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[Ad Astra]: A few questions?
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I have a few questions about Ad Astra:
* It only took roy 79 days to reach neptune from Mars. How did he lose his mind with only 79 days of isolation when he had lots of entertainment on board? Doesn't psychological effects start popping up only in solitary confinement and that too after a much longer time?
* Why did Roy let Clifford go? When he returned to his ship with almost no gas left, he could have found a way to save clifford and return right?
* Why did Clifford kill himself? How would he find intelligent life if he is adrift in space?
* How can a small amount of antimatter on board a small space ship affect the whole of planet earth from such a far distance?
* How did Clifford get food which is non-renewable?
* Why are the astronauts given mood stabilizers when they are going away for only a few days like when they are going from the Moon to Mars?
* Why is there so much psychological evaluation done? Its not like they are being isolated for years?
| 69 |
1) he had a lot of shit on his mind. He sort of just killed 3 people on accident and he was left alone with his thoughts while being stuck in the same place they died. He also learned that the government was turning on him after his life long service and that his father had killed a bunch of people on his mission.
2) he couldn't pilot his big ship through Neptune's ring. It would get torn up plus this was more of an emotional letting go of his father
3) he killed himself because he knew he failed and there was no way he was going back to earth after his failures and murders
4) not sure on the science behind antimatter but it's supposed to be extremely energy dense
5) the food was probably non-perishable liquid. As people were being killed there were less stomachs to pump into
6) precautionary measures
7) this was more for the audience to understand what was going on in Roy's head
| 31 |
ELI5: Why do only some displays display HDR? Isn't a display just a series of pixels that display different color values? What makes an HDR display different?
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To clarify, if my normal LCD display does not display HDR, what makes it different, hardware wise, from an HDR compatible one? I understand the HDR process when taking a picture, and the layering of differently exposed images, but then how can I view the HDR image on my non-HDR phone?
| 17 |
An HDR screen is a different concept to taking HDR photos. Although both relate to using a wider range of colours.
A non-HDR screen only has 256 different levels of red, green and blue. So there's only a certain range of colours and brightness it can display.
HDR screens increase this so there is a wider range of colours/brightness levels. True HDR screens are supposed to be capable of more brightness, but it's not just the maximum brightness that matters, it's how many levels of brightness each colour channel has.
So for example you could have a movie in HDR which for the most part looks the same as the non-HDR version, except explosions are brighter. If you just turned the brightness up on the non-HDR version, everything would just look washed out because the brightness goes up for everything. The HDR version has more brightness levels to work with.
| 14 |
[MCU] I am a leader of a smaller space realm and am planning some old fashioned conquest. Should I hire some "super" beings to fight the inevitable hero, or are superheroes rare enough I can cut that from the budget?
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Beings of exceptional power are really expensive and keep trying to overthrow me. However, a single superhero can wipe out large parts of my fleet/ army on their own. Would I be better off trying my luck and hoping the heroes are away, or do I expect a hero to show up every time? I heard a rumor of a woman who can destroy a dreadnought in 2-3 hits, and those are really expensive and take a while to build.
I guess what I'm asking is: What are the odds I'll be attacked by a being/ group that is powerful enough to stop me?
...There can't be THAT many heroes running around... can there?
| 51 |
The best option to me would be to favor a strong military, specifically looking to have a strong Space Navy that can support ground incursions with superior firepower, excellent dogfighters, and quick troop transports.
Heroes have one major flaw across all units, and that is they can only be in one space at a time. A few people, like Multiple Man can beat that flaw, but his powers make him ill-suited to stand up to a galactic force. To capitalize on this, a multi-pronged attack might be effective. Spreading hero teams thin means enhancing your chance of killing them or capturing them.
Militaries should be uniform, arm your minions with the means to dispatch foes of all sorts. The infantry need to capture valuable assets ground side, otherwise you'll be beset by a scorched earth tactic, or fall victim to your own aggressive tactics.
Next, to protect your fleet, begin kidnapping noncombatants and placing them near the hull, as well as in places near stuff like the core of your ship, the helm etc. This will make destroying your ships costly to goody two-shoe heroes. Be ruthless, but calculating.
| 38 |
[Percy Jackson] what powers would Hera children have?
| 24 |
Hera is always coming up with plots and shit, her kids would probably good at scheming, and setting up plans. Not battle plans exactly but like traps and stuff. Like what she did to Hercules a shit ton.
She is also the goddess of marriage and children so they would probably be really good with kids and have strong relationships with people. But be really cold to those outside of their circle of friends. Also probably really faithful to what they believe in.
| 32 |
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[Star Wars] Why do major events seem to start on Tatooine? Is Tatooine somehow connected to the force in some special way?
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Anakin was born there, The jedi are drawn to the planet by a defective hyperdrive, they land and meet Anakin which sets the prophecy in motion. He returns there to save his mother which is a pivotal turning point in his path to the dark side. Luke is born, and he is taken to Tatooine where he will grow up. He then meets Ben, who just happens to meet Han Solo, who will also play a major role in the Rebellion. A lot of stuff seems to happen on Tatooine.
| 201 |
It's all really just a chain of events that begins with Anakin's birth. At least, if you believe the prophecy and all that. The Chosen One was born there, so of course he had to be found; he couldn't well be chosen if he lived in obscurity as a slave, now could he? Everything else after that is because of Anakin. If Anakin had been born on Dantooine or Nar Shadaa or wherever then *that* would have been the planet where things happened. Tatooine is really just a backwater planet where a couple of important things happened over a very brief period of Galactic History.
| 176 |
ELI5: How Do The Mega Rich Like Bill Gates Have Free Access To Their Own Money If It's Mostly In Investments And Stocks?
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I've seen a lot of information saying things like "Bill Gates and people that rich have most of their wealth tied up in stocks and their investments, they usually have very little cash-on-hand or in their bank." If that's the case, I'm to believe Bill Gates has to start selling his assets before he can just go buy a car? Does he not have readily available access to his basically limitless wealth or is that number just for show? I'm misunderstanding I'm sure, but I don't see the point to having billions of dollars if it's all tied up in stuff you can't touch whenever the whim strikes. Why hoard money like Smaug the dragon if you can never spend as much of it as you want? I know you wouldn't be rich very long if you spent all your money, but *hypothetically*, if I had a billion dollars in assets, stocks, investments, etc could I just spend a billion in cash if I didn't give a shit about anything else?
Is there a variety of super rich people who have a lot of "cash in hand" that they can access whenever they want?
| 81 |
Having most of your money in investments and stocks is not the same as having all of your money in it. Gates is worth 91 billion dollars, so even if he had only 5% of his money as cash on hand he would still have 4.5 billion dollars available to him for purchases.
| 160 |
What are some examples of two philosophers arriving at the same conclusions based on different methods, arguments, premises and means?
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I've always found this idea interesting, that two people can agree on the same conclusion yet arrive at the said conclusion by completely different means. Moreover, not only can the conclusions be the same despite different premises, but at times the interpretation of the conclusion, that is to say, the significance of it and what we should learn from it, can be different.
| 30 |
Schopenhauer showed that the whole world was essentially one through Kantian (and Western Philosophy) means independently of how Eastern Thought arrived at the solution.
It is a clever little argument saying that if there is a phenomenal (world of appearances) and noumenal (world as it is) realm, and there exist different entities in the noumenal realm (say, noumenal_1, noumenal_2, ...), then how could it be possible for noumenal_1, noumenal_2, etc. to be different?
Would they be different in space? No, space only exists in the phenomenal realm, different in time? No for the same reason. Different in causality? Same reasoning. And since individuation of phenomena only exists in space time and causality is thus follows that if there is a noumenal realm it must be in some sense "one".
| 17 |
CMV: Art can not be 'objectively bad' because it's quality is purely subjective.
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I will define art as any presentation of media that is presented for others to experience. It can be visual, like a painting or photograph, or audio like music or sound effects, written like a story or played like a children's game, or any combination of the above like a movie. Art is anything that is created and experienced. In this way, you can only ever subjectively appraise its value. Any criteria you use to judge it's worth is completely opinionated and predefined by you. There is no outside objective predefinitions of what makes art 'good' or 'bad' that can be used. For example, any logic based thing can be 'objectively bad' because it is illogical, you can have 'bad' maths, or 'bad' science or even just a 'bad' argument. There is no such thing as being objectively inartistic because you decide the criteria by which it is judged. Art CAN lack talent whereby the artist fails to create what they intended, or rather what they created fails to give the experience they intended it to. Art CAN be subjectively 'bad' whereby it fails to meet the criteria desired of it by others. But neither of these things make it 'objectively bad' as it can still be appreciated by others under differing criteria.
**TL;DR: Art is never 'objectively bad' because any values you assign to judge it by are completely attributed to your subjectivity.**
I will take arguments for different definitions of art, but they would have to be well thought out. The mere fact that you could argue a different definition of art further proves my point that art is purely subjective, since it is possibly difficult to even settle on an objective definition!
_____
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| 15 |
>Art is never 'objectively bad' because any values you assign to judge it by are completely attributed to your subjectivity.
Art can, and frequently does, assign those values to itself, either within its own structure and presentation or through reference to/proximity with other works. If it is a failure to meet the criteria it chooses for itself, is it not objectively a failure—objectively bad?
| 13 |
What makes someone "photogenic" regardless of their physical appearance (as seen with eyes vs. photo).
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I have seen people who are very attractive in person but are not photogenic. Also I have seen people who are photogenic and not attractive in person. What is the reasoning behind this?
| 40 |
It has a lot to do with distance relationships, especially in the midface. Professional models usually have nearly perfect proportions regarding the space between the eyes, the equal thirds rule of upper, middle, and lower face, short philtrum length, projection of the chin, etc. Most cameras are cheap and the lens distorts the image, making the face look disproportionate, so any flaws are exaggerated. Also, most faces are better from certain angles than from the straight-on view.
| 17 |
[Blair Witch] Between the various pieces of Blair Witch media, a not insignificant number of people had gone missing. Suppose a formal investigation was launched into the woods. What would it take for them to come back alive or with tangible results?
| 123 |
A formal investigation was launched after the first three kids went missing.
Except according to the maps of the woods, the teenagers should have gotten out a long time after following the river. And when search teams were sent out, one specifically noted that they should have come across Heather and Mike multiple times while they were in the same area.
The tapes were found in Rustin Parr’s house, the same that the footage ends in, which was burned down in the 50’s by the vengeful townspeople. And the tapes were found *under* the foundation of the house-which dates back to the Civil War era.
I don’t think anything else needs to be said.
| 72 |
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[MtG] How significant are we, the players, as planeswalkers, to the "main npc" walkers? What is our role in the story?
| 43 |
Depends on the format. We have no role in the story, we are just random planeswalkers. If you are playing Legacy or Vintage, you are likely several leagues above the main npc walkers in power. You are powerful enough to give Nicol Bolas pause, and to make him wonder why he's never heard of you. If you are playing Standard, you are still pretty far above the curve, but not so much that the stronger of the npcs wouldn't consider challenging you. The multiverse is vast, and the players have traversed far more of it than most, but we have largely stayed out of the way of the main storylines so to speak. When you get down to it, we are basically (canonically) just reenacting battles by summoning copies of creatures because we have nothing better to do.
| 24 |
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What does it take to develop a vaccine, and why does it take so long?
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My basic understanding is that a vaccine contains a weakened or dead version of the virus in question, which can be injected into the body so the immune system can develop antibodies without risk of infection. The vaccine acts as a practice run of sorts.
What exactly is it that stops us from just getting a sample of the virus and, say, irradiating it with x-rays or dunking it in some sort of “virus-killer” chemical (if such a thing exists)? Do we have to figure out how to weaken each virus on a case-by-case basis?
I know there obviously must be some reason, and it’s not as simple as just *bake virus for 15 minutes, until golden brown*. Otherwise disease just wouldn’t be an issue, and that’s obviously not the case. I’m wondering what makes it so hard.
Edit: Thank you for the answers everyone! To sum things up: it’s complicated! (Who knew?) But it basically comes down to a whole host of biological factors that I now have a very vague grasp on but am not qualified to summarize (see comments if you want competent biological information), plus a bunch of administrative hurdles.
| 5,693 |
Safety is important—you have to be sure that you’re not infecting anyone with the virus or causing some other off-target effect, especially with live-attenuated vaccines. This leads to another issue:
Some viruses are not really good targets for vaccines because they are too variable and mutate too quickly. This is the case for Hepatitis C and HIV to an extent (although there are other difficulties with HIV).
Also, most vaccines today are not killed or live-attenuated pathogens, but conjugated antigen or toxoid vaccines. These eliminate the risk of infection but require you to identify a unique and stable antigen associated with the virus/bacteria and biochemically engineer a complicated molecule to elicit an immune response in vivo.
| 3,253 |
ELI5: Why can you test a nuke underground but on the surface it would be devastating?
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If a nuke would explode on the surface of the earth it would be super devastating for the nature, for humanity etc. but underground its ok and nothing happened like earthquakes, the radioactivity?? Why?
| 15 |
When a nuke explodes underground, the mass of the ground absorbs most of the impact, and radioactive remains mostly stay in the crater. It's not powerful enough to create an actual earthquake, though the seismic wave can be registered.
When it explodes on the surface or in air, the shockwave (hot compressed air) is free to travel around, demolishing everything in its path. Radioactive dust also spreads much easier this way.
| 25 |
ELI5: What makes "Sushi Grade Fish" safe for consumption as apposed to normal raw fish?
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I've recently gotten into cooking and making meals, and I quite like sushi, so it'd be nice to know what exactly distinguishes the two from each other. I'm not asking how do I get sushi grade fish, I will only eat raw it if I'm informed the fish is Sushi Grade. I'm more asking how the science, biology, chemistry, etc. behind it works, and how Sushi Grade fish is procured and produced in comparison to normal fish.
| 45 |
Sushi is made from salt water fish (ocean fish) vs fresh water fish (river or lake fish). Ocean fish naturally has less parasites and bacterial content so it's safer to eat raw. Fresh water fish needs to be cooked.
Fish like Tuna is fresh caught, bled immediately, and chilled to make it safe to eat. Tuna and other fish shipped to North America is packed in ice for the trip.
Many other fish like Salmon which are more prone to parasites are flash frozen to kill any parasites while retaining it's texture and taste when thawed.
The simple answer is that the fish isn't necessarily *raw* it's flash frozen to kill anything bad for you.
| 36 |
ELI5: Why can't I use multiple connections simultaneously to speed up my internet access?
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e.g. If I'm connected to broadband/cable but am near a wifi hotspot at the same time.
| 56 |
You can, but you need some advanced gear to pull it off. This is called Internet Bonding - Or aggregation. You need a routing device that will pickup both signals and them bond them together. This type of device is fairly expensive, and you are not likely to get the results you are looking to achieve. It doesn't join them so you get a faster speed, say in the case of downloading a big file. What it would allow is for you to have a big file downloading, and then be able to play an online game at the same time.
For true bonding, it has to be bound on both ends. This is generally done with T1 lines, and is true bonding, where 1.5Mbps + 1.5Mbps becomes 3Mbps.
In the scenario you describe, you would end up with two connnections, one wireless, one wired, and your requests to the internet would take the path of least resistance, but it won't join them to increase the overall speed.
| 34 |
ELI5 if a chameleon dies, does it keep it's current color, and why?
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Let's say it blends in with a tree and it dies spontaniously. Will it change back (to green?) or will it just stay the way it is?
Edit:
I wasn't really sure if I'd understand answers from /r/askscience, so I chose to post here, hope you don't mind.
Although there were a lot of different answers, I could make up my mind about it and I thank you all for commenting!
PS: I apologize to anyone who misread the title and thought of a dead pokémon, have a nice day.
| 946 |
Chameleons change their skin color using neural impulses. It's convenient to think of a chameleon changing its color to lifting your arm above your head.
When a person dies, that lifted arm will fall to their side as the neural signals telling those muscles to lift that arm up turn off. When a chameleon dies, it stops sending those signals, and turns to its natural color, which, for most species, is a dark brown or black.
Edit: Fun Fact- chameleons don't actually change colors based on their surroundings (for the most part). They change colors to impress potential mates and for communication. They also change colors to blend in, but this is a secondary use of their coloring.
| 1,267 |
ELI5: Why does Earth have a supercontinent cycle?
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Every 200 million years or so, a supercontinent is formed composed of all of the continents of the world. About 255 million years ago, it was called Pangaea. It looked really cool, it had enormous inland lakes and every continent was mashed together. There were only 3 oceans from the looks of it at that time.
In around 200 million years or so, we are due to have another supercontinent form. It's called Pangaea Ultima. Of course, it won't happen at once, it's happening gradually, and going on right now.
But, why? Why does the Earth consistently move continents together in 200 million years, and then moves them away? Is there any geological benefit to this and why do the tectonic plates move specifically towards the prime meridian and equator of the Earth as opposed to the extremes on the sides?
| 33 |
The tectonic plates are basically constantly moving. Whatever is on them will move with them, so eventually, all the land that is present will have moved, with the plates, to where the plates are meeting.
>why do the tectonic plates move specifically towards the prime meridian and equator of the Earth as opposed to the extremes on the sides?
The Earth is round. If they were moving to the "sides", they'd just be meeting at what we call International Date Line (180E or 180W) or at the North/South poles. They're never going to completely drift away from each other, because they'll eventually come back around the other side and meet again.
| 12 |
Why does failing to fully drain a laptop battery "condition" it to having a smaller lifespan?
| 18 |
Are you sure you're not confusing lithium ion (laptop) batteries with nickel metal hydride or nickel-cadmium batteries? Voltage depression (sometimes erroneously called a memory effect) from partial depletion is not really a concern with lithium ion batteries, though it was with NiMH and *especially* NiCd batteries. Draining a lithium ion battery entirely will help calibrate the battery sensor, but won't help the longevity of the battery itself (in fact quite the opposite).
| 23 |
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How durable was baby Superman?
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If the Kents hadn't found baby Kal-El in that corn field, how long would he have lasted? This is assuming his craft didn't have a sustenance system of some kind.
| 17 |
Indefinitely. Baby Superman had, more or less, access to every power Superman currently has. There may have been a period of charging the solar battery, so to speak, but for the most part he had access to all the powers we know him to have and then some. His actual powers developed quite early and he began repressing them and setting up some very prominent mental blocks to keep himself in check.
Most anytime he discovered a new power or surpassed a previous limitation was actually him overcoming those mental blocks. So an infant Superman (presuming a full charge) is a pretty potent critter.
He has a diminished need for more conventional sustenance because of the amount of energy he derives from sunlight. But he also has the jaw strength and digestive system to break down almost anything that little son of a bitch put in his mouth for necessary raw materials to grow.
He'd be crawling around that corn field devouring whatever was at hand (probably corn), killing or annoying anything that attempted to eat him, and be generally fine until someone else found him or he grew to be a cave superman. In which case, god have mercy on our souls.
| 27 |
[Harry Potter] Where do the dementors come from? Did people made them or were they born?
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I know they are kinda immortal since they can't be destroyed, but where do they come from?
| 33 |
They come from a species which feeds off of emotions. That's a dementor, with their focus being happiness.
They can die, but only if there is no happiness for them to consume. As happiness is a renewable 'resource', there is no fear for dementors. If you remove a dementor from society, it will starve and die.
It is theorized that the dementor's kiss is a form of reproduction for dementors, as they are inteligent.
| 22 |
ELI5: What is AC grounding as opposed to DC grounding?
| 38 |
They aren't any different. In both cases you're just establishing a common point to reference voltages against
For AC your signal will vary between above and below ground regularly. For DC your signal will either be above or below ground and stay there
| 19 |
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ELI5: When and how did the relationship between England and America repair following the Revolutionary War?
| 52 |
Both the US and England were huge trade partners. Just because the US was no longer under British rule didn't mean that they weren't still a huge source of lumber and other raw materials. Throughout the 19th century, relations slowly improved as the US continued to trade with England. It wasn't until World War One that England gained a favorable view of the US, mainly because the war probably would have been lost without their help.
| 22 |
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If we know what kind of bacteria causes the majority of cavities, why don't we just make an antibiotic that targets them and distribute it like a vaccine at a doctor's office?
| 58 |
Antibiotics that target a specific bacterium are tricky. There are a small handful that have been demonstrated, but very few, and only for research purposes. Even then, it's more of a "kills bacteria x very efficiently, while y and z will mostly survive" deal.
The reason is, simply, how targeting can be done. You basically pick a trait or property of that bacterium - for instance, it has a lot of receptors for a specific sugar molecule, or the cell wall is negatively charged, or something. You target that property, by for instance attaching the respective sugar to a drug molecule, and hoping that most of the dose gets taken up by your target. Some will be uptake by other cells though, as there is almost never a completely unique expression or trait.
Also, most of these types of drugs are too expensive, and not specific enough, to be commercially feasible.
Thus the various broad spectrum antibiotics, and the range of somewhat specific antibiotics that each address a niche family or group of bacteria.
Beyond that, antibiotic resistance is a huge problem with overuse. Basically, let's say your antibiotic is super effective, kills 99.9999% of the target bacteria. The remaining 0.0001% is the group that was more resistant, for whatever reason. That is the group that also starts to become dominant, as we kill off the less resistant ones. Eventually, your antibiotic is no longer effective for that bacteria!
This is why we have had to formulate so many modified versions of penicillin, to keep coming up with something new that still works.
Generally speaking, it is best to limit antibiotic use to cases where it is really necessary. While you can certainly argue for it's use against cavities, it would not be a one time (or sporadic) thing like vaccinations but a regular treatment, like mouth wash. That sort of high volume, high frequency usage would give us dental versions of something like MRSA very quickly!
| 63 |
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When I pour a glass of water really full, it can fill above the rim of the glass, would this happen on a planet with a much stronger or lighter, gravitational force?
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I believe the water goes above the rim due to surface tension, but could this happen with different forces of gravity??
| 33 |
Yes, it is surface tension that allows the effect. The surface tension of the liquid competes with gravity for how much you can overfill, so by increasing gravity (or using a liquid like alcohol with less surface tension) the overfill will be less. Similarly if you had less gravity or were using something like liquid gold you could fill it much more
| 16 |
[Thor] Does Mjölnir work in other universes?
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Would Thor be able to use the hammer in an Odinless, or Asgardless, universe? Or what happens if that universe has different rules regarding who is "worthy". Ex: Thor travels from a healthy 616 to such a universe.
| 44 |
The enchantment is on Mjölnir itself; hopping universes does nothing to change or weaken its magic in any way. The new universe's "rules" will likewise be irrelevant; Mjölnir itself (or, rather, the magic cast on it) still makes the decision on who is and isn't worthy to wield it.
| 30 |
CMV: Prince Hans is the true hero of Frozen and would have made a better ruler for Arendelle than Elsa
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There are two ideas that I was left with after watching Frozen for the first time and they were only solidified after a recent rewatching:
1.Prince Hans is the Hero of the Story.
2.Prince Hans would have made a great king for Arendelle or at least a better ruler than Elsa.
Number one is easy. Even though he's the 'bad guy' he isn't the cause for the trouble that has fallen on Arendelle. That's all on Anna being too insistent and Elsa being a drama queen. He does, however, take care of the citizens of Arendelle during their time of need, ultimately saves Arendelle from a never ending winter as promised, and inadvertently saves Anna from her doom. He would have saved Arendelle from the Monster, Elsa, if he had been able to slay her, as was his intention, but even though Elsa was ultimately saved from Hans by Anna, this display of True Love (Anna's sacrifice) caused Elsa to be able to dial back her powers to end the blizzard. Either way, Hans' actions were going to lead to Arendelle being saved (killing Elsa / prompting an act of True Love that allows Elsa to regain control of her powers). Hans's actions, prompting Anna to sacrifice herself, also actually saved Anna. Had it not been for Hans, Anna would have died at the hands of her awful sister.
Number two is easy when you realize how awful Elsa is as a ruler. She has spent the better part of her life in complete isolation - presumably her education into the finer points of ruling severely lacking. She has self image and self control issues that endanger everyone in her kingdom and causes her to nearly kills her sister (a second time). Hans on the other hand knows what needs to be done and is willing to take the actions necessary to achieve his goals. As already noted, he made sure the people of Arendelle were taken care of during Elsa's neglect. He's cunning, resourceful, and ambitious. He has an idea of how to play the Game of Thrones™, shown by how easily he manipulates everyone. His views on marriage as a tool to power would have helped him to ally Arendelle with another country for economic or militaristic gains for Arendelle.
| 15 |
> He has an idea of how to play the Game of Thrones
Do you think the Lannisters are good rulers because they know how to play the Game of Thrones? Hans is not even good at getting and keeping power, seeing as how he's deported in the end.
So he's pretty much a less-competent version of the Lannisters. Not exactly who you want as a ruler.
| 10 |
ELI5 when viewing a sheet of transparent glass or a mirror from it's side profile, why does it appear green in colour?
| 19 |
The iron oxide that gives glass the green tint isn't there on accident, it's added to make the glass easier to melt in large batches.
Glass melting furnaces produce almost all of their heat in the form of infrared light. This is a problem when you want to heat up something transparent, because the infrared light will go right through it! It just heats up whatever is behind the glass. That makes it take a very long time to melt the glass.
Iron oxide is added because it is a cheap way to make glass absorb a lot more infrared light. It has the side effect of making the glass slightly green, but this is fine most of the time.
You can buy iron free glass if you need your windows to be perfectly colorless, but that glass is more expensive because it is harder to work with.
| 18 |
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CMV: It is socially acceptable to go to a dog park without a dog
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I love dogs, but I’ve never had my own. Growing up my parents’ busy schedules and my father’s allergies always interfered with us getting a dog. To this day, I feel like I’ve been deprived of something that gives me so much joy, making it even more special when I meet a dog. I’ll point out every cute dog walking down the street and feel extra special if they come up to say hi to me. Unfortunately, as a student, I do not have the lifestyle that would accommodate getting my own dog at this time. That’s why I love visiting dog parks. Sometimes I’ll sit on a bench and wait for a dog to approach me to pet them (after asking permission from their owners of course). When a dog owner asks me which of the many frolicking dogs is mine, I’ll tell them that none are, but this often leads to mixed reactions.
I personally don’t find sitting at a dog park without a dog to be weird at all. For one, I make an effort to not make any of the dog owners feel uncomfortable. I always ask the dog owner whether I can pet their dog before doing so. I also do not occupy a significant amount of the dog’s time when I do interact with them. I’ll only pet them for a few seconds before letting them walk away.
Beyond this, dog parks are a public good and there are no restrictions regarding who can attend them. As well, the closest dog park to me is really beautiful. Even if there weren't dogs around, I would likely still go to enjoy the park itself.
So, what do you all think? Is it socially acceptable for me to go to a dog park without a dog?
| 23 |
I've had the joy of living near a park that isn't specifically a dog park but that is nevertheless frequently used as such. If you have easy access to such a park, I'd highly recommend it! Nobody can get mad at you for visiting without a dog when it's just a regular park that people visit.
When it comes to fenced dog parks specifically designated as such, it's not necessarily wrong for you to be there, but you shouldn't be surprised if some folks have a negative reaction. It's an area intended to bring dogs for exercise, play, socialisation, and outside time, not a petting zoo. By going without a dog you are using the space for something other than its intended or usual purposes, which is something frequently seen as weird, even when it's not wrong.
If you are visiting fenced dog parks, there are a couple things you should add to your list of mitigations, if they're not already on the list:
* If there are very few dogs in the park when you go, either avoid visiting or get permission from the folks already in the park before entering.
* Be willing to leave if you become an *unwelcome* distraction to any of the dogs there.
* Make sure you get the dogs' permission before petting, too!
| 10 |
[MCU] Would Stormbreaker be more powerful if it had a Uru handle?
| 44 |
It would probably not make any meaningful difference. The fact that it cut through the infinity gauntlet blast as is means it must be pretty top notch powerful.
After the head of Stormbreaker was forged, Eitry was rushing around trying to find the handle. Which tells us two things -
1. It did not need any special forging process, because the star* was dormant.
2. He could leave it laying around wherever.
| 50 |
|
ELI5: how do fleas jump so high for their body size?
| 15 |
As something gets larger, it's weight goes up proportional to it's volume, and it's strength goes up proportional to the cross sectional area of it's muscles. Volume scales as the third power, area scales as the second power.
So, very large things are much weaker for their size as compared with very small things.
Of course, this doesn't explain why, for example, ants aren't great jumpers, while fleas are.
It turns out fleas have a cool spring like mechanism that they can bend and store energy. When it releases, it propells them higher than their muscles alone can.
| 14 |
|
[Batman] I'm an honest Gotham public defender, bound by law to give my clients the best legal council I can. What tactics can I use to counter the absolute deluge of vigilante-acquired evidence and illegal arrests that have been appearing in our courts?
| 216 |
Lawyer here. Most of the answers get some things right but don't paint the whole picture. The police have procedures they need to follow when they collect evidence (warrants, chain of custody, etc). Even subsequent evidence discovered as a result of bad evidence is excluded (fruit of the poison tree)
Private individuals are not bound by these rules, and can collect evidence and even turn it over to the police with impunity. It can be used in a court of law against the defendants.
However, there is a narrow exception if you can show that the private individual was working under the direction, supervision, and/or coordination with the police. Then the evidence would be excluded as though an officer found it. So as a public defender, your best bet is to start collecting evidence of the bat-signal and conversations with Commissioner Gordon to demonstrate that Batman was coordinating with the police.
You could also cause a lot of trouble by issuing Batman a subponea to appear in court and unmask himself. Your move, Batboy.
| 192 |
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CMV: People who drive with dogs in their lap should be ticketed.
|
If you drive with a dog on your lap, you are putting other drivers in the area in danger. The animal **is** distracting you, and could possibly cause an accident. Additionally, the dog could get hurt because of you not securing it at all.
I think that people who drive with dogs in their lap or on their shoulder should be ticketed for reckless driving or some other infraction.
I bring this up because I am currently commuting a half hour each way to work and I see at least 2 or 3 people like this each day.
I am open to possible reasons why I am wrong but honestly I doubt there are any valid reasons to do this. Change my view please.
| 180 |
The regulations in Europe don’t allow for this. Dogs have to be in the trunk (when hatchback) or the back seat properly latched to the seats and sometimes with a mesh screen to avoid them from jumping to the front seats.
| 29 |
Eli5: how are ICBM tested for their range without causing false alarms?
|
Say the usa and soviet union in cold war. History has records of incidents were dalse alarms (including one from the sun) almost started nuclear armageddon.
How did they keep testing missiles (ICBM) with longer and longer ranges without it being detected as a real missle?
Not to mention there are still states that are neighbored by hostile countries and still manage to do their ICBM tests with ranges encompassing multiple continents. How do they manage it?
| 21 |
Communication
Every missile test and rocket launch is publicized with a listed trajectory and launch window because they all look like real missiles because they are!
If the US wants to test a Trident missile out they'll put out a public statement saying what they're launching, when they're launching, what is it's end target, and what corridor will it travel in. Any deviation in these parameters is cause for concern by potential targets
But each and every sizable rocket launch triggers the launch detection satellites in orbit which watch for big heat signatures of rocket/missile launches
| 22 |
ELI5: Why do most cars default to not circulating the air in the car instead of circulating it? For climate purposes it seems like circulating the air in the car would be better for constant temperature and humidity.
| 23 |
Humidity goes up with a bunch of warm bodies exhaling next to cold glass. Your cars defroster might not be able to defrost the windows even on max high settings unless you get the moisture out. This is why the ac will turn on automatically when using the defrost.
Also, fresh air to breath is nice when in a full car.
| 10 |
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[ASoIaF] How good was Kevan Lannister as Hand of the King?
| 16 |
He was able to placate the Tyrells by naming Lords Tyrell, Rowan, and Tarly to the Small Council, and he appeased the Faith by having Cersei perform the walk of shame, temporarily stabilizing the tensions in the capital. He is the first to take the threat of Aegon, Connington, and the Golden Company seriously, ordering the Tyrells to march south to retake the Stormlands (though Mace will not march until after Margaery's trial). He also sends his father-in-law Harys Swyft to Braavos to negotiate the Crown's debt to the Iron Bank. He was going to resort to paying the debt out of the Lannister pocket if he couldn't raise money elsewhere and if the Bank wouldn't give him further extensions.
So he was doing a pretty fine job of fixing Cersei's mess. Even if Stannis takes Winterfell and Aegon recruits Dorne to his cause, the Lannisters can hold the Crown as long as:
1. The alliance with the Reach stands. The Lannister-Tyrell coalition still have the numbers and resources to overpower the rest of the continent, especially since the rebelling houses are not united (until Dany arrives with dragons).
2. The High Sparrow doesn't condemn Tommen and Myrcella as bastards born of incest.
| 29 |
|
[Pokemon] Why are all gym members blind to the type strength matrix, and pointlessly specialize their teams?
| 37 |
In league competition, the gym challenge is a time-honored tradition of recognising excellence in trainers. Specialised gym types are designed to be a test of type-specific knowledge and skill. To face a league-sanctioned Gym Leader and conquer them is to demonstrate mastery of their type. Secondarily, specialised gym types help to promote a more controlled environment where pokemon are at less pronounced risk in combat. For a gym leader who can participate in as many as six battles a day, facing a trainer who knows what to expect can have a huge impact on the well-being of their pokemon.
Pokemon gyms also serve a secondary purpose in their communities. Trainers will often seek out gyms as places to study the subtleties of specific types under the care and observance of the gym leader. Through this course of study a trainer can receive a "non-combat attained" badge which are recognised under the League's "Professor" and "Ranger" programs, but do not grant access into high-end competition ladders.
Studying in a gym also offers some trainers an alternative way to attain normal "combat demonstrated" badges. By actively participating in combat drills with those who challenge the gym, those who are less confident in pokemon battles can build up experience and mastery over a type that way.
Thank-you for your query on "Specialised Gym Types". Would you like to load "BILL'S PC", submit a "POKECENTRE TICKET" or "LOG OFF"?
>_
| 79 |
|
[MCU] why is Rhodey/War Machine so underwhelming or depicted as such among Iron Man and the other Avengers?
| 15 |
Because up until later events, he wasn't an official Avenger. He was an air force colonel in one of Stark's suits, mostly doing military missions, not doing "superhero stuff." It's shown in the party scene of AoU that he doesn't have the insane stories to tell that the Avengers have accumulated in their globe-trotting adventures.
By the standard of a typical person or even a military guy, he stands out for sure, but when you compare his typical activities to the likes of Stark or Thor or Cap, he doesn't seem as grandiose.
Edit: spelling
| 40 |
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[The Ring] What Would Happen If You Only Watched A Portion Of The Video, But Never The Full Video?
| 28 |
Samara or Sadako isn't cursed to follow some rules around the video tape. The tape is her own creation as a way to torment people and spread her story. It's entirely up to Samara/Sadako what she want's to do with you if you only watch the beginning of her video.
| 43 |
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ELI5: How does two or three feet of rainfall result in flooding so severe people are stranded on their roofs?
| 17 |
3 feet of rainfall 'over hundreds of square miles and varying terrain'
All the water will collect in low areas making giant puddles basically. The same way you get puddles in the road. There might have only been 2 inches of rain, bjt you can step in a puddle 5 inches deep.
| 26 |
|
What does Foucault mean by 'discourse'?
| 15 |
In short, Foucault's view of discourse mostly centers around the relationship between power and knowledge. His concern wasn't really "what *is* said"/"what is true?" but *"*what *can* we say?" or "which truth is relevant in this context?" Put another way, the question can be phrased as "what is it possible to say/know?"
The answer to the question is complicated depending on what system you're working in, but Foucault's central argument is that what's possible to say is constrained by relations of power. Power isn't just held by the "powerful"; the key term here is *relation* of power. Power is not a thing you have, but a relationship structured by history, context, politics, ideas, etc. This is the bit that gets Foucault pegged as a radical social constructionist, imo.
Power and knowledge are intertwined with one another - one follows the other. Power relies on knowledge to function; *however*, power also tends to reproduce knowledges that are best suited for its intentions. (Intentions is a bad word, here - this kind of power is not really held by any one person or even an institution, it's far more diffuse than that. But we'll stick with intentions for now). A good example of this playing out in analysis is his text *Birth of the Clinic*.
Now, to your specific question: a discourse is a field of various power-knowledges, relations of power, etc that operate via certain exclusions. A discourse is a grouping or network of objects, ideas, places, people, histories that limit *who* can say *what*, *where* they can say it, and *how* they can say it. It's important to understand power and knowledge as distinct concepts so you can understand how they structure various discourses.
\#metoo is an interesting, albeit politically complex instantiation of this. The relations of power are changing so that people who formerly *could not speak* \- victims of sexual abuse/harassment - now feel as though they *can* speak. But look at *where* they tend to speak - social media, not the justice system. Relations of power are changing for more visibility, but not in every sphere of modern life. Think about all the things that influence how this works - Twitter comes up with a special emoji for it, we have a hashtag for it, but outside the twitterverse we have significant, oppositional legal and political forces, influencing how the movement understands itself internally.
Another example from politics: we have #BlackLivesMatter. This is a statement that emerges for a variety of reasons, with an extensive backstory, but for simplicity's sake let's say it's a response to disproportionate police killings of black men.
In response, those opposed to BLM develop statements like All Lives Matter or Blue Lives Matter. A discursive analysis through Foucauldian lens would ask two questions (probably: "How does All Lives Matter *make sense* as a response to BLM, given the history and context of BLM, and how was it *allowed* to make sense as a response in society?" You would have to analyze conservative politics, white supremacy, history, etc to understand how that statement emerged as an intelligible response to BLM. that's a discursive analysis.
| 16 |
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ELI5: How can someone be absolutely sure that a number is irrational, not a fraction with obscenely massive numerator & denominator?
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Like pi or e. Could they actually be rational numbers with an extremely large denominators (something as large as Graham's number)?
| 19 |
The definition of an irational number is that it CAN NOT be written as, p/q, where p, q are integers and q != 0.
It is possible to prove this for numbers. For example we can use a proof by contradiction to proove that sqrt(2) is irrational.
Proof that sqrt(2) is irrational:
Assume that sqrt(2) is rational. By definition of rational numbers we can right a/b = sqrt(2). Further assume that a/b is reduced, so that a and b do not share any common factors. (If they do then simplify the fraction and you have your new a and b). Then:
a/b = sqrt(2)
(a/b)^2 = sqrt(2)^2
a^(2)/b^(2) = 2
a^(2) = 2b^(2)
This means a^2 is an even integer, which is only possible if a itself is even, and a = 2k, for some integer k.
Then:
a^(2) = 2b^(2)
(2k)^(2) = 2b^(2)
4k^(2) = 2b^(2)
2k^2 = b^2
This means b^2 is even, which is only possible if b itself is even.
But if both a and b are even then they share 2 as a common factor. This is a contradiction of our original assumption.
Therefore sqrt(2) can't be rational.
As the other person says the proof for the irrationality of pi and e are not as simple.
| 58 |
[Marvel Comics] Who is the smartest human on Marvel 616's Earth?
|
No Omniscience.
| 67 |
Reed Richards is the smartest by feats and can literally stretch his mind as needed to increase his intelligence. Valeria Richards is allegedly smarter, but she tends more towards knowledge then actual learning and figuring things out.
| 76 |
ELI5: What is google bombing?
| 16 |
Google isn't "smart", it just guesses what words mean by how often they're related to other words.
Google bombing is the practice of constantly linking to something with unexpected words, convincing Google that the two things are related. Let's say you get a bunch of people to post links to Johnny Depp's Wikipedia page using the phrase "ugly jerk". Eventually, searching for "ugly jerk" will turn up links about Johnny Depp.
...and then the media finds out, everyone has a laugh & Google manually fixes the search results so it doesn't happen anymore.
| 15 |
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ELI5: Why do most big trucks adamantly say "NOT FOR HIRE" (box trucks, U-haul, big rigs etc). Who are these lawless people in the streets attempting to rent trucks at whim?
| 24 |
DOT regulations have very different requirements for a private vehicle and a for hire vehicle when you get to medium duty and heavy duty vehicles. They are required to display either the commercial DOT licence number, or a large not for hire sign.
| 16 |
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ELI5: Why are digital versions of video games, movie, and music priced the same or more than the physical copies of the games, DVDs, or CDs?
|
Why are digital versions of video games, movie, and music priced the same or more than the physical copies of the games, DVDs, or CDs? I know there are some exception, but digital copies should be much cheaper. Companies don't have to pay for distribution across the world like with physical copies of merchandise because with digital it's just data files transfered through the internet. Also, you can't resale digital copies like you can physical copies, so the value of digital copies could be considered less than that of physical copies right from the start.
| 15 |
1) Manufacturing and distribution costs for physical games are miniscule, and are about on par with the cost of running a virtual store front. Selling your game on a platform like Steam has its own costs.
2) Items cost what they cost not because they are more or less expensive that other options, but because that is what people are willing to pay. If the average consumer will pay $60 for a digital or physical copy, why charge them less for one of them?
| 16 |
CMV: All countries should adopt Northern European values, politics, and culture; diversity should be restricted to harmless things like music and native costumes.
| 142 |
There are plenty of enlightened liberal democracies throughout the world.
The Nordic countries operate a little smoother than their peers not simply due to values or culture. They have the advantages of a small homogenous population (so consensus is easy, scale isn't a problem), a lot of historical wealth & infrastructure (thanks to European dominance), and new oil/gas money.
You can't simply decide to replicate those things.
| 452 |
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[Hellsing] Were Alucard and Seras the only ttrue vampires in canon?
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We see multiple vampires in the show, but most of them seem to just be super human in nature. Even Walter who gave Alucard one of his tougher fights was just a more powerful version of himself by being a vampire. He only had such a good showing because of his raw skill with his deadly dental floss.
​
Im aware Alucard has some of the powers he does because of the magic and experiments the Hellsing family did to him, but I imagine his ability to summon familiars and change shape is his own. Seras seems to have this ability as well. But the only other character who has anything close to this power is the Captain that Seras fights, he seems to be able to project an astral werewolf form and seems to be far more than a match for Seras.
In his fight with Luke he taunts him by saying he'll show him how a real vampire does battle. Is Alucard the only real vampire though other than his prodigy?
| 19 |
we see 3(4 if you count Minas corpse) other true vampires in the series, the priest at the start(he states he dident want seras to turn into a vampire from him, which is impossible for artificial vampires to spread the curse so hes definitely not a millenia vampire) and the couple seras snipes, its implied there far more common then the artificial ones as hellsing seems to be decently active even before millennia reemerged , we simply dont focus on the routine lesser vampire exterminations though i did see a theroy that zorin might have been a natural vampire do to her more unique abilitys while most millenia vampires seem to be pretty limited in what they can do beyond the basic enhanced biology, though its also possible she simply learned actual magic and her powers are entirely separate from her vampirism
its implied anyone can become a vampire naturally under the right circumstances(we see the blood move to the Major the same way it did for allucard, if he had drunk it he would have become a vampire) so more then likely other vampires have popped up separate from Alucards line , though Alucard seems to be the oldest and most powerful one still around so its likely a decent percent of the vampire population descends from him
the captain is just an actual werewolf
| 15 |
Can someone please answer an evolution question?
|
I heard from a Christian teacher at my school that evolution is impossible because mutations can only result in a loss of complexity in an organism. They told me that new genetic information cannot be introduced, that only old information can be manipulated (either by being lost or changed into a different base pair, like C-G to T-A). Please could someone here explain how complexity is created in evolution?
| 73 |
That's not true, it's possible for mutations to cause genes or chromosomes to duplicate, allowing addition of information.
Your teacher most likely cannot explain the results of the E. coli long term evolution experiment.
| 126 |
[Fallout/Wall-E] On average whom is healthier, the average human from the Wasteland, or the average human from the Axiom?
| 41 |
That all depends on exactly what metric you use to measure health.
People from Axiom healthier in terms of infectious diseases, cancers, lacerations, gunshots, mutations, vitamin deficiencies, and malnutrition.
Wastelanders would be healthier when looking at BMI, strength, and cardio ability.
| 91 |
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[Harry Potter] Why is Voldemort’s name a taboo but not Grinderwald’s? Aren’t their crimes roughly the same?
| 29 |
Grindlewald's aims and ambitions were quite mundane, just grand in scale. He wanted Wizards to rule over Muggles, and that was pretty much it. Any violence against other Wizards was in a simple "if you're not with me, you're against me" sensibility. He was defeated in a rather specular duel, but a duel none the less, and imprison for over 50 years where he was no threat at all.
Voldemort was far more extreme. He didn't just want to rule over muggles but desired their extermination, and extended that to his felly non-pure-blood wizards. His tactics delved into far darker and taboo magic than Grindlewald ever did. Where Grindlewald established a following through genuine Charisma Voldmort could only ever rule through fear.
Voldemort also turned the Wizarding community in upon itself and exploited many of its weaknesses, such as its treatment of non-humans (giants, werewolves) as second-class citizens. People even feared the goblins would turn to his side.
But perhaps most importantly, is that his "death" was ambiguous and recent. Only 11 years (at the start of the series) compared to Grindlevald's 40 (at the start). Simply not enough time has passed for people to get over what he had done.
| 61 |
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CMV: ‘Cultural appropriation’ is a term pushed by those who have no understanding of how human cultures develop.
|
TL;DR is included at the bottom for those who want it.
I study anthropology. A big part of our field is looking at how cultures merge, fracture, and shift. Cultures have meshed their practices for thousands of years. More often than not, advocates against ‘cultural appropriation’ are complaining about the normal culture process that has happened since the inception of mankind.
For example, those who raise issue to someone wearing the clothing of another culture. Unless someone is impersonating a genuine unique role in their borrowed culture, there is nothing wrong with this. If I went to Mexico and wore a decorated poncho and sombrero, I’d blend right in. These are both normal daily wear. In fact, my host family quite literally gave them to me.
Another example, is the borrowing of cuisine. Remaking a dish while adding the influence of your own roots is NOT appropriation. It is the natural process of culinary arts. If you go back far enough, the native dish ‘being appropriated’ also borrowed *something* at some point. However, I will say that outright stealing and rebranding a dish is somewhat scummy. Though, this theft has also occurred for thousands of years. The best example comes from the Hellenic and Hellenistic periods in Greek/Roman times, where Rome often took direct influence from Greek culture.
A final blurb. Actively trying to prevent this cultural exchange is artificially altering the process by which cultures evolve and adapt. Cultural exchange is what allows human culture to advance. Without it, we stagnate. Stagnation is how a culture dies. It is ironic that progressives are very often ‘cultural conservatives’ in this sense of adamant preservation.
TL;DR — ‘cultural appropriation’ is a natural process being demonized by those who have no knowledge of the nature of human cultures. Preventing cultural exchange will hurt humanity in the long run.
| 1,845 |
It's one of those concepts that had a reasonable original meaning then got out of hand. The easiest go-to example is that cultural appropriation isn't Elvis playing rock music. It's Elvis being treated like he invented rock music. The problem isn't merely using ideas from other cultures; it's the broader cultural attitude that will treat members of a majority culture like they invented, elevated, or legitimized something that other cultures were already doing while denying the actual innovators the credit they deserve.
| 1,212 |
[Star Wars] Why was Darth Sidious capable of killing the 3 Jedis that accompanied Mace Windu so quickly and effortlessly?
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The three Jedis being Kit Fisto, Saesee Tiin and Agen Kolar.
You'd think they'd be able to put up a better fight...or at least send Windu in alone and then the other 3 could have handled Anakin.
| 202 |
Firstly, Sidious was an exceptionally skilled duelist. In addition, his style was quite unorthodox, combining elements from multiple forms (such as the acrobatics of Ataru, the aggression of Juyo, the thrusts and stabs of Makashi, etc), which meant it was very difficult to defend against.
Secondly, Sidious caught the Jedi by surprise. They did not expect the elderly Chancellor to suddenly spin through the air at them, turning himself into a whirling dervish of death. The Jedi's ability to see into the future with the Force had been suppressed by Sidious for several years (or even possibly decades) by this point, so they had no way to predict Sidious's sudden attack.
Kit Fisto, Saesee Tiin, and Agen Kolar were all exceptional lightsaber duelists, only slightly below Yoda, Windu, Anakin, Cin Drallig etc. But Sidious was just too good for them.
As for why they didn't send Windu in alone, well, why would they? They had no inkling that Anakin would be coming soon, and when you're up against a Dark Lord of the Sith, you better throw everything you have at him, because otherwise you're going to be in trouble. Besides, how would the Jedi know that Windu would be able to stand toe to toe with Sidious all by himself for a lengthy period of time?
| 197 |
ELI5: Why are hamburgers generally thought of as unhealty? They contain everything on the food pyramid, grains (bun), veggies (lettuce), fruit (tomatoes), dairy (cheese), and meat (beef patty).
| 188 |
It's not balanced. A properly "balanced" hamburger would probably have half the bun, a quarter of the meat, five times as much veggies, and like barely any cheese at all. There's also no fruit, so you're missing those.
| 188 |
|
[MCU] In Endgame, Thanos said that after he did the Snap, the Infinity Stones served as "nothing but temptation". What did he mean by that?
| 66 |
Two things:
One, if the Stones existed, someone would try to take them and use them, either to undo the Snap, or to achieve some other goal. Thanos didn't want that to happen.
Two, Thanos had achieved, in his own mind, universal perfection, but he realized that great men have trouble when there are no more great things to do. If he retained the Stones, he would be tempted to tinker, making changes, subtle and large, to the universe, and that would risk upsetting the perfection he had created.
| 153 |
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ELI5: Why is a vacuum the fastest substance for light to travel through?
|
Just like some mediums can increase speed of transfer (e.g conducting metals > vacuum for heat)
| 265 |
Heat and sound travel better through some materials because their travel is dependent on atoms of matter bumping into each other to transfer their energy (heat through conduction at least). Basically, they need a medium to hitch themselves to in order to travel, and generally the more medium available to them, the better (faster) they can travel, because having more atoms in close proximity means that more atom collisions will occur and transmit the energy.
Light doesn't require a physical medium to travel through. In fact, atoms just potentially get in light's way, making things worse.
| 203 |
ELI5: How a manual transmission car gets better gas mileage than an automatic.
|
So I'm about to get a manual car because I think it would be fun to learn to drive. And everyone keeps telling me that it's gonna be a little better on gas. I understand how cars work but I can't grasp why this would be true.
| 26 |
1. Weight - Manual transmissions are 30-50 lb lighter than automatics, so that's weight you don't have to accelerate or lug up a hill.
2. Transmission efficiency - Automatic transmissions require hydraulic pressure to work, so there are pumps inside, and some engine power is wasted to run those pumps.
Automatics are sometimes rated higher, but that's mostly because manufacturers have control over the shift points and they can tune them to work well in the EPA test cycle. With a manual transmission car, the test protocol dictates the shift points (unless there's a gear indicator). This puts manuals at a disadvantage as far as the test cycle goes, but a good driver will still do better with a manual transmission in the real world.
When manufacturers organize hypermiling contests or hire someone to drive across country using the least amount of fuel possible, they normally use manual transmission cars, even if the automatic does slightly better in the EPA cycle.
| 14 |
[Star Wars] With all the technological advancement, why did Darth Vader's armor have to be so heavy?
|
A lot of people in the Star Wars Universe have prosthetic limbs, but they are light, strong and efficient (Darth Maul's legs for example).
If time was short and a new suit was made hastily to save Anakin, I understand, why couldn't a new armor be designed for Darth Vader afterwards?
| 70 |
A suit of armor that included three mechanical limbs, could protect against the vacuum of space, was able to take a blow from a lightsaber on the shoulder plate and featured enough life support to keep a piece of walking bacon alive for decades.
/u/LazyPalpatine spared no expense on the suit, if anything was wrong with it, nothing would prevent Vader from repairing or upgrading it.
Palpatine gave him the *Executor*, the largest capital ship ever constructed at the time. Vader clearly didn't lack for resources.
He built a fully operational protocol droid when he was *ten*. He clearly did not lack for mechanical expertise.
The Sith firmly believe that through the struggle of overcoming adversity, you become greater than what you once were.
If there was anything that could have improved Vader's suit, it was Vader's failure as a Sith that he did not make those upgrades.
| 150 |
Cmv: natural vs man-made is a false distinction, given that human beings, being animals, are part of nature
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There's no basis for excluding us or what we create (buildings, cars, roads planes) from the definition of natural. We don't do the same for dams or anthills built by beavers and ants - we recognise these structures as being natural, and while they are massively different in scale and impact to what humans create, scale and impact alone seem like a dubious criterion for whether or not something is "natural" (just look at natural disasters).
If human beings are somehow 'outside' of nature then there would need to be some point in evolutionary history where this jump from being part of nature to being separate from it occurred, and that seems nonsensical on its face.
| 43 |
Yeah but that's unhelpful. People divide "natural" and "man-made" because they want something that's not human-manipulated, forged, or intentionally genetically altered. They might need to reconsider the term being used, but what they actually imply is NOT a false distinction.
| 35 |
[Matrix] When Morpheus was captured by the agents, why didn't they just disrupt his signal and wake him up like they did when they found Neo?
|
It's not like they had to go find him, he was on the ship. It seems a lot easier than mounting a massive and dangerous rescue mission.
| 27 |
Because he's not a copper-top like Neo was; Morpheus was already woken from the Matrix before so the code he's using to access the Matrix was fundamentally different than a standard resident of the system.
Also, they'd need the red pill to inject the code necessary to get Morpheus out as well as a mirror to serve as a conduit; neither were present in the building.
| 22 |
Setting aside absorption and swallowing, would swimming in a pool of alcohol be considerably more or less difficult?
| 484 |
The density of pure ethanol is about 800 kg / m^3 , compared to 1000 for water. Humans are close to water in density.
So from a buoyancy perspective, swimming in ethanol would be like swimming with a lead weight 1/5th of your own weight. You'd find it difficult at best to not sink unless you wore a buoyancy aid.
| 638 |
|
How is it possible for humans living in the ISS (International Space Station) to differentiate night from day? Is the ISS trajectory/speed synced with the earth's orbit? Do we even talk about day and night? Work time and nighttime?
|
Since humans biological clock doesn't detect night from day anymore? What happens?
| 306 |
People keep track of how long they've been awake, and go to sleep at necessary times. The station orbits once every 90 minutes or so, and astronauts see a sunrise and sunset during each of those periods. It's similar to how people work in a nuclear submarine, or polar research station, or anywhere else where the day/night cycle doesn't track well with a 24 hour period. You stop caring about night vs day and start caring about sleep/wake cycles.
| 157 |
Formerly jaded engineer feeling the tug of learning...
|
Quick history: I grew up in the US and was pretty decent at math and science in high school, but not disciplined enough to be great (top 5% but not top 1%). I did get into programming though because I liked video games. I had a decent academic strategy, some smarts, and some luck, so I still got into an ivy league school, which I was proud of. There, I started in computer science, but decided to round out my skills and switched to electrical engineering. Circuits were fun and the I was developing an interest in some of the mathematical aspects. I graduated late, after taking a year-long internship. I then worked for a year as an EE at a small consultancy to get experience. I enjoyed it overall, particularly the analog stuff where I could flex the old math muscles a bit in filter design, etc. But I needed to get out of my town. I made a big change in my life, moved to Europe (I have German citizenship by blood, and using it to work in the Netherlands), and got a dream job working in a virtual reality startup. It's been a little over a year since then, which brings us to today.
​
Now, I find that I identify less as an engineer than I used to. In school, I identified heavily with the applied side, but now I think that's more due to jadedness and an avoidance of traditional academia. I was was nearly crushed by the course workload, largely because I was spread too thin. I took classes solely based on what I wanted to learn and less on what I thought I could handle.
​
As life is settling down, I'm starting to wonder if I shouldn't make a life correction. To be clear, I enjoy my job usually, this country is cool, and I'm happy overall. This isn't an "existential crisis," but I'm trying to formulate a plan for the future so I can get the ball rolling.
I'm mostly past the imposter syndrome phase of the junior engineer life, but I think it's a clash of personality. It seems like my favorite part of this job is always the "understand it" part and then I quickly lose motivation and interest in the "make it work" part. Unfortunately, nobody is paying me to "understand" stuff, which causes friction at times (I'm working on this for the sake of the job, but it's a grind)... All of this said, I'm starting to think, what if I'm an academic at heart?
I'm also seeing evidence in my everyday life. For example, in the evenings, I continue to study Japanese daily in preparation JLPT N1 (I started in university. It was a big time commitment that only made it harder for me to graduate, but I enjoyed it too much...). In the mornings I enjoy reading (lately it's Greek and Roman philosophy). When I workout, I listen to podcasts from exercise scientists who discuss recent studies and the overly esoteric ins and outs of strength training. On weekends when I have time, I like brushing up on calculus.
Do you think my personality would lend itself to science? It might seem dumb, but I've never done real "research" before, so maybe it's just a "grass is greener" thing. It seems I enjoy learning, but it would be presumptive to say that academia is synonymous with learning, so I'm unsure. I'm basically so deep in the dark I only have romanticized mental images to go off of. It seems it would be fun to go back to school for physics or math, but I don't know what that reality even looks like...
And frankly, I'm afraid it would look like a repeat of my undergrad experience. I burned out hard at the end, and it left a sour taste in my mouth. I'm usually a very easy-going person and enjoy work-life balance. I don't want to return to overly long hours and "grind hard" culture ("Publish or perish" pressure also seems toxic as hell). Even if I did apply to a grad program, I was jaded enough in my undergrad time to stop caring about traditional academic excellence. My grades were ultimately 'meh' (GPA \~3.3/4.0), it's been like three years since then, I never did research, and none of my professors really remember me I suspect... I don't know how I'd even get into grad school...
​
So TLDR:
​
What is grad school and academia really like?
Does a love of learning imply enjoyment of academia?
What strategies do I have available if I did try for school again?
​
I think I'm much more mature and have better tools than I used to for dealing with stress and jadedness, but I don't want to invite these things back in either. Nor do I want to make a fear-based decision either. I need some advice from somebody with more experience and clarity than I have right now. Thanks in advance.
**EDIT**: I see a few down votes. Forgive my ignorance and/or romanticism if that's what turned you off :) Of course, if the premise isn't against the guidelines or something, and if I can improve something in the question, please let me know. I'll do what I can to improve it. I'd like not to have the question removed due to "drive-by" down votes that don't afford me any feedback with which to improve the question
| 58 |
I think one thing to keep in mind is that your interests while academic in nature they appear to be spread widely - language, philosophy etc. A PhD in its nature is extremely focused, you will be the world expert in one thing but the scope of that will be very narrow. That will guide the rest of your career - while it is possible to shift focusses most people don’t in academia. If breadth of learning is really what sets your heart on fire the narrow scope of academic research might end up feeling limiting.
| 58 |
[Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy] Since Zaphod has two heads, does he need two babel fishes?
| 193 |
The fish feeds off of the audio into brain waves understandable to everybody and transmits it down the ear canal to the brain. He have seen Zaphod's heads act independently from each other, even going as far as arguing with each other. We have also seen that just being in close proximity of a Babel fish doesn't mean you'll understand, it needs to be in the ear. So for both of his heads to hear it properly, he would need two.
| 117 |
|
How do tattoos stay in skin?
|
If your skin cells are continuously dividing, dying, and being sloughed off, how does the ink stay there? Furthermore, if the ECM is continuously recycled - I don't understand how they're so permanant.
| 116 |
The outer epidermal layer of skin is getting sloughed off. Ink pigment lies deeper in the dermis, and is composed of particles that are too large to be processed away by your lymph system. This is why laser removal works, because the powerful blasts of light break up the pigments into smaller pieces that can be processed and removed by your body.
| 69 |
Does "letting the flavors blend" actually work? And if so, what's going on?
|
Lots of recipes for salads, coleslaw, or soups say to leave it in the fridge for a few hours so that "the flavors can blend together". But surely, between my mixing and the turbulent blending of the air before reaching my nose, everything I can taste/smell should be blended already, even if I eat it right away.
Are people deluding themselves, or is there something else going on here?
| 37 |
think of it more as infusing than blending. If you drank tea a few seconds after adding water, it would be very, very weak and the longer you let it sit it gets stronger. With something like salad dressing, it takes a bit of time for the flavour of herbs and spices to infuse through the oil.
| 11 |
[Star Wars/Rogue One] Why did the Empire blow up their own facility at the end of the movie?
| 364 |
A few reasons. 1 was they knew scariff housed all their secret projects and information about them. Destroying the facility meant the rebels wouldn't be able to steal anything from the facility. 2 is that krenik was in charge down there and considered a traitor for a series of failures on his part. Rather than trying to identify everyone involved in Kreniks mess ups it's easier to just wipe the slate clean. The empire loves the motto sudden, brutal, and wholly out of proportion. On top of those two reasons the third and most important one is that a rebel fleet was in orbit around the planet. Tarkin rather lose the planet and a few of his own fleet if it meant throwing debris and detritus that would cripple or kill the rebels in orbit as well. As he saw it the empire was vast and limitless but the rebellion was finite.
| 417 |
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[Star Wars] How did Luke know removing Vader's helmet would kill him?
|
In Return of The Jedi, after defeating the Emperor, Vader asks Luke for help in removing his mask, to which Luke responds "But you'll die." How does he know this? I'd imagine the details on Darth Vader's suit aren't common knowledge, even for a hero of the Rebellion. Or is the fact that Vader's suit is mobile life support known?
| 225 |
If you saw someone run around in a hermetically sealed suit all day you would be worried too if they suddenly wanted you to take it off.
Especially since Luke can feel through the Force that Vader is dying.
| 445 |
[MCU] Does Tony keep Arc reactors in all his suits all the time?
|
Or did he just put one in the mark II as part of prepping it for Rhodes to take?
| 17 |
I would imagine he has a ton of them. Like the suits they are continually improved and fine tuned for specialized power needs
Also, he made the first on in a cave yea? Doesn't sound like it needed unique components he couldn't track down back home.
| 15 |
[Star Trek] What does 'Vulcan' mean to the Vulcans? What is the Vulcan name for themselves and their planet, and how do they feel about being known by a name from Terran mythology?
|
I mean, take Spock. Does Spock speak English and call himself a Vulcan, or does he use the universal translator which just translates the name of his planet into "Vulcan" in English? Is "Vulcan" the official name for his planet Federation-wide? When he introduces himself to an alien whose species never encountered Vulcans and has no name for Spock's people, does the translator say the English word "Vulcan"? How do the Vulcans react to this Terran linguistic hegemony?
| 34 |
It has to be a mix of universal translators and humans habits of making up names for things other than the actual names.
What do you call this country?
*Nippon*
Im sorry? Did you say Japan?
*No... Nippon*
Well Japan sounds better, youre Japan now
| 61 |
ELI5- how do the giant coils on power lines not electrocute things or catch stuff on fire when it’s raining even when you hear the static of the electricity?
| 20 |
1) Rain is not continuous. The drops are separated by a lot of air.
2) Water isn't quite as good a conductor as people think it is. Pure water is in fact a decent insulator. It is the dissolved minerals in the water that make it conductive.
3) They design the insulators such that they look a little bit like an upside down cup. Water cannot go uphill, so there is break in the water between wire and the insulator.
4) The designers know the voltage the lines are mean to carry, and add sufficient separation such that arcing between lines doesn't occur.
| 66 |
|
How do Magic Eye pictures work?
| 35 |
It has to do with how your eyes focus. To understand, start by holding one finger right in front of your face, at eye level. Hold your other hand at arms' length behind it. When you focus on the finger in front of your face, you will notice that you see double of the hand far away. Similarly, when you focus on the hand, you'll see double of the finger.
This is because you have two eyes. They can't both point at close objects without skewing their perspective on further objects, and vice versa. Think of lasers shooting out from your eyes, the object you're focussing on being where they cross each other. So looking at your finger, they cross close, like this X. Looking at your far hand, they cross much further away, like this /\.
After a bit of practice, you may be able to focus your eyes for nearer or further *without* using your hands or other objects. But it is much easier to do it with something there because we're used to looking at concrete things, instead of just focusing on an area somewhere in front of us.
Magic Eye pictures trick our eyes into seeing perspective that isn't really there by having those patterns that repeat over and over across the page, but slightly differently. For a very simple version that doesn't have any hidden pictures, try to focus these two x's into the same place.
X X
If you do it right, it will look like 3 x's. Two blurry ones on the sides, and one more clearly defined in the middle. Because the images going into your right eye vs. your left eye are a little bit skewed in their respective directions, when you cross your eyes to focus on the patterns in a Magic Eye, it appears to be 3D.
| 12 |
|
eli5: Why are sidewalks made with cracks in them while roads are one flat piece with no breaks
| 707 |
Sidewalks with "tiles" are usually made out of concrete, which is very brittle and cracks easily. The tiles allow a convenient place for the sidewalk to flex or crack without impacting the walking surface. Roads are usually made out of asphalt, which is more flexible. Sidewalks made out of asphalt don't usually have tiles, they are paved like regular roads.
Why are sidewalks often concrete? It is more durable than asphalt, and offers more traction, but it is more expensive. Making roads out of asphalt is cheaper.
| 827 |
|
[chemistry][nuclear physics] if the island of stability does exist, do we have any way of estimating what the behavior/properties of those elements will be like?
|
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_stability
| 16 |
Yes, we can apply theories of nuclear structure to predict their properties, but we are extrapolating into a region of the chart of nuclides that we don't really understand yet. We need experiments to verify whether or not the predictions are correct. The kinds of theories that we use to study very heavy nuclei rely on phenomenological inputs from experiments. Since we haven't reached the island of stability experimentally, the theoretical models are not optimized to predict their properties.
| 10 |
[Watchmen] Why was Ozymandias so much stronger than the others?
|
The human watchmen: Rorschach, nite owl, the comedian, and silk specter all seemed to be of similar strength and skill. So why was Ozy different? Sure he was smarter than them all, but Nite owl seemed to be quite a bit smarter than the others, namely the comedian, aswell but stood no better a chance. So why could he man handle them so easily, yet having no additional powers?
| 49 |
Are we talking Movie Watchmen, or Graphic Novel Watchmen?
As far as the Graphic Novel goes... Ozymandias was a master martial artist and had a distinct advantage in Skill over the others. He als had the advantage of knowing how they fought, how they balanced, how they moved, etc. He was basically able to accurately predict how they would attack him, and was skilled enough to know how to counter it, thus defeating their every attempt before they even made it. He wasn't stronger, just smarter.
| 71 |
[DC] You are granted the powers of the Flash. What shoes on the market right now would last you the longest before disintegrating?
| 43 |
Any shoe that would normally last the longest under normal running conditions. Protection of his clothing, body, anyone he picks up and rescues, etc are part of the Flash's powers.
Now, whether shoes would wear at all is an open question. They might wear down at the normal rate or they might not wear at all. If the Flash runs across the US, maybe his shoes wear down exactly the same as if you were to just go on a jogging trip the same distance. The powers might protect against extreme velocity, but not normal wear and tear.
| 43 |
|
[Warcraft]Why did Arthas cull the population of Strathlome? Wouldn't the Scourge just bring back everyone as Undead anyway?
|
I get that Arthas went a bit loopy in his quest for vengeance/stopping the plague but unless he turned everyone into unusable red mush wouldn't it have been trivial for the Scourge to raise them back up?
Also Strathlome did eventually end up in the hands of the Scourge, did Uther or Jaina ever comment on Arthas being kind of right about the spread of plague?
| 16 |
At the time, he didn't know that the scourge would eventually sweep over the land and start raising corpses. He just knew that eating the grain = death and zombies. And he also knew that Stratholme had been fully saturated with it, to the point of watching people eating bread made just that morning. He could not prevent their horrible fate, but he could prevent the zombies from spreading out of their town and into the rest of the kingdom.
It was a lose-lose situation no matter which perspective you had. Jaina and Uther were blinded by their idealism, and would have eventually run into a brand new army on their literal doorstep because of their inaction. Arthas was blinded by his anger and desperation, and rushed headfirst into wholesale slaughter without thinking of any alternatives. (not that there were any. aside from powerful magic they did not possess)
Jaina has more recently expressed severe regret over the way she handled the situation. But mostly because she "wasn't strong enough" to pull Arthas away from his dark path. And while she hasn't explicitly said that he was right about Sratholme, she has been frequently compared to him when she goes into a dark mindset and tries killing mass numbers of Horde.
| 21 |
CMV: Supporting an assault weapons ban is intellectually dishonest.
|
I want to start off by saying that I'm not against all forms of gun control. I think strengthening background checks, preventing guns from entering the hands of the mentally unstable, and closing the gun show loophole are all great ideas with no downside to society.
However, if you support an all out ban on assault weapons, I can only assume it's for one of two reasons. One, you don't know the information surrounding current assault weapon regulation, statistics surrounding assault weapon usage, or the history of assault weapon bans in this county. Two, you know this information and choose to ignore the only logical conclusion in favor of an emotional and irrational response, making you intellectually dishonest.
Here are the facts in questions that make an assault weapons ban illogical.
Of the roughly 30k gun related deaths per year, 20k are suicide, leaving 10k that are homicide. In 2012 specifically, there were 11k homicides. Of that, only 322 people were killed with ANY kind of rifle, including assault rifles and hunting rifles. Handguns make up 80% of total gun crime, and shotguns bridge the gap. In fact, the total of handguns, shotguns, and rifles considered to have "military features" only accounted for 2% of total gun crime.
Assault weapons bans have been passed before. One was passed under Clinton, and expired in the early 2000s. Gun crime fell... AFTER the ban expired, and analysis proved no correlation between the fall in crime and the ban.
Americans are wrong about gun crime rates as well. Gun crime has fallen 49% since 1993, and after sandy hook 56% of Americans wrongly believed that gun crime was higher now than it was 20 years ago. This is likely due to media focusing so heavily on mass shootings.
Assault weapons are already strictly regulated. No fully automatic weapon designed after 1986 can be legally purchased in the U.S. and the few that are legal to purchase require the individual to go through much more extensive paperwork and fees, including having your local police force sign off on allowing you to own the weapon. They are also prohibitively expensive, with cheaper ones costing well over $15,000 a piece before fees. Semi automatic assault style weapons do not follow the same rules, but cannot have features that make them too similar or easily convertible to their fully automatic counterparts.
A side issue is illegal trafficking. Most guns used in homicide crime, specifically mass shootings, are obtained illegally. In fact there is very little evidence suggesting a ban on any type of gun would have a meaningful impact on any type of gun crime because of how prevalent illegal gun trafficking is in inner city gang violence which makes up the large majority of gun homicides.
A common argument made in favor of an assault ban is that people don't need them, and that's true. Strictly speaking, nobody NEEDS an assault style rifle. However, who gets to decide when something people want shouldn't be allowed to be had? What about cigarettes, alcohol, or even cars? Certainly nobody needs the first two, and if you were really dead set on saving lives you could argue that we could invest heavily in self driving cars and mandate they be used by everyone. All three of those things kill many many times more people a year than assault weapons. What about flu vaccines? More than 30,000 people die a year in the U.S. from the flu. You could save more lives by requiring people to get flu vaccines. There are just so many things that kill so many more people by such a large margin that we don't "need" that making that argument is very disingenuous.
The only way I could see someone in support of an assault weapons ban as being intellectually honest would be if they were in support of any government restriction on personal freedom that could save even a single life, because otherwise your stance isn't rational.
I might even support an assault weapons ban if there was any evidence at all that they were an actual and real problem, and that the ban would have a real effect on the problem. As it stands, the absolute most that can possibly be said, assuming nobody kills anyone with a hunting or sport rifle, is that .0001% of the population is killed by assault rifles every year. There have to be hundreds of completely innocuous things that kill more people per year than assault rifles, things non of us would ever think about controlling through legislation. So why assault rifles? Because people are scared of them for no reason? Because people don't like the big bad gun lobby? I don't know. I'm sure most politicians in support of an assault weapons ban probably believe it's the right thing. If they do, frankly they're idiots. However, I wouldn't be surprised if quite a few of them recognize that an assault weapons ban is an easy way to take millions of dollars away from the gun lobby, weakening republicans, and I would be absolutely shocked if that wasn't at least one politicians primary motivation.
My last thing I would like people to consider before attempting to change my view is that guns aren't just abstract objects. They are real things made by people. How many people's jobs and livelihoods would are dependent on or would be impacted negatively by an assault weapons ban? Companies would lose a lot of business, people would lose jobs from those who manage the acquiring and selling of raw materials, to those in charge of the acquisition of those raw materials, to the people who make those materials into guns, to the people who distribute the guns to retailers and to the retailers themselves. Then count that plus all of the same people in the process for making bullets for those guns. Consider the economic impact that a ban like this could have on many thousand more people than are currently being harmed yearly by assault weapons.
EDIT1: thank you so much everyone for your responses. I have not been able to respond to every comment I would like to, but will post another edit later when I can to address some of the more common points people are making and why I disagree with them.
EDIT2: ok so I would like to address a few common points.
1.) there's no need to own an assault weapon.
No, there isn't. As I've said, that's not a reason to not allow people to have them. I don't need fast cars, I don't need comfortable cars, I probably need some kind of car, but I don't need all of those features, so I shouldn't be able to have them? No, that makes no sense. A more direct comparison is alcohol. More people are killed by drunk driving in 15 days than are killed by any kind of rifle in a year. That doesn't even factor alcohol related homicides or overdoses. There is no need to have alcohol, nobody strictly speaking needs it just like nobody strictly speaking needs an assault weapon. We have decided as a country that we are ok with the consequences of having alcohol be legal because we value personal freedom and recognize that freedom comes with consequences. It's far more logical from a death toll standpoint to outlaw alcohol than it is to outlaw assault weapons. Actually, almost any ban on any product would make more sense than an assault weapons ban in terms of death toll.
2.) assault weapons are different because they are designed to spread death quickly.
There are two issues with this. The less important though still significant one is I could easily put 500 guns in pairs in front of you, all with the exact same clip size, exact same bullet size, and exact same firing mechanism (semi automatic). 250 of them would not count as assault weapons under and assault weapons ban, and 250 of them would classify as assault weapons. The only difference is cosmetic appearance.
The second and more important issue is that what something is designed for has no relevance to what it is actually used for. Alcohol as a consistently good example. Alcohol is a drink designed to inebriated and be enjoyed. In no way shape or form is alcohol directly designed or made to cause violence and death. Yet, alcohol causes many many times the amount of of death that assault weapons do. I would even argue that since most assault weapons available to the public are stripped less lethal versions of their military counterparts, and that most of them AND their military counterparts are chambered in a NATO 5.56 round, which is a small bullet designed to be LESS deadly and more penetrative/accurate, one could argue that assault weapons are not necessarily even designed to rapidly kill people. Still, even if you accept that they are designed to kill people, it's doesn't matter because that's not what they are actually being used for by civilians. There are millions of legally owned assault weapons and a tiny handful are ever used to do harm. I wouldn't be surprised if there wasn't a single case of a legally owned full blown assault rifle (selective/automatic fire actual military model weapons regulated by the 1986 law) being used in a homicide because of how difficult and expensive they are to get.
So you have something designed for personal enjoyment, and something "designed to kill people," but the thing designed for enjoyment results in many many times more deaths than the thing "designed to kill." Before anyone says alcohol deaths only affect the user so it's different, say that to the sober people killed by drunk drivers or victims of alcohol related homicide.
3.) Europeans have strict gun laws and they have low crime rates.
First off, my stance is not anti any gun law, my stance is specifically anti assault weapons bans, and by extension anti weapons bans. Many Europeans countries have stricter laws than we do, but even the strictest do not have all out bans. In fact, many European countries have some of the highest rates of civilian gun ownership in the world. The top 20 gun owning countries include Switzerland (4), Sweden, Norway, and France (9,10,11), Austria, Iceland, Germany, and Finland (13,14,15,16) and all have very very low rates of gun crime. Another good example, though not European is Canada, placed 12th in gun ownership per capita while simultaneously having very very low gun crime. Asserting that Europe is a good example of why gun bans are a good idea is a complete non sequitur, as they don't have gun bans and have very low gun crime. Again, this post is specifically about bans, not limitations.
4.) it's not intellectually dishonest if your goal is to save any amount of lives.
This can be true, but only if you also support the limitations of other personal freedoms like alcohol for the same reasons. It is not logical to say "I'm willing to take away people's freedom to own guns in order to save lives, but I'm not willing to take away people's freedom to consume alcohol to save lives," when alcohol is just as unnecessary and far more lethal than assault weapons. I would not perceive you as being intellectually dishonest if you believed in any and all personal limitations of freedom that can save even the most minuscule number of lives, I would still disagree with you, but there wouldn't be anything dishonest about your stance.
Bonus round of miscellaneous things that kill more people per year than any kind of rifle including assault weapons, just for fun;
Drowning in a bathtub (300 so probably more than assault weapons but less than rifles overall)
Falling down the stairs (1600)
Falling out of bed (450)
Cell phones if you count texting and driving (6000, which I'm willing to omit as an actual comparison since most people are against texting while driving anyway. Still interesting.)
The flu (36,000, more than the total of gun deaths from all suicides and homicides, more than 100 times the deaths of any rifle)
| 124 |
If you believe that all guns should be banned, then banning assault weapons is entirely coherent with that. There is no intellectual dishonesty, one follows logically from the other.
The arguments in favour of continuing gun use are particularly weak when applied to assault weapons, which makes banning them a more achievable part of the overall goal.
| 108 |
[Star Wars] I remember reading in a novel that a lot of the members of the Imperial Navy thought the Death Star was an expensive boondoggle and that the money and resources poured into it could be used to construct Imperial Star Destroyers. How many Star Destroyers is the Death Star worth?
| 54 |
They spent upwards of a trillion credits on the first Death Star, but an exact cost hasn't been given. An Imperial-1 class Star Destroyer, like the *Devastator* that chases down the *Tantive IV* over Tatooine at the beginning of ANH, costs about 150 million credits.
150 million goes into 1 trillion 6,666 and change times. The Imperial fleet was about 25,000 ISDs all told. In other words, for the equivalent cost of the DS-1 alone, they could have fielded a 25% increase in ISDs over what they already had.
| 52 |
|
ELI5: Why is it that beef is relatively cheap but leather is so expensive?
| 19 |
Leather requires more treatment and preparation, even more so when made into a garment of some sort. And cow skin is more likely to be damaged than meat during the course of the cow's life, due to fences, predators, fighting etc.
| 14 |
|
ELI5: Is water at the bottom of the ocean more dense then the water at the top due to the pressure?
|
...
| 17 |
Water is *nearly* incompressible. However, the water at the bottom if the ocean *is* slightly denser but it is almost entirely due to temperature and salinity, not pressure. Cold water is denser than warm water.
A more detailed answer would not be for ELI5.
| 27 |
CMV: Raising Income Taxes in the US is a Heavily Misguided Way of "Getting the Wealthy To Pay Their Fair Share", Corporate Tax is a Much Better Alternative
|
1. My main problem is not with the purpose of the income tax, but rather **how overwhelming the tax burden lies on the middle and upper middle class relative to that of corporations.** Effective tax rates as of right now in the United States would have typical corporations paying around the low 20's%; loopholes in the accounting system for depreciating assets and stock options permit their actual payment to be well under their "fair worth". Meanwhile, an employed American who has an income somewhere around the middle class can expect 30% or more of their paycheck to be gone. Corporations, who only exist to feed investors, are paying lower effective rates than typical employees who have kids to feed or people to guard. **After being so responsible for the tax burden already, why raise income tax even more?** I could be missing something in this picture but, to me, it looks like a simple case of flipping the tax burden onto corporations instead of raising income tax even further.
2. Second issue; **raising the income tax** ***even further*** **as a way of fighting income inequality perpetuates the economic fallacy that high salary = wealth.** The signifier for wealth is **net worth, NOT how much you make today.** The young new lawyer, doctor, or pharmacist who has 6 figure loan balances and is only their first year out making big bucks is far poorer than the engineer whose been working since college. Several traditional professions with those sweet salaries are incredibly misleading for the actual entry cost they demanded, and just because you command a mid 6 figure income after many years doesn't mean *poof, a Lamborghini and mansion appears and you're not paying your fair dues to society*. I'm not saying we should base the tax system on asset allocation, but I'm just asking people to get this false equation of high salary = wealth out of their head. **This way any politician who campaigns for a movement on behalf of the economic "common man" doesn't come for your paychecks and understands that one's salary doesn't imply they're rich and hoarding from society.** *Politicians know this is the case but they're so in bed with corporations anyway; we as voters need a way to fight this by knowing more about how dumb the income tax is.*
***The villains of wealth inequality and abysmal tax allocation in the US are equity owners in corporations. Come for their necks, not the broke pharmacist who works at your CVS. Go for the corporations and I guarantee you, even the slightest percentage point enforced properly (without those loopholes) will lead to millions in tax revenue.*** Now... to get the feds to properly *use* the money? That's a whole other thing.
| 66 |
"Overwhelming the tax lies on the middle class"
Uhhh no
70% of all taxes come from like 5-10% of Americans
So going after the rich is currently what generated most revenue, going after corporations also go after the employees and the purchasers of the product
A tax on Walmart is a increase in the costs of walmart- IE a poor tax
Let's just remove half theloopholes and call it a day
| 24 |
ELI5: How do illegal immigrants apply for welfare if they dont have any social security card or formal identification?
|
I hear a lot of talk in the American debates about illegal immigration constantly and how they are using welfare. How is this possible if they dont even have the right credentials to sign up for welfare? I cant even get my new drivers license without several forms of ID.
| 88 |
Under circumstances where you are eligible for such a program, there are usually alternatives to a Social Security Number. For example, illegal aliens can legally receive the child tax credit for their dependents, and can file their tax returns using an IRS-provided International Taxpayer Identification Number instead of an SSN. If you are otherwise eligible for a program, most agencies do not require you to provide an SSN or similar documentation if you can prove you do not have them and cannot obtain them.
As for welfare fraud, illegal aliens who participate in that do it the same way as other people, by making false statements and using false documents. There's a lively market in Social Security cards and birth certificates, which illegal aliens often use without knowing they belong to a real person.
Your driver's license is not a welfare program. Many states try to make it easy to apply for welfare (though others make it hard), because they feel it is important for the poor to have access to these programs, but they make it hard to apply for a driver's license for the first time, because they want to apply extra scrutiny before providing an identification document.
| 15 |
ELI5: Why do frozen things stick to wet things, such as my tongue to a frozen pole, or my wet fingers to a ice cube.
| 17 |
Because the frozen thing is cold enough that it freezes some of the moisture on your tongue/finger. That newly frozen ice forms around the texture on your tongue/finger and basically grips it. So if you want to pull away, you need to either pull the ice apart, or pull the ice away from your tongue/finger. And it can take a decent amount of force to do that.
| 10 |
|
[Transmetropolitan] With the makers it is possible for for any matter to be turned into basically any other substance or object. How is there still poverty and need?
|
The makers in Transmetropolitan use "base material" (which I'm assuming is just a highly dense cube of some matter) to make almost anything conceivable.
Yet it's also shown that they do not need this base material, people can (and do) scavenge trash to fuel their makers. It's said that most middle-class families have a maker.
With the ability to turn anything into anything else it's a real headscratcher to me how there's still preventable disease, energy problems, hunger or any need at all in that universe.
Why does the Long Pig restaurant grow humans in vats when they could just make human flesh in the maker?
Hell, how do their markets and economy even operate when you can make almost anything conceivable at home?
| 16 |
Post-scarcity technology doesn't change human nature, and it's still human nature to muddle through rather than make perfect decisions. Lots of people are still selfish, or crazy, or transitioning into an alien species.
To truly eliminate suffering, you'd need to remove the human capacity to suffer. And if we're all just clouds of nanotech, could you really call us human?
| 10 |
It seems like a common perception that sociology doesn't produce theoretical "advancements" in comparison to economics. Is this view unfounded? What would be your best examples against it?
|
To clarify: economists can often point to applicable models typically accepted as "true" by the majority of the profession, such as comparative advantage or the Solow-Swann growth model. The assumptions of these models are typically rigorously stated and then often reviewed and updated, such as the discarding of the Harrod-Domar model or "old Keynesianism". The sophistication of these models increases over time, seen in the behavioral revolution or the incorporation of information-asymmetry.
However, it seems that in comparison sociological theory tends to be more decentralized and "textual", and sociologists aren't as amenable towards theoretical generalization. As a result, there isn't an identifiable 'research program', and sociological or social-theoretic models don't receive the same process of innovation and updating as they do in economics. Is this a misconception? Can you point to a robust model, an 'impressive' or 'counterintuitive' result or theoretical innovation in the past few decades?
Also to be clear, I don't have any prejudices towards these fields and think that sociologists and anthropologists still do great work, I was just a bit curious
| 38 |
One recent advancement is the idea of neighborhood effects—the idea that effects of the neighborhood independent of the family and the region, and just moving people across the city could have important effect on life outcomes. It is most famously associated with people like Robert Sampson (lots of other have also worked on neighborhood effects). Economists like Raj Chetty have recently imported this insight to economics.
The recently deceased Devah Prager initiated the trend of “audit surveys”, where a researcher might submit similar resumes to several jobs, varying the resume only slightly. Changing the name from a “white” name to a “black” name, for example. Or changing the club from a gay rights club to something less politically relevant. Or changing male to female. Or indicating a criminal record. All of this has done a good job of showing in new ways how, even in our modern job market, even in modern liberal cities, inequality can be reproduced. These sort of labor market experiments have also become mildly popular in labor economics because they’re experiments even grad students without a grant can do.
And for a more classic example, we have Boudieu and *Distinction* . Even among Gary Becker’s protégés in economics who wanted to make the economics of everything still treat humans preferences as mostly black boxes—people have their ranked preferences and that’s that. See for example Becker and Stigler’s paper * De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum*. Bourdieu, and his students, have tried to look at what goes into what he calls “taste” (which is essentially equivalent in many ways to the economists’ “taste”), particularly how different classes have different tastes and tastes both reflect and maintain the social hierarchy. Another great book about this is the earlier *Learning to Labour*, which is an ethnographic study of “why working class lads get working class jobs”. How even promising working class students may be pushed towards working class jobs by culture, against utility maximizing economic explanations (economics can explain how really it’s “utility” for these people not to go to university, but it’s certainly not the obvious explanation). This sort of thing led Bourdieu to argue that there’s cultural capital (what you know) and social capital (who you know) that are as important to socio-economic outcomes as economic capital.
| 34 |
[AtLA/Korra] What Would Happen if an Avatar Got Pregnant?
|
Pretty much what it sounds like- how would the Avatar state affect baby making? What would happen to the child? Would he have access to the spiritual memory? The extra bending? The inner balance?
| 15 |
Well going off the fact that Aang in-canon had 3 kids... Nothing abnormal. Kaya, Bumi, and Tenzin (Aang's children who show up in the Korra series) all were 'normal' as far as an avatar's child could be.
| 43 |
ELI5: How does suturing veins prevent blood from leaking out?
|
As the title stated, how does suturing veins prevent blood from leaking out? Wouldn't the gaps between the sutures and holes from sutures cause continuous or more bleeding?
| 23 |
Blood has its own built in plugging mechanism.
They’re called platelets, they constantly circle around the blood stream, and when the interact with a cut/hole/damage to the blood vessel they start to clump/tangle up with other platelets, causing a clog that seals the damage and stops the bleeding.
So when you suture a vessel shut, you’re taking a really big hole/cut and making it a smaller hole/cut by pulling the edges together.
This help slow the flow a blood by making the hole/cut smaller.
Then, the platelets in the blood naturally finish up the job by plugging any of the small holes/cuts/opening that remain.
| 31 |
How long it will take Voyager to get to Ninth Planet?
|
Eventually is there any possibility to shoot probe like Voyager in future?
EDIT: I know the meeting of probe and hypothetical Planet IX is pretty much impossible but I just wanted to know how long it's gonna take for eventual new probe to reach orbit and/or planet. If it really exists.
Just a random question that came up to my mind that I wanted to know answer to.
PS. Holy shit this blew up.
| 3,547 |
Presently, this planet is hypothetical. There have not been direct observations of this object - it's existence has been inferred from the orbits of smaller bodies in the outer solar system (i.e. they move as though their orbits are being perturbed by a large distant body).
With that out of the way, the media says this planet orbits at 20x the distance to Uranus. Uranus has a 20 AU orbital radius, so that puts the planet at a 400 AU distance. Voyager 1 is currently at a distance of about 135 AU out, and traveling at about 17 km/s. To travel another 265 AU at this rate, it will arrive at the planet's predicted orbital radius in 74 years.
Of course, given the incredibly long orbital period of the hypothetical planet it is unlikely Voyager 1 will have anything to look at when it passes.
| 2,718 |
[Pokemon] Why can't I just pick up pokeballs that failed to catch a pokemon and reuse them? What happens to the failed pokeballs?
| 109 |
When the Pokémon escapes, you see what happens to them. They explode. Whatever the binding mechanism is that allows you to stuff, say, a 30-foot-long snake made out of granite into a hollow baseball just fails and the ball falls apart/disintegrates.
| 76 |
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CMV:Free speech covers hate speech.
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The definition for hate speech being speech that offends, threatens or insults groups based on race, color, religion...
the only word in there that bothers me a little is "threatens". i think you cross a line from hate speech into inciting violence, which i don't think is covered by free public speech, when you make an outright threat, but it is certainly possible to be threatening, which i think is ok, without making a threat. so short out outright threats, i think you're covered under free speech to be as offensive, insulting and threatening as you please.
I don't think you have the right to be protected from social ridicule for saying racist or offensive things; just that you should be allowed to say them without fear of government intervention or fear of being physically attacked.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 44 |
Just because a threat is not explicit or outright, doesn't necessarily make it less threatening or credible.
Imagine that a gangster shows up at your restaurant and says "You have a nice restaurant, it would be a shame if it burned down".
It's pretty obvious that their intent is to threaten, that this is the equivalent of an outright threat, and most judges would agree if you took the gangster to court.
Same applies to hate speech when directed against a group rather than an individual.
| 11 |
[Harry Potter] Goblet of Fire; Stumping the Age Line
|
Ok; so I've been trying to think of way to get around the age line that Dumbledore set up. Now, it was possible for someone else to submit Harry's name (Barry Crouch Jr). Would that have been possible for anyone over the age of seventeen to do for anyone else? Like could Angelina have submitted George and Fred's name instead of them having to try with the aging potion?
| 16 |
I've heard of various ideas. That's one of the common ones. Another simple one is to levitate it over. I've also heard of just tossing it in or using a fishing pole.
Ultimately, we don't know. Dumbledore never gave the details of how the age line works. We know Barty Crouch Jr. managed to break it, but he also convinced it there was a fourth school. He may have needed magic to get that name across the age line. We can ask students what they tried, but they might not be trustworthy.
| 12 |
[DC] What circumstances would lead to no hero helping a city?
|
In the event that someone died such as Batman or Superman, there is normally someone to take their place and help the city in their absence. So in the event that no one in the city is capable of helping, what would prevent another hero from helping?
| 23 |
1. A business tycoon (Lex Luthor) or a political leader (Amanda Waller) manipulates the law into allowing no heroes in that state.
2. There simply are no heroes in that area.
3. Superhumans or Metahumans in that city are all villains or doesn't want the hero lifestyle and chooses to be in civilian life.
4. A hero can be anyone. Even a man doing something as simple and reassuring as putting a coat around a little boy's shoulder to let him know that the world hasn't ended.
| 26 |
[Mad Max] What were they using Max's blood for in the beginning of the movie?
|
I can't think of a reason. They had water and food. The ones hooked up to the prisoners weren't injured or bleeding at all. The only reason I can think of is that it was some superstition.
Also, why did he have to be brought on the car? Was it that important to not get unhooked?
| 18 |
They laid they explanation out in the voiceover explaining the war and nuclear fallout. This fallout causes a large portion of the population to have a "halflife". these damaged people are also the same people that made up the army of the white painted dudes. They all had some weird tumors as well to visual show this issue. So the used the blood transfusions to stave off their premature death from radiation poisoning.
| 27 |
[Marvel/DC] Where would some of DC's favorite superheroes stand on the whole registration thing?
| 47 |
Remember how Thor was absent for the Civil War arc? There's a good reason for that.
Superman would be against it, as he would likely see no value in it. If he needs to unmask anybody, he can do it (or use his X-ray vision, drop a few hints, and threaten to do it). If they're too powerful for Superman to unmask, then there is nothing anyone could do if they knew their secret identity. And if Superman is against it, the whole superhero community would back him on it, and that would be the end of the discussion.
Besides Superman, the Justice League already registers heroes quite thoroughly, and Batman has a secret database of everyone's cover identities he can use when he needs it.
| 63 |
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CMV: The World Would be Better off if all of it were Westernized.
|
To an extent it already is and already has become better off. Globalization, Capitalism, and The Enlightenment have basically spread to every corner of the world. Instant communication, incredibly quick travel, insane medical breakthroughs, and a trend of exponential technological advancement on the whole are al really badass and have for the most part been enabled by the Western World Order. The rise of democracy not only as a governmental concept but as a social one also being a huge part of all this.
But I don't think it has gone far enough, specifically, when it comes to the Middle East and Russia. The world as a whole still has many backwards social codes that were never thrown out by Imperialism, and for all the technological progress we have made, secularism doesn't seem to be spreading alongside it as well as it should be.
Socially, there are many ways I think we could go about westernizing the world. Appropriating the Hijab to make it more of a fashion choice as opposed to holding any cultural or religious significance. Funding secular societies and thinkers in the middle east. Spreading and encouraging counter culture in Russia, etc.
Economically, I think we're already getting the hang of things, it's mainly the culture war I'm concerned about. Which is really equally as important, as the culture of freedom and innovation in the US protected and encouraged by the government is really what has led to so many innovations here.
_____
> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 57 |
This is a problem that comes from dealing with a sample size of 1 - you can't dissociate concepts or control for any variables.
You say the world should be 'westernized', but what does that mean? Technology and freedom are certainly good, but is it possible to have them without McDonalds and Monday Night Football? Free markets seem like a good idea, but are the levels of Capitalist inequality we see in the west necessary for them to function?
In other words, which parts of western culture are universal goods that should be implemented immediately, and which parts are random fluff that could be implemented differently with no change, and which parts are imperfections that could be improved upon? Without lots of different case studies to look at, it's hard to tell.
That's the cost of pushing 'westernization' too hard and fast - every country we turn into a carbon-copy of our culture is the loss of a chance to experiment with more gradual, measured change, to see if we can find a better way and improve on the current formula.
| 29 |
[MCU] Why didn’t Loki as Odin in Thor 2 want two infinities stones (Space and Reality) in his possession?
| 87 |
He'd already got everything he wanted.
He was the beloved king of Asgard, his goal throughout the whole series. As far as we could see, he was perfectly happy to sit on his throne eating grapes and memorializing himself for the rest of his life.
If you don't *want* to warp space or reshape reality, the infinity gems are trinkets, and trinkets that draw dangerous attention at that. Why keep them?
| 128 |
|
How are programs actually encoded into an FPGA?
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I understand the principle of constructing a web of logic gates to perform a particular function (process a data stream, do a math computation, etc.). However, I do not understand how my specification for a set of gates is converted into actual hardware.
| 35 |
The key component is called a LUT or look-up-table. This is a small circuit that has 5 inputs and can be programmed to generate different outputs for each of the 32 possible combinations of the 5 inputs.
What kind of device/circuit has that capability? A RAM. A LUT is basically a 32-bit bit-addressable RAM.
In addition to the LUTs there are numerous other memories whose outputs are connected to pass gates and other control structures that set up how the LUTs are connected to each other, how they connect to flip-flops, etc., etc.
| 16 |
[Star Wars] Suppose that I am a Jedi Master with cybernetic implants, and I die and become one with the force. Do the cybernetics disappear with me? Or drop to the ground?
|
Asking for a friend.
| 16 |
Your force ghost appears as you saw yourself.
So if the impla take where alien to you they would not appear, if they where part of you they would.
As for the actual tech, it likely vanishes with the body, assuming it's actually part of the body.
The force doesn't seem to distinguish between organics and non-organics, just what the user interprets as part of their body or not.
That's why most force ghosts look like the Jedi did just before death, but without the injuries that caused death.
They didn't think of themselves as having gaping holes in their heads, but they did see themselves in the mirror every day.
So they saw themselves mostly as how they where.
| 16 |
Why does fat/oil jump and spit when heated?
|
I'm talking about when you're frying something like bacon, and the oil comes out of the meat, but then why does it jump around the pan?
| 31 |
Pure fat or oil doesn't jump when heated. However, in most real world cases there is a combination of fat/oil and water being heated. Since water is denser than oil, it will sink to the bottom. A small pockets of water get trapped under the oil they heat up and eventually turn to steam, or they heat up quickly and flash to steam.
Once you have a pocket of steam under the oil, the pressure ruptures the pocket explosively. In the process, oil is kicked up from the tiny pressure explosion.
So, it is actually water that is sizzling, not the fat/oil. The fat is simply trapping the water.
| 47 |
[Star Wars] If Aanakin lived at the end of RotJ, re-embraced the light side of the Force, and had access to any technology, how well could his body be healed?
| 58 |
Improvements would more or less just be incremental. The SW universe doesn't have the tech to do things like clone and force-grow replacement parts on a casual level, so cybernetics is still the way to go. The state of the art has advanced from the Clone Wars days, as seen in the sort of casual/transhumanist cyber-enhancement going on out in Hutt Space in the Book of Boba Fett, so swapping out the old limbs for some cutting edge fingers and toes could give him some lighter, more agile and more comfortable extremities.
In terms of the lung situation, Fennec Shand shows that it is physically possible to put replacement internal parts in a human, so Vader could potentially ditch the rebreather in preference for cyborg lungs. He'd still be dependent on tech to breath, but he could potentially ditch the suit.
His burnt-ass face is still going to be a burnt-ass face. But since folks don't know his burnt-ass face on sight, going with cyberlungs and ditching the helmet would let him go incognito quite easily.
In terms of performance, it probably won't be much of an upgrade since Vader was more or less riding the cutting edge of military grade tech, but a set of cyberparts designed by someone not willfully being a dick are probably going to be a lot more comfortable.
| 60 |
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