gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
This was London in 1952, and as was done in London in the '50s and the '60s, governments and cities, they need to take urgent action to stop the terrible impact of air pollution.	Aceasta e Londra în 1952, și așa cum s-a procedat în Londra în anii '50 și '60, guvernele și orașele au trebuit să acționeze urgent pentru a opri impactul teribil al poluării.	en-ro
Every politician must know that delaying what they call the tough actions, like reducing traffic in cities or investing in public transport and engaging in promoting cycling in cities, investing in renewable energy, promoting cleaner energy for cooking, cooling and transportation and heating are solutions that are very smart, because, in fact, they reduce emissions, they improve air quality in line with WHO standards, which are the standards that will protect ourselves.	سیاسەتمەداران دەبێت بزانن دواخستنی ئەو کارانەی بە بڕیاری سەختی دادەنێن وەکو: کەم کردنەوەی ترافیک لە شارەکاندا، یان وەبەرهێنان لە گواستنەوە گشتییەکاندا، یان برەوپێدان بە پاسکیلسواری لە شارەکاندا، وەبەرهێنان لە وزەی نوێ، پەرەپێدان بە وزەی پاکتر بۆ چێشتلێنان و ساردکردنەوە، هاتووچۆ و گەرمکردنەوە. ئەمانە هەموو چارەسەری ژیرانەن چونکە دەردان کەم دەکەنەوە، و جۆریتی هەوا باشتر دەکەن کە هاوشان بێت لەگەڵ پێوانەکانی رێکخراوی تەندروستی جیهانی و هەر ئەم پێوانانەش ژیانمان دەپارێزن.	en-ku
So in fact, all politicians that we need these very strong political commitments and political will from, but [we need] all of them now.	De fapt, toți politicienii au nevoie de aceste angajamente foarte puternice, și de voință politică, dar avem nevoie de ele acum.	en-ro
Those who fail, who postpone action, they have been requested even to defend their position in court.	那些没能做到，或者未能及时行动的政客甚至会被要求在法庭上为自己辩护。	en-zh-cn
And from now on, no politician will be able to say, "I didn't know."	بۆیە لە ئێستا بەدواوە، هیچ سیاسەتمەدارێک ناتوانێت بڵێت: نەمزانی.	en-ku
So the question here is: How many lives, loss of quality of life and losing our brain power are we ready to accept?	La question est donc : combien de vies, quelle dégradation de notre qualité de vie, quelle érosion de la puissance de notre esprit sommes-nous prêts à accepter ?	en-fr
If the answer is "none," I will request that you, while our brains are still functioning, while we are still intelligent, please exercise your right, put pressure on your politicians and make sure that they take action to stop the sources of air pollution.	Si la respuesta es "Ninguna", voy a pedirles que, mientras su cerebro aún funciona, mientras aún somos inteligentes, por favor ejerzan su derecho, presionen a sus políticos y asegúrense de que tomen medidas para parar las fuentes de la polución.	en-es
This is the first thing we need to do to protect yourself and to protect our beautiful brain.	Questa è la prima cosa che dobbiamo fare per proteggerci e per proteggere i nostri bellissimi cervelli.	en-it
You can't fight it, you can't change it.	Não se pode lutar contra ela nem mudá-la.	en-pt-br
Can you hear me OK?	¿Me escuchan?	en-es
Jim Hudspeth: OK. Well, if you can, it's really amazing, because my voice is changing the air pressure where you sit by just a few billionths of the atmospheric level, yet we take it for granted that your ears can capture that infinitesimal signal and use it to signal to the brain the full range of auditory experiences: the human voice, music, the natural world.	Jim Hudspeth: Akkor jó. Ha így van, az igazán lenyűgöző, mert a hangom szinte érzékelhetetlen atmoszféraszinttel módosítja a légnyomást ott, ahol önök ülnek, mégis magától értetődőnek vesszük, hogy a fülünk képes felfogni azt az alig észlelhető jelet, és teljes körű hallási élményt küld az agynak: emberi hangot, zenét, a természet világát.	en-hu
How does your ear do that?	Hogyan képes erre a fül?	en-hu
And the answer to that is: through the cells that are the real hero of this presentation -- the ear's sensory receptors, which are called "hair cells."	這個問題的答案是：透過細胞，也就是這場簡報的真正英雄—— 耳朵的感覺受器，稱為「毛細胞」。	en-zh-tw
Now, these hair cells are unfortunately named, because they have nothing at all to do with the kind of hair of which I have less and less.	Ez elég szerencsétlen elnevezés, mivel semmi közük bármiféle szőrzethez, amiből itt nekem egyre kevesebb van.	en-hu
These cells were originally named that by early microscopists, who noticed that emanating from one end of the cell was a little cluster of bristles.	A estas células las llamaron originalmente así los primeros microscopistas, quienes vieron que desde un extremo de la célula emanaba un pequeño racimo de cerdas.	en-es
With modern electron microscopy, we can see much better the nature of the special feature that gives the hair cell its name.	Korszerű elektronmikroszkóppal sokkal jobban látjuk a különleges jellegzetesség természetét, melyről a szőrsejt a nevét kapta.	en-hu
That's the hair bundle.	Ez pedig a szőrköteg.	en-hu
It's this cluster of 20 to several hundred fine cylindrical rods that stand upright at the top end of the cell.	このように 20本から数100本の微細な棒状の円柱が集結して細胞の上の端に立っています	en-ja
And this apparatus is what is responsible for your hearing me right this instant.	Ez a berendezés felel azért is, hogy önök hallják, amit most mondok.	en-hu
Now, I must say that I am somewhat in love with these cells.	我必須要說，我愛上這些細胞了。	en-zh-tw
I've spent 45 years in their company -- (Laughter) and part of the reason is that they're really beautiful.	He pasado 45 años en compañía de ellas. (Risas) Y parte de la razón es que son realmente preciosas.	en-es
There's an aesthetic component to it.	Aquí hay un componente estético.	en-es
Here, for example, are the cells with which an ordinary chicken conducts its hearing.	Por exemplo, aqui estão as células que permitem que um frango escute.	en-pt-br
These are the cells that a bat uses for its sonar.	Estas son las células que un murciélago utiliza para su sonar.	en-es
We use these large hair cells from a frog for many of our experiments.	Utilizamos estas largas células ciliadas de una rana para muchos experimentos.	en-es
Hair cells are found all the way down to the most primitive of fishes, and those of reptiles often have this really beautiful, almost crystalline, order.	As células ciliadas são encontradas desde os peixes mais primitivos, e as dos répteis sempre têm essa ordem linda e quase cristalina.	en-pt-br
But above and beyond its beauty, the hair bundle is an antenna.	しかしただ美しいだけではなくその感覚毛はアンテナになっていて	en-ja
It's a machine for converting sound vibrations into electrical responses that the brain can then interpret.	機械のように音の振動を電気的応答に変換しその信号を脳が解釈します	en-ja
At the top of each hair bundle, as you can see in this image, there's a fine filament connecting each of the little hairs, the stereocilia.	En la parte superior de cada conjunto de pelos, como aprecian en la imagen, existen pequeñas fibras que conectan con cada uno de los pequeños pelos, las estereocilias.	en-es
It's here marked with a little red triangle.	画面では小さな赤い三角で示しています	en-ja
And this filament has at its base a couple of ion channels, which are proteins that span the membrane.	A szál tövében egy csomó ioncsatorna található: proteinek, melyek áthidalják a membránt.	en-hu
This rat trap represents an ion channel.	Esta trampa para ratones representa un canal iónico.	en-es
It has a pore that passes potassium ions and calcium ions.	Van rajta egy pórus, melyen átjutnak a káliumionok és a kalciumionok.	en-hu
It has a little molecular gate that can be open, or it can be closed.	分子に対して小さなゲートがあって開けたり閉めたりすることができます	en-ja
And its status is set by this elastic band which represents that protein filament.	Ez a rugalmas szalag szabályozza, ami most a proteinszálat jelképezi.	en-hu
Now, imagine that this arm represents one stereocilium and this arm represents the adjacent, shorter one with the elastic band between them.	想像這隻手臂代表一條靜纖毛，這隻手臂代表鄰接的靜纖毛，它比較短，兩者之間有彈力帶連結。	en-zh-tw
When sound energy impinges upon the hair bundle, it pushes it in the direction towards its taller edge.	Cuando el conjunto de pelos se ve afectado por la energía del sonido, lo empuja a la dirección hacia el borde más elevado.	en-es
The sliding of the stereocilia puts tension in the link until the channels open and ions rush into the cell.	A sztereocília csúszása megfeszíti a kapcsolódást, így végül a csatornák megnyílnak, és az ionok a sejtbe özönlenek.	en-hu
When the hair bundle is pushed in the opposite direction, the channels close.	感覚毛が反対側へ押されたときにはチャンネルは閉じます	en-ja
And, most importantly, a back-and-forth motion of the hair bundle, as ensues during the application of acoustic waves, alternately opens and closes the channel, and each opening admits millions and millions of ions into the cell.	E, acima de tudo, o movimento de vai e vem do feixe ciliar, como ocorre durante a aplicação de ondas acústicas, abre e fecha o canal alternadamente, e cada abertura admite milhões de íons dentro da célula.	en-pt-br
Those ions constitute an electrical current that excites the cell.	イオンの動きが電流となって細胞は興奮します	en-ja
The excitation is passed to a nerve fiber, and then propagates into the brain.	その刺激は神経線維に伝わり脳まで伝播します	en-ja
Notice that the intensity of the sound is represented by the magnitude of this response.	Percebam que a intensidade do som é representada pela magnitude dessa resposta.	en-pt-br
A louder sound pushes the hair bundle farther, opens the channel longer, lets more ions in and gives rise to a bigger response.	Um som mais alto empurra o feixe ciliar para mais longe, abre mais o canal, faz com que mais íons entrem e gera uma resposta maior.	en-pt-br
Now, this mode of operation has the advantage of great speed.	Esse modo de operação tem a vantagem da grande velocidade.	en-pt-br
Some of our senses, such as vision, use chemical reactions that take time.	視覚など私たちの感覚の中には化学反応を利用し時間のかかるものもあります	en-ja
And as a consequence of that, if I show you a series of pictures at intervals of 20 or 30 per second, you get the sense of a continuous image.	Ebből az következik, hogy ha 20-30 másodpercenként mutatok egy képsorozatot, azt folyamatos képsorként érzékeljük.	en-hu
Because it doesn't use reactions, the hair cell is fully 1,000 times faster than our other senses.	有毛細胞は反応を利用しないので他の感覚器官に比べ優に1000倍もの早さです	en-ja
We can hear sounds at frequencies as great as 20,000 cycles per second, and some animals have ever faster ears.	Akár 20 000 Hz frekvencián is hallhatunk hangokat, egyes állatok még ennél is kifinomultabb hallásúak.	en-hu
The ears of bats and whales, for example, can respond to their sonar pulses at 150,000 cycles a second.	例えばコウモリやクジラの耳は毎秒15万回という彼らの超音波パルスを検知します	en-ja
But this speed doesn't entirely explain why the ear performs so well.	Ám a sebesség nem magyarázza meg teljesen a fülünk jó működését.	en-hu
And it turns out that our hearing benefits from an amplifier, something called the "active process."	「アクティブプロセス」と呼ばれる増幅器が私たちの聴力に大いに役立っていることがわかっています	en-ja
The active process enhances our hearing and makes possible all the remarkable features that I've already mentioned.	主動接收過程會強化我們的聽覺，促成我剛才提到的那些非凡特色。	en-zh-tw
Let me tell you how it works.	Elmondom, hogyan működik.	en-hu
First of all, the active process amplifies sound, so you can hear, at threshold, sounds that move the hair bundle by a distance of only about three-tenths of a nanometer.	首先，主動接收過程會將聲音放大，連微弱到只將毛束移動十分之三奈米的聲音，你也可以聽見。	en-zh-tw
That's the diameter of one water molecule.	Esse é o diâmetro de uma molécula de água.	en-pt-br
It's really astonishing.	とても驚くべきことです	en-ja
The system can also operate over an enormously wide dynamic range.	El sistema también puede funcionar sobre un enorme rango dinámico.	en-es
Why do we need this amplification?	Miért kell nekünk ez az erősítés?	en-hu
The amplification, in ancient times, was useful because it was valuable for us to hear the tiger before the tiger could hear us.	大昔には増幅は有益でしたなぜなら虎が私たちに気づく前に私たちが虎に気づくことが重要だったからです	en-ja
And these days, it's essential as a distant early warning system.	現今，它的重要性則是遠距的早期警報系統。	en-zh-tw
It's valuable to be able to hear fire alarms or contemporary dangerous such as speeding fire engines or police cars or the like.	Es útil poder escuchar las alarmas contra incendios o riesgos contemporáneos como autos de bomberos o de policía y afines.	en-es
When the amplification fails, our hearing's sensitivity plummets, and an individual may then need an electronic hearing aid to supplant the damaged biological one.	Quando a amplificação falha, a sensibilidade da nossa audição diminui, e talvez precisemos usar um aparelho auditivo eletrônico para substituir a estrutura biológica danificada.	en-pt-br
This active process also enhances our frequency selectivity.	O processo também aumenta nossa seletividade de frequência.	en-pt-br
Even an untrained individual can distinguish two tones that differ by only two-tenths of a percent, which is one-thirtieth of the difference between two piano notes, and a trained musician can do even better.	Incluso un individuo sin entrenamiento puede distinguir dos tonos que difieren solo por dos décimas de un porcentaje, que equivale a una trigésima de diferencia entre dos notas de un piano, y un músico de formación puede hacerlo incluso mejor.	en-es
This fine discrimination is useful in our ability to distinguish different voices and to understand the nuances of speech.	この優れた識別能力は違った声を聞き分け言葉のニュアンスを理解するのに役立ちます	en-ja
And, again, if the active process deteriorates, it becomes harder to carry out verbal communication.	Y, nuevamente, si el proceso activo se deteriora, se vuelve más difícil realizar la comunicación verbal.	en-es
Finally, the active process is valuable in setting the very broad range of sound intensities that our ears can tolerate, from the very faintest sound that you can hear, such as a dropped pen, to the loudest sound that you can stand -- say, a jackhammer or a jet plane.	Végül is az aktív folyamat segít nagyon széles skálán beállítani azt a hangerőt, amit még a fülünk el tud viselni, a leghalkabb hallható hangtól, például ha leesik egy toll, az elviselhető legerősebb hangig – például légkalapács vagy sugárhajtású repülő zajáig.	en-hu
The amplitude of sounds spans a range of one millionfold, which is more than is encompassed by any other sense or by any man-made device of which I'm aware.	La amplitud sonora abarca un amplio espectro de un millón de posibilidades, que es más de lo abarcado por cualquier otro sentido. o por cualquier dispositivo existente que yo conozca.	en-es
And again, if this system deteriorates, an affected individual may have a hard time hearing the very faintest sounds or tolerating the very loudest ones.	És mondom, ha ez a rendszer károsodik, az érintett személyre nehéz idők jönnek, nem fogja hallani a halk hangokat, vagy rosszul tűri a nagy zajokat.	en-hu
Now, to understand how the hair cell does its thing, one has to situate it within its environment within the ear.	為了瞭解毛細胞如何運作，我們就必須要把它放到耳朵內的環境中。	en-zh-tw
We learn in school that the organ of hearing is the coiled, snail-shaped cochlea.	聴覚器はカタツムリのようならせん型の渦巻管だと学校で学びます	en-ja
It's an organ about the size of a chickpea.	É um órgão quase do tamanho de um grão-de-bico,	en-pt-br
It's embedded in the bone on either side of the skull.	それは頭蓋の両側面の骨に埋め込まれたようになっています	en-ja
We also learn that an optical prism can separate white light into its constituent frequencies, which we see as distinct colors.	Também aprendemos que um prisma óptico pode separar a luz branca nas frequências que a integram, as quais vemos como cores diferentes.	en-pt-br
In an analogous way, the cochlea acts as sort of an acoustic prism that splits apart complex sounds into their component frequencies.	Fazendo uma analogia, a cóclea atua como um prisma "acústico" que decompõe os sons complexos nas frequências que os formam.	en-pt-br
So when a piano is sounded, different notes blend together into a chord.	Então, quando alguém toca um piano, diferentes notas se fundem em um acorde.	en-pt-br
The cochlea undoes that process.	A cochlea visszafejti ezt a folyamatot.	en-hu
It separates them and represents each at a different position.	音を分けてそれぞれ別の場所に届けます	en-ja
In this picture, you can see where three notes -- middle C and the two extreme notes on a piano -- are represented in the cochlea.	この図ではピアノの中央のＣと両端の音あわせて３つが渦巻管のどこに対応するかを示します	en-ja
The lowest frequencies go all the way up to the top of the cochlea.	A legalacsonyabb frekvenciák egészen a cochlea csúcsáig behatolnak.	en-hu
The highest frequencies, down to 20,000 Hz, go all the way to the bottom of the cochlea, and every other frequency is represented somewhere in between.	Las frecuencia más alta, que llega a 20 000 hertz, alcanza la parte baja de la cóclea, y todas las otras frecuencias se representan en la mitad entre estas.	en-es
And, as this diagram shows, successive musical tones are represented a few tens of hair cells apart along the cochlear surface.	És amint az ábra mutatja, az egymást követő zenei hangok alig néhány szőrsesjtre kerülnek a cochlea felszínén.	en-hu
Now, this separation of frequencies is really key in our ability to identify different sounds, because very musical instrument, every voice, emits a distinct constellation of tones.	Ez a frekvenciafelbontás a kulcsa annak a képességünknek, hogy felismerjük az eltérő hangokat, ugyanis minden hangszer és minden emberi hang a hangok külön formációját bocsátja ki.	en-hu
The cochlea separates those frequencies, and the 16,000 hair cells then report to the brain how much of each frequency is present.	La cóclea separa esas frecuencias, y las 16 000 células ciliadas informan al cerebro cuanto de cada una de las frecuencias está presente.	en-es
The brain can then compare all the nerve signals and decide what particular tone is being heard.	El cerebro puede comparar todas las señales nerviosas y decidir qué tonalidad está escuchando.	en-es
But this doesn't explain everything that I want to explain.	但是這還無法解釋我想解釋的一切。魔法在哪裡？	en-zh-tw
Where's the magic?	Onde está a mágica?	en-pt-br
I told you already about the great things that the hair cell can do.	有毛細胞のすごさはすでにお話ししました	en-ja
How does it carry out the active process and do all the remarkable features that I mentioned at the outset?	Hogyan hajtja végre az aktív folyamatot, hogyan teszi meg mindazt, amit az elején elmondtam?	en-hu
The answer is instability.	答えは「不安定性」にあります	en-ja
We used to think that the hair bundle was a passive object, it just sat there, except when it was stimulated.	Általában úgy hisszük, a szőrköteg valami passzív tárgy, csak ül a fülben, addig, míg valami inger nem éri.	en-hu
But in fact, it's an active machine.	Pero en realidad, es una máquina activa.	en-es
It's constantly using internal energy to do mechanical work and enhance our hearing.	機械的に活動して聴力を増強するために感覚毛は内部でずっとエネルギーを使っています	en-ja
So even at rest, in the absence of any input, an active hair bundle is constantly trembling.	Tehát még nyugalmi állapotban is, amikor nem éri külső inger, az aktív szőrköteg folyamatosan rezeg.	en-hu
It's constantly twitching back and forth.	moviéndose constantemente de lado a otro.	en-es
But when even a weak sound is applied to it, it latches on to that sound and begins to move very neatly in a one-to-one way with it, and by so doing, it amplifies the signal about a thousand times.	しかしながら微弱音が入るとその音を捕まえてその音と同期して巧妙に動き始めますそうすることでシグナルを何千倍にも増強させます	en-ja
This same instability also enhances our frequency selectivity, for a given hair cell tends to oscillate best at the frequency at which it normally trembles when it's not being stimulated.	この同じ不安定性がまた周波数の選択性を高めますある感覚毛は刺激のないときに振動しているいつもの周波数で最も大きく振動するようになっています	en-ja
So, this apparatus not only gives us our remarkably acute hearing, but also gives us the very sharp tuning.	Ez a berendezés nemcsak csodálatosan éles hallást biztosít nekünk, de nagyon precíz hangolást is lehetővé tesz.	en-hu
I want to offer you a short demonstration of something related to this.	Quero fazer-lhes uma pequena demonstração de algo relacionado a isso.	en-pt-br

This was London in 1952, and as was done in London in the '50s and the '60s, governments and cities, they need to take urgent action to stop the terrible impact of air pollution.

Aceasta e Londra în 1952, și așa cum s-a procedat în Londra în anii '50 și '60, guvernele și orașele au trebuit să acționeze urgent pentru a opri impactul teribil al poluării.

en-ro

Every politician must know that delaying what they call the tough actions, like reducing traffic in cities or investing in public transport and engaging in promoting cycling in cities, investing in renewable energy, promoting cleaner energy for cooking, cooling and transportation and heating are solutions that are very smart, because, in fact, they reduce emissions, they improve air quality in line with WHO standards, which are the standards that will protect ourselves.

سیاسەتمەداران دەبێت بزانن دواخستنی ئەو کارانەی بە بڕیاری سەختی دادەنێن وەکو: کەم کردنەوەی ترافیک لە شارەکاندا، یان وەبەرهێنان لە گواستنەوە گشتییەکاندا، یان برەوپێدان بە پاسکیلسواری لە شارەکاندا، وەبەرهێنان لە وزەی نوێ، پەرەپێدان بە وزەی پاکتر بۆ چێشتلێنان و ساردکردنەوە، هاتووچۆ و گەرمکردنەوە. ئەمانە هەموو چارەسەری ژیرانەن چونکە دەردان کەم دەکەنەوە، و جۆریتی هەوا باشتر دەکەن کە هاوشان بێت لەگەڵ پێوانەکانی رێکخراوی تەندروستی جیهانی و هەر ئەم پێوانانەش ژیانمان دەپارێزن.

en-ku

So in fact, all politicians that we need these very strong political commitments and political will from, but [we need] all of them now.

De fapt, toți politicienii au nevoie de aceste angajamente foarte puternice, și de voință politică, dar avem nevoie de ele acum.

en-ro

Those who fail, who postpone action, they have been requested even to defend their position in court.

那些没能做到，或者未能及时行动的政客甚至会被要求在法庭上为自己辩护。

en-zh-cn

And from now on, no politician will be able to say, "I didn't know."

بۆیە لە ئێستا بەدواوە، هیچ سیاسەتمەدارێک ناتوانێت بڵێت: نەمزانی.

en-ku

So the question here is: How many lives, loss of quality of life and losing our brain power are we ready to accept?

La question est donc : combien de vies, quelle dégradation de notre qualité de vie, quelle érosion de la puissance de notre esprit sommes-nous prêts à accepter ?

en-fr

If the answer is "none," I will request that you, while our brains are still functioning, while we are still intelligent, please exercise your right, put pressure on your politicians and make sure that they take action to stop the sources of air pollution.

Si la respuesta es "Ninguna", voy a pedirles que, mientras su cerebro aún funciona, mientras aún somos inteligentes, por favor ejerzan su derecho, presionen a sus políticos y asegúrense de que tomen medidas para parar las fuentes de la polución.

en-es

This is the first thing we need to do to protect yourself and to protect our beautiful brain.

Questa è la prima cosa che dobbiamo fare per proteggerci e per proteggere i nostri bellissimi cervelli.

en-it

You can't fight it, you can't change it.

Não se pode lutar contra ela nem mudá-la.

en-pt-br

Can you hear me OK?

¿Me escuchan?

en-es

Jim Hudspeth: OK. Well, if you can, it's really amazing, because my voice is changing the air pressure where you sit by just a few billionths of the atmospheric level, yet we take it for granted that your ears can capture that infinitesimal signal and use it to signal to the brain the full range of auditory experiences: the human voice, music, the natural world.

Jim Hudspeth: Akkor jó. Ha így van, az igazán lenyűgöző, mert a hangom szinte érzékelhetetlen atmoszféraszinttel módosítja a légnyomást ott, ahol önök ülnek, mégis magától értetődőnek vesszük, hogy a fülünk képes felfogni azt az alig észlelhető jelet, és teljes körű hallási élményt küld az agynak: emberi hangot, zenét, a természet világát.

en-hu

How does your ear do that?

Hogyan képes erre a fül?

en-hu

And the answer to that is: through the cells that are the real hero of this presentation -- the ear's sensory receptors, which are called "hair cells."

這個問題的答案是：透過細胞，也就是這場簡報的真正英雄—— 耳朵的感覺受器，稱為「毛細胞」。

en-zh-tw

Now, these hair cells are unfortunately named, because they have nothing at all to do with the kind of hair of which I have less and less.

Ez elég szerencsétlen elnevezés, mivel semmi közük bármiféle szőrzethez, amiből itt nekem egyre kevesebb van.

en-hu

These cells were originally named that by early microscopists, who noticed that emanating from one end of the cell was a little cluster of bristles.

A estas células las llamaron originalmente así los primeros microscopistas, quienes vieron que desde un extremo de la célula emanaba un pequeño racimo de cerdas.

en-es

With modern electron microscopy, we can see much better the nature of the special feature that gives the hair cell its name.

Korszerű elektronmikroszkóppal sokkal jobban látjuk a különleges jellegzetesség természetét, melyről a szőrsejt a nevét kapta.

en-hu

That's the hair bundle.

Ez pedig a szőrköteg.

en-hu

It's this cluster of 20 to several hundred fine cylindrical rods that stand upright at the top end of the cell.

このように 20本から数100本の微細な棒状の円柱が集結して細胞の上の端に立っています

en-ja

And this apparatus is what is responsible for your hearing me right this instant.

Ez a berendezés felel azért is, hogy önök hallják, amit most mondok.

en-hu

Now, I must say that I am somewhat in love with these cells.

我必須要說，我愛上這些細胞了。

en-zh-tw

I've spent 45 years in their company -- (Laughter) and part of the reason is that they're really beautiful.

He pasado 45 años en compañía de ellas. (Risas) Y parte de la razón es que son realmente preciosas.

en-es

There's an aesthetic component to it.

Aquí hay un componente estético.

en-es

Here, for example, are the cells with which an ordinary chicken conducts its hearing.

Por exemplo, aqui estão as células que permitem que um frango escute.

en-pt-br

These are the cells that a bat uses for its sonar.

Estas son las células que un murciélago utiliza para su sonar.

en-es

We use these large hair cells from a frog for many of our experiments.

Utilizamos estas largas células ciliadas de una rana para muchos experimentos.

en-es

Hair cells are found all the way down to the most primitive of fishes, and those of reptiles often have this really beautiful, almost crystalline, order.

As células ciliadas são encontradas desde os peixes mais primitivos, e as dos répteis sempre têm essa ordem linda e quase cristalina.

en-pt-br

But above and beyond its beauty, the hair bundle is an antenna.

しかしただ美しいだけではなくその感覚毛はアンテナになっていて

en-ja

It's a machine for converting sound vibrations into electrical responses that the brain can then interpret.

機械のように音の振動を電気的応答に変換しその信号を脳が解釈します

en-ja

At the top of each hair bundle, as you can see in this image, there's a fine filament connecting each of the little hairs, the stereocilia.

En la parte superior de cada conjunto de pelos, como aprecian en la imagen, existen pequeñas fibras que conectan con cada uno de los pequeños pelos, las estereocilias.

en-es

It's here marked with a little red triangle.

画面では小さな赤い三角で示しています

en-ja

And this filament has at its base a couple of ion channels, which are proteins that span the membrane.

A szál tövében egy csomó ioncsatorna található: proteinek, melyek áthidalják a membránt.

en-hu

This rat trap represents an ion channel.

Esta trampa para ratones representa un canal iónico.

en-es

It has a pore that passes potassium ions and calcium ions.

Van rajta egy pórus, melyen átjutnak a káliumionok és a kalciumionok.

en-hu

It has a little molecular gate that can be open, or it can be closed.

分子に対して小さなゲートがあって開けたり閉めたりすることができます

en-ja

And its status is set by this elastic band which represents that protein filament.

Ez a rugalmas szalag szabályozza, ami most a proteinszálat jelképezi.

en-hu

Now, imagine that this arm represents one stereocilium and this arm represents the adjacent, shorter one with the elastic band between them.

想像這隻手臂代表一條靜纖毛，這隻手臂代表鄰接的靜纖毛，它比較短，兩者之間有彈力帶連結。

en-zh-tw

When sound energy impinges upon the hair bundle, it pushes it in the direction towards its taller edge.

Cuando el conjunto de pelos se ve afectado por la energía del sonido, lo empuja a la dirección hacia el borde más elevado.

en-es

The sliding of the stereocilia puts tension in the link until the channels open and ions rush into the cell.

A sztereocília csúszása megfeszíti a kapcsolódást, így végül a csatornák megnyílnak, és az ionok a sejtbe özönlenek.

en-hu

When the hair bundle is pushed in the opposite direction, the channels close.

感覚毛が反対側へ押されたときにはチャンネルは閉じます

en-ja

And, most importantly, a back-and-forth motion of the hair bundle, as ensues during the application of acoustic waves, alternately opens and closes the channel, and each opening admits millions and millions of ions into the cell.

E, acima de tudo, o movimento de vai e vem do feixe ciliar, como ocorre durante a aplicação de ondas acústicas, abre e fecha o canal alternadamente, e cada abertura admite milhões de íons dentro da célula.

en-pt-br

Those ions constitute an electrical current that excites the cell.

イオンの動きが電流となって細胞は興奮します

en-ja

The excitation is passed to a nerve fiber, and then propagates into the brain.

その刺激は神経線維に伝わり脳まで伝播します

en-ja

Notice that the intensity of the sound is represented by the magnitude of this response.

Percebam que a intensidade do som é representada pela magnitude dessa resposta.

en-pt-br

A louder sound pushes the hair bundle farther, opens the channel longer, lets more ions in and gives rise to a bigger response.

Um som mais alto empurra o feixe ciliar para mais longe, abre mais o canal, faz com que mais íons entrem e gera uma resposta maior.

en-pt-br

Now, this mode of operation has the advantage of great speed.

Esse modo de operação tem a vantagem da grande velocidade.

en-pt-br

Some of our senses, such as vision, use chemical reactions that take time.

視覚など私たちの感覚の中には化学反応を利用し時間のかかるものもあります

en-ja

And as a consequence of that, if I show you a series of pictures at intervals of 20 or 30 per second, you get the sense of a continuous image.

Ebből az következik, hogy ha 20-30 másodpercenként mutatok egy képsorozatot, azt folyamatos képsorként érzékeljük.

en-hu

Because it doesn't use reactions, the hair cell is fully 1,000 times faster than our other senses.

有毛細胞は反応を利用しないので他の感覚器官に比べ優に1000倍もの早さです

en-ja

We can hear sounds at frequencies as great as 20,000 cycles per second, and some animals have ever faster ears.

Akár 20 000 Hz frekvencián is hallhatunk hangokat, egyes állatok még ennél is kifinomultabb hallásúak.

en-hu

The ears of bats and whales, for example, can respond to their sonar pulses at 150,000 cycles a second.

例えばコウモリやクジラの耳は毎秒15万回という彼らの超音波パルスを検知します

en-ja

But this speed doesn't entirely explain why the ear performs so well.

Ám a sebesség nem magyarázza meg teljesen a fülünk jó működését.

en-hu

And it turns out that our hearing benefits from an amplifier, something called the "active process."

「アクティブプロセス」と呼ばれる増幅器が私たちの聴力に大いに役立っていることがわかっています

en-ja

The active process enhances our hearing and makes possible all the remarkable features that I've already mentioned.

主動接收過程會強化我們的聽覺，促成我剛才提到的那些非凡特色。

en-zh-tw

Let me tell you how it works.

Elmondom, hogyan működik.

en-hu

First of all, the active process amplifies sound, so you can hear, at threshold, sounds that move the hair bundle by a distance of only about three-tenths of a nanometer.

首先，主動接收過程會將聲音放大，連微弱到只將毛束移動十分之三奈米的聲音，你也可以聽見。

en-zh-tw

That's the diameter of one water molecule.

Esse é o diâmetro de uma molécula de água.

en-pt-br

It's really astonishing.

とても驚くべきことです

en-ja

The system can also operate over an enormously wide dynamic range.

El sistema también puede funcionar sobre un enorme rango dinámico.

en-es

Why do we need this amplification?

Miért kell nekünk ez az erősítés?

en-hu

The amplification, in ancient times, was useful because it was valuable for us to hear the tiger before the tiger could hear us.

大昔には増幅は有益でしたなぜなら虎が私たちに気づく前に私たちが虎に気づくことが重要だったからです

en-ja

And these days, it's essential as a distant early warning system.

現今，它的重要性則是遠距的早期警報系統。

en-zh-tw

It's valuable to be able to hear fire alarms or contemporary dangerous such as speeding fire engines or police cars or the like.

Es útil poder escuchar las alarmas contra incendios o riesgos contemporáneos como autos de bomberos o de policía y afines.

en-es

When the amplification fails, our hearing's sensitivity plummets, and an individual may then need an electronic hearing aid to supplant the damaged biological one.

Quando a amplificação falha, a sensibilidade da nossa audição diminui, e talvez precisemos usar um aparelho auditivo eletrônico para substituir a estrutura biológica danificada.

en-pt-br

This active process also enhances our frequency selectivity.

O processo também aumenta nossa seletividade de frequência.

en-pt-br

Even an untrained individual can distinguish two tones that differ by only two-tenths of a percent, which is one-thirtieth of the difference between two piano notes, and a trained musician can do even better.

Incluso un individuo sin entrenamiento puede distinguir dos tonos que difieren solo por dos décimas de un porcentaje, que equivale a una trigésima de diferencia entre dos notas de un piano, y un músico de formación puede hacerlo incluso mejor.

en-es

This fine discrimination is useful in our ability to distinguish different voices and to understand the nuances of speech.

この優れた識別能力は違った声を聞き分け言葉のニュアンスを理解するのに役立ちます

en-ja

And, again, if the active process deteriorates, it becomes harder to carry out verbal communication.

Y, nuevamente, si el proceso activo se deteriora, se vuelve más difícil realizar la comunicación verbal.

en-es

Finally, the active process is valuable in setting the very broad range of sound intensities that our ears can tolerate, from the very faintest sound that you can hear, such as a dropped pen, to the loudest sound that you can stand -- say, a jackhammer or a jet plane.

Végül is az aktív folyamat segít nagyon széles skálán beállítani azt a hangerőt, amit még a fülünk el tud viselni, a leghalkabb hallható hangtól, például ha leesik egy toll, az elviselhető legerősebb hangig – például légkalapács vagy sugárhajtású repülő zajáig.

en-hu

The amplitude of sounds spans a range of one millionfold, which is more than is encompassed by any other sense or by any man-made device of which I'm aware.

La amplitud sonora abarca un amplio espectro de un millón de posibilidades, que es más de lo abarcado por cualquier otro sentido. o por cualquier dispositivo existente que yo conozca.

en-es

And again, if this system deteriorates, an affected individual may have a hard time hearing the very faintest sounds or tolerating the very loudest ones.

És mondom, ha ez a rendszer károsodik, az érintett személyre nehéz idők jönnek, nem fogja hallani a halk hangokat, vagy rosszul tűri a nagy zajokat.

en-hu

Now, to understand how the hair cell does its thing, one has to situate it within its environment within the ear.

為了瞭解毛細胞如何運作，我們就必須要把它放到耳朵內的環境中。

en-zh-tw

We learn in school that the organ of hearing is the coiled, snail-shaped cochlea.

聴覚器はカタツムリのようならせん型の渦巻管だと学校で学びます

en-ja

It's an organ about the size of a chickpea.

É um órgão quase do tamanho de um grão-de-bico,

en-pt-br

It's embedded in the bone on either side of the skull.

それは頭蓋の両側面の骨に埋め込まれたようになっています

en-ja

We also learn that an optical prism can separate white light into its constituent frequencies, which we see as distinct colors.

Também aprendemos que um prisma óptico pode separar a luz branca nas frequências que a integram, as quais vemos como cores diferentes.

en-pt-br

In an analogous way, the cochlea acts as sort of an acoustic prism that splits apart complex sounds into their component frequencies.

Fazendo uma analogia, a cóclea atua como um prisma "acústico" que decompõe os sons complexos nas frequências que os formam.

en-pt-br

So when a piano is sounded, different notes blend together into a chord.

Então, quando alguém toca um piano, diferentes notas se fundem em um acorde.

en-pt-br

The cochlea undoes that process.

A cochlea visszafejti ezt a folyamatot.

en-hu

It separates them and represents each at a different position.

音を分けてそれぞれ別の場所に届けます

en-ja

In this picture, you can see where three notes -- middle C and the two extreme notes on a piano -- are represented in the cochlea.

この図ではピアノの中央のＣと両端の音あわせて３つが渦巻管のどこに対応するかを示します

en-ja

The lowest frequencies go all the way up to the top of the cochlea.

A legalacsonyabb frekvenciák egészen a cochlea csúcsáig behatolnak.

en-hu

The highest frequencies, down to 20,000 Hz, go all the way to the bottom of the cochlea, and every other frequency is represented somewhere in between.

Las frecuencia más alta, que llega a 20 000 hertz, alcanza la parte baja de la cóclea, y todas las otras frecuencias se representan en la mitad entre estas.

en-es

And, as this diagram shows, successive musical tones are represented a few tens of hair cells apart along the cochlear surface.

És amint az ábra mutatja, az egymást követő zenei hangok alig néhány szőrsesjtre kerülnek a cochlea felszínén.

en-hu

Now, this separation of frequencies is really key in our ability to identify different sounds, because very musical instrument, every voice, emits a distinct constellation of tones.

Ez a frekvenciafelbontás a kulcsa annak a képességünknek, hogy felismerjük az eltérő hangokat, ugyanis minden hangszer és minden emberi hang a hangok külön formációját bocsátja ki.

en-hu

The cochlea separates those frequencies, and the 16,000 hair cells then report to the brain how much of each frequency is present.

La cóclea separa esas frecuencias, y las 16 000 células ciliadas informan al cerebro cuanto de cada una de las frecuencias está presente.

en-es

The brain can then compare all the nerve signals and decide what particular tone is being heard.

El cerebro puede comparar todas las señales nerviosas y decidir qué tonalidad está escuchando.

en-es

But this doesn't explain everything that I want to explain.

但是這還無法解釋我想解釋的一切。魔法在哪裡？

en-zh-tw

Where's the magic?

Onde está a mágica?

en-pt-br

I told you already about the great things that the hair cell can do.

有毛細胞のすごさはすでにお話ししました

en-ja

How does it carry out the active process and do all the remarkable features that I mentioned at the outset?

Hogyan hajtja végre az aktív folyamatot, hogyan teszi meg mindazt, amit az elején elmondtam?

en-hu

The answer is instability.

答えは「不安定性」にあります

en-ja

We used to think that the hair bundle was a passive object, it just sat there, except when it was stimulated.

Általában úgy hisszük, a szőrköteg valami passzív tárgy, csak ül a fülben, addig, míg valami inger nem éri.

en-hu

But in fact, it's an active machine.

Pero en realidad, es una máquina activa.

en-es

It's constantly using internal energy to do mechanical work and enhance our hearing.

機械的に活動して聴力を増強するために感覚毛は内部でずっとエネルギーを使っています

en-ja

So even at rest, in the absence of any input, an active hair bundle is constantly trembling.

Tehát még nyugalmi állapotban is, amikor nem éri külső inger, az aktív szőrköteg folyamatosan rezeg.

en-hu

It's constantly twitching back and forth.

moviéndose constantemente de lado a otro.

en-es

But when even a weak sound is applied to it, it latches on to that sound and begins to move very neatly in a one-to-one way with it, and by so doing, it amplifies the signal about a thousand times.

しかしながら微弱音が入るとその音を捕まえてその音と同期して巧妙に動き始めますそうすることでシグナルを何千倍にも増強させます

en-ja

This same instability also enhances our frequency selectivity, for a given hair cell tends to oscillate best at the frequency at which it normally trembles when it's not being stimulated.

この同じ不安定性がまた周波数の選択性を高めますある感覚毛は刺激のないときに振動しているいつもの周波数で最も大きく振動するようになっています

en-ja

So, this apparatus not only gives us our remarkably acute hearing, but also gives us the very sharp tuning.

Ez a berendezés nemcsak csodálatosan éles hallást biztosít nekünk, de nagyon precíz hangolást is lehetővé tesz.

en-hu

I want to offer you a short demonstration of something related to this.

Quero fazer-lhes uma pequena demonstração de algo relacionado a isso.

en-pt-br