell readers can experience the first four issues of 2010 for free
Amsterdam, 7 January 2010 – Elsevier, the leading publisher of scientific, technical and medical information products and services, today announced that all research articles in its flagship collection of Cell Press journals will be published online in the new ‘Article of the Future’ format on. Previously released as a demonstration prototype for two sample articles, the “Article of the Future” is an ongoing collaboration with the scientific community to redefine how scientific articles are presented online. Successful ideas from this project are planned to be rolled-out across Elsevier’s portfolio of 2,000 journals available on ScienceDirect, the world’s largest scientific, technical and medical database.
“By taking advantage of the functionalities afforded by online publishing, our new article format provides authors and readers with more effective and efficient ways to present and access scientific information” said Emilie Marcus, Editor in Chief, Cell Press. “We’ll continue to solicit and incorporate user feedback in developing improvements to the format with the continuing goal of helping to advance scientific research.
In celebration of the launch and to encourage user feedback, Article of the Future articles are accessible for free for Cell Press’ flagship title, Cell, on, for the first four issues of 2010.
The ‘Article of the Future’ reflects a new approach to structuring the traditional sections of a research article, moving away from the linear format required by print presentation to an integrated, linked navigation scheme that allows each reader to create a personalized path through the article’s content. For example, one of the key features of ‘Article of the Future’ functionality is a tabbed navigation structure through the Introduction, Results, Figures and Discussion sections, providing experts with in-depth coverage of a particular experiment, while allowing more general readers to absorb the main message without being overwhelmed by additional details.
Readers will also experience a graphical abstract and a highlights section on the landing page of each article, complimenting the abstract text by creating a quickly reviewable visual summary and bullet points. In addition, articles will offer the article’s text, a figure and a figure caption at the same time on one screen, with a zooming capability to discover the finer details of a figure. Selected articles take advantage of integrated multimedia by featuring PaperFlicks, a video tour of an article’s content.
Elsevier’s Content Innovation Initiative
The functional roll-out of these Article-of-the-Future features at Cell Press is part of Elsevier’s larger Content Innovation initiative. This initiative aims at improving the formal scientific communication in a scalable way, and includes efforts to enhance the presentation of the current scientific article (like the Article of the Future), but also projects to better connect this article with the larger body of scientific knowledge on the web.
“The new capabilities in online publishing allow us to move forward from a one-size-fits-all approach to online formats tailored to specific subject domains.” remarked IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg, Vice President of Content Innovation for Elsevier Science & Technology Journal Publishing. “Content Innovation is thus also about observing the life-scientist, the mathematician, and the chemist and adding relevant domain-specific value to their workflows. And the reactions on our Article-of-the-Future features and on the Reflect pilot demonstrate that we are on the right track here.”
# # #
About Cell Press
Cell Press, an Elsevier company,:
Anna Hogrebe
Elsevier
+31 20 485 3269
[email protected]
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http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/elseviers-article-of-the-future-is-now-available-for-all-cell-press-journals
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Crossmarks
One of the challenges researchers face is a lack of clarity around whether they are consulting the most up-to-date version of an article or research.
Despite even the most careful scrutiny during the publishing process, corrections, updates and errata, as well as retractions and withdrawals, are sometimes still necessary. The challenge is that many versions of the article may still exist out on the web.
To combat this problem, Elsevier and other to navigate to the most recent version available.
Elsevier and.
We are aiming to roll this service out to 1,250 of our 2,000 journals by the end of 2012 and eventually to all Elsevier titles.We are aiming to roll this service out to 1,250 of our 2,000 journals by the end of 2012 and eventually to all Elsevier titles.
Often, copies of documents are posted on a variety of sites which can make it more difficult for the publisher to notify readers when a correction or other change materially affects the interpretation of the work. CrossMark can help with that communication.
Egbert van Wezenbeek, Director Publication Process Development, has been responsible for leading the CrossMark project at Elsevier. He commented: “The launch of CrossMark offers a significant benefit to researchers. Not only does it create a standard across scholarly publishing for recognizing changes, it can also highlight important publication record information. This can include publication history, the location of supplementary data, access policies, funding sources, peer review processes and other useful information.” Find out more about the Elsevier Policy on CrossMark.
Egbert van Wezenbeek
Director Publication Process Development
Egbert is responsible for the design, development and implementation of improvements to the publication process of journal articles. The aim is to improve the experience of our authors, editors and reviewers in their interaction with us and our systems. We also attempt to adapt and innovate processes so that we are able to add more value to the whole publication process and to the final published articles. Egbert has been working with Elsevier for more than 20 years. Prior to his current role he worked in various positions in Publishing. He has a PhD in Theoretical Chemistry from the Free University Amsterdam.
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http://www.elsevier.com/authors/authors-update/issue-4/crossmarks
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Business Development in Licensed Retailing
A Unit Manager's GuideBy
- Conrad Lashley, Professor of Leisure Retailing, Centre for Leisure Retailing, Nottingham Business School, UK
- Guy Lincoln, Senior Lecturer in the School of Tourism and Hospitality at Leeds Metropolitan University
Supports the development of techniques with examples from existing best practice and case examples from companies such as JD Wetherspoon's, TGI Fridays and McDonald's amongst others.Business Development in Licensed Retailing considers the functional management techniques required at unit management level, covering recruitment, human resource management, operations, service quality and customer relations, financial measurement and analysis, promotions and strategic planning. The analysis systematically provides all the practical know-how you need to produce of a comprehensive business plan for your unit. Ending with a comprehensive case study that demonstrates all the aspects of business development working in a real-life scenario, the text is ideally suited for lecturers and management development personnel to use as a learning resource through which readers can apply the principles and techniques outlined.
Audience
Level 2 undergraduate students of hospitality, leisure and tourism management degrees, those following the British Institute of Innkeeping's Advanced Qualifications and practioners in the industry.
,
Published: July 2002
Imprint: Butterworth Heinemann
ISBN: 978-0-7506-5334-3
Reviews
"It is my opinion that Business Development in Licensed Retailing will be a valuable reference for any management development programme. The book has been written and organised in a manner that explains all of the underlying management principles involved in a busy and successful licensed operation. At the same time it gives a wide range of practical examples and guidance on how to achieve success." Tim Martin, Chairman, JD Wetherspoon
Contents
-
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http://www.elsevier.com/books/business-development-in-licensed-retailing/lashley/978-0-7506-5334-3
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Sahil Malik has a response to my SharePoint 2010 Sandbox Solutions are Bad post that you can read here: Sandbox solutions are pretty damn good.
He also links to a Facebook conversation wherein Razi Bin Rai asserts "At heart of the argument of 'SB solutions are bad', there is actually more of a resistance against new way of doing things" and Sahil replies "True True Razi".
Not true at all. (I am always amazed when an Internet commenter thinks they know the mind of another from a tweet or a page of text).
There is in fact not a resistance against a new way of doing things. I came to this new technology with a great deal of excitement, but I find it distinctly lacking in its merits.
With regards to Sahil's post - I believe that proxies are a sound and vital architectural choice. But they are not part of the sandbox even though SharePoint provides the means to invoke a specific type of proxy from the sandbox. In SharePoint they are, in fact, full trust components that require administrative access to install. My guess is that those who have permission to use them will do so if they are using Silverlight or heavy javascript with the new client namespace. Furthermore, they will use some form of server side proxies regardless of whatever deployment (sandbox or farm) choices they make.
And why not? By going with a predominately client side technology you don't lose anything from the sandbox that you would have without it. Assuming you have admin access you can solve both issues #2 and #3 mentioned in my original post . But let us be completely honest about what this means; you solve them by having components outside the sandbox. Most, I think, would choose this architecture (proxies to server side services) when the UI is client side JavaScript or Silverlight with or without the sandbox. If we both agree that this is a sound architecture in and of itself, let's not confuse the subject of the merits of the sandbox as it is implemented by talking about something that is clearly separate even though complimentary.
Besides, I don't think full trust proxies will be an option on SharePoint Online or other hosted offerings anyway.
Sahil seems to be conflating my choice of the word 'Bad' with 'useless'. This is not a useless technology, but it is a bad one. As you may know, I've been slowly making Elumenotion into an ISV. I hope to have some success with SharePoint Online and its analogs and so we are working on a variety of workarounds and trying to come up with a serviceable architecture. The fact is: there are workarounds and you can build solutions.
This concession made, let me reiterate what I think was the most important part of the original post. If you are going to do development on 2010 and you have access to the server your default choice should be farm solutions unless you have a compelling requirement to do otherwise – the pronouncements at PDC and elsewhere to the contrary (sandbox should be your default choice) are nonsense. Absent a clear requirement (like the need to run as a hosted solution) going with a sandbox will result is more code with strange workarounds and potentially less secure data for more money and time. If that's not bad, then what is it?
I must admit that I was a little irked that I took the time to come up with three specific examples that Sahil ignored and substituted with a straw man when he wrote his rebuttal. I think I have addressed the full trust proxy point, but let me tackle a couple of his other points so that he need not be irked with me. ;)
First Sahil says 'Farm solutions and custom code is the number one necessary evil on SharePoint projects. It is also the number one issue that causes problems and updates. And it is also the number one issue that causes contention between IT Pros and developers.' To this I can only say '[citation needed]'. It's a huge assertion to make that does not jibe with my experiences or anecdotes from my peers or clients.
Second is that the sandbox provides a degree of monitoring that can prevent rogue apps from killing the server. I agree that this is a great thing especially if you are providing hosted services like SharePoint Online that preclude normal QA and monitoring processes for deployed code. Once again though, if you have the option of traditional development because you own the servers, traditional QA and WMI instrumentation along with ULS logging are a first line defense which should minimize the need for such a system.
Third Sahil says: 'My feeling is that there's been plenty of thought given to where and how those walls have been drawn.' My feeling is that insufficient thought and resources went into making these decisions. At some point they have to ship it and they decided where to put the resources. This stuff smacks of a version 1.0, let's get it out the door deal. I am spending a lot of time in Reflector these days looking at the SharePoint assemblies. If there is a security or performance issue that caused them to deny access to the entire SharePoint.WebControls namespace I do not see it. The code for most of these controls is simple and straightforward. However, there are hundreds of them. My purely speculative guess is that they only had so much manpower to go around and they took the easy way out by blocking them all instead of looking at them individually.
Author: Doug Ware
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Time to party!
The house of horror? Certainly not... this is the place where it all started: the Quartier Latin aka Axel in Kaldenkirchen.
And this is what Linde had to offer. Brewed by Dutch monks just over the border... a true divine intervention.
Not to forget this one. As well as three other nice beers that I forgot to take pictures of. Choices, choices.
The kids, however, didn't care about all this and enjoyed the evening with one table soccer game after the other.
And this is Jenny in action. She's playing Ruben's tried and trusted Rhodes 73 - a heavenly combination.
Elmar is signing the 5th anniversary 'guest book'. A combination of best wishes and wild jokes, as you can imagine ;-)
...which also led to a change of drinks. Here come the shots - better search cover.
Lutz aka Luke the Bear in a cheerful temper, like always. Meet the man behind the "Evil Evening" events.
And here we have Ruben's parents! Thanks a lot for five years of secret laboratory asylum in the basement.
And then came Tom VDH aka elysia France. Boy, the man can play. Usually, I mean ;-)
Like every good party this one ended with burning the place down to the ground.
Time flies when you're having fun. Fun we had in huge loads, so the flight has been supersonic so far. We're looking forward to the next five years!
Unbelievable. Yet true: On January 18th our small but famous pro audio company became already 5 years old. We started a little party on the 17th...
Our good friend and one of the hosts of the evening: Linde! Already in the right place for action...
And this one, of course. Wrong glass, but right content, as always. Never judge a beer by its cover.
Outside, however, Paul was taking care about the really nasty stuff. See the stop sign in the background?
Ruben is just announcing the star of the evening: Jenny. No anniversary without live music, and Jenny rocked!
In the meantime, Jimi was watching over us. He's been doing this for so many years, he can't be shocked anymore.
Halftime! Time to welcome Pepe as the new bartender, as Linde was tired of tapping and wanted to party, too.
And yes, this did have its consequences. Jacqueline and Frank impressively demonstrate what I'm talking about.
Here's Andre together with Ruben. They still look pretty fit, don't they? On the surface, hehe...
Jotto and Ruben couldn't let the chance pass to surprise everyone with an impromptu birthday duo. Oh my.
The winning combination: Fire, food and funny hats. And fun, fun, fun, of course.
On the next day, everybody was looking something like this. The answering machine saved the day.
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http://www.elysia.com/company/stories/fifth-anniversary-2011/?L=acuxcaktgehlrkgm
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Copy and paste the code below to add this joke to your website.
You can see a copy of what the joke is going to look like below.
This is what the joke will look like to users of your site. You can control the width by setting it in a sized DIV or TABLE.
Would you like something customized for your site?
I could make it so random jokes come up, new jokes, clean jokes, dirty jokes,
etc. Just e-mail me and let's see what we can work out.
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http://www.emailajoke.com/add_joke_to_site.asp?id=3579
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Canada and the United States signed a new treaty today to automatically share fingerprints, names, nationalities, birthdays, photos, and other information of refugee claimants and visa applicants to either country.
Comments that appear on the site are not the opinion of Embassy. Personal attacks, name-calling, offensive language, and unsubstantiated allegations are not allowed. For more information on our commenting policies, please see our Community Discussion Rules page.
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http://www.embassynews.ca/news/2012/12/13/canada-us-sign-immigration-info-sharing-deal/43028
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School of Communication Faculty
Cathy Waters
Senior Executive-In-Residence and Associate Chair (2007)
B.S. University of Vermont, M.B.A. Boston College
Cathy Waters has extensive marketing experience, ranging from the top of the Fortune 100 to boot-strapped entrepreneurial ventures and non-profit organizations. Before coming to Emerson, Waters served on the faculty at Boston College's Carroll School of Management, where she taught undergraduate and graduate courses in marketing, applied marketing management, and product planning and strategy, as well as professional selling and sales management.
Complementing her academic endeavors, Waters worked 12 years in the corporate world with IBM. There, she first honed her skills in market analysis, forecasting, technical sales and sales management, and personnel recruitment and development. At IBM, Waters nurtured her life-long interest in technology. She worked with Depositor's Trust (now KeyBank) to implement the first ATM network in the state of Maine and helped to launch IBM's first internal email system. Waters also was a partner in an entrepreneurial reverse logistics company focusing on the responsible disposal of "eWaste."
As a researcher and writer, Waters is keenly interested in innovation, new product development, and the convergence of technology and marketing. Her combined expertise come together in marketing cases published in Strategic Marketing Management Cases and the Journal of Business Research.
Special Studies in Marketing Communication (MK695)
emerson college at a glance
- 3,453 full-time undergraduates
- 837 full-and part-time graduate students
- 45 states
- 40 countries
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http://www.emerson.edu/about-emerson/offices-departments/school-communication/faculty?faculty_id=2579&filter=F
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His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, will lead the UAE team in next week's Longines FEI World Endurance Championships at Euston Park in Suffolk, UK.
The UAE team are eyeing to harvest gold for the third time in a row following victories in 2008 World Endurance Championship - Malaysia and in the 2010 World Endurance Championship - Kentucky, USA.
Headed by Sheikh Mohammed, the UAE team will include Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Chairman of Dubai Culture and Arts Authority Sheikh Majid bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Sheikh Rashid Dalmouk Al Maktoum, Ali Khalfan Al Jahouri and Ahmad Mohammad Ahmad Belqazi.
A total of 29 teams will be participating in the FEI CEI four-star 160-km competition scheduled to be held on August 25.
Alongside title sponsor Longines, Meydan and Emaar Properties are joining the sporting event as additional supporters.
Star-studded red carpet for Cannes opening
A star-studded red carpet marks the opening of the Cannes Film Festival, including Steven Spielberg, Nicole Kidman,
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Press Room
Press Room
Santa's Playground at Emperors Palace
19 November 2012
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Emperors Palace in association with @thePark proudly presents Santa’s Playground. This festive season, Santa has a big surprise in store for both young and old with a brand-new and exciting playground consisting of 16 inflatable and 18 funfair rides.
Santa’s Playground will offer a unique entertainment experience in a safe and secure environment. Mike van Wyk, Park Director comments that the playground will consist out of the largest collection of inflatable rides ever assembled in one location in South Africa. Van Wyk continues by saying that visitors can expect an exciting entertainment environment that complies with the highest safety standards.
A DJ will entertain visitors on a daily basis and to make the experience even more fulfilling, a number of prize and cash giveaways will also take place at the playground. There will be a range of food and beverage stalls, including merchandise from selected brands.
The park will be open daily from 8 December to 13 January from 10h00 to 22h00, weather permitting. The inflatable water slides will close at 19h00, whereas the remaining funfair rides will close at 22h00. Tickets are R120 per person and will include a free Coca-Cola, hotdog and R50 voucher for the mechanical rides. Best of all, all the inflatable rides will be free of charge!
Santa’s Playground has another treat in store with Santa’s Playgound Concert on 17 December, featuring some of South Africa’s top Afrikaans artists Bobby van Jaarsveld, Ray Dylan, Lianie May and Die Campbells. Tickets are R200 per adult and R120 per child, and includes a free Coca-Cola, hotdog and R50 voucher for the mechanical rides.
The exciting playground is conveniently situated adjacent to Emperors Palace. Visitors will be able make use of the safe and secure parking areas at Emperors Palace, from where Santa’s Playground is a short walk or golf cart ride.
For more information and group bookings, contact 011 397 3885.
Tickets are available at the Santa’s Playground entrance, through Computicket, Tixsa and by visiting the “@thePark” Facebook page. For more information visit or call +27 (0)11 928 1000 or visit us on FACEBOOK.
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If movie-to-TV serialisations brings back edgy memories of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the next few years could set that record straight. Hollywood has gone gaga for small-screen adaptations and is promising - or in one or two cases, threatening - to repackage some of our favourite movies in TV-shaped bites. Read on for all the full low-down on an intriguing development slate...
Stage: Pilot script
How would it work? Agent Coulson: The series. Except without Phil, because he’s (probably, though we live in hope) an ex-Agent after Loki speared him like so much cubed barbecue meat.
What to say about it: As part of Joss Whedon’s deal to oversee Marvel’s Phase Two output (and make The Avengers sequel), he’ll co-write and possibly direct the pilot for ABC with regular collaborators Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell, with Marvel’s Jeph Loeb also involved.
Not likely to be featured? The Hulk, who is getting his own show in development under the aegis of Guillermo del Toro.
Possible casting: Item 47 star and Thor / Avengers SHIELD man Agent Sitwell, played by Maximiliano Hernández could be a prime candidate.
Possible tagline: “Saving the world. On a budget.”
Have Your Say
Register or login now to let us know what you think.
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Things move quickly when you own your own studio and write/direct/ produce/star in your films. Tyler Perry announced his latest project, Single Moms Club, back in October. Since the, Bridesmaids’ Wendy McLendon-Covey has signed on and now Perry has locked in the rest of the cast, with Terry Crews, Nia Long, Amy Smart, Eddie Cibrian, William Levy, Zulay Henaco and Ryan Eggold all on for roles.
Not much has been announced about the film’s plot, though we do know it focuses on a group of single mothers (with that title? Who’d guess?) from different walks of life who must band together after an incident at their kids’ school.
While we’re pretty sure the incident will either be a problem teacher or possibly a death during a particularly tough game of dodgeball, we’ll all have to wait and see what actually happens. Perry has just kicked off shooting the movie.
Perry, who will next be seen acting in Alex Cross on November 30, already has one other film headed for cinemas. Temptation: Confessions Of A Marriage Counselor hits US screens on March 29 but doesn’t have a set date for the UK yet.
Follow @empiremagazine
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Drag the home icon in this panel and drop it onto the "house icon" in the tool bar for the browser
Select "Yes" from the popup window and you're done!
Targeted News Service
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, Calif. — 21, just before a large storm, with several inches of snow, was predicted. The lead climber, a 24-year old male from Ontario, Canada, reached the summit just before midnight on Sunday night. The second climber, a 40-year old male from British Columbia, Canada, was forced to spend the night approximately 230 feet below the summit due to impending bad weather and a stuck climbing rope..
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Get news and post
at.
Follow daily tweets
at.
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educate,
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share with fellow readers at.
Read extended interviews with Talib Kweli and Res.
Listen to audio examples.
This is the sound of the JTV-59 pickups by themselves—no modeling. Neck first, then neck+bridge, then bridge.
This is the “Reso”
bank with the non-standard sounds played in the following order:
Tricone resonator, Sitar, Danelectro 3021, Banjo, and Dobro. For the
sitar, I did take the liberty of adding a drone background, and
overdubbing the lead. The Dobro, Tricone, and Danelectro used alternate
tunings.
These strum through
the six strings, then plays a chord, for each of the factory alternate
tunings in the following order: Standard, drop DG, resonator G, open A, and baritone., half-tone down, drop D-flat, one semitone down, DADGAD, open D, blues.
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Encompass Privacy Statement
Encompass World Partners is committed to the privacy of the visitors and users of encompassworldpartners. Jim Folsom at This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
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Searching Houses / Homes in the Honduras area and nationwide today!Honduras Real Estate Map
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This job is no longer available
Further information
Senior Environmental Oil and Gas Consultant
London
£40k - £50k
Allen & York are currently looking for a Senior Environmental Oil and Gas Consultant to join one of the leading global consultancies.
You will be responsible for managing the delivery and quality of all documentation in accordance with project deadlines; assisting in delivering proposals, tenders and bids for oil and gas environmental projects; mentoring existing junior/graduate EIA consultants; managing project schedules and budgets; co-ordinating project resources and teams to deliver projects on time and on budget and liaise with clients and colleagues to identify and develop new opportunities.
A good background in a consultancy environment is required and you must have good demonstrable knowledge of EIA/ESIA/ESHIA and current Best Practice Guidance as well as environmental assessment techniques. Project management and financial management skills are essential as well as flexibility to work on a range of EIA projects.
Experience of undertaking EIA/ESIA/ESHIAs in a variety of sectors is essential, in particular offshore, oil and gas and infrastructure.
Knowledge of GIS systems is advantageous.
A first and second degree in environmental assessment, engineering or a related subject is essential.
A full driving licence is also a requirement.
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http://www.endsjobsearch.co.uk/job/329556/senior-environmental-oil-and-gas-consultant/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=general&ProcessedTrackID=2
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Tag: worship
The Independent
“The Gnostic Friends Network is a virulent anti-Christian outpouring, headlined Jesus Says Love Your Enemies. It takes the Gnostic belief that this world was the work of the Devil and turns it into a charter for Devil-worshipping that has the shrill sensation seeking of a latter-day Aleister Crowley.” [1] Stanford, Peter. “The secret world of [...]
Recent Comments
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African press review 14 November 2012
Kenya's National Security Council sends in the army to help search for the killers of 42 police officers. The ICC is urging more countries to join the Rome Statute enabling them to enforce arrest warrants. The Ugandan President's wife is in court for corruption.
There's not a lot of good news on the Kenyan front pages.
The Standard gives pride of place to yesterday's decision by the National Security Council to send army units to Samburu County to help police pursue bandits who killed at least 42 officers in a weekend ambush.
In a separate story, the Nairobi-based daily says national outrage continues to rise over the casual manner in which the State has handled the killings, particularly leaving the bodies of dead officers to rot in trucks outside a primary school for four days after the massacre. President Mwai Kibaki on Tuesday commissioned a new commuter train service in Nairobi but though prayers were said for the police officers killed, he did not mention them in his speech.
Yesterday, two missing officers were rescued in the Suguta Valley. A number of policemen are still unaccounted for.
According to sister paper, the Daily Nation, the trouble began on 20 October, when Turkana warriors raided their Samburu neighbours and stole more than 500 cattle and goats. The Samburu struck in a revenge attack and drove away 297 camels.
The government responded by sending a contingent of the paramilitary General Service Unit, regular and Administration Police officers, who were ambushed, resulting in the weekend massacre.
Police have meanwhile arrested a local civic leader in connection with the attacks.
The Nachola ward councillor was taken into custody on suspicion that he and another man, also a civic official, incited the Samburu and Turkana communities to fight one another for unknown reasons.
The Standard also reports that the International Criminal Court has started pushing more countries to sign the Rome Statute and to renew cooperation that would see arrest warrants enforced.
Representatives of ICC member states are meeting in The Hague today to take part in a review conference.
Today's talks will centre on a plan of action aimed at achieving full universality of the statute, which created the court in July 2002 to try crimes of concern to the international community.
Several countries, including the United States, Russia, China and India are yet to recognise the ICC, slowing the court’s ability to exercise criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes.
Suspects indicted by the court like Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir and Joseph Kony of the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda, are yet to be arrested, a situation ICC officials blame on non-cooperation by some member states.
Thirty-three out of the current 121 members are African countries.
In Uganda, former State minister for Health Mike Mukula yesterday told the Anti-Corruption Court that first lady Janet Kataha Museveni asked for and her office to be given the shilling equivalent of 16,000 euros of funds meant for the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunisation programme.
Mukula is himself charged with stealing about 63,000 euros from the same programme.
The main story in the Johannesburg-based business paper, BusinessDay, says South Africa’s platinum production has fallen to an 11-year low, pushing the global market into a deficit as strikes, safety stoppages and mine closures cut production from the world’s largest supplier, Amplats.
Anglo American Platinum lost at least 170,000oz of platinum during a recent eight-week strike and is still struggling to convince workers to return to their posts.
The global supply of platinum, which includes output from mines in Russia, north America and Zimbabwe, is at the lowest level since the year 2000.
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03 May 2013
Self-assessment tests at intermediate level based on the Cambridge FCE, paper 3, Use of English
Practical. continued....... I continued...... continued...
Exercises
Practice Exercises for Cambridge First Certificate (FCE)
Paper One Reading
Paper Three Use of English
Practice Exercises for Cambridge Advanced Certificate (CAE)
Paper One Reading
Paper Three Use of English
Self-Study Exercises for EFL Basic Grammar and Usage
Elementary Grammar and Usage Review Exercises with Answers
Elementary Verb Forms: Present, Past, Perfect, Conditional, Gerund, Infinitive
Use of Prepositions: Elementary, Intermediate, Advanced
Practice Exercises for Intermediate and Advanced Vocabulary
Intermediate Vocabulary and Idioms
Verbal Phrases - Phrasal Verbs
Advanced Vocabulary: Multiple Choice
Practice tests for Cambridge FCE and CAE in Adobe .pdf format
The FCE practice has been amended to comply with the shortened test set from December 2008.
22 April Bad Behaviour
22 March Not a Frogman
04 February The Perfect Watchdog
06 December Love at First Sight
Letters from Hammersmith Bridge, Real England
December 2012
Bread and Circuses
Taking into account the interesting times we live in, it’s not been a bad year, mainly because the government has provided bread and circuses, as governments do when times get interesting.
Even for a curmudgeon like me, the circuses were enjoyable. First off, Hammersmith had a happy time in June when it celebrated Queen Elizabeth’s diamond jubilee, the sixtieth anniversary of her accession to the throne.?
09 April 2013
Adjectives expressing "violence"
Synonyms for "money"
Synonyms for "obvious"
Synonyms for "group"
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Showing 1-45 of 45 items found in Outdoors & Play
The Twilight River Cruises
See the beauty of the Mississippi from the deck of a real, old-time riverboat. Relax, unwind and recharge!
CITY: Scales Mound Canyon Lake Golf Course
Scenic, challenging nine-hole course carved into the Jo Daviess County hills. Full-service pro shop, bar, grill. Call for tee time..
Woodbine Bend Championship Golf Course
Immaculate 18-hole links-style golf course offers a challenge and a great time for golfers of all skill.
Black Hawk Run Golf Course
Beautiful course, hidden in the hills, awaits golfers of all skill levels. Eighteen challenging holes, elevated greens, wide open fairways..
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Lyric).
Traveling Insect Zoo visits Iowa classrooms
Join us for the Hemipteran Research Symposium on March 26.
A new edition of our Department of Entomology Newsletter has been posted. Find out what we've been up to!
Entomologist is his day job. Brendan Dunphy, Actor, Scientist.
ISU Entomology graduate students won first and second place at the 2012 Entomological Society Annual Meeting.
Department of Entomology
Copyright © 2013, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved.
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Veena Malik is back ”tear-off” with on the floor in the middle of a controversy, this time to see Katrina Kaif in a new movie. Following the rejection of a number of roles in Bollywood, the actress accepted in Pakistan, a theme song titled “Article Channa bomb.” However, critics believe that his image is almost identical to the last British actress Katrina Kaif India”Chikni Chameli”. Stills of the film were called “remembers uncomfortable” Photo Kaif is the first option ”Agneepath” in Indiatoday, reports the Mirror. Critics have speculated that the similarities in clothing, hair, makeup and the environment are a public relations trick, to generate more coverage on line star naked FHM photo shoot! But Malik said that Channa was ”different” is what convinced her to expect that the film that comes on the market 3February 2012 agree.
“From the style and start with the music and choreography, everything in this sequence number different,” he said quoted as saying was. “That’s why I chose this theme song,” he said. Besides the hot dress, the actress also has a Nathani, a nose ring in Pakistan, which included his appearance, his own desire. ”Nathan is a very important reason, inPakistan and is a very beautiful,” he said. ”So my request to be added to my eyes looks big,” he added.
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LOS ANGELES (CN) - Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors wants voters to decide in November whether porn actors should be required to wear condoms to make their movies.
The Board of Supervisors voted 3-1 this week to put the "condoms in porn" initiative on the November ballot.
It would require pornography producers in the county to get a health permit from the county's Department of Public Health to make pornographic movies.
Supervisors Zev Yaroslavsky, Don Knabe and Michael Antonovich voted Yes: to send the question to voters. Supervisor Gloria Molina was the only supervisor to vote No. Supervisor Mark Ridley Thomas abstained.
The law is meant to protect sex performers from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. And, presumably, set a good example for people who watch pornography.
The president of the Los Angeles-based AIDS Healthcare Foundation, which has sought mandatory condom use in pornography for years, called the commission's vote "a great day for the performers and safer sex in our society," in an interview with the Los Angeles Time.
Last December, the City of Los Angeles suedfive registered voters who proposed the initiative, including AIDS Healthcare Foundation president Michael Weinstein, claiming the measure was pre-empted by state law.
But the Los Angeles City Council later approved a condom ordinance in January this year.
The United States' multibillion-dollar porn industry is concentrated in Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley. Porn producers have threatened to pack up and leave the state if actors are required to wear condoms.
The industry claims that monthly check-ups for sexually transmitted diseases protect actors.
But in August 2011, the industry shut down after a performer tested positive for HIV, according to the AIDS Healthcare Foundation.
The foundation backed the measure, along with more than 370,000 Los Angeles County residents who signed a petition to have it put on the ballot.
AIDS Healthcare Foundation senior director of public health Whitney Engeran-Cordova told Courthouse News that the group was "very pleased" that the county had "followed the lead of 371,000" people who wanted the issue placed on the ballot.
"I believe the people of Los Angeles believe that workers should be protected from getting sick on the job," Engeran-Cordova said. She said that requiring porn actors to wear condoms was no different than asking a worker to "wear a hard hat on construction site."
"This is not a matter of consensual sex. This is a job," she said.
Diane Duke, executive director of the Free Speech Coalition, said the supervisors had put the measure on the ballot because "they really had no other choice."
"What was made abundantly clear at the meeting, through the written statement by the L.A. County's public health director, is that the cost of implementing the program will be astronomical for the county as well as adult producers," Duke wrote in an email to Courthouse News.
"AHF representatives argued in favor of the measures based on workplace safety issues which only supports Supervisor Molina's argument - this issue does not fall under county jurisdiction but at the state level with CalOSHA [California Department of Industrial Relations]."
But apparently, voters will decide. Some county officials said that enforcing the rule might be difficult.
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Home eMed eMed : Blog 399 results found Filter Options Items/Page --select -- 10 25 50 1234567891011Next Type Articles Audio Blog Book File Links Videos Title Author Date Patent law shifts from first to invent to first investor to file Auvil Steven 5/3/2011 Blog Resource Summary:. Read More New pharmaceutical sales strategies Embrace healthcare social media Vinluan Frank 5/3/2011 Blog Resource Summary:. Imaging software company sees bright future ahead Glenn Brandon 5/4/2011 Blog Resource Summary:. Read More 1234567891011Next
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Festival guide
Buddy Holly & The Counterfeit Crickets
Buddy Holly & The Counterfeit Crickets: 1 Date On Sale 1st June
London Philharmonic Orchestra
London Philharmonic Orchestra: 1 Date On Sale 7th June.
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Top Festivals
- • Barn On The Farm
- • Grillstock 2013
- • T In The Park 2013
- • Leeds Festival 2013
- • The Great Escape 2013
- • Download 2013
- • Latitude Festival 2013
- • Lovebox 2013
- • Gentlemen of the Road Stopover
- • Reading Festival 2013
- • Bestival 2013
- • Evolution Festival 2013
- • Slam Dunk Festival South
- • Bingley Music Live 2013
- • V Festival 2013
Offers & Comps
- • Mostly Autumn: Meet & Greet tickets available!
- • Lee Evans: Get your tickets four days before the rush!
- • Russell Howard: Get your tickets now - 48 hours early!
- • Joanne Shaw Taylor: Get your tickets now - 48 hours early!
- • Barking In Essex: Win VIP tickets to see Barking In Essex
- • Mumford & Sons: Win tickets to see Mumford & Sons
- • Wychwood Festival: Win tickets to Wychwood Festival
- • Beres Hammond: VIP tickets available!
- • The Moscow State Circus: Buy one, get one free!
- • Barry Gibb: Hot Seats available!
- • Mott The Hoople: VIP Hospitality packages available!
- • Blue: Meet & Greet packages available!
- • Extreme Stunt Show: Family tickets available - save up to £10!
- • Wet Wet Wet: Ticket packages available!
- • Black Veil Brides: Fan Packages available!
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leaf wetness
Keyword: leaf wetness
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Location: Africa
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Location: Zimbabwe
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Select the suppliers you wish to contact using the checkboxes.
Detect wetness and ice formation with a sensor that closely mimics the wetness state of real leaves. No painting or user calibration required. Plug-and-read with the Em50 series of data loggers.
Measure temperature, humidity, and leaf wetness.
Long the world leading provider of present weather sensors, OSI is now a provider of complete Automated Weather Stations (AWS). OSI AWS systems are built to the same high standard of quality as our sensors.
Provides detailed current weather conditions and expanded forecasts - all at a glance! The integrated sensor suite combines temperature and humidity sensors, rain collector, and anemometer into one package for easy setup. Measure inside and outside temperature and humidity, heat index, barometric pressure, dew point, rainfall, wind direction and ...
Provides detailed current weather conditions and expanded forecasts - all at a glance! The Vantage Pro2 uses a frequency-hopping spread spectrum radio from 902 MHz to 928 MHz to transmit and receive data up to 1,000« (300m) line of sight. The integrated sensor suite combines temperature and humidity sensors, rain collector with an ...
Integrate Climate Variables: Account for environmental variables with simple, accurate, plug-and-log sensors.
Global Water's WE800 Weather Station data logger is a fully integrated, easy-to-use, economical, computer-based weather station for monitoring and reporting many weather conditions.
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http://www.environmental-expert.com/products/keyword-leaf-wetness-3465/location-zimbabwe/order-recommended
| 2013-05-18T10:56:58 |
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Gulf scene investigation: oil analysis (5:56)
Gulf scene investigation: oil analysis (5:56)
Since the Deepwater BP oil spill in April 2010, scientists have been collecting thousands of plant, animal, soil, and water samples to determine how the oil has impacted the Gulf's natural resources. After collection in the field, the samples get shipped to labs around the country for analysis. In this video, we'll go inside the lab to get a better understanding of how samples are analyzed, what scientists are looking for, and what happens to the data. While scientists are working hard to analyze many types of samples for a variety of reasons--seafood safety, for example--the samples being analyzed in this video will help inform the Natural Resource Damage Assessment--the process that determines how an oil spill affects the environment and ensures the responsible parties pay for restoration.
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http://www.eoearth.org/video/view/169905/
| 2013-05-18T10:41:33 |
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Talk about a beautiful way to begin! Take a gander at the recently released music video for upcoming NBC series Smash, featuring Katharine McPhee's version of Christina Aguilera's hit "Beautiful."
On top of McPhee's shimmering rendition of the song, the video also includes sneak peeks of the series, which is a backstage look at a Broadway musical about Marilyn Monroe.
So is the former Idol star cast as the idol herself?
REALTED: Nick Jonas and Bernadette Peters Coming to NBC's Smash
Kinda sorta maybe. McPhee plays Karen Cartwright, a young girl from Iowa with a dream of making it on Broadway who walks in to audition for the role of Marilyn and blows everyone away. Anjelica Huston, Megan Hilty, Christian Borle, and Debra Messing round out the cast.
Smash premieres February 6th on NBC. In a word: Gorgeous.
(Trick! You thought we'd say beautiful, right?)
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http://www.eonline.com/news/276870/new-series-sneak-katharine-mcphee-s-beautiful-smash-video
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Shonda Rhimes is one step closer to owning ABC.
The Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice creator just shared some good news with her Twitter followers: her freshman political drama Scandal has been picked up for second season by ABC.
Yay for more fast-talking, scandalous goodness from Kerry Washington & Co.! So what did Rhimes have to say about the news? And what did she share about one of her other fan favorite shows? Plus, what decision did ABC make about GCB?
MORE: CW Renews Gossip Girl For Sixth Season, But Will it Be the Last?
"Am super proud to say that @ScandalABC has been picked up for a 2nd season!! Am doing a little dance of joy. Still waiting to hear on PP...," Rhimes tweeted. (In case you aren't in the know, PP stands for Private Practice. Duh-doy!)
The political soap, which centers on professional crisis "fixer" Olivia Pope (Washington), who has a special relationship with the President of the United States (no big deal!), garnered 6.5 million viewers and a 2.0 rating in the demo in its most recent episode. Scandal finishes its seven-episode first season Thursday, May 17.
Everything's bigger in Texas...except GCB's chances at a second season as sources confirm to us that the Leslie Bibb and Kristin Chenoweth-led dramedy series, which is kind of like Desperate Housewives' sassy Sotuerh cousin, has been canceled by ABC.
ABC recently renewed Happy Endings, Revenge, Castle, Modern Family, Once Upon a Time, The Middle and Rhimes' O.G. show Grey's.
(Originally published on Friday, May 11 at 4:14 p.m. PT)
PHOTOS: TV's Worst Places
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http://www.eonline.com/news/315674/shonda-rhimes-scandal-renewed-for-season-two-but-what-about-gcb
| 2013-05-18T10:57:41 |
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Nicki Minaj didn't join American Idol expecting to feud with one of her idols.
But, she admitted today on Good Morning America, being true to who she is has been known to "ruffle other women's feathers."
Mariah Carey's included.
Nicki flashes a nip on BET
"She's been one of my favorite artists of all time since I can remember, so it's weird that everything kind of, was blown up like that. It didn't make me happy at all," Minaj said of the verbal exchange she had with Carey over the summer that resulted in a flurry of stories about discord—and heightened security—on the Idol set.
"I can't take away what she's done in my life and just in pop culture in general and just having one of the most amazing voices in the world," Minaj continued. "Having said that, I'm an adult and we are passionate on the set and sometimes when you're a passionate woman, you know, sometimes it kind of ruffles other women's feathers, but I'm going to continue to be Nicki Minaj."
Producers had their judges' backs throughout in the meantime, and the panel has remained intact as the 12th-season premiere of American Idol approaches.
Nicki raps about "being quick to check a bitch"
"I would consider myself an honest judge," said the 29-year-old, who was decked out in head-to-toe pink two days after being named Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist at the American Music Awards. "That's all I'm doing. I've said before, I want them to leave with the truth. I feel like the truth has always fueled me to get better."
Talking about her duet with Justin Bieber on "Beauty and the Beat" at the AMAs, she called the experience "interesting."
"I was surprised when they asked me to perform with him...Of course, I was like, 'I can't turn that down!' The song had just come out, everybody loves the song, so I was like, 'It'll be a good thing, I guess.'"
5 biggest jaw-droppers at the American Music Awards
"I love it, I was just looking at the little body grind," Minaj laughed, mimicking the motion from the replay on the screen in front of her. "We never really rehearsed it together, everything was just so quick, and I had rehearsals the day before, so I had to go and try on outfits and stuff like that. So when I got up there with him, I kinda thought, 'OK, let's make sure everything works and I get my cue and I walk out on time."
And the body grind synced up perfectly!
Highlights from the 2012 American Music Awards
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http://www.eonline.com/news/365437/nicki-minaj-on-american-idol-drama-mariah-carey-feud-didn-t-make-me-happy-at-all
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Renée Zellweger and Kenny Chesney are once again "single persons."
Paperwork finalizing and formalizing the end of the duo's blink-and-you-missed-it marriage was filed Tuesday in Los Angeles.
"The judgment of nullity is entered," the documents read, per TV's Extra. "The parties are declared to be single persons."
Zellweger, 36, and Chesney, 37, met in January, wed in May, and split in September when the Oscar-winning actress filed for an annulment from her country superstar spouse.
If, given its brevity, it seems as if the Zellweger-Chesney union never existed, then the approval of the annulment guarantees that it never did exist. As far as the law is concerned, it was all just a bad Pam Ewing dream.
The couple's uncoupling raised eyebrows not just for its speed--it came a little more than four months after their Virgin Islands ceremony--but for its declaration of "fraud."
In seeking to null and void the marriage, Zellweger checked the box marked "fraud." The Bridget Jones' Diary star explained she did not mean to impugn Chesney's character--she was merely going with the best of a batch of bad options. Other boxes on the request form would have accused one or both of them of bigamy, or even of being of "unsound mind."
For his part, Chesney seemed to take no offense to the word "fraud." He told ABC's The View last month that he and Zellweger still "really care about each other."
The caring, though, wasn't enough to keep the newlyweds together, or even in near proximity. Chesney resumed his Somewhere in the Sun tour shortly after the wedding. From that point on, he and Zellweger were rarely seen out and about as a couple.
Zellweger and Chesney were both first-timers at marriage. They had no children.
Since going their separate ways for good, both have found the going a bit rough. Zellweger saw the rerelease of her summer flop, Cinderella Man, reflop. Chesney saw Keith Urban steal his thunder--and his Entertainer of the Year title--at the Country Music Association Awards.
Still, Chesney's new album, The Road and the Radio, released in November, has been a hot seller--it's fifth in the latest Nielsen SoundScan rankings. And Zellweger's lined up to star in the Tom Cruise-produced Japanese horror remake, The Eye.
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http://www.eonline.com/news/51323/zellweger-voids-chesney
| 2013-05-18T11:04:50 |
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The Korean rapper's wacky music video was the latest clip to go viral. The twist? "Gangnam Style" skyrocketed to No. 1 on radio stations, was performed at the AMAs and surpassed Justin Bieber in YouTube plays to become the most played video...ever!
We brought you the year's biggest stories, now keep clicking to see the biggest susprises.
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http://www.eonline.com/photos/6915/top-10-shocking-twists-of-2012/236960
| 2013-05-18T10:23:02 |
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Extramural Research
Funding Opportunities
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1996 Environmental Research Grant Announcement Archives
The following RFAs comprise the solicitation activities under this program for EPA and its joint activities with other agencies for 1996:
1996 Environmental Research Grant Announcements
1996 Grants for Research on Ecological Assessment
- Ecological Assessment
- Exposure of Children to Pesticides
- Air Quality
- Analytical and Monitoring Methods
- Drinking Water
- Fate and Treatment of Toxics and Hazardous Wastes
- Environmental Statistics
- High Performance Computing
- Exploratory Research, including Early Career Research Awards
1996 Grants for Research on Endocrine Disruptors
- Endocrine Disruptors
- Role of Individual Variation in Human Susceptibility to Cancer
- Risk-Base Decisions for Contaminated Sediments
1996 Interagency Announcement of Opportunity
- DOE/EPA/NSF/ONR Joint Program on Bioremediation: Interagency Announcement of Opportunity
- Natural and Accelerated Research (NABIR) Program Plan
- NSF/EPA Partnership for Environmental Research
- NSF/EPA Joint Special Awards Competition
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http://www.epa.gov/ncer/rfa/archive/grants/96/index.html
| 2013-05-18T10:32:11 |
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Kudos again to Casey over at Modern Hiker. His vivid descriptions and photos of local hiking destinations have provided the inspiration for many of the hikes I’ve taken this past year. And with a special page of “Best Hikes in Los Angeles“, how could he make it any easier?
So his rave reviews of the Mishe Mokwa Trail to Sandstone Peak earned it a place on my list of must-do hikes. Columbus Day provided a day off and therefore the perfect opportunity to check it off the list and explore some wonderful scenery at the same time. Joined by friends A & P, we set out from Hollywood shortly after 8AM and after a bit of traffic on the 101 Freeway, we exited at Westlake Blvd. Within a few short miles were in the winding-road wilderness of the Santa Monica Mountains.
It takes a while to drive to the trailhead, but we easily found the parking lot off of Little Sycamore Canyon. We were the only car in the lot as we set off on the trail. I’ll leave the description to Casey, but it’s just as he described – to a “T”. I can see why he’s a fan of this hike – it’s a well-marked trail that takes you through some varied terrain in a short distance, and offers some phenomenal views around just about every corner. One especially nice aspect of it is that you barely notice the elevation gain as you do most of the hike around to the peak. And then once you’ve ascended it, it’s all downhill back to the car.
As we exited the car, I was immediately aware of the stillness all around. At times when the birds were silent, it was hard to hear anything else – a rarity in the urban sprawl of LA. We saw several interesting sights, including Balanced Rock, and Split Rock. The lone picnic table at Split Rock is in the perfect secluded location for a longer break, but after playing on the rocks, we continued on.
The weather was gray, but it made for a comfortable temperature as we hiked. We didn’t take the spur trails to Tri-Peaks or Inspiration Point; those will have to wait for another day. But we turned off to climb to the top of Sandstone Peak (Mount Allen) and were afforded amazing 360-degree views of the ocean and Conejo Valley. It was at that time that I vowed to come back on a clear day in the upcoming winter months to do the hike prior to sunset (as suggested by another helpful trail blogger). The trail back down to the car is pretty wide and clear and shouldn’t be a problem at dusk with a good headlamp.
All in all, we did a leisurely 6 miles and a 1400 feet climb. A perfect way to enjoy a day off with friends.
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http://www.ephonium.com/greetingsfromla/?p=1619
| 2013-05-18T10:11:54 |
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Opinion pieces and speeches by EPI staff and associates.
THIS PIECE ORIGINALLY APPEARED IN THE SEATTLE TIMES ON DECEMBER 2, 1999.
What WTO means for working families
by John Burbank and Robert E. Scott
This week, Seattle is ground zero in the battle for control of the global economy. Labor unions, environmentalists and citizen-action groups are in the streets to protest proposals to expand the unilateral decision-making power of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The participants in WTO’s forum must begin to address the imbalance between multinational corporate power and the economic security of families across the nation and here in Washington.
The restructuring of the world economy highlights the fact that between 1980 and 1996, the volume of world trade nearly tripled, and foreign direct investment in low- and middle-income countries increased more than fivefold, according to the World Bank. With the advent of new technologies, falling transportation and communication costs, and recent WTO rulings, international trade and investment will continue to accelerate in the future. Indeed, the WTO acts as the legal arbitrator to encourage the unimpeded flow of capital to maximize profit for global corporations.
Globalization has contributed to the creation of vast new sources of wealth in companies like Microsoft and Boeing, which have been critical to the growth of Washington’s economy. However, multinational companies have also moved thousands of factories out of our country. As a result, millions of high-wage manufacturing jobs have been lost in the U.S. in the past two decades.
The WTO encourages the movement of capital around the world, regardless of the social costs and long-term economic implications. Our own experiences in the early days of this century show that an unregulated market is a tremendous threat to economic stability and prosperity. But the WTO enables private capital to avoid and legally undermine national and state-level labor, environmental and social policy, just when these policies are needed to ensure that the developing global economy results in rising living standards for all workers and communities.
Our political leaders must balance the elimination of trade barriers with the rights of citizens to fundamental environmental and worker standards.
Here in Seattle this summer, Vice President Al Gore acknowledged that “when it comes to trade, labor rights and environmental protection are not second-class issues any longer” and that we need to include “labor and environmental protections in those agreements.”
These issues should be our top priority in all future trade negotiations, and especially in the WTO. We must hold this administration to its word here in Seattle.
But the effects of trade on our communities cannot be solved through international agreements alone. In the face of the increasing dominance and mobility of corporate capital, nations and states need to build community capital — that is, universally shared policies for which all citizens pay and from which all citizens benefit — to ensure a basic level of economic security and quality of life for our citizens.
In building community capital in the context of the global marketplace, we need the following:
- Easily accessible and affordable worker training, re-training, and education. One result of the movement of corporate capital is that individual workers are left more and more on their own. We must give workers the tools to maintain their earning ability even while moving from job to job and company to company.
- Systems to make sure workers and their families have health-care coverage, including when they are caught between jobs or in job-training programs.
- Quality child care for our children that enables their teachers to earn livable wages and commit themselves to this work, while making it possible for parents to maintain their productive roles in our economy.
- Paid family leave so that we can care for our families and excel as productive workers, that is, so we can balance work and family.
- Reinforcement of our systems for Medicare, Social Security, pensions, and other retirement necessities, and universalized systems for pension portability.
Public policy can fill in the gaps corporate capital creates when companies move overseas or simply cut benefits for their work force. Capital may be global and mobile, but, as citizens and family and community members, we aren’t. So we need to build our countervailing community capital.
The creation and enjoyment of wealth cannot be a monopoly for powerful corporations who step around the citizens of our democracy. Our job is to tune up the engine of wealth creation by developing our own social and community capital, to make sure we can maintain and enhance the economic security of
Washington state families.
[ POSTED TO VIEWPOINTS ON DECEMBER 3 ]
John Burbank is executive director of the Washington-state based Economic Opportunity Institute.
Robert E. Scott is an international trade economist at the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, D.C.
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http://www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_viewpoints_wto/
| 2013-05-18T10:41:47 |
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Follow @EpicLOLcom
Contact Us | RSS | DMCA | Privacy Policy | Like A Boss
Epic LOL is your guide to the best funny pictures and funny videos on the internet. Our team scours the web in search of the most up to date funny content to keep you laughing for hours. Entertainment is our number one priority, and no one does it better than Epic LOL. Thousands of funny pictures and funny videos to choose from! You'll be on our site for hours laughing and enjoying with your friends and family.
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http://www.epiclol.com/found-this-painting-in-a-local-pho-restaurant-fixed/
| 2013-05-18T10:11:37 |
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user rating
83% would make it again
user rating:
New Haven-Style Clam Pizza
at a glance
main ingredients Cheese, Parmesan, Clam, Shellfish
cuisine New England
cooks’ toolsconversion chart technique videos
Bread: How to Knead Dough
Learn the correct technique for kneading bread dough by hand so that your bread rises well and makes a good loaf with a fluffy consistency. For more breadmaking tips, check out our other bread technique videos.
related videos
Bread: How to Knead...
2:18
Bread: First Rise...
2:15
Bread: Second Rise...
1:36
Bread: Kneading and...
3:31
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http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/howtocook/dishes/pizza/recipes/food/video/New-Haven-Style-Clam-Pizza-10052?titleId=1915433303
| 2013-05-18T10:31:53 |
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user rating
89% would make it again
user rating:
Veal Rolls Stuffed with Spinach and Gruyère
at a glance
main ingredients Cheese, Vegetable, Dairy, Fish, Leafy Green, Beef, Herb
appears in this menu Magic Meadow
cooks’ toolsconversion chart technique videos
yield: Makes 6 servings
active time: 1 hour
total time: 1 1/2 hours
.add your own note
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http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Veal-Rolls-Stuffed-with-Spinach-and-Gruyere-238443
| 2013-05-18T10:42:44 |
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In 2012 the 15,000 € Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators was awarded to Dr. Elizabeth Murchison (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom) for her discoveries concerning a deadly cancer that is spreading among the endemic population of Tasmanian devils in Tasmania and threatening the survival of the species.
From left to right: Axel Jahns, Reinhard Jahn, Elizabeth Murchison, Maria Leptin, Dieter Häussinger, Dirk Ehlers (Photo: EMBL photolab)
See our photo gallery of the Award ceremony below.
General Quality, ISO and Dispensers Certificates
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http://www.eppendorf.com/int/index.php?l=1&sitemap=7.10.2&action=awards&contentid=11&pb=4d100bc51b0c70f9&itemid=20162
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This Logo Scramble Puzzle is a classic promotional scramble game always satisfies boredom on any trip. Your logo can be printed on either the base or on the puzzle pieces. Made of heavy duty.625" h x 0.25" d
Bulk Packed 15.0 lbs. / 100 pcs.
Please log in
Or sign up for an account now
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http://www.epromos.com/product/8829444/logo-scramble-puzzle.html
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- Accessories (12)
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Young Riders Equestrian Clothing for Hunter/jumper
4 Closeouts from $37.95
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Backed by a 100% satisfaction guarantee, shop for top brand Riding Apparel and Accessories for Hunter/jumper on Equestrian Collections - where you will find the most selection of Apparel and Accessories for Young Riders<<
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http://www.equestriancollections.com/storeitems.asp?department=young%20riders&discipline=Hunter%2Fjumper&cc=apparel
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"/images/common/Social_Bar_Footer_icons.jpg",
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Store > NCJUN5SK
NCJUN5SK 0 remaining
Jungle Buzz - Crackle Texture - Sky BlueUS $10.50
Ocean, Marine, Powder & Sky BlueAn intriguing texture in rich colors makes this tonal blender an appealing choice for a variety of applications. Perfect for adding a touch of rustic movement to your blocks and borders. Blender, from the 'Jungle Buzz' collection by Cheri Strole for Northcott Fabrics.
Quantity:
yardsMinimum 0.5 yard;increments of 0.25 yard
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http://www.equilter.com/cgi-bin/webc.cgi/st_prod.html?p_prodid=157774
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Store > Cotton Prints > HARVEST - Autumn Leaves & Thanksgiving > FALLS5GA
FALLS5GA
Fall Spectacular - Fallen Leaf Carpet - Cinnamon/GoldUS $9.50
Scarlet, Terra Cotta, Blush, Rust, Bark, Cinnamon, Gold MetallicFall leaves are piled high over a solid ground which can just
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http://www.equilter.com/cgi-bin/webc.cgi/st_prod.html?p_prodid=166189
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Store > KFPAPEWH
KFPAPEWH 0 remaining
Paper Fans - Mocha/AquaUS $8.95
Yellow, Lt Chartreuse, Aqua, Sky, Teal, Lt Orange, Orange, Lilac, Purple, Mocha, AquaOptical striped fans in a dazzling palette extend and stack in this expressive print. Larger fans are about 3", 'Paper Fans' by Kaffe Fassett.
Quantity:
yardsMinimum 0.5 yard;increments of 0.25 yard
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http://www.equilter.com/cgi-bin/webc.cgi/st_prod.html?p_prodid=98475
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14 May, 15:49
With the build-up to the Dublin 2013 European club rugby finals intensifying by the day, the four elite clubs of ASM Clermont Auvergne, Toulon, Leinster Rugby and Stade Francais Paris, who are focused on their quest for Heineken Cup and Amlin Challenge Cup silverware respectively, won't be the only clubs with Europe on their mind over the weekend of 17 and 18 May.
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http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/7650.php
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0beron wrote:bladestorm wrote:more modern version: Jack as the Scarecrow, Sizemore as the Lion, and Maggie as the Tinman? Leaving Parson as the Wizard?
Jack most certainly has a brain though, and always has. He may be emotionally damaged in ways, but he's sharp as a pin in ways other's just don't always understand. Sizemore also isn't cowardly persay, he just doesn't want to kill. He was more than prepared to face Jetstone and die, it was DOING killing that upset him.
But they had those things allllll along.
Also am I the only one who has this odd image of Olive dropping the hippie as she grows out of the 60s and becoming a yuppie on wallstreet all corporate ponytail chopped off? Anyone?
Edit: As for the whole natural counters thing, I would imagine turnamancy would be the best counter to Uncroaked, aside from any kind of healing if that works here on uncroaked. Causing those zombies to skip their turn or get stalled, means the entire stack loses strength for the eventual engagement.
Also I don't think there would ever be a natural counter to decryption unless it was another tool of the titans. I mean if one mancy could counter an entire army without upkeep cost that can feed its own ranks? That would have come up before. Frag. The. Mage.
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http://www.erfworld.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=87932
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Last night @BayerJeff, @DawnTa…Sunday, February 28th, 2010
Last night @BayerJeff, @DawnTaylor666, @travisezell, and several others were whooped at poker, possibly by me.
Last night @BayerJeff, @DawnTaylor666, @travisezell, and several others were whooped at poker, possibly by me.
Watch @jamesrocchi interview the COP OUT stars, especially the final question and reaction. Yee-ikes.
Our two new wide releases this weekend are both surprises, one good and one bad.
“Cop Out,” the first film to be directed by Kevin Smith without also being written by him, is the bad one. It’s a surprise because the trailers were pretty funny, and Smith has made some really good comedies before. I mean, not in a while, but he has done it. Just not this time.
But “The Crazies” (review at Film.com) — a horror film that’s a remake and has no big stars in it — turns out to be surprisingly tense, scary, and fun, the way movies about viral outbreaks that destroy towns ought to be. Good for “The Crazies”!
We also have reviews of three Oscar contenders playing in limited release. “Ajami” and “A Prophet” (reviews at Cinematical), from Israel and France, respectively, are both nominated in the foreign-language category. Coincidentally, both also have to do with the drug-fueled world of organized crime, particularly its effects on young people. Also coincidentally, they’re both very good.
The other Oscar film is “The Messenger,” (review at Film.com) nominated for its screenplay and for Woody Harrelson’s supporting performance. He and Ben Foster play Army officers given the duty of going to people’s houses and telling them their son or daughter or husband has just been killed in Iraq. So yeah, it’s pretty hilarious.
To sign up for the “In the Dark” e-zine, which brings you all the new movie reviews, DVD releases, and other pertinent info in one handy weekly e-mail, visit this page.
RT @JohnnySLC @EricDSnider I wonder what all of those surprised library patrons now think of Alec Baldwin.
I’m not crazy, right? My brother Chris really does look like Alec Baldwin. Around the nose and mouth especially.
@FatboyRoberts Believe me, there is nothing funnier to him (or our dad) than a fart, even an embarrassing one. NOTHING.
You’ll want to read my brother’s simple yet elegant blog post about a fart in a library. Trust me.
“Hey, want to watch THE SPY NEXT DOOR at 2 a.m. in a hobo camp??”
Asked friend if he wanted to join me for 1) COP OUT at 2) midnight at 3) Lloyd Center; realized all 3 of those details are unappealing.
You’re in luck! I already did SUPERMAN IV:
This is to join the mailing list for Eric's weekly humor column, "Snide Remarks." For more information, go here.
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http://www.ericdsnider.com/blog/2010/02/
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Bill Frantz writes: > At 11:43 AM 12/30/1999 -0500, Kragen Sitaker wrote: > >Does this mean I must trust every process I communicate bidirectionally > >with not to let me hang forever? > > This problem is not unique to EROS-like systems. As far as I know, an > analog exists in all programming systems. In general you can divide the > things you call into three categories: > > (1) Ones you trust not to hang you. > (2) Ones you don't trust, but must depend on anyway > (3) Ones that may hang you. > > In case 1, you don't have a problem. How you gain the necessary trust is a > difficult problem. In the KeyKOS manual, we attempted to document the > behavior of objects which could be trusted by describing them as "prompt". > Of course, programs don't always behave according to their specifications. > :-) OK, let's look at a hypothetical example --- a process of an Apache-like web server. Each Apache child does the following: 1. sits and waits for a connection to come in; 2. when a connection comes in, one of the children awakes, 3. reads data from the connection, 4. creates a response and sends it back, 5. closes the connection, and 6. goes back to waiting. Presumably in steps 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, the web server is blocked waiting for the networking code to resume it. In step 4, it might do a number of things. For example, it might spawn off a CGI script belonging to a user, or it might read from a file belonging to a user. In this case, the web server doesn't trust the CGI script (or possibly even the parts of the filesystem belonging to users); if it takes too long to return, the web server will want to send an error to the client so the client doesn't think your web server is poorly administered. Worse, all your web server processes will eventually end up hung; eventually you won't be able to start any more. Assuming that the filesystem's interface is designed under the assumption that filesystem domains will be invoked with call, not send or return, how would you handle this? Can you do a send and make it look like a call? You could spawn a little domain that would accept your call and the resume key, hand the resume key to another domain that will invoke it after a timeout, and then do the filesystem or CGI call you wanted in the first place. (Is there a better way to handle this?) > >Maybe it's premature to be worrying about stuff like this when the OS > >doesn't run Emacs yet. > > This kind of trust is so basic, I think you have to consider it from the > very beginning. I think you are right; that was why I bothered to post. (I was thinking about the lack of software interrupts, like Unix signals, which are (a) impossible to emulate efficiently by any other means and (b) relatively easy to add to the kernel later if people think they're a good idea. Obviously the KeyKOS people don't; Windows NT people didn't, either, which is why interrupting a Windows NT process stuck in a compute loop causes dialog boxes to pop up and then kills the process without notifying it. There is much to be said for the idea that signals enabled Unix programs to get away with all kinds of brain-damage, though. . .) -- <[email protected]> Kragen Sitaker <> The Internet stock bubble didn't burst on 1999-11-08. Hurrah! <URL:>
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http://www.eros-os.org/pipermail/eros-arch/1999-December/002077.html
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Posted by chandu17
Please let me know whether the SIM contacts are safe with service provider, and can be downloaded in to a duplicate sim when the original is lost?
Posted by NightBlade
Not usually. This isn't skype, you know.
If you haven't backed up your sim, then it's highly unlikely that your operator does that automatically for you.
[ This Message was edited by: NightBlade on 2012-01-26 08:10 ]
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http://www.esato.com/archive/t.php/t-203334,1.html
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- Image via Wikipedia
A passion for teaching is necessary for anyone entering the teaching profession, but nowhere is this more evident than when one’s career goal is that of teaching special needs children. While dealing with their diagnosed special needs, whether they are physical, mental, or emotional is rewarding, it takes a certain “something” that only a few people possess. For this reasons, those who pursue degrees, especially in early childhood education, where so many of these children first enter the academic setting, are highly sought.
It is these people whose passion and emotion for teaching must far exceed that of other teachers. Fortunately, in the majority of cases, these teachers rise to the occasion in ways we may not be able to fathom.
Sometimes a person may be studying for an early childhood education degree and through some opportunity — perhaps a student teaching assignment or a substitute teaching job during one’s free time—this person discovers that she has that passion for teaching required to teach special needs children. For this person, the option of taking online courses through such resources as elearners.com can help them make this a realization.
This can be especially true if a person is nearing the last eighteen months to one year of college. This revelation may come at this time, since this is when many people begin to participate in actual classroom settings, and the concern that the courses covered so far may not be sufficient to meet this challenge may surface.
However, by utilizing resources such as elearners.com, one can receive the education needed to succeed in this calling (for this indeed is what it very well may be), because the courses that will prepare them for the many emotional challenges that come with teaching special needs children will be available. This is in addition to others that a person may feel necessary in order to pursue this rewarding but very different career path.
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http://www.esceducation.org/a-passion-for-teaching.htm
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Samsung NP-NC215-A01US is a 10.1-inch solar-powered netbook boasts a 1.66 GHz Intel Atom N570 dual core processor, 1GB of DDR3 memory, and 250GB 5400 RPM hard drive. The netbook sports a 10.1″ WSVGA LED backlight TFT with 1024 x 600 resolution, and Intel GMA 3150 Dynamic Video Memory Technology 4.0. The Samsung NP-NC215-A01US netbook also [...]
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http://www.eshoppingtalk.com/tag/samsung-netbook/
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[
[
"http://www.eshoppingtalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Samsung-NP-NC215-A01US-70x70.jpg",
"Samsung NP-NC215-A01US 10.1-Inch Netbook"
]
] |
Tankless water heaters
February 25, 2010
On the brink of their 15 year anniversary comes
Takagi’s
most revolutionary tankless water heater ever. Installers will love Takagi’s newest model, the T-H2, because it is a high efficiency condensing tankless water heater with features designed specifically to make life so much easier for them.
With the T-H2, installers can finally vent with PVC instead of stainless steel. PVC venting provides zero clearance so it is easier to install, and it is less expensive compared to stainless steel so it will help reduce some of the installation costs passed onto the customer. The T-H2 will work with four inch PVC pipes.
The T-H2 will also feature a front panel LED screen that displays temperature settings and codes. This built-in digital readout will provide for easier maintenance and troubleshooting. Installers will not have to use dipswitches because they can finally see what temperature is actually being inputted. The digital display will also come with up and down buttons so users can choose from among 16 different temperatures ranging from 100° to 185°. Takagi is the first manufacturer to have the temperature readout built into the unit’s computer board and displayed on the front panel of the heater so that it can be easily read without ever taking the cover off or using a remote.
“The versatility with this unit is unparalleled,” says Takagi’s General Manager Koji Matsumura. “Everything you can possibly need or want in a light commercial/heavy residential unit is found in the T-H2. You have efficiency, power, reliability, endless hot water, energy savings, a long life span, heavy duty components to ensure its durability and an installation that is straightforward and trouble-free. Not to mention the additional savings you gain with PVC venting alone. The T-H2 is Takagi at its best.”
Following in the footsteps of its older brother, the T-H1, the T-H2 is expected to possess an extremely high thermal efficiency of 92%, which would make it the second highest efficient unit in Takagi’s line-up. It will also have a low activating flow rate of 0.5 gpm and a maximum flow rate of 9 gpm. However, unlike its big brother, up to four T-H2’s may be easily linked together without the need for an additional control box, thus providing for even larger applications.
Keeping in line with Takagi’s exceedingly high quality standards for all its commercial units, the primary heat exchanger on Takagi’s T-H2 is made with the most advanced copper alloy on the market, HRS35, which is now a signature trademark for all of Takagi’s commercial units. Its secondary heat exchanger, which handles the condensing portion of the unit, is made with #316L stainless steel, which is one of the highest quality grades of stainless steel available.
Because the T-H2 may be used with PVC venting, Takagi also incorporated two safety measures to control exhaust overheat and prevent temperatures from melting the PVC. These measures are in addition to the standard safety features found with all Takagi tankless water heaters.
The new unit also offers three settings for higher altitude locations ranging from as low as 2,500 ft to as high as 10,000 ft above sea level. The T-H2 is ideal for light commercial and heavy residential water heating, space heating, radiant floor heating, in-direct heating, re-circulation and combination heating systems.
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http://www.esmagazine.com/articles/print/tankless-water-heaters
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Sony has finally released details on the rumoured Sony mash-up brawler. Titled PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale, the all-in beat-em up fest is currently in development by SuperBot Entertainment.
So far, the following characters have been revealed as playable characters on the fighting roster:
- Kratos (God of War)
- Sweet Tooth (Twisted Metal)
- PaRappa (PaRappa the Rapper)
- Sly (Sly Cooper)
- Radec (Killzone)
- Fat Princess (Fat Princess)
Gameplay is much like the Super Smash Bros. series pitting multiple players against each other. Each character will have three level “Super” moves. A filled gauge will deliver knock out attacks whereas lower level special attacks won’t be nearly as effective, but will be easier to charge when wanting to launch an early assault.
.”
PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale offers different gaming modes including single and multiplayer, as well as a tournament mode for online play.
No release date available at the moment but with E3 fast approaching, expect to see more on the title in the coming months ahead. For now, take a look at the first, of what will hopefully be many trailers for PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale:
[SOURCE]: See PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale in Action
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http://www.esperino.com/playstation-all-stars-battle-royale-revealed
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"People on the outside think unfounded thoughts on Toulon." Tom Hamilton talks to RCT lock Nick Kennedy ahead of Saturday's Heineken Cup final against Clermont
Genia should captain Wallabies
Will Genia should lead the Wallabies against the Lions, Joe Tomane to win the final wing spot and Israel Folau at fullback, writes Greg Growden
The multi-national tricolour
"Has there ever been such a large disconnect between France's club teams and the international side?" Ian Moriarty weighs up the state of French rugby
"By carrying a Great Britain label to the Antipodes, and getting beaten by the Kiwis, they established a tradition which has lasted to this day." Huw Richards rewinds to 1888
Worcester turn to Carl Hogg?
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http://www.espnscrum.com/australia/rugby/story/175405.html
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Nike Michigan State Spartans Men's Football KO Replica Hoody #24Item no: 13187522 Price: $74.99
Product Information
You support your team through thick and thin, so don't let the bitter cold stop you! The Nike® men's football KO replica hoodie is made with Therma-FIT® fabric to keep the chilly temps out and your body heat in. This fleece sweatshirt is decorated with NCAA® team and player graphics, while the front pouch pocket provides extra warmth for your hands.
Product FeaturesFeatures
- 100% polyester
- Fleece sweatshirt
- Made with Therma-FIT® fabric to keep cold out and body heat in
- Decorated with NCAA® team and player graphics
- Drawstring hood
- Front pouch pocket
- Banded cuffs and waistband
- Officially licensed
- Made in Indonesia
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http://www.espnshop.com/product/index.jsp?productId=13187522
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Tervis Tumbler Appalachian State Mountaineers 16oz Tumbler Set of 4Item no: 3318976
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http://www.espnshop.com/product/index.jsp?productId=3318976
| 2013-05-18T10:56:11 |
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Overview of the Physical and Radiative Properties of Atmospheric Particles at Cape San Juan, Puerto Rico (CPR) Station
O.L. Mayol-Bracero1, H. Rivera1, J.A. Ogren2, E. Andrews3 and P. Sheridan2
1Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; 1-787-764-0000, E-mail: [email protected]
2NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
3Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
Cape San Juan Observatory (CPR, 18° 23' N, 65° 37' W), located in the Caribbean region on the island of Puerto Rico, is supported by the NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division, is part of the NASA's AErosol RObotic NETwork (), and is one of the contributing stations to the Global Atmosphere Watch (). Physical and radiative properties of atmospheric particles have been measured since 2005 at CPR. Here we present an overview of the results for year 2007. Three types of air masses predominated in this study, (1) those of marine origin or “clean” (C), (2) those bringing African Dust (AD), and (3) those with the influence of volcanic ash (VA) from the Soufriere Hills in the island of Montserrat. Preliminary results show that the average values for the total σsp (Fig. 1) were higher for AD (83 Mm-1) and VA (34 Mm-1) compared to C (17 Mm-1). The same happened for the Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) maximum values at 500 nm with 0.92, 0.30, and 0.06 for AD, VA, and C, respectively. The observed increase in the values of the Angstrom exponent (å) (Fig. 2) is indicative of a decrease in the size of the particles associated to VA (å= 0.27) and AD (å =0.89) when compared to C (å =0.24). The volume size distributions and thus the mass were dominated by the coarse mode (> 1.0 µm) especially for the AD case. Results have shown that AD as well as VA has a significant impact on the physical and radiative properties across Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. Additional discussions together with results on the AOT wavelength dependence and on the annual variability of the properties under study will be presented.
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http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/annualconference/previous/2010/abs.php?refnum=121-100331-B
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Friday, September 30, 2011
Essemtec to Expand Product Range
Wednesday, September 15, 2010
Highly flexible and fast SMD assembly machine Details
Monday, September 13, 2010
Selective Radiation Soldering For Flex-Circuits Details
Tuesday, August 17, 2010
Essemtec to Premier Cobra SMD Placer at SMTA International 2010 Details
Friday, August 13, 2010
Swiss-made SMD Production Machines For Mexico
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Highlights @ SMT Nuremberg: Higher performance, more efficiency Details
Thursday, March 26, 2009
Essemtec to Highlight Key Products and Technologies at APEX 2009
Monday, October 13, 2008
SMD Production in Research Institutes and Universities Details
Tuesday, September 30, 2008
US-Sales Manager Steve Pollock live with Gail Flower, Editor-in-Chief - SMT Magazine
Essemtec Wins a 2008 Global Technology Award for Its Multi-Flexible Production Solution Details
Wednesday, August 20, 2008
Placement Machine for Flex Board and Film Substrate Features Twin Vacuum Table
SP900: Excelllent results at the EPP Benchmark Arena Details
Monday, June 30, 2008
Review of SMT Nuremberg Details
Monday, June 30, 2008
More add-on values for the customers Details
Monday, June 30, 2008
New: FLX2011/2021/2031 Details
Thursday, June 19, 2008
SMT Vision Award goes to Essemtec Details
Thursday, June 19, 2008
FLX-CVU Component Verification Details
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http://www.essemtec.com/news.asp?setCountry=US.en&SelectedCountry=48&?id=10346
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: Biological Sciences (School of)Essex credit: 15ECTS credit: 7.5Available to year(s) of study: Available to Study Abroad / Exchange Students: No Pre-requisites: BS221 OR BS222
Bioinformatics has evolved in recent years as a distinct discipline within the Biological Sciences to address the complexity of experimental data generated in the post-genomics era. The sheer volume of high-throughput data based on DNA sequence, RNA/gene expression and protein structure has necessitated the development of computational approaches for i) accessing and navigating database repositories and ii) analysing large datasets in order to obtain biologically-meaningful information (data-mining). These activities have traditionally been the realm of computational biologists, particularly in the development of computer software. However, as Bioinformatics becomes increasingly important in most areas of modern biology, there is a pressing need for biologists who do not have a computational/mathematical background to be able to understand and use the vast range of internet and software resources that are now available.
In addressing a recognised skills gap and in order to equip students from a Biomolecular background with valuable theoretical and practical skills, the Bioinformatics (BS312) module provides a broad-based curriculum that encompasses both traditional genomics together with RNA microarray and protein analysis methodologies. The emphasis of the module is on problem-based-learning; each topic is introduced by a lecture followed by a supervised session in the PC laboratory in which students follow detailed instructions that allow them to work through example datasets in order to understand and learn how to use and interpret commonly used methods. The sessions are supported by extensive documentation with guidance on further student-directed learning. No programming skills (computer language) are required; computational operations are all essentially 'point-and-click' and will use open-source software. Students will then be able to enhance their skills in their own private study.
Learning outcomes:
To pass this module, students will need to be able to:
1. be competent in the use of general on-line utilities such as NCBI;
2. search intuitively for internet Bioinformatics resources including databases;
3. understand the principles and practical applications of commonly-used DNA sequence analysis algorithms;
4. demonstrate the ability to process and analyse gene expression microarray data downloaded from database repositories;
5. demonstrate competence in the use of different in silico methods for protein structure-function analysis;
6. demonstrate competence in pathway and network analysis methods;
7. have a good appreciation of the statistical methodologies upon which different Bioinformatics algorithms are based.
9 x 3hr sessions (27 hrs total); each session comprised of 1hr lecture, followed by 2hr supervised PC class
4 sessions covering general utilities and DNA methods in weeks 2-5
5 sessions covering microarray and protein methods in weeks 7-11
(one session per week except for 'gap week' in week 6 when students complete coursework 1)
Student managed learning: 123 hrs
Total: 150 hrs
100 per cent Coursework Mark
Coursework:Coursework 1 (covering DNA methods) weighted 40% (40 hrs in total)
Coursework 2 (covering RNA & protein methods) weighted 60% (60 hrs in total)
Other details:Both coursework elements will involve DAI including assessment of understanding of methodology; to be submitted in SPF.
Should you have any queries about the Module Directory pages, please contact the Course Record Team, Systems Administration Office, Academic Section; email: crt (non Essex users should add @essex.ac.uk)
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http://www.essex.ac.uk/modules/default.aspx?coursecode=BS312&level=6&period=AU
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New SOS Bus to arrive in November (From Essex County Standard)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting ECS to 80360, or email »
New SOS Bus to arrive in November
6:20pm Thursday 27th September 2012 in News
COLCHESTER’S new SOS Bus is set to be rolled out in the town in November.
The new vehicle will hit the streets in the middle of the month, aiming to help more people then ever.
A former Essex Libraries bus, the new vehicle will bear little resemblance to the recognisable yellow base in High Street on Friday and Saturday nights.
Wayne Powell, chief executive of Open Road, which runs the service, said: “We are really excited about the new bus.
“It is going to be really different to the current bus.
“Being a former library bus, it is not something we have been used to converting and it has been a difficult process.
“It will be very different to what people have been used to seeing in the High Street.”
READ THE FULL STORY IN FRIDAY'S GAZETTE.
jammin says...
8:21am Fri 28 Sep 12
The REAL Norm says...
11:26am Fri 28 Sep 12
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Im_Like_HELLO says...
4:39pm Fri 28 Sep 12
Boris says...
4:52pm Fri 28 Sep 12
HARRY438 says...
8:33am Sat 29 Sep 12
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http://www.essexcountystandard.co.uk/news/9953066.New_SOS_Bus_to_arrive_in_November/?ref=rss
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Posts Tagged Valentine’s Day
The Best Valentine’s Day Gifts
With Valentine’s Day almost here, lovers all around the world are summing up ideas to look for the best Valentine’s Day gifts for their lovers. People gift their loved ones on different occasions throughout the year, but valentine gifts are different. These are meant to be given to that special person you seek to call your better half and your life partner. So what are the most given gifts for Valentine Day? Here are a few ones that are traditionally considered Valentine’s Day specials –
Valentine Flowers – Red roses are undeniably the most common gift on this day of love. Around the world, people gift their spouse, muse, or lover.
Read the rest of this entry »
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Market Sectors
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- etching/ chemical etching
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http://www.etching86.com/
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Donations Received: $ 0
The # 1 Interscholastic Hockey Website in the State of Pennsylvania is continuing expanding its coverage of H S Hockey across the Commonwealth and the United States. 750,000 Visitors since December 2000 !
2013 National Invitational Scholastic Showcase
December 6-8, 2013 ~ Jamestown Savings Bank Arena – Jamestown, NY
8th Annual - ‘Governor’s Cup’
Ø Your school is invited to apply for participation in a 16 team showcase of the top Varsity high school teams from across the United States. This event will host the best teams regionally and nationally to compete for the Governor’s Cup at the Jamestown Savings Bank Arena in New York. This event is open to Schools with USA Hockey Rosters, National Federation Status and Hockey Canada Travel Permits. This Invitational event will be open to State Champions, Finalists, Semi-Finalists and Exempt Champions and we will attempt to limit to a total of four schools from any particular area [State or Region] to ensure that each school participating will face three out-of-state opponents in the preliminary round of competition. The tournament will be played on 2 rinks in prime time for this round robin event.
UPDATE 5-10-2013 ~ 20 Schools have preliminary committments for the 2013 NISS including Ontario (2), Eastern Pennsylvania (3), Erie (1), Illinois (1), Indiana (3), Ohio (4) Maryland (1) and Western Pennsylvania (5).
Important Dates:
Ø Verbal Commitment Date = DUE by June 30, 2013 (3)
Ø Advanced Registration Fee = $ 400.00 DUE by June 30, 2013 (4)
Ø Total Entrance Fee = $1075.00 [$ 675.00 who submitted Deposit] by 9/30/13 (5)
Ø USA Hockey and League Rosters DUE by October 15, 2013 (6)
SCHOOL NAME _____________________________________________
Contact Person: ______________________Address:____________________________
City: ________________________ State:____________________Zip: _____________
Phone: H ____________ W ____________ E-Mail __________________________
Head Coach: _________________________Address:____________________________
YOUR SCHOOL PLAYS UNDER THE FOLLOWING ASSOCIATION: USA HOCKEY ________ National High School Federation________ Prep __________ Our Club is interested in participating in the 2013 National Invitational Scholastic Showcase on December 6-8, 2013 in Jamestown, NY
Head Coach _____________________________________ Date ___________________
Club President or Representative _____________________ Date ___________________
Step 2 – Participant Application and Deposit [INVITATION (2 &3)]
Entrants should mail or E-MAIL the ‘Letter of Interest’ with a check for $400.00 ADVANCED REGISTRATION (Make the check payable to the “Pa Hockey Foundation”).
ONLINE REGISTRATION AT:
SECURED REGISTRATION LINK: Step 3 – Final Payment and Rosters (4,5&6)
ONLINE REGISTRATION AT:
SECURED REGISTRATION LINK:
PLEASE RETURN THIS FORM WITH A CHECK MADE PAYABLE TO:
Pa Hockey Foundation – P.O. Box 10598, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235
2013 Pa Hockey Scholastic Showcase
December 27-30, 2013 ~ BladeRunners - Harmarville – Pittsburgh, Pa
18th Annual - ‘Director’s Cup ‘
Ø The 18th Annual Pa Hockey Scholastic Showcase at the Harmarville in Pittsburgh,, Pennsylvania being held on December 27-30, 2013, that will feature the top teams in Western Pennsylvania and additional schools regionally and nationally. Your school is invited to participate in.
UPDATE 5-10-2013 ~ 5 Schools have committed for the 2013 PAHSS including from Western Pennsylvania (5).
2014 Pa Hockey Keystone Cup Scholastic Showcase
January 24-26, 2014 ~ Site TBA – Eastern Pa
1st Annual - ‘Keystone Cup‘
Ø The Inaugural Pa Hockey Keystone Cup Scholastic Showcase Eastern Pennsylvania will feature the top teams in Eastern and Western Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and additional schools regionally and nationally. Your school is invited to participate in a 16-team showcase of the top Varsity high school teams.
Should you have any questions, please contact Jeff Mauro at 412-848-3750 [Cell Phone] E-Mail at [email protected]
Pa Hockey – Pennsylvania Hockey History Restoration Project
The Pa Hockey Foundation is beginning a lifetime project in 2013 to rebuild the History of Hockey in the State of Pennsylvania and bringing this project to the Internet including Pictures, Videos, Periodicals and Stories of Pennsylvania Hockey from 1969 to the present. The Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championships have crowned 99 Pennsylvania State Champions at the Class AAA, Class AA and Class A levels since 1975 and began in Erie, Pennsylvania at the Glenwood Rink. Pa Hockey Hub will begin to compile the history of the Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championships to the Pa Hockey Hub and Pa Hockey History Hub Websites in unprecedented fashion with the Championship Teams, the Stories including the journey of the development, the championships runs and the moment captured with Video Footage, Press Articles, Pictures and most importantly the stories before, during and after those championships.
The beginning of this project will begin additional projects including the first games in Eastern Pennsylvania in 1969 and Western Pennsylvania in 1971, the Leagues and their Championships, the Pacesetter Players, Coaches and Programs, All-Time Records and Milestones and begin many Reunions of Championship Teams, Players, Coaches and Families.
The project has begun with a Facebook Page called Champions Gate - Pennsylvania Hockey Champions and I have begun to compile pictures of the Pennsylvania High School Hockey Champions from 1975 thru the present. Out of the 99 Pennsylvania High School Hockey Champions, I have uploaded pictures from 2000 to the present and now I am attempting to bridge the gap from 1975 to 2000, with the Archives I have collected plus elicit help from anyone who has pictures of these State Championship Teams.
Send me any pictures, articles and videos you may have collected to Pa Hockey Foundation PO Box 10598, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235 or [email protected]. This is a great project with the outline below and I look forward to working with all of you to bring back the History of Pennsylvania Hockey for us all to enjoy !
Champions Gate – Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championships
Mission: “To Capture Championships before, during and after they happen”
Pa Hockey Hub Pa Hockey History Hub CHAMPIONSHIP YEAR
Compilation and Recording of Historical Moments of High School Hockey
Ø 1 ~ The Champions ~ Championship Picture and Article
Ø 2 ~ The Team ~ Listing of Members of the Championship Team
Ø 3 ~ The Coaches ~ Listing of Coaches of the Championship Team
Ø 4 ~ Pacesetters ~ Key Players to the Championship Team
Ø 5 ~ The Story ~ Championship Story / Game Tape or Footage / Preview
Ø 6 ~ The Moment ~ Interviews/Quotes/Pictures
Ø 7 ~ The Journey ~ Periodicals and Articles of Playoff Run
Ø 8 ~ The Season ~ The Teams Record /Standings/Games of Regular Season
Ø 9 ~ The Program ~ History and Development of the Championship Team
Ø 10 ~ The Reunion ~ Championship Reunions of Team (After 5-10-15-20-25 Years)
USA HOCKEY HUB @
WALL OF HIGH SCHOOL HOCKEY CHAMPIONS
The Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championships in Aston, Pa will crown the Pennsylvania High School Hockey Champions for 2013 and join 43 other States Champions on the USA Hockey Hub WALL of Champions.
Below are some of the results from States who have completed their championships can be found on the Interscholastic Hockey Today USA Website at
This was sent to every President of Amateur Hockey Programs and High School Hockey Programs in Western Pennsylvania
Important Information re Youth Hockey Structure
To: Western PA Youth Hockey Leaders:
This information is being sent to club/team Presidents. Please forward on to other interested officers/individuals.
Confusion has surrounded our sport since June of this year as a result of the USA Hockey rule change regarding the age ranges allowed to play ‘high school hockey.’ We are working to continue expanding opportunities for children to play hockey and feel that it is important for us to provide our thoughts on restructuring the youth hockey system in our region – based off of the latest rules. We have met with key stakeholders from the PAHL and PIHL, their member clubs and facilities which led us to create the structure presented in the following document. Our plan seems to provide a clear career path with opportunities for players regardless of ability, interest level and financial commitment to play the game.
We believe that by making the changes mentioned in our presentation the player development model will be enhanced, the career path for players will be clearly defined and ice at the facilities will be utilized more efficiently.
We realize that these are significant modifications that will require a collaborative effort between all of the key stakeholders, and that there will be challenges along the way. The Penguins welcome these challenges, as well as additional ideas, and hope that you will too. After all, we share the common goals of increasing participation and improving the overall structure of the sport. In the end, it is about providing the best development opportunities for our athletes.
Please Click Here to view the documentation on the Youth Hockey Structure of Western Pennsyvania.
After winning their 2nd game during the 2012-2013 Season, Canevin will become the 6th Western Pennsylvania High School Hockey Program joining Upper St Clair (2007) Kittanning / Armstrong (2007), Mt Lebanon (2009), Bethel Park (2010) and Central Catholic (2010) to accomplish 500 Wins in their history. This mark includes League Regular Season and Playoff Games and Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championship Playoffs.
On November 1. 2012, Canevin defeated Plum 7-0 to capture their 500th win in school history.
Next in line of schools with over 450 wins includes:
Westmont Hilltop
All of the Western Pa School Records [through 1996] are in the Championships Gate Section of Team Websites of Pa Hockey. Please visit the complete history of Leagues and Pennsylvania High School Hockey Championship Playoffs on Pa Hockey History Hub at . !
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http://www.eteamz.com/pahockey/index.cfm?showdonate=1
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Liberty-Eylau tops Gorman to win tourney
Liberty-Eylau doesn’t have the depth to run its full-court pressure for four quarters, so coach Robert Cochran picks his moments.
After trailing at halftime, Cochran unleashed his team on Bishop Gorman.
The result was a tide-changing quarter in which the Lady Crusaders turned the ball over on their first six possessions and the Lady Leopards capitalized en route to a 69-55 victory in the final of the Macy Chenevert Patriot Holiday Tournament on Saturday at UT Tyler’s Herrington Patriot Center.
Gorman (17-3) turned the ball over 10 times in the third quarter, more than the other three quarters combined (nine). Liberty-Eylau (14-3) scored 16 straight points to start the second half to take a 44-32 lead midway through the quarter and take control.
“We normally pressure the entire game from the word go; we’re not deep enough to do that right now,” Cochran said. “We didn’t press much in the first half at all, trying to save ourselves for the second half; that was our game plan going in.
“We played well in spurts in the first half but I thought the entire second half we probably played our best basketball game and that’s the way we’re going to have to play to get where we want to go. That’s probably our best 16 minutes of basketball that we’ve played probably in a couple years.”
The Lady Crusaders lost 72-61 to the Lady Leopards on Nov. 27 in a game L-E used its press early and held on late. After the Lady Leopards blitz at the start of the second half Saturday, Gorman never closed the gap to fewer than eight points.
“It just killed us,” TKG coach Katie Robertson said of the press. “It’s what happened to us the last time we played them but in the first quarter.”
Future Division I players Imani Wright (Baylor) and Sharde Collins (Arkansas-Little Rock) led the way for the Lady Leopards. Wright had game-highs of 28 points, six steals and two blocks in addition to six boards and two assists.
Collins finished with 19 points and eight rebounds while slowing down Goman’s Division II-bound Michelle Obach.
“Sharde’s, if not the best, one of the best defensive players I’ve coached,” Cochran said. “She takes it as a challenge and … what she did in the second half on (Obach) … really allowed our pressure to take over.”
Obach still finished with a team-high 22 points, 10 coming in the fourth quarter as she tried to will the Lady Crusaders back into the game.
“We’ve played the quote-unquote six or seven Division I guards and she’s by far the best,” Cochran said. “We played in the Metroplex and we played in Shreveport. She’s the best individual guard with respects to the high school game. She’s just a great basketball player.”
Brooke Lee added 12 points, four steals and three assists for the Lady Crusaders before fouling out with 2:23 to play. Danielle Smith chipped in nine points and 10 rebounds.
Obach and Susannah Williams (nine points, seven rebounds) were named to the All-Tournament team from Gorman along with Wright, Collins and Liberty-Eylau’s Lauren Godfrey (eight rebounds).
Gorman trailed by seven entering the second quarter but scored nine straight over 1:43 late in the period to go into halftime ahead 32-28.
After the break, things unraveled quickly for the Lady Crusaders. Wright opened with a jumper, then snagged a steal that led to a layup to tie the game. A minute later Morgan Utsey converted on a TKG turnover to give Liberty-Eylau the lead for good. Wright scored 12 points before Obach drove to the basket for two for Gorman’s first points of the second half.
“Their personnel, they just have so much size over us,” Robertson said. “Mentally we got out of the game a little bit; maybe we just got a little too confident with what we did in the second quarter.”
“It humbles us and makes us realize how much harder we have to work and do things to make sure we do it right.”
———
Macy Chenevert Patriot Holiday Tournament
At UT Tyler’s Herrington Patriot Center
Championship Game
Liberty-Eylau 69, Bishop Gorman 55
Liberty-Eylau 16 12 23 18 — 69
Gorman 9 23 9 14 — 55
LIBERTY-EYLAU — Jazmyne Jackson, 2; Sharde Collins, 19; Imani Wright, 28; Morgan Utsey, 12; Alize Peague, 5; Lauren Godfrey, 3. FG: 27-62. FT: 12-17.
GORMAN — Brooke Lee, 12; Allie Buzbee, 3; Michelle Obach, 22; Susannah Williams, 9; Danielle Smith, 9. FG: 17-43. FT: 16-23.
THREE POINT GOALS — LE (3-11): Collins, Wright (2). BG (5-12): Lee (3), Buzbee, Smith.
RECORDS — Liberty-Eylau 14-3; Gorman 17-3.
NEXT UP — Liberty-Eylau at Martins Mill, noon Wednesday; Neches at Gorman, 1 p.m. Wednesday.
——— 34
Friday’s Games
Game 11: Lindale 83, Pleasant Grove 64
Game 12: John Tyler 60, Pine Tree 48
Game 13: Mineola 69, Kilgore 60
Game 14: Hallsville 50, Wills Point 46
Game 15: Lee 35, Pine Tree 23
Game 16: Longview 55, Pleasant Grove 36
Game 17: Henderson 52, Grace 49
Game 18: Gorman 66, Lindale 46
Game 19: Liberty-Eylau 60, John Tyler 53
Game 20: Wills Point 50, Kilgore 46
Saturday’s Games
Game 21, Fifth-Place Game: Canceled
Game 22, Consolation Final: Mineola67, Hallsville 54
Game 23, Third-Place Game: Canceled
Game 24, Championship: Liberty-Eylau 69, Bishop Gorman 55
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http://www.etfinalscore.com/Basketball/176661/libertyeylau-tops-gorman-to-win-tourney
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Our Customer Support Team of RNs and Biomeds are ready to assist you with product information and your questions about:
Emergency Assistance is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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Phone: 1-800-255-2500
Website:
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We encourage you to visit the privacy policy of every website before you visit
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http://www.ethicon.com/corporate/our-connections/support
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Kate Moss Reads From '50 Shades of Grey'
By JACKIE WILLIS
March 15, 2013
The U.K.'s BBC Radio 1 somehow convinced the brooding supermodel Kate Moss to read from the wildly popular erotic novel Fifty Shades of Grey in a segment they appropriately titled Fifty Shades of Kate.
As romantic music plays in the distance, 39-year-old Moss really goes for it, and reads with much enthusiasm and facial expressions. After she's done with the excerpt, she falls over laughing.
RELATED: You Won't Believe Who Called Fifty Shades Their 'Guilty Pleasure'
The 50 Shades reading was part of BBC's Radio 1 Red Nose Challenge, an event to raise money for charity through the power of laughter.
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http://www.etonline.com/news/131755_Kate_Moss_Reads_50_Shades_of_Grey/index.html
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Reading Comprehension Sample Questions.
Select only one answer choice.
-
Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply.
-
- Select the sentence that distinguishes two ways of integrating rock and classical music.. It distinguishes between writing rock music in a way that will make it attractive to classical listeners and writing classical music that will be attractive to listeners familiar with rock. Thus the correct answer is the last sentence of the passage. >
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http://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/verbal_reasoning/reading_comprehension/sample_questions
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An editorial argues that the US Magnitsky law is a pro-Russian, not anti-Russian, act. Indeed, it targets specific officials accused of stealing from the Russian budget. The article says that for the Magnitsky measures to have a maximum impact, Europe show follow suit. Most effective of all would be an EU-wide visa ban and asset freeze. This could be adopted relatively easily, given sufficient political will, in a decision by its Council of Ministers – as has been done with officials from Belarus.Source: The Financial Times
In an interview Ivan Grachev, chairman of the State Duma Energy Committee, shares his expectations for 2013. In particular, the official comments: “For the past decade our country has been leading an uneasy dialogue with Europe about the Energy Charter. The Europeans hoped that the more liberal the Russian market became, the lower the price for energy carriers would be. However, the facts speak for themselves: the market was liberalised but the price for electric energy has gone up twelve-fold. We should keep explaining to the Europeans patiently that in case of fully liberal gas markets and other energy resources, they will just get an uncontrolled price growth.”Source: Oil and Gas Information Agency
Thane Gustafson, an expert in Russia’s oil industry at Georgetown University in the US, recently pointed out that virtually all new Russian production came from fields that were discovered during the Soviet period. He also said that the first slip in Russian oil production was predicted in 2015, with declines setting in during the second half of the decade.Source: The Financial Times
Russia’s 2012 oil output hit a post-Soviet record high level while natural gas production declined amid stalling European sales. The Russian energy ministry’s reporting unit said oil and gas condensate production grew by 1.3% last year to reach a new record of 10.40 million barrels per day. The current output rate outpaces that of Saudi Arabia and clinches for Russia the title of the world’s biggest oil producer. But Russia lacks the rapid ability of Saudi Arabia to boost output in case of a global economic rebound or more serious turmoil in the Middle East. It also appears to be unable to break through any further on large foreign markets to which it has no direct pipeline and that in some cases are starting to depend on US shale oil. Russia’s natural gas production meanwhile shrank by 2.3% to 655.0 billion cubic metres as its European sales shrivelled up. The drop reflects the reality that almost all of Gazprom’s foreign sales are focused on European and post-Soviet countries now experiencing some of the slowest growth rates in the world. The European Union -importing about 30% of its gas from Russia – has made a priority of diversifying suppliers in a bid to ease its political dependence on Moscow.Source: Agence France Presse
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http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/2013/01/03
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Born three years after the accession of Queen Elizabeth, my memory is coloured by events, punctuated by sub-clauses, and swayed by the influences of this woman's life. In this regard I am no different from any other Australian over the age of say 40. How exactly to understand these traces in memory is more difficult to discern.
Those brought up with the Book of Common Prayer each Sunday of their childhood were asked to pray in intercessions for the Queen and all the royal family.
It was never explained then that we had the prayer book because we had the Queen, that the English Civil War had left scars on the English psyche which argued for centuries of monarchy. Australian hesitancy to adopt a republic is, I believe, explained in part by this British refusal ever to go back to the disasters of Cromwell.
My parents' generation were avid followers of the young Elizabeth. Teachers and elders read me A. A. Milne's poem about Christopher Robin going 'down with Alice' to Buckingham Palace, as though it were an everyday occurrence. That they themselves had never been to London was beside the point. They were in a constant state of going to watch the changing of the guard, even if it was only in their own minds.
A similar statement about the barriers between us and them, subjects and royals, was made by that defining artistic phenomenon of Elizabeth's reign, The Beatles. John Lennon sang about the miserly Mean Mr Mustard who 'goes out to look at the Queen, only place that he's ever been, always shouts something obscene', a warning to Little Englanders to get real and expand their horizons.
One curate in our parish was the complete royal watcher. He knew every twig of the family tree, could quote quintessential quips from court history and knew more about Mrs Simpson than was proper. He claimed to dream about the royal family regularly and believed everyone had dreams about them. It was pointed out to me once that he had no family of his own and the royal family was a helpful substitute.
This easy familiarity with an idealised dream family collapsed for me at the impressionable age of 20, when I had to absorb the dismissal of the elected Australian government by her majesty's representative.
When Sir John Kerr handed Gough Whitlam the papers indicating that he was sacked, Whitlam's first question was, 'Have you notified the Palace?' Kerr's reply apparently was, 'It's too late for that now.' It is ironic that the republican movement was kickstarted not by a bushranger like Ned Kelly or a suave politico like Paul Keating, but by an industrial lawyer who late in life developed vice-regal pretensions.
To this day it is not clear what Elizabeth thought. As historian Geoffrey Blainey observed at the time, Kerr's actions revealed not how close the nation's relationships were with England, but how far apart they had become.
There is a saying that the French are republicans when there is a monarchy and monarchists when there is a republic; many Australians enjoy a similar two-mindedness. Malcolm Turnbull is persuasive when he says that in Australia there are now more Elizabethans than monarchists. For most people of my parents' generation this would have been heresy. Meanwhile the mythic reality of Elizabeth's reign is only enhanced and remade.
Like all the monarchs of England, Elizabeth is a literary creation as well as a human being. The majority of her subjects know about her through words and images. Most everything I know about Elizabeth is only through artificial means: newspapers, films, books. This hyperreality is intensified by decades of opinions and stories, ranging from the inexpressibly effusive to the effectively unprintable.
The code of not repeating what the Queen says in private is well kept, such that the myth will blow out of all proportion when she dies and the 'full story' goes public. Elizabeth is supposed to be highly informed and witty, but I cannot instantly think of one witty thing she has said in the 60 years of her reign.
The curate was probably right when he said we have all dreamt about the Queen. These traces of memory blur into our unconscious, which is why I finish this reflection with two other works of popular period art.
In 1982 an intruder to the palace was found sitting at the edge of her majesty's bed. He was harmless, the alarm was called off, and questions were raised about security.
This incident inspired the alternative Manchester band The Smiths to write their black-humoured classic 'The Queen is Dead'. There is nothing innocent about the intruder in this song, who claims to do something very nasty with a rusty spanner. He commits the crime on the grounds that he feels lonely and needs someone to talk to.
The song plays to the shadow side of our relationship with people in positions of power. Assassination, or the imaginary possibility of ridding ourselves of those with influence over us, towards whom we are jealous or angry, is a possibility there in the unconscious. How we choose to counter that temptation is another matter.
A more positive person from the world of the unconscious is The BFG. Queen Elizabeth, or a person precisely fitting her description, is one of the main characters in Roald Dahl's wonderful children's story.
Sophie gets to know the Big Friendly Giant, a benevolent character who collects good dreams and distributes them to children in the secrecy of the night. All the other giants are going out eating people and to stop this vicious destruction Sophie and the BFG go to the one person who will be able to help.
Breaking into the palace they freak out the staff, but the Queen remains completely well-mannered and attentive, calling for breakfast to be served and making the BFG feel at home.
Dahl makes Queen Elizabeth the centre of calm, the person inside us who is rational and conciliatory, the problem solver. Not only is she not afraid of the BFG, she believes what he says and acts on his information. She is the way out of our present crisis. Without her, who knows what we might have to do next?
Philip Harvey is Eureka Street's poetry editor and head of the Carmelite Library of Spirituality in Middle Park, Victoria.
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Edward F01 Jun 2012
Your curate, Philip, in his attitude to the monarchy, reminds me of the fawning approach taken by Mr Collins to his patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, in "Pride and Prejudice". These were the days when some Anglican clerics here adopted a faux "English" accent. I remember them well. Were these "elevations by (vague) association"? Quite possibly. I think there is Elizabeth Windsor, a real person and the persona she has to wear as Queen. Of course, with the rise of "celebrity" journalism, where millions of bored people follow the banal lives of film stars and sporting "heroes", she and her family are always "relevant" and their lives, in minute detail, are scrutinised in the press. Did those who - like my sister-in-law - "grieved" over Princess Diana's death really "care", or was she merely a peg to hang their dreams on? Dreams which ceased at her death? You are, I believe, raising an interesting question about people who "identify" with the monarchy.
Pam01 Jun 2012
Our 'elevation' of the Queen is a quirk of human nature. Dare I mention in the same breath Mary, mother of Jesus. Both the Queen and Mary are human but elevated by State and Church. And when ordinary women are viewed as either 'Queen' or 'Mary' the misogynistic State and Church are shown in gory detail. The Queen is Elizabeth Windsor, a person placed in a position by fate/ birth (what you will) and instead of walking away which would have been extremely difficult, she has performed her 'duties' to the best of her ability. Mary, an ordinary young woman, was chosen by God for a unique task. So Mary was unique but when women are viewed as substitute 'Queens' and 'Marys' then real 'identities' are swept aside. And the people who sweep the real identities aside, lose their own identities.
Alan Austin01 Jun 2012
Philip, you say "I cannot instantly think of one witty thing she has said in the 60 years of her reign."
Can anyone think of anything she has said at all other than platitudes written by palace speechwriters?
Apart, of course, from "I myself prefer my New Zealand eggs for breakfast."
Brian Poidevin01 Jun 2012
I suspect "annus horribilis" was not the product of of a palace speech writer. The present system works o.k. would it be improved by electing a president. I doubt if Australians if asked to vote on republic would come at our wildly respected parliament appointing a president.
L Newington01 Jun 2012
To be honest, the way things stand in the church today, if we ever did become a republic, I dread the pressures placed on any Catholic presidential candidate.
At this point in time, for me it's "Long Live the Queen".
Richard Laidlaw01 Jun 2012
A thought-provoking piece and a joy to read. It recalls the tale of the Curate's egg. On a practical level, the de facto situation is that Australia is a crowned republic; it is a system that actually works well but which time and tide will eventually wash away. I believe that time will be soon, but it should not be accompanied by vacuous rudeness on one side or sentimental tears on the other. The issue for Australians is what we choose to replace what one might call the Present Fiction. A popularly elected President is not an option. It would create rival political leaderships and require - certainly it would lead to - constitutional change that might well be invidious. So there's a lot of work to be done there. I don't believe that narrative has yet truly begun. I do think that Elizabeth is our last British monarch; so time is necessarily short.
jean Sietzema-Dickson01 Jun 2012
Thanks Philip,
I share your journey in many ways and l loved the way you put it.
Brian Larsson01 Jun 2012
Much of the comment seems to have moved little in my seven decades from the English propaganda of empire we were all raised to believe in.
One day, hopefully very soon, we might all get over the maudlin elevation surrounding this good woman.
PHILIP HARVEY02 Jun 2012
Here are some responses to comments. To Edward F.: The curate is the subject of much humour in English literature, in part because in English society (especially in the time of Austen and Trollope) to be a curate was to have settled on a role in life that was secure but not prestigious. Many curates become influential people in our own society after they have their own parish, but you don’t read about them in newspapers so they are ‘invisible’. The curate in my essay did not affect a faux English accent. His favourite novelist was Evelyn Waugh and his favourite singer was Judy Garland. As you can imagine, his sermons were an unpredictable surprise. To Pam: ‘The Catholic imaginary and the cults of Elizabeth, 1558-1582’ by Stephen Hamrick is but one book that shows how the Protestants transferred Catholic worldviews and practice onto the Queen, when they no longer had a cult of Mary.
To Brian Poidevin: the Annus Horribilis speech was certainly a drastic shift from “My husband and I …” By using Latin she was speaking to history. The speech placed herself and her role up against the collective media of the time, but also distanced herself and her established role as Queen over against the indulgent, dimwitted behaviour of some of the younger royals. You will notice “My husband and I…” was dropped about the same time as the rise of feminism in England. To
Brian Larsson: it is in the nature of things that one form of propaganda will inevitably be replaced by the next form of propaganda. Propaganda is a symptom of political power. On inspection, I would say the hoopla surrounding the diamond jubilee is infinitely more benign than some other kinds of present day propaganda we could mention.
Edward F03 Jun 2012
Thank you for your response, Philip. It sounds like your curate had literary taste and wasn't a stereotype. I found many Anglican clerics of yesteryear stereotypical. Many were, I suspect, living up to expectations. Others didn't and were magnificent.
Barry O'Keefe04 Jun 2012
A majority of voters in all States votes against a republic . The Queen ( and by parity of reasoning , the monarchical syatem of government) is probably even more favoured now than at the time of the referendum. The system works well . It coped well with the Whitlam/Kerr/Frazer matter in the 1970s >There is no impetus for change .An ideosyncratic view ( as with the writer of the article ) does not make for a general view.
Long live our Constitution and the sovereign who is part of it .
And hands off the flag- which some republicans want to change.
Peter Kennedy04 Jun 2012
Any evidence for your claim that the republican movement was "kickstarted by" John Kerr?
I don't recall any significant sudden rise in republicanism just after 1975. Republicanism had bubbled along as a rather small minority opinion in Australia from the mid-19th century until Keating gave it a kick along, it reached its peak of a near-majority in the late 1990s and has since fallen back to its historically usual position of a minority opinion sponsored by a few high-profile enthusiasts.
You claim "To this day it is not clear what Elizabeth thought" about Kerr's dismissal of the Whitlam government. The Queen's spokesman made it publicly clear at the time that the Queen intended to take no action because it was a matter for Australians to sort out amongst themselves. A consequence of the independence granted to the Australian government by the Statue of Westminster in 1932 (which Australia was so unenthusiastic about it didn't bother to ratify until 1941). If Kerr's actions only "revealed" Australia's independence to some people at the time, it just goes to show the level of public ignorance and/or apathy about our constitutional arrangements.
You call Kerr "an industrial lawyer who late in life developed vice-regal pretensions."
Kerr did not pretend to be a vice-regent. He actually WAS one. Appointed to the position by Whitlam who thought that with his solid ALP-supporting background he would be a useful puppet who would do as he was told to promote the ALP and its agenda at all costs. Then Kerr decided he was going to actually do the job, not just be Whitlam's puppet. Rather reminiscent of Henry II manoeuvring to get his best mate Thomas Becket appointed Archbishop of Canterbury to get the church's blessing for his political actions, only to find that once he had the job Becket decided to actually do the job without fear or favour.
john fox04 Jun 2012
I thought her unscripted reply to Paul McCartney, when he suggested another concert/party in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, "not in my backyard" was witty.
PHILIP HARVEY04 Jun 2012
To Peter Kennedy: well yes, of course John Kerr was Governor-General. It was after he advanced to that square on the chessboard that it all went to his head, with behaviour that could only be caused by individual pretensions. His second wife had a lot to do with it, to believe the histories. Kerr’s dismissal of the government was an act of extraordinary political pretension, meaning it was out of all proportion to the role of Governor-General as understood by practice and precedent. Kerr was deluded enough to believe he was the equal of Whitlam and that his job was as vital to Australia’s future as that of the Prime Minister. He is the only Governor-General who has ever thought that. As was revealed after Sir Zelman Cowen’s death this year, Malcolm Fraser knew he had to appoint someone as Governor-General who was universally liked, who could undo the damage to the office caused by Kerr. Unlike Thomas Becket, Kerr was not a saint. Patrick White predicted accurately that Kerr will be a footnote.
Peter Kennedy05 Jun 2012
I'm certainly not claiming Kerr was a saint! I was comparing Whitlam's actions to Henry II's.
Please explain by what process you have read the thoughts of every Governor General living or dead and are able to state definitively that Kerr is the only Governor-General who has ever thought that he had the power to dismiss a government. On the contrary I would say it is likely that most if not all other G-Gs would have done the same in the same circumstances (not necessarily in exactly the same way).
Of course Fraser had to appoint someone as Governor-General who was universally liked. That was nothing new. It just became more necessary then because of the campaign the ALP had conducted against Kerr for, as they saw it, becoming a "Labor rat" and deserting the ALP cause after the ALP had placed him in high office in return for his lifelong devotion to it.
Previous Articles by this Author.
More than once I observed him walking from the Medley Building of the University of Melbourne to Newman College reading a book, not looking up. It was the book leading the human through the everyday world...
Gallipolli was a disaster and a relatively minor conflict, but it is upon such 'minor' conflicts that Empires are built. These songs go to the heart of a contradictory dilemma: the love of country on the one hand and the ugly extremes of patriotism on the other. Published 23 February 2011
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Rewarding Lightness, From Top to Bottom
The best way to encourage lightness, empathy, and compassion in training, is to reward those that employ it in their everyday work. The tricky part lies in detecting and indeed finding the margin in a competitive dressage arena, to place these dressage riders above those that use harmful or forceful methods.
So how does a top judge detect lightness in training in elite level dressage? And how do they then reward these combinations, effectively placing them above other perhaps more powerful or flamboyant horses, to give riders and trainers the incentive to train in the right way?
"Every top athlete, be it man or horse, needs a certain amount of positive tension to compete at the highest level," says O-Judge Stephen Clarke. “However, there is a world of difference between healthy ‘positive tension’ and destructive physical stress and mental anxiety.”
Stephen Clarke mentions that the most obvious sign of stress is when the paces become jerky or artificial; often the trot appears hectic or staccato, losing its natural fluidity and cadence. Sometimes the walk can deteriorate to the point where the horse is unable to relax into a clear and regular four beat, or even may jog or show ‘piaffe like’ steps throughout. The canter again may lose its clear three time beat and either ‘scratches’ along the ground with barely a moment of suspension, or if the back is so tight, may appear to show climbing, laboured steps with very limited action of the hind legs (“The paralysing effect of resistance” Podhajsky) Also the horse may, through anxiety, be unable to maintain immobility at the halt, or even halt at all.”
Danish O-judge, Leif Törnblad, acknowledges that we cannot know what goes on behind the scenes, but a judge must learn to pick up on those subtle signs of stress in the dressage horse.
"The usual signs of stress are open mouth and resistance on the bit, grinding teeth, tongue hanging out, sweating horses, swishing tails. All that is well known to everybody, but as a judge you will have to take these signs as a signal of something else."
However, Leif says this is very complex, as for example some horses may grind their teeth, but this isn't always a direct sign of stress. "A horse might grind his teeth without being in stress, as they may be just eager and excited!"
The important thing however, as a judge, is to not only detect the sign of stress, but examine the context and attempt to establish a more concrete verdict as to what may be causing such signs to appear.
"When I see the obvious sign I try to detect other more profound and serious signals,” says Leif. “Is the horse forced into a too rigid frame between hands – seat and legs? Is the back swinging or can you see tension in the top line? Is the horse willing and moving forward easily?"
Mexican O-Judge, Maribel Alonso, finds that tension is most commonly detected "when the purity of the paces is altered. The horse should look relaxed and comfortable with his rider, moving with ease and regularity. If a horse is stressed or tense; the connection with the mouth is no longer soft and still, the contact becomes unsteady, tongue pulled up, or tongue out, the neck becomes too short, the full expression of the horse loses harmony and confidence, the horse will hollow in the back etc."
Certain that incorrect training will manifest itself in all three gaits, the judges all agree that the tension can become even more obvious in the walk. "Especially in the collected walk," says Maribel
Leif adds that "the walk will become very tense and short or even without clear rhythm, and says the canter can also become hectic and with a stiff top line. "Flying changes are thus made very short, and again hectic, if the horse is under pressure."
Stephen stresses that “the main objective of correct dressage is to establish the horse’s natural paces and enhance them through systematic and gymnastic training Poor training will manifest itself in the deterioration of all three paces”.
Leif knows, however, that it is unavoidable during some periods of training, that a horse may become a bit stressed, but a good rider will be able to quickly ease the tension, and calm the horse in the appropriate way.
"When learning new movements, for example, he may become stressed, but if the rider takes it the easy way and does not repeat difficult (for the horse) movements during the learning process, this sort of stress will be a minor problem. Unfortunately you very often see riders that repeat the movements that are difficult for the horse many times in the warming up, and even around the arena. The only outcome of that is that the horse performs worse in the arena."
There are a number of ways harmful and unjust training can present itself, but equally obvious are the many signals of light, effective, well balanced training techniques.
"A well trained talented horse moves easily forward with attentive ears and a closed mouth and can execute the different movements with ease."
According to Maribel "lightness can be detected when the horse has been correctly trained showing elasticity and flexibility throughout its performance, being smooth and fluent and achieving perfect balance. We can observe it in a well performed transition free of tension or resistance".
“The horse that presents such a high degree of lightness and self carriage showing a steady and flawless contact are unmistakably the best trained ones and therefore they are the ones awarded the highest scores. I am sure that those high scores as well as the incredible feeling such trained horse provides become the incentive to improve the way of training."
The outcome of correct training, Stephen says that lightness and self-carriage will only be achieved "when all of the criteria of the Scale of Training have been met".
"Only then, will the horse have the balance and the elasticity in his paces to show a lightness of footfall that, to the onlooker, appears to be hardly touching the ground," says Clarke. "Only when the training is fully developed and the horse is truly light on the ground and in a genuine self carriage, will he be able to demonstrate absolute harmony and expression throughout all of the exercises. We have been lucky enough to witness this at the recent London Olympic Games, which surely in itself will be an incentive for riders to train in the right way if they want the highest points."
With the power and brilliance of the horses being produced today, I wondered if the training might be being compromised as a result of all this power, and that perhaps it needed to adjust or slow, in order not to restrict what the breeding world is producing?
"I think the breeding is moving in the right direction and that the riders have become better and more clever when they select a good horse for dressage. The present Olympic gold winner, Valegro, is a good example of a fantastic athlete, even if he is not the most beautiful horse when he is standing still.” says Leif . “A well deserved victory for Britain and the horse, Valegro's training also appears to have been undertaken with a lot of feeling and in a good manner!"
"In my opinion breeding has changed and is constantly developing in a very positive way," says Clarke. "Compared to earlier times, riders of today have already so much more access to horses with beautiful conformation and inherent gymnastic ability. I believe this is one of the main reasons that we now have so many combinations vying for the top spots, which makes our sport all the more exciting. I am convinced that the breeding has changed for the better. In my opinion it has improved so much that is has become a challenge to trainers, riders and judges. Riders and trainers have to be even more aware of the importance of correct basic training in order to preserve this movement and expression. The last Olympic Games has been a clear example of how many good riders and trainers there are as we had the opportunity to witness some performances that were an inspiration for the upcoming GP elite riders of the world."
The judges make an excellent point and really it is up to the entire dressage community -- trainers, riders, and judges -- to meet the challenge, take time to establish the horses confidence, and accommodate the horses natural talent and expression into our everyday work.
While judges may never know what truly goes on behind the scenes, it is with the desire to reward true lightness and commend the happiness of the horse, that a brighter dressage future will be ensured for our equine partners . And in order to promote correct education and training we must first award those at the highest level, acknowledging them as the true ambassadors of our sport.
And it seems the world's best is on top of it!
by Sarah Warne
Related Links
Olympic Pulse: What Will London Be About?
Diversity and Lightness, Essential for the Development of the Horse
Q & A Session on the State of Dressage with I-Judge Angelika Fromming
Horse-friendly Dressage Training with Klimke and Thomsen: Desensitise and Motivate
ISES Suggest to Empower FEI Stewards to Control Tightness of Noseband
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January 2006
- 31 Jan 2006
Denmark: ECHR rules against Danish closed-shop agreements.
- 31 Jan 2006
Italy: Dispute over 1,000 white-collar redundancies at Fiat
Late 2005 and early 2006 has seen conflict and negotiations over how 1,000 surplus white-collar staff are to be made redundant at Fiat, the Italian motor manufacturing group. Fiat management and trade union have asked for the workers, mostly aged over 50, to be placed on a long mobilityscheme, providing income support until they reach retirement age, while the government has proposed a special programme of labour market reintegration.
- 31 Jan 2006
EU Countries: Les relations professionnelles dans le secteur de l’agriculture
Le secteur de l'agriculture, qui emploie environ 5 % de la main-d’œuvre de l’Union européenne (et un pourcentage nettement plus élevé dans les nouveaux États membres et les pays candidats), connaît actuellement d’importantes modifications structurelles, notamment en raison de la réforme de la politique agricole commune et du récent élargissement de l’Union vers l’est. La présente étude examine les relations professionnelles dans le secteur agricole de l’Union européenne (plus la Bulgarie, la Norvège et la Roumanie) et, plus particulièrement, en ce qui concerne l’emploi et les salaires, les lois et règlements sectoriels, les partenaires sociaux, les négociations collectives, les autres formes de dialogue social et de consultation, les conflits et les litiges. On y relève que les relations professionnelles dans ce secteur sont particulières, notamment en raison du niveau élevé d’activité indépendante et, généralement, de la faible proportion de salariés.
- 30 Jan 2006
Slovenia: Unions protest against government's reform programme
On 26 November 2005, trade unions jointly organised the largest demonstrations since Slovenia independence, in opposition to the government’s reform programme. The core and most controversial part of the programme is the introduction of a flat tax rate, which the trade unions and many other NGOs totally reject. Unions also argue that talks over a new tripartite social agreement for 2006-9 are pointless if the government persists with the introduction of the flat tax rate.
- 30 Jan 2006
Sweden: Power station collective agreement reached following strike
In December 2005, the social partners in the Swedish power station industry concluded a new collective agreement, following lengthy negotiations, mediation, and strike and sympathy actions. They key issue in dispute was the right of the Swedish Electricians’ Union (SEF) to take industrial action against new firms entering the industry.
- 30 Jan 2006
Romania: New rules adopted on unemployment benefits and employment promotion
In late 2005, the Romanian government introduced new rules aimed at granting unemployment benefits in a more equitable manner, depending on the length of the contribution period, and at enhancing employment promotion measures.
- 30 Jan 2006
Spain: Controversial workforce-reduction agreement signed at SEAT
Following lengthy negotiations and workforce mobilisations, in December 2005 Spain's SEAT motor company signed an agreement with the UGT and CC.OO trade unions that aims to tackle current problems at the firm though various measures, including the redundancy of 660 workers out of a workforce of some 13,000. The signatories see the deal as a comprise to avoid greater evils. However, the agreement has proved controversial.
- 26 Jan 2006
Spain: Industrial relations in the specialised retail sector
Specialised retail outlets represent a highly diverse and feminised sector characterised by low pay and unsocial working hours. Although the sector employs a large number of workers, they are poorly represented by collective bargaining and trade union representation is very low.
- 26 Jan 2006
Netherlands: Positive response to proposed Services Directive
The proposed Services Directive has caused a stir in several European countries. European trade unions, especially in France, have made sure that the European Parliament drastically amends the Services Directive by the end of 2005. The main argument against the Services Directive is that it will lead to social dumping. In the Netherlands, however, the response to the proposed Services Directive has been generally positive. The unions and Dutch government alike are committed to the recommendation put forward by the Social and Economic Council (Sociaal Economische Raad, SER).
- 26 Jan 2006
Slovakia: Social partners push for changes in sickness insurance
Since 2004, employers must pay wage compensation to employees for the first 10 calendar days of their temporary sickness absence. The government has proposed further changes to employees’ sickness insurance with the aim of decreasing the compulsory contributions of employers. The intended changes mean that employers will pay less social insurance but will have to pay wage compensation for up to 14 days. However, the social partners have criticised and rejected the intended changes; as a result, the government has revised the original proposal for changes.
- 26 Jan 2006
France: Assessment of health insurance system post-reform
In late November 2005, the French Parliament passed the 2006 Social Security Finance Act (Loi de financement de la Sécurité), which is a component of the August 2004 Health Insurance Reform Act. The legislation is designed to end the deficit in the social security system by 2008.
- 26 Jan 2006
France: New initiatives for company restructuring
The creation of a new inter-departmental body in October 2005 was the second of two recent initiatives aimed at providing a framework for company restructuring in France. The first initiative involved the endorsement by the Economic and Social Council of its recommendations on the outsourcing of work. The primary motivation behind these initiatives is to emphasise the need for ensuring better monitoring of restructuring, while mitigating its negative economic and social consequences.
- 26 Jan 2006
Belgium: Wages restraint and innovation key to boost economy
Two influential bodies responsible for monitoring the Belgian economy and for advising on economic policy - the Central Economic Council (de Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven) and the National Bank - have recently expressed their dissatisfaction with the competitiveness of the Belgian economy. As a result, they have called for, among other measures, a reinforced policy of wage restraint and a greater focus on innovation. In the latter policy area, from 2006 onwards, there will be a new tax benefit for companies which reward employees who come up with innovative ideas.
- 26 Jan 2006
Czech Republic: Migration of Czech workers poses risk of brain drain
In recent years, research in the Czech Republic has focused on the potential impact of the country’s entry into the EU on the migration of highly qualified Czech workers to foreign countries. While foreign migration of qualified Czech labour may, on the one hand, help increase the competitiveness of the Czech economy, there are concerns that it could destabilise certain economic sectors.
- 26 Jan 2006
Poland: State retains control over 15 privatised companies
The Polish Ministry of the State Treasury’s aspirations with respect to retaining some control over privatised enterprises are about to go through the final stage of legislation. The Ministry has published a draft regulation concerning a list of companies of key importance to the public interest or security. In essence, the regulation will identify 15 companies where the government would hold a gold veto. This is not the first time that State Treasury prerogatives in relation to companies being sold to private investors are being defined.
- 26 Jan 2006
Poland: Role of Crafts Association in shaping industrial relations
The Polish Crafts Association is a national organisation, in existence since 1933. It has a dual structure, which is based on the 1989 Crafts Act. The association amalgamates chambers of crafts and commerce, which are self-governed, and also carries out the tasks of an employer confederation, as defined by the Employers’ Organisations Act of May 1991. Moreover, it unites those entities that are not self-governing. This dual character is particularly reflected in the association’s industrial relations.
- 26 Jan 2006
Latvia: Unions call for renewed social dialogue
The practice of social dialogue has fallen off in Latvia recently, following the break-down of discussions between the government and the social partners on critical socio-economic issues. Following an initiative from the social partners, a trilateral agreement had been concluded which explicitly defined the rights of the parties and extended the field of influence for social dialogue. However, this did not improve the situation. Despite these failures, the Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia continues to press the government on the issue of renewing the operations of the social dialogue institutions.
- 26 Jan 2006
Latvia: Emigration of Latvian workers continues to increase
Since Latvia’s accession to the European Union, Latvian businesses and workers have been making use of the provisions of the four freedoms, i.e. free movement of goods, services, persons and capital within the EU. This has had both positive and negative effects. While Latvian workers have proved to be competitive in the labour markets of other European countries, this has raised concerns among local trade unions. Meanwhile, Latvian employers are starting to witness labour force deficits due to the increasing levels of emigration.
- 26 Jan 2006
Bulgaria: Social dialogue develops in healthcare sector
Compared with many other sectors in Bulgaria, social dialogue and collective bargaining in healthcare is relatively well developed at all levels. There is, for example, a Sectoral Council for Tripartite Cooperation in Healthcare, which negotiates collective agreements and acts as a forum for cooperation. In early 2006, new collective agreements are being negotiated at sectoral and municipal levels, against a background of continuing healthcare reform.
- 26 Jan 2006
Latvia: Police trade union established
Following amendments to the relevant legislation, it became legal for Latvian police officers to establish and join trade unions from 1 January 2006. The Latvian United Police Trade Union (LAPA), which had been under preparation for some time, was officially founded a few days later. The impetus to create the union was provided largely by a long-running dispute over the benefits to which police officers are entitled .
- 26 Jan 2006
Poland: Good results at KGHM prompt pay demands
The recent good financial performance of KGHM, a major Polish copper producer, has prompted employees to seek a share of the increased profits. In December 2005, the Copper Industry Workers Trade Union (ZZPPM) initiated a collective dispute, calling for a 10% general pay increase and the reallocation of a third of the workforce to higher pay brackets.
- 25 Jan 2006
United Kingdom: Employers' responses to employee consultation Regulations examined
Research published in late 2005 suggests that UK employers are responding more actively to the introduction of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations than previously thought.
- 25 Jan 2006
France: Results of workplace elections in state education sector
In December 2005, teaching staff in French state primary and secondary schools elected their representatives on various national and local consultative bodies. The Unitary Union Federation (FSU) remained the best supported trade union overall, with nearly 47% of the vote. Turn-out fell to 61.4% from 65.9% in the previous elections in 2002
- 25 Jan 2006
EU Level: progressing the revision of the working time Directive, possible work on the draft temporary agency work Directive and a continuing focus on the Lisbon strategy for growth and jobs.
- 25 Jan 2006
EU Level: Commission launches measures to help inclusion of people with disabilities
In early December 2005, the European Day of Disabled People was marked by an EU conference on Living together in society. The European Commission used this opportunity to put forward concrete measures designed to improve the lives of people with disabilities in the EU and to present a new Communication on the situation of disabled people in the enlarged Union.
- 25 Jan 2006
EU Level: Commission issues policy plan on legal migration
In December 2005, the European Commission issued a new policy plan on legal migration to the EU. The plan sets out the Commission’s future policy intentions on this issue in the areas of legislative proposals, non-legislative tools, the integration of immigrants and enhanced cooperation with countries of origin.
- 25 Jan 2006
EU Level: Worldwide CSR agreement signed at Arcelor
In September 2005, the Luxembourg-based steel multinational, Arcelor, concluded a worldwide agreement on corporate social responsibility (CSR) with international trade union organisations. The agreement - the first such accord in the steel sector - covers fundamental social rights, health and safety, the environment, social dialogue, communication and the management of industrial and economic change.
- 25 Jan 2006
Estonia: Social partners sign minimum wage agreement for 2006
At the end of December 2005, the Estonian social partners signed a national minimum wage agreement for 2006, which will result in an increase of 11.5%. The first attempts to start negotiations were made by trade unions in May, but employers froze the talks several times on various grounds.
- 25 Jan 2006
Finland: Finland’s largest union begins operations
A merger process involving six public sector trade unions affiliated to the SAK confederation came to a close in January 2006 when the new Trade Union for the Public and Welfare Sectors (JHL) became fully functional. JHL is now Finland's largest union, with over 230,000 members. Its foundation was largely a reaction to the outsourcing of public sector jobs to the private sector. JHL represents workers in both these sectors and hopes that this will help it control the privatisation process.
- 25 Jan 2006
Austria: Union opposes privatisation of postal services
In January 2006, the Austrian government agreed to sell off 49% of the state’s shares in the Austrian Post Company by summer 2006. These privatisation plans have met with harsh criticism from the Union of Post and Telecommunications Employees (GPF) and the parliamentary opposition. They argue that the company is not ready for privatisation and fear further large-scale staff cuts as well as a dilution of postal services across the country. However, protest actions organised by GPF appear unlikely to delay the privatisation process.
- 25 Jan 2006
Hungary: New conflict of lawsrules introduced
Hungary officially harmonised its law with the Rome Convention with respect to individual employment contracts in 2001. However, the wording of the Hungarian rules on which law applies where both the employer and the employee are Hungarian but the habitual place of work is another country has led to some controversy and debatable rulings by the courts. New legislation that came into force on 1 January 2006 aims to remedy this problem.
- 11 Jan 2006
Poland: Entrepreneurship Council Looking to Position the Employers’ Lobby in the Post-Election Political Landscape
From its inception in 2002, Poland's Entrepreneurship Council has been seeking the formulation of a cohesive political agenda for its 11 member employers' organisations. After the autumn 2005 general election and the installation of a minority Law and Justice (PiS) cabinet, the Entrepreneurship Council's leaders are faced with the task of redefining the role of employers on Poland’s political scene.
- 11 Jan 2006
France: 46-day strike at Marseilles Transport Authority
After 46 days of industrial action, Marseilles transport authority employees voted to suspend the strike that had started on 3 October 2005, and was called to protest against the contracting out of public services to a private company. Throughout this tense struggle, the management of the Marseilles Transport Authority supported by Marseilles city council, did not want to yield any ground, and made a number of attempts to thwart the strike.
- 11 Jan 2006
Germany: Federal Labour Court strengthens employers’ commitment to collective agreements
In December 2005, the Federal Labour Court ruled that employers are obliged to pay wage increases even if they left the employers’ association before the collective agreement in question was finalised. This rule applies to all individual employment contracts that, for their working conditions and wage rates, rely on those in the most recently agreed collective standards provided that the individual employment contract was concluded after 1 January 2002.
- 11 Jan 2006
Poland: Trade Unions Contribute to Removal of LOT Chair
A conflict between trade unions and the chair of LOT Polish Airlines, which had been escalating for months, culminated in December 2005 with the dismissal of the latter.
- 11 Jan 2006
Poland: Miners' pensions controversy affects Polish Confederation of Private Employers
In December 2005, the Polish Confederation of Private Employers Lewiatan (PKPP Lewiatan) asked the Constitutional Tribunal to examine whether recent legislation on pensions for miners is constitutional - a move criticised by all the mining trade unions. The National Copper Ore Mining Section of NSZZ Solidarność, representing employees of the KGHM mining company, adopted an unusual form of protest; it called on KGHM’s directors to discontinue contributions to PKPP Lewiatan.
- 11 Jan 2006
Poland: Future of Dolna Odra power complex is uncertainfor the employees .
- 11 Jan 2006
Estonia: A wage agreement signed between the government and TALO
At the very end of 2005, the government and the TALO trade union confederation finally managed to conclude a wage agreement for employees with higher education working in the public sector for 2006. It concerns rises in overall wage funds and wage conditions in domains of different ministries. The parties handle these minimum wage provisions as a collective agreement.
- 11 Jan 2006
Slovakia: Trade.
- 11 Jan 2006
Italy: Cgil, Cisl and Uil united against proposed EU BolkesteinDirective
In December 2005, representatives of Italy’s three main trade union confederations, Cgil, Cisl and Uil met to discuss how to respond to some of the proposals in the draft EU Directive on services in the internal market (the BolkesteinDirective), which they consider detrimental to workers’ rights and to the European social model. The three confederations expressed their full support for a major demonstration called for February 2006 by the European Trade Union Confederation.
- 11 Jan 2006
Italy: The social partners signed a Manifesto for the development of Italy’s Mezzogiorno
On 17 December 2005 the Italian social partners and the regional institutions met in Reggio Calabria and signed a Manifesto for the development of Italy’s Mezzogiorno to fight the decline of the country’s economy by re-launching the development of Southern regions. The document contains proposals and common commitments on several issues: companies and labour; development of the infrastructures; urban re-qualification; enhancement and strengthening of the educational structures; valorisation of tourist sites and re-launch of tourism.
- 11 Jan 2006
Austria: Supreme Court of Justice judges bank’s agreement hoppingas lawful
In a decision of December 2005, the Supreme Court of Justice (OGH) ruled that a move of Austria’s BA-CA bank corporation from the savings banks employers’ association to the commercial banks association was lawful. The main aim of this move was to change over from the savings banks collective agreement to the - from the bank’s point of view - cheaper commercial banks agreement. The union side expressed its disappointment over this decision and warns of copying such practices of agreement hoppingby other employers.
- 11 Jan 2006
Finland: Rulings issued in bargaining disputes at Are and Uponor
Two Finnish companies, Are and Uponor, attempted in early 2005 to start applying different sectoral collective agreements by changing their employers’ organisation affiliation. These initiatives were contested and referred by unions to the Labour Court, which issued its rulings in October and November 2005. Uponor was allowed by the Court to change agreements while Are was not. Both cases were finally decided by establishing which agreement first bound the employer. Neither the company's sector of production nor the level of trade union representation were seen as reasons to uphold the old agreements, as had been hoped by unions.
- 11 Jan 2006
Hungary: Wage agreements in the public sector for 2006
Following the central wage agreement for 2006 in December, a series of agreements have been concluded on public employees’ salaries.
- 11 Jan 2006
Hungary: Sectoral collective agreement signed in the construction industry
Three employers’ associations and two trade union federations in the industry signed the sectoral collective agreement on 16 November 2005. The agreement, which includes a wage tariff system as well, will come into force when the Minister of Employment and Labour promulgates his decision on extension.
- 11 Jan 2006
Sweden: Commission proposes right to full time employment
A Government Commissioner handed over a proposal for new Swedish legislation concerning the right to full-time employment, valid for the whole labour market, 30 November 2005.
- 11 Jan 2006
Norway: New agreement for an inclusive working life
In December 2005 the social partner organisations and national authorities in Norway signed a new agreement for an inclusive working life. As such the efforts to reduce sickness absence will continue. At the same time greater efforts will be made to make older people stay longer in employment, and improve the labour market situation of immigrants and other vulnerable groups.
- 11 Jan 2006
Hungary: New governmental guideline on bogus contracts
The Minister of Employment and Labour and the Minister of Finance jointly issued a new guideline on the qualification of contracts for work performance
- 11 Jan 2006
Malta: Denim announced the closure of its operations in Malta
The Denim Services Group of Companies announced it was closing its Maltese factories and laying off about 850 employees. The General Workers’ Union showed its concern that there are other manufacturing enterprises which will soon be facing similar problems.
- 11 Jan 2006
EU Level: New EU industrial relations dictionary
At the end of November 2005, the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions launched a new European industrial relations dictionary, which aims to provide a clear insight into the workings of industrial relations at European level.
- 11 Jan 2006
Spain: Strike in the private health sector in Madrid due to collective bargaining disagreement
Workers of the private health sector of the Community of Madrid went on a three-day strike in mid-December to demand equal pay and working time to those of public health workers, following a disagreement in the collective bargaining between the trade unions and the employers' associations of the sector.
- 11 Jan 2006
Spain: Workforce reduction plan agreed at Seat
In December 2005, the UGT and CC.OO trade unions reached a controversial agreement with the Seat car company on a workforce adjustment plan involving 660 redundancies in Spain, in the framework of a transnational reorganisation of the Volkswagen group.
- 11 Jan 2006
Denmark: Lidl signs new collective agreement in Denmark
Lidl, the German discount supermarket chain with more than 6,000 stores in a number of European countries, concluded a collective agreement with Denmark's United Federation of Workers (3F) in January 2006. Lidl had already signed agreements with the HK/Commerce union in November 2004.
- 10 Jan 2006
Austria: Government plans to abolish permanent tenure for civil servants
In December 2005, Austria's conservative-populist government announced plans to abolish the permanent tenure of appointment that applies to public employees, and thus their absolute protection against dismissal. The proposals would establish in the civil service a single category of public employee, employed on a private-law basis with uniform service regulations. A draft bill on the issue should be presented early in 2006. Trade unions are strongly opposed, raising questions about the quality of public services and the constitutionality of uniform service regulations, as well as expressing concern about the future independence from political interference of civil servants, especially judges.
- 10 Jan 2006
Hungary: Three-year central agreement reached on minimum wage rises and pay policy guidelines
In late November 2005, the Hungarian social partners and government agreed on new minimum wage rates, the gradual introduction of a three-tier minimum wage system, and recommendations to lower-level negotiators on annual wage increases. The agreement includes not only increases and recommendations for 2006 but also a medium-term plan for minimum wage increases and pay policy guidelines over 2006-8.
- 10 Jan 2006
Norway: Nordic trade unions' international activities examined
A report published in Norway in 2005 finds significant variations in the international work carried out by Nordic trade unions. Most unions do engage in international activity - and report increased time spent on such activities - but only a minority of unions engage in large-scale efforts, measured in time dedicated or the number of issues covered. International trade union organisations at the Nordic and European levels play an important role in the international activities of Nordic trade unions.
- 10 Jan 2006
United Kingdom: Academics vote in favour of new university and college union
In December 2005 it was announced that a ballot of the members of the further and higher education unions NATFHE and AUT had resulted in the approval of the planned merger between the two organisations to create the University and College Union.
- 10 Jan 2006
EU Level: 2006 is European Year of workers’ mobility
2006 has been designated as European Year of workers’ mobility as part of a drive to encourage employment mobility within the EU. The European Commission launched, in December 2005, a website containing all relevant information on mobility and EU mobility events and actions over the coming year.
- 06 Jan 2006
Slovenia: Rail workers’ trade unions divided over restructuring
In 2005, the Slovenian government has been considering a further restructuring of the Slovenian Railways Holding Company (HSZ). At present, there are three rail companies, dealing with infrastructure, passenger transport and freight transport respectively, with the latter two undergoing partial privatisation. Railway workers' trade unions are split over the issue - apparently reflecting the diverging interests of their members - with some favouring the current situation and others calling for a return to a single unified rail company.
- 06 Jan 2006
Slovenia: Strikes held on railways
In November 2005, several short strikes were organised by the Railway Traffic Union of Slovenia (SZPS) and some smaller rail trade unions. The strikes appeared to relate both to current plans to restructure the Slovenian Railways Holding Company and to demands for better working conditions. The majority of rail unions opposed the strikes.
- 05 Jan 2006
Latvia: Trade unions seek to boost membership
Trade union density in Latvia is only around 15.5% and unions have severe problems in organising in a number of sectors. However, during 2005, unions have made renewed efforts to increase their membership, publicise their activities, put forward demands and expand to new areas, assisted in some respects by financing from EU funds.
- 05 Jan 2006
Netherlands: Calls for reinstatement of public maternity benefits for self-employed
In late 2005, the Dutch Trade Union Federation (FNV) and the Dutch Federation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MKB-Nederland) called for the reinstatement of a public maternity benefit scheme for self-employed people. The scheme was abolished in 2004, with the idea being that it could be replaced by private insurance arrangements. However, in practice insurers have reportedly declined many applications and self-employed people have been deterred by high premiums. At the request of parliament, the government has also consulted the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Dutch Equal Treatment Commission about whether it was entitled under international and EU law to abolish the maternity benefits.
- 04 Jan 2006
Spain: Fatal accident reignites debate over safety in construction
A serious accident in November 2005, resulting in the death of six workers involved in the construction of a motorway in Andalusia, has led to a major debate on the relationship between occupational risk prevention and employment conditions in the Spanish construction sector. Trade unions called a protest work stoppage and have linked the high industrial accident rate in construction to the sector's high levels of subcontracting, temporary employment and overtime working.
- 04 Jan 2006
France: Draft agreement reached on promoting employment of older workers
Negotiations among the French social partners on promoting employment for older workers opened in February 2005 and resulted in a draft national intersectoral agreement in October. Measures agreed include a new form of fixed-term contract for workers over the age of 57. However, the trade unions have reservations, especially as linked negotiations on retirement for workers with arduous working conditions and on unemployment insurance are still under way, while the government is preparing a plan for the employment of older workers.
- 04 Jan 2006
Poland: Enterprise-level social dialogue in 2005 assessed
Based on recent research, this article examines social dialogue at the level of individual enterprises in Poland, as of 2005. It finds that issues such as trade union presence and employee representation depend strongly on company size, sector of activity and form of ownership (ie public or private). In general, trade unions face a very difficult situation in the private sector (especially in services) and among smaller enterprises.
- 04 Jan 2006
Italy: New collective agreement reached for telecommunications sector
In December 2005, trade unions and employers in the Italian telecommunications sector signed a draft collective agreement for the 2005-8 period. The industry's 120,000 workers will now be asked to approve the new agreement in workplace assemblies. The deal introduces numerous changes, notably an extension of its coverage to include call-centre companies and the introduction of new rules on subcontracting and outsourcing. Both sides have expressed their satisfaction with the draft agreement, although worries have been voiced concerning the issue of market regulation and the role of the Guarantee Authority for Telecommunications.
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The European Citizen’s initiative, in force since 1 April 2012, is an unprecedented opportunity for European people to unite in order to influence the flow of European politics. EP Vice President Georgios Papastamkos, who agreed to answer questions on the Initiative submitted by followers of the Parliament's Facebook page, believes it could be the beginning of something bigger, a true "Citizens' Europe".
How will the initiative solve any of Europe’s problems? Shouldn’t Parliament concentrate on making European elections a true contest instead? For example, by having each political group nominate its own candidate for Commission President and then leave it to the citizens to decide who gets the post? This would really bring politics to Europe.
From this time onwards Europe’s citizens can participate in the EU’s legislative process by asking the Commission to propose rules on issues that fall within its competences. In this vein, the Lisbon Treaty helps to address one of the main problems the Union faces, namely the lack of citizens’ participation in its democratic life. Your question is extremely interesting and is already the subject of much debate in the European Parliament. I have personally supported the direct election of Commissioners, alongside MEPs, already since the 1990s. However, this is an issue that is so far discussed de lege ferenda (in view of future legislation) as it is not possible to do so currently under the provisions of the existing Treaties.
What are EU officials to do if they receive widely supported initiatives asking for radical change in the European Union, in terms of either further integration or even disintegration?
I hope this innovative concept will have the response you indicate in your question. I personally believe that the degree of support that each initiative receives from citizens must be taken into account by the Commission when it decides whether to take it up or not. We hope for Initiatives that will further European integration. However, demands that are at odds with the Union’s principles cannot become the object of an Initiative. In any case, receiving, evaluating and acting upon any initiative actually presupposes a minimum European integration and of course that the Commission has a right of initiative in the respective area.
How will Parliament help ECI organisers? How will the public hearings in Parliament be carried out?
Parliament will offer those organising an Initiative all the assistance it can provide, both in terms of infrastructure and human resources, to enable them to present it in the best possible way. In addition to the organisers and the representatives of the EU Institutions, representatives of civil society and all interested parties will be invited to the public hearings. Holding these hearings in the only directly elected EU institution will send a very strong signal.
Do you fear that interesting Initiatives (such as the one potentially spawned by the “One Seat” campaign for Parliament itself) will not be admitted for lack of Commission authority to deal with it? Can this requirement be overcome?
My concern is that some will be disappointed, not because their initiative didn’t have the results they expected, but because of the extremely high expectations that some are purposefully cultivating or will seek to cultivate in the future. Both President Schulz and I have on every occasion underlined the need to better inform citizens about the rules and the requirements and what can objectively be asked of the Commission through an initiative. The example of the Parliament’s seat is an obvious case in point: it is simply beyond the Commission’s legislative remit, as the seat of the Institutions is set by common agreement of the governments of the member states. We must in all cases defend this truly innovative instrument from any attempt to discredit or manipulate it. There is a wide scope of initiatives to be taken that could help making Europe more visible, more democratic and more efficient; a real "Europe of Citizens".
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http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/content/20120322FCS41704/4/html/The-Citizens'-Initiative-the-way-to-a-Citizens'-Europe
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By Air: Jolly Grant Airport is the nearest Airport to Karnaprayag situated at a distance of 192kms. Jolly Grant Airport is well connected to Delhi with daily flights. Karnaprayag is well connected by motorable roads with Jolly Grant Airport. Taxis are available from Jolly Grant Airport to Karnaprayag.
By Rail: The nearest railway station to Karnaprayag is Rishikesh. Rishikesh railway station is situated 172kms before Karnaprayag on NH58. Rishikesh is well connected by railway networks with major destinations of India. Trains to Rishikesh are frequent. Karnaprayag is well connected by motorable roads with Rishikesh. Taxis and buses are available from Rishikesh, Srinagar, Rudraprayag and many other destinations to Karnaprayag.
By Road: Karnaprayag is well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state. Karnaprayag connects Garhwal region with Kumaon by NH87. Buses to Rishikesh and Srinagar are available from ISBT Kashmiri Gate. Buses and Taxis to Karnaprayag are easily available from major destinations of Uttarakhand state like Rishikesh, Pauri, Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag, Joshimath etc. Karnaprayag is situated on NH58 which connects Ghaziabad with Badrinath.
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http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/how-to-reach-karnaprayag.php
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Tricycles
Balancing on two wheels isn’t for everyone, so why not try the stability and security of a three-wheeler? Adult tricycles are perfect for shopping or leisure cycling, and can be fitted with large, sturdy baskets, luggage racks and cargo containers. They’re also well-suited to small businesses, for delivering, carrying tools and equipment, and acting as an eco-friendly alternative to a small van or car. Choose from a classic three-speed set up or more advanced seven-speed derailleur gears; the Pashley range also includes a folding model for easy storage.
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http://www.evanscycles.com/categories/bikes/tricycles?currency=USD&country=UNITED%20STATES
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Who's Going
Event
Tuesday, November 27, 2012 from 5:30 PM to 9:30 PM (CST)
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http://www.eventbrite.com/event/2595940528/eorg
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| 2013-05-18T10:31:52 |
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| 2013-05-18T10:44:09 |
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Caburlesque - A Night With Queen
Sorry, this event’s been and gone
When:
Where: The Fringe Bar, 191 Cuba St, Te Aro, Wellington
Restrictions: R18
Ticket Information:
- General Admission: $20.00
Online tickets sold out
- Booking fees may apply
Website:
Event listed by: Catherine Prescott
Wellingtons bi monthly Cabaret and Burlesque show is proud to present a night with Queen.
Queen composed music that drew inspiration from many different genres of music, often with a tongue-in-cheek attitude.The band has released a total of eighteen number one albums, eighteen number one singles, and ten number one DVDs worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists.
Queen's tongue-in-cheek attitude makes it the perfect choice for Burlesque and performing for you in this show are:
- Sadie Von Scruptious
- The Purple Rose
- Honey Suckle
- Volumptuous Twinkle
- Pip E-Lysaah
- Allegra Valentine
- Miss Sabina Vixen
- Scarlet De Light
Saturday 2nd June, doors open 8pm
VIP Tickets $25 [email protected]
GA Tickets $20 eventfinder
Who will be crowned Miss Caburlesque Couture (best dressed) and who will win some of our fabulous spot prizes?
Caburlesque is proudly produced by Voloumptous Twinkle and Kimberley Grace.
Location
The Fringe Bar, 191 Cuba St, Te Aro, Wellington
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Sign up with Eventfinda (it’s free!) or sign in if you’re already a member
Eventfinda 45 mins ago
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http://www.eventfinder.co.nz/2012/caburlesque-night-with-queen/wellington
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