query
stringclasses 153
values | title
stringlengths 4
262
| document
stringlengths 34
126k
| source_url
stringlengths 24
289
| query_id
int64 0
152
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | ‘Hell’s Kitchen’ season 20 finale recap: Was the winner Trenton Garvey, Megan Gill or Kiya Willhelm? [UPDATING LIVE BLOG] | Scott Kirkland / FOX
Heading into Monday’s two-hour finale of “ Hell’s Kitchen ” Season 20, only the Top 3 chef-testants remained in the running to win: Trenton Garvey , Megan Gill and Kiya Willhelm . In the first hour, the players were treated to a helicopter ride around Las Vegas before having to cook a five-course meal in front of a live audience. Later, the two finalists competed head-to-head, with former contestants serving in their kitchen brigades. A lot is at stake this year for the ultimate “HK20” winner, as they’ll claim a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay ‘s steakhouse at the Paris Hotel in Las Vegas.
Below, read our minute-by-minute “Hell’s Kitchen: Young Guns” recap of the two-hour Season 20 finale, Episode 15 (“What the Hell”) and Episode 16 (“Two Young Guns Shoot It Out”), to find out what happened Monday, September 13 at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT. Then be sure to sound off in the comments section about your favorite aspiring chefs on Fox’s reality TV show and tell us what you think about who won .
Keep refreshing/reloading this “Hell’s Kitchen” live blog for the most recent updates .
8:00 p.m. — “Previously on ‘Hell’s Kitchen’!” In last week’s two-hour episode , Steven Glenn was eliminated for not being vocal enough in the kitchen and Brynn Gibson was ousted for being too emotional. That left only Trenton, Megan and Kiya still in the competition. So who will win? It’s time to find out!
8:10 p.m. — Kiya, Megan and Trenton have little time to celebrate their Top 3 status when Gordon calls them all back to the dining room shortly after they crack open a bottle of wine. Just 30 minutes before midnight, Gordon has another challenge up his sleeve before the grand finale. Each chef will have to design a stunning menu featuring one cold appetizer, one hot appetizer and three entrees including one seafood, one red meat and one surf-n-turf dish. They will be helped out by sous chefs Christina Wilson (assisting Megan), Jason Santos (assisting Kiya) and Michelle Tribble (assisting Trenton). Kiya is nervous because she’s never created her own menu. She asks if she can use deer meat, but Jason thinks that will limit her. He helps pull her in a different direction with some delicious seafood options. Megan’s menu seems to come naturally with a mix of femininity and Texas staples. Trenton leans on his Arkansas roots and fruity salads.
8:20 p.m. — After a long night of menu planning and very little sleep, the chefs wake up for one-on-one menu meetings at Nobu with Gordon. He surprises each of them with visitors from home including Megan’s parents, Kiya’s mom and sister and Trenton’s girlfriend and father. The all get some time to connect before the competition continues.
8:30 p.m. — Gordon gets the three remaining chefs gussied up with their own stylist, hair and makeup person. Next they take a limo to a helicopter and fly over the Vegas strip to their final challenge. In front of their family, friends, former competitors and fans, the competitors will have to cook five amazing dishes. The top two finishers will lead their kitchens in tomorrow night’s final dinner service. One will become the Season 20 winner. The final challenge starts now!
8:45 p.m. — The Top 3 are cooking up their menu alongside their sous chefs in hopes of winning over Gordon. They put their hearts and souls on a plate and it’s time for their final judgment. Each of the five dishes will be judged by five guest judges and rated on a scale of 1-10. Ming Tsai rates the cold appetizers first giving Kiya’s bruschetta salad a 10, Trenton’s watermelon salad a 10 and Megan’s berry salad a 9. Next Jennifer Jasinski rates the hot appetizers giving Trenton’s pea risotto a 9, Megan’s pan-seared scallops an 8 and Kiya’s Asian chicken lollipops a 9. Judging the seafood entrée is Aaron Sanchez and he rates Megan’s salmon a 9, Kiya’s salmon an 8 and Trenton’s trout a 10.
8:55 p.m. — With just two dishes left, this race to the final dining service is tight! Trenton is leading with 29 with Kiya in second place at 27 and Megan right behind with 26 points. Roy Yamaguchi judges the red meat entrées and gives Trenton’s steak a 10, Megan’s ribeye an 8 and Kiya’s steak an 8. The final surf-n-turf dish is judged by Aaron Franklin and he gives Kiya’s filet & crab cake an 8, Trenton’s steak & shrimp a 9 and Megan’s filet & shrimp a 10. Trenton sails into the finale with a total score of 48. Megan squeaks through in second place with 44 points. Kiya will say goodbye in third place, missing the final dinner service by one point with a score of 43.
9:00 p.m. — Trenton and Megan will now have to choose their teams for the final dinner service from the eliminated chefs who have gone before them. Since Trenton received the highest score in the final challenge, he will choose first. Trenton’s team will include Kiya, Antonio Ruiz , Brynn Gibson and Sam Garman . Megan’s team will consist of Steve Glenn , Victoria Sonora , Emily Hersh and Josie Clemens . It’s interesting that Trenton chose Kiya as his first pick considering how much she hates him. Meanwhile, Josie calls Megan’s team a band of misfits, so this should be an interesting final dinner service!
9:10 p.m. — Prior to dinner service, Trenton wants to put his past conflicts with Kiya and Brynn behind him. Kiya says Trenton is not a good team leader and she and Brynn hate him. Emily thinks Megan is a humble leader and says she’s afraid of sounding “bossy.” As the chefs head into the kitchen, Trenton tells his team to “shut the f*** up” and “get on the same page.” Megan starts by asking everyone if they’re okay. Which style of leadership will prevail? Kiya feels disrespected by Trenton and it makes her unmotivated to do her best. Megan is on the opposite side of the spectrum, almost fearful of delivering the slightest criticism to her teammates.
9:20 p.m. — Megan’s sous chef Christina pulls her aside and tells her to quit asking the team to complete tasks. She needs to take control and be more demanding if she wants to win. Gordon gives Megan’s and Trenton’s final dishes one more lookover and offers some advice. He says Josie is overcooking Megan’s chicken and the vegan needs to be put in check. Trenton’s entrée is too small and he needs more seasoning on his chicken. Later Gordon pulls Megan and Trenton both into the dorms and confronts them with a bag of marijuana that was found. He threatens to disqualify whoever is responsible and demands the truth. Megan and Trenton both look mortified.
9:30 p.m. — Gordon has security guards open up the bags of “joints” and reveals they are actually head chef jackets for Megan and Trenton. It was all a prank to scare the finalists before their dinner service. Gordon has a fun laugh while Megan nearly begins to cry. Next he gives each of them a pep talk and tells them he’s proud of them and he wants them to own every ticket. The finalists must take charge and be the boss tonight. Then he opens up a brief case with $250,000 of cash in it. That is what’s at stake. After introducing themselves to the diners, Megan and Trenton head into the kitchen and begin the final dinner service.
9:40 p.m. — Trenton’s kitchen hits a snag with Antonio’s undercooked risotto. Trenton provides some coaching and Antonio recovers nicely. Megan seems to have tightened up her leadership skills and is no longer playing nice. Victoria gives her a bit of a nuisance by working too slowly on crab cakes. Regardless, things taste great and Megan is moving her appetizers out to diners. Trenton has also taken charge of his brigade and both kitchens are firing their first entrees of the night. Kiya pledges to give it her all at the meat station despite her disdain for Trenton. Brynn serves up garnish two minutes early and Kiya is fuming after telling them she needed three minutes. Now the chicken is undercooked, but Trenton’s team recovers quickly. Over in Megan’s kitchen, Josie is overcooking the meat and has little response as Megan screams at her.
9:50 p.m. — Josie fails to redeem herself when she delivers a raw ribeye. Megan pulls Josie from the meat station and replaces her with Steve. He does Megan proud and her team is sending out entrées to happy diners. Kiya continues to struggle at Trenton’s meat station and is slowing up the team. Trenton pulls the team into the pantry and screams at them, “Why are you trying to f*** me over?” Kiya is annoyed and says Trenton is trying to act like Gordon with his wild mood swings. Both kitchens get back on track and finish up dinner service. Gordon says the service was a little rough, but he’s ready to announce the winner of Season 20 right now. The winner is…under 25 years old! Once again he has played a cruel joke on the finalists. After reviewing the comment cards from the diners, Gordon will decide who is the most deserving young gun.
9:59 p.m. — Gordon reflects on the progress Megan and Trenton have made throughout this season. He pulls the finalists into his office and once again praises their strengths and cooking abilities. A decision has been made. Megan and Trenton both stand in front of their doors, but only one will open to a confetti-filled celebration. The winner of Season 20 of “Hell’s Kitchen” is Trenton! He will become Gordon’s protégé as well as the head chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak 2.0. Trenton is also the first male winner of “Hell’s Kitchen” since Season 12’s Scott Commings . To top things off, Trenton proposes to his girlfriend Macee. What a celebration! That’s a wrap for Season 20. | https://www.goldderby.com/article/2021/hells-kitchen-season-20-finale-recap-who-won/ | 62 |
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | Hell's Kitchen (American season 21) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Hell's Kitchen: Battle of the Ages|
|Season 21|
|Hosted by||Gordon Ramsay|
|No. of contestants||18|
|Winner||Alex Belew|
|Runner-up||Dafne Mejia|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||16|
|Release|
|Original network||Fox|
|Original release|| September 29, 2022 – |
February 9, 2023
|Season chronology|
The twenty-first season of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen (subtitled as Hell's Kitchen: Battle of the Ages ) premiered on Fox on September 29, 2022, and concluded on February 9, 2023. Gordon Ramsay returned as host and head chef, while season ten winner Christina Wilson returned to serve as red team sous-chef [1] and season seven runner-up Jason Santos returned to serve as blue team sous-chef. [2]
The season was won by former restaurant owner Alex Belew, with executive chef Dafne Mejia finishing second and head chef Alejandro Najar placing third.
On February 1, 2022, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a twenty-first and twenty-second season. [3] Filming for this season began in January 2022, [4] making this the first Hell's Kitchen season filmed following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic . [5] On June 6, 2022, it was announced that the twenty-first season would premiere on September 29, 2022. [6] [7]
Eighteen chefs competed in season 21. For the third time in the show's history (following seasons one and 18 ), the chefs were not divided by gender at the start of the season. Instead, they were divided by age, with the "20-somethings" on the red team and the "40-somethings" on the blue team. [8] Starting from the end of the third episode, the teams were divided by gender, with women on the red team and men on the blue team.
|Contestant [9]||Age [9]||Occupation [9]||Hometown [9]||Result|
|Dafne Mejia||29||Executive chef||Los Angeles, California||Runner-up|
|Alejandro Najar||28||Head chef [10]||Barberton, Ohio [10]||Eliminated during Finals|
|Sommer Sellers||24||Lead line cook||Brooklyn, New York||Eliminated after eleventh service|
|Cheyenne Nichols||21||Sous-chef||Spencer, Ohio [11]||Eliminated after tenth service|
|Sakari Smithwick||27 [12]||Pop-up chef||Amityville, New York [12]||Eliminated before Black Jackets|
|Brett Binninger-Schwartz||24||Executive chef||Dublin, Ohio||Eliminated after ninth service|
|Vlad Briantsev||26||Sous-chef||Chicago, Illinois||Eliminated after seventh service|
|Ileana D'Silva||23 [13]||Sous-chef [13]||Gloucester, Virginia [13]||Eliminated after "Cook for your life" challenge|
|Alyssa Osinga||23 [14]||Executive chef||Chicago, Illinois||Eliminated after fifth service|
|Contestant [9]||Age [9]||Occupation [9]||Hometown [9]||Result|
|Alex Belew||40||Former restaurant owner||Murfreesboro, Tennessee [15]||Winner|
|Tara Ciannella||41||Private chef/caterer||Congers, New York [16]||Eliminated before Black Jackets|
|Abe Sanchez||41||Executive chef||Houston, Texas [17]||Eliminated after eighth service|
|Mindy Livengood||42||Caterer||Liberty Township, Ohio||Eliminated after sixth service|
|Billy Trudsoe||40 [4]||Head chef||Melbourne, Florida [4]||Eliminated after fifth service|
|Nicole Gomez||46||Private chef||Los Angeles, California||Eliminated after third service|
|O'Shay Lolley||44||Executive chef||New Castle, Delaware||Eliminated after second service|
|Zeus Gordiany||48||Executive chef||Milford, Delaware||Eliminated after first service|
|Charlene Sherman||40||Private chef||Worland, Wyoming [18]||Eliminated after first service|
- WIN = Won the dinner service
- LOSE = Lost the dinner service
- BoB = Best of the Best, usually exempt from nomination
- BoW = Best of the Worst, sometimes exempt from nomination
- IN = not nominated for elimination
- NOM = nominated for elimination
- OUT = eliminated normally
- LEFT = withdrew from competition
- HOSP = eliminated due to hospitalization
- EJEC = eliminated during service
- ^
- ^ Chef was eliminated in the "Cook for your life" challenge
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_(American_season_21) | 62 |
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | Hell's Kitchen winner Trenton Garvey quit Chef Ramsay gig for Martha Stewart job | As Season 21 of Hell’s Kitchen comes to a close, we delve into some of the best success stories of previous winners from seasons gone by.
Warning: Hell’s Kitchen spoilers ahead!
Hell’s Kitchen has closed it’s doors after yet another entrtaining series, and claiming the coveted $250K prize money is Alex Belew, who will now take charge of Caesars restaraunt, Atlantic City.
Before season 21, a host of successful cooks paved the way for Belew’s triumph, all of whom have gone to see varying levels of success in the years since.
From influincing to careers in TV, here’s a rundown of some of the most intriguing tales of life after TV from some of the previous winners of Gordon Ramsay’s Hell’s Kitchen.
The most recent Hell’s Kitchen winner prior to season 21 was Trenton Garvey.
Defeating runner-up Megan Gill in a crowded field of 18 cooks, Garvey took the crown in September 2021 and has since left his post at Ramsay’s Las Vegas steak restaraunt to work elsewhere in the city for fellow TV personality Martha Stewart at her restaraunt, The Bedford.
A true Hell’s Kitchen Success story is Christina Wilson, who won season 10 back in 2010. Wilson has amassed an impressive Instagram following in excess of 160,000 and still works under Ramsay as his Culinary VP.
Another Hell’s Kitchen winner who has gained a fair deal of traction online is Michelle Tribble. Tribble, who won season 17 in 2018, has carved out a niche as a food influencer and has picked up just shy of 90,000 followers in the years since her successful stint on the cooking competition.
A face from Hell’s Kitchen may be familar too many is Ariel Contreras-Fox. Contreras-Fox, who won season 18 in 2019 has managed to use her platform to remain on TV and has starred as a guest judge on the likes of the Food Network’s Beat Bobby Flay and ABC’s Good Morning America.
WARNING: Content of a disturbing nature ahead
While many Hell’s Kitchen winners have enjoyed prolonged success years after their series, one early winner of the competition experienced a rather tough run of the luck in the aftermath of their success.
It was reported by the BBC in 2020 that the first ever Hell’s Kitchen winner, Michael Wray , ended up homeless on the streets of LA after the sudden, tragic death of a loved one.
Having been in the midst of what Wray described as a “tail-spin” for a number of years, the chef eventually achieved sobriety after checking hismelf into rehab – and is now back cooking full-time.
If you’ve been affected by this story you can contact American Addiction Centers on (877) 686-7688 or Talk To Frank on 0300 123 6600 in the UK.
After 21 seasons in total, here’s everbody who has won Gordon Ramsay’s Hell’s Kitchen, from Wray in 2005 right up until Belew in 2023:
- Season 1: Michael Wray
- Season 2: Heather West
- Season 3: Rock Harper
- Season 4: Christina Machamer
- Season 5: Danny Veltri
- Sesaon 6: Dave Levey
- Season 7: Holli Ugalde
- Season 8: Nona Sivley
- Season 9: Paul Niedermann
- Season 10: Christina Wilson
- Season 11: Ja’Nel Witt
- Season 12: Scott Commings
- Season 13: La Tasha McCutchen
- Season 14: Meghan Gill
- Season 15: Ariel Malone
- Season 16: Kimberly-Ann Ryan
- Season 17: Michelle Tribble
- Season 18: Ariel Contreras-Fox
- Season 19: Kori Sutton
- Season 20: Trenton Garvey
- Season 21 : Alex Belew
At the time of writing, there have been no official updates about season 22 of Hell’s Kitchen, though given its success thus far, it’s safe to say we’re never too far away from another season. | https://www.realitytitbit.com/cooking-shows/hells-kitchen-winners-where-are-they-now-past-champions-explored-as-season-21-victor-announced | 62 |
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | Everything to know about ‘Hell’s Kitchen 21’: Meet the 18 chef-testants competing | “ Hell’s Kitchen ” is coming back to FOX on September 29, 2022. After shooting Seasons 19 and 20 back-to-back before the COVID-19 pandemic, Season 21 of “Hell’s Kitchen” began production last winter. Here’s everything to know about the latest installment of this reality competition series hosted by the foul-mouthed Gordon Ramsay . View the gallery of chef-testants for Season 21 above.
It will premiere in the fall of 2022.
“Hell’s Kitchen 21” has a premiere date of September 29 on FOX. Season 20 aired throughout the summer of 2021 and concluded on Sept. 13. This scheduling puts the gap between seasons at just about a year. Compare that to the almost two-year wait between the Season 18 finale in Feb. 2019 and the Season 20 premiere in Jan. 2021. Episodes 1-8 aired to September 29 through December 8, 2022. After nearly a month-long hiatus, episodes resume on January 5, 2023. Episodes can also be seen on Hulu the next day.
Production began last winter.
The casting notice required applicants to be available from late January to early March 2022 with the understanding that filming will take place for three weeks during this window.
There was a COVID-safe plan.
“Hell’s Kitchen 21” worked within the constraints of COVID. To that end, the cast is likely to have quarantined for two weeks prior to the start of production. The two most recent seasons were filmed at the Hell’s Kitchen restaurant in Las Vegas prior to the pandemic. The first 18 seasons were produced in Los Angeles at a facility that housed the restaurant, kitchen and a dormitory.
Who is in the “Hell’s Kitchen 21” cast?
The 18 chefs for season 21 will be split into two groups: 40-somethings on the blue team and 20-somethings on the red team. Unlike season 20, in which all the contestants were under 25, this season will include nobody under 20, in their 30s or over 49. The season is titled “Hell’s Kitchen: Battle of the Ages.”
What does the “Hell’s Kitchen 21” winner get?
The most recent winner of “Hell’s Kitchen” was Trent Garvey , who collected a cool quarter of a million dollars and landed the gig of head chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak, a restaurant that is part of the Paris Las Vegas Resort. To find out which of the other “Hell’s Kitchen” winners are still working for Gordon Ramsay, click through our photo gallery of “Hell’s Kitchen” winners .
Make your predictions at Gold Derby now. Download our free and easy app for Apple/iPhone devices or Android (Google Play) to compete against legions of other fans plus our experts and editors for best prediction accuracy scores. See our latest prediction champs . Can you top our esteemed leaderboards next? Always remember to keep your predictions updated because they impact our latest racetrack odds, which terrify Hollywood chiefs and stars. Don’t miss the fun. Speak up and share your huffy opinions in our famous forums where 5,000 showbiz leaders lurk every day to track latest awards buzz. Everybody wants to know: What do you think? Who do you predict and why? | https://www.goldderby.com/feature/hells-kitchen-21-premiere-date-cast-everything-to-know-1204729137/ | 62 |
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | ‘Hell’s Kitchen’ season 20 finale recap: Was the winner Trenton Garvey, Megan Gill or Kiya Willhelm? [UPDATING LIVE BLOG] | Scott Kirkland / FOX
Heading into Monday’s two-hour finale of “ Hell’s Kitchen ” Season 20, only the Top 3 chef-testants remained in the running to win: Trenton Garvey , Megan Gill and Kiya Willhelm . In the first hour, the players were treated to a helicopter ride around Las Vegas before having to cook a five-course meal in front of a live audience. Later, the two finalists competed head-to-head, with former contestants serving in their kitchen brigades. A lot is at stake this year for the ultimate “HK20” winner, as they’ll claim a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay ‘s steakhouse at the Paris Hotel in Las Vegas.
Below, read our minute-by-minute “Hell’s Kitchen: Young Guns” recap of the two-hour Season 20 finale, Episode 15 (“What the Hell”) and Episode 16 (“Two Young Guns Shoot It Out”), to find out what happened Monday, September 13 at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT. Then be sure to sound off in the comments section about your favorite aspiring chefs on Fox’s reality TV show and tell us what you think about who won .
Keep refreshing/reloading this “Hell’s Kitchen” live blog for the most recent updates .
8:00 p.m. — “Previously on ‘Hell’s Kitchen’!” In last week’s two-hour episode , Steven Glenn was eliminated for not being vocal enough in the kitchen and Brynn Gibson was ousted for being too emotional. That left only Trenton, Megan and Kiya still in the competition. So who will win? It’s time to find out!
8:10 p.m. — Kiya, Megan and Trenton have little time to celebrate their Top 3 status when Gordon calls them all back to the dining room shortly after they crack open a bottle of wine. Just 30 minutes before midnight, Gordon has another challenge up his sleeve before the grand finale. Each chef will have to design a stunning menu featuring one cold appetizer, one hot appetizer and three entrees including one seafood, one red meat and one surf-n-turf dish. They will be helped out by sous chefs Christina Wilson (assisting Megan), Jason Santos (assisting Kiya) and Michelle Tribble (assisting Trenton). Kiya is nervous because she’s never created her own menu. She asks if she can use deer meat, but Jason thinks that will limit her. He helps pull her in a different direction with some delicious seafood options. Megan’s menu seems to come naturally with a mix of femininity and Texas staples. Trenton leans on his Arkansas roots and fruity salads.
8:20 p.m. — After a long night of menu planning and very little sleep, the chefs wake up for one-on-one menu meetings at Nobu with Gordon. He surprises each of them with visitors from home including Megan’s parents, Kiya’s mom and sister and Trenton’s girlfriend and father. The all get some time to connect before the competition continues.
8:30 p.m. — Gordon gets the three remaining chefs gussied up with their own stylist, hair and makeup person. Next they take a limo to a helicopter and fly over the Vegas strip to their final challenge. In front of their family, friends, former competitors and fans, the competitors will have to cook five amazing dishes. The top two finishers will lead their kitchens in tomorrow night’s final dinner service. One will become the Season 20 winner. The final challenge starts now!
8:45 p.m. — The Top 3 are cooking up their menu alongside their sous chefs in hopes of winning over Gordon. They put their hearts and souls on a plate and it’s time for their final judgment. Each of the five dishes will be judged by five guest judges and rated on a scale of 1-10. Ming Tsai rates the cold appetizers first giving Kiya’s bruschetta salad a 10, Trenton’s watermelon salad a 10 and Megan’s berry salad a 9. Next Jennifer Jasinski rates the hot appetizers giving Trenton’s pea risotto a 9, Megan’s pan-seared scallops an 8 and Kiya’s Asian chicken lollipops a 9. Judging the seafood entrée is Aaron Sanchez and he rates Megan’s salmon a 9, Kiya’s salmon an 8 and Trenton’s trout a 10.
8:55 p.m. — With just two dishes left, this race to the final dining service is tight! Trenton is leading with 29 with Kiya in second place at 27 and Megan right behind with 26 points. Roy Yamaguchi judges the red meat entrées and gives Trenton’s steak a 10, Megan’s ribeye an 8 and Kiya’s steak an 8. The final surf-n-turf dish is judged by Aaron Franklin and he gives Kiya’s filet & crab cake an 8, Trenton’s steak & shrimp a 9 and Megan’s filet & shrimp a 10. Trenton sails into the finale with a total score of 48. Megan squeaks through in second place with 44 points. Kiya will say goodbye in third place, missing the final dinner service by one point with a score of 43.
9:00 p.m. — Trenton and Megan will now have to choose their teams for the final dinner service from the eliminated chefs who have gone before them. Since Trenton received the highest score in the final challenge, he will choose first. Trenton’s team will include Kiya, Antonio Ruiz , Brynn Gibson and Sam Garman . Megan’s team will consist of Steve Glenn , Victoria Sonora , Emily Hersh and Josie Clemens . It’s interesting that Trenton chose Kiya as his first pick considering how much she hates him. Meanwhile, Josie calls Megan’s team a band of misfits, so this should be an interesting final dinner service!
9:10 p.m. — Prior to dinner service, Trenton wants to put his past conflicts with Kiya and Brynn behind him. Kiya says Trenton is not a good team leader and she and Brynn hate him. Emily thinks Megan is a humble leader and says she’s afraid of sounding “bossy.” As the chefs head into the kitchen, Trenton tells his team to “shut the f*** up” and “get on the same page.” Megan starts by asking everyone if they’re okay. Which style of leadership will prevail? Kiya feels disrespected by Trenton and it makes her unmotivated to do her best. Megan is on the opposite side of the spectrum, almost fearful of delivering the slightest criticism to her teammates.
9:20 p.m. — Megan’s sous chef Christina pulls her aside and tells her to quit asking the team to complete tasks. She needs to take control and be more demanding if she wants to win. Gordon gives Megan’s and Trenton’s final dishes one more lookover and offers some advice. He says Josie is overcooking Megan’s chicken and the vegan needs to be put in check. Trenton’s entrée is too small and he needs more seasoning on his chicken. Later Gordon pulls Megan and Trenton both into the dorms and confronts them with a bag of marijuana that was found. He threatens to disqualify whoever is responsible and demands the truth. Megan and Trenton both look mortified.
9:30 p.m. — Gordon has security guards open up the bags of “joints” and reveals they are actually head chef jackets for Megan and Trenton. It was all a prank to scare the finalists before their dinner service. Gordon has a fun laugh while Megan nearly begins to cry. Next he gives each of them a pep talk and tells them he’s proud of them and he wants them to own every ticket. The finalists must take charge and be the boss tonight. Then he opens up a brief case with $250,000 of cash in it. That is what’s at stake. After introducing themselves to the diners, Megan and Trenton head into the kitchen and begin the final dinner service.
9:40 p.m. — Trenton’s kitchen hits a snag with Antonio’s undercooked risotto. Trenton provides some coaching and Antonio recovers nicely. Megan seems to have tightened up her leadership skills and is no longer playing nice. Victoria gives her a bit of a nuisance by working too slowly on crab cakes. Regardless, things taste great and Megan is moving her appetizers out to diners. Trenton has also taken charge of his brigade and both kitchens are firing their first entrees of the night. Kiya pledges to give it her all at the meat station despite her disdain for Trenton. Brynn serves up garnish two minutes early and Kiya is fuming after telling them she needed three minutes. Now the chicken is undercooked, but Trenton’s team recovers quickly. Over in Megan’s kitchen, Josie is overcooking the meat and has little response as Megan screams at her.
9:50 p.m. — Josie fails to redeem herself when she delivers a raw ribeye. Megan pulls Josie from the meat station and replaces her with Steve. He does Megan proud and her team is sending out entrées to happy diners. Kiya continues to struggle at Trenton’s meat station and is slowing up the team. Trenton pulls the team into the pantry and screams at them, “Why are you trying to f*** me over?” Kiya is annoyed and says Trenton is trying to act like Gordon with his wild mood swings. Both kitchens get back on track and finish up dinner service. Gordon says the service was a little rough, but he’s ready to announce the winner of Season 20 right now. The winner is…under 25 years old! Once again he has played a cruel joke on the finalists. After reviewing the comment cards from the diners, Gordon will decide who is the most deserving young gun.
9:59 p.m. — Gordon reflects on the progress Megan and Trenton have made throughout this season. He pulls the finalists into his office and once again praises their strengths and cooking abilities. A decision has been made. Megan and Trenton both stand in front of their doors, but only one will open to a confetti-filled celebration. The winner of Season 20 of “Hell’s Kitchen” is Trenton! He will become Gordon’s protégé as well as the head chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak 2.0. Trenton is also the first male winner of “Hell’s Kitchen” since Season 12’s Scott Commings . To top things off, Trenton proposes to his girlfriend Macee. What a celebration! That’s a wrap for Season 20. | https://www.goldderby.com/article/2021/hells-kitchen-season-20-finale-recap-who-won/ | 62 |
who won the most recent hell's kitchen | Hell's Kitchen winners list: Who has won the series? | Chef Trenton won season 20 aged 23. The season, entitled Young Guns, saw every contestant under 24.
At the time he was Executive Chef of The Blue Duck in Maplewood, Missouri .
After winning Hell's Kitchen, Trenton was awarded a Head Chef position at Ramsay's Steak in Paris, in Las Vegas .
On September 29, 2022, he announced on Instagram that he has a new position as Chef de Cuisine at The Bedford by Martha Stewart.
The multi-talented chef, who won in 2021 aged 37, was awarded a Head Chef position at the first official Hell's Kitchen Restaurant in Lake Tahoe with a $250,000 salary.
The Los Angeles native eventually turned down the role and kept the salary. Kori was the oldest winner in the show's history.
Kori run a food company, Mama Kori Salsa - handcrafted and small-batch salsas inspired by the Jalisco-style recipes of her family.
New Yorker Ariel won a position at as Executive Chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell’s Kitchen Restaurant at Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas before returning to Brooklyn.
There, she worked at the Del Frisco restaurant group.
The Texas native was 24 when she won in 2018 and worked as the Head Chef at the new Hell’s Kitchen Restaurant at Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas.
Michelle lost her role as a result of the pandemic.
Hailing from Michigan, Kimberly-Ann won in 2017 at the age of 29.
Awarded the position of Head Chef at Yardbird Southern Table & Bar in The Venetian Casino in Las Vegas, the chef returned to Traverse City to run The Cook’s House.
From New Jersey , Ariel won the Hell's Kitchen title in 2016 age 26.
Initially a Head Chef at BLT Steak in Bally’s Casino in Las Vegas, Ariel has since began a career as a private chef.
Meghan was 28 when she won the competition in 2015.
The Virginian took over as Head Chef at the Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace in Atlantic City in New Jersey.
She has since moved to become the Executive Chef for the Dormie Network of golf clubs.
The Floridian was 33 when she snatched the title in 2014 before spending a year as Head Chef at the Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace in Atlantic City in New Jersey.
She is now a private chef.
Scott, from Illinois, was 26 when she won in 2014.
He started off as Head Chef at the Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas before starting a position as Executive Chef at Freedom Beat at the Downtown Grand Hotel, also in Las Vegas.
Ja'Nel comes from Texas and won in 2013 age 31.
Ja'Nel's personal circumstances meant that she was not able to join Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas as Head Chef.
Instead, she returned to Texas and worked first as the Executive Chef at Corner Table in Houston and then Sammy’s Steakhouse in Richmond.
Christina, from Pennsylvania , won the competition in 2012 age 32.
Following the TV show, she worked as the Head Chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak in the Paris Casino before joining the Gordon Ramsay BurGR in the Planet Hollywood Casino in Las Vegas.
She became Culinary Director for Gordon Ramsay North America.
The Floridian was 27 when he won the ninth season in 2011.
First, Paul worked for the BLT Group including a position at BLT Steak in New York City, before returning to Florida where he worked at Hudson at Waterway East and then SALT7 in Delray Beach, Florida.
The season 8 champion was 29 when she was rewarded a Head Chef position at L.A. Market Restaurant, in the JW Marriott Hotel, in Los Angeles, with a $250,000 salary.
Since then, Nona has opened her own restaurant called Pork and Beans in Las Vegas and has also launched the Fizzy Peach catering company and grocery store in Georgia .
Holli, from California , won the seventh season in 2010 age 24.
Initially awarded a position at London’s Savoy Grill she was unable to take, Holli moved to Florida where she was the executive chef at B Ocean’s.
She has since then been running the SENS Wellness lifestyle programme and sales products produced on her farm.
Dave, a California resident, won the title in 2009 age 32.
He first worked at the Araxi Restaurant in mountainous Whistler in British Columbia before stints at restaurants in his home state of New Jersey.
Hailing from Florida, Danny was 23 when he won in 2009. A student, how prize was downgraded from Executive to Sous chef at the Fornelletto in the Borgata Hotel Casino in Atlantic City in New Jersey.
After his stint, Danny launched his own company, Back From Hell Catering, worked at the Gnarly Surf Bar & Grill back home in Florida and launched Salt Life Food Shack.
His business has three restaurants in the Sunshine State.
Christina, from Missouri, was 25 when she won the title in 2008. A student, her prize was downgraded from Executive to Senior Chef.
After her win, she worked in California first at London in West Hollywood and then at Bouchon Bistro in Yountville.
The keen wine expert trained as a sommelier at the Culinary Institute in Greystone before working at B Cellars Vineyards & Winery and the Caldwell Vineyard in the Napa Valley.
She has since opened her own company, Napa Valley Experiences.
Rahman, from Virginia , won the title in 2007 at the age of 30.
After a year at the Terra Verde restaurant in the Green Valley Ranch casino in Henderson in Nevada , Rahman took an Executive Chef position at Ben’s Next Door in Washington, became a lecturer in Stanford and wrote the bestselling book 44 Things Parents Should Know about Healthy Cooking for Kids.
He now owns the Queen Mother’s in Arlington back home in Virginia.
Heather, who is from New York , was 25 when she won the second season in 2006.
She was awarded the Senior Chef position at the Terra Rossa restaurant at the Red Rock Casino in Las Vegas.
Since then, she has worked as Head Chef at three restaurants including Monteray, Jellyfish and Schafers in Long Island.
She runs a not-for-profit called East End Play Dates.
The first ever contestant to win Hell's Kitchen in 2005 was 27-year-old Michael.
Initially having asked to work with Ramsay in the English capital , Michael, from Colorado , later declined and took up a Head Chef position at the exclusive Standard hotel in Los Angeles.
After moving to Arizona , where he ran a knife company called Skull and Cleavers, Michael also taught cooking.
The young chef battled an addiction to opiates, including to highly addictive painkillers on prescription, after a back surgery. | https://www.the-sun.com/entertainment/6335804/hells-kitchen-winners-list-who-has-won-the-series/ | 62 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Grey's Anatomy|
|Season 14|
|Starring|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||24|
|Release|
|Original network||ABC|
|Original release|| September 28, 2017 – |
May 17, 2018
|Season chronology|
The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special 2-hour premiere. [1] The season consists of 24 episodes, [2] [3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television.
Krista Vernoff who helped co-lead the show with Shonda Rhimes in its early years, marked her return as co-showrunner this season with William Harper, having previously left at the end of the seventh season . Rhimes left ABC to produce television for Netflix , and now has a hands-off approach to the show. Despite not being showrunner since its eighth season to run Scandal , Rhimes still signed off each episode's storyline, but this season marked a departure from this. Rhimes explained she only trusted Vernoff to pursue uncharted territory without her. [4] As such, drastic creative changes occurred in the season, with Vernoff retiring Martin Henderson , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew 's characters. [5] [6] Jason George also departs as Ben Warren to appear in the second spin-off, Station 19 .
On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record-tying fifteenth season. [7]
The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. Each episode of this season, with the exception of episode nine, is named after a song. [8]
| No. |
overall
| No. in |
season
|Title||Directed by||Written by||Original air date|| U.S. viewers |
(millions)
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan "major uplift", Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan's reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being "ghosted" by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When Andrew comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"||Kevin McKidd||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|Carina, Andrew's sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan's wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith's intentions of being Megan's surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex. Later, it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient's mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||Chandra Wilson||Meg Marinis||October 5, 2017||8.06 [10]|
|Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracick to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracick brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest. Bailey is confronted by Dr. Harper from the Harper Avery Foundation about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and Harper threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Harper fires her. In the end of the episode Harper passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||Geary McLeod||Marlana Hope||October 12, 2017||8.08 [11]|
|Amelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper's passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan's adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her tumor. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.|
|298||5||" Danger Zone "||Cecilie Mosli||Jalysa Conway||October 26, 2017||7.67 [12]|
|As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq . During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen's own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.|
|299||6||"Come on Down to My Boat, Baby"||Lisa Leone||Kiley Donovan||November 2, 2017||7.38 [13]|
|As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a "sick day" and hang out on a Jackson's newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracick and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. Andrew recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||November 9, 2017||8.13 [14]|
|When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie's look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia's return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is: a happily married surgeon with three children. Though Jo quickly infers this is how Alex imagines her to be, and wants it to stay that way, rather than wonder how she really is. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey's fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||Kevin McKidd||William Harper||November 16, 2017||7.52 [15]|
|As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients' records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson's inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the "Stone Age". One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||Bill D'Elia||Andy Reaser||January 18, 2018||8.27 [16]|
While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient's life and then bond in the locker room after showers; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer-savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital; this intern later outs himself as "a proud trans man". After Paul's fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run.
This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1-800-799-7233, the episode's title.
|303||10||" Personal Jesus "||Kevin Sullivan||Zoanne Clack||January 25, 2018||8.62 [17]|
|With Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions Alex and Jo's alibi. Believing that it is his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife's unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12-year-old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker "the talk". When Jo and Jenny go to Paul's room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage, falls out of his bed, and knocks himself out becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Vikram, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith.|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||Nicole Rubio||Elisabeth R. Finch||February 1, 2018||8.93 [18]|
|With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey's record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves.|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||Jeannot Szwarc||Kiley Donovan||February 8, 2018||7.32 [19]|
|As the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother's death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient's ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who is back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother's gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes.|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||Nzingha Stewart||Stacy McKee||March 1, 2018||7.52 [20]|
|A house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben struggles with the idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr. Tom Koracick, Amelia's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard watches Bailey very closely, as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her "the Party".|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||Chandra Wilson||Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong||March 8, 2018||7.07 [21]|
|As Maggie's budding romance with Clive gets more serious, Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him. Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing; however, she is surprised to find out that it is an old "friend" of Ellis'. When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent, Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works. The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient's ear, which falls to the floor and causes DeLuca to slip and fall, resulting in a concussion. Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient, but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan, she temporarily fires him. The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up—Clive's wife. Calling off the relationship, Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie. Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out, which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played.|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||Ellen Pompeo||Tameson Duffy||March 15, 2018||7.18 [22]|
|Alex, Jo, and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenage patient for heart surgery; however, when a heart transplant becomes available, he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him. Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research. Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent, she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey-Cerone Method. After a night spent together, April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God. Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage. Alex fears that Jo's fellowship applications indicate that she is willing to leave him behind in Seattle; however, in a twist of events, Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts.|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||Nicole Rubio||Jalysa Conway||March 22, 2018||7.61 [23]|
|Bailey's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes, a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine. Meredith throws in the towel on her research, since she is no longer receiving the patent. Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie's relationship, which causes some awkward tension as Jackson, Catherine, and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case. April hijacks the trauma certification drill, and leaves the interns in tears and doubt. After Bailey loses her patient, she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project "The Trailblazer", and Jo reignites Meredith’s will to continue on with her project. Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their "friends with benefits" relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are, and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York.|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||Kevin McKidd||Elisabeth R. Finch||March 29, 2018||7.15 [24]|
|April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics, and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect. As April treats the rabbi, he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles. Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic, Dr Nick Marsh, who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own. After his lab results come back, Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney. After calling it quits with Amelia, Owen reconnects with Teddy, who now lives in Germany. However, after the short, happy reunion, Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice.|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||Geary McLeod||Alex Manugian||April 5, 2018||6.84 [25]|
|Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor, Ollie, arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance. After she denies him the ability to save her life once more, he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith. Now that Owen is back in the States, he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia's failure to fix things with Teddy. In between the personal conversations, Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist. In their pursuit, they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer—at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake. Alex, Amelia, and Tom resect Noah’s brain tumor, despite never performing the procedure before. Though successful, Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy, which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues, and Jackson, claiming that she has found Jesus again. Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer, and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives.|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||Jeannot Szwarc||Meg Marinis||April 12, 2018||6.97 [26]|
|Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns, Sam Bello. Unaware of the situation, Sam explains that she is a "dreamer" protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador, Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health. As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient's death, April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive. When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy, Jo realizes Kimmy's dream and signs off on discharge papers. Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath. Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina; Owen signs up to become a foster parent, and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship. Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed.|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||Sydney Freeland||Julie Wong||April 19, 2018||6.93 [27]|
|As the next stage of the research contest begins, the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience. Arizona shares cookies, provided by a grateful patient, with her colleagues. However, she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap, the presentations are postponed, and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings. Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith's hand. Jo makes effective use of Richard's project. Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 sexual harassment cases filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up. April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey, who has a secret of her own—she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her "Trailblazer" device. Owen gets a call about his first foster child, which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him. Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and, in addition, Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women. Richard fires intern, Dr Vikram Roy, who was found practicing under the influence.|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||Kevin McKidd||Mark Driscoll||April 26, 2018||6.54 [28]|
|With word spreading about Harper Avery, Meredith decides to return her and Ellis' awards to the foundation. Catherine hires a crisis management specialist, who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it, so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo’s wedding. Alex and Jo get awkward when, Olivia, the former “Syph nurse,” returns to the hospital with her son—who swallowed a whistle—and begins planting seeds of doubt. Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow, who ends up talking to Amelia. Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction, Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own. Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime. Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he has been sending her, and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination.|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||Jesse Williams||Andy Reaser||May 3, 2018||6.66 [29]|
|Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom, only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and she has even returned to her old job. Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram. Although Bailey stands by the initial firing, Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated. As Amelia helps Betty detox, Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money. Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who is there to see her. Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the “Grey Method” should be renamed the “Grey-Cerone Method.” After Alex works things out with his mom, Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding. Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules. Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape, and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it is time for her and Sofia to move to New York.|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||Bill D'Elia||William Harper||May 10, 2018||7.35 [30]|
|After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure, she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient, Dr Nicole Herman. Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona’s future plans-the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins-Herman Center for Women’s Health. When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April, the doctors fear the worst. Frantically trying to locate April, Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine. Unknowing of the latest events, Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding. Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April’s monitor, but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it. While waiting for her to wake up, Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love. Thinking that the end has come, Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief. However, April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers.|
|317||24||" All of Me "||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||May 17, 2018||7.60 [31]|
|Alex and Jo’s wedding day has arrived. Though most details have come together, April (who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony. While trying to escape, the mother of the bride faints, keeping Ben and Bailey behind. Once at the hospital, Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job. Jo learns she has been accepted into Mass Gen ’s fellowship program, but fearful of losing Alex. Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position. As guests arrive, Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot. The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her. After the guests leave thinking there will be no wedding, the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement. On a ferry back to the main land, Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry. Bailey, wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions, offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief. Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet, in the ICU with the bride’s mother, Teddy reveals she is pregnant. Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York, but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single.|
- Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick
- Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox
- Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt
- Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler
- Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca
- Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello
- Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker
- Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy
- Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm
- Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri
- Lesley Boone as Judy Kemp
- Blake Hood as Clive Johnson
- Justin Bruening as Matthew Taylor
- Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park
- Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson
- Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez
- Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone
- Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh [32]
- Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt
- Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr
- Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery
- Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey
- Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell
- Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea 'Andy' Herrera
- Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner
- Josh Plasse as Chris Cleaver
- Frankie Faison as William Bailey
- Bianca Taylor as Elena Bailey
- Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole
- Julie Gonzalo as Theresa
- Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper
- Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev
- Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman
- Caleb Pierce as Charlie Peterson
- Alan Chow as Henry
Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. [3] It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a 2-hour premiere. [1] Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. [33] On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. [34] On January 11, 2018, ABC released a 6-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series-regular Sarah Drew . [35]
Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the ninth season, after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . [36] [37] Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project. [38] Renewing her contract for another 3 seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw returned for the fourteenth season. [39] On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest-arc. [40] In August 2017, it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season. [41] After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character, Eliza Minnick, it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show. [42] On September 13, 2017, another guest-star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ), and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick, Amelia's neurosurgery mentor. [43]
On October 9, 2017, the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode "Ain't That A Kick In The Head" was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam Bello, Alex Blue Davis as Casey Parker, Rushi Kota as Vik Roy, Jaicy Elliot as Taryn Helm, Sophia Ali as Dahlia Qadri, and Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt. [44] On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled " Danger Zone " would be his last. [45]
On January 31, 2018, it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground-breaking surgery. [46] On March 8, 2018, it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season. [6]
It was released on April 4, 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan, not as a nurse but as mom of a patient. Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released. [47] On April 20, 2018, it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode "Cold as Ice" as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona. [48]
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||Rating/Share (18–49)||Viewers (M)||18–49 Rank||Viewership rank||Drama rank|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|2.1/8 [10]||8.06 [10]||11 [50]||21 [50]||3 [50]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||2.1/8 [11]||8.08 [11]||10 [51]||17 [51]||2 [51]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.8/7 [12]||7.67 [12]||14 [52]||22 [52]||3 [52]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.8/7 [13]||7.38 [13]||13 [53]||21 [53]||3 [53]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.9/7 [14]||8.13 [14]||11 [54]||19 [53]||2 [53]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.8/7 [15]||7.52 [15]||13 [55]||21 [55]||4 [55]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||2.3/9 [16]||8.27 [16]||7 [56]||14 [56]||3 [56]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||2.3/9 [17]||8.62 [17]||3 [57]||7 [57]||2 [57]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||February 1, 2018||2.3/9 [18]||8.93 [18]||5 [58]||8 [58]||2 [58]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||2.0/8 [19]||7.32 [19]||6 [59]||13 [59]||2 [59]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||2.0/8 [20]||7.52 [20]||9 [60]||17 [60]||2 [60]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.7/7 [21]||7.07 [21]||9 [61]||19 [61]||2 [61]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.8/7 [22]||7.18 [22]||5 [62]||15 [62]||3 [62]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.9/8 [23]||7.61 [23]||7 [63]||12 [63]||1 [63]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.8/7 [24]||7.15 [24]||8 [64]||19 [64]||2 [64]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.7/7 [25]||6.84 [25]||8 [65]||20 [65]||2 [65]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.7/7 [26]||6.97 [26]||8 [66]||16 [66]||2 [66]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.7/7 [27]||6.93 [27]||6 [67]||18 [67]||2 [67]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.5/6 [28]||6.54 [28]||7 [68]||16 [68]||2 [68]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.6/7 [29]||6.66 [29]||8 [69]||18 [69]||2 [69]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.9/8 [30]||7.35 [30]||4 [70]||16 [70]||1 [70]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.9/8 [31]||7.60 [31]||3 [71]||10 [71]||1 [71]|
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||18–49 increase|| Viewers |
(millions) increase
|Total 18-49|| Total viewers |
(millions)
|Ref|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.83||3.7||11.89||[73]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||1.4||3.51||3.5||11.59||[74]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.22||[75]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.5||3.45||3.2||10.84||[76]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.5||3.53||3.4||11.67||[77]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.07||[78]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||1.3||3.30||3.6||11.58||[79]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||1.3||3.35||3.6||11.98||[80]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"||February 1, 2018||1.4||3.41||3.7||12.35||[81]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||1.5||3.72||3.5||11.05||[82]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||1.6||3.90||3.6||11.43||[83]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.5||3.57||3.2||10.65||[84]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.5||3.64||3.3||10.82||[85]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.4||3.25||3.3||10.87||[86]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.4||3.50||3.2||10.66||[87]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.4||3.58||3.1||10.43||[88]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.1||10.42||[89]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.3||3.40||3.0||10.35||[90]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.3||3.31||2.8||9.93||[91]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.0||10.10||[92]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.4||3.38||3.3||10.71||[93]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.3||3.09||3.3||11.01||[94]|
|Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fourteenth Season|
|Set Details||Special Features|
|Release Dates|
|Region 1||Region 2||Region 4|
|N/A||October 22, 2018||October 22, 2018 [95]|
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14) | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Grey's Anatomy|
|Season 14|
|Starring|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||24|
|Release|
|Original network||ABC|
|Original release|| September 28, 2017 – |
May 17, 2018
|Season chronology|
The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special 2-hour premiere. [1] The season consists of 24 episodes, [2] [3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television.
Krista Vernoff who helped co-lead the show with Shonda Rhimes in its early years, marked her return as co-showrunner this season with William Harper, having previously left at the end of the seventh season . Rhimes left ABC to produce television for Netflix , and now has a hands-off approach to the show. Despite not being showrunner since its eighth season to run Scandal , Rhimes still signed off each episode's storyline, but this season marked a departure from this. Rhimes explained she only trusted Vernoff to pursue uncharted territory without her. [4] As such, drastic creative changes occurred in the season, with Vernoff retiring Martin Henderson , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew 's characters. [5] [6] Jason George also departs as Ben Warren to appear in the second spin-off, Station 19 .
On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record-tying fifteenth season. [7]
The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. Each episode of this season, with the exception of episode nine, is named after a song. [8]
| No. |
overall
| No. in |
season
|Title||Directed by||Written by||Original air date|| U.S. viewers |
(millions)
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan "major uplift", Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan's reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being "ghosted" by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When Andrew comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"||Kevin McKidd||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|Carina, Andrew's sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan's wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith's intentions of being Megan's surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex. Later, it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient's mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||Chandra Wilson||Meg Marinis||October 5, 2017||8.06 [10]|
|Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracick to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracick brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest. Bailey is confronted by Dr. Harper from the Harper Avery Foundation about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and Harper threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Harper fires her. In the end of the episode Harper passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||Geary McLeod||Marlana Hope||October 12, 2017||8.08 [11]|
|Amelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper's passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan's adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her tumor. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.|
|298||5||" Danger Zone "||Cecilie Mosli||Jalysa Conway||October 26, 2017||7.67 [12]|
|As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq . During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen's own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.|
|299||6||"Come on Down to My Boat, Baby"||Lisa Leone||Kiley Donovan||November 2, 2017||7.38 [13]|
|As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a "sick day" and hang out on a Jackson's newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracick and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. Andrew recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||November 9, 2017||8.13 [14]|
|When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie's look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia's return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is: a happily married surgeon with three children. Though Jo quickly infers this is how Alex imagines her to be, and wants it to stay that way, rather than wonder how she really is. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey's fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||Kevin McKidd||William Harper||November 16, 2017||7.52 [15]|
|As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients' records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson's inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the "Stone Age". One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||Bill D'Elia||Andy Reaser||January 18, 2018||8.27 [16]|
While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient's life and then bond in the locker room after showers; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer-savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital; this intern later outs himself as "a proud trans man". After Paul's fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run.
This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1-800-799-7233, the episode's title.
|303||10||" Personal Jesus "||Kevin Sullivan||Zoanne Clack||January 25, 2018||8.62 [17]|
|With Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions Alex and Jo's alibi. Believing that it is his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife's unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12-year-old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker "the talk". When Jo and Jenny go to Paul's room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage, falls out of his bed, and knocks himself out becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Vikram, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith.|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||Nicole Rubio||Elisabeth R. Finch||February 1, 2018||8.93 [18]|
|With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey's record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves.|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||Jeannot Szwarc||Kiley Donovan||February 8, 2018||7.32 [19]|
|As the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother's death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient's ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who is back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother's gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes.|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||Nzingha Stewart||Stacy McKee||March 1, 2018||7.52 [20]|
|A house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben struggles with the idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr. Tom Koracick, Amelia's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard watches Bailey very closely, as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her "the Party".|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||Chandra Wilson||Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong||March 8, 2018||7.07 [21]|
|As Maggie's budding romance with Clive gets more serious, Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him. Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing; however, she is surprised to find out that it is an old "friend" of Ellis'. When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent, Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works. The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient's ear, which falls to the floor and causes DeLuca to slip and fall, resulting in a concussion. Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient, but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan, she temporarily fires him. The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up—Clive's wife. Calling off the relationship, Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie. Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out, which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played.|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||Ellen Pompeo||Tameson Duffy||March 15, 2018||7.18 [22]|
|Alex, Jo, and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenage patient for heart surgery; however, when a heart transplant becomes available, he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him. Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research. Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent, she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey-Cerone Method. After a night spent together, April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God. Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage. Alex fears that Jo's fellowship applications indicate that she is willing to leave him behind in Seattle; however, in a twist of events, Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts.|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||Nicole Rubio||Jalysa Conway||March 22, 2018||7.61 [23]|
|Bailey's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes, a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine. Meredith throws in the towel on her research, since she is no longer receiving the patent. Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie's relationship, which causes some awkward tension as Jackson, Catherine, and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case. April hijacks the trauma certification drill, and leaves the interns in tears and doubt. After Bailey loses her patient, she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project "The Trailblazer", and Jo reignites Meredith’s will to continue on with her project. Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their "friends with benefits" relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are, and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York.|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||Kevin McKidd||Elisabeth R. Finch||March 29, 2018||7.15 [24]|
|April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics, and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect. As April treats the rabbi, he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles. Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic, Dr Nick Marsh, who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own. After his lab results come back, Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney. After calling it quits with Amelia, Owen reconnects with Teddy, who now lives in Germany. However, after the short, happy reunion, Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice.|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||Geary McLeod||Alex Manugian||April 5, 2018||6.84 [25]|
|Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor, Ollie, arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance. After she denies him the ability to save her life once more, he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith. Now that Owen is back in the States, he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia's failure to fix things with Teddy. In between the personal conversations, Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist. In their pursuit, they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer—at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake. Alex, Amelia, and Tom resect Noah’s brain tumor, despite never performing the procedure before. Though successful, Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy, which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues, and Jackson, claiming that she has found Jesus again. Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer, and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives.|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||Jeannot Szwarc||Meg Marinis||April 12, 2018||6.97 [26]|
|Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns, Sam Bello. Unaware of the situation, Sam explains that she is a "dreamer" protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador, Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health. As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient's death, April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive. When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy, Jo realizes Kimmy's dream and signs off on discharge papers. Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath. Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina; Owen signs up to become a foster parent, and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship. Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed.|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||Sydney Freeland||Julie Wong||April 19, 2018||6.93 [27]|
|As the next stage of the research contest begins, the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience. Arizona shares cookies, provided by a grateful patient, with her colleagues. However, she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap, the presentations are postponed, and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings. Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith's hand. Jo makes effective use of Richard's project. Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 sexual harassment cases filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up. April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey, who has a secret of her own—she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her "Trailblazer" device. Owen gets a call about his first foster child, which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him. Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and, in addition, Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women. Richard fires intern, Dr Vikram Roy, who was found practicing under the influence.|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||Kevin McKidd||Mark Driscoll||April 26, 2018||6.54 [28]|
|With word spreading about Harper Avery, Meredith decides to return her and Ellis' awards to the foundation. Catherine hires a crisis management specialist, who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it, so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo’s wedding. Alex and Jo get awkward when, Olivia, the former “Syph nurse,” returns to the hospital with her son—who swallowed a whistle—and begins planting seeds of doubt. Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow, who ends up talking to Amelia. Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction, Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own. Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime. Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he has been sending her, and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination.|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||Jesse Williams||Andy Reaser||May 3, 2018||6.66 [29]|
|Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom, only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and she has even returned to her old job. Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram. Although Bailey stands by the initial firing, Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated. As Amelia helps Betty detox, Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money. Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who is there to see her. Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the “Grey Method” should be renamed the “Grey-Cerone Method.” After Alex works things out with his mom, Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding. Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules. Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape, and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it is time for her and Sofia to move to New York.|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||Bill D'Elia||William Harper||May 10, 2018||7.35 [30]|
|After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure, she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient, Dr Nicole Herman. Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona’s future plans-the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins-Herman Center for Women’s Health. When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April, the doctors fear the worst. Frantically trying to locate April, Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine. Unknowing of the latest events, Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding. Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April’s monitor, but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it. While waiting for her to wake up, Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love. Thinking that the end has come, Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief. However, April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers.|
|317||24||" All of Me "||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||May 17, 2018||7.60 [31]|
|Alex and Jo’s wedding day has arrived. Though most details have come together, April (who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony. While trying to escape, the mother of the bride faints, keeping Ben and Bailey behind. Once at the hospital, Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job. Jo learns she has been accepted into Mass Gen ’s fellowship program, but fearful of losing Alex. Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position. As guests arrive, Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot. The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her. After the guests leave thinking there will be no wedding, the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement. On a ferry back to the main land, Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry. Bailey, wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions, offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief. Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet, in the ICU with the bride’s mother, Teddy reveals she is pregnant. Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York, but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single.|
- Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick
- Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox
- Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt
- Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler
- Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca
- Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello
- Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker
- Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy
- Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm
- Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri
- Lesley Boone as Judy Kemp
- Blake Hood as Clive Johnson
- Justin Bruening as Matthew Taylor
- Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park
- Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson
- Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez
- Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone
- Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh [32]
- Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt
- Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr
- Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery
- Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey
- Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell
- Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea 'Andy' Herrera
- Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner
- Josh Plasse as Chris Cleaver
- Frankie Faison as William Bailey
- Bianca Taylor as Elena Bailey
- Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole
- Julie Gonzalo as Theresa
- Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper
- Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev
- Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman
- Caleb Pierce as Charlie Peterson
- Alan Chow as Henry
Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. [3] It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a 2-hour premiere. [1] Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. [33] On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. [34] On January 11, 2018, ABC released a 6-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series-regular Sarah Drew . [35]
Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the ninth season, after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . [36] [37] Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project. [38] Renewing her contract for another 3 seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw returned for the fourteenth season. [39] On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest-arc. [40] In August 2017, it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season. [41] After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character, Eliza Minnick, it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show. [42] On September 13, 2017, another guest-star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ), and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick, Amelia's neurosurgery mentor. [43]
On October 9, 2017, the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode "Ain't That A Kick In The Head" was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam Bello, Alex Blue Davis as Casey Parker, Rushi Kota as Vik Roy, Jaicy Elliot as Taryn Helm, Sophia Ali as Dahlia Qadri, and Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt. [44] On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled " Danger Zone " would be his last. [45]
On January 31, 2018, it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground-breaking surgery. [46] On March 8, 2018, it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season. [6]
It was released on April 4, 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan, not as a nurse but as mom of a patient. Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released. [47] On April 20, 2018, it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode "Cold as Ice" as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona. [48]
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||Rating/Share (18–49)||Viewers (M)||18–49 Rank||Viewership rank||Drama rank|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|2.1/8 [10]||8.06 [10]||11 [50]||21 [50]||3 [50]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||2.1/8 [11]||8.08 [11]||10 [51]||17 [51]||2 [51]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.8/7 [12]||7.67 [12]||14 [52]||22 [52]||3 [52]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.8/7 [13]||7.38 [13]||13 [53]||21 [53]||3 [53]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.9/7 [14]||8.13 [14]||11 [54]||19 [53]||2 [53]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.8/7 [15]||7.52 [15]||13 [55]||21 [55]||4 [55]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||2.3/9 [16]||8.27 [16]||7 [56]||14 [56]||3 [56]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||2.3/9 [17]||8.62 [17]||3 [57]||7 [57]||2 [57]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||February 1, 2018||2.3/9 [18]||8.93 [18]||5 [58]||8 [58]||2 [58]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||2.0/8 [19]||7.32 [19]||6 [59]||13 [59]||2 [59]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||2.0/8 [20]||7.52 [20]||9 [60]||17 [60]||2 [60]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.7/7 [21]||7.07 [21]||9 [61]||19 [61]||2 [61]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.8/7 [22]||7.18 [22]||5 [62]||15 [62]||3 [62]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.9/8 [23]||7.61 [23]||7 [63]||12 [63]||1 [63]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.8/7 [24]||7.15 [24]||8 [64]||19 [64]||2 [64]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.7/7 [25]||6.84 [25]||8 [65]||20 [65]||2 [65]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.7/7 [26]||6.97 [26]||8 [66]||16 [66]||2 [66]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.7/7 [27]||6.93 [27]||6 [67]||18 [67]||2 [67]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.5/6 [28]||6.54 [28]||7 [68]||16 [68]||2 [68]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.6/7 [29]||6.66 [29]||8 [69]||18 [69]||2 [69]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.9/8 [30]||7.35 [30]||4 [70]||16 [70]||1 [70]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.9/8 [31]||7.60 [31]||3 [71]||10 [71]||1 [71]|
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||18–49 increase|| Viewers |
(millions) increase
|Total 18-49|| Total viewers |
(millions)
|Ref|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.83||3.7||11.89||[73]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||1.4||3.51||3.5||11.59||[74]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.22||[75]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.5||3.45||3.2||10.84||[76]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.5||3.53||3.4||11.67||[77]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.07||[78]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||1.3||3.30||3.6||11.58||[79]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||1.3||3.35||3.6||11.98||[80]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"||February 1, 2018||1.4||3.41||3.7||12.35||[81]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||1.5||3.72||3.5||11.05||[82]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||1.6||3.90||3.6||11.43||[83]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.5||3.57||3.2||10.65||[84]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.5||3.64||3.3||10.82||[85]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.4||3.25||3.3||10.87||[86]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.4||3.50||3.2||10.66||[87]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.4||3.58||3.1||10.43||[88]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.1||10.42||[89]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.3||3.40||3.0||10.35||[90]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.3||3.31||2.8||9.93||[91]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.0||10.10||[92]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.4||3.38||3.3||10.71||[93]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.3||3.09||3.3||11.01||[94]|
|Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fourteenth Season|
|Set Details||Special Features|
|Release Dates|
|Region 1||Region 2||Region 4|
|N/A||October 22, 2018||October 22, 2018 [95]|
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy_(season_14)#:~:text=The%20fourteenth%20season%20of%20the%20American%20television%20medical,marking%20the%20300th%20episode%20for%20the%20series%20overall. | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Grey's Anatomy (season 14) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Grey's Anatomy|
|Season 14|
|Starring|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||24|
|Release|
|Original network||ABC|
|Original release|| September 28, 2017 – |
May 17, 2018
|Season chronology|
The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special 2-hour premiere. [1] The season consists of 24 episodes, [2] [3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television.
Krista Vernoff who helped co-lead the show with Shonda Rhimes in its early years, marked her return as co-showrunner this season with William Harper, having previously left at the end of the seventh season . Rhimes left ABC to produce television for Netflix , and now has a hands-off approach to the show. Despite not being showrunner since its eighth season to run Scandal , Rhimes still signed off each episode's storyline, but this season marked a departure from this. Rhimes explained she only trusted Vernoff to pursue uncharted territory without her. [4] As such, drastic creative changes occurred in the season, with Vernoff retiring Martin Henderson , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew 's characters. [5] [6] Jason George also departs as Ben Warren to appear in the second spin-off, Station 19 .
On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record-tying fifteenth season. [7]
The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. Each episode of this season, with the exception of episode nine, is named after a song. [8]
| No. |
overall
| No. in |
season
|Title||Directed by||Written by||Original air date|| U.S. viewers |
(millions)
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan "major uplift", Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan, Owen's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas. With Megan's reappearance, Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom, which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia. With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit, Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person. After being "ghosted" by Eliza, Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her. When Andrew comes home, he finds his sister half-naked on his couch with Arizona.|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"||Kevin McKidd||Krista Vernoff||September 28, 2017||8.07 [9]|
|Carina, Andrew's sister, asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital; Bailey obliges due to society's double standard. Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan's wounds; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith's intentions of being Megan's surgeon. Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex. Later, it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns. Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia, who seems to be avoiding him and his family. Even without the support of Jackson, Amelia fights to remove a patient's mastoid tumor. She later takes part in Carina's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain.|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||Chandra Wilson||Meg Marinis||October 5, 2017||8.06 [10]|
|Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracick to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor. Much to her chagrin, Dr Koracick brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest. Bailey is confronted by Dr. Harper from the Harper Avery Foundation about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and Harper threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation; when Bailey stands up to him, Harper fires her. In the end of the episode Harper passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief. Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor. Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist, who winds up as a patient, to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan. Jo asks Alex to move back home.|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||Geary McLeod||Marlana Hope||October 12, 2017||8.08 [11]|
|Amelia has her brain tumor removed, but in the days following, she experiences some complications, such as speaking only French, and memory loss. Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine, which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper's passing, a quarter billion dollars. Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate. Using her research to justify his entry into the country, Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan's adopted son to America. Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her tumor. Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home. Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her.|
|298||5||" Danger Zone "||Cecilie Mosli||Jalysa Conway||October 26, 2017||7.67 [12]|
|As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son, Farouk, they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah, Iraq . During their time overseas, Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her. Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean. Despite the good news of the engagement, Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat, which is later revealed to her as Owen's own doing. Distraught over her brother's betrayal, she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops, leading to her disappearance. While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen, he bonds with Farouk, who is having trouble acclimating to the free world. He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith, as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy.|
|299||6||"Come on Down to My Boat, Baby"||Lisa Leone||Kiley Donovan||November 2, 2017||7.38 [13]|
|As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal, JSA, Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis. The men of Grey Sloan take a "sick day" and hang out on a Jackson's newly purchased boat, whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home. Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence, recruiting the help of Dr. Koracick and seeking the encouragement of Richard. While Arizona and April repair a woman's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina, Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting. At the surgeon-intern mixer, Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award; however, the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient. Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition. Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge. Andrew recognizes one of the new interns from his past, while Owen and Carina are caught kissing.|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||November 9, 2017||8.13 [14]|
|When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair. As Arizona performs surgery on Liza, Izzie's look-a-like, she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia's return to Seattle. Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is, to which Alex says he knows how she is: a happily married surgeon with three children. Though Jo quickly infers this is how Alex imagines her to be, and wants it to stay that way, rather than wonder how she really is. As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston, Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek. Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department, due to Bailey's fear that he has commitment issues. Unable to fly out to Boston, in an OR—in front of her friends and colleagues—Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award.|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||Kevin McKidd||William Harper||November 16, 2017||7.52 [15]|
|As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons, Jo begins her reign as chief resident. Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial, as all of the patients' records get held hostage for $20 million. Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented, Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson's inheritance. Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed, they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the "Stone Age". One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence, causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere. Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband, Paul, on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient.|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||Bill D'Elia||Andy Reaser||January 18, 2018||8.27 [16]|
While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon, Jo tries to steer clear of him. Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce. Drenched in blood, Jackson and Maggie save their patient's life and then bond in the locker room after showers; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions, very similar to when they were overseas. Bailey works with an exceptionally computer-savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital; this intern later outs himself as "a proud trans man". After Paul's fiancée, Jenny, tells him about her secret exchange with Jo, Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital. However, he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run.
This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1-800-799-7233, the episode's title.
|303||10||" Personal Jesus "||Kevin Sullivan||Zoanne Clack||January 25, 2018||8.62 [17]|
|With Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions Alex and Jo's alibi. Believing that it is his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver their baby, and then watches him deal with his wife's unexpected death. Jackson, Bailey, and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12-year-old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window. Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER, prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker "the talk". When Jo and Jenny go to Paul's room to announce they are taking him to court, he gets in a bout of rage, falls out of his bed, and knocks himself out becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated. April ends up in the shower with Vikram, an intern, after she finds herself questioning her faith.|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||Nicole Rubio||Elisabeth R. Finch||February 1, 2018||8.93 [18]|
|With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack, Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian; however, after her doctors treat her condescendingly, assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD, she calls on Maggie to come save her. When Maggie arrives, she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey's record of attendance. With her life flashing before her eyes, Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life. Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life, Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up. Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter, but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves.|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||Jeannot Szwarc||Kiley Donovan||February 8, 2018||7.32 [19]|
|As the contest draws near, a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars. In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday, Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie, who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother's death. Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case, in order to save their patient's ability to sing, as well as retain all mental capabilities. Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient, who is back with multiple miniature spleens, which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition, and Jackson gets pulled into his mother's gender confirmation proposal, despite his wishes.|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||Nzingha Stewart||Stacy McKee||March 1, 2018||7.52 [20]|
|A house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben struggles with the idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr. Tom Koracick, Amelia's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard watches Bailey very closely, as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her "the Party".|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||Chandra Wilson||Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong||March 8, 2018||7.07 [21]|
|As Maggie's budding romance with Clive gets more serious, Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him. Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing; however, she is surprised to find out that it is an old "friend" of Ellis'. When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent, Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works. The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient's ear, which falls to the floor and causes DeLuca to slip and fall, resulting in a concussion. Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient, but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan, she temporarily fires him. The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up—Clive's wife. Calling off the relationship, Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie. Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out, which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played.|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||Ellen Pompeo||Tameson Duffy||March 15, 2018||7.18 [22]|
|Alex, Jo, and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenage patient for heart surgery; however, when a heart transplant becomes available, he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him. Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research. Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent, she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey-Cerone Method. After a night spent together, April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God. Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage. Alex fears that Jo's fellowship applications indicate that she is willing to leave him behind in Seattle; however, in a twist of events, Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts.|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||Nicole Rubio||Jalysa Conway||March 22, 2018||7.61 [23]|
|Bailey's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes, a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine. Meredith throws in the towel on her research, since she is no longer receiving the patent. Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie's relationship, which causes some awkward tension as Jackson, Catherine, and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case. April hijacks the trauma certification drill, and leaves the interns in tears and doubt. After Bailey loses her patient, she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project "The Trailblazer", and Jo reignites Meredith’s will to continue on with her project. Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their "friends with benefits" relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are, and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York.|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||Kevin McKidd||Elisabeth R. Finch||March 29, 2018||7.15 [24]|
|April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics, and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect. As April treats the rabbi, he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles. Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic, Dr Nick Marsh, who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own. After his lab results come back, Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney. After calling it quits with Amelia, Owen reconnects with Teddy, who now lives in Germany. However, after the short, happy reunion, Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice.|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||Geary McLeod||Alex Manugian||April 5, 2018||6.84 [25]|
|Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor, Ollie, arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance. After she denies him the ability to save her life once more, he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith. Now that Owen is back in the States, he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia's failure to fix things with Teddy. In between the personal conversations, Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist. In their pursuit, they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer—at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake. Alex, Amelia, and Tom resect Noah’s brain tumor, despite never performing the procedure before. Though successful, Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy, which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues, and Jackson, claiming that she has found Jesus again. Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer, and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives.|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||Jeannot Szwarc||Meg Marinis||April 12, 2018||6.97 [26]|
|Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns, Sam Bello. Unaware of the situation, Sam explains that she is a "dreamer" protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador, Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health. As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient's death, April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive. When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy, Jo realizes Kimmy's dream and signs off on discharge papers. Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath. Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina; Owen signs up to become a foster parent, and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship. Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed.|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||Sydney Freeland||Julie Wong||April 19, 2018||6.93 [27]|
|As the next stage of the research contest begins, the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience. Arizona shares cookies, provided by a grateful patient, with her colleagues. However, she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap, the presentations are postponed, and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings. Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith's hand. Jo makes effective use of Richard's project. Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 sexual harassment cases filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up. April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey, who has a secret of her own—she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her "Trailblazer" device. Owen gets a call about his first foster child, which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him. Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and, in addition, Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women. Richard fires intern, Dr Vikram Roy, who was found practicing under the influence.|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||Kevin McKidd||Mark Driscoll||April 26, 2018||6.54 [28]|
|With word spreading about Harper Avery, Meredith decides to return her and Ellis' awards to the foundation. Catherine hires a crisis management specialist, who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it, so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo’s wedding. Alex and Jo get awkward when, Olivia, the former “Syph nurse,” returns to the hospital with her son—who swallowed a whistle—and begins planting seeds of doubt. Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow, who ends up talking to Amelia. Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction, Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own. Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime. Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he has been sending her, and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination.|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||Jesse Williams||Andy Reaser||May 3, 2018||6.66 [29]|
|Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom, only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and she has even returned to her old job. Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram. Although Bailey stands by the initial firing, Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated. As Amelia helps Betty detox, Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money. Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who is there to see her. Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the “Grey Method” should be renamed the “Grey-Cerone Method.” After Alex works things out with his mom, Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding. Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules. Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape, and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it is time for her and Sofia to move to New York.|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||Bill D'Elia||William Harper||May 10, 2018||7.35 [30]|
|After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure, she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient, Dr Nicole Herman. Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona’s future plans-the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins-Herman Center for Women’s Health. When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April, the doctors fear the worst. Frantically trying to locate April, Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine. Unknowing of the latest events, Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding. Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April’s monitor, but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it. While waiting for her to wake up, Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love. Thinking that the end has come, Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief. However, April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers.|
|317||24||" All of Me "||Debbie Allen||Krista Vernoff||May 17, 2018||7.60 [31]|
|Alex and Jo’s wedding day has arrived. Though most details have come together, April (who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony. While trying to escape, the mother of the bride faints, keeping Ben and Bailey behind. Once at the hospital, Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job. Jo learns she has been accepted into Mass Gen ’s fellowship program, but fearful of losing Alex. Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position. As guests arrive, Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot. The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her. After the guests leave thinking there will be no wedding, the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement. On a ferry back to the main land, Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry. Bailey, wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions, offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief. Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet, in the ICU with the bride’s mother, Teddy reveals she is pregnant. Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York, but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single.|
- Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick
- Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox
- Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt
- Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler
- Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca
- Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello
- Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker
- Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy
- Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm
- Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri
- Lesley Boone as Judy Kemp
- Blake Hood as Clive Johnson
- Justin Bruening as Matthew Taylor
- Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park
- Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson
- Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez
- Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone
- Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh [32]
- Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt
- Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr
- Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery
- Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey
- Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell
- Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea 'Andy' Herrera
- Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner
- Josh Plasse as Chris Cleaver
- Frankie Faison as William Bailey
- Bianca Taylor as Elena Bailey
- Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole
- Julie Gonzalo as Theresa
- Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper
- Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev
- Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman
- Caleb Pierce as Charlie Peterson
- Alan Chow as Henry
Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. [3] It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a 2-hour premiere. [1] Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. [33] On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. [34] On January 11, 2018, ABC released a 6-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series-regular Sarah Drew . [35]
Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the ninth season, after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . [36] [37] Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project. [38] Renewing her contract for another 3 seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw returned for the fourteenth season. [39] On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest-arc. [40] In August 2017, it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season. [41] After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character, Eliza Minnick, it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show. [42] On September 13, 2017, another guest-star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ), and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick, Amelia's neurosurgery mentor. [43]
On October 9, 2017, the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode "Ain't That A Kick In The Head" was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam Bello, Alex Blue Davis as Casey Parker, Rushi Kota as Vik Roy, Jaicy Elliot as Taryn Helm, Sophia Ali as Dahlia Qadri, and Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt. [44] On October 26, 2017, it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled " Danger Zone " would be his last. [45]
On January 31, 2018, it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground-breaking surgery. [46] On March 8, 2018, it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season. [6]
It was released on April 4, 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan, not as a nurse but as mom of a patient. Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released. [47] On April 20, 2018, it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode "Cold as Ice" as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona. [48]
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||Rating/Share (18–49)||Viewers (M)||18–49 Rank||Viewership rank||Drama rank|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|2.3/8 [9]||8.07 [9]||12 [49]||24 [49]||3 [49]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|2.1/8 [10]||8.06 [10]||11 [50]||21 [50]||3 [50]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||2.1/8 [11]||8.08 [11]||10 [51]||17 [51]||2 [51]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.8/7 [12]||7.67 [12]||14 [52]||22 [52]||3 [52]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.8/7 [13]||7.38 [13]||13 [53]||21 [53]||3 [53]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.9/7 [14]||8.13 [14]||11 [54]||19 [53]||2 [53]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.8/7 [15]||7.52 [15]||13 [55]||21 [55]||4 [55]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||2.3/9 [16]||8.27 [16]||7 [56]||14 [56]||3 [56]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||2.3/9 [17]||8.62 [17]||3 [57]||7 [57]||2 [57]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"||February 1, 2018||2.3/9 [18]||8.93 [18]||5 [58]||8 [58]||2 [58]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||2.0/8 [19]||7.32 [19]||6 [59]||13 [59]||2 [59]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||2.0/8 [20]||7.52 [20]||9 [60]||17 [60]||2 [60]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.7/7 [21]||7.07 [21]||9 [61]||19 [61]||2 [61]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.8/7 [22]||7.18 [22]||5 [62]||15 [62]||3 [62]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.9/8 [23]||7.61 [23]||7 [63]||12 [63]||1 [63]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.8/7 [24]||7.15 [24]||8 [64]||19 [64]||2 [64]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.7/7 [25]||6.84 [25]||8 [65]||20 [65]||2 [65]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.7/7 [26]||6.97 [26]||8 [66]||16 [66]||2 [66]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.7/7 [27]||6.93 [27]||6 [67]||18 [67]||2 [67]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.5/6 [28]||6.54 [28]||7 [68]||16 [68]||2 [68]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.6/7 [29]||6.66 [29]||8 [69]||18 [69]||2 [69]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.9/8 [30]||7.35 [30]||4 [70]||16 [70]||1 [70]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.9/8 [31]||7.60 [31]||3 [71]||10 [71]||1 [71]|
| No. in |
series
| No. in |
season
|Episode||Air date||Time slot (EST)||18–49 increase|| Viewers |
(millions) increase
|Total 18-49|| Total viewers |
(millions)
|Ref|
|294||1||"Break Down the House"||September 28, 2017|| Thursday |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|295||2||"Get Off on the Pain"|| Thursday |
9:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.91||3.9||11.99||[72]|
|296||3||"Go Big or Go Home"||October 5, 2017|| Thursdays |
8:00 p.m.
|1.6||3.83||3.7||11.89||[73]|
|297||4||"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"||October 12, 2017||1.4||3.51||3.5||11.59||[74]|
|298||5||"Danger Zone"||October 26, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.22||[75]|
|299||6||"Come On Down to My Boat, Baby"||November 2, 2017||1.5||3.45||3.2||10.84||[76]|
|300||7||"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story"||November 9, 2017||1.5||3.53||3.4||11.67||[77]|
|301||8||"Out of Nowhere"||November 16, 2017||1.5||3.54||3.3||11.07||[78]|
|302||9||"1-800-799-7233"||January 18, 2018||1.3||3.30||3.6||11.58||[79]|
|303||10||"Personal Jesus"||January 25, 2018||1.3||3.35||3.6||11.98||[80]|
|304||11||"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"||February 1, 2018||1.4||3.41||3.7||12.35||[81]|
|305||12||"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"||February 8, 2018||1.5||3.72||3.5||11.05||[82]|
|306||13||"You Really Got a Hold on Me"||March 1, 2018||1.6||3.90||3.6||11.43||[83]|
|307||14||"Games People Play"||March 8, 2018||1.5||3.57||3.2||10.65||[84]|
|308||15||"Old Scars, Future Hearts"||March 15, 2018||1.5||3.64||3.3||10.82||[85]|
|309||16||"Caught Somewhere in Time"||March 22, 2018||1.4||3.25||3.3||10.87||[86]|
|310||17||"One Day Like This"||March 29, 2018||1.4||3.50||3.2||10.66||[87]|
|311||18||"Hold Back the River"||April 5, 2018||1.4||3.58||3.1||10.43||[88]|
|312||19||"Beautiful Dreamer"||April 12, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.1||10.42||[89]|
|313||20||"Judgment Day"||April 19, 2018||1.3||3.40||3.0||10.35||[90]|
|314||21||"Bad Reputation"||April 26, 2018||1.3||3.31||2.8||9.93||[91]|
|315||22||"Fight for Your Mind"||May 3, 2018||1.4||3.44||3.0||10.10||[92]|
|316||23||"Cold as Ice"||May 10, 2018||1.4||3.38||3.3||10.71||[93]|
|317||24||"All of Me"||May 17, 2018||1.3||3.09||3.3||11.01||[94]|
|Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Fourteenth Season|
|Set Details||Special Features|
|Release Dates|
|Region 1||Region 2||Region 4|
|N/A||October 22, 2018||October 22, 2018 [95]|
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy_(season_14)#:~:text=The%20fourteenth%20season%20of%20the%20American%20television%20medical,marking%20the%20300th%20episode%20for%20the%20series%20overall. | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Grey's Anatomy (TV Series 2005– ) - IMDb | 28 Sep. 2017
8.1 (1,237)
Meredith and the team are focused on helping Owen's sister after her shocking return, and Amelia faces a conflict over a patient. Meanwhile, Bailey is forced to give Grey Sloan a facelift after the fire and the doctors are introduced to a few new faces that spice things up around the hospital.
28 Sep. 2017
8.2 (1,085)
Meredith struggles to come up with a new plan for Owen's sister. Jo makes a surprising choice regarding Alex, and Andrew's sister's controversial research leads to a shocking discovery.
5 Oct. 2017
8.2 (1,041)
Harper Avery arrives at Grey Sloan, putting Bailey on edge. A familiar face from Meredith's past returns as a patient, and Amelia tries to manage a secret.
12 Oct. 2017
8.2 (1,083)
Amelia confronts a difficult situation; Meredith deals with the fallout from her conversation with Nathan; Maggie finds herself at an awkward family dinner; Jackson receives big news; Richard and Bailey search for the stars of tomorrow.
2 Nov. 2017
8.0 (1,132)
Jackson invites the guys to relax with him on a day at sea; Arizona, April and Maggie treat a woman who is hiding a deadly secret.
9 Nov. 2017
9.1 (1,871)
After a roller coaster car falls off the track at the county fair, the doctors at Grey Sloan tend to patients who spark memories about ghosts from their past.
16 Nov. 2017
8.5 (1,293)
The doctors must get creative to treat patients after a hacker shuts down the hospital's computer system.
18 Jan. 2018
8.7 (1,479)
Jo finally faces her abusive husband, while Grey Sloan continues to work with the FBI after the hospital's computer system is compromised by a hacker.
25 Jan. 2018
8.8 (1,819)
A young boy's case has a profound impact on the doctors of Grey Sloan Memorial; April faces a surprising patient; Jo deals with her estranged husband.
1 Feb. 2018
8.2 (1,247)
The stress of managing the hospital and coming to terms with Ben's decision to become a Seattle firefighter pushes Bailey to her limits.
8 Feb. 2018
7.5 (839)
April is in charge of the new surgical innovation contest; the doctors are eager to start their projects; Catherine's old friend has a shocking idea for Catherine and Jackson; Meredith treats a returning patient who inspires her project.
1 Mar. 2018
7.4 (804)
Two boys injured in a house fire are brought to Grey Sloan and firefighter Andy Herrera's skills are put to the test when one of the boys is near death.
22 Mar. 2018
7.3 (794)
Although he enjoys spending time with Maggie, Jackson must concentrate on the vaginoplasty surgery he scheduled with Catherine and Richard.
29 Mar. 2018
8.3 (1,043)
April treats a rabbi who challenges her crisis of faith and Meredith treats a transplant surgeon from another hospital.
5 Apr. 2018
7.7 (745)
Amelia and Koracick perform a risky procedure to remove a brain tumor from a young patient. Meredith and Jo re-work their project submission. Richard's AA sponsor is admitted with a DNR.
12 Apr. 2018
7.7 (768)
An agent from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement searches the hospital for an employee; Alex's patient wants to leave the hospital to enjoy her final days, but Alex feels differently; Arizona treats Matthew Taylor's baby.
26 Apr. 2018
7.8 (753)
Crisis management is brought in to help Grey Sloan sort out allegations against Harper Avery; Alex and Jo are thrown for a loop when Nurse Olivia shows up with her son; Arizona spends more time with Sofia.
3 May 2018
7.8 (766)
Alex and Jo go on a road trip to Iowa to find Alex's mom, whom he hasn't heard from in a very long time. Meanwhile, Meredith gives a presentation on her mini-livers project, which attracts a ton of attention, and Jackson works to rebuild the foundation after its reputation is threatened.
10 May 2018
8.9 (1,145)
One of Grey Sloan Memorial's own is seriously injured, making the team reflect on what is truly important to them. Meanwhile, Nicole Herman pays a visit to GSM and talks to Arizona about an exciting opportunity. | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0413573/episodes?season=14 | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | The Entire Grey's Anatomy Timeline Explained - The List | By Garri Chaverst / Updated: July 1, 2020 8:06 pm EST
Grey's Anatomy became the longest-running medical drama on television in March 2019 when it aired its 332nd episode (via CNN ). As fans of the ABC medical drama can attest, since first premiering in 2005 , Grey's Anatomy and its iconic characters have been through quite a bit while saving lives and falling in love against the backdrop of Seattle Grace Hospital.
The show's wild storylines are what makes it can't-miss TV, but when the actual timeline of the show is taken into consideration, some of the stuff that happens in the world of Grey's Anatomy becomes downright unbelievable.
As noted by Glamour , an incredible amount of life-changing events occur over the course of the first three seasons — but that's nothing compared to what comes later. As fans of Grey's Anatomy know, the Grey's Anatomy cast only grows larger with each passing season, the storylines only get crazier, and the timeline of events is pretty much impossible to understand. If you need a guide, you're in luck. Here's the entire Grey's Anatomy timeline explained.
Grey's Anatomy begins long before Meredith Grey (played by Ellen Pompeo ) even steps foot in Seattle Grace Hospital. In fact, it begins in the '80s, when Meredith's surgeon mother, Ellis Grey, meets Richard Webber when the two begin working together. While the entire series slowly unravels the relationship between Ellis and Richard, two particular episodes serve to provide a clear timeline of their affair.
In the Season 6 episode, "The Time Warp," Richard gives a lecture at the hospital about a case he and Ellis worked on together in 1982 (via The Los Angeles Times ). In a series of flashbacks, fans get an in-depth look at the dynamic of their relationship and how they bonded over their shared experience as minorities in a white male-dominated program.
Later, in the Season 11 episode, "Only Mama Knows," Meredith asks Richard for her mother's journal from early 1983, per Entertainment Weekly . That's when she learns the full story of Ellis and Richard's relationship, which includes Ellis discovering she was pregnant with Richard's child in the spring of 1983. However, Richard refused to leave his wife, leaving Ellis devastated.
Grey's Anatomy has a bevy of memorable characters, but Miranda Bailey — known simply as "Bailey" — stands out from the rest. Fans met Bailey in the first episode of the show, when she intimidated the interns as the tough-as-nails Seattle Grace resident she was. Of course, before she became perhaps the most respected resident in hospital history, Bailey was an intern herself — but the tough-as-nails part of her personality didn't come until a hallmark case in the early years of her career (via the Los Angeles Times ).
In the Season 6 episode, "The Time Warp," Bailey tells an assembly of doctors about the time she went head-to-head with her superior to save a patient's life. While Bailey's speech to the doctors taught the medical importance of patient history, the flashbacks in the episode revealed a conversation with Richard Webber that helped her find her voice.
As noted by the Los Angeles Times , in 2003, Richard told Bailey, "Make sure you're a shark and not a minnow." These words inspired Bailey to speak up for her patient then, and have continued to inspire her throughout the series.
The Grey's Anatomy pilot, which aired in 2005, opens with Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd saying goodbye the morning after a one-night stand (via TV Fanatic ). Little do they know, they're both heading to Seattle Grace Hospital; Meredith is starting her first day as an intern and Derek is the new attending neurosurgeon. But how did Derek find his way to Seattle anyway?
According to Vulture , Derek was married his first wife, Addison Forbes-Montgomery (played by Kate Walsh ), for 11 years before meeting Meredith — meaning the two got married sometime around 1994. However, Derek conveniently keeps this information to himself — so when Addison shows up during the Season 1 finale, Meredith is understandably shocked. After all, considering Derek confirms in the second episode of Season 1 that he's only been in Seattle for six weeks, Addison obviously hasn't been out of his life for long.
Throughout Season 2, McDreamy's personal history is explored even more. In the episode "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head," Derek finally explains to Meredith that he left Addison and came to Seattle after finding her in bed with his best friend. Ouch.
Many Grey's Anatomy fans subscribe to the idea that Seasons 1-3 of Grey's Anatomy (and their many heartbreaking moments ) take place over just one calendar year (via Glamour ). After all, the interns take their first-year medical exams in the Season 3 episode "Testing 1-2-3," which seems to indicate only one year has passed since Season 1. However, other clues from these three seasons make the one-year timeline seem impossible.
Grey's Anatomy starts in July 2005, as July is when medical students typically begin training for residency (via CNN ). Season 2 features the show's first New Year's episode, "Begin the Begin," which takes place in January 2006 — and ends that May with the death of Denny Duquette (played by J effrey Dean Morgan ).
Season 3 begins where Season 2 ended; however, in the Season 3 episode "Great Expectations," Dr. Callie Torres says the year is 2007 . This would indicate that the first three seasons of Grey's Anatomy unfold over not one, but nearly two years. However, it's probably best to not overthink things too much.
During Grey's Anatomy' s Season 4 finale, Meredith Grey has a breakthrough in therapy that leads her to tell on-again/off-again beau Derek Shepherd she's ready to be with him for real (via Entertainment Weekly ).
In a touching moment during the season finale — which served as the 17th episode of Season 4 — Meredith uses votive candles to construct the outline of their dream house on Derek's plot of land, and the two share a loving embrace when he sees what she's done. After four long, dramatic seasons of will-they-or-won't-they, the couple finally decided they would .
Season 4 begins by welcoming a new batch of interns to Seattle Grace, making it July 2007. However, in the 14th episode of Season 4 — just a few episodes prior to the season finale — a newspaper clipping reveals Preston Burke has recently won the 2008 Harper Avery Award. So, judging by the outerwear Meredith and Derek are sporting during the finale episode's romantic moment, it's safe to say their reunion takes places in the early, chilly months of 2008 — roughly two and a half years after their first encounter.
In Grey's Anatomy' s Season 5 finale episode, "Now or Never," Meredith Grey and Derek "McDreamy" Shepherd finally tie the knot.
Derek and Meredith get engaged in "Elevator Love Letter" — the 19th episode of Season 5 — which takes place just three episodes before their wedding is supposed to happen. However, the couple ultimately decide to gift their wedding day to Izzie Stevens (played by Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev (played by Justin Chambers ), as Izzie is battling cancer. In the 24th episode of the season, Izzie mentions that it's 2009 — which means Meredith and Derek's engagement, wedding planning, and wedding-that-never-was all take place within that year.
Meredith and Derek do end up exchanging vows in Season 5, though they wouldn't exactly hold up in court. In the Season 5 finale episode, "Now or Never," the lovebirds write and exchange their wedding vows using Post-it notes — nearly four years after they first met. Needless to say, it was about time!
Grey's Anatomy Season 6 begins directly after George O' Malley's shocking death , which was revealed at the end of Season 5 . And since Lexi Grey's first year as an intern draws to a close shortly after he dies, it's safe to say George's death occurs in June 2009.
Season 6 takes place throughout 2009 and ends in 2010 with one of the most gripping season finale episodes in television history. As if George's death wasn't tragic enough, the 24th episode of the show's sixth season — titled "Death and All His Friends" — follows the doctors and patients at the newly-named Seattle Grace Mercy West as they fight to survive an active shooter situation.
Earlier in Season 6, the episode "Sympathy for the Parents" saw Richard Webber and Derek make the decision to honor a patient's DNR and turn off her ventilator, despite her husband's wishes. In "Death and All His Friends," the patient's husband returns to the hospital to get revenge on the doctors he believes killed his wife — leaving two doctors dead, several severely injured, and Meredith suffering a miscarriage (via TV Fanatic ).
Grey's Anatomy Season 7 primarily features the doctors dealing with the aftermath of the shooting. Additionally, as noted by Elle , the season sees Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd struggle to start a family of their own, while Callie Torres, Arizona Robinson, and Mark Sloan attempt to co-parent Mark and Callie's baby.
As proven by the Christmas episode, "Adrift and at Peace," Season 7 welcomes the year 2011. As usual, the next season picks up where the previous season ended, meaning Season 8 covers the remainder of 2011, as well as the first half of 2012. However, in true Shonda Rhimes fashion, Season 8 ends in yet another tragedy for the doctors at Seattle Grace Mercy West.
The Season 8 finale episode ends with six doctors fighting for their lives and awaiting rescue following a plane crash (via Entertainment Weekly ). In the episode, Cristina Yang comments on the unlikely series of tragedies the group has faced throughout their five years working together: a bomb scare, a bus running over George O'Malley, a shooting, and, of course, a plane crash. These doctors just can't catch a break!
In Grey's Anatomy 's ninth season, Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Alex Karev, Jackson Avery, and April Kepner) complete their training and become the teachers themselves. And considering the show makes it clear that the residency program lasts five years, this means Season 9 of Grey's Anatomy starts in 2012.
The season largely centers around the aftermath of the fatal plane crash from Season 8, as well as the ensuing lawsuit that nearly gets the hospital shut down for good. What follows is a Hail Mary attempt to save the hospital from having to pay a hefty settlement and closing down.
In order to prevent Seattle Grace Mercy West from falling into the wrong hands, the plane crash survivors come together at the last minute (with help from the Harper Avery Foundation) to buy the hospital and run it themselves (via Entertainment Weekly ). Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital — named for Mark Sloan and Lexi Grey, who died in the plane crash — is established in 2013, which means Meredith Grey went from lowly intern to hospital-owning surgeon in just under eight years. Talk about a glow up!
Some of Grey's Anatomy' s most beloved characters have seemed untouchable throughout the years, including Meredith Grey, Derek Shepherd, Richard Webber, Miranda Bailey, and Cristina Yang. Of course, nothing good lasts forever — and in Season 10, Cristina became the first of the aforementioned group to leave the show.
Season 10 picks up in 2013 — and considering the seventh episode of the 24-episode season is a Halloween episode — by the time the season comes to an end, the year is 2014. This means it's 2014 when Cristina Yang leaves Seattle to take advantage of a once-in-a-lifetime career opportunity in Switzerland, ultimately sharing an emotional goodbye with Meredith (as well as one last dance party) in the season finale, Fear (of the Unknown).
Cristina's last words to Meredith call back to everything they've experienced in the last seven years. Per The Hollywood Reporter , Cristina tells Meredith, "Don't get on any little tiny planes that can crash or stick your hand in a body cavity that has a bomb in it or get in the way of a gunman [...] You're my person and I need you alive."
Grey's Anatomy is absolutely no stranger to tragic and dramatic goodbyes. However, perhaps the most tragic death (and most controversial episode ) of all comes in Season 11, Episode 21 when Derek Shepherd is hit by a semi-truck after helping victims of a separate vehicular accident.
According to the date seen on his car stereo as he's driving, Derek is hit by the truck on March 26, 2015, and later dies during surgery. While the episode, titled "How to Save a Life," aired on April 23, 2015, the date of March 26 is quite significant; after all, "Elevator Love Letter" — the episode in which Derek proposed to Meredith — aired on March 26, 2009.
According to Entertainment Weekly , the episode following Derek's death follows his friends and colleagues as they grieve his absence over the next several months — with one exception. Meredith, pregnant with Derek's baby and distraught over his death, flees Seattle and only returns at the end of the episode, ready to try to rebuild her life. By that point, almost a year has passed since Derek's death in 2015, putting the show in 2016.
Any Grey's Anatomy fan is undoubtedly familiar with the most prestigious award in the show: The Harper Avery Award. And in Season 14, Meredith finally wins the coveted award herself (via The Hollywood Reporter ).
Seasons 12 and 13 span across 2016 and 2017, with Season 14 taking place in 2017 and 2018 — around three years after Derek Shepherd's death. Of course, Meredith winning a Harper Avery Award wasn't the only major event to happen during this time. April Kepner and Matthew Taylor, who almost wed in Season 10 , finally get married in the show's 14th season finale — titled "All of Me" — and they're not the only ones. Alex Karev and Jo Wilson get married the same day in an impromptu ceremony officiated by Meredith.
Unfortunately, the end of Season 14 also marks the end of April Kepner and pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins' time at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, with April resigning to help the homeless community, and Arizona moving to New York to be with Callie Torres and their daughter, Sofia (via The Hollywood Reporter ).
Grey's Anatomy placed most of its focus on the love story between Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd throughout its first 11 seasons love story formed the center of the plot. After Derek's death in Season 11, the question itched at the back of fans' minds: what would Meredith do without Derek?
As fans witness throughout the following seasons, Meredith continues being a top-notch surgeon who's so skilled at her job that she ends up winning the most prestigious award in the show's universe (via The Hollywood Reporter ). But what about romance?
As noted by E! News , Meredith dates a couple of men after Derek's death but most of them aren't very serious. However, at the end of Season 14, resident Andrew DeLuca kisses Meredith (who's technically his boss) while drunk. Season 15, which takes place over 2018 and 2019, Meredith becomes involved in a love triangle between DeLuca and another doctor, Atticus Lincoln (via Refinery 29 ). Ultimately, however, Meredith accepts her feelings for DeLuca and begins her first major relationship since Derek's death.
Grey's Anatomy Season 15, Episode 23 — titled "What I Did For Love" — shows one of the best (and worst) things Meredith Grey has ever done when the superstar surgeon commits insurance fraud by writing her daughter's name on the forms of a child who doesn't have insurance (via Vulture) .
While her crime was committed in an effort to save a little girl's life, it eventually comes back to haunt her. And in Season 16, Meredith is forced to take full responsibility for her actions (via Entertainment Weekly ).
"My Shot," the eighth episode of Season 16, sees Meredith successfully defend her medical license and win permission to return to work. However, she doesn't do it without a little help from her friends. In a touching moment during her hearing, Alex Karev rounds up patients and former colleagues from Meredith's past — including a heartfelt letter from Cristina Yang — to persuade panel deciding her fate. Once again, in true Grey's Anatomy fashion, Meredith defies the odds and goes on to continue being the world-class surgeon she is. We love to see it! | https://www.thelist.com/222875/the-entire-greys-anatomy-timeline-explained/ | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Season 14 (Grey's Anatomy) | The fourteenth season of Grey's Anatomy premiered September 28, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. It was broadcast on Thursday nights at 8 PM on ABC .
After the fire, Miranda Bailey starts renovations at the hospital. She discovers she'll need more than new walls and paint to repair broken trust, tainted reputations and broken relationships. Against the backdrop of a year full of love, loss and groundbreaking changes, Meredith pioneers a revolutionary surgical technique that earns her a nomination for the coveted award named after its founder, Harper Avery. But when former legend Dr. Avery gets involved in a scandal, Meredith's efforts and the future of Grey Sloan are put in jeopardy.
- Bailey is forced to renovate Grey Sloan due to the fire.
- Owen's sister Megan is back and Meredith performs an important surgery on her.
- Teddy returns after Megan is found.
- DeLuca's sister Carina arrives to do research on the female orgasm and quickly becomes intimate with Arizona.
- A new bunch of interns come to the hospital.
- April decides she needs to move out since she can't handle the situation between her and Jackson.
- Jackson inherits millions of dollars after Harper Avery dies and struggles with possible feelings for Maggie after finding out that April thinks something's going on between the two of them.
- Amelia has a 10-centimeter benign frontal lobe tumor that has been growing for the past 10 years. Since it has compromised her planning and decision making, she has to re-discover who she is after the tumor is removed.
- Megan helps Owen re-evaluate his life, including his marriage.
- Nathan reconnects with Megan and Meredith helps him realize that despite his feelings for her, Megan is his big love. The couple moves to Malibu with Megan's son.
- Jo and Alex reconcile after the latter confesses about finding her husband. Jo later decides to file for divorce to end the control Paul still has over her, resulting in him showing up at the hospital to confront her.
- Owen and Amelia separate after realizing that neither of them are happy.
- Meredith is nominated for and wins a Harper Avery Award .
- Ben decides to become a firefighter and joins the Seattle Fire Department's Station 19 .
- Stress catches up to Bailey and causes her to have a heart attack, which puts things in perspective for her.
- The attendings are developing projects for the Grey Sloan Surgical Innovation Contest held by April.
- Seattle firefighters Andy Herrera and Ben Warren appear at Grey Sloan after rescuing 2 young boys who were injured in an apartment fire.
- Meredith and Jo meet with the owner of the patent they need for the Grey Sloan Surgical Innovation Contest.
- Meredith tries to unveil details about Marie Cerone's history with her mother.
- Jo and Alex get engaged.
- Maggie and Jackson's relationship progresses, Jackson has a groundbreaking surgery to perform with his mother and Richard.
- Bello, an intern and Andrew's ex-lover comes to Grey Sloan and they rekindle their romance. Later, she moves to Zurich to avoid being deported by ICE.
- Richard's sponsor, Olive Warner is admited in the hospital and dies, leaving Richard devastated.
- After Jackson unknowingly waives an NDA stopping Rebecca Froy from telling her story, it becomes public that Harper Avery assaulted several women during his lifetime. Due to the scandal, the Harper Avery Foundation is dissolved and the Catherine Fox Foundation is formed in its place.
- Owen decides to foster a kid and Amelia becomes the sponsor of the kid's mother.
- April suffers an accident with Matthew. She survives, but quits the hospital to work at a free clinic.
- Arizona goes to NY with Sofia and open the Robbins-Herman Center for Women's Health and reunites with Callie.
- Jo and Alex get married.
- Matthew and April get married.
- Teddy returns and is expecting a baby.
- ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for its fourteenth season on February 10, 2017. [ source? ]
- Production was scheduled to start July 17, 2017 and wrap in April 2018. [ source? ]
- On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she'd be returning to the show for season fourteen. She will also serve as showrunner. [ source? ]
- A 30-second ad during an episode of this season costs advertisers $184,273. [ source? ]
- This season features the 300th episode of Grey's Anatomy.
- According to Krista Vernoff , this season had 12 writers, out of which 8 were women, including new writers Kiley Donovan , Marlana Hope , and Air Force veteran Jalysa Conway . [ source? ]
- This is the first season since her introduction in season nine not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Stephanie Edwards . With her departure, there were as many current main cast members as there are departed.
- This season features episodes with storylines related to modern-day topics:
- Megan Hunt's story arc with Farouk develops a plot about immigrants' rights in the United States.
- 1-800-799-7233 deals with domestic violence, and the struggles of trans people.
- Jackson's medical project further explores the struggles of trans individuals.
- Personal Jesus has a plot related to police bias against Black people.
- (Don't Fear) the Reaper and Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger deal with American medical statistics in women, especially Black women.
- Hold Back the River deals with health care fraud.
- Beautiful Dreamer has a plot related to DACA and the DREAM act.
- Judgment Day starts a story arc about Harper Avery's sexual harassment on women over the years.
- Like season three , season eleven , and season twelve , this season ended with a wedding.
- This is the final season of Grey's Anatomy to be part of the original TGIT line-up with Scandal and How to Get Away with Murder as Scandal ended with its seventh season. [ source? ]
- The poster for this season features Meredith and the other three remaining originals (Alex, Bailey, and Richard), marking the first time since season seven that these people are featured on a promotional poster with Meredith. It also marks the first time since season twelve that Meredith is not on the poster by herself. | https://greysanatomy.fandom.com/wiki/Season_14_(Grey%27s_Anatomy) | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Grey's Anatomy | When will be Grey's Anatomy next episode air date? Is Grey's Anatomy renewed or cancelled? Where to countdown Grey's Anatomy air dates? Is Grey's Anatomy worth watching?
Grey's Anatomy is the recipient of the 2007 Golden Globe® Award for Best Television Series - Drama, and multiple Emmy nominations, including two for Outstanding Drama Series.
The doctors of Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital deal with life-or-death consequences on a daily basis-it's in one another that they find comfort, friendship and, at times, more than friendship. Together they're discovering that neither medicine nor relationships can be defined in black and white. Real life only comes in shades of grey.
Just before Meredith Grey begins her surgical residency at Seattle Grace, she has a one night stand with her new boss, Dr. Derek Shepherd. Just call this brilliant neurosurgeon "McDreamy." Mer's future "person," Cristina Yang, strikes up a relationship with cardiothoracic ace Preston Burke. Other interns include ex-model Izzie Stevens and her insecure BFF George O'Malley, who is branded "007" by the obnoxious Alex Karev because he has a license to kill. Dr. Miranda Bailey keeps the interns in line while Chief Richard Webber keeps the hospital running. (source: abc.go.com )
Status: Running
Start: 2005-03-27
Start: 2005-03-27
Friday
Sep 29, 2017
00:00
Sep 29, 2017
00:00
S14E01 - Break Down the House
Air Date: Sep 29, 2017 00:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Sep 29, 2017
01:00
Sep 29, 2017
01:00
S14E02 - Get Off on the Pain
Air Date: Sep 29, 2017 01:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Oct 06, 2017
00:00
Oct 06, 2017
00:00
S14E03 - Go Big or Go Home
Air Date: Oct 06, 2017 00:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Oct 13, 2017
00:00
Oct 13, 2017
00:00
S14E04 - Ain't That a Kick in the Head
Air Date: Oct 13, 2017 00:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Oct 27, 2017
00:00
Oct 27, 2017
00:00
S14E05 - Danger Zone
Air Date: Oct 27, 2017 00:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Nov 03, 2017
00:00
Nov 03, 2017
00:00
S14E06 - Come on Down to My Boat, Baby
Air Date: Nov 03, 2017 00:00 - 6 years ago
Friday
Nov 10, 2017
01:00
Nov 10, 2017
01:00
S14E07 - Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story
Air Date: Nov 10, 2017 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Nov 17, 2017
01:00
Nov 17, 2017
01:00
S14E08 - Out of Nowhere
Air Date: Nov 17, 2017 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Jan 19, 2018
01:00
Jan 19, 2018
01:00
S14E09 - 1-800-799-7233
Air Date: Jan 19, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Jan 26, 2018
01:00
Jan 26, 2018
01:00
S14E10 - Personal Jesus
Air Date: Jan 26, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Feb 02, 2018
01:00
Feb 02, 2018
01:00
S14E11 - (Don't Fear) the Reaper
Air Date: Feb 02, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Feb 09, 2018
01:00
Feb 09, 2018
01:00
S14E12 - Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger
Air Date: Feb 09, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Mar 02, 2018
01:00
Mar 02, 2018
01:00
S14E13 - You Really Got a Hold on Me
Air Date: Mar 02, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Mar 09, 2018
01:00
Mar 09, 2018
01:00
S14E14 - Games People Play
Air Date: Mar 09, 2018 01:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Mar 16, 2018
00:00
Mar 16, 2018
00:00
S14E15 - Old Scars, Future Hearts
Air Date: Mar 16, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Mar 23, 2018
00:00
Mar 23, 2018
00:00
S14E16 - Caught Somewhere in Time
Air Date: Mar 23, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Mar 30, 2018
00:00
Mar 30, 2018
00:00
S14E17 - One Day Like This
Air Date: Mar 30, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Apr 06, 2018
00:00
Apr 06, 2018
00:00
S14E18 - Hold Back the River
Air Date: Apr 06, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Apr 13, 2018
00:00
Apr 13, 2018
00:00
S14E19 - Beautiful Dreamer
Air Date: Apr 13, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Apr 20, 2018
00:00
Apr 20, 2018
00:00
S14E20 - Judgment Day
Air Date: Apr 20, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
Apr 27, 2018
00:00
Apr 27, 2018
00:00
S14E21 - Bad Reputation
Air Date: Apr 27, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
May 04, 2018
00:00
May 04, 2018
00:00
S14E22 - Fight for Your Mind
Air Date: May 04, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
May 11, 2018
00:00
May 11, 2018
00:00
S14E23 - Cold as Ice
Air Date: May 11, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago
Friday
May 18, 2018
00:00
May 18, 2018
00:00
S14E24 - All of Me
Air Date: May 18, 2018 00:00 - 5 years ago | https://www.episodate.com/tv-show/grey-s-anatomy?season=14 | 63 |
when did season 14 of greys anatomy start | Season 14 (Grey's Anatomy) | The fourteenth season of Grey's Anatomy premiered September 28, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. It was broadcast on Thursday nights at 8 PM on ABC .
After the fire, Miranda Bailey starts renovations at the hospital. She discovers she'll need more than new walls and paint to repair broken trust, tainted reputations and broken relationships. Against the backdrop of a year full of love, loss and groundbreaking changes, Meredith pioneers a revolutionary surgical technique that earns her a nomination for the coveted award named after its founder, Harper Avery. But when former legend Dr. Avery gets involved in a scandal, Meredith's efforts and the future of Grey Sloan are put in jeopardy.
- Bailey is forced to renovate Grey Sloan due to the fire.
- Owen's sister Megan is back and Meredith performs an important surgery on her.
- Teddy returns after Megan is found.
- DeLuca's sister Carina arrives to do research on the female orgasm and quickly becomes intimate with Arizona.
- A new bunch of interns come to the hospital.
- April decides she needs to move out since she can't handle the situation between her and Jackson.
- Jackson inherits millions of dollars after Harper Avery dies and struggles with possible feelings for Maggie after finding out that April thinks something's going on between the two of them.
- Amelia has a 10-centimeter benign frontal lobe tumor that has been growing for the past 10 years. Since it has compromised her planning and decision making, she has to re-discover who she is after the tumor is removed.
- Megan helps Owen re-evaluate his life, including his marriage.
- Nathan reconnects with Megan and Meredith helps him realize that despite his feelings for her, Megan is his big love. The couple moves to Malibu with Megan's son.
- Jo and Alex reconcile after the latter confesses about finding her husband. Jo later decides to file for divorce to end the control Paul still has over her, resulting in him showing up at the hospital to confront her.
- Owen and Amelia separate after realizing that neither of them are happy.
- Meredith is nominated for and wins a Harper Avery Award .
- Ben decides to become a firefighter and joins the Seattle Fire Department's Station 19 .
- Stress catches up to Bailey and causes her to have a heart attack, which puts things in perspective for her.
- The attendings are developing projects for the Grey Sloan Surgical Innovation Contest held by April.
- Seattle firefighters Andy Herrera and Ben Warren appear at Grey Sloan after rescuing 2 young boys who were injured in an apartment fire.
- Meredith and Jo meet with the owner of the patent they need for the Grey Sloan Surgical Innovation Contest.
- Meredith tries to unveil details about Marie Cerone's history with her mother.
- Jo and Alex get engaged.
- Maggie and Jackson's relationship progresses, Jackson has a groundbreaking surgery to perform with his mother and Richard.
- Bello, an intern and Andrew's ex-lover comes to Grey Sloan and they rekindle their romance. Later, she moves to Zurich to avoid being deported by ICE.
- Richard's sponsor, Olive Warner is admited in the hospital and dies, leaving Richard devastated.
- After Jackson unknowingly waives an NDA stopping Rebecca Froy from telling her story, it becomes public that Harper Avery assaulted several women during his lifetime. Due to the scandal, the Harper Avery Foundation is dissolved and the Catherine Fox Foundation is formed in its place.
- Owen decides to foster a kid and Amelia becomes the sponsor of the kid's mother.
- April suffers an accident with Matthew. She survives, but quits the hospital to work at a free clinic.
- Arizona goes to NY with Sofia and open the Robbins-Herman Center for Women's Health and reunites with Callie.
- Jo and Alex get married.
- Matthew and April get married.
- Teddy returns and is expecting a baby.
- ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for its fourteenth season on February 10, 2017. [ source? ]
- Production was scheduled to start July 17, 2017 and wrap in April 2018. [ source? ]
- On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she'd be returning to the show for season fourteen. She will also serve as showrunner. [ source? ]
- A 30-second ad during an episode of this season costs advertisers $184,273. [ source? ]
- This season features the 300th episode of Grey's Anatomy.
- According to Krista Vernoff , this season had 12 writers, out of which 8 were women, including new writers Kiley Donovan , Marlana Hope , and Air Force veteran Jalysa Conway . [ source? ]
- This is the first season since her introduction in season nine not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Stephanie Edwards . With her departure, there were as many current main cast members as there are departed.
- This season features episodes with storylines related to modern-day topics:
- Megan Hunt's story arc with Farouk develops a plot about immigrants' rights in the United States.
- 1-800-799-7233 deals with domestic violence, and the struggles of trans people.
- Jackson's medical project further explores the struggles of trans individuals.
- Personal Jesus has a plot related to police bias against Black people.
- (Don't Fear) the Reaper and Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger deal with American medical statistics in women, especially Black women.
- Hold Back the River deals with health care fraud.
- Beautiful Dreamer has a plot related to DACA and the DREAM act.
- Judgment Day starts a story arc about Harper Avery's sexual harassment on women over the years.
- Like season three , season eleven , and season twelve , this season ended with a wedding.
- This is the final season of Grey's Anatomy to be part of the original TGIT line-up with Scandal and How to Get Away with Murder as Scandal ended with its seventh season. [ source? ]
- The poster for this season features Meredith and the other three remaining originals (Alex, Bailey, and Richard), marking the first time since season seven that these people are featured on a promotional poster with Meredith. It also marks the first time since season twelve that Meredith is not on the poster by herself. | https://greysanatomy.fandom.com/wiki/Season_14_(Grey%27s_Anatomy) | 63 |
what's the vin number on a car | Where Is The VIN Number On A Car ? – 3 Places You Can Find It | GAIN MORE CONTROL OF YOUR CAR WITH THE CARLY FEATURES
When it comes to car ownership, the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is a unique code and one of the most important pieces of information. This unique serial number identifies your car and helps track it if it is ever stolen or it can be used to obtain important information.
In order to have access to this information, it is important to know where is the VIN number on a car. Below we will show you how you can easily find the VIN in your vehicle.
GAIN MORE CONTROL OF YOUR CAR WITH THE CARLY FEATURES
Check the exact pricing of Carly for your car brand!
Fast International Shipping with DHL
14 days adaptor return policy
Excellent customer support
Lifetime warranty in the hardware
SEEN IN
VIN stands for Vehicle Identification Number. It is a serial number composed of 17 numbers and letters that are used to identify a vehicle.
Every vehicle has a unique VIN, and it's given to each car once it's manufactured. With a VIN decoder or table , you can easily find out more information about any vehicle.
The VIN can be used to track recalls, registrations, the car's history as well as finding out the vehicle manufacturer, the manufacturing date, model year, and more. They can also be used to uniquely identify a vehicle if it is stolen. For example, if you a purchasing a new used car you can make sure if you're being sold a stolen car. Therefore, VIN numbers are an important part of owning a vehicle, and they can help to keep you and your car safe.
There are a few different places you can find the VIN number of your car. Here are three of the most common places where you can find the vehicle identification number:
The dashboard
Looking for the VIN number on your car's dashboard is one of the most common ways to find it. The VIN number can usually be found near the windshield, on the driver's side of the dashboard.
If you're having trouble finding it, you can check your car's owner's manual for more detailed instructions.
The engine
If you're having trouble finding the VIN number on your car's dashboard, you can try looking for it near the engine. The VIN number is often stamped or engraved on the engine block.
There are exceptions where the VIN is not always stamped on the engine. If this is the case for you, then you can find the VIN using the dashboard or the door.
The door frame
The VIN number is often found on the driver’s side door, near where the door latch is located. It is usually located near the bottom of the door frame, and it may be stamped into the metal.
If you’re still having trouble finding the VIN, consult your car’s owner’s manual or contact your dealership. They should be able to help you locate the number.
Keep in mind, that every car has different software and modules built-in. Therefore specific features will vary with every model. | https://www.mycarly.com/blog/car-check/vin-number/where-is-the-vin-number-on-a-car/ | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | Access Denied | You don't have permission to access "http://www.autozone.com/diy/trustworthy-advice/where-is-a-vin-number-located-on-a-car" on this server. Reference #18.934ddb17.1683358136.5393fef | https://www.autozone.com/diy/trustworthy-advice/where-is-a-vin-number-located-on-a-car | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What is a VIN — and why is it important? | Written by:
In a Nutshell
A VIN, or vehicle identification number, is assigned to a car by the automaker and reveals a range of details about the car, including its model year, country of origin, serial number and even where it was assembled. The VIN is a great place to start if you’re planning to buy a used vehicle and want to learn more about its history — or if you want to see if your car has any recalls.
Editorial Note: Credit Karma receives compensation from third-party advertisers, but that doesn’t affect our editors’ opinions . Our third-party advertisers don’t review, approve or endorse our editorial content. It’s accurate to the best of our knowledge when posted.
The 17-character VIN that’s stamped on your car may seem like a confusing jumble of numbers and letters, but they hold a lot of info about a car’s past and present.
Let’s take a closer look at what the characters in a VIN mean, where you can find a car’s VIN and when a VIN can come in handy.
What’s on my vehicle records?
Each VIN is unique — think of it as a car’s fingerprint. Every car in the United States that has a model year of 1981 or later is required to have a VIN in the same standardized format. Vehicles made before 1981 had VINs, but their length and format varied by automaker.
Although the string of numbers and letters may seem random, there’s actually a code — with different characters translating into different information about the vehicle.
- Characters 1-3 identify the car manufacturer.
- Characters 4-8 outline the vehicle model, body style, engine type and more.
- Character 9 is a code completed by the manufacturer to confirm the accuracy of the VIN number.
- Character 10 indicates the model year of the vehicle.
- Character 11 reveals which plant assembled the car.
- Characters 12-17 is the car’s serial number (for high-volume manufacturers).
If you want to understand what a car’s VIN means, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration VIN decoder can help. Just enter the car’s VIN and model year, and the VIN Decoder tool will interpret the VIN for you.
The VIN may appear in one or more places on a car as well as in some documents.
The most common location is where the windshield meets the dashboard on the driver’s side of the vehicle. To see it easily, stand outside the car. The driver’s side door jamb — near where the door latch is — is another place to look.
Under the Federal Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard, vehicles with a model year of 1987 or later that are designated “high-theft” also feature the VIN on certain major parts such as the engine, transmission, doors and fenders. This can help police trace and recover parts from stolen cars.
Pay attention to the VINs on a vehicle you’re considering buying. If the VIN appears in multiple places, but the combination of numbers and letters isn’t the same in each location, the car may have been rebuilt with stolen parts.
If you aren’t near the car, you’ll likely also be able to find the VIN on the car’s title or registration card, auto insurance policy or service records.
A VIN comes into play in a number of scenarios.
When buying a used car, getting the details on a car’s history can help you make sure you don’t end up with a lemon . Dealerships and car-buying websites may provide vehicle history reports , but if you’re buying from an individual , you’ll likely need to get a report yourself.
To do this, you’ll typically need the car’s VIN. You can access vehicle history reports easily on several websites, such as Carfax and AutoCheck, using the VIN.
You can also use the National Insurance Crime Bureau’s VINCheck tool to find out if a car has been reported as stolen or has a salvage title .
Curious if your car’s manufacturer has issued any safety recalls — or if a car you’re considering buying has any major recalls? Enter the VIN into the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s recall tool to stay current on recalls specific to the car within the past 15 calendar years. You can also use Credit Karma Auto to check for recalls on vehicles you’ve matched to your Credit Karma profile.
It’s a good idea to have your VIN on hand in case your car — or parts of your car — are stolen. Law enforcement can enter the VIN into local and national databases and can use it to help identify and recover a stolen vehicle or parts.
A VIN can reveal a lot of essential information about a vehicle. If you plan to buy a used car , use its VIN to gather information on the car’s past.
But don’t stop at a vehicle history report. Be sure to take a test drive and get the vehicle inspected by an independent mechanic who can advise you on its reliability before you buy.
What’s on my vehicle records? | https://www.creditkarma.com/auto/i/what-is-vin | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | Free Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Decoder & Lookup | Decode Your Vehicle Identification Number for Free
Try a sample VIN
- Official data from NHTSA
- Most recent recalls
- Most recent complaints
|How many characters:||17 (digits and capital letters)|
|Where to find:||Dashboard on the driver's side|
|First digit stands for:||Country of manufacturer|
A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique code assigned to every motor vehicle when it's manufactured. The VIN is a 17-character string of letters and numbers without intervening spaces or the letters Q (q), I (i), and O (o); these are omitted to avoid confusion with the numerals 0 and 1. Each section of the VIN provides a specific piece of information about the vehicle, including the year, country, and factory of manufacture; the make and model; and the serial number. VINs are usually printed in a single line.
On most passenger cars, you may find the VIN number on the front of the dashboard on the driver's side. The best way to see it is to look through the windshield from outside the car. You may also find the VIN number on the driver's side door pillar. Open the door and look around the area where the door latches to the car. A motorcycle's VIN is usually on the steering neck below the handlebars, although sometimes it's on the motor or on the frame near the motor. A semitrailer's VIN is located on the front part of the semitrailer on the left side.
If you can't find the VIN number on the vehicle, you should also be able to locate it on your vehicle's title or liability insurance documents.
Enter your vehicle's 17-character Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) in the field above to look up and receive an instant report on its manufacturer, brand, make and model, body style, engine size, assembly plant, and model year. The information is provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from the data submitted by the manufacturers to NHTSA. The VIN Decoder lookup is intended for use with vehicles manufactured since 1981. If your vehicle was made before 1981, the VIN will most likely contain 11 characters.
Wondering what all the characters in your vehicle's VIN stand for?
There are situations in which you will want to check a vehicle's VIN, since many data registries use it to record details of the vehicle's history. If you're interested in buying a used car, you can do a VIN lookup to get the vehicle history report and find records of its previous owners, accidents, and repairs. You can also find out if the manufacturer had ever issued a recall of the vehicle and whether those repairs were made. Finally, law enforcement agencies do a VIN check to identify vehicles that have been stolen.
|Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year|
|A||1980||L||1990||Y||2000||A||2010|
|B||1981||M||1991||1||2001||B||2011|
|C||1982||N||1992||2||2002||C||2012|
|D||1983||P||1993||3||2003||D||2013|
|E||1984||R||1994||4||2004||E||2014|
|F||1985||S||1995||5||2005||F||2015|
|G||1986||T||1996||6||2006||G||2016|
|H||1987||V||1997||7||2007||H||2017|
|J||1988||W||1998||8||2008||J||2018|
|K||1989||X||1999||9||2009||K||2019|
The first three characters of every VIN number uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle. This is called the World Manufacturer Identifier or WMI code.
|WMI||Region||Notes|
|A-H||Africa||AA-AH = South Africa|
|J-R||Asia|| >J = Japan |
KL-KR = South Korea
L = China
MA-ME = India
MF-MK = Indonesia
ML-MR = Thailand
MS = Myanmar
PA-PE = Philippines
PL-PR = Malaysia
RF-RG = Taiwan
|S-Z||Europe|| SA-SM = United Kingdom |
SN-ST, W = Germany
SU-SZ = Poland
TA-TH = Switzerland
TJ-TP = Czech Republic
TR-TV = Hungary
TW = Portugal
VA-VE = Austria
VF-VR = France
VS-VW = Spain
VX-V2 = Yugoslavia
XL-XM = The Netherlands
XS-XW = USSR
X3-X0 = Russia
YA-YE = Belgium
YF-YK = Finland
YS-YW = Sweden
ZA-ZR = Italy
|1-5||North America|| 1, 4, 5 = United States |
2 = Canada
3 = Mexico
|6-7||Oceania|| 6A-6W = Australia |
7A-7E = New Zealand
|8-0||South America|| 8A-8E = Argentina |
8F-8J = Chile
8X-82 = Venezuela
9A-9E, 93-99 = Brazil
9F-9J = Colombia | https://driving-tests.org/vin-decoder/ | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What is a VIN — and why is it important? | Written by:
In a Nutshell
A VIN, or vehicle identification number, is assigned to a car by the automaker and reveals a range of details about the car, including its model year, country of origin, serial number and even where it was assembled. The VIN is a great place to start if you’re planning to buy a used vehicle and want to learn more about its history — or if you want to see if your car has any recalls.
Editorial Note: Credit Karma receives compensation from third-party advertisers, but that doesn’t affect our editors’ opinions . Our third-party advertisers don’t review, approve or endorse our editorial content. It’s accurate to the best of our knowledge when posted.
The 17-character VIN that’s stamped on your car may seem like a confusing jumble of numbers and letters, but they hold a lot of info about a car’s past and present.
Let’s take a closer look at what the characters in a VIN mean, where you can find a car’s VIN and when a VIN can come in handy.
What’s on my vehicle records?
Each VIN is unique — think of it as a car’s fingerprint. Every car in the United States that has a model year of 1981 or later is required to have a VIN in the same standardized format. Vehicles made before 1981 had VINs, but their length and format varied by automaker.
Although the string of numbers and letters may seem random, there’s actually a code — with different characters translating into different information about the vehicle.
- Characters 1-3 identify the car manufacturer.
- Characters 4-8 outline the vehicle model, body style, engine type and more.
- Character 9 is a code completed by the manufacturer to confirm the accuracy of the VIN number.
- Character 10 indicates the model year of the vehicle.
- Character 11 reveals which plant assembled the car.
- Characters 12-17 is the car’s serial number (for high-volume manufacturers).
If you want to understand what a car’s VIN means, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration VIN decoder can help. Just enter the car’s VIN and model year, and the VIN Decoder tool will interpret the VIN for you.
The VIN may appear in one or more places on a car as well as in some documents.
The most common location is where the windshield meets the dashboard on the driver’s side of the vehicle. To see it easily, stand outside the car. The driver’s side door jamb — near where the door latch is — is another place to look.
Under the Federal Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard, vehicles with a model year of 1987 or later that are designated “high-theft” also feature the VIN on certain major parts such as the engine, transmission, doors and fenders. This can help police trace and recover parts from stolen cars.
Pay attention to the VINs on a vehicle you’re considering buying. If the VIN appears in multiple places, but the combination of numbers and letters isn’t the same in each location, the car may have been rebuilt with stolen parts.
If you aren’t near the car, you’ll likely also be able to find the VIN on the car’s title or registration card, auto insurance policy or service records.
A VIN comes into play in a number of scenarios.
When buying a used car, getting the details on a car’s history can help you make sure you don’t end up with a lemon . Dealerships and car-buying websites may provide vehicle history reports , but if you’re buying from an individual , you’ll likely need to get a report yourself.
To do this, you’ll typically need the car’s VIN. You can access vehicle history reports easily on several websites, such as Carfax and AutoCheck, using the VIN.
You can also use the National Insurance Crime Bureau’s VINCheck tool to find out if a car has been reported as stolen or has a salvage title .
Curious if your car’s manufacturer has issued any safety recalls — or if a car you’re considering buying has any major recalls? Enter the VIN into the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s recall tool to stay current on recalls specific to the car within the past 15 calendar years. You can also use Credit Karma Auto to check for recalls on vehicles you’ve matched to your Credit Karma profile.
It’s a good idea to have your VIN on hand in case your car — or parts of your car — are stolen. Law enforcement can enter the VIN into local and national databases and can use it to help identify and recover a stolen vehicle or parts.
A VIN can reveal a lot of essential information about a vehicle. If you plan to buy a used car , use its VIN to gather information on the car’s past.
But don’t stop at a vehicle history report. Be sure to take a test drive and get the vehicle inspected by an independent mechanic who can advise you on its reliability before you buy.
What’s on my vehicle records? | https://www.creditkarma.com/auto/i/what-is-vin | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What is a VIN (Vehicle Identification Number)?| AutoCheck | AutoCheck.com | number (VIN)?
The car's vehicle identification number (VIN) is the identifying code for a SPECIFIC automobile. The VIN serves as the car's fingerprint, as no two vehicles in operation have the same VIN. A VIN is composed of 17 characters (digits and capital letters) that act as a unique identifier for the vehicle. A VIN displays the car's unique features, specifications and manufacturer. The VIN can be used to track recalls, registrations, warranty claims, thefts and insurance coverage.
Double-check to make sure that you have the right VIN and have copied it down correctly. Once you have verified that the VIN is definitely less than 17 characters, the VIN is most likely from a pre-1981 vehicle.
Prior to 1981, VINs varied in length from 11 to 17 characters. AutoCheck can only report on vehicles that use a 17 character VIN. Therefore, information on vehicles manufactured before 1981 is limited.
What do the 17 digits in a VIN mean? See the breakdown below of the meaning behind each segment of the VIN:
The VIN can be found by looking at the dashboard on the driver's side of the vehicle. The easiest way to view it is to stand outside the vehicle on the driver's side and look at the corner of the dashboard where it meets the windshield. If the VIN cannot be found there, open the driver's side door and look at the door post (where the door latches when it is closed). It is likely that the VIN will also be displayed in this location. See the image below:
- Insurance card/Insurance policy
- Vehicle title and registration
You can obtain a free VIN check by entering it in the VIN check box below under "Run an AutoCheck ® vehicle history report." Enter your VIN in the space provided and click "Check VIN." (You can obtain your free VIN check without having to purchase anything.)
Above the order form, you will be able to view the year, make, model, style and country of assembly for your VIN. In addition, you will also be told how many vehicle history records there are for this vehicle. To view a full vehicle history report, choose one of the report options and fill out your information to purchase the package you want.
Two ways to find the vehicle history you're looking for:
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. | https://www.autocheck.com/vehiclehistory/vin-basics | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | Free Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Decoder & Lookup | Decode Your Vehicle Identification Number for Free
Try a sample VIN
- Official data from NHTSA
- Most recent recalls
- Most recent complaints
|How many characters:||17 (digits and capital letters)|
|Where to find:||Dashboard on the driver's side|
|First digit stands for:||Country of manufacturer|
A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique code assigned to every motor vehicle when it's manufactured. The VIN is a 17-character string of letters and numbers without intervening spaces or the letters Q (q), I (i), and O (o); these are omitted to avoid confusion with the numerals 0 and 1. Each section of the VIN provides a specific piece of information about the vehicle, including the year, country, and factory of manufacture; the make and model; and the serial number. VINs are usually printed in a single line.
On most passenger cars, you may find the VIN number on the front of the dashboard on the driver's side. The best way to see it is to look through the windshield from outside the car. You may also find the VIN number on the driver's side door pillar. Open the door and look around the area where the door latches to the car. A motorcycle's VIN is usually on the steering neck below the handlebars, although sometimes it's on the motor or on the frame near the motor. A semitrailer's VIN is located on the front part of the semitrailer on the left side.
If you can't find the VIN number on the vehicle, you should also be able to locate it on your vehicle's title or liability insurance documents.
Enter your vehicle's 17-character Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) in the field above to look up and receive an instant report on its manufacturer, brand, make and model, body style, engine size, assembly plant, and model year. The information is provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from the data submitted by the manufacturers to NHTSA. The VIN Decoder lookup is intended for use with vehicles manufactured since 1981. If your vehicle was made before 1981, the VIN will most likely contain 11 characters.
Wondering what all the characters in your vehicle's VIN stand for?
There are situations in which you will want to check a vehicle's VIN, since many data registries use it to record details of the vehicle's history. If you're interested in buying a used car, you can do a VIN lookup to get the vehicle history report and find records of its previous owners, accidents, and repairs. You can also find out if the manufacturer had ever issued a recall of the vehicle and whether those repairs were made. Finally, law enforcement agencies do a VIN check to identify vehicles that have been stolen.
|Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year|
|A||1980||L||1990||Y||2000||A||2010|
|B||1981||M||1991||1||2001||B||2011|
|C||1982||N||1992||2||2002||C||2012|
|D||1983||P||1993||3||2003||D||2013|
|E||1984||R||1994||4||2004||E||2014|
|F||1985||S||1995||5||2005||F||2015|
|G||1986||T||1996||6||2006||G||2016|
|H||1987||V||1997||7||2007||H||2017|
|J||1988||W||1998||8||2008||J||2018|
|K||1989||X||1999||9||2009||K||2019|
The first three characters of every VIN number uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle. This is called the World Manufacturer Identifier or WMI code.
|WMI||Region||Notes|
|A-H||Africa||AA-AH = South Africa|
|J-R||Asia|| >J = Japan |
KL-KR = South Korea
L = China
MA-ME = India
MF-MK = Indonesia
ML-MR = Thailand
MS = Myanmar
PA-PE = Philippines
PL-PR = Malaysia
RF-RG = Taiwan
|S-Z||Europe|| SA-SM = United Kingdom |
SN-ST, W = Germany
SU-SZ = Poland
TA-TH = Switzerland
TJ-TP = Czech Republic
TR-TV = Hungary
TW = Portugal
VA-VE = Austria
VF-VR = France
VS-VW = Spain
VX-V2 = Yugoslavia
XL-XM = The Netherlands
XS-XW = USSR
X3-X0 = Russia
YA-YE = Belgium
YF-YK = Finland
YS-YW = Sweden
ZA-ZR = Italy
|1-5||North America|| 1, 4, 5 = United States |
2 = Canada
3 = Mexico
|6-7||Oceania|| 6A-6W = Australia |
7A-7E = New Zealand
|8-0||South America|| 8A-8E = Argentina |
8F-8J = Chile
8X-82 = Venezuela
9A-9E, 93-99 = Brazil
9F-9J = Colombia | https://driving-tests.org/vin-decoder/ | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What's a VIN Number? | A vehicle identification number (also called a VIN number) is used to identify the specific vehicle and vehicle type. It is—cue dramatic music— a car’s fingerprint .
A VIN number is a unique code assigned to a car, similar to a social security number given to a person or a serial number applied to a product.
It’s assigned by the vehicle’s manufacturer for all vehicles available for sale in the United States, and is used to track and identify detailed information about a car.
In 1981, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) created a standardized requirement for VINs. VIN numbers are made up of a combination of 17 characters, both numbers and letters. It is also used to pull up more detailed information about your car’s model year, engine type, manufacturer, production, body style, accidents/insurance claims and more. Every digit in the 17 digit VIN is intentional, and used to indicate something specific about the vehicle.
If your vehicle was manufactured before 1981, the VIN will most likely contain 11 characters. Don’t be sad, it works just as well.
Your vehicle identification number could be printed in a number of locations on your car. The primary location is on the VIN sticker, located on the inside of your driver’s side door in the door jamb.
You can also find the VIN number on the driver’s side of the car by looking through the very bottom of the windshield, on what’s known as a VIN plate. It can also be found listed in the documents that you receive when you purchase or register a car—paperwork like the vehicle title, registration, or car insurance details. If your vehicle comes with an app, you can likely find the VIN in there as well.
The VIN is a complex string of letters and numbers that all mean something. (We’re eagerly awaiting that new Dan Brown summer blockbuster, The VIN Code …)
You can use a VIN decoder to do a VIN lookup on some websites to get basic information about your vehicle.
Can we really nerd out about this for a sec?
Oh yes! Any of the following factoids make a great introductory line when trying to chat someone up at the bar. Take notes…
The country of origin or world manufacturer identifier (WMI) is determined by the first character. Cars with a VIN number that start with 2 are made in Canada, and 3 is Mexico. Cars made in the US typically start with a 4, 5, or 1, while Japan starts with a J and South Korea a K. Other countries are less intuitive: S is for England, W for Germany, and on and on.
The second digit will inform you about the manufacturer of the motor vehicle. In some cases, this is straightforward, but usually, decoding is a bit more complicated. “A,” for example, can be for Audi, Jaguar, or Mitsubishi.
The ninth digit is known as a check digit. The check digit is designed to work as a fraud detector of sorts.
The rest of the VIN number conveys helpful info like the year your car was manufactured, its assembly plant, manufacturing division, and other stuff like engine and transmission type, submodel, and body style.
As a car owner, you’ll need your VIN more often than you might expect. You’ll likely need those digits when you register your car at the DMV, purchase insurance, buy parts, get your car appraised, or bring your car to the shop for repairs.
Since the vehicle identification number is like a social security or serial number, it’s used to track things like car accidents, repairs, and title problems.
If you buy a used car you might run a VIN check to verify the information you get from the seller. You can get a vehicle history report from sites such as CarFax, which tracks information like mileage, accidents—including categorizing the extent of damage like airbag deployment or frame damage—number of owners, and even title flags (like a salvage title). Running a report using a VIN is a bit like calling a potential job candidate’s references—you might dig up some helpful info that will inform your decisions.
Your VIN will also come in handy if you’re at the auto garage. If you purchased a car that’s had the brake system replaced more than once, for example, the VIN would be needed by a parts store to narrow down the specific system that your year, make, model and submodel have. In fact, even if your car isn’t “complicated,” most parts stores will request a VIN from you prior to purchase to confirm that the parts are the right ones.
Related Definitions | https://www.lemonade.com/car/explained/vehicle-identification-number/ | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What’s a VIN Number & Where's My VIN? | Knowing what a VIN number is can be especially helpful when getting a quote for car insurance , buying a new car, or getting a vehicle history report on a used car you'd like to buy. Don't be caught off guard when you head out to the driveway, parking lot, or garage to find it! Learn what a VIN number is, how to perform a VIN check, what VIN decoders are for, and more!
VIN is an abbreviation for “vehicle identification number.” (Saying “VIN number” is a little redundant. Regardless, we all tend to do it.) A VIN is a series of 17 numbers and letters that an automobile manufacturer assigns to every individual vehicle. Vehicles made prior to 1981 may have fewer than 17 characters.
Every VIN number is different, and a VIN number will not change during the lifetime of a vehicle. Think of your car's VIN number like its DNA—it's unique to your vehicle, doesn't change, and can provide valuable information about the vehicle.
You can typically find your car's VIN number in a few places:
- Stamped on the dashboard near the windshield, on the driver's side of the vehicle
- On a plate or sticker on the driver's side door jamb
- Stamped on the engine's firewall
- On your insurance card and insurance policy
- On your vehicle title and registration
Your VIN number can tell you a lot about your car, including its airbag type, country of origin, engine size, and even turning diameter. When you're performing a VIN check on your car and need to know how to decode VIN numbers, keep the following in mind:
- The first character of your VIN indicates the continent where the vehicle was built . Was it built in North America or overseas?
- The second and third characters tell you the manufacturer of your car, like Toyota or Honda.
- Characters four through eight indicate the vehicle brand , as well as engine size and type. How many cylinders are you firing on?
- The ninth character in your VIN number is a security code that indicates that the VIN number is authorized for use by the manufacturer.
- The tenth character indicates the model year of the car, like 2008, 2009, etc.
- The eleventh character indicates the assembly plant. Different parts of a car might be made in different countries, then sent to one plant to be put together to make your car.
- The final string of characters in the VIN indicates the unique serial number of the car. These digits can help prevent VIN fraud.
Keep in mind that vehicle manufacturers use different coding systems and some devise their own codes for certain parts of a VIN. That can make it difficult to decode your VIN, which is why we recommend running it through a VIN decoder.
The characters in a VIN are not always straightforward, and it can be time-consuming to compare each character string to a decoding chart yourself. Instead, use an online VIN decoder to quickly get a full report of your car's specs.
A VIN decoder will tell you exactly what's installed in your car, but it won't tell you about any repair, service, or damage history of your car. When you need to know in-depth info about how a car has been cared for or maintained, use the car's VIN to run a thorough vehicle history report.
VIN numbers are used to track a vehicle as it changes ownership and is repaired or serviced. Knowing a car's history and exact features according to the VIN is important for:
- Prospective car buyers: They can use a VIN number to generate a vehicle history report (via CarFax or the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System ) to learn more about the car's service and repair history, and to uncover any potential safety issues, like an outstanding vehicle safety recall .
- Auto insurance companies : They can perform a VIN lookup to get the most accurate details about your car's features and history. A VIN check will also reveal whether a car has ever had a salvage title .
In addition to helping you understand your car's history (or the history of one that you're buying), your VIN number can help you keep your car protected, accurately registered, and properly insured.
- Help find your stolen car: In the event of theft, authorities can use the VIN to match a stolen car with the rightful owner (and hopefully return it in one piece!).
- Check insurance status: Your state's department of motor vehicles may also use your VIN to check your auto insurance information before issuing your vehicle's registration tags. If you list a different or incorrect VIN on your insurance documents, your state's DMV may consider your car uninsured and refuse to register it.
- Help detect criminal activity: Running a VIN check and vehicle history report can also indicate any potential criminal activity surrounding a car. If you see any fishy activity on a vehicle history report (like registration in wildly different locations within a short period of time), it could be worth investigating to ensure you're not purchasing a car with a criminally cloned VIN (or a car that's just been stolen!).
One of the most important reasons to do a VIN lookup is to stay ahead of safety recalls. A safety recall is issued when a vehicle (or part of a vehicle) fails to meet federal safety standards. Many car owners have no idea when a safety recall has been issued for their specific vehicle, especially if they bought the car used. According to CarFax , more than 47 million vehicles have at least one open safety recall. Is your vehicle one of them? Enter your VIN at SaferCar.gov to find out.
Now that you know where to find your VIN, how to read a VIN, and how it's used, it's time to put that know-how to good use. Go outside, snag your VIN, and see how affordable your car insurance could be when you get a quote for car insurance with Direct Auto Insurance!
How to Extend Your Car Remote's Range
Here's the science behind extending your car remote range by holding your key fob under your chin. | https://www.directauto.com/learning-center/car-ownership/whats-a-vin-why-does-my-car-have-one | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | What is a VIN (Vehicle Identification Number)?| AutoCheck | AutoCheck.com | number (VIN)?
The car's vehicle identification number (VIN) is the identifying code for a SPECIFIC automobile. The VIN serves as the car's fingerprint, as no two vehicles in operation have the same VIN. A VIN is composed of 17 characters (digits and capital letters) that act as a unique identifier for the vehicle. A VIN displays the car's unique features, specifications and manufacturer. The VIN can be used to track recalls, registrations, warranty claims, thefts and insurance coverage.
Double-check to make sure that you have the right VIN and have copied it down correctly. Once you have verified that the VIN is definitely less than 17 characters, the VIN is most likely from a pre-1981 vehicle.
Prior to 1981, VINs varied in length from 11 to 17 characters. AutoCheck can only report on vehicles that use a 17 character VIN. Therefore, information on vehicles manufactured before 1981 is limited.
What do the 17 digits in a VIN mean? See the breakdown below of the meaning behind each segment of the VIN:
The VIN can be found by looking at the dashboard on the driver's side of the vehicle. The easiest way to view it is to stand outside the vehicle on the driver's side and look at the corner of the dashboard where it meets the windshield. If the VIN cannot be found there, open the driver's side door and look at the door post (where the door latches when it is closed). It is likely that the VIN will also be displayed in this location. See the image below:
- Insurance card/Insurance policy
- Vehicle title and registration
You can obtain a free VIN check by entering it in the VIN check box below under "Run an AutoCheck ® vehicle history report." Enter your VIN in the space provided and click "Check VIN." (You can obtain your free VIN check without having to purchase anything.)
Above the order form, you will be able to view the year, make, model, style and country of assembly for your VIN. In addition, you will also be told how many vehicle history records there are for this vehicle. To view a full vehicle history report, choose one of the report options and fill out your information to purchase the package you want.
Two ways to find the vehicle history you're looking for:
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. | https://www.autocheck.com/vehiclehistory/vin-basics | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | Free VIN Decoder & Lookup | The 17 numbers and letters in a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) indicate a vehicle’s make, model, when and where it was built, and more. Here’s what each part of a VIN means:
The first character in a VIN is the country or region where the manufacturer is located, or the final point of assembly. Usually, this is the country where the car was made, but in some European countries, it may be the country where the automaker is headquartered.
The second VIN character indicates the manufacturer and the region where the vehicle was produced. The third VIN character indicates the vehicle type or manufacturing division. Taken together, the first three characters of the VIN are the World Manufacturer Identifier or WMI code.
Characters 4 through 8 are the Vehicle Descriptor Section (VDS). They identify the vehicle brand, model, body style, engine type, transmission, and more. Service centers commonly use this information to identify an automaker’s systems so that they can properly maintain a car. The VIN decoder tool at the top of this page also uses this section to decode VINs.
The ninth character, or check digit, is used to detect invalid VINs based on a mathematical formula that was developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation .
The tenth digit indicates the car’s model year. The following chart shows which letter represents which model year. Certain letters and numbers are not used because they can be confused with others. VINs do not include the letters I (i), O (o), Q (q), U (u) or Z (z), or the number 0.
|Model Year||Code||Model Year||Code||Model Year||Code||Model Year||Code|
|1980||A||1995||S||2010||A||2025||S|
|1981||B||1996||T||2011||B||2026||T|
|1982||C||1997||V||2012||C||2027||V|
|1983||D||1998||W||2013||D||2028||W|
|1984||E||1999||X||2014||E||2029||X|
|1985||F||2000||Y||2015||F||2030||Y|
|1986||G||2001||1||2016||G||2031||1|
|1987||H||2002||2||2017||H||2032||2|
|1988||J||2003||3||2018||J||2033||3|
|1989||K||2004||4||2019||K||2034||4|
|1990||L||2005||5||2020||L||2035||5|
|1991||M||2006||6||2021||M||2036||6|
|1992||N||2007||7||2022||N||2037||7|
|1993||P||2008||8||2023||P||2038||8|
|1994||R||2009||9||2024||R||2039||9|
The 11th character identifies the manufacturing plant where the vehicle was assembled. Each manufacturer has its own plant codes.
Characters 12 through 17 are the unique serial number for the vehicle. This number often indicates the sequence in which a vehicle came off of the assembly line. Since there is no fixed standard for this number, each manufacturer can use it differently. Taken together, characters 10 through 17 make up the Vehicle Identifier Section (VIS).
Carfax has VIN lookup tools for a range of specific issues, including:
We developed these tools to provide consumers with quick, free VIN checks for common safety issues.
There are many articles on the internet that talk about ways to get a free Carfax Report . However, you can only access the information contained in a Carfax Vehicle History Report for free using the following methods:
Using Carfax Used Car Listings is the only way to get a full Carfax Report for free. You can also take advantage of our data to find cars that are reported accident-free, have only one owner, and more.
Creating a free Carfax Car Care account allows you to view your car’s service history, get alerts for upcoming services, find trusted service shops, and be the first to know about open recalls.
Most car valuation tools use general information to estimate a car’s value, including the model’s brand and year. The Carfax History-Based Value Tool includes VIN-specific information, such as past servicing, accident history, and number of owners, to provide a more complete picture of what a car is worth.
When you order a Carfax Report , you can unlock the following important information about the car:
- Reported accidents
This information can help you uncover potential safety issues and ultimately help you decide if a car you’re considering is right for you. You can have a look at a sample Carfax report and see where Carfax gets the data we include in our Vehicle History Reports .
What is a VIN number?
A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique, 17-character code given to each car sold in the United States. Because each car has a unique VIN, it’s easy to track when that car is bought, sold, or serviced. Auto shops use VINs to record service visits, manufacturers and the federal government use VINs to issue safety recalls , and state agencies use VINs to identify vehicles when they’re registered, sold, or even stolen .
How long is a VIN number?
VINs are 17 characters long. VINs on vehicles made before 1981 may have fewer characters.
Where is the VIN number on a car?
The two most common places to find the VIN are on the dashboard at the base of the windshield and on the driver’s door-jamb sticker. Other places include on the engine, on the frame inside the hood, and in the trunk near where the spare tire is stored.
Can I find a VIN number for an old car?
Since 1981, each new car has been given a standardized 17-digit code. Older cars may have VINs too, but they don’t follow a standardized formula. The history of the VIN began in the 1950s, when automakers started stamping identification numbers on automobiles and key automotive parts. However, standardization did not come until 1981, when the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) finalized the current 17-digit VIN. | https://www.carfax.com/company/vehicle-identification-numbers-vins | 64 |
what's the vin number on a car | Free Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Decoder & Lookup | Decode Your Vehicle Identification Number for Free
Try a sample VIN
- Official data from NHTSA
- Most recent recalls
- Most recent complaints
|How many characters:||17 (digits and capital letters)|
|Where to find:||Dashboard on the driver's side|
|First digit stands for:||Country of manufacturer|
A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique code assigned to every motor vehicle when it's manufactured. The VIN is a 17-character string of letters and numbers without intervening spaces or the letters Q (q), I (i), and O (o); these are omitted to avoid confusion with the numerals 0 and 1. Each section of the VIN provides a specific piece of information about the vehicle, including the year, country, and factory of manufacture; the make and model; and the serial number. VINs are usually printed in a single line.
On most passenger cars, you may find the VIN number on the front of the dashboard on the driver's side. The best way to see it is to look through the windshield from outside the car. You may also find the VIN number on the driver's side door pillar. Open the door and look around the area where the door latches to the car. A motorcycle's VIN is usually on the steering neck below the handlebars, although sometimes it's on the motor or on the frame near the motor. A semitrailer's VIN is located on the front part of the semitrailer on the left side.
If you can't find the VIN number on the vehicle, you should also be able to locate it on your vehicle's title or liability insurance documents.
Enter your vehicle's 17-character Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) in the field above to look up and receive an instant report on its manufacturer, brand, make and model, body style, engine size, assembly plant, and model year. The information is provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from the data submitted by the manufacturers to NHTSA. The VIN Decoder lookup is intended for use with vehicles manufactured since 1981. If your vehicle was made before 1981, the VIN will most likely contain 11 characters.
Wondering what all the characters in your vehicle's VIN stand for?
There are situations in which you will want to check a vehicle's VIN, since many data registries use it to record details of the vehicle's history. If you're interested in buying a used car, you can do a VIN lookup to get the vehicle history report and find records of its previous owners, accidents, and repairs. You can also find out if the manufacturer had ever issued a recall of the vehicle and whether those repairs were made. Finally, law enforcement agencies do a VIN check to identify vehicles that have been stolen.
|Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year||Code||Year|
|A||1980||L||1990||Y||2000||A||2010|
|B||1981||M||1991||1||2001||B||2011|
|C||1982||N||1992||2||2002||C||2012|
|D||1983||P||1993||3||2003||D||2013|
|E||1984||R||1994||4||2004||E||2014|
|F||1985||S||1995||5||2005||F||2015|
|G||1986||T||1996||6||2006||G||2016|
|H||1987||V||1997||7||2007||H||2017|
|J||1988||W||1998||8||2008||J||2018|
|K||1989||X||1999||9||2009||K||2019|
The first three characters of every VIN number uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle. This is called the World Manufacturer Identifier or WMI code.
|WMI||Region||Notes|
|A-H||Africa||AA-AH = South Africa|
|J-R||Asia|| >J = Japan |
KL-KR = South Korea
L = China
MA-ME = India
MF-MK = Indonesia
ML-MR = Thailand
MS = Myanmar
PA-PE = Philippines
PL-PR = Malaysia
RF-RG = Taiwan
|S-Z||Europe|| SA-SM = United Kingdom |
SN-ST, W = Germany
SU-SZ = Poland
TA-TH = Switzerland
TJ-TP = Czech Republic
TR-TV = Hungary
TW = Portugal
VA-VE = Austria
VF-VR = France
VS-VW = Spain
VX-V2 = Yugoslavia
XL-XM = The Netherlands
XS-XW = USSR
X3-X0 = Russia
YA-YE = Belgium
YF-YK = Finland
YS-YW = Sweden
ZA-ZR = Italy
|1-5||North America|| 1, 4, 5 = United States |
2 = Canada
3 = Mexico
|6-7||Oceania|| 6A-6W = Australia |
7A-7E = New Zealand
|8-0||South America|| 8A-8E = Argentina |
8F-8J = Chile
8X-82 = Venezuela
9A-9E, 93-99 = Brazil
9F-9J = Colombia | https://driving-tests.org/vin-decoder/ | 64 |
where the sun rises first in the us | Acadia National Park: First sight of the sunrise in the USA | Rick Hampson
USA TODAY
Acadia National Park has many claims to fame. It was the first national park east of the Mississippi. It's the second most visited east of the Mississippi (more than 2.4 million visitors last year). And it's the only one to boast miles of carriage trails fit for — and built by — a Rockefeller (John D. Jr.)
But possibly the best reason to visit Acadia, on the wild and rocky coast of Maine, is the sight of sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, the highest peak on the Eastern Seaboard.
The view, however, is not always what gets people up two hours before dawn for the drive to the mountain's summit.
Many visitors believe the 1,532-foot peak on Mount Desert Island offers the first sight of sunrise in the continental United States. They're right — some of the time.
For half the year — roughly from the second week in October through the first week of March — Cadillac's height and coastal perch make it the first place in the easternmost state where the sun appears.
For most of the rest of the year, Cadillac's sunrise is not the first. That honor goes, from late March through mid-September, to Mars Hill (a 1,748-foot mountain) near the Canadian border. That's because in winter, the sun rises farther to the south. Sunrise moves north along the horizon during the warmer months.
So check the calendar; the road to the top of Cadillac Mountain isn't even open in winter.
The park was founded by Rockefeller and others in 1919, when it was called Lafayette National Park. He personally donated about 11,000 acres. David Rockefeller Sr., the sole surviving son of John D. Jr., still has a summer home on Mount Desert Island.
Acadia's landscape features the elements that have made Maine's coastline world famous, including rocky shores, secluded coves, roaring surf and tree-topped peaks.
Among the park's highlights:
The 20-mile Park Loop Road starts near the Hulls Cove Visitor Center, runs along ridges overlooking the tourist town of Bar Harbor, drops down to the rocky coast, passes several coves and loops back inland along Jordan Pond and Eagle Lake. It also takes motorists to the top of Cadillac Mountain.
The 57 miles of carriage roads, built about 100 years ago, were Rockefeller's response to what he regarded as the automobile's unfortunate invasion of Mount Desert Island. Today, the roads are used by pedestrians, runners, equestrians and carriages.
Bass Harbor Head Light, built in 1858 to mark the entrance to Bass Harbor and Blue Hill Bay, is one of the most photographed lighthouses on the Maine coast.
To see the sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, visitors are urged to arrive at the summit about a half-hour early to allow an appreciation of the colors of the predawn sky. In mid-June, the sun rises at about 5; temperatures can dip to near 40. If the weather is clear, 100 to 200 people are usually there. Another favorite spot is on Ocean Drive, where visitors say the pink granite glows beautifully at first light.
***
About the park
Size: 47,453 acres
Visitors: 2,431,052 in 2012
Established: 1919
History: The park was the brainchild of landscape architect Charles Elliot, and its creation was strongly supported by philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., who had a 100-room mansion in the local town of Seal Harbor. President Wilson first established the park as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916 under the administration of the National Park Service. Three years later, it became Lafayette National Park in honor of the Revolutionary War hero. The park's name was changed to Acadia National Park in 1929.
When visiting: The Hulls Cove Visitor Center is on Mount Desert Island, Maine, near the community of Bar Harbor.
Visitor info: (207) 288-3338.
Of note: It was the first national park created east of the Mississippi River. | https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/06/16/acadia-national-park-first-sight-of-the-sunrise-in-the-usa/2428765/ | 65 |
where the sun rises first in the us | Acadia National Park: First sight of the sunrise in the USA | Rick Hampson
USA TODAY
Acadia National Park has many claims to fame. It was the first national park east of the Mississippi. It's the second most visited east of the Mississippi (more than 2.4 million visitors last year). And it's the only one to boast miles of carriage trails fit for — and built by — a Rockefeller (John D. Jr.)
But possibly the best reason to visit Acadia, on the wild and rocky coast of Maine, is the sight of sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, the highest peak on the Eastern Seaboard.
The view, however, is not always what gets people up two hours before dawn for the drive to the mountain's summit.
Many visitors believe the 1,532-foot peak on Mount Desert Island offers the first sight of sunrise in the continental United States. They're right — some of the time.
For half the year — roughly from the second week in October through the first week of March — Cadillac's height and coastal perch make it the first place in the easternmost state where the sun appears.
For most of the rest of the year, Cadillac's sunrise is not the first. That honor goes, from late March through mid-September, to Mars Hill (a 1,748-foot mountain) near the Canadian border. That's because in winter, the sun rises farther to the south. Sunrise moves north along the horizon during the warmer months.
So check the calendar; the road to the top of Cadillac Mountain isn't even open in winter.
The park was founded by Rockefeller and others in 1919, when it was called Lafayette National Park. He personally donated about 11,000 acres. David Rockefeller Sr., the sole surviving son of John D. Jr., still has a summer home on Mount Desert Island.
Acadia's landscape features the elements that have made Maine's coastline world famous, including rocky shores, secluded coves, roaring surf and tree-topped peaks.
Among the park's highlights:
The 20-mile Park Loop Road starts near the Hulls Cove Visitor Center, runs along ridges overlooking the tourist town of Bar Harbor, drops down to the rocky coast, passes several coves and loops back inland along Jordan Pond and Eagle Lake. It also takes motorists to the top of Cadillac Mountain.
The 57 miles of carriage roads, built about 100 years ago, were Rockefeller's response to what he regarded as the automobile's unfortunate invasion of Mount Desert Island. Today, the roads are used by pedestrians, runners, equestrians and carriages.
Bass Harbor Head Light, built in 1858 to mark the entrance to Bass Harbor and Blue Hill Bay, is one of the most photographed lighthouses on the Maine coast.
To see the sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, visitors are urged to arrive at the summit about a half-hour early to allow an appreciation of the colors of the predawn sky. In mid-June, the sun rises at about 5; temperatures can dip to near 40. If the weather is clear, 100 to 200 people are usually there. Another favorite spot is on Ocean Drive, where visitors say the pink granite glows beautifully at first light.
***
About the park
Size: 47,453 acres
Visitors: 2,431,052 in 2012
Established: 1919
History: The park was the brainchild of landscape architect Charles Elliot, and its creation was strongly supported by philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., who had a 100-room mansion in the local town of Seal Harbor. President Wilson first established the park as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916 under the administration of the National Park Service. Three years later, it became Lafayette National Park in honor of the Revolutionary War hero. The park's name was changed to Acadia National Park in 1929.
When visiting: The Hulls Cove Visitor Center is on Mount Desert Island, Maine, near the community of Bar Harbor.
Visitor info: (207) 288-3338.
Of note: It was the first national park created east of the Mississippi River. | https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/06/16/acadia-national-park-first-sight-of-the-sunrise-in-the-usa/2428765/ | 65 |
where the sun rises first in the us | Acadia National Park: First sight of the sunrise in the USA | Rick Hampson
USA TODAY
Acadia National Park has many claims to fame. It was the first national park east of the Mississippi. It's the second most visited east of the Mississippi (more than 2.4 million visitors last year). And it's the only one to boast miles of carriage trails fit for — and built by — a Rockefeller (John D. Jr.)
But possibly the best reason to visit Acadia, on the wild and rocky coast of Maine, is the sight of sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, the highest peak on the Eastern Seaboard.
The view, however, is not always what gets people up two hours before dawn for the drive to the mountain's summit.
Many visitors believe the 1,532-foot peak on Mount Desert Island offers the first sight of sunrise in the continental United States. They're right — some of the time.
For half the year — roughly from the second week in October through the first week of March — Cadillac's height and coastal perch make it the first place in the easternmost state where the sun appears.
For most of the rest of the year, Cadillac's sunrise is not the first. That honor goes, from late March through mid-September, to Mars Hill (a 1,748-foot mountain) near the Canadian border. That's because in winter, the sun rises farther to the south. Sunrise moves north along the horizon during the warmer months.
So check the calendar; the road to the top of Cadillac Mountain isn't even open in winter.
The park was founded by Rockefeller and others in 1919, when it was called Lafayette National Park. He personally donated about 11,000 acres. David Rockefeller Sr., the sole surviving son of John D. Jr., still has a summer home on Mount Desert Island.
Acadia's landscape features the elements that have made Maine's coastline world famous, including rocky shores, secluded coves, roaring surf and tree-topped peaks.
Among the park's highlights:
The 20-mile Park Loop Road starts near the Hulls Cove Visitor Center, runs along ridges overlooking the tourist town of Bar Harbor, drops down to the rocky coast, passes several coves and loops back inland along Jordan Pond and Eagle Lake. It also takes motorists to the top of Cadillac Mountain.
The 57 miles of carriage roads, built about 100 years ago, were Rockefeller's response to what he regarded as the automobile's unfortunate invasion of Mount Desert Island. Today, the roads are used by pedestrians, runners, equestrians and carriages.
Bass Harbor Head Light, built in 1858 to mark the entrance to Bass Harbor and Blue Hill Bay, is one of the most photographed lighthouses on the Maine coast.
To see the sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, visitors are urged to arrive at the summit about a half-hour early to allow an appreciation of the colors of the predawn sky. In mid-June, the sun rises at about 5; temperatures can dip to near 40. If the weather is clear, 100 to 200 people are usually there. Another favorite spot is on Ocean Drive, where visitors say the pink granite glows beautifully at first light.
***
About the park
Size: 47,453 acres
Visitors: 2,431,052 in 2012
Established: 1919
History: The park was the brainchild of landscape architect Charles Elliot, and its creation was strongly supported by philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., who had a 100-room mansion in the local town of Seal Harbor. President Wilson first established the park as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916 under the administration of the National Park Service. Three years later, it became Lafayette National Park in honor of the Revolutionary War hero. The park's name was changed to Acadia National Park in 1929.
When visiting: The Hulls Cove Visitor Center is on Mount Desert Island, Maine, near the community of Bar Harbor.
Visitor info: (207) 288-3338.
Of note: It was the first national park created east of the Mississippi River. | https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2013/06/16/acadia-national-park-first-sight-of-the-sunrise-in-the-usa/2428765/ | 65 |
where the sun rises first in the us | Where in the United States Does the Sun Shine First? | Where in America does the sun shine first? Turns out the answer is more complicated than you might think…
A stunning Cadillac Mountain sunrise.
Photo Credit : Pixabay
Everyone agrees that the sun shines least during the month of December. But where, exactly where, does it shine first? Over the years, many readers have written (or e-mailed) us here at Yankee Magazine asking us that very question. I used to reply that the answer to “where in the United States does the sun shine first?”was West Quoddy Head, Maine, which is New England’s easternmost point of mainland. But then I found that not everyone agreed. So, with the help of Blanton C. Wiggin, then the puzzle editor of The Old Farmer’s Almanac, I undertook an exhaustive study of the matter.
Our findings: Between January 11 and March 6 as well as between October 7 and November 29, the sun first hits the top of Cadillac Mountain on the island of Mt. Desert, Maine. It would be West Quoddy Head, but for the fact that for up to five minutes, the hills of Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, block the sun on the mornings of those dates, thus making Cadillac Mountain the winner.
The only times that West Quoddy Head wins, we found, are those mornings from March 7 to March 24 and then from September 19 to October 6. For much of the remaining dates in the year, we discovered the winner to be sort of a dark-horse candidate. Turned out to be a 1,660 feet high elevation known as Mars Hill, located on the New Brunswick line north of Maine’s Washington County, which, incidentally, proudly proclaims itself as “The Sunrise County of the U. S. A.”
However, there were, we found, exceptions even during the comparatively long Mars Hill periods of the year. For instance, sometimes the high hills of Carleton County, New Brunswick, block the Mars Hill sunrise for a few minutes, giving an occasional morning to the top of Mount Katahdin in central Maine.
We published these fairly complicated results in a winter issue one year but it only seemed to intensify the arguments. Most upset were the residents of Washington County, Maine. They seemed to favor being “the Sunrise County of the U.S.A.” all year, not just most of the year. At least they and everyone concerned seemed to agree that the one and only place in New England where one can stand on the mainland and watch the sun go down over the Atlantic Ocean is Race Point, Provincetown, Cape Cod. Well, almost everyone agreed it was the only place. Some, for instance, mentioned Wellfleet and Truro.
Perhaps I could add here that there is no argument whatsoever on how to determine the date of Easter each year. It’s the first Sunday following the day of the full moon on or after the vernal equinox…with rare exceptions. Very rare. Not worth arguing about.
Have you ever wondered “Where does the sun shine first?”
This post was first published in 2012 and has been updated. | https://newengland.com/today/living/new-england-environment/where-in-the-united-states-does-the-sun-shine-first/ | 65 |
where the sun rises first in the us | First Sunrise of the New Year | When and where does the Sun first rise at the beginning of a year?
The answer depends to some extent on the exact question being asked.
On any January 1, the Sun is continuously above the horizon across most of Antarctica. If the question is really, "Where will the Sun be first seen after the beginning of the year?" the answer is simple: Antarctica.
If you are really interested in the first sunrise, the question becomes more involved.
Questions about the times of sunrise and sunset can usually be answered without reference to a specific year because the Sun's position in the sky on any given date is almost the same from year to year. For places at low to middle latitudes, a sunrise/sunset table computed for one year can be used in any other year. However, at polar latitudes the year to year differences are magnified and, for such places, a sunrise/sunset table may differ by several minutes from year to year. Although the basic Earth-Sun geometry on any given date is pretty much the same from year to year, care must be taken when considering arctic or antarctic places.
The fundamental issue in identifying the first sunrise is clarifying when a new day, or a new year, begins. Does it begin at local midnight, in the time zone defined by the local jurisdiction? Or does it begin at midnight on the meridian of Greenwich, England (the zero longitude meridian), that is, 0 hours Greenwich Mean Time? Astronomers refer to the latter instant as 0 hours Universal Time (0h UTC) and that is the usage here.
The Washington Prime Meridian Conference of 1884, which established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian, did not settle this matter. The final resolution states:
That the Conference proposes the adoption of a universal day for all purposes for which it may be convenient, and which shall not interfere with the use of local or other standard time where desirable.
Thus, the two conflicting definitions for the beginning of the day are enshrined in international law.
For most locations, local time is defined as the time zone (civil time) established by the local governing authority. For example, in the United States, the Department of Transportation [15 U.S.C. §6(IX)(260-7)] administers local time zones. On the high seas and in Antarctica, however, local time is the time zone defined by the nearest meridian of longitude that is an integer multiple of 15°.
At 0h UTC on January 1, the Sun is rising along a line that runs from about 650 km east of Kerguelen Island in the Indian Ocean to about 640 km east of Amsterdam Island, through the Nicobar Islands, up along the Burma-Thailand border, through China, along the China-Outer Mongolia border, along the China-Russia border, through Siberia and out into the Arctic Ocean just north of the Poluostrov peninsula. All places along this line experience sunrise simultaneously at 0h UTC on January 1. There is no unique "first sunrise" location.
The position of the terminator, the boundary between day and night, at 0h UTC on January 1. Along the part of the terminator west of the prime meridian (the meridian of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England), the Sun is setting. Along the part of the terminator to the east of the prime meridian, the Sun is rising. The lightly shaded area along the terminator is in civil twilight: The Sun is below the horizon, but there is still is sufficient light scattered by the atmosphere that it is not yet dark. "On January 1, the Earth is tilted so that the North Pole is away from the Sun and is continually in darkness, and the South Pole, along with most of the continent of Antarctica, is continually in daylight.
The first place where the Sun rises, local time, is along the International Date Line , all of which is in the Pacific Ocean. Although the International Date Line makes some zigzags to the east, the place on the line where the Sun rises first on January 1 is in the far south, near the Antarctic Circle, where the line is intersected by the terminator (day/night line). Here, the Sun dips just below the horizon and then rises again almost immediately at midnight local time. The longitude is 180° exactly, and we take the local time to be 12 hours ahead of UTC. Considering the angular size of the Sun and the effect of mean atmospheric refraction, the southern limit of the terminator on January 1 is approximately at latitude 66° 5' S. Farther south the Sun is continuously above the horizon. However, the actual southern boundary can vary by several arcminutes, depending on the exact place of the Earth in its orbit 1 and local weather conditions . This location is in the extreme southern part of the Pacific Ocean with no land nearby.
The southern limit of the terminator on January 1 is in the Pacific Ocean far from the sight of land. The first place in Antarctica west of the International Date Line where the Sun could rise that day is at the headland between the Dibble Glacier (134° 37' E) and Victor Bay. At 135° 53' E, the Sun rises at about 12:05 AM on January 1, local time, which is 15:05 on December 31, UTC. However, a sunrise is possible about 12:23 AM on January 1, local time, (13:23 on December 31, UTC) on the northern tip of Young Island (162° 17' E) in the Balleny Islands. Young Island extends to 66° 13' S, so under unusual atmospheric conditions , the Sun may be seen to set there on December 31. The chances of having a sunset at Young Island are about 10-15%.
The Dibble Glacier and Victor Bay (From USGS map I-2560).
The sunrise times and places assume normal values of refraction. If you are worried about not seeing the sunrise because of refraction effects , the place to be assured of seeing the sunrise is at the northern tip of the Dibble Glacier (66° 0' ± 1' S, 134° 37' ± 2' E) where the Sun rises at about 12:25 AM on January 1, local time (15:22 on December 31 UTC).
The first populated land where the Sun rises on January 1 is Kahuitara Point (44° 16' S 176° 9' W) on Pitt Island in the Chatham Islands, a dependency of New Zealand. The Sun rises there at about 4:50 AM local time, which is 16:05 December 31 UTC.
In 1995, Kiribati moved the International Date Line so that so that the entire country is on the western side of it. As a result, the line is as far east as 150°, farther east than Honolulu. Because of this eastern bulge in the International Date Line, Kiribati had put forth the claim that Caroline Island (10° 0' S 150° 15' W) would be the first point of land where the Sun would rise. However, the Sun does not rise here until about 5:45 AM January 1, local time (15:45 December 31 UTC), about 30 minutes after it rises in the first place in the Antarctic . Although Caroline Island is in tropical seas, it is not more accessible than Antarctica. Caroline Island is actually an atoll of 22 small islets stretched over 11 km protected by a very shallow reef, reachable by only shallow draft boat or seaplane.
Similarly, the Sun rises at South East Point on Christmas Island, the most south-easterly of the inhabited islands in Kiribati, at about 6:30 AM January 1, local time (16:30 December 31 UTC). The sunrise at Pitt Island in the Chatham Islands of New Zealand occurs about 25 minutes earlier.
Aside from the sunrise times determined by Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office , most of the sunrise times given elsewhere for these places are later than the times given here, which indicates those determinations of sunrise do not include the effects of refraction. The atmosphere of the Earth bends the light of the Sun, on average, by about 34' at the horizon at sea level, making the Sun appear above the horizon when it is geometrically below the horizon. In January, the angle that the Sun makes with the horizon as it rises and sets becomes shallower as you go farther south, so the effect of refraction on sunrise and sunset times becomes more pronounced. That is, as you go further south, the Sun is skimming along the horizon, just below the geometric terminator, but can be seen above the horizon. At some extreme southern latitudes (near the Antarctic Circle), the Sun stays in the region between the geometric terminator and 34' below the geometric terminator and never appears to set. The amount of refraction is a function of the density of the atmosphere, so the lower temperatures near poles increase the amount of bending of the light by the Earth's atmosphere. Consequently, the Sun does not appear to set 25-30' north (outside) the Antarctic Circle on January 1. However, at the equator, the Sun rises nearly perpendicular to the horizon, so the difference between time the Sun rises and when it is above the geometric terminator is only a few minutes. Once refraction is included, the Sun is seen earlier in the Antarctic and at Pitt Island than it is seen at Caroline Island and Christmas Island , respectively.
The value of 34' for refraction at the horizon is its average value; the actual value can vary depending on the local temperature, atmospheric pressure, and other weather-related variables. For example, someone watching the sunrise where the temperature is 32°F (0°C) will see the Sun approximately 25 seconds earlier than someone watching it where the temperature is 86°F (30°C), but otherwise identical weather conditions. In addition, the amount of refraction is color dependent. Suppose two people are standing side by side watching the sunrise. One person is wearing glasses that only admit blue light while the other is wearing glasses that only admit red light. The person wearing the blue glasses would see the Sun rise a few seconds before the person wearing the red glasses. This difference in refraction with color is also the source of the green flash .
A change in the amount of refraction near the equator will only change the time of sunrise. There is a 32% chance that the time of sunrise will be off by more than 38 seconds. Consequently, times of sunrise are calculated only to the nearest minute. Near the northern and southern extremes where the Sun is skimming the horizon, a change in refraction can cause the Sun to appear further north or south than expected either delaying an expected sunrise by several minutes or eliminating it because the Sun never set! At the extreme southern limit of the terminator in Antarctica, the January 1 sunrise has a 32% chance of occurring more than 18 km north or south of its predicted position.
|Area||Place of first sunrise||Position||Time|
|(UTC)||Local Time|
|Antarctica (2000) 2||66° 3' S||135° 53' E||15:08 (12/31)||12:08 AM|
|Antarctica (2001) 2||66° 7' S||135° 49' E||15:05 (12/31)||12:05 AM|
|New Zealand||Table Cape||39° 6' S||178° 0'E||16:45 (12/31)||4:45 AM|
|Australia||Cape Pillar, Tasmania||43° 4' S||148° 0' E||18:32 (12/31)||4:32 AM|
|Australian mainland||Cape Howe, New South Wales||37° 30' S||149° 59' E||18:42 (12/31)||4:42 AM|
|Asia||Chaplino, Russian Siberia||64° 25' N||172° 16' W||21:26 (12/31)||10:26 AM|
|Africa||Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar||25° 1' S||47° 0' E||02:05||5:05 AM|
|African mainland||Mocambique, Mozambique||15° 0' S||40° 44' E||02:51||4:51 AM|
|Europe||Ukraine just west of Donetsk, Russia||48° 22' N||40° 2' E||05:11||8:11 AM|
|South America||Cabo San Juan, Argentina||54° 45' S||63° 45' W||07:43||4:43 AM|
|South American mainland||Cabo de Sao Tome, Brazil||21° 54' S||40° 59' W||08:04||5:04 AM|
|South American mainland||Punta de Monsaras, Brazil||19° 32' S||39° 50' W||08:04||5:04 AM|
|North America||Cape Race, Newfoundland||46° 40' N||53° 8' W||11:17||7:47 AM|
|North American mainland||Cape Breton, Nova Scotia||45° 57' N||59° 47' W||11:41||7:41 AM|
All of these calculations are made for sea level and include standard atmospheric refraction. There is a chance that at an elevated location near the described spot, the Sun will rise there first because of its altitude above sea level. If there is a 1000 m high mountain 100 km west from where sunrise occurs at sea level, the peak of the mountain will see the Sun rise at about the same time as at the sea level position. For hills and mountains near the coast, a 30 m (100 ft.) change in altitude will change the time in sunrise by about 1 minute.
If territories are included, the first U.S. sunrise on January 1 is at about 7:25 local time (19:25 December 31 UTC) at Peacock Point (19° 16' N 166° 35' E) on Wake Island. However, aside from the occasional government employee or contractor, Wake Island is uninhabited. The first inhabited land in the U.S. where the sunrise will occur is at about 6:45 AM January 1, local time (20:45 December 31 UTC) in Guam at Inarajan (13° 17' N 144° 45' E) about 3 minutes after it rises on the peak of Lamlam Mountain, Guam.
Excluding territories, the earliest sunrise in the U.S. is nearly 15.5 hours later at about 7:05 Eastern Standard Time (EST) , or 12:05 UTC, at the summit of Cadillac Mountain, Maine (44° 21' N 68° 13' W). The earliest sunrise at sea level occurs at about the same time at Lubec, Maine (44° 50' N 67° 0' W) and Siasconset, Massachusetts (41° 15' N 69° 58' W) on Nantucket Island. About a minute later or 7:06 EST (12:06 UTC), the Sun rises at the peak of Katahdin Mountain, Maine (45° 54' N 68° 55' W), which is also the time when Miami Beach, Florida (25° 47' N 80° 16' W), the first major metropolitan area, sees the Sun rise.
The position of the terminator, the boundary between day and night, at first sunrise in the United States as seen by an observer on the Moon on January 1, 2005. The lightly shaded area is in civil twilight, the Sun is below the horizon, but there is still is sufficient light scattered by the atmosphere that it is not yet dark. ( Day and Night Across the Earth )
For those who are nostalgic and prefer looking back on past accomplishments rather than forward towards the unknown future, the place to be is Falealupo, Samoa (13° 25' S 172° 45' W) where the Sun does not set until about 7:00 PM December 31, local time (06:00 January 1 UTC).
1 The length of the calendar year is not an exact match to the length of the tropical year (the time between one spring equinox and the next). Nor are either the calendar year or the tropical year an exact number of days. As a result, the Sun's latitude varies by a few arc minutes from year to year. For example the Sun's declination at 0 hr UTC on Jan. 1 between 1949 and 2008 varied from –23° 0' 43."5 and –23° 6' 22."4
2 The year to year change in the declination of the Sun at 0 hr on January 1 and the general east-west direction of the Antarctic coastline can cause fairly large changes in the place and time of sunrise. The positions for 2000 and 2001 are given as examples. Even larger changes may occur when non-standard refraction effects such as the Novaya Zemlya effect are included. | https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/first_sunrise | 65 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What to Know About Seeing Stars in Your Vision | Have you ever stood up too fast or rubbed your eyes, only to notice that your vision was covered in flashes of light? You may have described it or heard it described as “seeing stars.” The medical term for seeing stars is photopsia.
This condition can be one of many symptoms that indicate various health problems, including a concussion or an eye structure concern. Photopsia is also described as:
- eye flashes
- seeing sparks
- bands of light
- bright dots
- zig zag of light
- flickers
- sparklers
- as an array of colors in flashes of light
Seeing stars in any of these forms may be harmless, or it may be a symptom of a more serious health issue that needs emergency care.
Seeing stars happens when pressure is applied to your eye while your eyes are closed. Illusions of bright light, sparks, or various colors may appear. Seeing stars is common and is included as a symptom for various medical issues. Due to the symptom being so common, it can be difficult for your physician to diagnose the exact cause.
Seeing stars may result from pressure or an impact to your eye or head. It’s important for you to note all of the factors that may be involved in creating this visual disturbance.
ADVERTISEMENT
Photopsia by itself is not harmful. Some actions that may cause you to see stars include:
- Sneezing or coughing. The pressure of squeezing your eyes shut while sneezing or coughing can cause the visual of seeing stars to emerge.
- Rubbing your eyes . When you rub your eyes, you apply pressure to them. You may temporarily see stars after this action. In this case, the stars you see are created with electrical activity as you stimulate your eye cells.
- MRI scan . Getting a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can stimulate your visual cortex because it changes your body’s magnetic field. As a result, you may see flashes of light.
- EEG testing . EEGs stimulate the retina and may create the “seeing stars” visual effect. This may happen because of the amount of stimulation your brain receives during the test.
Photopsia may happen as a symptom of a more serious medical condition. Some of these medical conditions or injuries may require immediate or emergency care.
Migraines with aura . Visual migraines can cause flashes of light to happen in both your eyes due to sensory disturbances. When seeing stars accompanies a migraine, it’s important to immediately see your physician for a medical assessment. This symptom may be related to a serious medical condition such as a stroke or retinal tear.
Concussion . A sudden impact to your head can cause trauma not only to your brain, but it also jars the vitreous gel inside of your eyeball. The physical impact that caused the head injury may result in visuals of seeing stars and flashes of light. An injury like this needs medical attention right away.
Retinal detachment . The thin membrane responsible for housing light receptors can become detached and create blackness in part of your vision with flashes of light. To prevent eyesight loss, emergency treatment is needed.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy . Preeclampsia is diagnosed in pregnant women who experience high blood pressure. It may include seeing stars. This condition develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It has serious effects on both the expectant mother and the unborn child. The mother may have problems such as headaches and liver failure. The unborn child may be deprived of nourishment and oxygen due to the decreased blood flow to the placenta.
Wet macular degeneration . Seeing various forms of light in swirling forms, sparkles, and accompanied by color may be a sign of this condition.
Medications. Some medications meant to treat illnesses like malaria contain chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , which may cause the symptom of seeing stars.
Diabetes . Vision changes can occur when your retina’s blood vessels are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. Eye floaters often accompany seeing stars or sparks when this occurs.
Treatment isn’t always needed for photopsia. It may get better on its own if you treat the underlying condition that may be causing it.
You can take preventative measures to help your eyes stay in good health. These measures include regular eye exams, a healthy diet, eye protection during physical activity, and getting medical treatment if you get hurt. If you have sudden changes in your vision, see your doctor right away.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-to-know-seeing-stars-in-your-vision | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What's Really Happening When We See 'Stars' After Rubbing Our Eyes? | It's likely happened to you before: You start rubbing your eyes and almost immediately begin seeing colors, specks, and swirls from behind your closed lids. So what's happening when you see these 2001 -esque "stars"? Do they only occur upon rubbing? Does everyone experience them?
Before we can get to what causes the lights, we need to understand a bit about how the eyes work. Angie Wen , a cornea surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, tells Mental Floss that the retina—the innermost layer of the eye—consists of millions of cells, or photoreceptors. These cells, she says, "are responsible for receiving information from the outside world and converting them to electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve. Then, the brain interprets them as images representing the world around us."
However, what we see doesn't just stop there. Sometimes "we see light that actually comes from inside our eyes or from electric stimulation of the brain rather than from the outside world," Wen says. "These bursts of seemingly random intense and colorful lights are called phosphenes, and appear due to electrical discharges from the cells inside our eyes that are a normal part of cellular function."
People have been writing and theorizing about phosphenes for thousands of years. Greek philosophers thought the bursts of light were the result of fire inside our heads: "The eye obviously has fire within it, for when the eye is struck fire flashes out," wrote Alcmaeon of Croton (6th–5th century BCE), a philosopher and early neuroscientist, of the swirls and specks someone sees after getting a blow to the head. A century later, Plato—who believed that a "visual current" [ PDF ] streamed out of the eye—wrote that "Such fire as has the property, not of burning, but of yielding a gentle light they [the Gods] contrived should become the proper body of each day."
Plato's take was still the dominant one through the Middle Ages. Eventually, Newton (1642–1727) theorized a concept that's more in line with what's believed today about these strange sparkly visions: The phenomenon is due to light that's produced and observed when pressure and motion is placed on the eyes.
Eleonora Lad , an associate professor of ophthalmology at Duke University Medical Center who has a background in neuroscience, explains exactly why eye rubbing generates these visions: "Most vision researchers believe that phosphenes result from the normal activity of the visual system after stimulation of one of its parts from some stimulus other than light," including putting external pressure on the eyes. (Interestingly, due to retinal damage, blind people can't see phosphenes caused by pressure, but they can see them when their visual cortex is electrically stimulated. In hopes of turning this phenomenon into improved vision for the blind, scientists have developed a cortical visual prosthesis, implanted in the visual cortex, that generates patterns of phosphenes. The device has been approved by the FDA for clinical trial.)
As Alcmaeon rightly pointed out, there are causes for the bursts of light beyond just rubbing your eyes: Getting hit in the eye can produce this phenomenon—as can a sneeze, a surprisingly powerful event that tends to clamp our eyes shut , Wen says.
Receiving an MRI or EEG may also trigger it. MRIs, for example, produce a changing magnetic field which can stimulate the visual cortex, making a person see these flashing lights. When it comes to an EEG, depending on the brain stimulation frequency band (Hz) used, some patients experience the phenomenon when closing their eyes, which is believed to come from retinal stimulation during the process.
And the activity doesn't only happen on Earth; astronauts in space have also been known to experience them. As reported in 2006 in the journal Vision Research , "over 80 percent of astronauts serving in today's NASA or ESA (European Space Agency) programs have perceived phosphenes at least in some missions and often over several orbits." They're mainly attributed to interactions between the eye and cosmic ray particles in space, outside the Earth's protective magnetic field.
No matter the cause, the bursts of light are perfectly normal—but that doesn't mean you should engage in excessive eye rubbing. Wen says ophthalmologists advise against rubbing your eyes or applying vigorous pressure; according to Lad, too much rubbing may be damaging to the cornea and lens or "result in a loss of fatty tissue around the eyes, causing the eyes to look deep-set." | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/536260/whats-really-happening-when-we-see-stars-after-rubbing-our-eyes | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What to Know About Seeing Stars in Your Vision | Have you ever stood up too fast or rubbed your eyes, only to notice that your vision was covered in flashes of light? You may have described it or heard it described as “seeing stars.” The medical term for seeing stars is photopsia.
This condition can be one of many symptoms that indicate various health problems, including a concussion or an eye structure concern. Photopsia is also described as:
- eye flashes
- seeing sparks
- bands of light
- bright dots
- zig zag of light
- flickers
- sparklers
- as an array of colors in flashes of light
Seeing stars in any of these forms may be harmless, or it may be a symptom of a more serious health issue that needs emergency care.
Seeing stars happens when pressure is applied to your eye while your eyes are closed. Illusions of bright light, sparks, or various colors may appear. Seeing stars is common and is included as a symptom for various medical issues. Due to the symptom being so common, it can be difficult for your physician to diagnose the exact cause.
Seeing stars may result from pressure or an impact to your eye or head. It’s important for you to note all of the factors that may be involved in creating this visual disturbance.
ADVERTISEMENT
Photopsia by itself is not harmful. Some actions that may cause you to see stars include:
- Sneezing or coughing. The pressure of squeezing your eyes shut while sneezing or coughing can cause the visual of seeing stars to emerge.
- Rubbing your eyes . When you rub your eyes, you apply pressure to them. You may temporarily see stars after this action. In this case, the stars you see are created with electrical activity as you stimulate your eye cells.
- MRI scan . Getting a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can stimulate your visual cortex because it changes your body’s magnetic field. As a result, you may see flashes of light.
- EEG testing . EEGs stimulate the retina and may create the “seeing stars” visual effect. This may happen because of the amount of stimulation your brain receives during the test.
Photopsia may happen as a symptom of a more serious medical condition. Some of these medical conditions or injuries may require immediate or emergency care.
Migraines with aura . Visual migraines can cause flashes of light to happen in both your eyes due to sensory disturbances. When seeing stars accompanies a migraine, it’s important to immediately see your physician for a medical assessment. This symptom may be related to a serious medical condition such as a stroke or retinal tear.
Concussion . A sudden impact to your head can cause trauma not only to your brain, but it also jars the vitreous gel inside of your eyeball. The physical impact that caused the head injury may result in visuals of seeing stars and flashes of light. An injury like this needs medical attention right away.
Retinal detachment . The thin membrane responsible for housing light receptors can become detached and create blackness in part of your vision with flashes of light. To prevent eyesight loss, emergency treatment is needed.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy . Preeclampsia is diagnosed in pregnant women who experience high blood pressure. It may include seeing stars. This condition develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It has serious effects on both the expectant mother and the unborn child. The mother may have problems such as headaches and liver failure. The unborn child may be deprived of nourishment and oxygen due to the decreased blood flow to the placenta.
Wet macular degeneration . Seeing various forms of light in swirling forms, sparkles, and accompanied by color may be a sign of this condition.
Medications. Some medications meant to treat illnesses like malaria contain chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , which may cause the symptom of seeing stars.
Diabetes . Vision changes can occur when your retina’s blood vessels are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. Eye floaters often accompany seeing stars or sparks when this occurs.
Treatment isn’t always needed for photopsia. It may get better on its own if you treat the underlying condition that may be causing it.
You can take preventative measures to help your eyes stay in good health. These measures include regular eye exams, a healthy diet, eye protection during physical activity, and getting medical treatment if you get hurt. If you have sudden changes in your vision, see your doctor right away.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-to-know-seeing-stars-in-your-vision | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What to Know About Seeing Stars in Your Vision | Have you ever stood up too fast or rubbed your eyes, only to notice that your vision was covered in flashes of light? You may have described it or heard it described as “seeing stars.” The medical term for seeing stars is photopsia.
This condition can be one of many symptoms that indicate various health problems, including a concussion or an eye structure concern. Photopsia is also described as:
- eye flashes
- seeing sparks
- bands of light
- bright dots
- zig zag of light
- flickers
- sparklers
- as an array of colors in flashes of light
Seeing stars in any of these forms may be harmless, or it may be a symptom of a more serious health issue that needs emergency care.
Seeing stars happens when pressure is applied to your eye while your eyes are closed. Illusions of bright light, sparks, or various colors may appear. Seeing stars is common and is included as a symptom for various medical issues. Due to the symptom being so common, it can be difficult for your physician to diagnose the exact cause.
Seeing stars may result from pressure or an impact to your eye or head. It’s important for you to note all of the factors that may be involved in creating this visual disturbance.
ADVERTISEMENT
Photopsia by itself is not harmful. Some actions that may cause you to see stars include:
- Sneezing or coughing. The pressure of squeezing your eyes shut while sneezing or coughing can cause the visual of seeing stars to emerge.
- Rubbing your eyes . When you rub your eyes, you apply pressure to them. You may temporarily see stars after this action. In this case, the stars you see are created with electrical activity as you stimulate your eye cells.
- MRI scan . Getting a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can stimulate your visual cortex because it changes your body’s magnetic field. As a result, you may see flashes of light.
- EEG testing . EEGs stimulate the retina and may create the “seeing stars” visual effect. This may happen because of the amount of stimulation your brain receives during the test.
Photopsia may happen as a symptom of a more serious medical condition. Some of these medical conditions or injuries may require immediate or emergency care.
Migraines with aura . Visual migraines can cause flashes of light to happen in both your eyes due to sensory disturbances. When seeing stars accompanies a migraine, it’s important to immediately see your physician for a medical assessment. This symptom may be related to a serious medical condition such as a stroke or retinal tear.
Concussion . A sudden impact to your head can cause trauma not only to your brain, but it also jars the vitreous gel inside of your eyeball. The physical impact that caused the head injury may result in visuals of seeing stars and flashes of light. An injury like this needs medical attention right away.
Retinal detachment . The thin membrane responsible for housing light receptors can become detached and create blackness in part of your vision with flashes of light. To prevent eyesight loss, emergency treatment is needed.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy . Preeclampsia is diagnosed in pregnant women who experience high blood pressure. It may include seeing stars. This condition develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It has serious effects on both the expectant mother and the unborn child. The mother may have problems such as headaches and liver failure. The unborn child may be deprived of nourishment and oxygen due to the decreased blood flow to the placenta.
Wet macular degeneration . Seeing various forms of light in swirling forms, sparkles, and accompanied by color may be a sign of this condition.
Medications. Some medications meant to treat illnesses like malaria contain chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , which may cause the symptom of seeing stars.
Diabetes . Vision changes can occur when your retina’s blood vessels are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. Eye floaters often accompany seeing stars or sparks when this occurs.
Treatment isn’t always needed for photopsia. It may get better on its own if you treat the underlying condition that may be causing it.
You can take preventative measures to help your eyes stay in good health. These measures include regular eye exams, a healthy diet, eye protection during physical activity, and getting medical treatment if you get hurt. If you have sudden changes in your vision, see your doctor right away.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-to-know-seeing-stars-in-your-vision | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | Why do we see stars when we rub our eyes? | BBC Science Focus Magazine | Asked by: Emma Smith, Peterhead
These shapes and colours, called ‘phosphenes’, were reported as long ago as the time of the ancient Greeks. Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball and this pressure activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does. Your brain doesn’t know the difference and so interprets the activation as though you were seeing light from the world outside.
Most common phosphenes are diffuse blobs of different colours that move with the rubbing. Then there are scintillating and rapidly moving grid-like patterns which probably reflect the organisation of cells higher up in the visual system. These patterns are reminiscent of psychedelic paintings because the major hallucinogens also affect the visual system.
Other effects include an array of intense blue points of light. If you want to experience these, be careful and press gently for some time rather than pressing too hard and risking damage to the eye.
Read more: | https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/why-do-we-see-stars-when-we-rub-our-eyes/ | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What to Know About Seeing Stars in Your Vision | Have you ever stood up too fast or rubbed your eyes, only to notice that your vision was covered in flashes of light? You may have described it or heard it described as “seeing stars.” The medical term for seeing stars is photopsia.
This condition can be one of many symptoms that indicate various health problems, including a concussion or an eye structure concern. Photopsia is also described as:
- eye flashes
- seeing sparks
- bands of light
- bright dots
- zig zag of light
- flickers
- sparklers
- as an array of colors in flashes of light
Seeing stars in any of these forms may be harmless, or it may be a symptom of a more serious health issue that needs emergency care.
Seeing stars happens when pressure is applied to your eye while your eyes are closed. Illusions of bright light, sparks, or various colors may appear. Seeing stars is common and is included as a symptom for various medical issues. Due to the symptom being so common, it can be difficult for your physician to diagnose the exact cause.
Seeing stars may result from pressure or an impact to your eye or head. It’s important for you to note all of the factors that may be involved in creating this visual disturbance.
ADVERTISEMENT
Photopsia by itself is not harmful. Some actions that may cause you to see stars include:
- Sneezing or coughing. The pressure of squeezing your eyes shut while sneezing or coughing can cause the visual of seeing stars to emerge.
- Rubbing your eyes . When you rub your eyes, you apply pressure to them. You may temporarily see stars after this action. In this case, the stars you see are created with electrical activity as you stimulate your eye cells.
- MRI scan . Getting a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can stimulate your visual cortex because it changes your body’s magnetic field. As a result, you may see flashes of light.
- EEG testing . EEGs stimulate the retina and may create the “seeing stars” visual effect. This may happen because of the amount of stimulation your brain receives during the test.
Photopsia may happen as a symptom of a more serious medical condition. Some of these medical conditions or injuries may require immediate or emergency care.
Migraines with aura . Visual migraines can cause flashes of light to happen in both your eyes due to sensory disturbances. When seeing stars accompanies a migraine, it’s important to immediately see your physician for a medical assessment. This symptom may be related to a serious medical condition such as a stroke or retinal tear.
Concussion . A sudden impact to your head can cause trauma not only to your brain, but it also jars the vitreous gel inside of your eyeball. The physical impact that caused the head injury may result in visuals of seeing stars and flashes of light. An injury like this needs medical attention right away.
Retinal detachment . The thin membrane responsible for housing light receptors can become detached and create blackness in part of your vision with flashes of light. To prevent eyesight loss, emergency treatment is needed.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy . Preeclampsia is diagnosed in pregnant women who experience high blood pressure. It may include seeing stars. This condition develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It has serious effects on both the expectant mother and the unborn child. The mother may have problems such as headaches and liver failure. The unborn child may be deprived of nourishment and oxygen due to the decreased blood flow to the placenta.
Wet macular degeneration . Seeing various forms of light in swirling forms, sparkles, and accompanied by color may be a sign of this condition.
Medications. Some medications meant to treat illnesses like malaria contain chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , which may cause the symptom of seeing stars.
Diabetes . Vision changes can occur when your retina’s blood vessels are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. Eye floaters often accompany seeing stars or sparks when this occurs.
Treatment isn’t always needed for photopsia. It may get better on its own if you treat the underlying condition that may be causing it.
You can take preventative measures to help your eyes stay in good health. These measures include regular eye exams, a healthy diet, eye protection during physical activity, and getting medical treatment if you get hurt. If you have sudden changes in your vision, see your doctor right away.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-to-know-seeing-stars-in-your-vision | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What's Really Happening When We See 'Stars' After Rubbing Our Eyes? | It's likely happened to you before: You start rubbing your eyes and almost immediately begin seeing colors, specks, and swirls from behind your closed lids. So what's happening when you see these 2001 -esque "stars"? Do they only occur upon rubbing? Does everyone experience them?
Before we can get to what causes the lights, we need to understand a bit about how the eyes work. Angie Wen , a cornea surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, tells Mental Floss that the retina—the innermost layer of the eye—consists of millions of cells, or photoreceptors. These cells, she says, "are responsible for receiving information from the outside world and converting them to electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve. Then, the brain interprets them as images representing the world around us."
However, what we see doesn't just stop there. Sometimes "we see light that actually comes from inside our eyes or from electric stimulation of the brain rather than from the outside world," Wen says. "These bursts of seemingly random intense and colorful lights are called phosphenes, and appear due to electrical discharges from the cells inside our eyes that are a normal part of cellular function."
People have been writing and theorizing about phosphenes for thousands of years. Greek philosophers thought the bursts of light were the result of fire inside our heads: "The eye obviously has fire within it, for when the eye is struck fire flashes out," wrote Alcmaeon of Croton (6th–5th century BCE), a philosopher and early neuroscientist, of the swirls and specks someone sees after getting a blow to the head. A century later, Plato—who believed that a "visual current" [ PDF ] streamed out of the eye—wrote that "Such fire as has the property, not of burning, but of yielding a gentle light they [the Gods] contrived should become the proper body of each day."
Plato's take was still the dominant one through the Middle Ages. Eventually, Newton (1642–1727) theorized a concept that's more in line with what's believed today about these strange sparkly visions: The phenomenon is due to light that's produced and observed when pressure and motion is placed on the eyes.
Eleonora Lad , an associate professor of ophthalmology at Duke University Medical Center who has a background in neuroscience, explains exactly why eye rubbing generates these visions: "Most vision researchers believe that phosphenes result from the normal activity of the visual system after stimulation of one of its parts from some stimulus other than light," including putting external pressure on the eyes. (Interestingly, due to retinal damage, blind people can't see phosphenes caused by pressure, but they can see them when their visual cortex is electrically stimulated. In hopes of turning this phenomenon into improved vision for the blind, scientists have developed a cortical visual prosthesis, implanted in the visual cortex, that generates patterns of phosphenes. The device has been approved by the FDA for clinical trial.)
As Alcmaeon rightly pointed out, there are causes for the bursts of light beyond just rubbing your eyes: Getting hit in the eye can produce this phenomenon—as can a sneeze, a surprisingly powerful event that tends to clamp our eyes shut , Wen says.
Receiving an MRI or EEG may also trigger it. MRIs, for example, produce a changing magnetic field which can stimulate the visual cortex, making a person see these flashing lights. When it comes to an EEG, depending on the brain stimulation frequency band (Hz) used, some patients experience the phenomenon when closing their eyes, which is believed to come from retinal stimulation during the process.
And the activity doesn't only happen on Earth; astronauts in space have also been known to experience them. As reported in 2006 in the journal Vision Research , "over 80 percent of astronauts serving in today's NASA or ESA (European Space Agency) programs have perceived phosphenes at least in some missions and often over several orbits." They're mainly attributed to interactions between the eye and cosmic ray particles in space, outside the Earth's protective magnetic field.
No matter the cause, the bursts of light are perfectly normal—but that doesn't mean you should engage in excessive eye rubbing. Wen says ophthalmologists advise against rubbing your eyes or applying vigorous pressure; according to Lad, too much rubbing may be damaging to the cornea and lens or "result in a loss of fatty tissue around the eyes, causing the eyes to look deep-set." | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/536260/whats-really-happening-when-we-see-stars-after-rubbing-our-eyes | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | Why do you see waves, colours and lights when you rub your eyes? | You may have closed and rubbed your eyes until patterns, colours and flashing lights appear.
But why on Earth does this happen?
“This is quite exciting,” Ragnheidur Bragadottir, a researcher at the ophthalmology department at the University of Oslo, says.
When we close our eyes in a brightly lit room or outside during the day, we often see a reddish colour.
Annonse
“This happens because our eyelids have many small and thin blood vessels. The light brings out the colour of the blood that passes through,” Bragadottir explains.
But then we also have these different colours, waves and patterns that appear when we lightly rub our eyes. Why does this happen?
This visual reaction is because of what scientists call phosphenes.
The word comes from Greek. Phos means light and phainein means to show.
“The phosphenes appear as luminous stars, zigzag patterns, vortices, spirals, and curls. They come when you close your eyes and rub them with your fingers,” says Ragnheidur.
When we rub our eyes, we activate the cells that tend to take in real light, such as that from a lamp or from the sun.
When we close our eyes, it gets dark. But if we rub our eyes, the cells in the retina will still be activated.
The retina is made up of cells that sit at the innermost layer of the eye. It is the most important part of the eyeball.
Here, the light that hits the eye is transformed into messages to the brain.
Even though it is dark when we close our eyes, rubbing will cause the retina to start working and send messages to the brain.
“The brain does not know that they were not produced by real light. We believe we’re seeing colours, lights and patterns,” Ragnheidur says.
So, it is not real, but an illusion.
Annonse
You can try rubbing your eyes and see if you see colours, swirls and waves.
“Just don't rub too hard as it can damage your eyes,” Ragnheidur says.
———
Translated by Alette Bjordal Gjellesvik. | https://sciencenorway.no/human-body/why-do-you-see-waves-colours-and-lights-when-you-rub-your-eyes/2040292 | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | Why do we see stars when we rub our eyes? | BBC Science Focus Magazine | Asked by: Emma Smith, Peterhead
These shapes and colours, called ‘phosphenes’, were reported as long ago as the time of the ancient Greeks. Rubbing your eyes increases the pressure within the eyeball and this pressure activates ganglion cells in the retina in the same way as light does. Your brain doesn’t know the difference and so interprets the activation as though you were seeing light from the world outside.
Most common phosphenes are diffuse blobs of different colours that move with the rubbing. Then there are scintillating and rapidly moving grid-like patterns which probably reflect the organisation of cells higher up in the visual system. These patterns are reminiscent of psychedelic paintings because the major hallucinogens also affect the visual system.
Other effects include an array of intense blue points of light. If you want to experience these, be careful and press gently for some time rather than pressing too hard and risking damage to the eye.
Read more: | https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/why-do-we-see-stars-when-we-rub-our-eyes/ | 66 |
why do i see stars after rubbing my eyes | What to Know About Seeing Stars in Your Vision | Have you ever stood up too fast or rubbed your eyes, only to notice that your vision was covered in flashes of light? You may have described it or heard it described as “seeing stars.” The medical term for seeing stars is photopsia.
This condition can be one of many symptoms that indicate various health problems, including a concussion or an eye structure concern. Photopsia is also described as:
- eye flashes
- seeing sparks
- bands of light
- bright dots
- zig zag of light
- flickers
- sparklers
- as an array of colors in flashes of light
Seeing stars in any of these forms may be harmless, or it may be a symptom of a more serious health issue that needs emergency care.
Seeing stars happens when pressure is applied to your eye while your eyes are closed. Illusions of bright light, sparks, or various colors may appear. Seeing stars is common and is included as a symptom for various medical issues. Due to the symptom being so common, it can be difficult for your physician to diagnose the exact cause.
Seeing stars may result from pressure or an impact to your eye or head. It’s important for you to note all of the factors that may be involved in creating this visual disturbance.
ADVERTISEMENT
Photopsia by itself is not harmful. Some actions that may cause you to see stars include:
- Sneezing or coughing. The pressure of squeezing your eyes shut while sneezing or coughing can cause the visual of seeing stars to emerge.
- Rubbing your eyes . When you rub your eyes, you apply pressure to them. You may temporarily see stars after this action. In this case, the stars you see are created with electrical activity as you stimulate your eye cells.
- MRI scan . Getting a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can stimulate your visual cortex because it changes your body’s magnetic field. As a result, you may see flashes of light.
- EEG testing . EEGs stimulate the retina and may create the “seeing stars” visual effect. This may happen because of the amount of stimulation your brain receives during the test.
Photopsia may happen as a symptom of a more serious medical condition. Some of these medical conditions or injuries may require immediate or emergency care.
Migraines with aura . Visual migraines can cause flashes of light to happen in both your eyes due to sensory disturbances. When seeing stars accompanies a migraine, it’s important to immediately see your physician for a medical assessment. This symptom may be related to a serious medical condition such as a stroke or retinal tear.
Concussion . A sudden impact to your head can cause trauma not only to your brain, but it also jars the vitreous gel inside of your eyeball. The physical impact that caused the head injury may result in visuals of seeing stars and flashes of light. An injury like this needs medical attention right away.
Retinal detachment . The thin membrane responsible for housing light receptors can become detached and create blackness in part of your vision with flashes of light. To prevent eyesight loss, emergency treatment is needed.
Preeclampsia in pregnancy . Preeclampsia is diagnosed in pregnant women who experience high blood pressure. It may include seeing stars. This condition develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It has serious effects on both the expectant mother and the unborn child. The mother may have problems such as headaches and liver failure. The unborn child may be deprived of nourishment and oxygen due to the decreased blood flow to the placenta.
Wet macular degeneration . Seeing various forms of light in swirling forms, sparkles, and accompanied by color may be a sign of this condition.
Medications. Some medications meant to treat illnesses like malaria contain chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine , which may cause the symptom of seeing stars.
Diabetes . Vision changes can occur when your retina’s blood vessels are damaged due to high blood sugar levels. Eye floaters often accompany seeing stars or sparks when this occurs.
Treatment isn’t always needed for photopsia. It may get better on its own if you treat the underlying condition that may be causing it.
You can take preventative measures to help your eyes stay in good health. These measures include regular eye exams, a healthy diet, eye protection during physical activity, and getting medical treatment if you get hurt. If you have sudden changes in your vision, see your doctor right away.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/what-to-know-seeing-stars-in-your-vision | 66 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | Saltwater Taffy Is My Favorite Food Misnomer | By
Nothing screams summer like pulling a chunk of saltwater taffy out of your permanent retainer. Sticky though it may be, saltwater taffy is an unmatched seasonal treat that stirs up summertime nostalgia from coast to coast. But it turns out that saltwater taffy doesn’t actually contain, uh, salt water. At least, not in the way you might expect.
Per Britannica , saltwater taffy originated on the east coast, likely in the Atlantic City area. It’s unclear exactly when taffy was invented, though a number of confectioners have laid claim to the original recipe. One candy company credits an Enoch James with the recipe; another report cites a man named Joseph Rowling. Regardless, taffy gained steam as a boardwalk product in the late 1800s.
The recipe hasn’t changed much, if at all, since then. Taffy is still made by combining a mixture of sugar, corn syrup, butter, cornstarch, flavoring, and coloring; after cooking, the mixture is cooled and stretched to create a soft, aerated product. The recipe does also call for salt and water—but it doesn’t call for seawater as the name might suggest. Ready for some taffy trivia? Turns out that the name “saltwater taffy” originated as a joke.
Britannica explains that the joke began in 1883, when an ocean swell flooded a boardwalk trinket shop. When the shopkeeper discovered the mess, he realized that all of his wares—taffy included—were positively soaked in seawater. Legend has it that a young girl stopped by for some taffy shortly after; at that point, the shopkeeper offered her some “saltwater taffy.”
There you have it: an old-timey joke befitting an old-timey product. In fact, some of today’s best-known taffy purveyors still use the old techniques. ( Here’s a great video of an Ocean City confectioner using a rickety old taffy pull to stretch the product.) If you’re itching for a taste of the shore, might I suggest gathering your strongest friends and hosting an old-fashioned taffy pull? They say candy tastes sweeter when you have to work for it. | https://thetakeout.com/why-saltwater-taffy-has-a-misleading-name-1849128784 | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | How Salt Water Taffy Got Its Name | Summer is in full swing, and countless people are heading to the Jersey shore, where they’ll seek out the best salt water taffy the boardwalks have to offer.
It got us thinking again about the history of this classic seaside treat, and its unique history. Read on to find out how salt water taffy got its name.
If we wanted to trace the entire history of taffy, we’d have to go all the way back 1000-plus years to the Middle East, says Slate’s Lisa Wong Macabasco in her exploration of the candy’s origins.
Taffy arrived in America in the 1840s and became particularly popular in Atlantic City in the years after the Civil War. By the end of the 19 th century, Americans knew the best salt water taffy was being sold by the Jersey shore.
To begin with, salt water taffy isn’t made with salt water, just some salt. And the origins of its name have never actually been nailed down.
According to one story, a candy store owner – called “David Bradley” in some versions of the tale– came into work one day to find that his store had been flooded by a high tide, leaving his supply of taffy soaked in sea foam.
Bradley thought the taffy tasted fine but was worried that people wouldn’t want to buy it after the flood. So he rebranded it, and “salt water taffy” was born.
In another version of the story, a little girl came into the store after the flood to buy some taffy, and Bradley turned her away.
“Sorry,” he said. “All we have is salt water taffy.”
The girl didn’t get his meaning, but Bradley’s mother liked the name “salt water taffy.” She thought it was catchy, and other stores soon followed suit.
“Legends aside, the ploy of directly associating taffy with the sea (and by extension, vacations), as a number of vendors did, worked brilliantly,” writes Macabasco. “Tourists treated themselves to taffy while at the beach and took boxes of it home with them as souvenirs.”
Fast forward to the 1920s, and close to 500 companies were all trying to perfect the best salt water taffy, including Joseph Fralinger, who popularized the candy by selling it in souvenir packages, and Enoch James, who innovated the practice of cutting taffy into bite-sized bits.
The first time we discussed the history of salt water taffy , we mentioned the story of John R. Edmiston who trademarked the term salt water taffy in the 1920s and demanded royalties for the nation’s bigger taffy companies.
Those candy makers took Edminston to court, and the resulting legal battle made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1923 ruled that salt water taffy had been around too long and used too widely for Edminston to claim any profit off the name.
But that’s only one of two Supreme Court cases that involve salt water taffy. In 1921, the court heard the case of Hildreth vs. Matsoras, which was a patent case involving taffy pulling machines.
If you’re planning a trip to the Jersey Shore this summer, stop by Stutz’s shop on Long Beach Island , where we sell salt water taffy and homemade fudge. Stop and see us at our Ship Bottom store. It’s not summer in New Jersey without salt water taffy. | https://blog.stutzcandy.com/how-salt-water-taffy-got-its-name/ | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | The History of Salt Water Taffy | Do you ever wonder, “Why is it called ‘saltwater taffy’?” Perhaps you’re asking yourself, “Where did salt water taffy originate from?” Like many favorite recipes, salt water taffy’s history isn’t always clear, but one thing is certain: this American-made candy has been around for over a century and enjoyed by millions. So who invented it, and how did salt water taffy get its name? Read on to learn more about the history of salt water taffy!
Though there are a few popular origin stories for where the term “salt water taffy” came from, the most popular salt water taffy history story claims Atlantic City as its birthplace.
Most food historians believe salt water taffy was invented in the early 1880s. The story begins with a gentleman named John Ross Edmiston. The owner of a small boardwalk postcard shop in Atlantic City, Edmiston hired a man named David Bradley to sell taffy alongside his wares. While Edmiston eventually fired Bradley, he kept the popular candy in his shop. One night, an ocean swell flooded his boardwalk shop. In the morning, Edmiston discovered all the taffy had been soaked in salty sea foam.
During his cleanup, a young girl came into the store asking if he still had some taffy for sale. Jokingly, Bradley said that he had some “salt water taffy.” The little girl purchased the taffy and took it back to the beach to share with her friends. Her mother heard the name and instantly loved it, and thus the name “salt water taffy” was born.
During his cleanup, a young girl came into the store asking if he still had some taffy for sale. Jokingly, Bradley said that he had some “salt water taffy.” The little girl purchased the taffy and took it back to the beach to share with her friends. Her mother heard the name and instantly loved it, and thus the name “salt water taffy” was born.
While the origin of salt water taffy tells us the taffy was soaked by the sea, Since then,salt water taffy hasn’t been caught at high tide., Recipes for salt water taffy vary; none contain actual salt water (and especially not ocean water!). Often, however, both water and salt are usually added at some point during the production process, so the name still fits.
The word “taffy” was first used in the United States in the early 1800s. While much has changed since then, Americans’ love for taffy has only grown.
Now you know where the name “salt water taffy” comes from, let’s take a closer look at where it first was sold: Atlantic City. This beachside resort destination in New Jersey was a popular getaway for Northeasterners in the late 19th century (and still today). Catering to tourists and weekenders, Atlantic City was full of fine dining restaurants, upscale hotels and gambling halls, and boardwalk games and sweets; to stand out from the competition, a candy shop needed to create demand. Once Edmiston coined the curious term “salt water taffy” the sweet treat only grew in popularity.
Joseph Fralinger, a confectioner in Atlantic City, is given credit for being the first successful merchandiser of the candy. Originally, salt water taffy was something only purchased from an Atlantic City boardwalk stand. However, Fralinger came up with the idea of boxing up the taffy for people to take home. This was a smashing success, and his boxes of taffy sold out quickly. Even today, simple boxes stuffed with individually wrapped taffy remain one of the most popular ways to buy this all-American candy.
Salt water taffy history may have begun on boardwalks by the oceans, but it is now commonly enjoyed as a tasty treat all over the country. Thanks to the pioneers of salt water taffy, this wrapped candy comes in tons of flavors and can be enjoyed anywhere! At Taffy Town, we’re far from any coast, yet have become one of the most popular gourmet taffy producers in the country. Taffy is no longer just a beachside treat.
We’ve covered salt water taffy history, but what about how it’s being made today? When it comes to salt water taffy, there’s regular taffy, and then there’s Taffy Town taffy. Those who have tried our candy know that we stand out from the others. But what is the difference that sets our taffy apart?
Traditional salt water taffy production starts by boiling a variety of sugars in a large copper kettle to a high temperature. Then, the sugary mass goes through an aeration process to capture tiny bubbles in the candy. This makes it softer and less tacky. Typically, a pulling machine stretches, twists, and kneads the mixture into a chewy treat. After that, the taffy is cut into pieces and packaged for consumption.
Now for the most important part: our unique taffy-making process that makes Taffy Town taffy the best around! Unlike the traditional method, our process starts with whipping a meringue to create the fluffiest structure possible. We use evaporated milk and real salt in our recipe for a creamy, rich base for our flavors. Try our taffy and you’ll quickly realize that we aren’t your average taffy shop .
Our salt water taffy production process takes three days from start to finish, and our factory is always full of fresh treats! We currently have over 90 different flavors, and we’re always on the hunt for new ones. Each year, we take suggestions from our customers and consumer trend reports to develop our flavors. Our taffy flavors are thoroughly tested for tastiness before they hit the shelves. With our wide selection to choose from, you’re sure to find at least a few favorites!
We’re proud to carry on the history of salt water taffy — one of America’s favorite candies. Did you know that you don’t have to be on a boardwalk to enjoy our wide selection of Taffy Town flavors? You can shop from the comfort of your own home and savor the treats that come straight to your door. Take a look at our wide variety of salt water taffy flavors . We have the perfect gourmet candy selection for every palate. Stop by our Utah candy store or place your salt water taffy order today!
9813 S Prosperity Road,
West Jordan, UT 84081
United States
Call Us: 801.355.4637
Email: [email protected]
Retail Store Hours
Monday-Thursday: 9am-5pm
Friday: 9am-12pm
Office Hours
Monday-Thursday: 8am-4pm
Friday: 8am-1pm
taffytown.com | https://www.taffytown.com/blogs/our-taffy-blog/the-history-of-salt-water-taffy | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | Salt water taffy | candy | salt water taffy , a type of taffy (a chewy and soft candy) that originated in Atlantic City , New Jersey , U.S. The recipe for salt water taffy does not actually include salt water from the ocean, though it does usually call for salt and water, as well as sugar , corn syrup , butter , cornstarch, flavoring, and coloring. After the mixture is cooked and then cooled, it is pulled and stretched in order to aerate the candy and make it softer. The sweet is said to have received its name after a boardwalk candy shop flooded with water from the Atlantic Ocean in 1883, soaking all the taffy in salty seawater. Reportedly, the shop owner joked with a customer that all he had was salt water taffy, and the name stuck.
taffy , flavoured syrup candy of Europe and the Americas that is cooked and then rigorously worked during cooling into a hard, chewy, glossy mass. Although the great 19th-century demand for taffy gave way in the mid-20th century to the popularity of chocolates and caramels , taffy remained widely available in its original “penny candy” form of small, colourfully wrapped pieces.
The basic recipe for taffy calls for sugar and molasses or corn syrup to be heated with water to a prescribed temperature. This cooked mass is then poured over cooling slabs and flavoured with essential oils. As it cools, the candy is rhythmically pulled, spread, and folded until it takes on a firm, satiny consistency. Saltwater taffy, once a staple of amusement parks and ocean resorts, took its name from a characteristic ingredient. | https://www.britannica.com/topic/salt-water-taffy | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | How Did Salt Water Taffy Get’s it’s Name? | Believe it or not, some people think Salt Water Taffy is really made from a process using sea water, hence the name “Salt Water Taffy”. The grain of truth is that it does take water and salt to make the taffy, but no seawater is used in the process. Thankfully!
Fun Fact: Back in the 1880s you could get a bag of soft taffy for 5 cents. Try paying that for taffy now!
Today salt water taffy is still popular in several beach resorts, including Ocean City, MD. Although you can order it online, salt water taffy is just one of those things that are much more enjoyable when bought off the boardwalk. So it’s no surprise Ocean City tourists are always on the hunt for some salt water taffy when they come on vacation. So where did salt water taffy get it’s name? There’s a legend that in 1888, a man named David Bradley had a candy shop which got flooded during a storm. As a result his soft taffy got soaked in ocean salt water. A young girl came in his shop asking for taffy and he joked about only having salt water taffy. To his surprise, she was more than happy to buy the saltwater taffy! So they decided to sell the taffy as salt water taffy…and the rest as they say is history. Other’s believe the more logical of the theories: that salt water taffy got its name simply because it was sold near the ocean. I personally think the former makes for a better story. What will you tell your kids next time you’re on the Ocean City Boardwalk buying salt water taffy? By the way, if you’re wondering where to find salt water taffy in Ocean City, MD try out Dolle’s Candyland, Candy Kitchen, or Wockenfuss Candies (not named in any particular order). | https://carouselhotel.com/how-did-salt-water-taffy-gets-its-name/ | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | Taffy (candy) - Wikipedia | For other uses, see Taffy (disambiguation) .
This article is about the American candy. It is not to be confused with Toffee .
|Alternative names||Salt water taffy|
|Type||Candy|
|Place of origin||United States|
|Region or state||Atlantic City, New Jersey|
|Main ingredients||sugar , corn starch , corn syrup , glycerine , water , butter , salt , flavoring , food coloring|
Taffy is a type of candy invented in the United States , made by stretching or/and pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar , butter , vegetable oil , flavorings , and colorings , until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. [1] When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It is usually pastel -colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the "classic" (unflavored) taffy.
The word taffy , referring to the boiled candy, is first known to have appeared in the United States circa 1817. The word is also used metaphorically to refer to insincere flattery. [2]
The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written record of the word toffee in the forms tuffy, toughy to 1825 and identifies it as a southern British dialectal variant of taffy (first recorded use in 1817), whose modern spelling is first recorded from 1843. [3] [4] [5] Toffee is a caramelized sugar or molasses candy invented in the United Kingdom, entirely distinct from taffy.
A taffy pull is a social event around the pulling of taffy that was popular in the 1840s through at least 1870s. [6] The host would prepare the taffy recipe by melting molasses and sorghum or sugar with a mixture of water. Participants would coat their hands with butter and working with a partner pull the hot mixture apart, and then fold it back together and repeat. [7] This process would add air to the candy, resulting in a soft chewable.
Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City , New Jersey area of the Jersey Shore starting in the 1880s. [8] Its late 19th century appellation most likely originated in New Jersey. [8] Salt water taffy is still sold widely on the boardwalks in Atlantic City (including shops in existence since the 19th century), [9] nearby Ocean City , and other beaches throughout the US like Cape Cod . It is also popular in Atlantic Canada and Salt Lake City , Utah .
Modern commercial taffy is made primarily from corn syrup , glycerin and butter. The pulling process, which makes the candy lighter and chewier, consists of stretching out the mixture, folding it over, and stretching it again. Although it is called "salt water" taffy, it does not include any seawater ; it does contain both salt and water in its manufacture. [10] However, in the dialect of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , the term taffy without "salt water" refers to a lollipop . [11]
The original invention of the candy has several different stories circulating, likely all apocryphal. One relates to an assistant who substituted fresh water with seawater—either through laziness or accident. [ citation needed ] Another cites a storm which caused seawater to wash over the candy, which was consequently (and successfully) marketed with the appropriate name. [12]
Joseph Fralinger popularized the candy by boxing it and selling it in Atlantic City. Fralinger's first major competition came from candy maker Enoch James, who refined the recipe, making it less sticky and easier to unwrap. James also cut the candy into bite-sized pieces, and is credited with mechanizing the "pulling" process. The candy was also sold mail order ; in 1926 sheet music was commissioned by James with the title "Send Home Some Taffy Today!" [13] Both Fralinger's and James's stores still operate on the Atlantic City boardwalk. Both companies have been owned and operated by the Glaser family since 1947. [14] [12]
On August 21, 1923, John Edmiston obtained a trademark for the name "salt water taffy" (number 172,016), then demanded royalties from companies using his newly acquired name. He was sued over this demand, and in 1925, the trademark was invalidated as being in common use.
Caramel candies are sometimes referred to as taffy (taffy apples), but the caramel is very different from common salt water taffy, though they share a similar tensile quality.
Salt water taffy is composed of sugar , cornstarch , corn syrup , glycerine , water , butter , salt , natural and/or artificial flavor, and food color. Some examples of flavoring include vanilla, lemon, maple, banana, red licorice, watermelon, raspberry or mint extracts. [10]
In the United Kingdom , taffy pieces are known as "chewy sweets", "chews" or "fruit chews" [15] —the term "taffy" is not used. Popular brands of chew include Chewits and Starburst (Opal Fruits). [15]
In Canada , a form of molasses taffy candy, known as "hallowe'en kisses", is produced in time for the Hallowe'en occasion. [16] The candy was first offered by the Kerr's Canadian candy company in the 1940s. At the time, a molasses candy was made by Stewart and Young in Glasgow. [16]
Songwriter Murray Grand referred to the product in his lyrics for "Come by Sunday": viz:-
"On Wednesday night I'm booked in full, And Thursday nights are taffy pull..." [ citation needed ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffy_(candy) | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | How Did Salt Water Taffy Get’s it’s Name? | Believe it or not, some people think Salt Water Taffy is really made from a process using sea water, hence the name “Salt Water Taffy”. The grain of truth is that it does take water and salt to make the taffy, but no seawater is used in the process. Thankfully!
Fun Fact: Back in the 1880s you could get a bag of soft taffy for 5 cents. Try paying that for taffy now!
Today salt water taffy is still popular in several beach resorts, including Ocean City, MD. Although you can order it online, salt water taffy is just one of those things that are much more enjoyable when bought off the boardwalk. So it’s no surprise Ocean City tourists are always on the hunt for some salt water taffy when they come on vacation. So where did salt water taffy get it’s name? There’s a legend that in 1888, a man named David Bradley had a candy shop which got flooded during a storm. As a result his soft taffy got soaked in ocean salt water. A young girl came in his shop asking for taffy and he joked about only having salt water taffy. To his surprise, she was more than happy to buy the saltwater taffy! So they decided to sell the taffy as salt water taffy…and the rest as they say is history. Other’s believe the more logical of the theories: that salt water taffy got its name simply because it was sold near the ocean. I personally think the former makes for a better story. What will you tell your kids next time you’re on the Ocean City Boardwalk buying salt water taffy? By the way, if you’re wondering where to find salt water taffy in Ocean City, MD try out Dolle’s Candyland, Candy Kitchen, or Wockenfuss Candies (not named in any particular order). | https://carouselhotel.com/how-did-salt-water-taffy-gets-its-name/ | 67 |
where did the name salt water taffy come from | Is Taffy Really Made With Salt Water? | Today’s Wonder of the Day was inspired by becky. becky Wonders , “ how saltwater taffy is made ” Thanks for WONDERing with us, becky!
A
hh… summertime! If you've ever spent time by an ocean, you've probably enjoyed walks on the beach, swimming in the surf, shopping along the boardwalk and, of course, eating sweet, sticky taffy !
Salt water taffy is a tasty treat that's right at home in shops all along coastlines everywhere. If you've ever had a mouthful of seawater, though, you probably know that salt water taffy is sweet and doesn't taste anything like seawater. What's up with that?
Salt water taffy was born along the boardwalks of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the late 19th century. It quickly became a popular souvenir with visitors and eventually spread to many other coastal towns.
Although taffy recipes vary from one candymaker to another, the most common ingredients in taffy are sugar, corn syrup, cornstarch, water, butter, salt, food coloring and flavorings. You may have noticed that the list of ingredients includes both salt and water.
However, salt water taffy doesn't actually contain seawater. So how did it get its name?
No one knows for sure how salt water taffy got its name, but one legend holds that it came from David Bradley, who owned a candy store in the late 19th century.
The story goes that Bradley's candy store became flooded during a major storm in 1883. His entire stock of taffy became soaked with seawater from the Atlantic Ocean, so he began to call it “salt water taffy " as a joke.
If you've ever seen taffy being made, you probably were fascinated by watching the taffy being pulled by a special machine. The pulling process is a critical part of making taffy .
Without pulling, taffy would be very hard. Pulling taffy aerates it by capturing tons of tiny air bubbles within the taffy . These air bubbles make the taffy softer and chewy.
Before special taffy -pulling machines were invented, candymakers would pull taffy with a simple hook attached to the wall . They would place a huge glob of taffy (10 to 25 pounds or more!) on the hook and then pull it five or six feet before folding it back on itself and throwing it back over the hook.
They would repeat this process — it was quite a workout! — over and over again until the taffy became soft and chewy.
No one knows for sure how many different flavors of taffy have been made. Since you can make taffy in just about any flavor , the answer would have to be in the hundreds.
An online search for taffy will lead you to online stores with more than 150 different flavors of taffy , including gooseberry, jalapeno, chocolate marshmallow and cantaloupe! | https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/is-taffy-really-made-with-salt-water | 67 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justified (album) - Wikipedia | - " Like I Love You "
Released: September 16, 2002
- " Cry Me a River "
Released: November 25, 2002
- " Rock Your Body "
Released: March 17, 2003
- " Señorita "
Released: July 7, 2003
- "Still on My Brain"
Released: July 7, 2003 [1]
Justified is the debut solo studio album by American singer Justin Timberlake . It was released on November 5, 2002, by Jive Records . The album was written and recorded in a six-week period as Timberlake's band NSYNC was on hiatus. For his solo album, Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an R&B artist opposed to the previous pop music recorded by the group. The majority of the album was produced by the Neptunes (credited as " Williams and Hugo ") and Timbaland , and features guest appearances by Janet Jackson , Clipse , and Bubba Sparxxx . Primarily an R&B album, Justified also contains influences of dance-pop , funk , and soul music .
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics, who complimented the mature progression of Timberlake's material, although some criticized its lyrical content. The album earned Timberlake four Grammy Award nominations, including Album of the Year , and won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album . Justified debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 and sold 439,000 copies in its first week. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold over 3.9 million copies in the US. As of 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
Four singles were released from Justified . The lead single " Like I Love You " peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , while the follow-up singles " Cry Me a River " and " Rock Your Body " peaked within the top five on the chart. "Like I Love You", "Cry Me a River", and "Rock Your Body" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Australia (with "Rock Your Body" topping the Australian chart), Ireland , Netherlands , and Belgium . To promote the album, Timberlake performed on several television shows and award ceremonies, including the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards , where he made his solo debut appearance. Furthermore, Timberlake embarked on two concert tours— The Justified World Tour and the Justified and Stripped Tour —with Christina Aguilera accompanying him on the latter.
Following the conclusion of their Celebrity Tour in April 2002, boy band NSYNC went on a hiatus, during which lead singer Justin Timberlake continued work on what would be his debut solo album. [3] The album was said to be "more than halfway completed" by early 2002. [4] [5] With the album, he wanted to portray a more mature image as an R&B performer, rather than a boy band pop artist. [3] He revealed minimal information regarding the producers and artists involved with Justified during its early recording stage, [6] with his management and record label also reluctant to share any information. [6] [7] However, MTV News reported that production duo The Neptunes were working on multiple tracks, while rapper P. Diddy and singer Mario Winans contributed to one track. [6] Other known producers involved included Mike City , Raphael Saadiq and Rodney Jerkins , though between June and July, none of the aforementioned producers had attended any studio sessions. [6] Explaining his involvement with the project, Jerkins said at the 2002 BET Awards that he "just got a call about working on the project" and that whenever Timberlake wanted his assistance, it would "be done". [6] The majority of tracks for Justified were originally intended for Michael Jackson . [8] Jackson turned down the tracks, so the songs were modified for Timberlake's album. [9] [10]
Brian McKnight 's manager stated that his client had already recorded tracks with the singer, while rapper Nelly explained to the reporters that both him and Timberlake had discussed a collaboration effort. [6] Early in 2002, Angie Stone revealed that Timberlake "loves the Mahogany Soul album" with him further saying to her "your CD's in my car right now, you have to work on my solo project". [6] These assertions were later partially denied by a Jive spokesperson who announced that the material produced from the collaboration would not appear on the finalized record. [11]
We picked him up right after he checked into his hotel. We drove around in the car listening to old Earth, Wind & Fire albums, and he was totally with it. The background of those songs is the feeling we wanted to incorporate into the music. He was like, 'Nobody's ever heard anything like that before ... a white boy singing this kind of music.' He didn't care what people would say.
Justified was written and recorded in a six-week period. According to Timberlake, the "creative spurt" was reminiscent of "that period of time back in the 1960s and '70s when musicians got together and just jammed and worked out of inspiration. There was no heavy calculation or belaboring songs and mixes. Everything flowed pretty easily and naturally." [13] Recording sessions took place at various studios in the United States, including the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Manhattan Center Studios in New York City and Master Sound Recording Studios and Windmark Recording in Virginia Beach . [14]
The Neptunes told MTV News that the duo and Timberlake drove in a car listening to Earth, Wind & Fire albums for inspiration, with the background of the band's music being what the production duo wanted to implement into Justified 's musical content. [12] The production duo commented that despite not being content with sampling music, for inspiration, they also listened to both Off the Wall (1979) and Thriller (1982), albums by Jackson. [12] Their intentions were to create music that was similar to Jackson's work without "recycling them". [12] One of the two members of The Neptunes, Chad Hugo, commented that they just wanted to re-create "that sense of those timeless, classic songs, without any of the 'bling, bling, hit me on my two-way' style of the new R&B. It has elements of the old and the new." [12] The producer further went on to say that people wanted Timberlake to be conformed to being part of boy band NSYNC, with the former insisting that the singer is an immaculate vocalist. [12] Hugo acknowledged Timberlake's break-up with singer Britney Spears , saying that some of the album's music could be directed towards it. [12]
0:28
A 27-second sample of "Cry Me a River", which uses beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The opening track on Justified , " Señorita " is a Spanish oriented song that features R&B influences; [17] [18] in it Timberlake sings about a girl with brown eyes. [19] " Like I Love You " is a funk influenced song consisted of live drums, tiny guitar strum accompanied with the singer's breathy tenor . According to Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone , "it's minimalism influenced by Michael Jackson". [20] The third track on the album, "(Oh No) What You Got" was described by Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine as a bit racy for the audience who expected a more boy-band-oriented record. [15] Regarding the fourth song, Russell Bailie of The New Zealand Herald wrote that although the album "manages to skirt teen-pop sugariness for the most part, though it does offer quality mush on numbers such as 'Take It From Here'." [21] " Cry Me a River " is a funk [22] and R&B song [23] with an instrumentation that features beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16] Lyrically, the song is about a brokenhearted man who moves on from his past. [24]
0:28
"Rock Your Body", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The sixth track, " Rock Your Body ", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25] The seventh track of the album is "Nothin' Else"; which according to David Merryweather of Drowned in Sound is a "slinky" and "smooth" song that is similar to the works of American musician Stevie Wonder . [26] Influenced by Jackson's musical style [26] and Van McCoy 's 1975 single " The Hustle ", "Last Night" is played with a xylophone . [15] "Still On My Brain", the ninth track on the album, is a slow jam, [15] similar to the songs performed by Timberlake's former band 'NSYNC. [26] "(And She Said) Take Me Now" which features singer Janet Jackson , is a disco , '80s funk and dub song [16] that contains racy lyrics. [15] Similar to the previous song, the eleventh track of the album has racy lyrics; on it Timberlake "cockily" sings the line, "I could think of a couple positions for you". [15] "Let's Take a Ride" is the twelfth song on the album, on which, according to Uncut magazine, Timberlake "offers to deliver you from your humdrum existence". [27] The record concludes with "Never Again", a ballad, on which Timberlake becomes "downright maudlin and snippy". [28]
"Like I Love You" featuring Clipse was released as the album's lead single . It was released as a CD single in August 2002 in Germany and the US. [29] [30] The song was written by Justin Timberlake and The Neptunes, who also produced the track. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its production and use of instrumentals. "Like I Love You" charted at number eleven on the US Billboard Hot 100 , [31] and in the top five in the UK , [32] Denmark , [33] Netherlands and Ireland . [34] [35] The song was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 45th Grammy Awards . [36]
Justified 's second single is "Cry Me a River", and was released through contemporary and rhythmic radio on November 24, 2002, [37] [38] and as a 12" vinyl on December 23 in the US. [39] The song was written by Timberlake, Scott Storch and Timbaland and produced by the latter. "Cry Me a River" debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated December 21, 2002, [40] and eventually peaked at number three. [31] In other countries, the song achieved similar success, reaching number two in Australia and the UK, [32] [41] and the top five in several other territories. "Cry Me a River" has been certified gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 units, [42] and certified silver in France. [43] It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2004 ceremony , while the accompanying music video won two MTV Video Music Awards : Best Male Video and Best Pop Video . The song is listed on Rolling Stone' s The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . [44]
"Rock Your Body" was released as the album's third single, and was released on May 6, 2003, as a CD single in the US. [45] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, and produced by the latter. The song topped the charts in Australia for one week, [41] became Timberlake's third single to reach number two in the UK, [32] and reached the top five in Denmark, [33] Ireland, [35] New Zealand and the US. [31] [46] "Rock Your Body" was certified platinum in Australia by the ARIA. [42] It received a gold certification in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 units. [47]
"Señorita" is Justified 's fourth single, released through rhythmic radio on July 8, 2003. [48] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, while being produced by the latter. It reached number 27 on the Hot 100, [31] and achieved its highest peak in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number six and four, respectively. [41] [46]
Timberlake performed "Like I Love You" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards prior to the album's release. The day of Justified' s release, Timberlake appeared on TRL and performed "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" live in Times Square . [49] TV specials included a sit-down interview with Barbara Walters on 20/20 , [50] an episode of MTV Launch that followed the making of Justified , [51] and the TV concert special, Justin Timberlake: Down Home in Memphis . [52] Timberlake performed "Cry Me a River" at the 13th annual Billboard Music Awards , held on December 9, 2002, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . He was accompanied by a string section and a 20-member choir. [53] He performed "Cry Me a River" on a promotional concert held at House of Blues in West Hollywood, California on June 17, 2003. [54] On February 1, 2004, the singer performed "Rock Your Body" at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with singer Janet Jackson. [55] At the moment Timberlake sang the lyric "Bet I'll have you naked by the end of this song," he ripped off part of Jackson's costume, momentarily exposing her right breast on live television. [55] Timberlake distanced himself from the controversy while Jackson faced much criticism. [56] He later commented that "America's harsher on women...[and] unfairly harsh on ethnic people." [57] He performed "Señorita" live on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live in October 2003, where he served as host and musical guest, [58] and at the 2004 Grammy Awards . [59] Magazine covers included Rolling Stone , which dubbed him the "New King of Pop", [60] Entertainment Weekly , [61] VIBE magazine , [62] The Advocate , [63] and Details . [64]
Timberlake did a joint tour in North America with Christina Aguilera entitled the Justified and Stripped Tour, to support both Justified and Aguilera's 2002 album, Stripped . [65] Timberlake's and Aguilera's managers suggested to both singers to go on a conjoint tour. Timberlake agreed with the suggestion, saying that "It would be fun to be on tour with somebody who's that talented". [66] Timberlake's further reasoning for touring with Aguilera was due to both singers wanting to "break the mold of what people look at as teen pop and move into a different direction". [67] For the tour, Timberlake wanted to transform arenas into clubs, stating that he wants people "to feel like they're a part of the show and it's a party", remarking that anybody caught sitting down would get booted. [66] For the tour, Timberlake performed with eight dancers, a 14-piece band which included four backup singers , three horn players and a DJ . [67] The tour commenced on June 4, 2003, in Phoenix , Arizona and concluded on September 2, 2003, in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The tour grossed approximately $45 million. [68]
In September 2003, McDonald's announced Timberlake as a new spokesmen for their "I'm Lovin' It" campaign. Timberlake recorded " I'm Lovin' It ", to be featured in adverts for the franchise, later expanded and released as a single in December 2003. McDonald's later announced they will sponsor a tour for Timberlake, following his successful North American tour with Christina Aguilera, entitled the Justified World Tour. [69] Timberlake stated "I love what McDonald's is doing with the new 'i'm lovin' it' campaign and it's cool to be part of it [...] We share the same crowd -- people who like to have fun -- and that's what this new partnership and my European concert tour is all about." The tour began with Timberlake playing intimate gigs at clubs and theatres in the United States and Australia before expanding to arenas in Europe. [70] The tour commenced on May 7, 2003, in Sheffield , England and concluded on June 19, 2004, in Brisbane , Australia . Jive Records released two DVD specials for Justified, Justified: the Videos [71] and Justin Timberlake: Live from London .
|Aggregate scores|
|Source||Rating|
|Metacritic||68/100 [72]|
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AllMusic||[73]|
|Blender||[74]|
|Entertainment Weekly||B [75]|
|The Guardian||[76]|
|The New Zealand Herald||[21]|
|NME||6/10 [16]|
|Rolling Stone||[20]|
|The Rolling Stone Album Guide||[77]|
|Uncut||[78]|
|The Village Voice||A− [79]|
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews. [72] Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone was receptive to The Neptunes's production, and noted both "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" as standout tracks. Ratliff also commented that Justin Timberlake has successfully "vaulted over the canyon" to adulthood. [20] Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani believed that Timberlake meshes with The Neptunes "so well he virtually relinquishes his personality to the super-duo—he could very well be the third member of N.E.R.D ." Cinquemani noted the similarities between Justified 's tracks to the work of musician Michael Jackson, saying that the album should have been Jackson's tenth and final studio album, Invincible (2001). [15] BBC Music 's Denise Boyd praised "Like I Love You", while also commending "Cry Me a River" for its lyrical content and "Rock Your Body", which he notes contains Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder influences. [24] In Entertainment Weekly , David Browne wrote how the album should have been the outcome of Jackson's tenth studio album, as "the ultramodern R&B-pop hybrid". Browne described Justified as "cohesive", favoring the album to NSYNC's previous two efforts: Celebrity (2001) and No Strings Attached (2000). [75]
Robert Christgau wrote of Timberlake in The Village Voice , "though his talent and character were there for all to see, who knew he'd turn out this heady or beatwise?" [79] The newspaper's Christopher O'Connor commended The Neptunes' production, while praising "Like I Love You" and the Janet Jackson collaboration "(And She Said) Take Me Now", saying how the songs show that Timberlake "has the balls to pursue the A-plus list." [80] O'Connor showed ambivalence towards "Right for Me" and "Cry Me a River", noting the former as "awkward" and the latter as "a lousy Aaliyah impression." [80] Tyler Martin from Stylus Magazine deemed "Señorita" and "Like I Love You" as the record's highlights, while writing that the album does not maintain Timberlake's masculine persona, but still "paints a picture of a complicated young man, growing into adulthood". [81] NME 's Alex Needham was less enthusiastic, writing that Timberlake's lyrics are "soppy platitudes that may or may not be about Britney". [16] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian believed the only noticeable tracks are "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body", noting the latter as "predictable", while criticising the album's lyrics as being "suggestive mumbling". [76] AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that Timberlake "shamelessly borrows from Jacko, from the Thriller -era ", going on to criticize his vocals as to lack substance, with his falsetto lacking character, though calling him a "technically skilled vocalist." [73]
Justified was ranked second on The Face ' s "Recordings of the Year", [82] and 46 on Village Voice ' s "Pazz + Jop 2003". [83] Justified was listed at number 37 on The A.V. Club 's Best music of the decade list. [84] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [85] It was also included on The Guardian ' s list of "1000 albums to hear before you die," calling the artist "the quintessential modern crossover act." [86] In 2009 MTV Base included the album among the 100 "Greatest Albums Ever", which ranked 15 after the public poll. [87] In 2014, writers from Paste considered it the 7th best solo debut, and in 2017 from Cleveland.com , the best boy band solo debut. [88] [89] Justified ranked 5 on NME ' s greatest debut albums turning 15 in 2017, with the author saying "perhaps a few more listens would have changed NME's mind at the time." [90] In 2019, The Guardian ranked it number 87 in their list of "The 100 best albums of the 21st century," saying: "Timberlake's Neptunes/Timbaland-helmed debut was slick, sexy and most importantly, convincing." [91]
Justified earned Timberlake three American Music Award nominations, including Favorite Pop/Rock Album, Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist and Fan Choice Award. [92] Timberlake won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Album. [92] At the 45th Grammy Awards , Timberlake had one nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Like I Love You". [93] The following year, Justified earned Timberlake nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album , while "Cry Me a River" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . [94] Timberlake won the latter two awards. [95] For Justified , Timberlake won Best Male , Best Pop and Best Album at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards . [96] Justified won the International Album award at the 2004 Brit Awards . [97]
At the 2003 BET Awards, he received two nominations for Best R&B Male Artist and Best New Artist. [98] Among others, it was nominated Best Album at the MOBO Award , [99] International Album of the Year at the NRJ Music Awards , [100] and Foreign Album of the Year at the Danish Music Awards . [101]
For a 2018 Billboard article, writers Taylor Weatherby and Nina Braca said the album "may possibly be the most iconic debut album from a former band member in pop music history", describing it as "[a] bona-fide success that foreshadowed Timberlake's superstardom to come" and "at the same time, a declaration of independence from his poppier beginnings." [102] From the same magazine, Dan Weiss deemed Justified as Timberlake's " classic album." [103] Writers from Consequence of Sound deemed it "the standard for former teen pop stars' bids to be taken seriously" when comparing it to other debut solo albums released later, [104] and Herald Sun considered it a "boy band to men blueprint." [105] British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran cited the album as an inspiration for his 2014 single " Sing ", [106] and Shawn Mendes for his 2018 song " Lost in Japan ". [107] One Direction 's Liam Payne , talking about his debut solo album, stated he was focusing on making a record like Justified . [108] In 2009, Filipina singer Nina covered "Never Again" for her acoustic radio show and album, Renditions of the Soul .
Justified debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 439,000 copies in its opening week. [109] The album was expected to top the chart, replacing the 8 Mile soundtrack (2002). [110] Instead the soundtrack sold 507,000 copies, due to being propelled by Eminem's " Lose Yourself ". [109] The following week, Justified sold 188,770 copies and fell two positions to number four. [111] In its third week, the album sold 110,000 copies and remained within the top ten on the chart. [112] The album appeared on the Billboard 200 chart for seventy-two weeks, and eventually went on to sell 3.5 million copies in the US. [113] It has been certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of three million copies. [47] As of 2018, the album has accumuladed 4.6 million album-equivalent units in the US, combining sales and equivalent streams. [114] Justified debuted and peaked at number two on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. [115] The album charted on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 2003 year-end charts, reaching number eleven and twenty-six, respectively. [116] [117]
Internationally, Justified received a similar response. In the United Kingdom , Justified debuted at number six, and eventually peaked at number one on the week of November 16, 2002, remaining atop for seven non-consecutive weeks. [118] [119] The album has appeared on the chart for eighty-four weeks; it has been certified five times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 1.5 million copies. [119] As of March 2015, Justified is the 41st best-selling album of the millennium in the United Kingdom. [120] In Canada , the album peaked at number three and has been certified two times platinum by Music Canada . [121] Justified debuted and peaked at number four in Denmark and the Netherlands , remaining on the charts for forty and seventy-two weeks, respectively. [122] The album peaked at number five in New Zealand for one week, appearing on the chart for thirty-six weeks, and receiving a two times platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipping 15,000 units. [122] Justified peaked in the top ten in Belgium , Australia and Norway . [122] The album charted within the top thirty and forty in several other countries. [122] As of June 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
In 2003, Justified was ranked as the 11th most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200. [123] According to Billboard , as of 2022, Justified is one of the 15 best-performing 21st-century albums without any of its singles being number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 . [124]
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|1.||" Señorita "||The Neptunes||4 : 54|
|2.||" Like I Love You " (featuring Clipse )||The Neptunes||4 : 43|
|3.||"(Oh No) What You Got"||4 : 31|
|4.||"Take It from Here"||The Neptunes||6 : 14|
|5.||" Cry Me a River " (featuring Timbaland)||4 : 48|
|6.||" Rock Your Body "||The Neptunes||4 : 27|
|7.||"Nothin' Else"||The Neptunes||4 : 58|
|8.||"Last Night"||The Neptunes||4 : 47|
|9.||"Still on My Brain"||The Underdogs||4 : 35|
|10.||"(And She Said) Take Me Now" (featuring Janet Jackson )||5 : 31|
|11.||"Right for Me" (featuring Bubba Sparxxx )||4 : 29|
|12.||"Let's Take a Ride"||The Neptunes||4 : 44|
|13.||"Never Again"||McKnight||4 : 34|
|Total length:||63 : 15|
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|14.||"Worthy Of"||4 : 09|
|Total length:||67 : 24|
- ^[a] signifies a co-producer
- "Señorita" features additional vocals by Pharrell Williams .
- "Like I Love You" features a rap performed by Clipse .
- "Right for Me" features additional vocals by Timbaland .
- "Right for Me" features a rap performed by Bubba Sparxxx .
Credits for Justified adapted from AllMusic and album's liner notes . [125] [126]
- Lainie Aguilar - background vocals (track 1)
- Marsha Ambrosius - background vocals (track 5)
- Damon Bennett - flute (track 11)
- Vidal Davis - percussion (track 11)
- Nathan East - bass (track 9)
- Omar Edwards - keyboards (track 11)
- Prescott Ellison - drums (track 13)
- Larry Gold - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 5, 10, 11)
- Chad Hugo - instruments (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Janet Jackson - additional vocals (track 10)
- Ben Kenney - guitar (track 11)
- Vanessa Marquez - additional vocals (track 6)
- Harvey Mason, Jr. - music (track 9)
- George "Spanky" McCurdy - drums (track 11)
- Brian McKnight - instruments and vocal arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Meyers - conductor and string arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Pettaway - guitar (track 5)
- Bubba Sparxxx - rap (track 11)
- Scott Storch - clavinet (tracks 5, 10)
- Damon Thomas - music (track 9)
- Timbaland - background vocals (tracks 3, 5, 10, 11) ,
- Justin Timberlake - lead vocals, background vocals, vocal arrangements
- Thaddeus Tribbett - bass (track 11)
- Tye Tribbett & G.A. - background vocals (track 5)
- Charles Veal & The Southwest Chamber Orchestra - strings (tracks 4, 8)
- Frank "Knuckles" Walker - percussion (track 11)
- Pharrell Williams - instruments and vocal arrangements (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , additional vocals (1, 2, 8)
- Benjamin Wright - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 4, 8)
- Produced by The Neptunes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , The Underdogs (Damon Thomas & Harvey Mason, Jr. ) (9) , Brian McKnight (13)
- Co-Produced by Scott Storch (track 10)
- Recorded by Andrew Coleman (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Steve Penny (3) , Jimmy Douglass (5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell and Dabling Harward (9) , Chris Wood (13)
- Mixed by Serban Ghenea (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Jimmy Douglass and Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell (9) , Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado (13)
- Assistant Engineers: Daniel Betancourt and Tim Roberts (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) ; "Steamy" (3, 5, 10, 11) ; Carlos "Storm" Martinez (5, 10, 11) ; Mary Ann Souza, Joe Brown, and Ethan Willoughby (13)
- Strings Recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 13)
- Pro Tools Engineer: Jimmy Randolph (track 13)
- Additional Pro Tools Engineering by John Hanes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Additional Vocals Recorded by Eddie Delena (track 6)
- Mastered by Herb Powers Jr. at The Hit Factory for PM Entertainment
- A&R Consultant: Silas White
- Exclusive Management by Lynn & Paul Harless for Just-In Time Entertainment and Johnny Wright for Wright Entertainment Group
- Legal Representation: Gary Stiffelman, Esq. (Ziffren, Brittenham, Branca, Fischer, Gilbert-Lurie and Stiffelman LLP)
- Photographer: Steven Klein
- Creative Director: David Lipman
- Producer: Gabriel Ray Sanchez
- Stylist: Arianne Phillips
- Hair: Jimmy Paul
- Makeup: Carla White
- Set Design: Marla Weinhoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_(album) | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justified (album) - Wikipedia | - " Like I Love You "
Released: September 16, 2002
- " Cry Me a River "
Released: November 25, 2002
- " Rock Your Body "
Released: March 17, 2003
- " Señorita "
Released: July 7, 2003
- "Still on My Brain"
Released: July 7, 2003 [1]
Justified is the debut solo studio album by American singer Justin Timberlake . It was released on November 5, 2002, by Jive Records . The album was written and recorded in a six-week period as Timberlake's band NSYNC was on hiatus. For his solo album, Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an R&B artist opposed to the previous pop music recorded by the group. The majority of the album was produced by the Neptunes (credited as " Williams and Hugo ") and Timbaland , and features guest appearances by Janet Jackson , Clipse , and Bubba Sparxxx . Primarily an R&B album, Justified also contains influences of dance-pop , funk , and soul music .
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics, who complimented the mature progression of Timberlake's material, although some criticized its lyrical content. The album earned Timberlake four Grammy Award nominations, including Album of the Year , and won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album . Justified debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 and sold 439,000 copies in its first week. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold over 3.9 million copies in the US. As of 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
Four singles were released from Justified . The lead single " Like I Love You " peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , while the follow-up singles " Cry Me a River " and " Rock Your Body " peaked within the top five on the chart. "Like I Love You", "Cry Me a River", and "Rock Your Body" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Australia (with "Rock Your Body" topping the Australian chart), Ireland , Netherlands , and Belgium . To promote the album, Timberlake performed on several television shows and award ceremonies, including the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards , where he made his solo debut appearance. Furthermore, Timberlake embarked on two concert tours— The Justified World Tour and the Justified and Stripped Tour —with Christina Aguilera accompanying him on the latter.
Following the conclusion of their Celebrity Tour in April 2002, boy band NSYNC went on a hiatus, during which lead singer Justin Timberlake continued work on what would be his debut solo album. [3] The album was said to be "more than halfway completed" by early 2002. [4] [5] With the album, he wanted to portray a more mature image as an R&B performer, rather than a boy band pop artist. [3] He revealed minimal information regarding the producers and artists involved with Justified during its early recording stage, [6] with his management and record label also reluctant to share any information. [6] [7] However, MTV News reported that production duo The Neptunes were working on multiple tracks, while rapper P. Diddy and singer Mario Winans contributed to one track. [6] Other known producers involved included Mike City , Raphael Saadiq and Rodney Jerkins , though between June and July, none of the aforementioned producers had attended any studio sessions. [6] Explaining his involvement with the project, Jerkins said at the 2002 BET Awards that he "just got a call about working on the project" and that whenever Timberlake wanted his assistance, it would "be done". [6] The majority of tracks for Justified were originally intended for Michael Jackson . [8] Jackson turned down the tracks, so the songs were modified for Timberlake's album. [9] [10]
Brian McKnight 's manager stated that his client had already recorded tracks with the singer, while rapper Nelly explained to the reporters that both him and Timberlake had discussed a collaboration effort. [6] Early in 2002, Angie Stone revealed that Timberlake "loves the Mahogany Soul album" with him further saying to her "your CD's in my car right now, you have to work on my solo project". [6] These assertions were later partially denied by a Jive spokesperson who announced that the material produced from the collaboration would not appear on the finalized record. [11]
We picked him up right after he checked into his hotel. We drove around in the car listening to old Earth, Wind & Fire albums, and he was totally with it. The background of those songs is the feeling we wanted to incorporate into the music. He was like, 'Nobody's ever heard anything like that before ... a white boy singing this kind of music.' He didn't care what people would say.
Justified was written and recorded in a six-week period. According to Timberlake, the "creative spurt" was reminiscent of "that period of time back in the 1960s and '70s when musicians got together and just jammed and worked out of inspiration. There was no heavy calculation or belaboring songs and mixes. Everything flowed pretty easily and naturally." [13] Recording sessions took place at various studios in the United States, including the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Manhattan Center Studios in New York City and Master Sound Recording Studios and Windmark Recording in Virginia Beach . [14]
The Neptunes told MTV News that the duo and Timberlake drove in a car listening to Earth, Wind & Fire albums for inspiration, with the background of the band's music being what the production duo wanted to implement into Justified 's musical content. [12] The production duo commented that despite not being content with sampling music, for inspiration, they also listened to both Off the Wall (1979) and Thriller (1982), albums by Jackson. [12] Their intentions were to create music that was similar to Jackson's work without "recycling them". [12] One of the two members of The Neptunes, Chad Hugo, commented that they just wanted to re-create "that sense of those timeless, classic songs, without any of the 'bling, bling, hit me on my two-way' style of the new R&B. It has elements of the old and the new." [12] The producer further went on to say that people wanted Timberlake to be conformed to being part of boy band NSYNC, with the former insisting that the singer is an immaculate vocalist. [12] Hugo acknowledged Timberlake's break-up with singer Britney Spears , saying that some of the album's music could be directed towards it. [12]
0:28
A 27-second sample of "Cry Me a River", which uses beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The opening track on Justified , " Señorita " is a Spanish oriented song that features R&B influences; [17] [18] in it Timberlake sings about a girl with brown eyes. [19] " Like I Love You " is a funk influenced song consisted of live drums, tiny guitar strum accompanied with the singer's breathy tenor . According to Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone , "it's minimalism influenced by Michael Jackson". [20] The third track on the album, "(Oh No) What You Got" was described by Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine as a bit racy for the audience who expected a more boy-band-oriented record. [15] Regarding the fourth song, Russell Bailie of The New Zealand Herald wrote that although the album "manages to skirt teen-pop sugariness for the most part, though it does offer quality mush on numbers such as 'Take It From Here'." [21] " Cry Me a River " is a funk [22] and R&B song [23] with an instrumentation that features beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16] Lyrically, the song is about a brokenhearted man who moves on from his past. [24]
0:28
"Rock Your Body", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The sixth track, " Rock Your Body ", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25] The seventh track of the album is "Nothin' Else"; which according to David Merryweather of Drowned in Sound is a "slinky" and "smooth" song that is similar to the works of American musician Stevie Wonder . [26] Influenced by Jackson's musical style [26] and Van McCoy 's 1975 single " The Hustle ", "Last Night" is played with a xylophone . [15] "Still On My Brain", the ninth track on the album, is a slow jam, [15] similar to the songs performed by Timberlake's former band 'NSYNC. [26] "(And She Said) Take Me Now" which features singer Janet Jackson , is a disco , '80s funk and dub song [16] that contains racy lyrics. [15] Similar to the previous song, the eleventh track of the album has racy lyrics; on it Timberlake "cockily" sings the line, "I could think of a couple positions for you". [15] "Let's Take a Ride" is the twelfth song on the album, on which, according to Uncut magazine, Timberlake "offers to deliver you from your humdrum existence". [27] The record concludes with "Never Again", a ballad, on which Timberlake becomes "downright maudlin and snippy". [28]
"Like I Love You" featuring Clipse was released as the album's lead single . It was released as a CD single in August 2002 in Germany and the US. [29] [30] The song was written by Justin Timberlake and The Neptunes, who also produced the track. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its production and use of instrumentals. "Like I Love You" charted at number eleven on the US Billboard Hot 100 , [31] and in the top five in the UK , [32] Denmark , [33] Netherlands and Ireland . [34] [35] The song was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 45th Grammy Awards . [36]
Justified 's second single is "Cry Me a River", and was released through contemporary and rhythmic radio on November 24, 2002, [37] [38] and as a 12" vinyl on December 23 in the US. [39] The song was written by Timberlake, Scott Storch and Timbaland and produced by the latter. "Cry Me a River" debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated December 21, 2002, [40] and eventually peaked at number three. [31] In other countries, the song achieved similar success, reaching number two in Australia and the UK, [32] [41] and the top five in several other territories. "Cry Me a River" has been certified gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 units, [42] and certified silver in France. [43] It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2004 ceremony , while the accompanying music video won two MTV Video Music Awards : Best Male Video and Best Pop Video . The song is listed on Rolling Stone' s The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . [44]
"Rock Your Body" was released as the album's third single, and was released on May 6, 2003, as a CD single in the US. [45] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, and produced by the latter. The song topped the charts in Australia for one week, [41] became Timberlake's third single to reach number two in the UK, [32] and reached the top five in Denmark, [33] Ireland, [35] New Zealand and the US. [31] [46] "Rock Your Body" was certified platinum in Australia by the ARIA. [42] It received a gold certification in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 units. [47]
"Señorita" is Justified 's fourth single, released through rhythmic radio on July 8, 2003. [48] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, while being produced by the latter. It reached number 27 on the Hot 100, [31] and achieved its highest peak in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number six and four, respectively. [41] [46]
Timberlake performed "Like I Love You" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards prior to the album's release. The day of Justified' s release, Timberlake appeared on TRL and performed "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" live in Times Square . [49] TV specials included a sit-down interview with Barbara Walters on 20/20 , [50] an episode of MTV Launch that followed the making of Justified , [51] and the TV concert special, Justin Timberlake: Down Home in Memphis . [52] Timberlake performed "Cry Me a River" at the 13th annual Billboard Music Awards , held on December 9, 2002, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . He was accompanied by a string section and a 20-member choir. [53] He performed "Cry Me a River" on a promotional concert held at House of Blues in West Hollywood, California on June 17, 2003. [54] On February 1, 2004, the singer performed "Rock Your Body" at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with singer Janet Jackson. [55] At the moment Timberlake sang the lyric "Bet I'll have you naked by the end of this song," he ripped off part of Jackson's costume, momentarily exposing her right breast on live television. [55] Timberlake distanced himself from the controversy while Jackson faced much criticism. [56] He later commented that "America's harsher on women...[and] unfairly harsh on ethnic people." [57] He performed "Señorita" live on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live in October 2003, where he served as host and musical guest, [58] and at the 2004 Grammy Awards . [59] Magazine covers included Rolling Stone , which dubbed him the "New King of Pop", [60] Entertainment Weekly , [61] VIBE magazine , [62] The Advocate , [63] and Details . [64]
Timberlake did a joint tour in North America with Christina Aguilera entitled the Justified and Stripped Tour, to support both Justified and Aguilera's 2002 album, Stripped . [65] Timberlake's and Aguilera's managers suggested to both singers to go on a conjoint tour. Timberlake agreed with the suggestion, saying that "It would be fun to be on tour with somebody who's that talented". [66] Timberlake's further reasoning for touring with Aguilera was due to both singers wanting to "break the mold of what people look at as teen pop and move into a different direction". [67] For the tour, Timberlake wanted to transform arenas into clubs, stating that he wants people "to feel like they're a part of the show and it's a party", remarking that anybody caught sitting down would get booted. [66] For the tour, Timberlake performed with eight dancers, a 14-piece band which included four backup singers , three horn players and a DJ . [67] The tour commenced on June 4, 2003, in Phoenix , Arizona and concluded on September 2, 2003, in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The tour grossed approximately $45 million. [68]
In September 2003, McDonald's announced Timberlake as a new spokesmen for their "I'm Lovin' It" campaign. Timberlake recorded " I'm Lovin' It ", to be featured in adverts for the franchise, later expanded and released as a single in December 2003. McDonald's later announced they will sponsor a tour for Timberlake, following his successful North American tour with Christina Aguilera, entitled the Justified World Tour. [69] Timberlake stated "I love what McDonald's is doing with the new 'i'm lovin' it' campaign and it's cool to be part of it [...] We share the same crowd -- people who like to have fun -- and that's what this new partnership and my European concert tour is all about." The tour began with Timberlake playing intimate gigs at clubs and theatres in the United States and Australia before expanding to arenas in Europe. [70] The tour commenced on May 7, 2003, in Sheffield , England and concluded on June 19, 2004, in Brisbane , Australia . Jive Records released two DVD specials for Justified, Justified: the Videos [71] and Justin Timberlake: Live from London .
|Aggregate scores|
|Source||Rating|
|Metacritic||68/100 [72]|
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AllMusic||[73]|
|Blender||[74]|
|Entertainment Weekly||B [75]|
|The Guardian||[76]|
|The New Zealand Herald||[21]|
|NME||6/10 [16]|
|Rolling Stone||[20]|
|The Rolling Stone Album Guide||[77]|
|Uncut||[78]|
|The Village Voice||A− [79]|
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews. [72] Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone was receptive to The Neptunes's production, and noted both "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" as standout tracks. Ratliff also commented that Justin Timberlake has successfully "vaulted over the canyon" to adulthood. [20] Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani believed that Timberlake meshes with The Neptunes "so well he virtually relinquishes his personality to the super-duo—he could very well be the third member of N.E.R.D ." Cinquemani noted the similarities between Justified 's tracks to the work of musician Michael Jackson, saying that the album should have been Jackson's tenth and final studio album, Invincible (2001). [15] BBC Music 's Denise Boyd praised "Like I Love You", while also commending "Cry Me a River" for its lyrical content and "Rock Your Body", which he notes contains Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder influences. [24] In Entertainment Weekly , David Browne wrote how the album should have been the outcome of Jackson's tenth studio album, as "the ultramodern R&B-pop hybrid". Browne described Justified as "cohesive", favoring the album to NSYNC's previous two efforts: Celebrity (2001) and No Strings Attached (2000). [75]
Robert Christgau wrote of Timberlake in The Village Voice , "though his talent and character were there for all to see, who knew he'd turn out this heady or beatwise?" [79] The newspaper's Christopher O'Connor commended The Neptunes' production, while praising "Like I Love You" and the Janet Jackson collaboration "(And She Said) Take Me Now", saying how the songs show that Timberlake "has the balls to pursue the A-plus list." [80] O'Connor showed ambivalence towards "Right for Me" and "Cry Me a River", noting the former as "awkward" and the latter as "a lousy Aaliyah impression." [80] Tyler Martin from Stylus Magazine deemed "Señorita" and "Like I Love You" as the record's highlights, while writing that the album does not maintain Timberlake's masculine persona, but still "paints a picture of a complicated young man, growing into adulthood". [81] NME 's Alex Needham was less enthusiastic, writing that Timberlake's lyrics are "soppy platitudes that may or may not be about Britney". [16] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian believed the only noticeable tracks are "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body", noting the latter as "predictable", while criticising the album's lyrics as being "suggestive mumbling". [76] AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that Timberlake "shamelessly borrows from Jacko, from the Thriller -era ", going on to criticize his vocals as to lack substance, with his falsetto lacking character, though calling him a "technically skilled vocalist." [73]
Justified was ranked second on The Face ' s "Recordings of the Year", [82] and 46 on Village Voice ' s "Pazz + Jop 2003". [83] Justified was listed at number 37 on The A.V. Club 's Best music of the decade list. [84] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [85] It was also included on The Guardian ' s list of "1000 albums to hear before you die," calling the artist "the quintessential modern crossover act." [86] In 2009 MTV Base included the album among the 100 "Greatest Albums Ever", which ranked 15 after the public poll. [87] In 2014, writers from Paste considered it the 7th best solo debut, and in 2017 from Cleveland.com , the best boy band solo debut. [88] [89] Justified ranked 5 on NME ' s greatest debut albums turning 15 in 2017, with the author saying "perhaps a few more listens would have changed NME's mind at the time." [90] In 2019, The Guardian ranked it number 87 in their list of "The 100 best albums of the 21st century," saying: "Timberlake's Neptunes/Timbaland-helmed debut was slick, sexy and most importantly, convincing." [91]
Justified earned Timberlake three American Music Award nominations, including Favorite Pop/Rock Album, Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist and Fan Choice Award. [92] Timberlake won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Album. [92] At the 45th Grammy Awards , Timberlake had one nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Like I Love You". [93] The following year, Justified earned Timberlake nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album , while "Cry Me a River" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . [94] Timberlake won the latter two awards. [95] For Justified , Timberlake won Best Male , Best Pop and Best Album at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards . [96] Justified won the International Album award at the 2004 Brit Awards . [97]
At the 2003 BET Awards, he received two nominations for Best R&B Male Artist and Best New Artist. [98] Among others, it was nominated Best Album at the MOBO Award , [99] International Album of the Year at the NRJ Music Awards , [100] and Foreign Album of the Year at the Danish Music Awards . [101]
For a 2018 Billboard article, writers Taylor Weatherby and Nina Braca said the album "may possibly be the most iconic debut album from a former band member in pop music history", describing it as "[a] bona-fide success that foreshadowed Timberlake's superstardom to come" and "at the same time, a declaration of independence from his poppier beginnings." [102] From the same magazine, Dan Weiss deemed Justified as Timberlake's " classic album." [103] Writers from Consequence of Sound deemed it "the standard for former teen pop stars' bids to be taken seriously" when comparing it to other debut solo albums released later, [104] and Herald Sun considered it a "boy band to men blueprint." [105] British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran cited the album as an inspiration for his 2014 single " Sing ", [106] and Shawn Mendes for his 2018 song " Lost in Japan ". [107] One Direction 's Liam Payne , talking about his debut solo album, stated he was focusing on making a record like Justified . [108] In 2009, Filipina singer Nina covered "Never Again" for her acoustic radio show and album, Renditions of the Soul .
Justified debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 439,000 copies in its opening week. [109] The album was expected to top the chart, replacing the 8 Mile soundtrack (2002). [110] Instead the soundtrack sold 507,000 copies, due to being propelled by Eminem's " Lose Yourself ". [109] The following week, Justified sold 188,770 copies and fell two positions to number four. [111] In its third week, the album sold 110,000 copies and remained within the top ten on the chart. [112] The album appeared on the Billboard 200 chart for seventy-two weeks, and eventually went on to sell 3.5 million copies in the US. [113] It has been certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of three million copies. [47] As of 2018, the album has accumuladed 4.6 million album-equivalent units in the US, combining sales and equivalent streams. [114] Justified debuted and peaked at number two on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. [115] The album charted on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 2003 year-end charts, reaching number eleven and twenty-six, respectively. [116] [117]
Internationally, Justified received a similar response. In the United Kingdom , Justified debuted at number six, and eventually peaked at number one on the week of November 16, 2002, remaining atop for seven non-consecutive weeks. [118] [119] The album has appeared on the chart for eighty-four weeks; it has been certified five times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 1.5 million copies. [119] As of March 2015, Justified is the 41st best-selling album of the millennium in the United Kingdom. [120] In Canada , the album peaked at number three and has been certified two times platinum by Music Canada . [121] Justified debuted and peaked at number four in Denmark and the Netherlands , remaining on the charts for forty and seventy-two weeks, respectively. [122] The album peaked at number five in New Zealand for one week, appearing on the chart for thirty-six weeks, and receiving a two times platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipping 15,000 units. [122] Justified peaked in the top ten in Belgium , Australia and Norway . [122] The album charted within the top thirty and forty in several other countries. [122] As of June 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
In 2003, Justified was ranked as the 11th most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200. [123] According to Billboard , as of 2022, Justified is one of the 15 best-performing 21st-century albums without any of its singles being number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 . [124]
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|1.||" Señorita "||The Neptunes||4 : 54|
|2.||" Like I Love You " (featuring Clipse )||The Neptunes||4 : 43|
|3.||"(Oh No) What You Got"||4 : 31|
|4.||"Take It from Here"||The Neptunes||6 : 14|
|5.||" Cry Me a River " (featuring Timbaland)||4 : 48|
|6.||" Rock Your Body "||The Neptunes||4 : 27|
|7.||"Nothin' Else"||The Neptunes||4 : 58|
|8.||"Last Night"||The Neptunes||4 : 47|
|9.||"Still on My Brain"||The Underdogs||4 : 35|
|10.||"(And She Said) Take Me Now" (featuring Janet Jackson )||5 : 31|
|11.||"Right for Me" (featuring Bubba Sparxxx )||4 : 29|
|12.||"Let's Take a Ride"||The Neptunes||4 : 44|
|13.||"Never Again"||McKnight||4 : 34|
|Total length:||63 : 15|
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|14.||"Worthy Of"||4 : 09|
|Total length:||67 : 24|
- ^[a] signifies a co-producer
- "Señorita" features additional vocals by Pharrell Williams .
- "Like I Love You" features a rap performed by Clipse .
- "Right for Me" features additional vocals by Timbaland .
- "Right for Me" features a rap performed by Bubba Sparxxx .
Credits for Justified adapted from AllMusic and album's liner notes . [125] [126]
- Lainie Aguilar - background vocals (track 1)
- Marsha Ambrosius - background vocals (track 5)
- Damon Bennett - flute (track 11)
- Vidal Davis - percussion (track 11)
- Nathan East - bass (track 9)
- Omar Edwards - keyboards (track 11)
- Prescott Ellison - drums (track 13)
- Larry Gold - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 5, 10, 11)
- Chad Hugo - instruments (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Janet Jackson - additional vocals (track 10)
- Ben Kenney - guitar (track 11)
- Vanessa Marquez - additional vocals (track 6)
- Harvey Mason, Jr. - music (track 9)
- George "Spanky" McCurdy - drums (track 11)
- Brian McKnight - instruments and vocal arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Meyers - conductor and string arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Pettaway - guitar (track 5)
- Bubba Sparxxx - rap (track 11)
- Scott Storch - clavinet (tracks 5, 10)
- Damon Thomas - music (track 9)
- Timbaland - background vocals (tracks 3, 5, 10, 11) ,
- Justin Timberlake - lead vocals, background vocals, vocal arrangements
- Thaddeus Tribbett - bass (track 11)
- Tye Tribbett & G.A. - background vocals (track 5)
- Charles Veal & The Southwest Chamber Orchestra - strings (tracks 4, 8)
- Frank "Knuckles" Walker - percussion (track 11)
- Pharrell Williams - instruments and vocal arrangements (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , additional vocals (1, 2, 8)
- Benjamin Wright - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 4, 8)
- Produced by The Neptunes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , The Underdogs (Damon Thomas & Harvey Mason, Jr. ) (9) , Brian McKnight (13)
- Co-Produced by Scott Storch (track 10)
- Recorded by Andrew Coleman (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Steve Penny (3) , Jimmy Douglass (5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell and Dabling Harward (9) , Chris Wood (13)
- Mixed by Serban Ghenea (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Jimmy Douglass and Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell (9) , Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado (13)
- Assistant Engineers: Daniel Betancourt and Tim Roberts (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) ; "Steamy" (3, 5, 10, 11) ; Carlos "Storm" Martinez (5, 10, 11) ; Mary Ann Souza, Joe Brown, and Ethan Willoughby (13)
- Strings Recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 13)
- Pro Tools Engineer: Jimmy Randolph (track 13)
- Additional Pro Tools Engineering by John Hanes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Additional Vocals Recorded by Eddie Delena (track 6)
- Mastered by Herb Powers Jr. at The Hit Factory for PM Entertainment
- A&R Consultant: Silas White
- Exclusive Management by Lynn & Paul Harless for Just-In Time Entertainment and Johnny Wright for Wright Entertainment Group
- Legal Representation: Gary Stiffelman, Esq. (Ziffren, Brittenham, Branca, Fischer, Gilbert-Lurie and Stiffelman LLP)
- Photographer: Steven Klein
- Creative Director: David Lipman
- Producer: Gabriel Ray Sanchez
- Stylist: Arianne Phillips
- Hair: Jimmy Paul
- Makeup: Carla White
- Set Design: Marla Weinhoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_(album) | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justin Timberlake discography - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Justin Timberlake discography|
|Studio albums||5|
|Compilation albums||2|
|EPs||3|
|Singles||51|
|Soundtrack albums||2|
|Other charted songs||17|
The discography of American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake consists of five studio albums, two compilation albums, three extended plays, and 51 singles (including 19 as a featured artist). Timberlake started his music career in 1995, as a member of boy band NSYNC . [1] Following the group's hiatus in 2002, [2] he released his solo debut studio album, Justified , in November that same year. [3] The album was a commercial success and peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart [4] and additionally topped the charts in Ireland [5] and the United Kingdom. [6] Justified earned multiple multi-platinum certifications, including a triple platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) [7] and a sextuple platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). [8] It produced four singles: " Like I Love You ", " Cry Me a River ", " Rock Your Body " and " Señorita "; all performed well commercially, with two of them becoming top 5 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart [9] and top two hits on the UK Singles Chart . [10] "Rock Your Body" also reached number one in Australia.
FutureSex/LoveSounds , Timberlake's second studio album, was released in September 2006. [11] Like its predecessor, the album achieved commercial success internationally and topped the Billboard 200 chart; it also reached number one in countries such as Australia, [12] Canada [13] and the United Kingdom. [6] It was later certified four times platinum by the RIAA [7] and six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA); [14] it sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [15] Six singles were released from FutureSex/LoveSounds , including the Billboard Hot 100 chart number-one hits " SexyBack ", " My Love " and " What Goes Around... Comes Around ". [9] Throughout the late 2000s, Timberlake collaborated with several artists on the Hot 100 top ten singles, including " Give It to Me " by Timbaland , " 4 Minutes " by Madonna and " Dead and Gone " by T.I. [9]
In March 2013, [16] after a six-year hiatus from his solo music career, Timberlake released his third studio album, The 20/20 Experience – it topped the charts in various countries and set a digital sales record for being the fastest-selling album on the iTunes Store . [17] The 20/20 Experience was the top-selling album in the United States of 2013, selling 2,427,000 copies by the end of the year. [18] The album spawned three singles including the international hits " Suit & Tie " and " Mirrors "; the latter reached number two on the Hot 100 chart [9] and topped the UK Singles Chart. [10] In September 2013, Timberlake released the second half of the project, The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 . [19] It produced three singles including " Not a Bad Thing ", which reached number eight on the Hot 100 chart. [9] In 2016, Timberlake serves as the executive music producer for the soundtrack to DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls , accompanied by the release of " Can't Stop the Feeling! ", his fifth chart-topping single on the Hot 100. [20] It was certified Diamond in France [21] and Poland. [22]
On February 2, 2018, Timberlake released his fifth studio album, Man of the Woods . It topped the Billboard 200 with the biggest first week sales of the year at the time, selling 293,000 total units. [23] The album was supported by the two top ten singles, " Filthy " and " Say Something ". Man of the Woods also marks Timberlake's fourth consecutive No. 1 album and has since been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). [7] Man of the Woods concluded 2018 as the sixth best-selling album of the year. [24]
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| US |
[4]
| AUS |
[12]
| CAN |
[13]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[26]
| IRE |
[5]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[6]
|Justified||2||9||3||4||11||1||4||5||22||1|
|FutureSex/LoveSounds||1||1||1||3||3||1||4||4||2||1|
|The 20/20 Experience||1||1||1||2||1||1||2||1||1||1|
|The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2||1||4||1||2||4||3||4||3||2||2|
|Man of the Woods||1||2||1||1||1||3||1||3||2||2|
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| AUS |
[12]
| DEN |
[25]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| UK |
[6]
|12" Masters – The Essential Mixes||—||—||—||—||—|
|The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience||46||7||30||22||27|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| US |
[54]
| AUS |
[55]
| CAN |
[56]
| NZ |
[57]
| SWI |
[58]
| UK |
[59]
|Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||3||1||7||4||40||4|
|The Book of Love: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||—||—||—||—||—||—|
|Trolls World Tour: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||15||66||33||—||—||—|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Details|
| Justin & Christina [70] |
(with Christina Aguilera )
|I'm Lovin' It [71]|
|iTunes Festival: London 2013 [72]|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[9]
| AUS |
[73]
| CAN |
[74]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[75]
| IRE |
[76]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[10]
|" Like I Love You "||2002||11||8||11||4||16||5||5||6||14||2||Justified|
|" Cry Me a River "||3||2||2||11||13||6||6||11||20||2|
|" Rock Your Body "||2003||5||1||5||3||25||4||6||4||34||2|
|" Señorita "||27||6||19||13||51||15||26||4||42||13|
|"Still on My Brain" [83]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—|
|" I'm Lovin' It "||—||—||—||—||50||15||27||—||47||79||Live from London|
|" SexyBack "||2006||1||1||1||2||1||1||7||1||2||1||FutureSex/LoveSounds|
| " My Love " |
(featuring T.I. )
|1||3||1||3||4||4||19||1||2||2|
|" What Goes Around... Comes Around "||1||3||3||3||5||6||13||3||5||4|
|" Summer Love "||2007||6||— [i]||8||—||39||—||—||15||—||—|
|" LoveStoned "||17||11||5||12||15||12||8||17||19||11|
| " Until the End of Time " |
(with Beyoncé )
|17||—||—||30||39||—||—||31||—||—|
| " The Only Promise That Remains " |
(with Reba McEntire )
|— [j]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Reba: Duets|
| "Follow My Lead" [90] |
(with Esmée Denters )
|2008||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Non-album single|
| " Hallelujah " |
(with Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton )
|2010||13||—||5||37||—||46||—||8||—||91||Hope for Haiti Now|
| " Suit & Tie " |
(featuring Jay-Z )
|2013||3||9||3||1||25||16||10||14||31||3||The 20/20 Experience|
|" Mirrors "||2||10||4||4||2||5||10||7||5||1|
|" Tunnel Vision "||— [k]||63||—||—||—||75||—||—||—||61|
|" Take Back the Night "||29||57||23||37||52||49||38||—||48||22||The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2|
|" TKO "||36||— [l]||28||—||71||51||—||—||68||58|
|" Not a Bad Thing "||2014||8||10||9||16||62||38||46||5||29||21|
| " Love Never Felt So Good " |
(with Michael Jackson )
|9||28||20||1||18||17||2||12||15||8||Xscape|
|" Drink You Away "||2015||— [m]||—||85||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2|
|" Can't Stop the Feeling! "||2016||1||3||1||2||1||3||2||2||1||2||Trolls|
|" Filthy "||2018||9||27||5||24||42||22||53||— [n]||34||15||Man of the Woods|
|" Supplies "||71||—||49||—||83||—||—||— [o]||84||84|
| " Say Something " |
(featuring Chris Stapleton )
|9||18||6||11||9||16||24||20||6||9|
|" Man of the Woods "||73||—||63||—||80||—||100||— [p]||28||91|
|" SoulMate "||—||—||83||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Non-album single|
| " The Other Side " |
(with SZA )
|2020||61||43||55||—||88||56||60||— [q]||47||44||Trolls World Tour|
| " Stay with Me " |
(with Calvin Harris , Halsey , and Pharrell Williams )
|2022||— [r]||78||51||—||—||15||35||— [s]||—||10||Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 2|
| " Sin Fin " |
(with Romeo Santos )
|100||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Formula, Vol. 3|
|"—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[9]
| AUS |
[73]
| CAN |
[115]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[116]
| IRE |
[76]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[10]
| " Work It " |
( Nelly featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2003||68||14||13||—||16||11||16||17||59||7||Nellyville|
| " Signs " |
( Snoop Dogg featuring Charlie Wilson and Justin Timberlake)
|2005||46||1||—||3||3||2||6||4||5||2||R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece|
| " Dick in a Box " |
( The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2006||—||61||82||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Incredibad|
| " Give It to Me " |
( Timbaland featuring Nelly Furtado and Justin Timberlake)
|2007||1||16||1||3||3||2||8||2||6||1||Shock Value|
| " Ayo Technology " |
( 50 Cent featuring Justin Timberlake)
|5||10||12||3||7||3||19||1||2||2||Curtis|
| " 4 Minutes " |
( Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|2008||3||1||1||1||1||1||1||3||1||1||Hard Candy|
| " Dead and Gone " |
( T.I. featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2009||2||4||3||7||11||3||20||2||18||4||Paper Trail|
| " Love Sex Magic " |
( Ciara featuring Justin Timberlake)
|10||5||6||7||12||4||41||6||11||5||Fantasy Ride|
| " Carry Out " |
(Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake)
|11||58||7||—||—||3||37||15||80||6||Shock Value II|
| " Winner " |
( Jamie Foxx featuring Justin Timberlake and T.I.)
|2010||28||—||23||—||—||—||—||37||—||—||Best Night of My Life|
| " Love Dealer " |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||32||—||—||68||Outta Here|
| " Motherlover " |
(The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2011||— [t]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Turtleneck & Chain|
| " 3-Way (The Golden Rule) " |
(The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake and Lady Gaga )
|— [u]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||The Wack Album|
| "Role Model" [130] |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||No Rules|
| "Fascinated" [131] |
(FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—|
| " Holy Grail " |
( Jay-Z featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2013||4||42||13||14||24||53||83||18||24||7||Magna Carta Holy Grail|
| " #WheresTheLove " |
( The Black Eyed Peas featuring Justin Timberlake as part of the World)
|2016||—||15||—||—||39||—||—||—||41||47||Non-album singles|
| " Believe " |
( Meek Mill featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2020||90||—||—||—||—||—||—||— [v]||—||—|
| "Better Days" |
( Ant Clemons featuring Justin Timberlake)
|94||—||—||—||—||—||—||— [w]||—||—|
|"—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.|
|Title||Year||Album|
| "Don't Slack" |
(with Anderson .Paak )
|2020||Trolls World Tour|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[137]
| CAN |
[74]
| NZ |
Heat.
[111]
| UK |
[138]
| WW |
[139]
|" FutureSex/LoveSound "||2006||— [x]||—||—||—||—||FutureSex/LoveSounds|
| " Release " |
(Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2007||91||86||—||105||—||Shock Value|
| " Bounce " |
(Timbaland featuring Dr. Dre , Justin Timberlake, and Missy Elliott )
|93||—||—||176||—|
|" Pusher Love Girl "||2013||64||—||—||122||—||The 20/20 Experience|
|" Don't Hold the Wall "||— [y]||—||—||—||—|
|" Strawberry Bubblegum "||— [z]||—||—||193||—|
|"Spaceship Coupe"||— [aa]||—||—||—||—|
|"That Girl"||— [ab]||—||—||—|
—
|" Let the Groove Get In "||— [ac]||—||—||—||—|
|" Blue Ocean Floor "||— [ad]||—||—||—||—|
|"Dress On"||—||—||—||197||—|
|"Body Count"||—||—||—||147||—|
| "Brand New" |
(with Pharrell Williams )
|2014||— [ae]||—||—||104||—||G I R L|
| " True Colors " |
(with Anna Kendrick )
|2016||— [af]||—||—||—||—||Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|
| "Morning Light" |
(featuring Alicia Keys )
|2018||— [ag]||—||5||—||—||Man of the Woods|
| "Just Be" |
( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2021||— [ah]||—||—||—||—||Khaled Khaled|
| "Parent Trap" |
( Jack Harlow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2022||— [ai]||73||—||—||198||Come Home the Kids Miss You|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Year||Album|
| "My Kind of Girl" |
( Brian McKnight featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2001||Superhero|
| "What It's Like to Be Me" |
( Britney Spears featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Britney|
| "Hootnanny" |
( Bubba Sparxxx featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2003||Deliverance|
| "Love Don't Love Me" |
(Justin Timberlake)
|Bad Boys II Official Movie Soundtrack|
| "Good Foot" |
(Justin Timberlake featuring Timbaland)
|2004||Shark Tale Official Soundtrack|
| "Floatin'" |
( Charlie Wilson featuring Justin Timberlake & will.i.am )
|2005||Charlie, Last Name Wilson|
| "My Style" |
( The Black Eyed Peas featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|Monkey Business|
| "Loose Ends" |
( Sérgio Mendes featuring Justin Timberlake, Pharoahe Monch ,
and will.i.am)
|2006||Timeless|
| "Get Out" |
( Macy Gray featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2007||Big|
| "The Nature" |
( Talib Kweli featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Eardrum|
| "The Only Promise That Remains" |
( Reba McEntire duet with Justin Timberlake)
|Reba: Duets|
| "Nite-Runner" |
( Duran Duran featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland)
|Red Carpet Massacre|
| "Falling Down" |
(Duran Duran featuring Justin Timberlake)
| " Can't Believe It (Remix) " |
( T-Pain featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2008||Can't Believe It|
| "Dance 2night" |
( Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Hard Candy|
| "Take Me Alive" |
( Chris Cornell featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2009||Scream|
| "G is for Girl (A-Z)" |
( Ciara featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Fantasy Ride|
| " Love Dealer " |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Outta Here|
| "Casanova" |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
| "Follow My Lead" |
(Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
| "Hole in My Head" |
( Rihanna featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Rated R|
| "Money" |
( Matt Morris featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2010||When Everything Breaks Open|
| " Hallelujah " |
(Justin Timberlake featuring Matt Morris & Charlie Sexton )
|Hope for Haiti Now|
| " Sign Your Name " |
( Sheryl Crow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|100 Miles from Memphis|
| "Shades" |
( Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Lil Wayne , Justin Timberlake, Bilal and James Fauntleroy )
|Last Train to Paris|
| "Across the Sky" |
(Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland )
|Unreleased|
| "Fascinated" |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland )
|2011||Non-album single|
| "Role Model" |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Non-album single|
| " Ain't No Doubt About It " |
( Game featuring Justin Timberlake and Pharrell Williams )
|Non-album single|
| "The Woods" |
( Juicy J featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland )
|2013||Stay Trippy|
| " Heaven " |
( JAY-Z featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Magna Carta...Holy Grail|
| "BBC" |
( JAY-Z featuring Nas , Timbaland, Pharrell Williams , Swizz Beatz, Justin Timberlake, Nigo , Beyoncé Knowles )
| " Five Hundred Miles " |
(Justin Timberlake, Carey Mulligan & Stark Sands )
|Inside Llewyn Davis|
| "Please Mr. Kennedy" |
( Oscar Isaac , Justin Timberlake & Adam Driver )
| " The Auld Triangle " |
( Chris Thile , Chris Eldridge , Justin Timberlake, Marcus Mumford & Gabe Witcher )
| "Brand New" |
(Pharrell Williams featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2014||G I R L|
| "Incredible Thoughts" |
( The Lonely Island featuring Michael Bolton and Justin Timberlake)
|2016||Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping Soundtrack|
| "Make it Right" |
( Foo Fighters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2017||Concrete and Gold|
| "Just Be" |
( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2021||Khaled Khaled|
| "Innocent" |
( Justine Skye and Justin Timberlake)
|Space and Time|
| "Parent Trap" |
( Jack Harlow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2022||Come Home the Kids Miss You|
| "Sin Fin" |
( Romeo Santos & Justin Timberlake)
|Formula, Vol. 3|
|Title||Performer(s)||Credits||Originating album||Year||Ref.|
|"What It's Like to Be Me"||Britney Spears||Writer, producer, background vocals||Britney||2001||[140]|
|"Bring My Angel Down to Earth"||Prymary Colorz||Writer||If You Only Knew||2002||[141]|
|" Where Is The Love? "||The Black Eyed Peas||Writer, additional vocals||Elephunk||2003||[142]|
|"Good Foot"||Timbaland||Writer, main vocals, co-producer||Shark Tale Official Soundtrack||2004|
|"Floatin'"||Charlie Wilson & will.i.am||Writer, additional vocals, co-producer||Charlie, Last Name Wilson||2005|
|"My Style"||The Black Eyed Peas||Writer, additional vocals||Monkey Business||2005|
|"Loose Ends"||Sérgio Mendes , Pharoahe Monch & will.i.am||Writer, additional vocals||Timeless||2006|
|" The Only Promise That Remains "||Reba McEntire||Writer, guest vocals, co-producer||Reba: Duets||2007|
|" Rehab "||Rihanna||Writer, producer, background vocals||Good Girl Gone Bad||2007||[143]|
|"Nite-Runner"||Duran Duran||Writer, additional vocals||Red Carpet Massacre||2007||[144]|
|" Falling Down "||Duran Duran||Writer, producer, additional vocals||Red Carpet Massacre||2007||[144]|
|"The Nature"||Talib Kweli||Writer, background vocals, featured vocals||Eardrum||2007|
|"Okay"||Macy Gray||Writer, producer||Big||2007|
|"Get Out"||Macy Gray||Writer, producer, featured vocals||Big||2007|
|" Miles Away "||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Devil Wouldn't Recognize You"||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Voices"||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Take Me Alive"||Chris Cornell||Writer, additional vocals||Scream||2009||[146]|
|" Don't Let Me Down "||Leona Lewis||Writer, producer, additional vocals||Echo||2009||[147]|
|" Cold Case Love "||Rihanna||Writer||Rated R||2009||[148]|
|" Heaven "||Jay-Z||Writer, additional vocals||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"BBC"||Jay-Z||Writer, additional vocals||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"JAY Z Blue"||Jay-Z||Writer, additional producer||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"The Woods"||Juicy J||Writer, additional vocals||Stay Trippy||2013||[150]|
|" Blow "||Beyoncé||Writer||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|" Partition "||Beyoncé||Writer, producer, background vocals||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|" Rocket "||Beyoncé||Writer, background vocals||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|"Hot Damn!"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2017|
|"Runaway"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2018|
|"Telephone"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2018|
|" Without Me "||Halsey||Writer (through interpolation)||Manic||2018|
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for Justified as of June 21, 2012. [30]
- ^
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for Justified as of February 9, 2018. [32]
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for FutureSex/LoveSounds as of November 4, 2014. [15]
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for FutureSex/LoveSounds as of June 7, 2013. [39]
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for The 20/20 Experience as of December 2014. [43]
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for The 20/20 Experience as of September 20, 2013. [45]
- ^ United States sales figures for The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 and The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience as of April 28, 2016. The sales for both releases are combined. [53]
- ^ "Summer Love" did not enter the ARIA Singles Chart , but peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Digital Track Chart . [87]
- ^ "The Only Promise That Remains" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Tunnel Vision" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "TKO" did not enter the ARIA Charts, but peaked at number 24 on the ARIA Urban Singles chart. [95]
- ^ "Drink You Away" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Filthy" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number two on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [105]
- ^ "Supplies" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [107]
- ^ "Supplies" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [111]
- ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [112]
- ^ "Stay with Me" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Stay with Me" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [113]
- ^ "Motherlover" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [128]
- ^ "3-Way (The Golden Rule)" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [128]
- ^ "Believe" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 29 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [135]
- ^ "Better Days" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [136]
- ^ "FutureSex/LoveSound" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Don't Hold the Wall" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Strawberry Bubblegum" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Spaceship Coupe" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "That Girl" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Let the Groove Get In" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Blue Ocean Floor" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Brand New" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "True Colors" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Morning Light" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Just Be" did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. [89]
- ^ "Parent Trap" did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. [89]
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 26, 2013 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 23, 2013 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 6, 2013 .
- ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 06 May 2013" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved June 24, 2013 .
- ^ "The ARIA Report #1233" (PDF) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2013 . Retrieved November 24, 2013 .
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 22, 2014 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 26, 2014 .
- ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 12 May 2014" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved June 24, 2013 .
- ^ "American certifications – Jackson, Michael" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 17, 2014 . [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 26, 2014 .
- ^ "Justin Timberlake "Can't Stop The Feeling!"" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. April 3, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2018 .
- ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart" . Recorded Music NZ . January 15, 2018 . Retrieved January 12, 2018 .
- ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #461" . auspOp. February 24, 2018 . Retrieved February 24, 2018 .
- ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart" . Recorded Music NZ. January 29, 2018 . Retrieved January 26, 2018 .
- ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #477" . auspOp. June 16, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ "Justin Timberlake feat. Chris Stapleton "Say Something"" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 26, 2019 .
- ^ Peak chart positions for other charted songs in the United Kingdom:
- All except "Release", "Bounce", "Hallelujah" and "Brand New": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 30 March 2013". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (605): 1–4. March 23, 2013.
- "Release": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 14 April 2007". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (294): 1–4. April 7, 2007.
- "Bounce": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 12 April 2008". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (346): 1–4. April 5, 2007.
- "Hallelujah": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 6 February 2010". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (441): 1–4. January 30, 2010.
- "Brand New": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 15 March 2014". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (655): 1–4. March 9, 2014.
- "Man of the Woods": "Justin Timberlake | full Official Chart history" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake_discography | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justin Timberlake | Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts | - Born:
- January 31, 1981 (age 42) Memphis Tennessee
- Awards And Honors:
- Grammy Award (2007) Grammy Award (2006) Grammy Award (2003) Emmy Award (2011): Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Emmy Award (2011): Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Emmy Award (2009): Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Emmy Award (2007): Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Grammy Award (2017): Best Song Written for Visual Media Grammy Award (2014): Best R&B Song Grammy Award (2014): Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Grammy Award (2014): Best Music Video Grammy Award (2008): Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Grammy Award (2008): Best Dance Recording Grammy Award (2007): Best Dance Recording Grammy Award (2007): Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Grammy Award (2004): Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Grammy Award (2004): Best Pop Vocal Album
- Notable Works:
- “FutureSex/LoveSounds”
When was Justin Timberlake born?
Justin Timberlake started his career with what band?
What notorious incident during the halftime performance of the 2004 Super Bowl involved Justin Timberlake?
Justin Timberlake , in full Justin Randall Timberlake , (born January 31, 1981, Memphis , Tennessee , U.S.), American singer and actor who achieved fame as a member of the hugely successful “boy band” *NSYNC before establishing a career as a solo performer.
Along with Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , and future *NSYNC member J.C. Chasez, Timberlake launched his performing career in the late 1980s on the Disney Channel’s The New Mickey Mouse Club . In 1996 he and Chasez were recruited for the male pop vocal quintet *NSYNC. The group’s self-titled debut, released in 1998, did well commercially after a slow start, and their second effort, No Strings Attached (2000), became one of the fastest-selling albums in history, selling more than 14 million copies and featuring a string of hits, including the chart-topping “It’s Gonna Be Me.” Timberlake began his solo recording career in 2001 after the release of *NSYNC’s third album.
During his tenure with *NSYNC, Timberlake had cultivated his role as a songwriter, and his breakup with longtime love interest Spears provided the inspiration for a number of songs on his Grammy Award -winning (best pop vocal album) solo debut, Justified (2002), most notably “Cry Me a River” (best male pop vocal performance). In 2003 Timberlake was a guest performer on the Black Eyed Peas ’ hit “Where Is the Love?” During the halftime performance of the 2004 Super Bowl , Timberlake was involved in a notorious “wardrobe malfunction” when by design he pulled off part of costar Janet Jackson ’s top. His second solo release, the Prince -influenced FutureSex/LoveSounds (2006), featured production work by Timbaland and Rick Rubin and earned four Grammy Awards, including best dance recording for “SexyBack.” Timberlake was not always treated kindly by critics, but few would argue that his solo work, solidly in the vein of rhythm and blues (R&B) and blue-eyed soul , had not transcended his bubblegum dance-pop origins, and he sold millions of recordings in the process.
Having earned a reputation as an affable and versatile entertainer, Timberlake began to act in films. His first substantial roles were in the gritty dramas Alpha Dog (2006) and Black Snake Moan (2006). In 2010 he earned accolades for his portrayal of Internet entrepreneur Sean Parker , the cofounder of Napster and the founding president of Facebook , in The Social Network , a fictionalized account of Facebook’s origins. The same year, he provided the voice of Yogi Bear ’s diminutive sidekick Boo Boo in Yogi Bear , a movie adaptation of the classic TV cartoon.
Timberlake subsequently starred in the racy romantic comedy Friends with Benefits (2011), the sci-fi thriller In Time (2011), and the online-gambling drama Runner Runner (2013). In addition, he took supporting roles in Bad Teacher (2011), Trouble with the Curve (2012), and Inside Llewyn Davis (2013). For the animated film Trolls (2016), he provided the voice of Branch, one of the title characters, and cowrote the Oscar -nominated song “Can’t Stop the Feeling!”; he reprised the role in Trolls World Tour (2020) and collaborated on several of the film’s songs. In Woody Allen ’s Wonder Wheel (2017), Timberlake portrayed a lifeguard on Coney Island during the 1950s who wants to become a playwright. In Palmer (2021) he starred as an ex-convict who befriends a gender-nonconforming boy. Timberlake gained additional notice for his frequent appearances on the television sketch-comedy show Saturday Night Live .
As Timberlake’s focus remained on acting, his future in music became, for his fans, a subject of anxious speculation. In 2013, however, he mounted a comeback with The 20/20 Experience , a pair of luxuriant song suites that were recorded in collaboration with Timbaland and released six months apart. Boasting both contemporary electronic production and nods toward old-fashioned R&B, The 20/20 Experience found Timberlake sounding relaxed and romantic, particularly on singles such as “Mirrors.” The first volume sold nearly one million copies in the United States in its initial week of release, and each of the two albums (which were also sold as a single package) topped the Billboard album chart. The first album yielded two more Grammys, including best R&B song for “Pusher Love Girl.” In 2018 Timberlake returned to the Super Bowl halftime show in a performance that coincided with the release of the country-inflected Man of the Woods .
In addition to performing, Timberlake embarked on several business ventures. Notably, he took a minority stake in the advertising group Specific Media when it acquired the social networking site Myspace in 2011. Serving as a creative consultant for the company, he helped repurpose Myspace, which had conceded the majority of its former market to Facebook , as a community for musicians and their fans. | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justin-Timberlake | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justified (album) - Wikipedia | - " Like I Love You "
Released: September 16, 2002
- " Cry Me a River "
Released: November 25, 2002
- " Rock Your Body "
Released: March 17, 2003
- " Señorita "
Released: July 7, 2003
- "Still on My Brain"
Released: July 7, 2003 [1]
Justified is the debut solo studio album by American singer Justin Timberlake . It was released on November 5, 2002, by Jive Records . The album was written and recorded in a six-week period as Timberlake's band NSYNC was on hiatus. For his solo album, Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an R&B artist opposed to the previous pop music recorded by the group. The majority of the album was produced by the Neptunes (credited as " Williams and Hugo ") and Timbaland , and features guest appearances by Janet Jackson , Clipse , and Bubba Sparxxx . Primarily an R&B album, Justified also contains influences of dance-pop , funk , and soul music .
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics, who complimented the mature progression of Timberlake's material, although some criticized its lyrical content. The album earned Timberlake four Grammy Award nominations, including Album of the Year , and won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album . Justified debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 and sold 439,000 copies in its first week. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold over 3.9 million copies in the US. As of 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
Four singles were released from Justified . The lead single " Like I Love You " peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , while the follow-up singles " Cry Me a River " and " Rock Your Body " peaked within the top five on the chart. "Like I Love You", "Cry Me a River", and "Rock Your Body" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Australia (with "Rock Your Body" topping the Australian chart), Ireland , Netherlands , and Belgium . To promote the album, Timberlake performed on several television shows and award ceremonies, including the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards , where he made his solo debut appearance. Furthermore, Timberlake embarked on two concert tours— The Justified World Tour and the Justified and Stripped Tour —with Christina Aguilera accompanying him on the latter.
Following the conclusion of their Celebrity Tour in April 2002, boy band NSYNC went on a hiatus, during which lead singer Justin Timberlake continued work on what would be his debut solo album. [3] The album was said to be "more than halfway completed" by early 2002. [4] [5] With the album, he wanted to portray a more mature image as an R&B performer, rather than a boy band pop artist. [3] He revealed minimal information regarding the producers and artists involved with Justified during its early recording stage, [6] with his management and record label also reluctant to share any information. [6] [7] However, MTV News reported that production duo The Neptunes were working on multiple tracks, while rapper P. Diddy and singer Mario Winans contributed to one track. [6] Other known producers involved included Mike City , Raphael Saadiq and Rodney Jerkins , though between June and July, none of the aforementioned producers had attended any studio sessions. [6] Explaining his involvement with the project, Jerkins said at the 2002 BET Awards that he "just got a call about working on the project" and that whenever Timberlake wanted his assistance, it would "be done". [6] The majority of tracks for Justified were originally intended for Michael Jackson . [8] Jackson turned down the tracks, so the songs were modified for Timberlake's album. [9] [10]
Brian McKnight 's manager stated that his client had already recorded tracks with the singer, while rapper Nelly explained to the reporters that both him and Timberlake had discussed a collaboration effort. [6] Early in 2002, Angie Stone revealed that Timberlake "loves the Mahogany Soul album" with him further saying to her "your CD's in my car right now, you have to work on my solo project". [6] These assertions were later partially denied by a Jive spokesperson who announced that the material produced from the collaboration would not appear on the finalized record. [11]
We picked him up right after he checked into his hotel. We drove around in the car listening to old Earth, Wind & Fire albums, and he was totally with it. The background of those songs is the feeling we wanted to incorporate into the music. He was like, 'Nobody's ever heard anything like that before ... a white boy singing this kind of music.' He didn't care what people would say.
Justified was written and recorded in a six-week period. According to Timberlake, the "creative spurt" was reminiscent of "that period of time back in the 1960s and '70s when musicians got together and just jammed and worked out of inspiration. There was no heavy calculation or belaboring songs and mixes. Everything flowed pretty easily and naturally." [13] Recording sessions took place at various studios in the United States, including the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Manhattan Center Studios in New York City and Master Sound Recording Studios and Windmark Recording in Virginia Beach . [14]
The Neptunes told MTV News that the duo and Timberlake drove in a car listening to Earth, Wind & Fire albums for inspiration, with the background of the band's music being what the production duo wanted to implement into Justified 's musical content. [12] The production duo commented that despite not being content with sampling music, for inspiration, they also listened to both Off the Wall (1979) and Thriller (1982), albums by Jackson. [12] Their intentions were to create music that was similar to Jackson's work without "recycling them". [12] One of the two members of The Neptunes, Chad Hugo, commented that they just wanted to re-create "that sense of those timeless, classic songs, without any of the 'bling, bling, hit me on my two-way' style of the new R&B. It has elements of the old and the new." [12] The producer further went on to say that people wanted Timberlake to be conformed to being part of boy band NSYNC, with the former insisting that the singer is an immaculate vocalist. [12] Hugo acknowledged Timberlake's break-up with singer Britney Spears , saying that some of the album's music could be directed towards it. [12]
0:28
A 27-second sample of "Cry Me a River", which uses beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The opening track on Justified , " Señorita " is a Spanish oriented song that features R&B influences; [17] [18] in it Timberlake sings about a girl with brown eyes. [19] " Like I Love You " is a funk influenced song consisted of live drums, tiny guitar strum accompanied with the singer's breathy tenor . According to Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone , "it's minimalism influenced by Michael Jackson". [20] The third track on the album, "(Oh No) What You Got" was described by Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine as a bit racy for the audience who expected a more boy-band-oriented record. [15] Regarding the fourth song, Russell Bailie of The New Zealand Herald wrote that although the album "manages to skirt teen-pop sugariness for the most part, though it does offer quality mush on numbers such as 'Take It From Here'." [21] " Cry Me a River " is a funk [22] and R&B song [23] with an instrumentation that features beatboxing , [15] synthesizers, Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants . [16] Lyrically, the song is about a brokenhearted man who moves on from his past. [24]
0:28
"Rock Your Body", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25]
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The sixth track, " Rock Your Body ", incorporates tinny, "keyboard-set-to-emulate-clavichord" synthesizers of The Neptunes' late 90s productions, overlaid with "keys and a propulsive drum vamp". [25] The seventh track of the album is "Nothin' Else"; which according to David Merryweather of Drowned in Sound is a "slinky" and "smooth" song that is similar to the works of American musician Stevie Wonder . [26] Influenced by Jackson's musical style [26] and Van McCoy 's 1975 single " The Hustle ", "Last Night" is played with a xylophone . [15] "Still On My Brain", the ninth track on the album, is a slow jam, [15] similar to the songs performed by Timberlake's former band 'NSYNC. [26] "(And She Said) Take Me Now" which features singer Janet Jackson , is a disco , '80s funk and dub song [16] that contains racy lyrics. [15] Similar to the previous song, the eleventh track of the album has racy lyrics; on it Timberlake "cockily" sings the line, "I could think of a couple positions for you". [15] "Let's Take a Ride" is the twelfth song on the album, on which, according to Uncut magazine, Timberlake "offers to deliver you from your humdrum existence". [27] The record concludes with "Never Again", a ballad, on which Timberlake becomes "downright maudlin and snippy". [28]
"Like I Love You" featuring Clipse was released as the album's lead single . It was released as a CD single in August 2002 in Germany and the US. [29] [30] The song was written by Justin Timberlake and The Neptunes, who also produced the track. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its production and use of instrumentals. "Like I Love You" charted at number eleven on the US Billboard Hot 100 , [31] and in the top five in the UK , [32] Denmark , [33] Netherlands and Ireland . [34] [35] The song was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 45th Grammy Awards . [36]
Justified 's second single is "Cry Me a River", and was released through contemporary and rhythmic radio on November 24, 2002, [37] [38] and as a 12" vinyl on December 23 in the US. [39] The song was written by Timberlake, Scott Storch and Timbaland and produced by the latter. "Cry Me a River" debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated December 21, 2002, [40] and eventually peaked at number three. [31] In other countries, the song achieved similar success, reaching number two in Australia and the UK, [32] [41] and the top five in several other territories. "Cry Me a River" has been certified gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 units, [42] and certified silver in France. [43] It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2004 ceremony , while the accompanying music video won two MTV Video Music Awards : Best Male Video and Best Pop Video . The song is listed on Rolling Stone' s The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . [44]
"Rock Your Body" was released as the album's third single, and was released on May 6, 2003, as a CD single in the US. [45] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, and produced by the latter. The song topped the charts in Australia for one week, [41] became Timberlake's third single to reach number two in the UK, [32] and reached the top five in Denmark, [33] Ireland, [35] New Zealand and the US. [31] [46] "Rock Your Body" was certified platinum in Australia by the ARIA. [42] It received a gold certification in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 units. [47]
"Señorita" is Justified 's fourth single, released through rhythmic radio on July 8, 2003. [48] It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, while being produced by the latter. It reached number 27 on the Hot 100, [31] and achieved its highest peak in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number six and four, respectively. [41] [46]
Timberlake performed "Like I Love You" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards prior to the album's release. The day of Justified' s release, Timberlake appeared on TRL and performed "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" live in Times Square . [49] TV specials included a sit-down interview with Barbara Walters on 20/20 , [50] an episode of MTV Launch that followed the making of Justified , [51] and the TV concert special, Justin Timberlake: Down Home in Memphis . [52] Timberlake performed "Cry Me a River" at the 13th annual Billboard Music Awards , held on December 9, 2002, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . He was accompanied by a string section and a 20-member choir. [53] He performed "Cry Me a River" on a promotional concert held at House of Blues in West Hollywood, California on June 17, 2003. [54] On February 1, 2004, the singer performed "Rock Your Body" at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with singer Janet Jackson. [55] At the moment Timberlake sang the lyric "Bet I'll have you naked by the end of this song," he ripped off part of Jackson's costume, momentarily exposing her right breast on live television. [55] Timberlake distanced himself from the controversy while Jackson faced much criticism. [56] He later commented that "America's harsher on women...[and] unfairly harsh on ethnic people." [57] He performed "Señorita" live on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live in October 2003, where he served as host and musical guest, [58] and at the 2004 Grammy Awards . [59] Magazine covers included Rolling Stone , which dubbed him the "New King of Pop", [60] Entertainment Weekly , [61] VIBE magazine , [62] The Advocate , [63] and Details . [64]
Timberlake did a joint tour in North America with Christina Aguilera entitled the Justified and Stripped Tour, to support both Justified and Aguilera's 2002 album, Stripped . [65] Timberlake's and Aguilera's managers suggested to both singers to go on a conjoint tour. Timberlake agreed with the suggestion, saying that "It would be fun to be on tour with somebody who's that talented". [66] Timberlake's further reasoning for touring with Aguilera was due to both singers wanting to "break the mold of what people look at as teen pop and move into a different direction". [67] For the tour, Timberlake wanted to transform arenas into clubs, stating that he wants people "to feel like they're a part of the show and it's a party", remarking that anybody caught sitting down would get booted. [66] For the tour, Timberlake performed with eight dancers, a 14-piece band which included four backup singers , three horn players and a DJ . [67] The tour commenced on June 4, 2003, in Phoenix , Arizona and concluded on September 2, 2003, in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The tour grossed approximately $45 million. [68]
In September 2003, McDonald's announced Timberlake as a new spokesmen for their "I'm Lovin' It" campaign. Timberlake recorded " I'm Lovin' It ", to be featured in adverts for the franchise, later expanded and released as a single in December 2003. McDonald's later announced they will sponsor a tour for Timberlake, following his successful North American tour with Christina Aguilera, entitled the Justified World Tour. [69] Timberlake stated "I love what McDonald's is doing with the new 'i'm lovin' it' campaign and it's cool to be part of it [...] We share the same crowd -- people who like to have fun -- and that's what this new partnership and my European concert tour is all about." The tour began with Timberlake playing intimate gigs at clubs and theatres in the United States and Australia before expanding to arenas in Europe. [70] The tour commenced on May 7, 2003, in Sheffield , England and concluded on June 19, 2004, in Brisbane , Australia . Jive Records released two DVD specials for Justified, Justified: the Videos [71] and Justin Timberlake: Live from London .
|Aggregate scores|
|Source||Rating|
|Metacritic||68/100 [72]|
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AllMusic||[73]|
|Blender||[74]|
|Entertainment Weekly||B [75]|
|The Guardian||[76]|
|The New Zealand Herald||[21]|
|NME||6/10 [16]|
|Rolling Stone||[20]|
|The Rolling Stone Album Guide||[77]|
|Uncut||[78]|
|The Village Voice||A− [79]|
Justified received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews. [72] Ben Ratliff of Rolling Stone was receptive to The Neptunes's production, and noted both "Like I Love You" and "Cry Me a River" as standout tracks. Ratliff also commented that Justin Timberlake has successfully "vaulted over the canyon" to adulthood. [20] Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani believed that Timberlake meshes with The Neptunes "so well he virtually relinquishes his personality to the super-duo—he could very well be the third member of N.E.R.D ." Cinquemani noted the similarities between Justified 's tracks to the work of musician Michael Jackson, saying that the album should have been Jackson's tenth and final studio album, Invincible (2001). [15] BBC Music 's Denise Boyd praised "Like I Love You", while also commending "Cry Me a River" for its lyrical content and "Rock Your Body", which he notes contains Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder influences. [24] In Entertainment Weekly , David Browne wrote how the album should have been the outcome of Jackson's tenth studio album, as "the ultramodern R&B-pop hybrid". Browne described Justified as "cohesive", favoring the album to NSYNC's previous two efforts: Celebrity (2001) and No Strings Attached (2000). [75]
Robert Christgau wrote of Timberlake in The Village Voice , "though his talent and character were there for all to see, who knew he'd turn out this heady or beatwise?" [79] The newspaper's Christopher O'Connor commended The Neptunes' production, while praising "Like I Love You" and the Janet Jackson collaboration "(And She Said) Take Me Now", saying how the songs show that Timberlake "has the balls to pursue the A-plus list." [80] O'Connor showed ambivalence towards "Right for Me" and "Cry Me a River", noting the former as "awkward" and the latter as "a lousy Aaliyah impression." [80] Tyler Martin from Stylus Magazine deemed "Señorita" and "Like I Love You" as the record's highlights, while writing that the album does not maintain Timberlake's masculine persona, but still "paints a picture of a complicated young man, growing into adulthood". [81] NME 's Alex Needham was less enthusiastic, writing that Timberlake's lyrics are "soppy platitudes that may or may not be about Britney". [16] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian believed the only noticeable tracks are "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body", noting the latter as "predictable", while criticising the album's lyrics as being "suggestive mumbling". [76] AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that Timberlake "shamelessly borrows from Jacko, from the Thriller -era ", going on to criticize his vocals as to lack substance, with his falsetto lacking character, though calling him a "technically skilled vocalist." [73]
Justified was ranked second on The Face ' s "Recordings of the Year", [82] and 46 on Village Voice ' s "Pazz + Jop 2003". [83] Justified was listed at number 37 on The A.V. Club 's Best music of the decade list. [84] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [85] It was also included on The Guardian ' s list of "1000 albums to hear before you die," calling the artist "the quintessential modern crossover act." [86] In 2009 MTV Base included the album among the 100 "Greatest Albums Ever", which ranked 15 after the public poll. [87] In 2014, writers from Paste considered it the 7th best solo debut, and in 2017 from Cleveland.com , the best boy band solo debut. [88] [89] Justified ranked 5 on NME ' s greatest debut albums turning 15 in 2017, with the author saying "perhaps a few more listens would have changed NME's mind at the time." [90] In 2019, The Guardian ranked it number 87 in their list of "The 100 best albums of the 21st century," saying: "Timberlake's Neptunes/Timbaland-helmed debut was slick, sexy and most importantly, convincing." [91]
Justified earned Timberlake three American Music Award nominations, including Favorite Pop/Rock Album, Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist and Fan Choice Award. [92] Timberlake won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Album. [92] At the 45th Grammy Awards , Timberlake had one nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Like I Love You". [93] The following year, Justified earned Timberlake nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album , while "Cry Me a River" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . [94] Timberlake won the latter two awards. [95] For Justified , Timberlake won Best Male , Best Pop and Best Album at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards . [96] Justified won the International Album award at the 2004 Brit Awards . [97]
At the 2003 BET Awards, he received two nominations for Best R&B Male Artist and Best New Artist. [98] Among others, it was nominated Best Album at the MOBO Award , [99] International Album of the Year at the NRJ Music Awards , [100] and Foreign Album of the Year at the Danish Music Awards . [101]
For a 2018 Billboard article, writers Taylor Weatherby and Nina Braca said the album "may possibly be the most iconic debut album from a former band member in pop music history", describing it as "[a] bona-fide success that foreshadowed Timberlake's superstardom to come" and "at the same time, a declaration of independence from his poppier beginnings." [102] From the same magazine, Dan Weiss deemed Justified as Timberlake's " classic album." [103] Writers from Consequence of Sound deemed it "the standard for former teen pop stars' bids to be taken seriously" when comparing it to other debut solo albums released later, [104] and Herald Sun considered it a "boy band to men blueprint." [105] British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran cited the album as an inspiration for his 2014 single " Sing ", [106] and Shawn Mendes for his 2018 song " Lost in Japan ". [107] One Direction 's Liam Payne , talking about his debut solo album, stated he was focusing on making a record like Justified . [108] In 2009, Filipina singer Nina covered "Never Again" for her acoustic radio show and album, Renditions of the Soul .
Justified debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 439,000 copies in its opening week. [109] The album was expected to top the chart, replacing the 8 Mile soundtrack (2002). [110] Instead the soundtrack sold 507,000 copies, due to being propelled by Eminem's " Lose Yourself ". [109] The following week, Justified sold 188,770 copies and fell two positions to number four. [111] In its third week, the album sold 110,000 copies and remained within the top ten on the chart. [112] The album appeared on the Billboard 200 chart for seventy-two weeks, and eventually went on to sell 3.5 million copies in the US. [113] It has been certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of three million copies. [47] As of 2018, the album has accumuladed 4.6 million album-equivalent units in the US, combining sales and equivalent streams. [114] Justified debuted and peaked at number two on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. [115] The album charted on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 2003 year-end charts, reaching number eleven and twenty-six, respectively. [116] [117]
Internationally, Justified received a similar response. In the United Kingdom , Justified debuted at number six, and eventually peaked at number one on the week of November 16, 2002, remaining atop for seven non-consecutive weeks. [118] [119] The album has appeared on the chart for eighty-four weeks; it has been certified five times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 1.5 million copies. [119] As of March 2015, Justified is the 41st best-selling album of the millennium in the United Kingdom. [120] In Canada , the album peaked at number three and has been certified two times platinum by Music Canada . [121] Justified debuted and peaked at number four in Denmark and the Netherlands , remaining on the charts for forty and seventy-two weeks, respectively. [122] The album peaked at number five in New Zealand for one week, appearing on the chart for thirty-six weeks, and receiving a two times platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipping 15,000 units. [122] Justified peaked in the top ten in Belgium , Australia and Norway . [122] The album charted within the top thirty and forty in several other countries. [122] As of June 2012, the album has sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [2]
In 2003, Justified was ranked as the 11th most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200. [123] According to Billboard , as of 2022, Justified is one of the 15 best-performing 21st-century albums without any of its singles being number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 . [124]
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|1.||" Señorita "||The Neptunes||4 : 54|
|2.||" Like I Love You " (featuring Clipse )||The Neptunes||4 : 43|
|3.||"(Oh No) What You Got"||4 : 31|
|4.||"Take It from Here"||The Neptunes||6 : 14|
|5.||" Cry Me a River " (featuring Timbaland)||4 : 48|
|6.||" Rock Your Body "||The Neptunes||4 : 27|
|7.||"Nothin' Else"||The Neptunes||4 : 58|
|8.||"Last Night"||The Neptunes||4 : 47|
|9.||"Still on My Brain"||The Underdogs||4 : 35|
|10.||"(And She Said) Take Me Now" (featuring Janet Jackson )||5 : 31|
|11.||"Right for Me" (featuring Bubba Sparxxx )||4 : 29|
|12.||"Let's Take a Ride"||The Neptunes||4 : 44|
|13.||"Never Again"||McKnight||4 : 34|
|Total length:||63 : 15|
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|14.||"Worthy Of"||4 : 09|
|Total length:||67 : 24|
- ^[a] signifies a co-producer
- "Señorita" features additional vocals by Pharrell Williams .
- "Like I Love You" features a rap performed by Clipse .
- "Right for Me" features additional vocals by Timbaland .
- "Right for Me" features a rap performed by Bubba Sparxxx .
Credits for Justified adapted from AllMusic and album's liner notes . [125] [126]
- Lainie Aguilar - background vocals (track 1)
- Marsha Ambrosius - background vocals (track 5)
- Damon Bennett - flute (track 11)
- Vidal Davis - percussion (track 11)
- Nathan East - bass (track 9)
- Omar Edwards - keyboards (track 11)
- Prescott Ellison - drums (track 13)
- Larry Gold - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 5, 10, 11)
- Chad Hugo - instruments (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Janet Jackson - additional vocals (track 10)
- Ben Kenney - guitar (track 11)
- Vanessa Marquez - additional vocals (track 6)
- Harvey Mason, Jr. - music (track 9)
- George "Spanky" McCurdy - drums (track 11)
- Brian McKnight - instruments and vocal arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Meyers - conductor and string arrangements (track 13)
- Bill Pettaway - guitar (track 5)
- Bubba Sparxxx - rap (track 11)
- Scott Storch - clavinet (tracks 5, 10)
- Damon Thomas - music (track 9)
- Timbaland - background vocals (tracks 3, 5, 10, 11) ,
- Justin Timberlake - lead vocals, background vocals, vocal arrangements
- Thaddeus Tribbett - bass (track 11)
- Tye Tribbett & G.A. - background vocals (track 5)
- Charles Veal & The Southwest Chamber Orchestra - strings (tracks 4, 8)
- Frank "Knuckles" Walker - percussion (track 11)
- Pharrell Williams - instruments and vocal arrangements (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , additional vocals (1, 2, 8)
- Benjamin Wright - conductor and string arrangements (tracks 4, 8)
- Produced by The Neptunes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , The Underdogs (Damon Thomas & Harvey Mason, Jr. ) (9) , Brian McKnight (13)
- Co-Produced by Scott Storch (track 10)
- Recorded by Andrew Coleman (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Steve Penny (3) , Jimmy Douglass (5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell and Dabling Harward (9) , Chris Wood (13)
- Mixed by Serban Ghenea (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) , Jimmy Douglass and Timbaland (3, 5, 10, 11) , Dave "Natural Love" Russell (9) , Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado (13)
- Assistant Engineers: Daniel Betancourt and Tim Roberts (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12) ; "Steamy" (3, 5, 10, 11) ; Carlos "Storm" Martinez (5, 10, 11) ; Mary Ann Souza, Joe Brown, and Ethan Willoughby (13)
- Strings Recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 13)
- Pro Tools Engineer: Jimmy Randolph (track 13)
- Additional Pro Tools Engineering by John Hanes (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 12)
- Additional Vocals Recorded by Eddie Delena (track 6)
- Mastered by Herb Powers Jr. at The Hit Factory for PM Entertainment
- A&R Consultant: Silas White
- Exclusive Management by Lynn & Paul Harless for Just-In Time Entertainment and Johnny Wright for Wright Entertainment Group
- Legal Representation: Gary Stiffelman, Esq. (Ziffren, Brittenham, Branca, Fischer, Gilbert-Lurie and Stiffelman LLP)
- Photographer: Steven Klein
- Creative Director: David Lipman
- Producer: Gabriel Ray Sanchez
- Stylist: Arianne Phillips
- Hair: Jimmy Paul
- Makeup: Carla White
- Set Design: Marla Weinhoff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_(album) | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justin Timberlake discography - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Justin Timberlake discography|
|Studio albums||5|
|Compilation albums||2|
|EPs||3|
|Singles||51|
|Soundtrack albums||2|
|Other charted songs||17|
The discography of American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake consists of five studio albums, two compilation albums, three extended plays, and 51 singles (including 19 as a featured artist). Timberlake started his music career in 1995, as a member of boy band NSYNC . [1] Following the group's hiatus in 2002, [2] he released his solo debut studio album, Justified , in November that same year. [3] The album was a commercial success and peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart [4] and additionally topped the charts in Ireland [5] and the United Kingdom. [6] Justified earned multiple multi-platinum certifications, including a triple platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) [7] and a sextuple platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). [8] It produced four singles: " Like I Love You ", " Cry Me a River ", " Rock Your Body " and " Señorita "; all performed well commercially, with two of them becoming top 5 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart [9] and top two hits on the UK Singles Chart . [10] "Rock Your Body" also reached number one in Australia.
FutureSex/LoveSounds , Timberlake's second studio album, was released in September 2006. [11] Like its predecessor, the album achieved commercial success internationally and topped the Billboard 200 chart; it also reached number one in countries such as Australia, [12] Canada [13] and the United Kingdom. [6] It was later certified four times platinum by the RIAA [7] and six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA); [14] it sold over 10 million copies worldwide. [15] Six singles were released from FutureSex/LoveSounds , including the Billboard Hot 100 chart number-one hits " SexyBack ", " My Love " and " What Goes Around... Comes Around ". [9] Throughout the late 2000s, Timberlake collaborated with several artists on the Hot 100 top ten singles, including " Give It to Me " by Timbaland , " 4 Minutes " by Madonna and " Dead and Gone " by T.I. [9]
In March 2013, [16] after a six-year hiatus from his solo music career, Timberlake released his third studio album, The 20/20 Experience – it topped the charts in various countries and set a digital sales record for being the fastest-selling album on the iTunes Store . [17] The 20/20 Experience was the top-selling album in the United States of 2013, selling 2,427,000 copies by the end of the year. [18] The album spawned three singles including the international hits " Suit & Tie " and " Mirrors "; the latter reached number two on the Hot 100 chart [9] and topped the UK Singles Chart. [10] In September 2013, Timberlake released the second half of the project, The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 . [19] It produced three singles including " Not a Bad Thing ", which reached number eight on the Hot 100 chart. [9] In 2016, Timberlake serves as the executive music producer for the soundtrack to DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls , accompanied by the release of " Can't Stop the Feeling! ", his fifth chart-topping single on the Hot 100. [20] It was certified Diamond in France [21] and Poland. [22]
On February 2, 2018, Timberlake released his fifth studio album, Man of the Woods . It topped the Billboard 200 with the biggest first week sales of the year at the time, selling 293,000 total units. [23] The album was supported by the two top ten singles, " Filthy " and " Say Something ". Man of the Woods also marks Timberlake's fourth consecutive No. 1 album and has since been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). [7] Man of the Woods concluded 2018 as the sixth best-selling album of the year. [24]
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| US |
[4]
| AUS |
[12]
| CAN |
[13]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[26]
| IRE |
[5]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[6]
|Justified||2||9||3||4||11||1||4||5||22||1|
|FutureSex/LoveSounds||1||1||1||3||3||1||4||4||2||1|
|The 20/20 Experience||1||1||1||2||1||1||2||1||1||1|
|The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2||1||4||1||2||4||3||4||3||2||2|
|Man of the Woods||1||2||1||1||1||3||1||3||2||2|
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| AUS |
[12]
| DEN |
[25]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| UK |
[6]
|12" Masters – The Essential Mixes||—||—||—||—||—|
|The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience||46||7||30||22||27|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Album details||Peak chart positions||Sales||Certifications|
| US |
[54]
| AUS |
[55]
| CAN |
[56]
| NZ |
[57]
| SWI |
[58]
| UK |
[59]
|Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||3||1||7||4||40||4|
|The Book of Love: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||—||—||—||—||—||—|
|Trolls World Tour: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack||15||66||33||—||—||—|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Details|
| Justin & Christina [70] |
(with Christina Aguilera )
|I'm Lovin' It [71]|
|iTunes Festival: London 2013 [72]|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[9]
| AUS |
[73]
| CAN |
[74]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[75]
| IRE |
[76]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[10]
|" Like I Love You "||2002||11||8||11||4||16||5||5||6||14||2||Justified|
|" Cry Me a River "||3||2||2||11||13||6||6||11||20||2|
|" Rock Your Body "||2003||5||1||5||3||25||4||6||4||34||2|
|" Señorita "||27||6||19||13||51||15||26||4||42||13|
|"Still on My Brain" [83]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—|
|" I'm Lovin' It "||—||—||—||—||50||15||27||—||47||79||Live from London|
|" SexyBack "||2006||1||1||1||2||1||1||7||1||2||1||FutureSex/LoveSounds|
| " My Love " |
(featuring T.I. )
|1||3||1||3||4||4||19||1||2||2|
|" What Goes Around... Comes Around "||1||3||3||3||5||6||13||3||5||4|
|" Summer Love "||2007||6||— [i]||8||—||39||—||—||15||—||—|
|" LoveStoned "||17||11||5||12||15||12||8||17||19||11|
| " Until the End of Time " |
(with Beyoncé )
|17||—||—||30||39||—||—||31||—||—|
| " The Only Promise That Remains " |
(with Reba McEntire )
|— [j]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Reba: Duets|
| "Follow My Lead" [90] |
(with Esmée Denters )
|2008||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Non-album single|
| " Hallelujah " |
(with Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton )
|2010||13||—||5||37||—||46||—||8||—||91||Hope for Haiti Now|
| " Suit & Tie " |
(featuring Jay-Z )
|2013||3||9||3||1||25||16||10||14||31||3||The 20/20 Experience|
|" Mirrors "||2||10||4||4||2||5||10||7||5||1|
|" Tunnel Vision "||— [k]||63||—||—||—||75||—||—||—||61|
|" Take Back the Night "||29||57||23||37||52||49||38||—||48||22||The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2|
|" TKO "||36||— [l]||28||—||71||51||—||—||68||58|
|" Not a Bad Thing "||2014||8||10||9||16||62||38||46||5||29||21|
| " Love Never Felt So Good " |
(with Michael Jackson )
|9||28||20||1||18||17||2||12||15||8||Xscape|
|" Drink You Away "||2015||— [m]||—||85||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2|
|" Can't Stop the Feeling! "||2016||1||3||1||2||1||3||2||2||1||2||Trolls|
|" Filthy "||2018||9||27||5||24||42||22||53||— [n]||34||15||Man of the Woods|
|" Supplies "||71||—||49||—||83||—||—||— [o]||84||84|
| " Say Something " |
(featuring Chris Stapleton )
|9||18||6||11||9||16||24||20||6||9|
|" Man of the Woods "||73||—||63||—||80||—||100||— [p]||28||91|
|" SoulMate "||—||—||83||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Non-album single|
| " The Other Side " |
(with SZA )
|2020||61||43||55||—||88||56||60||— [q]||47||44||Trolls World Tour|
| " Stay with Me " |
(with Calvin Harris , Halsey , and Pharrell Williams )
|2022||— [r]||78||51||—||—||15||35||— [s]||—||10||Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 2|
| " Sin Fin " |
(with Romeo Santos )
|100||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Formula, Vol. 3|
|"—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[9]
| AUS |
[73]
| CAN |
[115]
| DEN |
[25]
| GER |
[116]
| IRE |
[76]
| NL |
[27]
| NZ |
[28]
| SWI |
[29]
| UK |
[10]
| " Work It " |
( Nelly featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2003||68||14||13||—||16||11||16||17||59||7||Nellyville|
| " Signs " |
( Snoop Dogg featuring Charlie Wilson and Justin Timberlake)
|2005||46||1||—||3||3||2||6||4||5||2||R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece|
| " Dick in a Box " |
( The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2006||—||61||82||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Incredibad|
| " Give It to Me " |
( Timbaland featuring Nelly Furtado and Justin Timberlake)
|2007||1||16||1||3||3||2||8||2||6||1||Shock Value|
| " Ayo Technology " |
( 50 Cent featuring Justin Timberlake)
|5||10||12||3||7||3||19||1||2||2||Curtis|
| " 4 Minutes " |
( Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|2008||3||1||1||1||1||1||1||3||1||1||Hard Candy|
| " Dead and Gone " |
( T.I. featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2009||2||4||3||7||11||3||20||2||18||4||Paper Trail|
| " Love Sex Magic " |
( Ciara featuring Justin Timberlake)
|10||5||6||7||12||4||41||6||11||5||Fantasy Ride|
| " Carry Out " |
(Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake)
|11||58||7||—||—||3||37||15||80||6||Shock Value II|
| " Winner " |
( Jamie Foxx featuring Justin Timberlake and T.I.)
|2010||28||—||23||—||—||—||—||37||—||—||Best Night of My Life|
| " Love Dealer " |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||32||—||—||68||Outta Here|
| " Motherlover " |
(The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2011||— [t]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||Turtleneck & Chain|
| " 3-Way (The Golden Rule) " |
(The Lonely Island featuring Justin Timberlake and Lady Gaga )
|— [u]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||The Wack Album|
| "Role Model" [130] |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||No Rules|
| "Fascinated" [131] |
(FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—|
| " Holy Grail " |
( Jay-Z featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2013||4||42||13||14||24||53||83||18||24||7||Magna Carta Holy Grail|
| " #WheresTheLove " |
( The Black Eyed Peas featuring Justin Timberlake as part of the World)
|2016||—||15||—||—||39||—||—||—||41||47||Non-album singles|
| " Believe " |
( Meek Mill featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2020||90||—||—||—||—||—||—||— [v]||—||—|
| "Better Days" |
( Ant Clemons featuring Justin Timberlake)
|94||—||—||—||—||—||—||— [w]||—||—|
|"—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.|
|Title||Year||Album|
| "Don't Slack" |
(with Anderson .Paak )
|2020||Trolls World Tour|
|Title||Year||Peak chart positions||Certifications||Album|
| US |
[137]
| CAN |
[74]
| NZ |
Heat.
[111]
| UK |
[138]
| WW |
[139]
|" FutureSex/LoveSound "||2006||— [x]||—||—||—||—||FutureSex/LoveSounds|
| " Release " |
(Timbaland featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2007||91||86||—||105||—||Shock Value|
| " Bounce " |
(Timbaland featuring Dr. Dre , Justin Timberlake, and Missy Elliott )
|93||—||—||176||—|
|" Pusher Love Girl "||2013||64||—||—||122||—||The 20/20 Experience|
|" Don't Hold the Wall "||— [y]||—||—||—||—|
|" Strawberry Bubblegum "||— [z]||—||—||193||—|
|"Spaceship Coupe"||— [aa]||—||—||—||—|
|"That Girl"||— [ab]||—||—||—|
—
|" Let the Groove Get In "||— [ac]||—||—||—||—|
|" Blue Ocean Floor "||— [ad]||—||—||—||—|
|"Dress On"||—||—||—||197||—|
|"Body Count"||—||—||—||147||—|
| "Brand New" |
(with Pharrell Williams )
|2014||— [ae]||—||—||104||—||G I R L|
| " True Colors " |
(with Anna Kendrick )
|2016||— [af]||—||—||—||—||Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|
| "Morning Light" |
(featuring Alicia Keys )
|2018||— [ag]||—||5||—||—||Man of the Woods|
| "Just Be" |
( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2021||— [ah]||—||—||—||—||Khaled Khaled|
| "Parent Trap" |
( Jack Harlow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2022||— [ai]||73||—||—||198||Come Home the Kids Miss You|
|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|
|Title||Year||Album|
| "My Kind of Girl" |
( Brian McKnight featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2001||Superhero|
| "What It's Like to Be Me" |
( Britney Spears featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Britney|
| "Hootnanny" |
( Bubba Sparxxx featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2003||Deliverance|
| "Love Don't Love Me" |
(Justin Timberlake)
|Bad Boys II Official Movie Soundtrack|
| "Good Foot" |
(Justin Timberlake featuring Timbaland)
|2004||Shark Tale Official Soundtrack|
| "Floatin'" |
( Charlie Wilson featuring Justin Timberlake & will.i.am )
|2005||Charlie, Last Name Wilson|
| "My Style" |
( The Black Eyed Peas featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland)
|Monkey Business|
| "Loose Ends" |
( Sérgio Mendes featuring Justin Timberlake, Pharoahe Monch ,
and will.i.am)
|2006||Timeless|
| "Get Out" |
( Macy Gray featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2007||Big|
| "The Nature" |
( Talib Kweli featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Eardrum|
| "The Only Promise That Remains" |
( Reba McEntire duet with Justin Timberlake)
|Reba: Duets|
| "Nite-Runner" |
( Duran Duran featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland)
|Red Carpet Massacre|
| "Falling Down" |
(Duran Duran featuring Justin Timberlake)
| " Can't Believe It (Remix) " |
( T-Pain featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2008||Can't Believe It|
| "Dance 2night" |
( Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Hard Candy|
| "Take Me Alive" |
( Chris Cornell featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2009||Scream|
| "G is for Girl (A-Z)" |
( Ciara featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Fantasy Ride|
| " Love Dealer " |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Outta Here|
| "Casanova" |
( Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
| "Follow My Lead" |
(Esmée Denters featuring Justin Timberlake)
| "Hole in My Head" |
( Rihanna featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Rated R|
| "Money" |
( Matt Morris featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2010||When Everything Breaks Open|
| " Hallelujah " |
(Justin Timberlake featuring Matt Morris & Charlie Sexton )
|Hope for Haiti Now|
| " Sign Your Name " |
( Sheryl Crow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|100 Miles from Memphis|
| "Shades" |
( Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Lil Wayne , Justin Timberlake, Bilal and James Fauntleroy )
|Last Train to Paris|
| "Across the Sky" |
(Madonna featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland )
|Unreleased|
| "Fascinated" |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland )
|2011||Non-album single|
| "Role Model" |
( FreeSol featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Non-album single|
| " Ain't No Doubt About It " |
( Game featuring Justin Timberlake and Pharrell Williams )
|Non-album single|
| "The Woods" |
( Juicy J featuring Justin Timberlake and Timbaland )
|2013||Stay Trippy|
| " Heaven " |
( JAY-Z featuring Justin Timberlake)
|Magna Carta...Holy Grail|
| "BBC" |
( JAY-Z featuring Nas , Timbaland, Pharrell Williams , Swizz Beatz, Justin Timberlake, Nigo , Beyoncé Knowles )
| " Five Hundred Miles " |
(Justin Timberlake, Carey Mulligan & Stark Sands )
|Inside Llewyn Davis|
| "Please Mr. Kennedy" |
( Oscar Isaac , Justin Timberlake & Adam Driver )
| " The Auld Triangle " |
( Chris Thile , Chris Eldridge , Justin Timberlake, Marcus Mumford & Gabe Witcher )
| "Brand New" |
(Pharrell Williams featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2014||G I R L|
| "Incredible Thoughts" |
( The Lonely Island featuring Michael Bolton and Justin Timberlake)
|2016||Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping Soundtrack|
| "Make it Right" |
( Foo Fighters featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2017||Concrete and Gold|
| "Just Be" |
( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2021||Khaled Khaled|
| "Innocent" |
( Justine Skye and Justin Timberlake)
|Space and Time|
| "Parent Trap" |
( Jack Harlow featuring Justin Timberlake)
|2022||Come Home the Kids Miss You|
| "Sin Fin" |
( Romeo Santos & Justin Timberlake)
|Formula, Vol. 3|
|Title||Performer(s)||Credits||Originating album||Year||Ref.|
|"What It's Like to Be Me"||Britney Spears||Writer, producer, background vocals||Britney||2001||[140]|
|"Bring My Angel Down to Earth"||Prymary Colorz||Writer||If You Only Knew||2002||[141]|
|" Where Is The Love? "||The Black Eyed Peas||Writer, additional vocals||Elephunk||2003||[142]|
|"Good Foot"||Timbaland||Writer, main vocals, co-producer||Shark Tale Official Soundtrack||2004|
|"Floatin'"||Charlie Wilson & will.i.am||Writer, additional vocals, co-producer||Charlie, Last Name Wilson||2005|
|"My Style"||The Black Eyed Peas||Writer, additional vocals||Monkey Business||2005|
|"Loose Ends"||Sérgio Mendes , Pharoahe Monch & will.i.am||Writer, additional vocals||Timeless||2006|
|" The Only Promise That Remains "||Reba McEntire||Writer, guest vocals, co-producer||Reba: Duets||2007|
|" Rehab "||Rihanna||Writer, producer, background vocals||Good Girl Gone Bad||2007||[143]|
|"Nite-Runner"||Duran Duran||Writer, additional vocals||Red Carpet Massacre||2007||[144]|
|" Falling Down "||Duran Duran||Writer, producer, additional vocals||Red Carpet Massacre||2007||[144]|
|"The Nature"||Talib Kweli||Writer, background vocals, featured vocals||Eardrum||2007|
|"Okay"||Macy Gray||Writer, producer||Big||2007|
|"Get Out"||Macy Gray||Writer, producer, featured vocals||Big||2007|
|" Miles Away "||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Devil Wouldn't Recognize You"||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Voices"||Madonna||Writer, background vocals||Hard Candy||2008||[145]|
|"Take Me Alive"||Chris Cornell||Writer, additional vocals||Scream||2009||[146]|
|" Don't Let Me Down "||Leona Lewis||Writer, producer, additional vocals||Echo||2009||[147]|
|" Cold Case Love "||Rihanna||Writer||Rated R||2009||[148]|
|" Heaven "||Jay-Z||Writer, additional vocals||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"BBC"||Jay-Z||Writer, additional vocals||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"JAY Z Blue"||Jay-Z||Writer, additional producer||Magna Carta Holy Grail||2013||[149]|
|"The Woods"||Juicy J||Writer, additional vocals||Stay Trippy||2013||[150]|
|" Blow "||Beyoncé||Writer||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|" Partition "||Beyoncé||Writer, producer, background vocals||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|" Rocket "||Beyoncé||Writer, background vocals||Beyoncé||2013||[151]|
|"Hot Damn!"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2017|
|"Runaway"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2018|
|"Telephone"||The Shadowboxers||Writer, background vocals, co-producer||N/A||2018|
|" Without Me "||Halsey||Writer (through interpolation)||Manic||2018|
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for Justified as of June 21, 2012. [30]
- ^
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for Justified as of February 9, 2018. [32]
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for FutureSex/LoveSounds as of November 4, 2014. [15]
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for FutureSex/LoveSounds as of June 7, 2013. [39]
- ^ Worldwide sales figures for The 20/20 Experience as of December 2014. [43]
- ^ United Kingdom sales figures for The 20/20 Experience as of September 20, 2013. [45]
- ^ United States sales figures for The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 and The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience as of April 28, 2016. The sales for both releases are combined. [53]
- ^ "Summer Love" did not enter the ARIA Singles Chart , but peaked at number 14 on the ARIA Digital Track Chart . [87]
- ^ "The Only Promise That Remains" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Tunnel Vision" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "TKO" did not enter the ARIA Charts, but peaked at number 24 on the ARIA Urban Singles chart. [95]
- ^ "Drink You Away" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Filthy" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number two on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [105]
- ^ "Supplies" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [107]
- ^ "Supplies" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart. [111]
- ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [112]
- ^ "Stay with Me" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Stay with Me" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number two on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [113]
- ^ "Motherlover" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [128]
- ^ "3-Way (The Golden Rule)" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [128]
- ^ "Believe" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 29 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [135]
- ^ "Better Days" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. [136]
- ^ "FutureSex/LoveSound" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Don't Hold the Wall" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Strawberry Bubblegum" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Spaceship Coupe" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "That Girl" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Let the Groove Get In" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Blue Ocean Floor" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Brand New" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "True Colors" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Morning Light" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. [89]
- ^ "Just Be" did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. [89]
- ^ "Parent Trap" did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. [89]
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 26, 2013 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 23, 2013 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 6, 2013 .
- ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 06 May 2013" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved June 24, 2013 .
- ^ "The ARIA Report #1233" (PDF) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2013 . Retrieved November 24, 2013 .
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 22, 2014 .
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 26, 2014 .
- ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 12 May 2014" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved June 24, 2013 .
- ^ "American certifications – Jackson, Michael" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 17, 2014 . [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 26, 2014 .
- ^ "Justin Timberlake "Can't Stop The Feeling!"" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. April 3, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2018 .
- ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart" . Recorded Music NZ . January 15, 2018 . Retrieved January 12, 2018 .
- ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #461" . auspOp. February 24, 2018 . Retrieved February 24, 2018 .
- ^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart" . Recorded Music NZ. January 29, 2018 . Retrieved January 26, 2018 .
- ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #477" . auspOp. June 16, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ "Justin Timberlake feat. Chris Stapleton "Say Something"" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 26, 2019 .
- ^ Peak chart positions for other charted songs in the United Kingdom:
- All except "Release", "Bounce", "Hallelujah" and "Brand New": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 30 March 2013". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (605): 1–4. March 23, 2013.
- "Release": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 14 April 2007". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (294): 1–4. April 7, 2007.
- "Bounce": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 12 April 2008". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (346): 1–4. April 5, 2007.
- "Hallelujah": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 6 February 2010". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (441): 1–4. January 30, 2010.
- "Brand New": "Official Singles Chart for the Week Ending 15 March 2014". ChartsPlus . Liverpool (655): 1–4. March 9, 2014.
- "Man of the Woods": "Justin Timberlake | full Official Chart history" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake_discography | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justin Timberlake's 'Justified' Turns 20: How The Solo Debut Launched The Singer To Superstardom | As *NSYNC began a hiatus in 2002, Justin Timberlake set out to create the music he's always wanted to make with 'Justified' — and it spawned one of the biggest stars of his generation.
GRAMMYs
/
Nov 4, 2022 - 03:26 pm
By 2002, it was pretty clear that Justin Timberlake was an icon in the making. He was positioned as the unofficial frontman of *NSYNC , who were still riding high as one of the biggest boy bands of all time. But Timberlake was eager to ditch the ramen-noodle hair and family-friendly persona for a project that better reflected his artistry — little did he know, it'd solidify him as a superstar.
Justified , Timberlake's debut solo album, arrived on Nov. 5. The 13-track LP delved into the singer's R&B and old-school influences, artistically re-introducing himself while laying the groundwork for the global solo stardom to come.
The album came just six months after <em>NSYNC wrapped what would become their final tour and began an indefinite hiatus. At the time, he insisted the band was "in no danger" amid his solo venture. "There's no reason my solo career and </em>NSYNC can't coexist in the same universe," he told the New York Post .
That quickly proved difficult — Justified was a commercial success, debuting at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and spawning two top-five singles. Within the next year, the album sold 3 million copies. Timberlake headlined arenas around the world, became the face of a McDonald's campaign, and landed his first double-duty hosting and performing gig on Saturday Night Live . A 2003 Rolling Stone cover story may have epitomized that one reason he could no longer coexist with his *NSYNC bandmates: "Justin Timberlake: The New King of Pop."
The Michael Jackson homage was fitting, as half of Justified was intended for the late icon. As Pharrell Williams confirmed in 2020 , he and Chad Hugo (together, known as the Neptunes , who co-wrote and co-produced Justified ) initially pitched their album contributions to Jackson. After Jackson declined, the Neptunes brought them to Timberlake, and the R&B-leaning sounds were exactly what he was looking for.
"I was trying to make a multi-dimensional record; a record that captured the vibe of my favorite time in music, the '60s," Timberlake told Billboard in 2002. "For the six weeks that we worked on these songs, I got to live in my own musical dream world and play a little hip-hop, a little old-school R&B, a little classic rock. It was so much fun — and I learned a lot about making music in a totally different way than I was used to."
Those old-school influences come through on cuts like "Let's Take a Ride" and "Last Night," but the prominent takeaway from Justified is that Timberlake was no longer a fresh-faced pop heartthrob. Racier lyrics ("I could think of a couple positions for you" in "Right For Me") and elevated, hip-hop-leaning production (helmed by The Neptunes, Timbaland and Scott Storch ) presented a more mature sound that helped him graduate from teen stardom to full-fledged artistry.
Justified also set a new standard for solo stars emerging from a pop group, as his peers who tried before him couldn't quite make the same impact. The Backstreet Boys ' Nick Carter released his first solo effort, Now or Never — coincidentally, just one week prior to Justified 's arrival — to rather disappointing results, and each of the five Spice Girls' solo albums failed to make major waves. And really, until Harry Styles , no other former boy bander has managed to achieve such success since.
Between its commercial performance and sophisticated sound, Justified was arguably the first time an artist from a contemporary pop group was taken seriously as a solo act. Lead single "Like I Love You" helped set the tone ahead of the album's release, its fiery guitar and drum lines ushering in the more mature sound. The track also scored Timberlake his first solo GRAMMY nomination in 2003.
His subsequent singles — the searing "Cry Me a River" and the dance floor-ready "Rock Your Body" — were what sealed his fate as a solo star, both landing in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100. "Cry Me A River" is still one of Timberlake's biggest songs to date, and earned him a GRAMMY for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2004.
The 2004 GRAMMYs marked another pivotal moment for Timberlake. Just one week after being part of the infamous Super Bowl wardrobe malfunction with Janet Jackson , the singer took to the GRAMMY stage to perform another Justified single, "Señorita," as well as his GRAMMY-nominated collaboration with the Black Eyed Peas , "Where Is The Love." Timberlake was nominated for a total of five awards that night — among them, the coveted Album Of The Year for Justified — and took home two golden gramophones, including the GRAMMY for Best Pop Vocal Album.
Twenty years later, Timberlake now has 10 GRAMMYs and 39 nominations, five No. 1 hits, four No. 1 albums, a Super Bowl halftime headlining gig, and even an acclaimed acting career. When it comes to his evolution from boy-bander to solo superstar, Timberlake may have put it best himself in the 2002 Billboard interview: "There's a lot more to me than people have previously believed."
Timberlake certainly proved that — and justified his place as the new king of pop.
(L-R): Jack Harlow and Lil Nas X perform at the 2022 GRAMMYs.
Photo: Rich Fury/Getty Images for The Recording Academy
list
As Jack Harlow releases his third album, 'Jackman,' revisit some of the most epic — and star-studded — collabs he's delivered in the past several years, from Eminem to Justin Timberlake.
GRAMMYs
/
Apr 28, 2023 - 08:40 pm
Long before Jack Harlow was one of rap's buzziest stars, he was making music for his middle-school classmates. Even at just age 12, he knew the art of collaboration, teaming up with a friend to create his first album, and later creating a rap collective with other pals. Fast forward 13 years later, and he's teaming up with some of the biggest stars in the industry.
Harlow has counted several superstars as collaborators since signing with Atlantic Records in 2018; just the track list of his second album, 2022's Come Home the Kids Miss You , featured the likes of Drake , Lil Wayne , Justin Timberlake , and Pharrell Williams . So when Harlow surprised fans with the announcement of his third studio album, Jackman , just days before its April 28 release, it was easy to assume he'd deliver more star-studded tracks.
But upon the album's arrival, there was not a collaboration to be found. Based on Harlow opting to use his birth name as the title of his latest release, it's not all that surprising that he opted to take the no-features route this time around — and even without collaborators, he sounds more confident than ever.
Although Jackman didn't add to Harlow's reputable lineup of guest stars, he has quite the roster already, whether from his own projects or featuring on another artist's track. To celebrate Harlow's new music, GRAMMY.com revisits some of his most memorable collaborations so far.
Harlow released six mixtapes and two EPs in the many years leading up to his breakthrough hit "Whats Poppin," the lead single off his debut studio album, 2020's Thats What They All Say . Though "Whats Poppin" certainly isn't the only of Harlow's raps to reflect on the joys of being rich and famous, his hard-hitting delivery on the new remix verse is a standout among the rest.
And with the help of DaBaby and Tory Lanez on the remix as well, the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 — an impressive feat for his first-ever entry on the chart. Not only did the song's commercial success put him on the map, but it nabbed Harlow his first GRAMMY nomination in 2021, for Best Rap Performance.
Named after Louisville's iconic racetrack, "Churchill Downs" is a heartfelt ode to Harlow's hometown; the music video was even filmed at the 2022 Kentucky Derby. Backed by a flute-driven beat, the standout track off Harlow's sophomore album, Come Home the Kids Miss You , is a perfect embodiment of his humble beginnings: "All that time in the kitchen finally panned out/ I put some flavor in a pot and took the bland out/ I know my grandpa would have a heart attack if I pulled a hunnid grand out," he raps.
Meanwhile, Drake's guest verse — which calls out the pitfalls of fame — is considered one of his best in recent years, likely due to the level of vulnerability the Canadian rapper is showing nearly two decades into his career.
The rags-to-riches tale resonated with fans and critics alike: "Churchill Downs" cracked the top 10 of Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and earned the pair a GRAMMY nomination for Best Rap Song in 2022.
Lil Nas X recruited Harlow for his multi-platinum single "Industry Baby," a pulsing track laden with triumphant horns and braggadocious lyrics. Accompanied by a provocative music video where both rappers break out of prison while donning bright pink jumpsuits, the song strategically followed Lil Nas X's legal battle with Nike . But the Kentucky rapper's verse arguably steals the show with brow-raising bars, including "I sent her back to her boyfriend with my handprint on her a— cheek."
The boisterous tune helped Harlow earn his first of two No. 1s on the Hot 100; his second came in 2022 with his solo track "First Class."
Harlow was one of three rap stars Saweetie recruited for the remix of her Too Short-sampling single "Tap In," which also featured Post Malone and DaBaby.
While the SoCal rapper isn't shy about flaunting her physical attributes ("Lil' waist, fat a—") and being able to "bag a eight-figure n—," Harlow just seems happy to be there. "I just crossed over to Top 40/ I can't even say 'Whats poppin?' now 'cause it got corny," he spits before telling listeners that his verse for Saweetie got him "horny."
A solid single choice following "Whats Poppin" and "Tyler Herro," Harlow and Big Sean's "Way Out" is as straightforward and braggadocious as it is club-ready. Just under three minutes in length, Sean's guest verse does not disappoint — it's packed with punchlines, such as "I'm anointed, I'm the boss/ I done came out of pocket so much/ You thought that I was disjointed."
Lil Wayne was no stranger to AutoTune before teaming up with Harlow, but some critics disapproved of his use of it on "Poison," a track from Come Home the Kids Miss You . Even so, his rhyme about stealing someone's girl is pretty iconic: "I might have to jack your b— 'cause I be on my Harlow sh—."
Despite what critics have to say, clearly Wayne enjoys working with Harlow — "Poison" marked their third collab, following the "Whats Poppin" remix and 2020 single "P— Talk" alongside City Girls and Quavo .
On "Movie Star," Harlow ditches his humble persona to rap about enjoying the perks of his then-newfound superstardom: money, women, and designer clothes. "Can't imagine being you, ooh, I'd hate to be it / I'm done fakin' humble, actin' like I ain't conceited / 'Cause, b—, I am conceited," he declares on the track produced by the legendary Pharrell Williams, a true indicator that an artist has made it in the music industry.
After Williams adds some of his flair to the chorus, both stars trade off rhymes in the song's final verse. "But do it jiggle though?" Williams asks. Harlow's response? "I feel like the whole damn city know."
The dark side of fame theme resurfaces in "Parent Trap," a collaboration with Justin Timberlake , who lends his signature southern drawl to the chorus. "Every sky can't be blue/ It's hard to see when you're walkin' in the grey/ So many flights, look at how the time flew," he sings.
Though it may not quite measure up to Harlow's top-tier duet with Drake on "Churchill Downs," which tackles similar subject matter, the collab is a fitting one — Harlow referenced NSYNC in "Tyler Herro" just two years prior.
In late 2020, Harlow told GQ that he "grew up listening to Eminem " and idolized him, so it must have been surreal and full-circle when he got to join forces with the 15-time GRAMMY-winning rapper a mere six months later.
Rising to the challenge, Harlow holds his own alongside Em and then-fellow newcomer Cordae , demonstrating strong lyrical wordplay — particularly with lines like "I'm eatin' pizza in Little Italy, damn, I used to hit Caesars."
Even alongside his biggest heroes, Harlow has proven his natural ability to command attention — and though it's just him on the mic on Jackman , he seems poised and ready to see who's next.
French musical group Daft Punk performing in Italy in 2019
Photo: Marco Piraccini/Archivio Marco Piraccini/Mondadori via Getty Images
list
The French electronic music duo's massive influence in the '90s and early 2000s transformed the dance landscape and continues to resonate. On the 10th anniversary of their smash hit "Get Lucky," revisit some of their biggest hits.
GRAMMYs
/
Apr 19, 2023 - 06:13 pm
Dance music wouldn't be the same without Daft Punk . In 1993, Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo joined forces, not knowing they would become trailblazers of the decade's French house movement.
The duo took their name from a negative review of their former band Darlin', in which their music was criticized as "a daft punky thrash" — and so Daft Punk was born, living up to their name by merging creative absurdity with liveliness. The duo made few public media appearances, quite literally shrouding themselves in mystery through a sci-fi aesthetic accompanying their prolific, contemporary sound.
From their 1997 debut studio album Homework to collaborations with The Weeknd decades later, the duo built their extensive discography on a fearless restyling of electronica. Contributing to dance music popularization in North America with their 2006-2007 tour, Daft Punk is credited with ushering EDM into the mainstream.
Although the duo disbanded in 2021, their influence is everlasting: colorfully blending house with every genre from techno to synth-pop, Daft Punk has proved their creativity knows no limits.
In honor of the 10-year anniversary of the GRAMMY-winning duo's "Get Lucky" and their 30-year career span, take a listen to these 9 funky essentials by Daft Punk.
Tripping into acid house, Daft Punk's single "Da Funk" is a glaring highlight from the duo's debut, Homework . Featuring a squirming, snappy 303 bass line and refreshing disco-inspired sound, the lyricless track is a '90s house classic.
Daft Punk's dynamic sounds are staples in clubs all over the world, and part of this is due to the smash success of their single "Around The World." The second single from their debut hit No. 1 on dance charts worldwide, its only lyric — fittingly, "around the world" — repeated 144 times to reach full earworm potential.
Daft Punk regards "One More Time" as the bridge between Homework and Discovery , and this song speaks to the duo's timeless, overarching creativity. Spotlighting their signature auto-tuned vocals and futuristic production, the song is a full-blown celebration. Upon release, the track tied with "Around The World" by hitting No. 61 on the Billboard Hot 100.
An instant influential hit, "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" combines the keyboard riff from Edwin Birdsong's 1979 funk song "Cola Bottle Baby" with heavily vocoded vocals. The song has been remixed, sampled, and covered dozens of times, and a live version of the track — from Daft Punk's live album, Alive 2007 — took home a GRAMMY for Best Dance/Electronic Recording in 2009.
Led elegantly by a Wurlitzer and filled with prolonged harmonies, this Daft Punk essential sloshes through a dreamy electropop soundscape. Longing pulses through the textured, technological track, and its softness cushions the song's outlined fantasy in a graceful way.
Wonderfully mechanical, Daft Punk's "Robot Rock" is a staple of electronic rock. Its central and only lyric — "Rock, robot rock" — repeats over and over, meshing with a looping synth-led riff and electric guitar power chords. Filmed on VHS, its music video glitters as the first video to star Daft Punk exclusively.
The title track from The Weeknd's third studio album, "Starboy," strays from Daft Punk's signature electronic sound, determinedly wandering into edgy pop and R&B. Surprisingly, the collaboration is Daft Punk's first and only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Pulling in a couple of legends for collaboration, "Get Lucky" strikes a perfect groove as a disco-pop banger about staying up 'til the sun. Starring Nile Rodgers ' radiant guitar riff and Pharrell Williams ' funky vocals, the experimental song won Record Of The Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 56th GRAMMY Awards.
Who better than Daft Punk to craft the soundtrack for a sci-fi film? The pair's robotic aesthetic and futuristic music perfectly complement the 2010 Disney cyberworld film Tron: Legacy , and "Derezzed" stands out as an especially immersive track. At the 54th GRAMMY Awards, TRON: Legacy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack Album For Visual Media.
Pharrell Williams returned to work with Daft Punk for the groovy "Lose Yourself to Dance" in 2013. His vocals float through the song's funky production, and partway through, a multi-layered clap imbues the track with new, crowd-sourced energy.
list
With 14 albums and nine GRAMMYs under her belt, Mary J. Blige puts no limitations on the music she creates. Explore her extensive catalog of hits, soundtrack favorites, stunning covers and impactful remixes.
GRAMMYs
/
Jan 30, 2023 - 06:26 pm
Mary J. Blige ’s tireless work ethic, extraordinary singing talent and soul-level relatability are the secret ingredients to her longevity as a recording artist. Her discography includes nine GRAMMY wins and 37 nominations, and the multi-hyphenate artist continues to demonstrate that there's no limit to her creativity.
Blige is nominated for six awards at the 2023 GRAMMYs , including Album Of The Year and Best R&B Album for Good Morning Gorgeous (Deluxe) . The title track is nominated in three categories: Record Of The Year, Best Traditional R&B Performance and Best R&B Song, and "Here With Me" is up for Best R&B Performance.
Good Morning Gorgeous encapsulates the true self-love Blige felt after healing from divorce, abusive relationships and depression. As she explains on an album interlude "good morning gorgeous" is the affirmation Blige now says to herself in the mornings — and, for the first time, she believes it. And when it comes to the odds of adding to her GRAMMY wins on Feb. 5, it’s safe to wager that Blige thinks they’re sound.
"Bet on me, why not?" Blige sings in the chorus of the album’s "On Top." "Don’t act like I never left on top."
For her resonant musical messages, Blige has been crowned the Queen of Hip-Hop Soul. But she’s also an industry professional who deftly sets and iterates on trends, keeping even her earliest releases relevant and exciting.
Blige became a record label boss when she released Good Morning Gorgeous as a joint venture between Lyor Cohen’s 300 Entertainment and her own Mary Jane Productions. She’s a frequent executive producer of her albums and multimedia projects and is set to executive produce two fictional films for Lifetime in 2023 through her production company Blue Butterfly. Real Love and Strength of a Woman are both named for her songs. Real Love is described as a romantic drama set in an upstate New York college.
After more than 30 years of recording, Blige has amassed an acclaimed and extensive discography of consummate original classics, deep soundtrack cuts, scene-stealing covers and remixes. Press play on the Amazon Music playlist above and use the below guide as a diving board into a career full of the empathetic pain, healing, promise and happiness that she has shared with unflinching honesty and vulnerability.
Blige was living in a housing project in Yonkers, N.Y. when the late Andre Harrell signed her to his Uptown Records, which released her 1992 debut album, What’s The 411? Harrell coined the nickname Queen of Hip-Hop Soul to describe the fresh way Blige's music melded rap beats with R&B hooks.
Harrell and his then-intern Sean Combs gave her a rugged style to match her music, with boots and baseball caps instead of heels and sparkles. Young women from the inner city saw themselves in Blige's aesthetic and in her rawness.
Yet admiration for Blige’s powerful vocals and unique tone grew before her name was ever recognized. Blige was first heard as a backup singer for Father MC’s 1990 hit "I'll Do 4 U" and, the following year, her own single "You Remind Me" (from the Strictly Business soundtrack) gave Blige some street buzz to lead into What’s The 411? The hip-hop swagger of "Real Love" — which samples "Top Billin'" by Audio Two, a beat highly familiar to New York City fans at the time — served as her formal introduction to the world and remains a calling card decades later.
Contrary to the music industry’s sophomore slump stereotype, Blige’s second album is a seminal work. 1994's My Life became career-defining, and an album that she has subsequently reflected on to show her growth.
The album is a reflection of her volatile relationship with singer Cedric "K-Ci" Hailey , Blige explained in Mary J. Blige’s My Life , a documentary she executive produced for Amazon Studios in honor of the album’s 25th anniversary. Throughout, Blige keenly pairs heights of happiness with depths of her despair on songs like "You Bring Me Joy," "I’m Goin’ Down," "I Love You" and "Be Happy."
"The whole 'My Life' album is, 'Please love me, don’t go, I need you,'" she said in the documentary. Combs, then known as Puffy, continued: "When she made that album, she was fighting for her heart." (Combs and Harrell served as executive producers of My Life .)
Blige and Combs never collaborated quite so closely again, though they remained friends. Combs didn’t produce 2011’s My Life II… The Journey Continues (Act 1) , but he appears in a telephone skit to open the album, similarly to how he did on My Life . The sequel features guest stars such as Nas, Beyoncé and Drake .
Though her earlier works hinted at the potential, My Life most firmly established Blige as a beacon for hurt hearts everywhere. In a 2021 interview with Trevor Noah , Blige described how childhood physical and mental abuse, as well as her relationship with Hailey, led to substance abuse and depression. When she used the songs on My Life as a way of saying she needed help, "four million people responded and said, ‘'We need help, too.'"
Cover songs have been an acclaimed — and long-lasting — part of Blige’s career ever since she sang "Sweet Thing" by Rufus featuring Chaka Khan on What’s The 411? Blige released her hugely popular version of Rose Royce’s "I’m Goin’ Down" in 1994, which reached No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, and she beat Beyoncé to the punch in 2000 with her take on Maze’s "Before I Let Go."
But her ascension to rock star status has a lot to do with her scene-stealing covers of songs of stadium-level acts. Blige has delivered epic versions of songs by Led Zeppelin ("Stairway To Heaven") and Sting ("Whenever I Say Your Name"), and when she collaborated with U2 on a new version of "One," there’s an audible battle with Bono as to whose song this is now.
Blige collaborates with rap, R&B, rock, country, electronic and classical artists with equal ease, and her discography includes work with late legends, including "Holdin’ On" with Aretha Franklin and a cover of Stevie Wonder ’s "As" with George Michael . She won her first career GRAMMY in 1995 for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group for "I'll Be There For You / You're All I Need To Get By," a collaboration with Method Man that covers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell .
A dance music collaboration with London duo Disclosure called "F for You" in 2013 helped to catalyze an entire album from the Capital of England called The London Sessions . The 2014 album features a second collaboration with Disclosure ("Right Now"), a cameo from UK garage DJ/producer MJ Cole ("Nobody But You") and guest vocals from Scottish singer Emeli Sandé ("Whole Damn Year").
Blige has long understood the potency of both hip-hop and dance music remixes, which remain a part of her single roll-outs. Over the years, she created a remix album of songs from What’s The 411? , and in 2002 released club-focused reworks of songs from No More Drama , Mary and Share My World on Dance For Me .
Blige's remixes also pay homage. On her cover of First Choice’s " Let No Man Put Asunder ," Blige honors singers who came before by featuring guest vocals from the group's lead singer, Rochelle Fleming.
Blige has rapped a few times on her albums, beginning with a verse in "Love," from 2001’s No More Drama . She won her first solo GRAMMY for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 2003 for "He Think I Don't Know" from No More Drama . By the time she rhymed on "Enough Cryin’" and "Take Me As I Am" (both from 2005’s The Breakthrough ), her rap alter ego had a name: Brook Lynn.
Her cadence caught the ear of her friend Busta Rhymes , who recruited Blige for his "Touch It (Remix)" the next year. "The haters plot and they watch, lookin’ all pale/While I’m on a yacht overseas, doin’ my nails," she raps alongside Busta, Missy Elliott and Rah Digga.
Brook Lynn took a hiatus for a few years after that, but she came back blazing in 2011. "Homegirls love me and we be ridin' Phantoms/Mad chicks hate me 'cause I be writin' anthems," she rhymes on "Midnight Drive" from My Life II… The Journey Continues (Act 1) .
Since "You Remind Me," her first Top 40 entry, appeared on the soundtrack to Strictly Business , Blige has written stunning original songs such as "I Can See in Color" for Precious (2009). She has also licensed other hits to dozens of movies.
After years of contributing to soundtracks, Blige created her own as executive producer and performer of the soundtrack for Think Like a Man Too (2014), which includes a cover of Shalamar’s "A Night to Remember" and guest appearances by Pharrell Williams and The-Dream .
Blige has been cast in several acting roles since she guest starred in an episode of The Jamie Foxx Show in 1998 and has played fictional characters as well as real life figures Betty Shabazz ( Betty and Coretta ) and Dinah Washington ( Respect ). She received Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Song for her work on 2017 film Mudbound .
More than 30 years into her recording career, Blige appears happy, energized and ready to add more hits and heartfelt anthems to her songbook.
GRAMMYs
/
Nov 25, 2022 - 04:23 pm
It's rare that a genre can be traced back to a single artist or group, but for funk, that was James Brown . The Godfather of Soul coined the phrase and style of playing known as "on the one," where the first downbeat is emphasized, instead of the typical second and fourth beats in pop, soul and other styles. As David Cheal eloquently explains, playing on the one "left space for phrases and riffs, often syncopated around the beat, creating an intricate, interlocking grid which could go on and on." You know a funky bassline when you hear it; its fat chords beg your body to get up and groove.
Brown's 1965 classic, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag," became one of the first funk hits, and has been endlessly sampled and covered over the years, along with his other groovy tracks. Of course, many other funk acts followed in the '60s, and the genre thrived in the '70s and '80s as the disco craze came and went, and the originators of hip-hop and house music created new music from funk and disco's strong, flexible bones built for dancing.
Legendary funk bassist Bootsy Collins learned the power of the one from playing in Brown's band, and brought it to George Clinton , who created P-funk, an expansive, Afrofuturistic , psychedelic exploration of funk with his various bands and projects, including Parliament-Funkadelic . Both Collins and Clinton remain active and funkin', and have offered their timeless grooves to collabs with younger artists, including Kali Uchis , Silk Sonic , and Omar Apollo; and Kendrick Lamar , Flying Lotus , and Thundercat , respectively.
In the 1980s, electro-funk was born when artists like Afrika Bambaataa, Man Parrish, and Egyptian Lover began making futuristic beats with the Roland TR-808 drum machine — often with robotic vocals distorted through a talk box. A key distinguishing factor of electro-funk is a de-emphasis on vocals, with more phrases than choruses and verses. The sound influenced contemporaneous hip-hop, funk and electronica, along with acts around the globe, while current acts like Chromeo, DJ Stingray, and even Egyptian Lover himself keep electro-funk alive and well.
Today, funk lives in many places, with its heavy bass and syncopated grooves finding way into many nooks and crannies of music. There's nu-disco and boogie funk, nodding back to disco bands with soaring vocals and dance floor-designed instrumentation. G-funk continues to influence Los Angeles hip-hop, with innovative artists like Dam-Funk and Channel Tres bringing the funk and G-funk, into electro territory. Funk and disco-centered '70s revival is definitely having a moment, with acts like Ghost Funk Orchestra and Parcels , while its sparkly sprinklings can be heard in pop from Dua Lipa , Doja Cat , and, in full "Soul Train" character, Silk Sonic . There are also acts making dreamy, atmospheric music with a solid dose of funk, such as Khruangbin ’s global sonic collage.
There are many bands that play heavily with funk, creating lush grooves designed to get you moving. Read on for a taste of five current modern funk and nu-disco artists making band-led uptempo funk built for the dance floor. Be sure to press play on the Spotify playlist above, and check out GRAMMY.com's playlist on Apple Music , Amazon Music and Pandora .
Aptly self-described as "discodelic soul," Brooklyn-based seven-piece Say She She make dreamy, operatic funk, led by singer-songwriters Nya Gazelle Brown, Piya Malik and Sabrina Mileo Cunningham. Their '70s girl group-inspired vocal harmonies echo, sooth and enchant as they cover poignant topics with feminist flair.
While they’ve been active in the New York scene for a few years, they’ve gained wider acclaim for the irresistible music they began releasing this year, including their debut album, Prism . Their 2022 debut single "Forget Me Not" is an ode to ground-breaking New York art collective Guerilla Girls, and " Norma " is their protest anthem in response to the news that Roe vs. Wade could be (and was) overturned. The band name is a nod to funk legend Nile Rodgers , from the "Le freak, c'est chi" exclamation in Chic's legendary tune "Le Freak."
Moniquea 's unique voice oozes confidence, yet invites you in to dance with her to the super funky boogie rhythms. The Pasadena, California artist was raised on funk music; her mom was in a cover band that would play classics like Aretha Franklin’ s "Get It Right" and Gladys Knight ’s "Love Overboard." Moniquea released her first boogie funk track at 20 and, in 2011, met local producer XL Middelton — a bonafide purveyor of funk. She's been a star artist on his MoFunk Records ever since, and they've collabed on countless tracks, channeling West Coast energy with a heavy dose of G-funk, sunny lyrics and upbeat, roller disco-ready rhythms.
Her latest release is an upbeat nod to classic West Coast funk, produced by Middleton, and follows her February 2022 groovy, collab-filled album, On Repeat .
Shiro Schwarz is a Mexico City-based duo, consisting of Pammela Rojas and Rafael Marfil, who helped establish a modern funk scene in the richly creative Mexican metropolis. On "Electrify" — originally released in 2016 on Fat Beats Records and reissued in 2021 by MoFunk — Shiro Schwarz's vocals playfully contrast each other, floating over an insistent, upbeat bassline and an '80s throwback electro-funk rhythm with synth flourishes.
Their music manages to be both nostalgic and futuristic — and impossible to sit still to. 2021 single "Be Kind" is sweet, mellow and groovy, perfect chic lounge funk. Shiro Schwarz’s latest track, the joyfully nostalgic "Hey DJ," is a collab with funkstress Saucy Lady and U-Key.
L'Impératrice (the empress in French) are a six-piece Parisian group serving an infectiously joyful blend of French pop, nu-disco, funk and psychedelia. Flore Benguigui's vocals are light and dreamy, yet commanding of your attention, while lyrics have a feminist touch.
During their energetic live sets, L'Impératrice members Charles de Boisseguin and Hagni Gwon (keys), David Gaugué (bass), Achille Trocellier (guitar), and Tom Daveau (drums) deliver extended instrumental jam sessions to expand and connect their music. Gaugué emphasizes the thick funky bass, and Benguigui jumps around the stage while sounding like an angel. L’Impératrice’s latest album, 2021’s Tako Tsubo , is a sunny, playful French disco journey.
Franc Moody 's bio fittingly describes their music as "a soul funk and cosmic disco sound." The London outfit was birthed by friends Ned Franc and Jon Moody in the early 2010s, when they were living together and throwing parties in North London's warehouse scene. In 2017, the group grew to six members, including singer and multi-instrumentalist Amber-Simone.
Their music feels at home with other electro-pop bands like fellow Londoners Jungle and Aussie act Parcels. While much of it is upbeat and euphoric, Franc Moody also dips into the more chilled, dreamy realm, such as the vibey, sultry title track from their recently released Into the Ether . | https://www.grammy.com/news/justin-timberlake-justified-20th-anniversary-legacy-solo-star-nsync-hiatus-album-cry-me-a-river-rock-your-body-senorita-pharrell-timbaland | 68 |
what was the name of justin timberlakes first solo album | Justified | Justified is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was released on November 5, 2002, by Jive Records. The album was written and recorded in a six-week period, during the hiatus of the singer's band 'N Sync. For the album, Timberlake tried to adopt a more mature image as an R&B artist opposed to the previous pop music recorded by the group. Most of the album was produced by The Neptunes, with additional collaborators including Brian McKnight, Scott Storch, Timbaland, and The Underdogs. The album features guest appearances by Janet Jackson and rap duo Clipse. Primarily an R&B album, Justified also contains influences of dance-pop, funk and soul music.
Justified received generally positive reviews from music critics; most of them complimented the mature progression of the singer's material, while some criticized its lyrical content. It earned Timberlake four Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for " Cry Me a River " at the 2004 accolades ceremony. Justified debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart and sold 439,000 copies in its first week. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) denoting shipments of three million copies in the US. As of 2008, the album has sold over seven million copies worldwide.
Five singles were released from Justified. The album's lead single, " Like I Love You ", peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, while two follow-up singles " Cry Me a River ", and " Rock Your Body " peaked within the top-ten on the chart. "Like I Love You", "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Australia, Ireland, Netherlands and Belgium. To further promote the album, Timberlake performed on several television shows and embarked on The Justified World Tour and the Justified and Stripped Tour; on the latter he was accompanied by American singer Christina Aguilera.
|Justified – Standard edition|
|No.||Title||Writer(s)||Producer(s)||Length|
|1.||" Señorita "||Williams and Hugo||4:55|
|2.||" Like I Love You " (featuring. Clipse )||Williams and Hugo||4:44|
|3.||"(Oh No) What You Got"||Timbaland||4:31|
|4.||"Take It From Here"||Williams and Hugo||6:14|
|5.||" Cry Me a River "||Timbaland||4:48|
|6.||" Rock Your Body " (featuring. Vanessa Marquez )||Williams and Hugo||4:27|
|7.||"Nothin' Else"||Williams and Hugo||4:59|
|8.||"Last Night"||Williams and Hugo||4:47|
|9.||"Still on My Brain"||4:36|
|10.||"(And She Said) Take Me Now" (featuring. Janet Jackson )||5:31|
|11.||"Right for Me" (featuring. Bubba Sparxxx )||Timbaland||4:30|
|12.||"Let's Take a Ride"||Williams and Hugo||4:44|
|13.||"Never Again"|
Total length:
|63:15|
" Like I Love You " featuring Clipse was released as the album's lead single. It was released as a CD single in 25 August 2002 in Germany and the US. The song was written by Justin Timberlake and The Neptunes, who also produced the track. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its production and use of instrumentals. "Like I Love You" charted at number eleven on the US Billboard Hot 100, and in the top five in the UK, Denmark,Netherlands and Ireland. The song was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 45th Grammy Awards.
Justified 's second single is "' Cry Me a River ", and was released through contemporary and rhythmic radio on October 5, 2002, and as a 12" vinyl on December 23 in the US. The song was written by Timberlake, Scott Storch and Timbaland and produced by the latter. "Cry Me a River" debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated December 21, 2002, and eventually peaked at number three. In other countries, the song achieved similar success, reaching number two in Australia and the UK, and the top five in several other territories. "Cry Me a River" has been certified gold in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 units, and certified silver in France. It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2004 ceremony, while the accompanying music video won two MTV Video Music Awards: Best Male Video and Best Pop Video. The song is listed on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
" Rock Your Body " was released as the album's third single, and was released on January 21, 2003 as a CD single in the US. It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, and produced by the latter. The song topped the charts in Australia for one week, became Timberlake's third single to reach number two in the UK, and reached the top five in Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand and the US. "Rock Your Body" was certified platinum in Australia by the ARIA. It received a gold certification in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 units.
" Señorita " is Justified 's fourth and final single, released through rhythmic radio on May 6, 2003. It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes, while being produced by the latter. It reached number 27 on the Hot 100, and achieved its highest peak in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number six and four, respectively.
Others like you also viewed | https://justintimberlake.fandom.com/wiki/Justified | 68 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Hybrid | genetics | hybrid , offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits. The parents may be of different species, genera, or (rarely) families. The term hybrid, therefore, has a wider application than the terms mongrel or crossbreed, which usually refer to animals or plants resulting from a cross between two races, breeds, strains, or varieties of the same species. There are many species hybrids in nature (in ducks, oaks, blackberries, etc.), and, although naturally occurring hybrids between two genera have been noted, most of these latter result from human intervention.
Because of basic biological incompatibilities, sterile hybrids (those incapable of producing living young) such as the mule (a hybrid between a jackass and a mare) commonly result from crosses between species. Some interspecific hybrids, however, are fertile and true breeding . These hybrids can be sources for the formation of new species. Many economically or aesthetically important cultivated plants (bananas, coffee, peanuts, dahlias, roses, bread wheats, alfalfa, etc.) have originated through natural hybridization or hybridization induced by chemical means, temperature changes, or irradiation.
The process of hybridization is important biologically because it increases the genetic variety (number of different gene combinations) within a species, which is necessary for evolution to occur. If climatic or habitat conditions change, individuals with certain combinations may be eliminated, but others with different combinations will survive. In this way, the appearance or behaviour of a species gradually may be altered. Such natural hybridization, which is widespread among certain species, makes the identification and enumeration of species very difficult.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
chromosome , the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes . A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness. For instance, the 46 chromosomes found in human cells have a combined length of 200 nm (1 nm = 10 − 9 metre); if the chromosomes were to be unraveled, the genetic material they contain would measure roughly 2 metres (about 6.5 feet) in length. The compactness of chromosomes plays an important role in helping to organize genetic material during cell division and enabling it to fit inside structures such as the nucleus of a cell, the average diameter of which is about 5 to 10 μm (1 μm = 0.00l mm, or 0.000039 inch), or the polygonal head of a virus particle, which may be in the range of just 20 to 30 nm in diameter.
The structure and location of chromosomes are among the chief differences between viruses, prokaryotes , and eukaryotes . The nonliving viruses have chromosomes consisting of either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid); this material is very tightly packed into the viral head. Among organisms with prokaryotic cells (i.e., bacteria and blue-green algae ), chromosomes consist entirely of DNA. The single chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Among eukaryotes, the chromosomes are contained in a membrane-bound cell nucleus. The chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell consist primarily of DNA attached to a protein core. They also contain RNA. The remainder of this article pertains to eukaryotic chromosomes.
Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes ( chromosome number ). In species that reproduce asexually, the chromosome number is the same in all the cells of the organism. Among sexually reproducing organisms, the number of chromosomes in the body (somatic) cells is diploid (2 n ; a pair of each chromosome), twice the haploid (1 n ) number found in the sex cells, or gametes . The haploid number is produced during meiosis . During fertilization , two gametes combine to produce a zygote , a single cell with a diploid set of chromosomes. See also polyploidy .
Somatic cells reproduce by dividing, a process called mitosis . Between cell divisions the chromosomes exist in an uncoiled state, producing a diffuse mass of genetic material known as chromatin. The uncoiling of chromosomes enables DNA synthesis to begin. During this phase, DNA duplicates itself in preparation for cell division.
Following replication, the DNA condenses into chromosomes. At this point, each chromosome actually consists of a set of duplicate chromatids that are held together by the centromere . The centromere is the point of attachment of the kinetochore, a protein structure that is connected to the spindle fibres (part of a structure that pulls the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell). During the middle stage in cell division, the centromere duplicates, and the chromatid pair separates; each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome at this point. The cell divides, and both of the daughter cells have a complete (diploid) set of chromosomes. The chromosomes uncoil in the new cells, again forming the diffuse network of chromatin.
Among many organisms that have separate sexes, there are two basic types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and autosomes . Autosomes control the inheritance of all the characteristics except the sex-linked ones, which are controlled by the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. All act in the same way during cell division. For information on sex-linked characteristics, see linkage group .
Chromosome breakage is the physical breakage of subunits of a chromosome. It is usually followed by reunion (frequently at a foreign site, resulting in a chromosome unlike the original). Breakage and reunion of homologous chromosomes during meiosis are the basis for the classical model of crossing over, which results in unexpected types of offspring of a mating.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn .
Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience.
Do not sell or share my personal information.
Do not sell or share my personal information.
A Raptive Partner Site | https://www.britannica.com/science/hybrid | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Hybrid | genetics | hybrid , offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits. The parents may be of different species, genera, or (rarely) families. The term hybrid, therefore, has a wider application than the terms mongrel or crossbreed, which usually refer to animals or plants resulting from a cross between two races, breeds, strains, or varieties of the same species. There are many species hybrids in nature (in ducks, oaks, blackberries, etc.), and, although naturally occurring hybrids between two genera have been noted, most of these latter result from human intervention.
Because of basic biological incompatibilities, sterile hybrids (those incapable of producing living young) such as the mule (a hybrid between a jackass and a mare) commonly result from crosses between species. Some interspecific hybrids, however, are fertile and true breeding . These hybrids can be sources for the formation of new species. Many economically or aesthetically important cultivated plants (bananas, coffee, peanuts, dahlias, roses, bread wheats, alfalfa, etc.) have originated through natural hybridization or hybridization induced by chemical means, temperature changes, or irradiation.
The process of hybridization is important biologically because it increases the genetic variety (number of different gene combinations) within a species, which is necessary for evolution to occur. If climatic or habitat conditions change, individuals with certain combinations may be eliminated, but others with different combinations will survive. In this way, the appearance or behaviour of a species gradually may be altered. Such natural hybridization, which is widespread among certain species, makes the identification and enumeration of species very difficult.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
chromosome , the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes . A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness. For instance, the 46 chromosomes found in human cells have a combined length of 200 nm (1 nm = 10 − 9 metre); if the chromosomes were to be unraveled, the genetic material they contain would measure roughly 2 metres (about 6.5 feet) in length. The compactness of chromosomes plays an important role in helping to organize genetic material during cell division and enabling it to fit inside structures such as the nucleus of a cell, the average diameter of which is about 5 to 10 μm (1 μm = 0.00l mm, or 0.000039 inch), or the polygonal head of a virus particle, which may be in the range of just 20 to 30 nm in diameter.
The structure and location of chromosomes are among the chief differences between viruses, prokaryotes , and eukaryotes . The nonliving viruses have chromosomes consisting of either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid); this material is very tightly packed into the viral head. Among organisms with prokaryotic cells (i.e., bacteria and blue-green algae ), chromosomes consist entirely of DNA. The single chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Among eukaryotes, the chromosomes are contained in a membrane-bound cell nucleus. The chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell consist primarily of DNA attached to a protein core. They also contain RNA. The remainder of this article pertains to eukaryotic chromosomes.
Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes ( chromosome number ). In species that reproduce asexually, the chromosome number is the same in all the cells of the organism. Among sexually reproducing organisms, the number of chromosomes in the body (somatic) cells is diploid (2 n ; a pair of each chromosome), twice the haploid (1 n ) number found in the sex cells, or gametes . The haploid number is produced during meiosis . During fertilization , two gametes combine to produce a zygote , a single cell with a diploid set of chromosomes. See also polyploidy .
Somatic cells reproduce by dividing, a process called mitosis . Between cell divisions the chromosomes exist in an uncoiled state, producing a diffuse mass of genetic material known as chromatin. The uncoiling of chromosomes enables DNA synthesis to begin. During this phase, DNA duplicates itself in preparation for cell division.
Following replication, the DNA condenses into chromosomes. At this point, each chromosome actually consists of a set of duplicate chromatids that are held together by the centromere . The centromere is the point of attachment of the kinetochore, a protein structure that is connected to the spindle fibres (part of a structure that pulls the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell). During the middle stage in cell division, the centromere duplicates, and the chromatid pair separates; each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome at this point. The cell divides, and both of the daughter cells have a complete (diploid) set of chromosomes. The chromosomes uncoil in the new cells, again forming the diffuse network of chromatin.
Among many organisms that have separate sexes, there are two basic types of chromosomes: sex chromosomes and autosomes . Autosomes control the inheritance of all the characteristics except the sex-linked ones, which are controlled by the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. All act in the same way during cell division. For information on sex-linked characteristics, see linkage group .
Chromosome breakage is the physical breakage of subunits of a chromosome. It is usually followed by reunion (frequently at a foreign site, resulting in a chromosome unlike the original). Breakage and reunion of homologous chromosomes during meiosis are the basis for the classical model of crossing over, which results in unexpected types of offspring of a mating.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn .
Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience.
Do not sell or share my personal information.
Do not sell or share my personal information.
A Raptive Partner Site | https://www.britannica.com/science/hybrid | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Crossbreed - Wikipedia | For the industrial-metal band, see Crossbreed (band) .
A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Crossbreeding , sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", is the process of breeding such an organism. While crossbreeding is used to maintain health and viability of organisms, irresponsible crossbreeding can also produce organisms of inferior quality or dilute a purebred gene pool to the point of extinction of a given breed of organism. [1]
A domestic animal of unknown ancestry, where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent is known, may also be called a crossbreed though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. Outcrossing is a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the genetic diversity within the breed, particularly when there is a need to avoid inbreeding .
In animal breeding, crossbreeds are crosses within a single species, while hybrids are crosses between different species. In plant breeding terminology, the term crossbreed is uncommon, and no universal term is used to distinguish hybridization or crossing within a population from those between populations, or even those between species.
A designer crossbreed or designer breed is a crossbred animal that has purebred parents, usually registered with a breed registry , but from two different breeds . These animals are the result of a deliberate decision to create a specific crossbred animal. [2] Less often, the animal may have more than two pure breeds in its ancestry, but unlike a mutt or a mongrel , its entire pedigree is known to descend from specific known animals. While the term is best known when applied to certain dog crossbreeds , other animals such as cattle, horses, birds [3] and cats may also be bred in this fashion. Some crossbred breeders start a freestanding breed registry to record designer crossbreds, other crossbreds may be included in an "appendix" to an existing purebred registry. either form of registration may be the first step in recording and tracking pedigrees in order to develop a new breed.
Examples of designer crossbreds
The purpose of creating designer crossbreds is usually one or more of the following reasons:
- to breed animals with heterosis , commonly known as "hybrid vigor", [4]
- to create animals with more predictable characteristics than mixed breed or mongrel breeding,
- to avoid certain undesirable recessive traits that lead to genetic diseases that plague many purebred animals,
- to develop an animal that combines what are viewed as the best traits of two or more breeds, [4]
- as the preliminary steps toward developing a new animal breed. [2]
Breeders of designer crossbreds borrow the technical language from hybrid plant breeding: A first generation, 50–50 crossbred is an F1 cross . [2] Subsequent generations may see a purebred animal crossed back on a crossbred, creating a 75/25 cross, [2] or a BC1 or F1b " backcross ." [ citation needed ] The breeding of two crossbreeds of the same combination of breeds, creating a F2 cross, an animal that is still a 50–50 cross, but it is the second filial generation of the combination. [5] A F2 cross bred to an F2 cross creates a F3 cross. Similarly, a F2 animal bred to an F1 animal creates a F2b backcross. F3 crosses and greater are called "multi-generational" crosses. [ citation needed ] In dog breeding, three generations of reliable documented breeding can be considered a "breed" rather than a crossbreed. [6]
There are disadvantages to creating designer crossbreeds, notably the potential that the cross will be of inferior quality or that it will not produce as consistent a result as would breeding purebred animals. For example, the Poodle is a frequent breed used in creation of designer crossbreeds, due to its non-shedding coat, but that trait does not always breed true when it is part of a designer cross. [2] Also, because breeders of crossbred animals may be less careful about genetic testing and weeding out undesirable traits, [6] certain deleterious dominant genes may still be passed on to a crossbreed offspring. In an F2 cross, recessive genetic traits may also return if the parent animals were both carriers of an undesired trait.
The many newly developed and recognized breeds of domestic cat are crossbreeds between existing, well-established breeds (sometimes with limited hybridization with some wild species), to either combine selected traits from the foundation stock , or propagate a rare mutation without excessive inbreeding . However, some nascent breeds such as the Aegean cat are developed entirely from a local landrace population. Most experimental cat breeds are crossbreeds.
In cattle, there are systems of crossbreeding. In many crossbreeds, one animal is larger than the other. One is used when the purebred females are particularly adapted to a specific environment, and are crossed with purebred bulls from another environment to produce a generation having traits of both parents. [7]
The large number of breeds of sheep, which vary greatly, creates an opportunity for crossbreeding to be used to tailor production of lambs to the goal of the individual stockman. [8]
Results of crossbreeding classic and woolly breeds of llama are unpredictable. The resulting offspring displays physical characteristics of either parent, or a mix of characteristics from both, periodically producing a fleeced llama. The results are increasingly unpredictable when both parents are crossbreeds, with possibility of the offspring displaying characteristics of a grandparent, not obvious in either parent. [9]
Main article: Dog crossbreed
A crossbred dog is a cross between two (sometimes more) known breeds, and is usually distinguished from a mixed-breed dog , which has ancestry from many sources, some of which may not be known. Crossbreeds are popular, due to the belief that they have increased vigor without loss of attractiveness of the dog. Certain planned crossbreeding between purebred dogs of different breeds are now widely known as "designer dogs" and can produce puppies worth more than their purebred parents, due to a high demand.
Crossbreeding in horses is often done with the intent of ultimately creating a new breed of horse. One type of modern crossbreeding in horses is used to create many of the warmblood breeds. Warmbloods are a type of horse used in the sport horse disciplines, usually registered in an open stud book by a studbook selection procedure that evaluates conformation, pedigree and, in some animals, a training or performance standard. Most warmblood breeds began as a cross of draft horse breeds on Thoroughbreds , but have, in some cases, developed over the past century to the point where they are considered to be a true-breeding population and have a closed stud book . Other types of recognized crossbreeding include that within the American Quarter Horse , which will register horses with one Thoroughbred parent and one registered Quarter Horse parent in the "Appendix" registry, and allow such animals full breed registration status as Quarter Horses if they meet a certain performance standard. Another well-known crossbred horse is the Anglo-Arabian , which may be produced by a purebred Arabian horse crossed on a Thoroughbred, or by various crosses of Anglo-Arabians with other Anglo-Arabians, as long as the ensuing animal never has more than 75% or less than 25% of each breed represented in its pedigree.
Main article: Hybrid (biology)
A hybrid animal is one with parentage of two separate species, differentiating it from crossbred animals, which have parentage of the same species. Hybrids are usually, but not always, sterile. [10]
One of the most ancient types of hybrid animal is the mule , a cross between a female horse and a male donkey . The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion and female tiger . The yattle is a cross between a cow and a yak . Other crosses include the tigon (between a male tiger and female lion) and yakalo (between a yak and an American bison ). The Incas recognized that hybrids of Lama glama (llama) and Vicugna pacos (alpaca) resulted in a hybrid with none of the advantages of either parent. [11]
At one time it was thought that dogs and wolves were separate species, and the crosses between dogs and wolves were called wolf hybrids. Today wolves and dogs are both recognized as Canis lupus , but the old term "wolf hybrid" is still used.
Main article: Mixed breed
A mixed-breed animal is defined as having undocumented or unknown parentage, while a crossbreed generally has known, usually purebred parents of two distinct breeds or varieties. A dog of unknown parentage is often called a mixed-breed dog, "mutt" or " mongrel ." A cat of unknown parentage is often referred to as a domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cat generically, and in some dialects is often called a "moggie". A horse of unknown bloodlines is called a grade horse . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbreed | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Crossbreed - Wikipedia | For the industrial-metal band, see Crossbreed (band) .
A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Crossbreeding , sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", is the process of breeding such an organism. While crossbreeding is used to maintain health and viability of organisms, irresponsible crossbreeding can also produce organisms of inferior quality or dilute a purebred gene pool to the point of extinction of a given breed of organism. [1]
A domestic animal of unknown ancestry, where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent is known, may also be called a crossbreed though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. Outcrossing is a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the genetic diversity within the breed, particularly when there is a need to avoid inbreeding .
In animal breeding, crossbreeds are crosses within a single species, while hybrids are crosses between different species. In plant breeding terminology, the term crossbreed is uncommon, and no universal term is used to distinguish hybridization or crossing within a population from those between populations, or even those between species.
A designer crossbreed or designer breed is a crossbred animal that has purebred parents, usually registered with a breed registry , but from two different breeds . These animals are the result of a deliberate decision to create a specific crossbred animal. [2] Less often, the animal may have more than two pure breeds in its ancestry, but unlike a mutt or a mongrel , its entire pedigree is known to descend from specific known animals. While the term is best known when applied to certain dog crossbreeds , other animals such as cattle, horses, birds [3] and cats may also be bred in this fashion. Some crossbred breeders start a freestanding breed registry to record designer crossbreds, other crossbreds may be included in an "appendix" to an existing purebred registry. either form of registration may be the first step in recording and tracking pedigrees in order to develop a new breed.
Examples of designer crossbreds
The purpose of creating designer crossbreds is usually one or more of the following reasons:
- to breed animals with heterosis , commonly known as "hybrid vigor", [4]
- to create animals with more predictable characteristics than mixed breed or mongrel breeding,
- to avoid certain undesirable recessive traits that lead to genetic diseases that plague many purebred animals,
- to develop an animal that combines what are viewed as the best traits of two or more breeds, [4]
- as the preliminary steps toward developing a new animal breed. [2]
Breeders of designer crossbreds borrow the technical language from hybrid plant breeding: A first generation, 50–50 crossbred is an F1 cross . [2] Subsequent generations may see a purebred animal crossed back on a crossbred, creating a 75/25 cross, [2] or a BC1 or F1b " backcross ." [ citation needed ] The breeding of two crossbreeds of the same combination of breeds, creating a F2 cross, an animal that is still a 50–50 cross, but it is the second filial generation of the combination. [5] A F2 cross bred to an F2 cross creates a F3 cross. Similarly, a F2 animal bred to an F1 animal creates a F2b backcross. F3 crosses and greater are called "multi-generational" crosses. [ citation needed ] In dog breeding, three generations of reliable documented breeding can be considered a "breed" rather than a crossbreed. [6]
There are disadvantages to creating designer crossbreeds, notably the potential that the cross will be of inferior quality or that it will not produce as consistent a result as would breeding purebred animals. For example, the Poodle is a frequent breed used in creation of designer crossbreeds, due to its non-shedding coat, but that trait does not always breed true when it is part of a designer cross. [2] Also, because breeders of crossbred animals may be less careful about genetic testing and weeding out undesirable traits, [6] certain deleterious dominant genes may still be passed on to a crossbreed offspring. In an F2 cross, recessive genetic traits may also return if the parent animals were both carriers of an undesired trait.
The many newly developed and recognized breeds of domestic cat are crossbreeds between existing, well-established breeds (sometimes with limited hybridization with some wild species), to either combine selected traits from the foundation stock , or propagate a rare mutation without excessive inbreeding . However, some nascent breeds such as the Aegean cat are developed entirely from a local landrace population. Most experimental cat breeds are crossbreeds.
In cattle, there are systems of crossbreeding. In many crossbreeds, one animal is larger than the other. One is used when the purebred females are particularly adapted to a specific environment, and are crossed with purebred bulls from another environment to produce a generation having traits of both parents. [7]
The large number of breeds of sheep, which vary greatly, creates an opportunity for crossbreeding to be used to tailor production of lambs to the goal of the individual stockman. [8]
Results of crossbreeding classic and woolly breeds of llama are unpredictable. The resulting offspring displays physical characteristics of either parent, or a mix of characteristics from both, periodically producing a fleeced llama. The results are increasingly unpredictable when both parents are crossbreeds, with possibility of the offspring displaying characteristics of a grandparent, not obvious in either parent. [9]
Main article: Dog crossbreed
A crossbred dog is a cross between two (sometimes more) known breeds, and is usually distinguished from a mixed-breed dog , which has ancestry from many sources, some of which may not be known. Crossbreeds are popular, due to the belief that they have increased vigor without loss of attractiveness of the dog. Certain planned crossbreeding between purebred dogs of different breeds are now widely known as "designer dogs" and can produce puppies worth more than their purebred parents, due to a high demand.
Crossbreeding in horses is often done with the intent of ultimately creating a new breed of horse. One type of modern crossbreeding in horses is used to create many of the warmblood breeds. Warmbloods are a type of horse used in the sport horse disciplines, usually registered in an open stud book by a studbook selection procedure that evaluates conformation, pedigree and, in some animals, a training or performance standard. Most warmblood breeds began as a cross of draft horse breeds on Thoroughbreds , but have, in some cases, developed over the past century to the point where they are considered to be a true-breeding population and have a closed stud book . Other types of recognized crossbreeding include that within the American Quarter Horse , which will register horses with one Thoroughbred parent and one registered Quarter Horse parent in the "Appendix" registry, and allow such animals full breed registration status as Quarter Horses if they meet a certain performance standard. Another well-known crossbred horse is the Anglo-Arabian , which may be produced by a purebred Arabian horse crossed on a Thoroughbred, or by various crosses of Anglo-Arabians with other Anglo-Arabians, as long as the ensuing animal never has more than 75% or less than 25% of each breed represented in its pedigree.
Main article: Hybrid (biology)
A hybrid animal is one with parentage of two separate species, differentiating it from crossbred animals, which have parentage of the same species. Hybrids are usually, but not always, sterile. [10]
One of the most ancient types of hybrid animal is the mule , a cross between a female horse and a male donkey . The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion and female tiger . The yattle is a cross between a cow and a yak . Other crosses include the tigon (between a male tiger and female lion) and yakalo (between a yak and an American bison ). The Incas recognized that hybrids of Lama glama (llama) and Vicugna pacos (alpaca) resulted in a hybrid with none of the advantages of either parent. [11]
At one time it was thought that dogs and wolves were separate species, and the crosses between dogs and wolves were called wolf hybrids. Today wolves and dogs are both recognized as Canis lupus , but the old term "wolf hybrid" is still used.
Main article: Mixed breed
A mixed-breed animal is defined as having undocumented or unknown parentage, while a crossbreed generally has known, usually purebred parents of two distinct breeds or varieties. A dog of unknown parentage is often called a mixed-breed dog, "mutt" or " mongrel ." A cat of unknown parentage is often referred to as a domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cat generically, and in some dialects is often called a "moggie". A horse of unknown bloodlines is called a grade horse . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbreed | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Hybrid (biology) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In biology , a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction . Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a different organism is called a chimera . [1] Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in blending inheritance ), but can show hybrid vigor , sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent. The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding, where there is interest in the individual parentage. In genetics , attention is focused on the numbers of chromosomes . In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent species are.
Species are reproductively isolated by strong barriers to hybridization, which include genetic and morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization and others after it. Similar barriers exist in plants, with differences in flowering times, pollen vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes. A few animal species and many plant species, however, are the result of hybrid speciation , including important crop plants such as wheat , where the number of chromosomes has been doubled.
Human impact on the environment has resulted in an increase in the interbreeding between regional species, and the proliferation of introduced species worldwide has also resulted in an increase in hybridization. This genetic mixing may threaten many species with extinction, while genetic erosion from monoculture in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding. A form of often intentional human-mediated hybridization is the crossing of wild and domesticated species. This is common in both traditional horticulture and modern agriculture ; many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs, and trees have been produced by hybridization. One such flower, Oenothera lamarckiana , was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy. It is also more occasionally done in the livestock and pet trades; some well-known wild × domestic hybrids are beefalo and wolfdogs . Human selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants has resulted in the development of distinct breeds (usually called cultivars in reference to plants); crossbreeds between them (without any wild stock ) are sometimes also imprecisely referred to as "hybrids".
Hybrid humans existed in prehistory. For example, Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans are thought to have interbred as recently as 40,000 years ago.
Mythological hybrids appear in human culture in forms as diverse as the Minotaur , blends of animals, humans and mythical beasts such as centaurs and sphinxes , and the Nephilim of the Biblical apocrypha described as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women.
The term hybrid is derived from Latin hybrida , used for crosses such as of a tame sow and a wild boar. The term came into popular use in English in the 19th century, though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century. [2] Conspicuous hybrids are popularly named with portmanteau words , starting in the 1920s with the breeding of tiger–lion hybrids ( liger and tigon ). [3]
From the point of view of animal, and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species, such as between different breeds . [4] Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two true-breeding organisms which produces an F1 hybrid (first filial generation). The cross between two different homozygous lines produces an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous ; having two alleles, one contributed by each parent and typically one is dominant and the other recessive . Typically, the F1 generation is also phenotypically homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other. [5] Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents). [6] Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids. [7] Top cross (or "topcross") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average. [8]
Population hybrids result from the crossing of plants or animals in one population with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds. [9] In biology, the result of crossing of two populations is called a synthetic population . [10]
In horticulture , the term stable hybrid is used to describe an annual plant that, if grown and bred in a small monoculture free of external pollen (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism. [11]
Further information: Hybrid zone
Hybridization can occur in the hybrid zones where the geographical ranges of species, subspecies, or distinct genetic lineages overlap. For example, the butterfly Limenitis arthemis has two major subspecies in North America, L. a. arthemis (the white admiral) and L. a. astyanax (the red-spotted purple). The white admiral has a bright, white band on its wings, while the red-spotted purple has cooler blue-green shades. Hybridization occurs between a narrow area across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, the "suture region". It is at these regions that the subspecies were formed. [12] Other hybrid zones have formed between described species of plants and animals.
From the point of view of genetics, several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished. [13] [14] A genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene , where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other. [13] [14] A structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of structural abnormalities . [13] [14] A numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different haploid numbers of chromosomes . [13] [14] A permanent hybrid results when only the heterozygous genotype occurs, as in Oenothera lamarckiana , [15] because all homozygous combinations are lethal. [13] [14] In the early history of genetics, Hugo de Vries supposed these were caused by mutation . [16] [17]
See also: Hybrid name
From the point of view of taxonomy , hybrids differ according to their parentage. Hybrids between different subspecies (such as between the Dog and Eurasian wolf ) are called intra-specific hybrids. [18] Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from interspecies mating ; [19] these sometimes result in hybrid speciation. [20] Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera, such as between sheep and goats . [21] Interfamilial hybrids, such as between chickens and guineafowl or pheasants , are reliably described but extremely rare. [22] Interordinal hybrids (between different orders) are few, but have been engineered between the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (female) and the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (male). [23]
When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other, the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits (e.g., one plant parent has red flowers, the other has white, and the hybrid, pink flowers). [24] Commonly, hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other (e.g., a bird hybrid might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other). [24]
Main article: Reproductive isolation
Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents, but are often sterile , preventing gene flow between the species. [25] Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species. For example, donkeys have 62 chromosomes , horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules or hinnies have 63 chromosomes. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father. [26]
A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization, including the large genetic difference between most species. Barriers include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization; others after it. [27] [28] [29] [30]
In plants, some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes. [31]
A few animal species are the result of hybridization. The Lonicera fly is a natural hybrid. The American red wolf appears to be a hybrid of the gray wolf and the coyote , [33] although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy. [34] [35] [36] The European edible frog is a semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs ; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species. [37] Cave paintings indicate that the European bison is a natural hybrid of the aurochs and the steppe bison . [38] [39]
Plant hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization. Many crop species are hybrids, including notably the polyploid wheats : some have four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid), while other wheat species have (like most eukaryotic organisms) two sets ( diploid ), so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets, causing immediate genetic isolation. [40]
Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups. However, homoploid hybrid speciation (not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes) may be rare: by 1997, only eight natural examples had been fully described. Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route to speciation, a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes, meaning that once hybridization has occurred, the new hybrid genome can remain stable. [41]
Many hybrid zones are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the Northwest Territories confirmed the existence of naturally occurring and fertile grizzly–polar bear hybrids . [42]
Main article: Heterosis
Hybridization between reproductively isolated species often results in hybrid offspring with lower fitness than either parental. However, hybrids are not, as might be expected, always intermediate between their parents (as if there were blending inheritance), but are sometimes stronger or perform better than either parental lineage or variety, a phenomenon called heterosis, hybrid vigour, or heterozygote advantage . This is most common with plant hybrids. [43] A transgressive phenotype is a phenotype that displays more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines. [44] Plant breeders use several techniques to produce hybrids, including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids. An economically important example is hybrid maize (corn), which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties. Hybrid seed dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States, Canada and many other major maize-producing countries. [45]
In a hybrid, any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation (and is thus not simply intermediate between its parents) is considered heterotic. Positive heterosis produces more robust hybrids, they might be stronger or bigger; while the term negative heterosis refers to weaker or smaller hybrids. [46] Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids. For example, hybrids between a lion and a tigress (" ligers ") are much larger than either of the two progenitors, while " tigons " (lioness × tiger) are smaller. Similarly, the hybrids between the common pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus ) are larger than either of their parents, as are those produced between the common pheasant and hen golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus ). [47] Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type, although present in both parents. [48]
Hybridization is greatly influenced by human impact on the environment, [49] through effects such as habitat fragmentation and species introductions. [50] Such impacts make it difficult to conserve the genetics of populations undergoing introgressive hybridization . Humans have introduced species worldwide to environments for a long time, both intentionally for purposes such as biological control , and unintentionally, as with accidental escapes of individuals. Introductions can drastically affect populations, including through hybridization. [14] [51]
There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization: hybridization without introgression, hybridization with widespread introgression (backcrossing with one of the parent species), and hybrid swarms (highly variable populations with much interbreeding as well as backcrossing with the parent species). Depending on where a population falls along this continuum, the management plans for that population will change. Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within wildlife management and habitat management. Global climate change is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization. [49]
Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm, or to try and save the still existing pure individuals. Once a population becomes a complete mixture, the goal becomes to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss. Conservationists treat each case on its merits, depending on detecting hybrids within the population. It is nearly impossible to formulate a uniform hybridization policy, because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs "naturally", and when hybrid swarms are the only remaining evidence of prior species, they need to be conserved as well. [49]
Main article: Genetic pollution
Further information: Genetic mixing and Introgression
Regionally developed ecotypes can be threatened with extinction when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing. [52] Hybridization and introgression, which can happen in natural and hybrid populations, of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local genotypes if the hybrids are more fit and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non-native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains. [53] [54]
Main articles: Biodiversity and Food security
In agriculture and animal husbandry , the Green Revolution 's use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding " high-yielding varieties ". The replacement of locally indigenous breeds, compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic mixing), has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of genetic diversity . [56] Since the indigenous breeds are often well-adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens, this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding. Therefore, commercial plant geneticists strive to breed "widely adapted" cultivars to counteract this tendency. [57]
Familiar examples of equid hybrids are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids. [58] Polar bears and brown bears are another case of a hybridizing species pairs, [59] and introgression among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the Ursidae family tree. [60] Among many other mammal crosses are hybrid camels , crosses between a bactrian camel and a dromedary . [61] There are many examples of felid hybrids , including the liger . The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the kunga equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago to ancient Syria. [62]
The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The clymene dolphin ( Stenella clymene ) is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the spinner and striped dolphins . [63] In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the beluga whale and narwhal , dubbed the narluga. [64]
See also: Bird hybrid
Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as mules between species of finch , such as goldfinch × canary . [65]
Among amphibians, Japanese giant salamanders and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan. [66]
Among fish, a group of about fifty natural hybrids between Australian blacktip shark and the larger common blacktip shark was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012. [67]
Russian sturgeon and American paddlefish were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a sturddlefish . [68] [69]
The two genera Asymmetron and Branchiostoma are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago. [70] [71]
Among insects, so-called killer bees were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a European honey bee and an African bee . [72]
The Colias eurytheme and C. philodice butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring. [73] Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse Heliconius butterflies , [74] but that is disputed. [75]
The two closely related harvester ant species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are haplodiploid , unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own. [76]
Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often. Many plant species are the result of hybridization, combined with polyploidy , which duplicates the chromosomes. Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced. [77]
Plant hybrids are generally given names that include an "×" (not in italics), such as Platanus × acerifolia for the London plane, a natural hybrid of P. orientalis (oriental plane) and P. occidentalis (American sycamore). [78] [79] The parent's names may be kept in their entirety, as seen in Prunus persica × Prunus americana , with the female parent's name given first, or if not known, the parent's names given alphabetically. [80]
Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons, including geographical isolation, differences in flowering period, or differences in pollinators . Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally, or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts, such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination. Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species. Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease resistance or climate resilience for both agricultural and horticultural crops. [81]
Some crop plants are hybrids from different genera (intergeneric hybrids), such as Triticale , × Triticosecale , a wheat– rye hybrid. [82] Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids; bread wheat , Triticum aestivum , is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses. [32] Several commercial fruits including loganberry ( Rubus × loganobaccus ) [83] and grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi ) [84] are hybrids, as are garden herbs such as peppermint ( Mentha × piperita ), [85] and trees such as the London plane ( Platanus × acerifolia ). [86] [87] Among many natural plant hybrids is Iris albicans , a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division, [88] and Oenothera lamarckiana , a flower that was the subject of important experiments by Hugo de Vries that produced an understanding of polyploidy. [15]
An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella' [89]
Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally balanced gametes . [90] While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. Triploid bananas and watermelons are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also parthenocarpic . [91]
There is evidence of hybridization between modern humans and other species of the genus Homo . In 2010, the Neanderthal genome project showed that 1–4% of DNA from all people living today, apart from most Sub-Saharan Africans , is of Neanderthal heritage. Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20% of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population. [92] Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals, Denisovans , and at least one other extinct Homo species . [93] Thus, Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression. [94]
In 1998, a complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal , the Lapedo child , had features of both anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals . [95] Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human-Neanderthal hybrids. A 37,000- to 42,000-year-old human jawbone found in Romania's Oase cave contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry [a] from only four to six generations earlier. [97] All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers. [98]
Main article: Mythological hybrid
Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids; the Minotaur was the offspring of a human, Pasiphaë , and a white bull. [99] More often, they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, as in the centaur (man/horse), chimera (goat/lion/snake), hippocamp (fish/horse), and sphinx (woman/lion). [100] The Old Testament mentions a first generation of half-human hybrid giants , the Nephilim , [101] [102] while the apocryphal Book of Enoch describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women. [103] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology) | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Ligers and Tigons and Grolars, Oh My! Hybridization, and How It Affects Biodiversity | Have you ever heard of ligers and tigons-mixes between lions and tigers? Wolfdogs, a mix between wolves and dogs? Or maybe a grolar, a grizzly and polar bear mix? When organisms from two different species mix, or breed together, it is known as hybridization. The offspring that are produced from these mixes are known as hybrids. Hybrids occur in the natural world and are a powerful evolutionary force. They are also important in our daily lives—you probably eat hybrid plants every day. In this article, we dive into the exciting world of hybridization, describing how it occurs and what can happen when hybrids have babies.
is breeding of two different species [ 1 ]. So, for us to look into the world of hybridization, first we must understand what a species is. Organisms that are the same species are more similar to each other than to organisms from different species. It is easy to tell some species apart, for example a hippopotamus is recognizably a different species from a cheetah (see Figure 1 ). But what is the difference between a cheetah and a leopard? They are also different species, but a leopard looks very similar to a cheetah. Both live in Africa, are carnivores, cats, and both even have spots. The most commonly used rules to divide organisms into species are called the Biological Species Concept [ 2 ]. These rules consider animals to be different species if they cannot breed together or if they breed together and produce infertile offspring, meaning offspring that cannot have their own babies. Because a cheetah and a leopard cannot breed together, we consider them two different species. Other rules that divide similar animals or plants into different species are controversial. Some scientists look for physical differences, for example, differences in beak shape, body color, behavior, habitat, or geographical location. Other scientists use differences in genes to help find different species. Every living organism has genes, which are contained in the DNA and hold the information that tells the body how to work. Within a species, there will be small differences within genes called mutations . Such mutations are what cause slight differences within a species, like different eye colors in humans. Mutations even determine whether you can roll your tongue or not! Between species, there are far more mutations between genes. It is mutations that cause the differences in beak size or behavior that we see. If scientists are not sure if two organisms are different species, they can compare and count the mutations, to check.
When two animals of the same species mate, their offspring get 50% of their genes from each parent. This is what makes you look like a mixture of your parents. Hybrids are crosses between two difference species, so they contain 50% of genes from each parent species [ 1 ]. A famous hybrid is the mule, a cross between a donkey and a horse. Fifty percentage of a mule’s genes are from a horse and 50% from a donkey. Because of this mixing, mules have features of each parent species and are strong, like donkeys, as well as intelligent, like horses [ 3 ]. Farmers breed mules because this combination makes mules excellent for carrying supplies. Using hybridization to combine the desirable aspects of each parent species is very beneficial to humans, and hybrids are often used in farming. Many of the delicious fruits you buy at the grocery store were even created through hybridization! Bananas, grapefruit, carrots, and cucumbers are all hybrid species. There are actually hundreds of banana varieties, but most of us are familiar with a hybrid banana. Farmers kept mixing varieties of bananas to create the perfect combination of soft, tasty fruit without too many seeds [ 4 ].
Mules and bananas are examples of hybrids that are infertile, so they cannot have their own babies. But surprisingly, there are many examples of hybrids that actually can have babies. This happens when the hybrid mates with another hybrid, or with the same species as one of its parents. For example, when lions and tigers hybridize they produce a liger. Ligers are fertile
and can mate with other ligers, lions, or tigers. Fertile hybrids create a very complex problem in science, because this breaks a rule from the Biological Species Concept—that two separate species should not be able to breed and have fertile offspring. Does this mean the parents of these fertile hybrids are not separate species? No, it just means that the Biological Species Concept is not suitable for every species. Thanks to the discovery that some hybrids are fertile, scientists continue to debate what a species is and probably will do so for many years. This is what makes hybridization is so interesting—it challenges some of our basic scientific ideas [ 1 ].
When hybrids mate with either of their parent species, their offspring are known as backcrossed hybrids [ 1 ]. In Figures 2A,B , we see a liger, a hybrid between a lion and tiger that has mated with a tiger. The baby from this mix, the backcrossed hybrid, still has some lion genes. If backcrossing continues for many generations (the backcrossed hybrid mates with a tiger, then its offspring does the same) the percentage of lion genes will get smaller and smaller, but they are not lost completely. This means that lion genes can eventually become part of the tiger species’ gene pool. When one species contains some of the genes of another species, it is known as introgression
. This is a powerful evolutionary force, because these new genes may code for new traits or behaviors that could help the parent species [ 5 ].
So far, we have only spoken about hybrids created by humans. Lions and tiger never meet naturally in the wild, but other hybrids do occur naturally. In fact, there are hundreds of hybrids in the natural world. It is thought that one in four plant species, and one in ten animal species, hybridize [ 6 ]. Hybridization can help parental species by transferring new genes, through introgression, and can even lead to the creation of new species [ 5 ]. For example, South American Heliconius butterflies have gained part of their beautiful wing patterns through hybridization ( Figure 3 ) [ 7 ]. Heliconius butterflies use their wing patterns to attract mates, as well as to avoid predators, who interpret the patterns as warning signals. [ 7 ]. Ancient hybridization of sunflower species has also generated new species in North America. These hybrid-origin sunflowers can live in more extreme environments, where the soil is poor or toxic. Hybridization combined traits of the two parent species, forming a new gene combination in the hybrid that enabled it to live in this new habitat [ 8 ].
Although many of the natural hybrids we have spoken about are from modern species, there are also examples of ancient hybridizations that happened tens of thousands of years ago. These hybrids can be identified even when the parental species are extinct. This is because some of the parent species genes will still be present in a small percentage in the hybrid. By comparing gene mutations between closely related species, we can find potential hybrids by looking for genes that are very different, or mutations that have come from one of the ancient hybrid’s parent species. Using this method, an ancient hybrid was found to be an ancestor to many species of clownfish (like Nemo from Finding Nemo ). Just like the sunflower, the combination of adaptations in this ancient hybrid allowed the clownfish ancestor to live in a new habitat [ 9 ]. As a result, this ancient hybrid is an ancestor to many modern clownfish species.
Sometimes hybrids can be bad for the parental species and for the natural world. If hybrids are very successful, there may be so many hybrids that they compete with their parent species for food and living space, which could lead to the extinction of the parent species. Losing a species is bad for biodiversity and can affect other species in that habitat. When this species loss occurs naturally, scientists do not try to stop it, because it is a natural process. Loss of a parent species due to hybrid offspring is only problematic when the hybrid is created by humans and introduced to an area where the parent species were not naturally found. We must act to prevent the extinction of the parent species in these cases. But do not worry, the hybrids that we buy at the grocery store are unlikely to cause severe environmental harm, because there are rules in place to make sure they are grown with great care.
Hybridization is a complex process involving the mixing of two species. Hybridization is an important part of evolution, due to the transfer of genes through introgression and its role in the generation of new species. It is also part of our daily lives and is used to help improve foods and livestock.
Hybridization : ↑ Breeding between two different species.
Species : ↑ Organisms that are similar to each other and can breed together to produce fertile offspring. Not all scientists agree on how to define what separate species are.
Genes : ↑ Sections of DNA that contain the instructions for body processes and characteristics (such as eye color).
Mutations : ↑ Small differences in genes that make individuals look unique. Lots of mutations occur between species.
Fertile : ↑ Able to reproduce and have babies. Infertile is the opposite, meaning the inability to have babies.
Introgression : ↑ When the genes from one species are transferred into another species through hybridization and backcrosses.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
[1] ↑ Allendorf, F. W., and Liukart, G. (eds.) 2007. “Hybridization,” in Conservation and the Genetics of Populations (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub). 421–48.
[2] ↑ Mayr, E. 2000. “The biological species concept,” in Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate , eds Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier (New York, NY: Columbia University Press). 17–20.
[3] ↑ Proops, L., Burden, F., and Osthaus, B. 2009. Mule cognition: a case of hybrid vigour? Anim. Cogn. 12:75–84. doi: 10.1007/s10071-008-0172-1
[4] ↑ Perrier, X., De Langhe, E., Donohue, M., Lentfer, C., Vrydaghs, L., Bakry, F., et al. 2011. Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana ( Musa spp.) domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108:11311–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102001108
[5] ↑ Arnold, M. L., Sapir, Y., and Martin, N. H. 2008. Genetic exchange and the origin of adaptations: prokaryotes to primates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363:2813–20. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0021
[6] ↑ Mallet, J. 2005. Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:229–37. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010
[7] ↑ Kronforst, M. R., Young, L. G., Blume, L. M., and Gilbert, L. E. 2006. Multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 60:1254–68. doi: 10.1554/06-005.1
[8] ↑ Rieseberg, L. H., Raymond, O., Rosenthal, D. M., Lai, Z., Livingstone, K., Nakazato, T., et al. 2003. Major ecological transitions in wild sunflowers facilitated by hybridization. Science 301:1211–6. doi: 10.1126/science.1086949
[9] ↑ Litsios, G., and Salamin, N. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evol. Biol. 14:245. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0245-5 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/453978 | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Hybrid (biology) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In biology , a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction . Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a different organism is called a chimera . [1] Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in blending inheritance ), but can show hybrid vigor , sometimes growing larger or taller than either parent. The concept of a hybrid is interpreted differently in animal and plant breeding, where there is interest in the individual parentage. In genetics , attention is focused on the numbers of chromosomes . In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent species are.
Species are reproductively isolated by strong barriers to hybridization, which include genetic and morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization and others after it. Similar barriers exist in plants, with differences in flowering times, pollen vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and the structure of the chromosomes. A few animal species and many plant species, however, are the result of hybrid speciation , including important crop plants such as wheat , where the number of chromosomes has been doubled.
Human impact on the environment has resulted in an increase in the interbreeding between regional species, and the proliferation of introduced species worldwide has also resulted in an increase in hybridization. This genetic mixing may threaten many species with extinction, while genetic erosion from monoculture in crop plants may be damaging the gene pools of many species for future breeding. A form of often intentional human-mediated hybridization is the crossing of wild and domesticated species. This is common in both traditional horticulture and modern agriculture ; many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs, and trees have been produced by hybridization. One such flower, Oenothera lamarckiana , was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy. It is also more occasionally done in the livestock and pet trades; some well-known wild × domestic hybrids are beefalo and wolfdogs . Human selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants has resulted in the development of distinct breeds (usually called cultivars in reference to plants); crossbreeds between them (without any wild stock ) are sometimes also imprecisely referred to as "hybrids".
Hybrid humans existed in prehistory. For example, Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans are thought to have interbred as recently as 40,000 years ago.
Mythological hybrids appear in human culture in forms as diverse as the Minotaur , blends of animals, humans and mythical beasts such as centaurs and sphinxes , and the Nephilim of the Biblical apocrypha described as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women.
The term hybrid is derived from Latin hybrida , used for crosses such as of a tame sow and a wild boar. The term came into popular use in English in the 19th century, though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century. [2] Conspicuous hybrids are popularly named with portmanteau words , starting in the 1920s with the breeding of tiger–lion hybrids ( liger and tigon ). [3]
From the point of view of animal, and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed from crosses within a species, such as between different breeds . [4] Single cross hybrids result from the cross between two true-breeding organisms which produces an F1 hybrid (first filial generation). The cross between two different homozygous lines produces an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous ; having two alleles, one contributed by each parent and typically one is dominant and the other recessive . Typically, the F1 generation is also phenotypically homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other. [5] Double cross hybrids result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids (i.e., there are four unrelated grandparents). [6] Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line. Triple cross hybrids result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids. [7] Top cross (or "topcross") hybrids result from the crossing of a top quality or pure-bred male and a lower quality female, intended to improve the quality of the offspring, on average. [8]
Population hybrids result from the crossing of plants or animals in one population with those of another population. These include interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds. [9] In biology, the result of crossing of two populations is called a synthetic population . [10]
In horticulture , the term stable hybrid is used to describe an annual plant that, if grown and bred in a small monoculture free of external pollen (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) produces offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true-breeding organism. [11]
Further information: Hybrid zone
Hybridization can occur in the hybrid zones where the geographical ranges of species, subspecies, or distinct genetic lineages overlap. For example, the butterfly Limenitis arthemis has two major subspecies in North America, L. a. arthemis (the white admiral) and L. a. astyanax (the red-spotted purple). The white admiral has a bright, white band on its wings, while the red-spotted purple has cooler blue-green shades. Hybridization occurs between a narrow area across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, the "suture region". It is at these regions that the subspecies were formed. [12] Other hybrid zones have formed between described species of plants and animals.
From the point of view of genetics, several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished. [13] [14] A genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene , where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other. [13] [14] A structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of structural abnormalities . [13] [14] A numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different haploid numbers of chromosomes . [13] [14] A permanent hybrid results when only the heterozygous genotype occurs, as in Oenothera lamarckiana , [15] because all homozygous combinations are lethal. [13] [14] In the early history of genetics, Hugo de Vries supposed these were caused by mutation . [16] [17]
See also: Hybrid name
From the point of view of taxonomy , hybrids differ according to their parentage. Hybrids between different subspecies (such as between the Dog and Eurasian wolf ) are called intra-specific hybrids. [18] Interspecific hybrids are the offspring from interspecies mating ; [19] these sometimes result in hybrid speciation. [20] Intergeneric hybrids result from matings between different genera, such as between sheep and goats . [21] Interfamilial hybrids, such as between chickens and guineafowl or pheasants , are reliably described but extremely rare. [22] Interordinal hybrids (between different orders) are few, but have been engineered between the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (female) and the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (male). [23]
When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other, the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits (e.g., one plant parent has red flowers, the other has white, and the hybrid, pink flowers). [24] Commonly, hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other (e.g., a bird hybrid might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other). [24]
Main article: Reproductive isolation
Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents, but are often sterile , preventing gene flow between the species. [25] Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species. For example, donkeys have 62 chromosomes , horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules or hinnies have 63 chromosomes. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father. [26]
A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization, including the large genetic difference between most species. Barriers include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization; others after it. [27] [28] [29] [30]
In plants, some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes. [31]
A few animal species are the result of hybridization. The Lonicera fly is a natural hybrid. The American red wolf appears to be a hybrid of the gray wolf and the coyote , [33] although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy. [34] [35] [36] The European edible frog is a semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs ; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species. [37] Cave paintings indicate that the European bison is a natural hybrid of the aurochs and the steppe bison . [38] [39]
Plant hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization. Many crop species are hybrids, including notably the polyploid wheats : some have four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid), while other wheat species have (like most eukaryotic organisms) two sets ( diploid ), so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets, causing immediate genetic isolation. [40]
Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups. However, homoploid hybrid speciation (not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes) may be rare: by 1997, only eight natural examples had been fully described. Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route to speciation, a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes, meaning that once hybridization has occurred, the new hybrid genome can remain stable. [41]
Many hybrid zones are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the Northwest Territories confirmed the existence of naturally occurring and fertile grizzly–polar bear hybrids . [42]
Main article: Heterosis
Hybridization between reproductively isolated species often results in hybrid offspring with lower fitness than either parental. However, hybrids are not, as might be expected, always intermediate between their parents (as if there were blending inheritance), but are sometimes stronger or perform better than either parental lineage or variety, a phenomenon called heterosis, hybrid vigour, or heterozygote advantage . This is most common with plant hybrids. [43] A transgressive phenotype is a phenotype that displays more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines. [44] Plant breeders use several techniques to produce hybrids, including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids. An economically important example is hybrid maize (corn), which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties. Hybrid seed dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States, Canada and many other major maize-producing countries. [45]
In a hybrid, any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation (and is thus not simply intermediate between its parents) is considered heterotic. Positive heterosis produces more robust hybrids, they might be stronger or bigger; while the term negative heterosis refers to weaker or smaller hybrids. [46] Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids. For example, hybrids between a lion and a tigress (" ligers ") are much larger than either of the two progenitors, while " tigons " (lioness × tiger) are smaller. Similarly, the hybrids between the common pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus ) are larger than either of their parents, as are those produced between the common pheasant and hen golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus ). [47] Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type, although present in both parents. [48]
Hybridization is greatly influenced by human impact on the environment, [49] through effects such as habitat fragmentation and species introductions. [50] Such impacts make it difficult to conserve the genetics of populations undergoing introgressive hybridization . Humans have introduced species worldwide to environments for a long time, both intentionally for purposes such as biological control , and unintentionally, as with accidental escapes of individuals. Introductions can drastically affect populations, including through hybridization. [14] [51]
There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization: hybridization without introgression, hybridization with widespread introgression (backcrossing with one of the parent species), and hybrid swarms (highly variable populations with much interbreeding as well as backcrossing with the parent species). Depending on where a population falls along this continuum, the management plans for that population will change. Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within wildlife management and habitat management. Global climate change is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization. [49]
Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm, or to try and save the still existing pure individuals. Once a population becomes a complete mixture, the goal becomes to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss. Conservationists treat each case on its merits, depending on detecting hybrids within the population. It is nearly impossible to formulate a uniform hybridization policy, because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs "naturally", and when hybrid swarms are the only remaining evidence of prior species, they need to be conserved as well. [49]
Main article: Genetic pollution
Further information: Genetic mixing and Introgression
Regionally developed ecotypes can be threatened with extinction when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing. [52] Hybridization and introgression, which can happen in natural and hybrid populations, of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local genotypes if the hybrids are more fit and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non-native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains. [53] [54]
Main articles: Biodiversity and Food security
In agriculture and animal husbandry , the Green Revolution 's use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding " high-yielding varieties ". The replacement of locally indigenous breeds, compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic mixing), has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of genetic diversity . [56] Since the indigenous breeds are often well-adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens, this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding. Therefore, commercial plant geneticists strive to breed "widely adapted" cultivars to counteract this tendency. [57]
Familiar examples of equid hybrids are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids. [58] Polar bears and brown bears are another case of a hybridizing species pairs, [59] and introgression among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the Ursidae family tree. [60] Among many other mammal crosses are hybrid camels , crosses between a bactrian camel and a dromedary . [61] There are many examples of felid hybrids , including the liger . The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the kunga equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago to ancient Syria. [62]
The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The clymene dolphin ( Stenella clymene ) is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the spinner and striped dolphins . [63] In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the beluga whale and narwhal , dubbed the narluga. [64]
See also: Bird hybrid
Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as mules between species of finch , such as goldfinch × canary . [65]
Among amphibians, Japanese giant salamanders and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan. [66]
Among fish, a group of about fifty natural hybrids between Australian blacktip shark and the larger common blacktip shark was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012. [67]
Russian sturgeon and American paddlefish were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a sturddlefish . [68] [69]
The two genera Asymmetron and Branchiostoma are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago. [70] [71]
Among insects, so-called killer bees were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a European honey bee and an African bee . [72]
The Colias eurytheme and C. philodice butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring. [73] Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse Heliconius butterflies , [74] but that is disputed. [75]
The two closely related harvester ant species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are haplodiploid , unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own. [76]
Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are fertile more often. Many plant species are the result of hybridization, combined with polyploidy , which duplicates the chromosomes. Chromosome duplication allows orderly meiosis and so viable seed can be produced. [77]
Plant hybrids are generally given names that include an "×" (not in italics), such as Platanus × acerifolia for the London plane, a natural hybrid of P. orientalis (oriental plane) and P. occidentalis (American sycamore). [78] [79] The parent's names may be kept in their entirety, as seen in Prunus persica × Prunus americana , with the female parent's name given first, or if not known, the parent's names given alphabetically. [80]
Plant species that are genetically compatible may not hybridize in nature for various reasons, including geographical isolation, differences in flowering period, or differences in pollinators . Species that are brought together by humans in gardens may hybridize naturally, or hybridization can be facilitated by human efforts, such as altered flowering period or artificial pollination. Hybrids are sometimes created by humans to produce improved plants that have some of the characteristics of each of the parent species. Much work is now being done with hybrids between crops and their wild relatives to improve disease resistance or climate resilience for both agricultural and horticultural crops. [81]
Some crop plants are hybrids from different genera (intergeneric hybrids), such as Triticale , × Triticosecale , a wheat– rye hybrid. [82] Most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids; bread wheat , Triticum aestivum , is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses. [32] Several commercial fruits including loganberry ( Rubus × loganobaccus ) [83] and grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi ) [84] are hybrids, as are garden herbs such as peppermint ( Mentha × piperita ), [85] and trees such as the London plane ( Platanus × acerifolia ). [86] [87] Among many natural plant hybrids is Iris albicans , a sterile hybrid that spreads by rhizome division, [88] and Oenothera lamarckiana , a flower that was the subject of important experiments by Hugo de Vries that produced an understanding of polyploidy. [15]
An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella' [89]
Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, which leaves them unable to produce chromosomally balanced gametes . [90] While that is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, for which growing a crop that produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. Triploid bananas and watermelons are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds and are also parthenocarpic . [91]
There is evidence of hybridization between modern humans and other species of the genus Homo . In 2010, the Neanderthal genome project showed that 1–4% of DNA from all people living today, apart from most Sub-Saharan Africans , is of Neanderthal heritage. Analyzing the genomes of 600 Europeans and East Asians found that combining them covered 20% of the Neanderthal genome that is in the modern human population. [92] Ancient human populations lived and interbred with Neanderthals, Denisovans , and at least one other extinct Homo species . [93] Thus, Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA has been incorporated into human DNA by introgression. [94]
In 1998, a complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal , the Lapedo child , had features of both anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals . [95] Some ancient human skulls with especially large nasal cavities and unusually shaped braincases represent human-Neanderthal hybrids. A 37,000- to 42,000-year-old human jawbone found in Romania's Oase cave contains traces of Neanderthal ancestry [a] from only four to six generations earlier. [97] All genes from Neanderthals in the current human population are descended from Neanderthal fathers and human mothers. [98]
Main article: Mythological hybrid
Folk tales and myths sometimes contain mythological hybrids; the Minotaur was the offspring of a human, Pasiphaë , and a white bull. [99] More often, they are composites of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, as in the centaur (man/horse), chimera (goat/lion/snake), hippocamp (fish/horse), and sphinx (woman/lion). [100] The Old Testament mentions a first generation of half-human hybrid giants , the Nephilim , [101] [102] while the apocryphal Book of Enoch describes the Nephilim as the wicked sons of fallen angels and attractive women. [103] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology) | 69 |
crossing of two parents belonging to different species is called | Ligers and Tigons and Grolars, Oh My! Hybridization, and How It Affects Biodiversity | Have you ever heard of ligers and tigons-mixes between lions and tigers? Wolfdogs, a mix between wolves and dogs? Or maybe a grolar, a grizzly and polar bear mix? When organisms from two different species mix, or breed together, it is known as hybridization. The offspring that are produced from these mixes are known as hybrids. Hybrids occur in the natural world and are a powerful evolutionary force. They are also important in our daily lives—you probably eat hybrid plants every day. In this article, we dive into the exciting world of hybridization, describing how it occurs and what can happen when hybrids have babies.
is breeding of two different species [ 1 ]. So, for us to look into the world of hybridization, first we must understand what a species is. Organisms that are the same species are more similar to each other than to organisms from different species. It is easy to tell some species apart, for example a hippopotamus is recognizably a different species from a cheetah (see Figure 1 ). But what is the difference between a cheetah and a leopard? They are also different species, but a leopard looks very similar to a cheetah. Both live in Africa, are carnivores, cats, and both even have spots. The most commonly used rules to divide organisms into species are called the Biological Species Concept [ 2 ]. These rules consider animals to be different species if they cannot breed together or if they breed together and produce infertile offspring, meaning offspring that cannot have their own babies. Because a cheetah and a leopard cannot breed together, we consider them two different species. Other rules that divide similar animals or plants into different species are controversial. Some scientists look for physical differences, for example, differences in beak shape, body color, behavior, habitat, or geographical location. Other scientists use differences in genes to help find different species. Every living organism has genes, which are contained in the DNA and hold the information that tells the body how to work. Within a species, there will be small differences within genes called mutations . Such mutations are what cause slight differences within a species, like different eye colors in humans. Mutations even determine whether you can roll your tongue or not! Between species, there are far more mutations between genes. It is mutations that cause the differences in beak size or behavior that we see. If scientists are not sure if two organisms are different species, they can compare and count the mutations, to check.
When two animals of the same species mate, their offspring get 50% of their genes from each parent. This is what makes you look like a mixture of your parents. Hybrids are crosses between two difference species, so they contain 50% of genes from each parent species [ 1 ]. A famous hybrid is the mule, a cross between a donkey and a horse. Fifty percentage of a mule’s genes are from a horse and 50% from a donkey. Because of this mixing, mules have features of each parent species and are strong, like donkeys, as well as intelligent, like horses [ 3 ]. Farmers breed mules because this combination makes mules excellent for carrying supplies. Using hybridization to combine the desirable aspects of each parent species is very beneficial to humans, and hybrids are often used in farming. Many of the delicious fruits you buy at the grocery store were even created through hybridization! Bananas, grapefruit, carrots, and cucumbers are all hybrid species. There are actually hundreds of banana varieties, but most of us are familiar with a hybrid banana. Farmers kept mixing varieties of bananas to create the perfect combination of soft, tasty fruit without too many seeds [ 4 ].
Mules and bananas are examples of hybrids that are infertile, so they cannot have their own babies. But surprisingly, there are many examples of hybrids that actually can have babies. This happens when the hybrid mates with another hybrid, or with the same species as one of its parents. For example, when lions and tigers hybridize they produce a liger. Ligers are fertile
and can mate with other ligers, lions, or tigers. Fertile hybrids create a very complex problem in science, because this breaks a rule from the Biological Species Concept—that two separate species should not be able to breed and have fertile offspring. Does this mean the parents of these fertile hybrids are not separate species? No, it just means that the Biological Species Concept is not suitable for every species. Thanks to the discovery that some hybrids are fertile, scientists continue to debate what a species is and probably will do so for many years. This is what makes hybridization is so interesting—it challenges some of our basic scientific ideas [ 1 ].
When hybrids mate with either of their parent species, their offspring are known as backcrossed hybrids [ 1 ]. In Figures 2A,B , we see a liger, a hybrid between a lion and tiger that has mated with a tiger. The baby from this mix, the backcrossed hybrid, still has some lion genes. If backcrossing continues for many generations (the backcrossed hybrid mates with a tiger, then its offspring does the same) the percentage of lion genes will get smaller and smaller, but they are not lost completely. This means that lion genes can eventually become part of the tiger species’ gene pool. When one species contains some of the genes of another species, it is known as introgression
. This is a powerful evolutionary force, because these new genes may code for new traits or behaviors that could help the parent species [ 5 ].
So far, we have only spoken about hybrids created by humans. Lions and tiger never meet naturally in the wild, but other hybrids do occur naturally. In fact, there are hundreds of hybrids in the natural world. It is thought that one in four plant species, and one in ten animal species, hybridize [ 6 ]. Hybridization can help parental species by transferring new genes, through introgression, and can even lead to the creation of new species [ 5 ]. For example, South American Heliconius butterflies have gained part of their beautiful wing patterns through hybridization ( Figure 3 ) [ 7 ]. Heliconius butterflies use their wing patterns to attract mates, as well as to avoid predators, who interpret the patterns as warning signals. [ 7 ]. Ancient hybridization of sunflower species has also generated new species in North America. These hybrid-origin sunflowers can live in more extreme environments, where the soil is poor or toxic. Hybridization combined traits of the two parent species, forming a new gene combination in the hybrid that enabled it to live in this new habitat [ 8 ].
Although many of the natural hybrids we have spoken about are from modern species, there are also examples of ancient hybridizations that happened tens of thousands of years ago. These hybrids can be identified even when the parental species are extinct. This is because some of the parent species genes will still be present in a small percentage in the hybrid. By comparing gene mutations between closely related species, we can find potential hybrids by looking for genes that are very different, or mutations that have come from one of the ancient hybrid’s parent species. Using this method, an ancient hybrid was found to be an ancestor to many species of clownfish (like Nemo from Finding Nemo ). Just like the sunflower, the combination of adaptations in this ancient hybrid allowed the clownfish ancestor to live in a new habitat [ 9 ]. As a result, this ancient hybrid is an ancestor to many modern clownfish species.
Sometimes hybrids can be bad for the parental species and for the natural world. If hybrids are very successful, there may be so many hybrids that they compete with their parent species for food and living space, which could lead to the extinction of the parent species. Losing a species is bad for biodiversity and can affect other species in that habitat. When this species loss occurs naturally, scientists do not try to stop it, because it is a natural process. Loss of a parent species due to hybrid offspring is only problematic when the hybrid is created by humans and introduced to an area where the parent species were not naturally found. We must act to prevent the extinction of the parent species in these cases. But do not worry, the hybrids that we buy at the grocery store are unlikely to cause severe environmental harm, because there are rules in place to make sure they are grown with great care.
Hybridization is a complex process involving the mixing of two species. Hybridization is an important part of evolution, due to the transfer of genes through introgression and its role in the generation of new species. It is also part of our daily lives and is used to help improve foods and livestock.
Hybridization : ↑ Breeding between two different species.
Species : ↑ Organisms that are similar to each other and can breed together to produce fertile offspring. Not all scientists agree on how to define what separate species are.
Genes : ↑ Sections of DNA that contain the instructions for body processes and characteristics (such as eye color).
Mutations : ↑ Small differences in genes that make individuals look unique. Lots of mutations occur between species.
Fertile : ↑ Able to reproduce and have babies. Infertile is the opposite, meaning the inability to have babies.
Introgression : ↑ When the genes from one species are transferred into another species through hybridization and backcrosses.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
[1] ↑ Allendorf, F. W., and Liukart, G. (eds.) 2007. “Hybridization,” in Conservation and the Genetics of Populations (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub). 421–48.
[2] ↑ Mayr, E. 2000. “The biological species concept,” in Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate , eds Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier (New York, NY: Columbia University Press). 17–20.
[3] ↑ Proops, L., Burden, F., and Osthaus, B. 2009. Mule cognition: a case of hybrid vigour? Anim. Cogn. 12:75–84. doi: 10.1007/s10071-008-0172-1
[4] ↑ Perrier, X., De Langhe, E., Donohue, M., Lentfer, C., Vrydaghs, L., Bakry, F., et al. 2011. Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana ( Musa spp.) domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108:11311–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102001108
[5] ↑ Arnold, M. L., Sapir, Y., and Martin, N. H. 2008. Genetic exchange and the origin of adaptations: prokaryotes to primates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363:2813–20. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0021
[6] ↑ Mallet, J. 2005. Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:229–37. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010
[7] ↑ Kronforst, M. R., Young, L. G., Blume, L. M., and Gilbert, L. E. 2006. Multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 60:1254–68. doi: 10.1554/06-005.1
[8] ↑ Rieseberg, L. H., Raymond, O., Rosenthal, D. M., Lai, Z., Livingstone, K., Nakazato, T., et al. 2003. Major ecological transitions in wild sunflowers facilitated by hybridization. Science 301:1211–6. doi: 10.1126/science.1086949
[9] ↑ Litsios, G., and Salamin, N. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evol. Biol. 14:245. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0245-5 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/453978 | 69 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | 65 Years Ago Today: The First Color TVs Arrive | Even though 4K TVs have been on the market for less than five years, numerous companies will announce they’ll start selling 8K TVs at CES next week. This despite the fact that less than half of U.S. homes own a 4K TV, and there’s no 4K programming available yet on U.S. broadcast TV networks.
A mite premature? That’s how it must have seemed to the public 65 years ago when, on December 30, 1953, Admiral and RCA put the first color televisions up for sale. At the time, TV itself was only a few years old, less than half of U.S. homes had a TV, and there was barely any color programming to watch and wouldn’t be for nearly a decade.
From its earliest imaginings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, TV innovators included color in their dreams and patent applications. In 1928, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird was the first to demonstrate color TV, a mechanical system employing a Nipkow wheel , followed by a similar system from Bell Labs in 1929 . But most TV development over the next 10 years centered on establishing a monochrome TV standard. In 1940, the FCC created a new body, the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), as an objective adjudicator to approve a unified electronic TV system.
Just as TV standards were being negotiated, CBS, led by its star engineer Peter Goldmark , made the first mark in all-electronic color TV with a series of demonstrations in 1940-41. According to Susan Murray in her excellent and exhaustive recent book, Bright Signals: A History of Color TV , it was “an effort to both boost their corporate image as a technological innovator and hopefully delay the approval of the RCA-backed black and white standard for television.” But the FCC went ahead and approved the now-familiar 525-line NTSC standard in 1941. World War II then put a stop to all further TV development, black-and-white and color.
Color TV development picked up immediately after the war. CBS and NBC, along with a host of other color pretenders, refined their technologies, ran myriad field tests, and made multiple presentations to government committees. On October 11, 1950, the FCC approved the CBS system.
The CBS color standard required an ungainly color converter wheel, and it was incompatible with the existing NTSC monochrome scanning system. To overcome this incompatibility, the FCC required that TV makers produce sets capable of receiving both black-and-white and non-compatible color signals, a requirement that TV makers understandably loathed. A few days after the FCC order, RCA — the nation’s leading TV manufacturer and the owner of NBC — filed suit in federal court.
On May 28, 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC’s decision. But while CBS may have won the battle, it lost the color war. During the seven-month court battle, publicity from the case made consumers aware of CBS’ system incompatibility, while RCA increased its TV market share by 50 percent and was able to refine its color system. On December 17, 1953, the FCC reversed itself and announced a new NTSC color standard — essentially, the RCA system.
Two weeks later, RCA rushed out 200 prototype 15-inch Model 5 sets to its top dealers around the country for viewing parties of the upcoming New Year’s Day Rose Bowl Parade. NBC was broadcasting the parade in living color , the first nationwide color broadcast. The Model 5, which can be seen — and watched — at the Early TV Museum in Hilliard, OH, would become the factory-produced CT-100 priced at $1,000 — around $9,500 today — when it went on sale the following spring. Admiral also started selling its 15-inch C1617A color set the same day for $1,175, around $11,000 today.
Not surprisingly, color was not nearly the hit that 4K is, or as 8K likely will be. Time magazine proclaimed color TV to be “ the most resounding industrial flop of 1956 .” It wasn’t until 1968 that most prime time shows on the three major networks were broadcast in color, and not until 1972 that sales of color TVs surpass those of black-and-white models.
Whether it will take 15 years for networks to broadcast shows in 4K or 8K remains to be seen. | https://www.soundandvision.com/content/65-years-ago-today-first-color-tvs-arrive | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | December 30, 1953...The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale - Eyes Of A Generation...Television's Living History | December 30, 1953…The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale
On December 17, 1953, the FCC approved the National Television System Committee’s recommendation of the RCA Dot Sequential color system.
With the New Year’s Day Rose Parade just ahead, RCA pulled all the stops to broadcast it in color, and set up 20 target markets for special color viewing events, from coast to coast.
Remember, at the time, there were no color sets available to the public, and the only people who had ever seen color television were those that had seen RCA’s experimental broadcasts at the RCA Showcase in Rockefeller Plaza.
So the event could be seen, RCA rushed 200 pre-production receivers to a few to their top dealers in each city for this special event’s viewing parties, which were mostly held in darkened hotel ballrooms. Most events had several black and white 21″ sets with color sets between them. This not only showed the difference, but with the small 12″ color screens, helped with detail.
About one third of the local stations (the NBC O&O stations) in the target markets had color transmitters, but for those target markets that could not transmit in color, RCA had AT&T provide a color line to the display venues.
The target cities were, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, Omaha, St. Paul, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Johnstown, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Wilkesbarre, New York and New Haven.
The RCA sets were the Model 5 prototypes with a dark cherry finish, and with only a few minor adjustments, it went on to become the CT-100 which was the first mass produced RCA color set. Starting March 25, 1954, 5,000 CT-100’s were manufactured in RCA’s Bloomington, Indiana plant.
Also shown here in a light wood finish is the Admiral C1617A which went to market the same day, as RCA was not the only set manufacturer with chips in the color game.
In April of ’54, the first 25 mass produced RCA TK40 color cameras began to be shipped. Prior to this, there were only four prototypes at the Colonial Theater in New York.
By the way, the sets sold for just over $1,000, which is the equivalent of $8,800 now. Neither Admiral or RCA were expecting to sell many receivers, but they wanted the public to know that color was here to stay and who to turn to when the time was right. -Bobby Ellerbee | https://eyesofageneration.com/december-30-1953-the-first-color-tv-sets-go-on-sale/ | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | How Did Color TV Come to Be? | - Share
Updated on November 24, 2019
The earliest mention of color television was in a 1904 German patent for a color television system. In 1925, Russian inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin also filed a patent disclosure for an all-electronic color television system. While both of these designs were not successful, they were the first documented proposals for color television.
Sometime between 1946 and 1950, the research staff of RCA Laboratories invented the world's first electronic, color television system. A successful color television system based on a system designed by RCA began commercial broadcasting on December 17, 1953.
But before RCA's success, CBS researchers led by Peter Goldmark had invented a mechanical color television system based on 1928 designs of John Logie Baird. The FCC authorized CBS's color television technology as the national standard in October of 1950. However, the system at the time was bulky, the picture quality was terrible, and the technology was not compatible with earlier black-and-white sets.
CBS began color broadcasting on five east coast stations in June of 1951. However, RCA responded by suing to stop the public broadcasting of CBS-based systems. Making matters worse for CBS was the fact that there were already 10.5 million black-and-white televisions (half RCA sets) that had been sold to the public and very few color sets. Color television production was also halted during the Korean War. With the many challenges, the CBS system failed.
Those factors provided RCA with the time to design a better color television, which they based on Alfred Schroeder's 1947 patent application for a technology called shadow mask CRT. Their system passed FCC approval in late 1953, and sales of RCA color televisions began in 1954.
- Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white kinescope process introduced in 1947.
- In 1956, NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts. A company named Ampex made a color videotape recorder in 1958, and NBC used it to tape "An Evening With Fred Astaire," the oldest surviving network color videotape.
- In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the NBC station in Washington, D.C. and gave a speech discussing the new technology's merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress.
- NBC made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it telecast the Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1, 1954.
- The premiere of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color in September 1961 created a turning point that persuaded consumers to go out and purchase color televisions.
- Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white TVs to color transmission in the 1960s and 1970s.
- By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color, and by the early 1980s, black-and-white sets were mostly small portable sets or those used as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas switched to color sets. | https://www.thoughtco.com/color-television-history-4070934 | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | Early Color Television | The first color system was developed by John Logie Baird in 1928. It used mechanical techniques. In the early 1940s, CBS pioneered a system which transmitted an image in each of the three primary colors sequentially. A wheel with segments of red, green, and blue rotated in front of the camera, while a similar wheel rotated in front of the television screen, synchronized to the one at the camera. The system was simple and produced excellent pictures, though it had many drawbacks, including low resolution, flicker, and most signifcant, it wasn't compatible with existing black and white broadcasting.
In 1950 the FCC tested the CBS system, along with a compatible system by RCA. At that time, the RCA system produced poor picture quality, and CBS was successful in getting the FCC to adopt their system. Here is a paper delivered by the Chairman of the FCC describing the thinking that led to the adoption of the CBS field sequential system .
For a few months in 1951, test broadcasts were done using the CBS field sequential system . Some manufacturers, such as Admiral , made adaptors for the CBS standard. See. Here is a 1950 film taken off the screen of a CBS receiver .
Manufacturers were reluctant to make sets for the CBS field sequential system , and very few sets were made. RCA, meanwhile, continued to improve their system. In late 1953, the FCC adopted the RCA compatible system , commonly referred to as the NTSC system. The first color television sets for this system were sold in 1954. They used a 15 inch screen. Later that year, 19 inch sets were made, and by 1955 all sets were made with a 21 inch picture tube. Several manufacturers made 15 and 19 inch sets, most in very small quantities.
Here are magazine and newspaper articles and advertisements about the two competing color systems. The most comprehensive website on early color history is by Ed Reitan .
Raytheon , Admiral or Philharmonic may have been the first company to offer color sets for sale to the public . The first set to be manufactured in significant quantites (approximately 500) was made by Westinghouse , and sold for $1295. RCA introduced the CT-100 a few weeks later, at a price of $1000 (about 4000 were made). GE sold its 15 inch set for $1,000, Sylvania's cost $1,150. Emerson rented color sets for $200 for the first month and $75/month thereafter. By the summer of 1954 there was already a shakeout. A headline in the New York Times said "Set Buying Lags - Public Seen Awaiting Larger Screens, Lower Prices". Motorola and CBS promised a 19 inch screen at $995.
In 1955, Raytheon introduced a 21 inch set for $795 and CBS offered a trade-in of up to $400 for their black and white sets towards the purchase of a $895 21 inch color model.
By the end of 1957 only 150,000 color sets had been sold. Color sales were slow until the mid 1960s, when the reliability of sets improved, prices came down, and more color programming became available. Read these Time Magazine articles from 1956 and 1958 . In the late 60s color sets became more reliable and cheaper, and more network TV shows were televised in color, so color sales accelerated. Another factor that helped color set sales was the popularity of the Disney show The Wonderful World of Color , which began in 1961. 1970 was the first year that color set sales exceeded black and white.
|Advertising literature||Ed Reitan's Color Television History|
|Color Broadcasting||Eckhard Etzold's Website|
|Early Color Set Database Summary||Pete Deksnis's CT-100 site|
|Early Color Set Gallery|
Early Color TV Systems
|Turner field sequential color film system (1902)||DeForest mechanical color (1948)|
|John Logie Baird mechanical system (1928)||Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Color System (1950)|
|Bell Labs system (1929)||DuMont industrial color system (1950)|
|Leishman color system (1936)||General Electric (1950)|
|Lorenzen system (1940)||Eidophor (1952)|
|CBS field sequential system (1940-53)||British experimental field sequential system (1953)|
|RCA dot sequential system (1941-49)||British 405 line NTSC system (1954)|
|General Electric 2 Color System (1941)||CBS Chromacoder system (1954)|
|Mexican field sequential system (1940s)||Early Russian Color TV (1954-56)|
|John Logie Baird electronic system (1943-45)||DuMont Vitascan (1955)|
|Philco Color Projection System (1945)||Thomson-CSF field sequential system (1963)|
|RCA field sequential system (1945)||Mexican color television (Guillermo Gonzales Camarena) (1964)|
|RCA 3 channel system (1947)||Butterfield color system (1965)|
|Color Television, Inc. (CTI/Sleeper system ) (1947)|
More on Early Color
|Automatic color TV coil engineering samples||Progress Report on NBC Color Television - 1955 (courtesy of Paul Garbarczyk)|
|CBS system at CNAM Museum in Paris||Newspaper and magazine articles about early color|
|John Christensen - CBS color TV engineer||Notebook - Color Television, Vol 2|
|Chromatic Television Laboratories||Online films and videos|
|Color filters - an inexpensive way to get color TV||Philco 1964 advertisement and patent|
|Color picture tubes||RCA color production quantities|
|Color set advertisments||RCA CTC-4 based sets made for other manufacturers.|
|Color TV demonstations||Restoration of early color sets|
|Early color programming||Russian color demo at the 1958 World's Fair|
|The Electronic Side of Color Media - article by Richard Wirth||Sava Jacobson's recollections about early color|
|Experimental British color set||H. R. Seelen, color picture tube developer|
|Five working 15GP22 based sets||Smith, Kline & French Medical color TV|
|Frequencies and Standards||Sony Chromatron|
|History of CBS Color, by Bob Cooper||Technical information on early color sets|
|Hoffman Color School||Television pioneers|
|Homemade color converters||Thomas Edison predicted color TV|
|Hue control circuits in early color sets||Uniray, an advanced Apple CRT|
|Jordan Marsh department store color demonstration||Westinghouse color dicrhoic mirror|
|Living Test Patterns: The Models Who Calibrated Color TV (courtesy of Phil Dudley)|
Admiral Ambassador
Admiral CA101 Adaptor
Capehart CXC-12
CBS Color Personal Viewer
CBS RX-40/41 Color Converter/Adaptor
CBS RX-89
CBS RX-90
CBS "Slave"
CBS 205
Col-R-Tel Converter
Colordaptor
Colortone Adaptor
Colortone Color Wheel Assembly
Crosley Color Wheel Assembly
Dage 650 Studio Monitor
Dalto Projection Set
DuMont Industrial Monitor
DuMont Prototype
Emerson C-502
General Electric 15CL100
General Electric 4TM-15 Studio Monitor
Gray Research 1101 Monitor
Hoffman Colorcaster
Home made Drum Receiver
Home Made 1955 Color Projection Set
Color Mirror Screw
Knox Telecaster
Motorola 16CK1
Motorola 19CK1
Motorola 19CK2
Motorola 19CT1
Philco TV-123
Raytheon 15 inch
RCA CPA prototype
RCA CT-100
RCA CTC-4 in custom cabinet
RCA CTC-4 Director 21
RCA CTC-4 Haviland 21
RCA CTC-5
RCA CTC-7
RCA TM-21B 21" Color monitor
RCA 21-CT-55
Sears Toshiba 16 inch
Sparton 16A211
Sylvania 21C609
Westinghouse H840CK15 | https://www.earlytelevision.org/color.html | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | Color television - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Color television ( American English ) or colour television ( Commonwealth English ) is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the monochrome or black-and-white television technology, which displays the image in shades of gray ( grayscale ). Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white to color transmission between the 1960s and the 1980s. The invention of color television standards was an important part of the history and technology of television .
Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s. A demonstration of mechanically scanned color television was given by John Logie Baird in 1928, but its limitations were apparent even then. Development of electronic scanning and display made a practical system possible. Monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to World War II , but civilian electronics development was frozen during much of the war. In August 1944, Baird gave the world's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display. In the United States, competing color standards were developed, finally resulting in the NTSC color standard that was compatible with the prior monochrome system. Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953 and limited programming soon became available, it was not until the early 1970s that color television in North America outsold black-and-white/monochrome units. Color broadcasting in Europe did not standardize on the PAL or SECAM formats until the 1960s.
Broadcasters began to upgrade from analog color television technology to higher resolution digital television c. 2006 ; the exact year varies by country. While the changeover is complete in many countries, analog television remains in use in some countries.
The human eye's detection system in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors: rod cells that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the cone cells that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided into three types, each one with a characteristic profile of excitability by different wavelengths of the spectrum of visible light. This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness, or " luminance ", than in color . However, post-processing of the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image.
The eye has limited bandwidth to the rest of the visual system, estimated at just under 8 Mbit/s. [1] This manifests itself in a number of ways, but the most important in terms of producing moving images is the way that a series of still images displayed in quick succession will appear to be continuous smooth motion. This illusion starts to work at about 16 frame/s , and common motion pictures use 24 frame/s. Television, using power from the electrical grid , historically tuned its rate in order to avoid interference with the alternating current being supplied – in North America, some Central and South American countries, Taiwan, Korea, part of Japan, the Philippines, and a few other countries, this was 60 video fields per second to match the 60 Hz power, while in most other countries it was 50 fields per second to match the 50 Hz power. The NTSC color system changed from the black-and-white 60-fields-per-second standard to 59.94 fields per second to make the color circuitry simpler; the 1950s TV sets had matured enough that the power frequency/field rate mismatch was no longer important. Modern TV sets can display multiple field rates (50, 59.94, or 60, in either interlaced or progressive scan) while accepting power at various frequencies (often the operating range is specified as 48–62 Hz).
In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red , green, and blue (RGB). When displayed together or in rapid succession, these images will blend together to produce a full-color image as seen by the viewer. To do so without making the images flicker, the refresh time of all three images put together would have to be above the critical limit, and generally the same as a single black and white image. This would require three times the number of images to be sent in the same time, and thus greatly increase the amount of radio bandwidth required to send the complete signal and thus similarly increase the required radio spectrum . Early plans for color television in the United States included a move from very high frequency (VHF) to ultra high frequency (UHF) to open up additional spectrum.
One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee [2] approved an all-electronic system developed by RCA that encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color-capable televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the eye to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement.
Experiments with facsimile image transmission systems that used radio broadcasts to transmit images date to the 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made what we know as television practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D" radio signal; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems generally used a device known as a " Nipkow disk ", which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot, which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector.
A number of such mechanical television systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was John Logie Baird 's, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years. Indeed, Baird's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Institution in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true, working television system. [3] [4] In spite of these early successes, all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically driven, perfect synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities could result in major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small, roughly rectangular area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical components were not commercially practical for home receivers. [ citation needed ]
It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into a usable system took years of development and several independent advances. The two key advances were Philo Farnsworth 's electronic scanning system, and Vladimir Zworykin 's Iconoscope camera. The Iconoscope, based on Kálmán Tihanyi 's early patents, superseded the Farnsworth-system. With these systems, the BBC began regularly scheduled black-and-white television broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of World War II in 1939. In this time thousands of television sets had been sold. The receivers developed for this program, notably those from Pye Ltd. , played a key role in the development of radar .
By 22 March 1935, 180-line black-and-white television programs were being broadcast from the Paul Nipkow TV station in Berlin . In 1936, under the guidance of the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels , direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the Olympic Games in Berlin were transmitted to selected small television houses ( Fernsehstuben ) in Berlin and Hamburg.
In 1941, the first NTSC meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts. US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era, and by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States. [5]
The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built.
Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. [6] Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897, using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. [7] An Armenian inventor, Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him, [8] and was patented in Germany on March 31, 1908, patent number 197183, then in Britain , on April 1, 1908, patent number 7219, [9] in France (patent number 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent number 17912). [10]
Shortly after his practical demonstration of black and white television, on July 3, 1928, Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission. This used scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources, controlled by the signal, at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. [11] The demonstration was of a young girl wearing different colored hats. The girl, Noele Gordon , later became a TV actress in the soap opera Crossroads . [12] [13] Baird also made the world's first color over-the-air broadcast on February 4, 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London's Dominion Theatre . [14]
Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image.
As was the case with black-and-white television, an electronic means of scanning would be superior to the mechanical systems like Baird's. The obvious solution on the broadcast end would be to use three conventional Iconoscopes with colored filters in front of them to produce an RGB signal. Using three separate tubes each looking at the same scene would produce slight differences in parallax between the frames, so in practice a single lens was used with a mirror or prism system to separate the colors for the separate tubes. Each tube captured a complete frame and the signal was converted into radio in a fashion essentially identical to the existing black-and-white systems.
The problem with this approach was there was no simple way to recombine them on the receiver end. If each image was sent at the same time on different frequencies, the images would have to be "stacked" somehow on the display, in real time. The simplest way to do this would be to reverse the system used in the camera: arrange three separate black-and-white displays behind colored filters and then optically combine their images using mirrors or prisms onto a suitable screen, like frosted glass . RCA built just such a system in order to present the first electronically scanned color television demonstration on February 5, 1940, privately shown to members of the US Federal Communications Commission at the RCA plant in Camden, New Jersey . [15] This system, however, suffered from the twin problems of costing at least three times as much as a conventional black-and-white set, as well as having very dim pictures, the result of the fairly low illumination given off by tubes of the era. Projection systems of this sort would become common decades later, however, with improvements in technology.
Another solution would be to use a single screen, but break it up into a pattern of closely spaced colored phosphors instead of an even coating of white. Three receivers would be used, each sending its output to a separate electron gun, aimed at its colored phosphor. However, this solution was not practical. The electron guns used in monochrome televisions had limited resolution, and if one wanted to retain the resolution of existing monochrome displays, the guns would have to focus on individual dots three times smaller. This was beyond the state of the art of the technology at the time.
Instead, a number of hybrid solutions were developed that combined a conventional monochrome display with a colored disk or mirror. In these systems the three colored images were sent one after each other, in either complete frames in the " field-sequential color system ", or for each line in the "line-sequential" system. In both cases a colored filter was rotated in front of the display in sync with the broadcast. Since three separate images were being sent in sequence, if they used existing monochrome radio signaling standards they would have an effective refresh rate of only 20 fields, or 10 frames, a second, well into the region where flicker would become visible. In order to avoid this, these systems increased the frame rate considerably, making the signal incompatible with existing monochrome standards.
The first practical example of this sort of system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep", but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. [16] However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better.
In 1939, Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro-mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. [17] The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 29, 1940, and shown to the press on September 4. [18] [19] [20] [21]
CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28, 1940, and live cameras by November 12. [22] NBC (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on February 20, 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on June 1, 1941. [23] These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22, 1942, to August 20, 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. [24] [25]
As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the " Telechrome ". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. Baird's demonstration on August 16, 1944, was the first example of a practical color television system. [26] Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system. [27] [28]
Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The Geer tube was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube.
In the immediate post-war era, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was inundated with requests to set up new television stations. Worrying about congestion of the limited number of channels available, the FCC put a moratorium on all new licenses in 1948 while considering the problem. A solution was immediately forthcoming; rapid development of radio receiver electronics during the war had opened a wide band of higher frequencies to practical use, and the FCC set aside a large section of these new UHF bands for television broadcast. At the time, black-and-white television broadcasting was still in its infancy in the U.S., and the FCC started to look at ways of using this newly available bandwidth for color broadcasts. Since no existing television would be able to tune in these stations, they were free to pick an incompatible system and allow the older VHF channels to die off over time.
The FCC called for technical demonstrations of color systems in 1948, and the Joint Technical Advisory Committee (JTAC) was formed to study them. CBS displayed improved versions of its original design, now using a single 6 MHz channel (like the existing black-and-white signals) at 144 fields per second and 405 lines of resolution. Color Television Inc. (CTI) demonstrated its line-sequential system, while Philco demonstrated a dot-sequential system based on its beam-index tube -based "Apple" tube technology. Of the entrants, the CBS system was by far the best-developed, and won head-to-head testing every time.
While the meetings were taking place it was widely known within the industry that RCA was working on a dot-sequential system that was compatible with existing black-and-white broadcasts, but RCA declined to demonstrate it during the first series of meetings. Just before the JTAC presented its findings, on August 25, 1949, RCA broke its silence and introduced its system as well. The JTAC still recommended the CBS system, and after the resolution of an ensuing RCA lawsuit, color broadcasts using the CBS system started on June 25, 1951. By this point the market had changed dramatically; when color was first being considered in 1948 there were fewer than a million television sets in the U.S., but by 1951 there were well over 10 million. The idea that the VHF band could be allowed to "die" was no longer practical.
During its campaign for FCC approval, CBS gave the first demonstrations of color television to the general public, showing an hour of color programs daily Mondays through Saturdays, beginning January 12, 1950, and running for the remainder of the month, over WOIC in Washington, D.C., where the programs could be viewed on eight 16-inch color receivers in a public building. [29] Due to high public demand, the broadcasts were resumed February 13–21, with several evening programs added. [30] CBS initiated a limited schedule of color broadcasts from its New York station WCBS-TV Mondays to Saturdays beginning November 14, 1950, making ten color receivers available for the viewing public. [31] [32] All were broadcast using the single color camera that CBS owned. [33] The New York broadcasts were extended by coaxial cable to Philadelphia's WCAU-TV beginning December 13, [34] and to Chicago on January 10, [35] [36] making them the first network color broadcasts.
After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949, the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems, inaccurate color reproduction, and expensive equipment, and so formally approved the CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on October 11, 1950. An unsuccessful lawsuit by RCA delayed the first commercial network broadcast in color until June 25, 1951, when a musical variety special titled simply Premiere was shown over a network of five East Coast CBS affiliates. [37] Viewing was again restricted: the program could not be seen on black-and-white sets, and Variety estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in the New York area. [38] Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series The World Is Yours and Modern Homemakers .
While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week (but never into prime time), [39] and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago, [40] its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch the programs, the refusal of television manufacturers to create adapter mechanisms for their existing black-and-white sets, [41] and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one. CBS had bought a television manufacturer in April, [42] and in September 1951, production began on the only CBS-Columbia color television model, with the first color sets reaching retail stores on September 28. [43] [44] However, it was too little, too late. Only 200 sets had been shipped, and only 100 sold, when CBS discontinued its color television system on October 20, 1951, ostensibly by request of the National Production Authority for the duration of the Korean War , and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent lawsuits by disappointed customers. [45] [46] RCA chairman David Sarnoff later charged that the NPA's order had come "out of a situation artificially created by one company to solve its own perplexing problems" because CBS had been unsuccessful in its color venture.
While the FCC was holding its JTAC meetings, development was taking place on a number of systems allowing true simultaneous color broadcasts, " dot-sequential color systems ". Unlike the hybrid systems, dot-sequential televisions used a signal very similar to existing black-and-white broadcasts, with the intensity of every dot on the screen being sent in succession.
In 1938 Georges Valensi demonstrated an encoding scheme that would allow color broadcasts to be encoded so they could be picked up on existing black-and-white sets as well. In his system the output of the three camera tubes were re-combined to produce a single " luminance " value that was very similar to a monochrome signal and could be broadcast on the existing VHF frequencies. The color information was encoded in a separate " chrominance " signal, consisting of two separate signals, the original blue signal minus the luminance (B'–Y'), and red-luma (R'–Y'). These signals could then be broadcast separately on a different frequency; a monochrome set would tune in only the luminance signal on the VHF band, while color televisions would tune in both the luminance and chrominance on two different frequencies, and apply the reverse transforms to retrieve the original RGB signal. The downside to this approach is that it required a major boost in bandwidth use, something the FCC was interested in avoiding.
RCA used Valensi's concept as the basis of all of its developments, believing it to be the only proper solution to the broadcast problem. However, RCA's early sets using mirrors and other projection systems all suffered from image and color quality problems, and were easily bested by CBS's hybrid system. But solutions to these problems were in the pipeline, and RCA in particular was investing massive sums (later estimated at $100 million) to develop a usable dot-sequential tube. RCA was beaten to the punch by the Geer tube , which used three B&W tubes aimed at different faces of colored pyramids to produce a color image. All-electronic systems included the Chromatron , Penetron and beam-index tube that were being developed by various companies. While investigating all of these, RCA's teams quickly started focusing on the shadow mask system.
In July 1938 the shadow mask color television was patented by Werner Flechsig (1900–1981) in Germany, and was demonstrated at the International radio exhibition Berlin in 1939. Most CRT color televisions used today are based on this technology. His solution to the problem of focusing the electron guns on the tiny colored dots was one of brute-force; a metal sheet with holes punched in it allowed the beams to reach the screen only when they were properly aligned over the dots. Three separate guns were aimed at the holes from slightly different angles, and when their beams passed through the holes the angles caused them to separate again and hit the individual spots a short distance away on the back of the screen. The downside to this approach was that the mask cut off the vast majority of the beam energy, allowing it to hit the screen only 15% of the time, requiring a massive increase in beam power to produce acceptable image brightness.
The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using a "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on October 10, 1949, [47] viewable in color only at the FCC. It did not receive FCC approval.
In spite of these problems in both the broadcast and display systems, RCA pressed ahead with development and was ready for a second assault on the standards by 1950.
The possibility of a compatible color broadcast system was so compelling that the NTSC decided to re-form, and held a second series of meetings starting in January 1950. Having only recently selected the CBS system, the FCC heavily opposed the NTSC's efforts. One of the FCC Commissioners, R. F. Jones, went so far as to assert that the engineers testifying in favor of a compatible system were "in a conspiracy against the public interest".
Unlike the FCC approach where a standard was simply selected from the existing candidates, the NTSC would produce a board that was considerably more pro-active in development.
Starting before CBS color even got on the air, the U.S. television industry, represented by the National Television System Committee , worked in 1950–1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black-and-white sets and would pass FCC quality standards, with RCA developing the hardware elements. RCA first made publicly announced field tests of the dot sequential color system over its New York station WNBT in July 1951. [48] When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system, [49] the National Production Authority dropped its ban on the manufacture of color television receivers, [50] and the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953, which was granted on December 17. [51] The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first network broadcast to go out over the air in NTSC color was a performance of the opera Carmen on October 31, 1953.
Color broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centers near the border since the mid-1950s. [52] At the time that NTSC color broadcasting was officially introduced into Canada in 1966, less than one percent of Canadian households had a color television set. [52] Color television in Canada was launched on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's (CBC) English language TV service on September 1, 1966. [52] Private television broadcaster CTV also started color broadcasts in early September 1966. [53] The CBC's French-language TV service, Radio-Canada , was broadcasting color programming for 15 hours a week in 1968. [54] Full-time color transmissions started in 1974 on the CBC, with other private sector broadcasters in the country doing so by the end of the 1970s. [52]
The following provinces and areas of Canada introduced color television by the years as stated
- Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec (1966; Major networks only – private sector around 1968 to 1972)
- Newfoundland and Labrador (1967)
- Nova Scotia, New Brunswick (1968)
- Prince Edward Island (1969)
- Yukon (1971)
- Northwest Territories (including Nunavut) (1972; Major networks in large centers, many remote areas in the far north did not get color until at least 1977 and 1978)
Cuba in 1958 became the second country in the world to introduce color television broadcasting, with Havana's Channel 12 using standards established by the NTSC Committee of United States Federal Communications Commission in 1940, and American technology patented by the American electronics company RCA, or Radio Corporation of America. But the color transmissions ended when broadcasting stations were seized in the Cuban Revolution in 1959, and did not return until 1975, using equipment acquired from Japan's NEC Corporation , and SECAM equipment from the Soviet Union, adapted for the American NTSC standard. [55]
Guillermo González Camarena independently invented and developed a field-sequential tricolor disk system in Mexico in the late 1930s, for which he requested a patent in México on August 19, 1940, and in the United States in 1941. [56] González Camarena produced his color television system in his Gon-Cam laboratory for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, which regarded it as the best system in the world. [57] [58] Goldmark had actually applied for a patent for the same field-sequential tricolor system in the US on September 7, 1940, [17] while González Camarena had made his Mexican filing 19 days before, on August 19.
On August 31, 1946, González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of the Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. No. 1, in Mexico City . The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz and the audio in the 40-metre band. He obtained authorization to make the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico, on February 8, 1963, of the program Paraíso Infantil on Mexico City's XHGC-TV , using the NTSC system that had by now been adopted as the standard for color programming.
González Camarena also invented the "simplified Mexican color TV system" as a much simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system. [59] Due to its simplicity, NASA used a modified version of the system in its Voyager mission of 1979, to take pictures and video of Jupiter. [60]
Although all-electronic color was introduced in the US in 1953, [62] high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1, 1954, but over the next dozen years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. [ citation needed ] In 1956, NBC's The Perry Como Show became the first live network television series to present a majority of episodes in color. CBS's The Big Record , starring pop vocalist Patti Page , was the first television show broadcast in color for the entire 1957–1958 season; its production costs were greater than most movies were at the time not only because of all the stars featured on the hour-long extravaganza but the extremely high-intensity lighting and electronics required for the new RCA TK-41 cameras, [ citation needed ] which were the first practical color television cameras.
It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that autumn. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. [ citation needed ]
NBC made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it telecast the Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1, 1954, with public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers by manufacturers RCA , General Electric , Philco , Raytheon , Hallicrafters , Hoffman , Pacific Mercury , and others. [63] [64] Two days earlier, Admiral had demonstrated to its distributors the prototype of Admiral's first color television set planned for consumer sale using the NTSC standards, priced at $1,175 (equivalent to $11,856 in 2021). It is not known when the later commercial version of this receiver was first sold. Production was extremely limited, and no advertisements for it were published in New York newspapers, nor those in Washington. [65] [66] [67]
A color model from Admiral C1617A became available in the Chicago area on January 4, 1954 [68] and appeared in various stores throughout the country, including those in Maryland on January 6, 1954, [69] San Francisco, January 14, 1954, [70] Indianapolis on January 17, 1954, [71] Pittsburgh on January 25, 1954, [72] and Oakland on January 26, 1954, [73] among other cities thereafter. [74] A color model from Westinghouse H840CK15 ($1,295, or equivalent to $13,067 in 2021) became available in the New York area on February 28, 1954; [75] Only 30 sets were sold in its first month. [76] a less expensive color model from RCA ( CT-100 ) reached dealers in April 1954. [77] Television's first prime time network color series was The Marriage , a situation comedy broadcast live by NBC in the summer of 1954. [78] NBC's anthology series Ford Theatre became the first network color-filmed series that October; however, due to the high cost of the first fifteen color episodes, Ford ordered that two black-and-white episodes be filmed for every color episode. [79] The first series to be filmed entirely in color was NBC's Norby , [80] a sitcom that lasted 13 weeks, from January to April 1955, and was replaced by repeats of Ford Theatre ' s color episodes. [81]
Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white kinescope process introduced in 1947. It was not until September 1956 that NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts. [82] Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958, which NBC used to tape An Evening with Fred Astaire , the oldest surviving network color videotape. This system was also used to unveil a demonstration of color television for the press. On May 22, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the WRC-TV NBC studios in Washington, D.C., and gave a speech touting the new technology's merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress for posterity. [ citation needed ]
The syndicated The Cisco Kid had been filmed in color since 1949 in anticipation of color broadcasting. [83] [84] Several other syndicated shows had episodes filmed in color during the 1950s, including The Lone Ranger , My Friend Flicka , and Adventures of Superman . The first was carried by some stations equipped for color telecasts well before NBC began its regular weekly color dramas in 1959, beginning with the Western series Bonanza . [ citation needed ]
NBC was at the forefront of color programming because its parent company RCA manufactured the most successful line of color sets in the 1950s and, at the end of August 1956, announced that in comparison with 1955–56 (when only three of its regularly scheduled programs were broadcast in color) the 1956–57 season would feature 17 series in color. [85] By 1959 RCA was the only remaining major manufacturer of color sets. [86] CBS and ABC , which were not affiliated with set manufacturers and were not eager to promote their competitor's product, dragged their feet into color. [87] [88] CBS broadcast color specials and sometimes aired its big weekly variety shows in color, but it offered no regularly scheduled color programming until the fall of 1965. At least one CBS show, The Lucy Show , was filmed in color beginning in 1963, but continued to be telecast in black and white through the end of the 1964–65 season. ABC delayed its first color programs until 1962, but these were initially only broadcasts of the cartoon shows The Flintstones , The Jetsons and Beany and Cecil . [89] The DuMont network, although it did have a television-manufacturing parent company, was in financial decline by 1954 and was dissolved two years later. [90]
The relatively small amount of network color programming, combined with the high cost of color television sets, meant that as late as 1964 only 3.1 percent of television households in the US had a color set. However, by the mid-1960s, the subject of color programming turned into a ratings war. A 1965 American Research Bureau (ARB) study that proposed an emerging trend in color television set sales convinced NBC that a full shift to color would gain a ratings advantage over its two competitors. [91] As a result, NBC provided the catalyst for rapid color expansion by announcing that its prime time schedule for fall 1965 would be almost entirely in color. [92] ABC and CBS followed suit and over half of their combined prime-time programming also moved to color that season, but they were still reluctant to telecast all their programming in color due to production costs. [91] All three broadcast networks were airing full color prime time schedules by the 1966–67 broadcast season , and ABC aired its last new black-and-white daytime programming in December 1967. [93] Public broadcasting networks like NET , however, did not use color for a majority of their programming until 1968. The number of color television sets sold in the US did not exceed black-and-white sales until 1972, which was also the first year that more than fifty percent of television households in the US had a color set. [94] This was also the year that "in color" notices before color television programs ended [ citation needed ] , due to the rise in color television set sales, and color programming having become the norm.
In a display of foresight, Disney had filmed many of its earlier shows in color so they were able to be repeated on NBC, and since most of Disney's feature-length films were also made in color, they could now also be telecast in that format. To emphasize the new feature, the series was re-dubbed Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color , which premiered in September 1961, and retained that moniker until 1969. [95]
By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. [ citation needed ] These black-and-white displays were still compatible with color signals and remained usable through the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st Century for uses that did not require a full color display. The digital television transition in the United States in 2009 rendered the remaining black-and-white television sets obsolete; all digital television receivers are capable of displaying full color.
Color broadcasting in Hawaii started on May 5, 1957. [96] One of the last television stations in North America to convert to color, WQEX (now WINP-TV) in Pittsburgh , started broadcasting in color on October 16, 1986, after its black-and-white transmitter, which dated from the 1950s, broke down in February 1985 and the parts required to fix it were no longer available. The owner of WQEX, PBS member station WQED , used some of its pledge money to buy a color transmitter. [ citation needed ]
Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice, they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of GE's relatively compact and lightweight Porta-Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Also in 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. [ citation needed ]
The first two color television broadcasts in Europe were made by early tests in France ( SECAM ) between 1963 and 1966, then officially launched in October 1967 and by the UK 's BBC2 beginning on 1 July 1967 and West Germany 's Das Erste and ZDF in August, both using the PAL system. They were followed by the Netherlands in September (PAL). On 1 October 1968, the first scheduled television program in color was broadcast in Switzerland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, East Germany , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary all started regular color broadcasts around 1969–1970. Ireland's national TV station RTÉ began using color in 1968 for recorded programs; the first outside broadcast made in color for RTÉ Television was when Ireland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin in 1971 . [97] The PAL system spread through most of Western Europe.
More European countries introduced color television using the PAL system in the 1970s and early 1980s; examples include Belgium (1971), Bulgaria (1971, but not fully implemented until 1972), SFR Yugoslavia (1971), Spain (1972, but not fully implemented until 1977), Iceland (1973, but not fully implemented until 1976), Portugal (1975, but not fully implemented until 1980), Albania (1981), Turkey (1981) and Romania (1983, but not fully implemented until 1985–1991). In Italy there were debates to adopt a national color television system, the ISA , developed by Indesit , but that idea was scrapped. As a result, and after a test during the 1972 Summer Olympics , Italy was one of the last European countries to officially adopt the PAL system in the 1976–1977 season. [98]
France , Luxembourg, and most of the Eastern Bloc along with their overseas territories opted for SECAM . SECAM was a popular choice in countries with much hilly terrain, and countries with a very large installed base of older monochrome equipment, which could cope much better with the greater ruggedness of the SECAM signal. However, for many countries the decision was more down to politics than technical merit.
A drawback of SECAM for production is that, unlike PAL or NTSC, certain post-production operations of encoded SECAM signals are not really possible without a significant drop in quality. As an example, a simple fade to black is trivial in NTSC and PAL: one merely reduces the signal level until it is zero. However, in SECAM the color difference signals, which are frequency modulated, need first to be decoded to e.g. RGB, then the fade-to-black is applied, and finally the resulting signal is re-encoded into SECAM. Because of this, much SECAM video editing was actually done using PAL equipment, then the resultant signal was converted to SECAM. Another drawback of SECAM is that comb filtering , allowing better color separation, is of limited use in SECAM receivers. This was not, however, much of a drawback in the early days of SECAM as such filters were not readily available in high-end TV sets before the 1990s.
The first regular color broadcasts in SECAM were started on October 1, 1967, on France's Second Channel (ORTF 2e chaîne) . In France and the UK color broadcasts were made on 625-line UHF frequencies, the VHF band being used for black and white, 405 lines in UK or 819 lines in France, until the beginning of the 1980s. Countries elsewhere that were already broadcasting 625-line monochrome on VHF and UHF, simply transmitted color programs on the same channels.
Some British television programs, particularly those made by or for ITC Entertainment , were shot on color film before the introduction of color television to the UK, for the purpose of sales to US networks. The first British show to be made in color was the drama series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot (1956–57), which was initially made in black and white but later shot in color for sale to the NBC network in the United States. Other British color television programs made before the introduction of color television in the UK include Stingray (1964–1965), which was the first British TV show to be filmed entirely in color, Thunderbirds (1965–1966), The Baron (1966–1967), The Saint (from 1966 to 1969), The Avengers (from 1967 to 1969), Man in a Suitcase (1967–1968), The Prisoner (1967–1968) and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–1968). However, most UK series predominantly made using videotape, such as Doctor Who (1963–89; 2005–present) did not begin color production until later, with the first color Doctor Who episodes not airing until 1970. (The first four, comprising the story Spearhead from Space , were shot on film owing to a technician's strike, with videotape being used thereafter). Although marginal, some UK viewers are still using black and white tv sets. The number of black and white licenses issued was 212000 in 2000 and 6586 in 2019. [99]
The last country in Europe to introduce color television was Georgia in 1984.
In Japan , NHK and NTV introduced color television, using a variation of the NTSC system (called NTSC-J ) on September 10, 1960, making it the first country in Asia to introduce color television. The Philippines (1966) and Taiwan (1969) also adopted the NTSC system.
Other countries in the region instead used the PAL system, starting with Australia (1967, originally scheduled for 1972, but not fully implemented until 1975–1978), and then Thailand (1967–1969; this country converted from 525-line NTSC to 625-line PAL), Hong Kong (1967), the People's Republic of China (1971), New Zealand (1973), North Korea (1974), Singapore (1974), Pakistan (1976, but not fully implemented until 1982), Kazakhstan (1977), Vietnam (1977), Malaysia (1978, but not fully implemented until 1980), Indonesia (1979), India (1979, but not fully implemented until 1982–1986), Burma (1980), and Bangladesh (1980). South Korea did not introduce color television (using NTSC ) until 1980–1981, although it was already manufacturing color television sets for export. The last country in Asia and the world to introduce color television was Cambodia in 1986.
Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL. The first country in the Middle East to introduce color television was Iraq in 1967. Jordan and Oman, become second in the early-1970s. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar followed in the mid-1970s, but Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus continued to broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s. Israeli television even erased the color signals using a device called the mehikon .
The first color television service in Africa was introduced on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar , in 1973, using PAL. [100] In 1973 also, MBC of Mauritius broadcast the OCAMM Conference, in color, using SECAM. At the time, South Africa did not have a television service at all, owing to opposition from the apartheid regime, but in 1976, one was finally launched . [101] Nigeria adopted PAL for color transmissions in 1974 in the Benue Plateau state in the north central region of the country, but countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe continued with black and white until 1984. [102] The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service (SLBS) started television broadcasting in 1963 as a cooperation between the SLBS and commercial interests; coverage was extended to all districts in 1978 when the service was also upgraded to color. [103]
Unlike most other countries in the Americas, which had adopted NTSC , Brazil began broadcasting in color using PAL-M , on February 19, 1972. Ecuador was the first South American country to broadcast in color using NTSC , on November 5, 1974. In 1978, Argentina started international broadcasting in color using PAL-B in connection with the country's hosting of the FIFA World Cup . However domestic color broadcasting remained black & white until May 1 1980 when regular broadcasting started using PAL-N , a variation of PAL-B specially suited for Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
Some other countries in South America, including Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay [1981], didn't broadcast full-time color television until the early 1980s.
Cor Dillen , director and later CEO of the South American branch of Philips , was responsible for bringing color television to South America. [ citation needed ]
There are three main analog broadcast television systems in use around the world, PAL (Phase Alternating Line), NTSC (National Television System Committee), and SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire—Sequential Color with Memory).
The system used in The Americas and part of the Far East is NTSC. Most of Asia, Western Europe, Australia, Africa, and Eastern South America use PAL (though Brazil uses a hybrid PAL-M system). Eastern Europe and France uses SECAM. [104] Generally, a device (such as a television) can only read or display video encoded to a standard that the device is designed to support; otherwise, the source must be converted (such as when European programs are broadcast in North America or vice versa).
This table illustrates the differences: [105]
|NTSC M||PAL B,G,H||PAL I||PAL N||PAL M||SECAM B,G,H||SECAM D,K,K'||SECAM L|
|Lines/Fields||525/60||625/50||625/50||625/50||525/60||625/50||625/50||625/50|
|Horizontal Frequency||15.734 kHz||15.625 kHz||15.625 kHz||15.625 kHz||15.750 kHz||15.625 kHz||15.625 kHz||15.625 kHz|
|Vertical Frequency||60 Hz||50 Hz||50 Hz||50 Hz||60 Hz||50 Hz||50 Hz||50 Hz|
|Color Subcarrier Frequency||3.579545 MHz||4.43361875 MHz||4.43361875 MHz||3.582056 MHz||3.575611 MHz||4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1]||4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1]||4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1]|
|Video Bandwidth||4.2 MHz||5.0 MHz||5.5 MHz||4.2 MHz||4.2 MHz||5.0 MHz||6.0 MHz||6.0 MHz|
|Sound Carrier||4.5 MHz||5.5 MHz||5.9996 MHz||4.5 MHz||4.5 MHz||5.5 MHz||6.5 MHz||6.5 MHz|
|Video Modulation||Negative||Negative||Negative||Negative||Negative||Negative||Negative||Positive|
[1] For SECAM the color sub-carrier alternates between 4.25000 MHz for the lines containing the Db color signal and 4.40625 MHz for the Dr signal (both are frequency modulated unlike both PAL and NTSC, which are phase modulated). The frequency of the sub-carrier is the only means that the decoder has of determining which color difference signal is actually being transmitted.
Digital television broadcasting standards, such as ATSC , DVB-T , DVB-T2 , and ISDB , have superseded these analog transmission standards in many countries.
- ^ A Concise Encyclopedia of Zimbabwe , Donatus Bonde, Mambo Press, 1988, page 410
- ^ World Broadcasting: A Comparative View , Alan Wells, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, page 173
- ^ http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html World TV standards.
- ^ CCIR Report 308-2 Characteristics of Monochrome Television Systems (All characteristics are identical between the monochrome system and the superimposed color variant with the exception of the color subcarrier frequency.
- "Block diagram of color television sets" . dmcitarsi.com . Archived from the original on December 6, 2013 . Retrieved November 29, 2013 .
- Wells, Alan (1997). World Broadcasting: A Comparative View . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 173. ISBN 1-56750-245-8 .
- Shubilla, Thom "Beefstew" (2022). Primetime 1966-1967: The Full Spectrum Television's First All-Color Season . McFarland . ISBN 978-1476683447 .
- "Television in Color" . Popular Mechanics . April 1944. One of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television.
- "TV Color Controversy" . Life . February 27, 1950. About the FCC debating which color television system to approve for US broadcasts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | Do You Know the Year the First Color Television Program Aired? | - Share
Updated on March 16, 2020
On June 25, 1951, CBS broadcast the very first commercial color TV program. Unfortunately, it nearly went unwatched since most people had only black-and-white televisions.
In 1950, there were two companies vying to be the first to create color TVs—CBS and RCA. When the FCC tested the two systems, the CBS system was approved, while the RCA system failed to pass because of low picture quality.
With the approval from the FCC on October 11, 1950, CBS hoped that manufacturers would start producing their new color TVs only to find nearly all of them resisting production. The more CBS pushed for production, the more hostile the manufacturers became.
The CBS system was disliked for three reasons. First, it was considered too expensive to make. Second, the image flickered. Third, since it was incompatible with black-and-white sets, it would make the 8 million sets already owned by the public obsolete.
RCA, on the other hand, was working on a system that would be compatible with black-and-white sets, they just needed more time to perfect their rotating-disk technology. In an aggressive move, RCA sent out 25,000 letters to television dealers condemning any of them that might sell CBS's "incompatible, degraded" televisions. RCA also sued CBS, slowing down CBS's advancement in the sale of color TVs.
In the meantime, CBS started "Operation Rainbow," where it tried to popularize color television (preferably its own color televisions). The company placed color televisions in department stores and other places where large groups of people might gather. CBS also talked about manufacturing its own televisions, if it had to.
It was RCA, however, that ultimately won the color TV war. On December 17, 1953, RCA had improved its system enough to gain FCC approval. This RCA system taped a program in three colors (red, green, and blue) and then these were broadcast to television sets. RCA also managed to minimize the bandwidth needed to broadcast color programming.
To prevent black-and-white sets from becoming obsolete, adapters were created that could be attached to black-and-white sets to convert color programming into black and white. These adapters allowed black-and-white sets to stay usable for decades to come.
This first color program was a variety show simply called, "Premiere." The show featured such celebrities as Ed Sullivan , Garry Moore, Faye Emerson, Arthur Godfrey, Sam Levenson, Robert Alda, and Isabel Bigley—many of whom hosted their own shows in the 1950s.
"Premiere" aired from 4:35 to 5:34 p.m. but only reached four cities: Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. Although the colors were not quite true to life, the first program was a success.
Two days later, on June 27, 1951, CBS began airing the first regularly scheduled color television series, "The World Is Yours!" with Ivan T. Sanderson. Sanderson was a Scottish naturalist who had spent most of his life traveling the world and collecting animals; thus, the program featured Sanderson discussing artifacts and animals from his travels. "The World Is Yours!" aired on weeknights from 4:30 to 5 p.m.
On August 11, 1951, a month and a half after "The World Is Yours!" made its debut, CBS aired the first baseball game in color. The game was between the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Boston Braves at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York: the Braves won, 8-4.
Despite these early successes with color programming, the adoption of color television was a slow one. It wasn't until the 1960s that the public began buying color TVs in earnest and in the 1970s, the American public finally started purchasing more color TV sets than black-and-white ones.
Interestingly, sales of new black-and-white TV sets lingered on even into the 1980s. | https://www.thoughtco.com/color-tv-invented-1779335 | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | December 30, 1953...The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale - Eyes Of A Generation...Television's Living History | December 30, 1953…The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale
On December 17, 1953, the FCC approved the National Television System Committee’s recommendation of the RCA Dot Sequential color system.
With the New Year’s Day Rose Parade just ahead, RCA pulled all the stops to broadcast it in color, and set up 20 target markets for special color viewing events, from coast to coast.
Remember, at the time, there were no color sets available to the public, and the only people who had ever seen color television were those that had seen RCA’s experimental broadcasts at the RCA Showcase in Rockefeller Plaza.
So the event could be seen, RCA rushed 200 pre-production receivers to a few to their top dealers in each city for this special event’s viewing parties, which were mostly held in darkened hotel ballrooms. Most events had several black and white 21″ sets with color sets between them. This not only showed the difference, but with the small 12″ color screens, helped with detail.
About one third of the local stations (the NBC O&O stations) in the target markets had color transmitters, but for those target markets that could not transmit in color, RCA had AT&T provide a color line to the display venues.
The target cities were, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, Omaha, St. Paul, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Johnstown, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Wilkesbarre, New York and New Haven.
The RCA sets were the Model 5 prototypes with a dark cherry finish, and with only a few minor adjustments, it went on to become the CT-100 which was the first mass produced RCA color set. Starting March 25, 1954, 5,000 CT-100’s were manufactured in RCA’s Bloomington, Indiana plant.
Also shown here in a light wood finish is the Admiral C1617A which went to market the same day, as RCA was not the only set manufacturer with chips in the color game.
In April of ’54, the first 25 mass produced RCA TK40 color cameras began to be shipped. Prior to this, there were only four prototypes at the Colonial Theater in New York.
By the way, the sets sold for just over $1,000, which is the equivalent of $8,800 now. Neither Admiral or RCA were expecting to sell many receivers, but they wanted the public to know that color was here to stay and who to turn to when the time was right. -Bobby Ellerbee | https://eyesofageneration.com/december-30-1953-the-first-color-tv-sets-go-on-sale/ | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | 65 Years Ago Today: The First Color TVs Arrive | Even though 4K TVs have been on the market for less than five years, numerous companies will announce they’ll start selling 8K TVs at CES next week. This despite the fact that less than half of U.S. homes own a 4K TV, and there’s no 4K programming available yet on U.S. broadcast TV networks.
A mite premature? That’s how it must have seemed to the public 65 years ago when, on December 30, 1953, Admiral and RCA put the first color televisions up for sale. At the time, TV itself was only a few years old, less than half of U.S. homes had a TV, and there was barely any color programming to watch and wouldn’t be for nearly a decade.
From its earliest imaginings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, TV innovators included color in their dreams and patent applications. In 1928, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird was the first to demonstrate color TV, a mechanical system employing a Nipkow wheel , followed by a similar system from Bell Labs in 1929 . But most TV development over the next 10 years centered on establishing a monochrome TV standard. In 1940, the FCC created a new body, the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), as an objective adjudicator to approve a unified electronic TV system.
Just as TV standards were being negotiated, CBS, led by its star engineer Peter Goldmark , made the first mark in all-electronic color TV with a series of demonstrations in 1940-41. According to Susan Murray in her excellent and exhaustive recent book, Bright Signals: A History of Color TV , it was “an effort to both boost their corporate image as a technological innovator and hopefully delay the approval of the RCA-backed black and white standard for television.” But the FCC went ahead and approved the now-familiar 525-line NTSC standard in 1941. World War II then put a stop to all further TV development, black-and-white and color.
Color TV development picked up immediately after the war. CBS and NBC, along with a host of other color pretenders, refined their technologies, ran myriad field tests, and made multiple presentations to government committees. On October 11, 1950, the FCC approved the CBS system.
The CBS color standard required an ungainly color converter wheel, and it was incompatible with the existing NTSC monochrome scanning system. To overcome this incompatibility, the FCC required that TV makers produce sets capable of receiving both black-and-white and non-compatible color signals, a requirement that TV makers understandably loathed. A few days after the FCC order, RCA — the nation’s leading TV manufacturer and the owner of NBC — filed suit in federal court.
On May 28, 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC’s decision. But while CBS may have won the battle, it lost the color war. During the seven-month court battle, publicity from the case made consumers aware of CBS’ system incompatibility, while RCA increased its TV market share by 50 percent and was able to refine its color system. On December 17, 1953, the FCC reversed itself and announced a new NTSC color standard — essentially, the RCA system.
Two weeks later, RCA rushed out 200 prototype 15-inch Model 5 sets to its top dealers around the country for viewing parties of the upcoming New Year’s Day Rose Bowl Parade. NBC was broadcasting the parade in living color , the first nationwide color broadcast. The Model 5, which can be seen — and watched — at the Early TV Museum in Hilliard, OH, would become the factory-produced CT-100 priced at $1,000 — around $9,500 today — when it went on sale the following spring. Admiral also started selling its 15-inch C1617A color set the same day for $1,175, around $11,000 today.
Not surprisingly, color was not nearly the hit that 4K is, or as 8K likely will be. Time magazine proclaimed color TV to be “ the most resounding industrial flop of 1956 .” It wasn’t until 1968 that most prime time shows on the three major networks were broadcast in color, and not until 1972 that sales of color TVs surpass those of black-and-white models.
Whether it will take 15 years for networks to broadcast shows in 4K or 8K remains to be seen. | https://www.soundandvision.com/content/65-years-ago-today-first-color-tvs-arrive | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | Dec. 30, 1953: The First Compatible Color TV Sets Go on Sale for $1,000 (Around $9,500 Today) | On June 25, 1951, CBS broadcast the very first commercial color TV program. Unfortunately, nearly no one could watch it since most people had only black-and-white televisions.
In 1950, there were two companies vying to be the first to create color TVs –– CBS and RCA. When the FCC tested the two systems, the CBS system was approved, while the RCA system failed to pass because of low picture quality.
With the approval from the FCC on October 11, 1950, CBS hoped that manufacturers would start producing their new color TVs only to find nearly all of them resisting production. The more CBS pushed for production, the more hostile the manufacturers became.
RCA, on the other hand, was working on a system that would be compatible with black-and-white sets, they just needed more time to perfect their rotating-disk technology. In an aggressive move, RCA sent out 25,000 letters to television dealers condemning any of them that might sell CBS’s “incompatible, degraded” televisions. RCA also sued CBS, slowing down CBS’s advancement in the sale of color TVs.
In the meantime, CBS started “Operation Rainbow,” where they tried to popularize color television (preferably their color televisions). They placed color televisions in department stores and other places where large groups of people might gather. They also talked about manufacturing their televisions, if they had to.
On May 28, 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC’s decision. But while CBS may have won the battle, it lost the color war. During the seven-month court battle, publicity from the case made consumers aware of CBS’ system incompatibility, while RCA increased its TV market share by 50 percent and was able to refine its color system. On December 17, 1953, the FCC reversed itself and announced a new NTSC color standard — essentially, the RCA system.
Two weeks later, RCA rushed out 200 prototype 15-inch Model 5 sets to its top dealers around the country for viewing parties of the upcoming New Year’s Day Rose Bowl Parade. NBC was broadcasting the parade in living color, the first nationwide color broadcast. The Model 5, which can be seen and watched at the Early TV Museum in Hilliard, OH, would become the factory-produced CT-100 priced at $1,000 (around $9,500 today) when it went on sale the following spring. Admiral also started selling its 15-inch C1617A color set the same day for $1,175 (around $11,000 today).
TIME magazine proclaimed color TV to be “the most resounding industrial flop of 1956.” It wasn’t until 1968 that most prime time shows on the three major networks were broadcast in color, and not until 1972 that sales of color TVs surpass those of black-and-white models. | https://vintagenewsdaily.com/dec-30-1953-the-first-compatible-color-tv-sets-go-on-sale-for-1000-around-9500-today/ | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | March 25, 1954: RCA TVs Get the Color for Money | RCA's CT-100 was the first color-TV set for consumers. It offered low quality at a high price. Courtesy RCA 1954: RCA begins production of its first color-TV set for consumers, the CT-100. It's destined to become a costly classic. The RCA set had a 15-inch screen and sold for $1,000, which has the buying power […]
RCA's CT-100 was the first color-TV set for consumers. It offered low quality at a high price.
Courtesy RCA __1954: __RCA begins production of its first color-TV set for consumers, the CT-100. It's destined to become a costly classic.
Admiral and Westinghouse sets had beaten RCA to the market by months and weeks, respectively, and they were expensive, too. The Westinghouse went for $1,295 -- more than $10,000 in today's money.
It was the RCA standard -- with its backward compatibility to existing black-and-white broadcasts -- that came to define the market. Few families wanted to clutter their living rooms with one box for color and another for black-and-white.
But compatible color required packing two sets of circuits into one TV console. That complexity not only explained some of the cost, it also contributed to an image that was often blurry and ridden with ghosts.
Advertisement
Consumer Reports warned the model was fit just for what these days we'd call early adopters: "Only an inveterate [and well-heeled] experimenter should let the advertisements seduce him into being 'among the very first' to own a color-TV set."
A 1954 New York Times headline should sound familiar to modern ears: " Set Buying Lags -- Public Seen Awaiting Larger Screens, Lower Prices ."
So RCA rolled out its 21-inch 21CT55 in November 1954 at 'just' $895 (over $7,000 today). Nonetheless, the company was apparently losing money on every set it sold. It would take years of price drops and technical improvement before color TV was no longer a plaything of the rich.
In a 64-gadget playoff bracket in 2007 , the readers of Wired magazine named the RCA CT-100 as the Greatest Gadget of All Time.
(Source: Various) | https://www.wired.com/2008/03/dayintech-0325/ | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | Colour television | Description, History, & Developments | colour television , the electronic delivery of sound and moving colour images produced via the transmission of sound and colour signals from a source to a receiver. The technical standards for modern colour television were first established in the middle of the 20th century. Improvements have been made continuously since that time, and in the early 21st century colour television technology changed considerably, owing particularly to advances in digital television, which largely replaced analog television technology. For more information about television technology and historical developments, see television .
In the late 19th century Russian scientist A.A. Polumordvinov devised a system of spinning Nipkow disks and concentric cylinders with slits covered by red, green, and blue filters. But he was far ahead of the technology of the day; even the most basic black-and-white television was decades away. In 1928 John Logie Baird gave demonstrations in London of a colour system using a Nipkow disk with three spirals of 30 apertures , one spiral for each primary colour in sequence. The light source at the receiver was composed of two gas-discharge tubes, one of mercury vapour and helium for the green and blue colours and a neon tube for red. The quality, however, was poor.
In the early 20th century many inventors designed colour systems that looked sound on paper but that required technology of the future. Their basic concept was later called the “sequential” system, which proposed to scan pictures with successive filters coloured red, blue, and green. An alternative approach—practically much more difficult, even daunting at first—would be a “simultaneous” system, which would transmit the three primary-colour signals together and which would also be compatible with existing black-and-white receivers. In 1924 Harold McCreary designed an alternative “simultaneous” system using cathode-ray tubes and a separate cathode-ray camera to scan each of the three primary-colour components of a picture. McCreary’s system failed to work as well. In 1929 Herbert Ives and colleagues at Bell Laboratories transmitted 50-line colour television images between New York City and Washington, D.C.; this was a mechanical method, using spinning disks, but one that sent the three primary-colour signals simultaneously over three separate circuits.
After World War II the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS; later CBS Broadcasting Inc. ) began demonstrating its own sequential colour system, designed by Peter Goldmark . In 1957 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission approved CBS’s colour television and corresponding broadcast standards for immediate commercial use. However, out of 12 million television sets in existence, only some two dozen could receive the CBS colour signal, and after only a few months the broadcasts were abandoned. In June 1951 David Sarnoff , vice president and general manager of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA; later RCA Corporation ), unveiled a system that used dichroic mirrors to separate the blue, red, and green components of the original image and focus each component on its own monochrome camera tube. The RCA colour system was compatible with existing black-and-white television sets.
In 1952 the U.S. National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) set a goal of creating an “industry color system.” The NTSC system that would serve into the 21st century was virtually the RCA system. The first RCA colour TV set, the CT-100, was produced in early 1954. It had a 12-inch screen and cost $1,000, as compared with current 21-inch black-and-white sets selling for $300. It was not until the 1960s that colour television became profitable. By the early 1980s, colour television sets had largely supplanted the use of black-and-white televisions.
By the first part of the 21st century, digital television, which had emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s, had rendered black-and-white and colour television sets nearly obsolete . Among the first large full-colour digital flat-screen televisions made available to consumers, in the late 1990s, were plasma televisions, which utilized liquid crystal displays . Plasma televisions were quickly replaced, however, by other technologies, such as light-emitting diode ( LED ) high-definition televisions (HDTVs). Such HDTVs have various advantages over traditional colour television sets, including a sleek flat-screen design and far superior image resolution. | https://www.britannica.com/technology/color-television | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | The History of Television (or, How Did This Get So Big?) | The television has exploded at a greater than exponential growth rate from 1950 to the 1970s. This growth has propelled the television to almost 1 billion units in the late 90s. From its lowly start at an RCA research lab, to becoming the throne of the living room, the television has changed dramatically, but it remained true to its original utility, delivering images to a screen.
The television has exploded at a greater than exponential growth rate from 1950 to the 1970s. This growth has propelled the television to almost 1 billion units in the late 90s. From its lowly start at an RCA research lab, to becoming the throne of the living room, the television has changed dramatically, but it remained true to its original utility, delivering images to a screen.
Jan 13th issue of the Herald fronts the television
The first "television" system broadcast was a straight-line by Philo Farnsworth on September 7th, 1927. The press was presented with this scientific breakthrough on January 13, 1928 and it even headlined a few major nationwide papers. Needless to say, a straight line was not mass marketable, hence by the end of the 1920s there were only a few dozen televisions in the world. All of these were in research labs.
In 1936, RCA demonstrates an all- electronic, 343 line/30 frames per second, television broadcast signaling the arrival of a completely functional television system. That summer lead to the first major broadcast using this new medium, the Berlin Summer Olympic Games, which were televised by Telefunken using RCA equipment. Another major broadcaster rises to prominence as the BBC starts the "world's first public, regular, high-definition Television station" on November 2nd.
England's BBC led the forefront of television consumption in the late 30s, with broadcasts of the coronation of King George VI and Wimbledon leading to 9,000 television sets being sold (2) . During the late 30s, the US had 18 experimental stations running.
During the 1939 World's Fair David Sarnoff, president of RCA, unveiled the first commercial publicly accessible television broadcast. In Flushing NY, he proclaimed "Now we add sight to sound" and during the opening ceremonies of the fair on April 30th, FDR became the first president to ever be televised. TV sets went on sale to the public the very next day, and RCA/NBC began regular broadcasts on a daily basis. By the end of the 30s, there were a few hundred televisions in America.
The next major step in television broadcasting came on July 1st, 1941 when the FCC authorized commercial broadcasting. NBC had the first commercial ever with a 10 second watch commercial which made them $7.00. On December 7th, Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese, which became the first major news story broken by television.
During World War II most research went to the war, but the research done on communications (notably radar) translated directly to the television and lead to improved television design. All television production is banned for the war, and NBC cancels their commercial television schedule and begins to broadcast on a limited basis. England does away with all television when broadcasting stops until June 7th, 1946.
The RCA television center at the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing, NY
After the war ends, television sales become much more popular in the US with the 630-TS model by RCA selling over 43,000 units. Television slowly becomes ingrained into the fabric of American life. The first telecast of a World Series Game was on September 30th, 1947: The New York Yankees vs. the Brooklyn Dodgers. Harry Truman becomes the first president to make a television address from the White House on October 5th. Howdy Doody, the first children-targeted show begins its run on December 29th, 1947 on NBC.
In 1948, television production begins to grow greatly. By July of 1948, there are 350,000 TV sets in the USA. Notably 3/4 of them are in eastern network cities, and half of them are around New York City. This was the case because without a signal, the television was useless and very few cities outside of the northeast had a clear signal to original programming.
Money and sponsorships started to become very important in television broadcasts. A study found that 68% of viewers remember the names of program's sponsors (3) so this spurred advertisers to sponsor more events. Gillette, for instance, paid over $100,000 ($1.1 million today) for the rights to televise the Louis-Walcott return boxing match and the television rights for baseball games in New York City cost $700,000 ($7.7 million.)
Continuing the phenomenal growth, 2 million television sets were in American homes in 1948 (of which 720,000 were in New York City alone.) On September 4th, 1951 the first coast-to-coast telecast was aired as President Truman spoke to 13 million television sets.
Televisions were still mostly found in cities simply because the television stations were only found in cities (especially New York.) However, in the late 1940s a resident in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania named John Walson came up with the idea of building a transmitter on top of the mountain between Philadelphia and his town. After this transmitter was purchased, he began to offer television through coaxial cable to his town members. This proved to be so effective that the Governor of Pennsylvania spearheaded a master cable system that allowed signals from New York and Washington to be "imported" to his entire state.
The next big innovation came in April of 1954 when RCA introduced a color television set. It initially failed to be popular with only 5,000 selling in the first year. Notably, this adoption rate was much higher than the original television sales (although it isn't until 1964 when one million color televisions a year are sold.) Following this production landmark, NBC announces that all but two prime time shows will be broadcast in color.
Television continued its meteoric growth throughout the 70s and 80s. Cable television became more popular as the concept of pay-service-cable debuted with the introduction of the Home Box Office, HBO. Current innovations include the introduction of digital broadcasting (with it's multitude of channels) and High-Definition Television (HDTV.) Television is still making history today, with the first HDTV broadcast ever by CBS's flagship New York station, WCBS-TV, in December 1996. The television has exploded at a greater than exponential growth rate from 1950 to the 1970s. This growth has propelled the television to almost 1 billion units in the late 90s. From its lowly start at an RCA research lab, to becoming the throne of the living room, the television has changed dramatically, but it remained true to its original utility, delivering images to a screen. | https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~pjs54/Teaching/AutomaticLifestyle-S02/Projects/Vlku/history.html | 70 |
when did the first color tv go on sale | December 30, 1953...The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale - Eyes Of A Generation...Television's Living History | December 30, 1953…The First Color TV Sets Go On Sale
On December 17, 1953, the FCC approved the National Television System Committee’s recommendation of the RCA Dot Sequential color system.
With the New Year’s Day Rose Parade just ahead, RCA pulled all the stops to broadcast it in color, and set up 20 target markets for special color viewing events, from coast to coast.
Remember, at the time, there were no color sets available to the public, and the only people who had ever seen color television were those that had seen RCA’s experimental broadcasts at the RCA Showcase in Rockefeller Plaza.
So the event could be seen, RCA rushed 200 pre-production receivers to a few to their top dealers in each city for this special event’s viewing parties, which were mostly held in darkened hotel ballrooms. Most events had several black and white 21″ sets with color sets between them. This not only showed the difference, but with the small 12″ color screens, helped with detail.
About one third of the local stations (the NBC O&O stations) in the target markets had color transmitters, but for those target markets that could not transmit in color, RCA had AT&T provide a color line to the display venues.
The target cities were, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, Omaha, St. Paul, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Johnstown, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Wilkesbarre, New York and New Haven.
The RCA sets were the Model 5 prototypes with a dark cherry finish, and with only a few minor adjustments, it went on to become the CT-100 which was the first mass produced RCA color set. Starting March 25, 1954, 5,000 CT-100’s were manufactured in RCA’s Bloomington, Indiana plant.
Also shown here in a light wood finish is the Admiral C1617A which went to market the same day, as RCA was not the only set manufacturer with chips in the color game.
In April of ’54, the first 25 mass produced RCA TK40 color cameras began to be shipped. Prior to this, there were only four prototypes at the Colonial Theater in New York.
By the way, the sets sold for just over $1,000, which is the equivalent of $8,800 now. Neither Admiral or RCA were expecting to sell many receivers, but they wanted the public to know that color was here to stay and who to turn to when the time was right. -Bobby Ellerbee | https://eyesofageneration.com/december-30-1953-the-first-color-tv-sets-go-on-sale/ | 70 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Former name
|Palace of Fine Arts|
|Established||1933|
|Location|| 5700 South Lake Shore Drive |
(at East 57th Street),
Chicago, Illinois , U.S., 60637
|Type||Science and technology museum|
|Visitors||1.5 million (2016) [1]|
|Public transit access|| CTA Bus routes : |
Routes 6 and 28
(to 56th Street and Hyde Park Boulevard)
Route 10
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Route 55
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Metra Train :
55th–56th-57th Street Station
(between Stony Island and Lake Park Avenues)
|Website|| www |
|Designated||November 1, 1995|
The Museum of Science and Industry ( MSI ) is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois , in Jackson Park , in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago . It is housed in the Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition .
Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine , German submarine U-505 captured during World War II , a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8 , and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ( Pioneer Zephyr ).
The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. During the fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metal work from around the world. [2]
Unlike the other " White City " buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade.
After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History . When the Field Museum moved to a new building five miles north in the Near South Side in 1920, the palace was left vacant.
School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District ) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum.
At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw .
Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich , which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.
Sewell Avery , another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert , then the science editor of The New York Times , because he shared Rosenwald's vision.
He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington , and the Technical Museum in Vienna , all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago , which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition . Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid .
In 1992, due to increased attendance, the museum started planning its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. [3] Construction of the underground parking lot was finished in July 1998. [4]
For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free, although some exhibits such as the Coal Mine and U-505 required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. [5] [6] Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year. [7]
On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry after a donation of $125 million from the now former Chicago billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin . It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, [8] [9] effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to the complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America." [10] Chevy Humphrey became president and CEO of the private, non-profit [11] museum in January 2021. [12]
The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and U-505 ) requires the payment of an additional fee. [6]
The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr , is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, but it was restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot.
German submarine U-505 is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II , [13] and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the only one in the United States. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 after 50 years of being displayed outdoors, and was then moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005. Displayed in an underground shed, it remains as a popular exhibit for visitors, as well as a memorial to all the casualties of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Guided tours of the submarine are offered for an additional fee. Near the U-505 there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device . Both have U-505 designs.
MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman , James Lovell and William Anders , to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter 's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft and a lunar module trainer.
Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is a domed theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the theater is made of perforated aluminum, allowing the speakers mounted behind the screen to be heard throughout the theater.
The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere . The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing how much of the food we eat comes from soybeans, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink.
A transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars.
"Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago . The exhibit requires an additional fee.
Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; and the former "Circus" exhibit, featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors. The Circus exhibit was closed in September 2022.
Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore 's Fairy Castle "doll's house" is on display.
Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains an interactive theater and stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio, spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns. [14]
It also contains a mirror maze to help emphasize the geometric patterns that can be utilized.
The Transportation Zone contains several permanent exhibits.
The Great Train Story is a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) HO-scale model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle . [15]
The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket , which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour.
The 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive was alleged to be the first vehicle to exceed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) in 1893, although no reliable measurement ever took place (and such a speed was likely impossible). [a] Designed to win the battle of express trains to the World's Columbian Exhibition , it was donated to the museum by the New York Central in 1962. The locomotive was located outside the museum until 1993, when extensive restoration took place and it was moved indoors as an exhibit in the Transportation Zone.
A replica of the Wright Brothers first airplane, the Wright Flyer , is on display.
Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire . Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship , nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying.
"Take Flight" features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines , with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access.
In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit. [17] This multilevel exhibit features a 40-foot (12 m) water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil , heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle , the color spectrum , and Foucault pendulum . All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world. [18]
In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive. "Genetics: Decoding Life," looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants.
The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. [19] About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between the museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox , Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. [20] [21] There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017. [22]
"ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive " Fab Lab MSI " is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything".
The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee. [23]
"Yesterday's Main Street" is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants , and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are:
- Chicago Post Office
- Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and Photo Studio
- Gossard Corset Shop
- Jenner and Block Law office
- Lytton's Clothing Store
- Dr. John B. Murphy's office
- Walgreens Drug Company
Unlike the other shops, Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and are functional. Finnigan's serves an assortment of ice cream and The Cinema plays short silent films throughout the day.
In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing the history of the bicycle and how modern bikes continue to evolve.
"Reusable City" focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements . Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery".
The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart , which was removed in 2009 [24] for the construction of "YOU! the Experience", [25] which replaced it with a 13-foot-tall (4.0 m), interactive, 3D heart. [26] Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-thick (13 mm) slices) in the exhibit.
Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured.
An F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas , in 1993.
In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum .
"Telefun Town", a hall dedicated to the wonders of telephone communication, sponsored by the company then known as "The Bell Telephone Company", no longer exists.
In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee. [6] Exhibitions at MSI have included Titanic: The Exhibition , [27] which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS Titanic ; Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds , a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens; Game On , [28] which featured the history and culture of video games ; Leonardo da Vinci : Man, Inventor, Genius ; [29] CSI: The Experience ; Robots Like Us ; [30] City of the Future ; [31] Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination ; The Glass Experience ; Harry Potter: The Exhibition ; [32] Robot Revolution , which was sponsored by Google and featured numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers; [33] and four installments of Smart Home: Green + Wired , featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann . [34] The Science Behind Pixar exhibit opened May 24, 2018. [35] The Wired to Wear exhibit opened on March 21, 2019. [36] [37] [38] The touring exhibit Marvel: Universe of Super Heroes officially opened to the public on March 7, 2021. [39]
Yearly, from late November to early January, the museum hosts its Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light exhibit, featuring Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942 with just one tree to honor soldiers fighting in World War Two, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees.
- ^ Another contender is GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro . The claim of the Empire State Express has little supporting evidence; unlike City of Truro , there are no timings showing the acceleration up to 100 mph. Some contemporary American technical journals doubted that such a high speed had been attained: "Many are disposed to receive with doubt the statement that on 9 May the locomotive No. 999 of the New York Central railroad ran at the speed of 100 miles an hour, or that on a subsequent date she ran a single mile in 32 seconds". [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago) | 71 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | History - Museum of Science and Industry | The Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago (MSI) was founded in 1933 and has celebrated more than 85 years of “inspiring the inventive genius” in our more than 190 million guests. Below are some highlights of our hands-on history and a peek at the amazing exhibits, experiences and memories that make MSI so unique.
1893 The Palace of Fine Arts, the Museum’s current building, is constructed for the World’s Columbian Exposition, which opened the same year.
1911 Julius Rosenwald, a philanthropist and chairman of Sears, Roebuck and Company, visits Munich’s Deutsches Museum with his young son. The boy is captivated by the science museum where exhibits move, and visitors are encouraged to push buttons and work levers. The experience sparks Julius Rosenwald’s determination to bring a similar institution to his hometown of Chicago.
1926 Rosenwald pledges $3 million toward the creation of an industrial museum in Chicago and rallies the city’s business leaders in support of the project. Rosenwald dreams that the new museum will inspire the inventive genius in its guests, encouraging the next generation of engineers, scientists and doctors. Rosenwald identifies the old Palace of Fine Arts building in Jackson Park as a home for the planned Museum.
1933 On June 19, MSI opens its great doors for the first time. It is the first museum in North America to feature interactive exhibits. One of the Museum’s first hands-on displays is the Coal Mine .
1942 MSI opens its first Christmas Around the World celebration as a salute to the Allied nations in World War II.
1943 The 3,500-square-foot Santa Fe Model Railroad layout opens to explain the integration of the railroad with the country’s industry and agriculture. The exhibit is so popular it remains at MSI for the next 60 years, when The Great Train Story opens.
1949 Colleen Moore’s Fairy Castle becomes part of the Museum’s permanent collection.
1950 MSI’s giant walk-through heart opens to guests. It is constructed from plaster and chicken wire, and guests can stroll through the 16-foot structure to discover how the heart works. It quickly becomes a Museum favorite.
1954 The U- 505 Submarine arrives at the Museum. Guests are able to board the legendary German U-boat whose capture by the United States Navy helped the Allies win World War II. Today, this prized artifact is one of only five U-boats still in existence and the only one in the United States.
1956 The first baby chick is hatched at the Museum. Now located in the Genetics: Decoding Life exhibit, the Baby Chick Hatchery still excites and amazes guests.
1970 Black Creativity begins as a tribute to the culture, heritage and traditions of African Americans in the arts, with a focus on the Juried Art Exhibition and live performances.
1971 The Apollo 8 capsule arrives and becomes the centerpiece of a growing space exhibit at MSI.
1984 Black Creativity expands to celebrate the contributions of African Americans in the sciences, featuring an exhibit and educational programs.
1986 The Henry Crown Space Center opens.
1992 MSI lands a United Boeing 727 aircraft at Chicago’s Meigs Field. The 727 is later towed across Lake Michigan and over Lake Shore Drive to the Museum, where it is cantilevered to the east balcony as part of the Take Flight exhibit.
1994 Take Flight officially opens to the public as a permanent exhibit, explaining commercial flight and allowing guests to experience a simulated takeoff and landing.
1998 MSI opens an underground parking garage. The construction allows the Museum to restore its magnificent front lawn, which had previously been a parking lot. The newly conserved Pioneer Zephyr also opens and is showcased in its new exhibit area next to the garage.
2000 MSI opens the blockbuster Titanic exhibition and is the first institution to display artifacts from a recent dive to the legendary ship.
2002 The Great Train Story , a 3,500-square-foot model train exhibit that explores rail operations in America, opens. The permanent display replaces the beloved model railroad exhibit and features more than 20 trains racing along 1,400 feet of track on a cross-country trip between Chicago and Seattle.
2003 The Museum celebrates its 70th birthday and having welcomed more than 160 million guests in its history. The permanent exhibit and technological wonder ToyMaker 3000 opens, featuring an automated assembly line of 12 robots that make 300 toy tops an hour.
Live From the Heart debuts and gives Chicago high school students the chance to imagine themselves as cardiologists-in-training by participating in open-heart surgery live via video conference with Advocate Christ Medical Center in Oak Lawn, Ill.
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers’ first flight, a group builds a replica of the 1903 Wright Flyer and attempts to fly it on the Museum’s front lawn on Sept. 20. The plane never took off due to lack of wind. The replica—a 40-foot-wide biplane— is now part of MSI’s permanent collection.
2004 In April, as part of the largest restoration effort in the Museum’s history, the U- 505 German submarine is moved almost 1,000 feet and lowered into its new home on the northeast side of the Museum.
2005 In June, the new U-505 Submarine exhibit opens to the public. The Museum’s prized vessel is now part of an indoor, 35,000-square-foot interactive exhibit that tells the story of its dramatic capture.
Gunther von Hagens’ BODY WORLDS: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies , an exhibit that had awed more than 16 million people around the world with the complexity of the human body, makes its Midwest debut at MSI in February.
2006 MSI develops and opens Leonardo da Vinci: Man, Inventor Genius . This exhibit is the most comprehensive exhibit on Leonardo da Vinci to be presented in the United States.
2007 The Museum opens a renovated Transportation Gallery, which interprets the history of flight in a new, spectacular overhead display. The Farm exhibit becomes Farm Tech , a modernized exhibit addressing current farming technologies and improvements, and the Henry Crown Space Center is renovated to include new exhibits, interactive units and displays on the history and future of space travel.
The Wanger Family Fab Lab opens, one of the first in the world and the first to be located in a museum.
2008 MSI’s 75th anniversary is celebrated throughout the year with a special six-day celebration held in June. The landmark year is also heralded with original, world-premiere temporary exhibits including The Glass Experience , an exploration of the science and art behind glass and glassmaking; and Smart Home: Green + Wired , a three-story, eco-friendly exhibit home built on the Museum’s property.
In April, MSI announces its $205 million capital campaign, the largest since its inception, and its new vision: to inspire and motivate children to achieve their full potential in science, technology, medicine and engineering. To support this vision, the Museum’s capital campaign will help create four iconic new exhibits and a wealth of education programs for its new Center for the Advancement of Science Education (CASE).
2009 MSI hosts the world premiere of Harry Potter: The Exhibition from April through September. YOU! The Experience , a 15,000-square-foot iconic permanent exhibit about human health and wellness, opens in October.
2010 MSI reveals a new logo, the first new logo in more than 10 years, in February.
In March, the two-story Science Storms opens, revealing the extraordinary science behind some of nature’s most powerful and compelling phenomena. The stunning exhibition includes a 40-foot indoor, interactive tornado and a giant Tesla coil that produces lightning.
In October, the Museum welcomes its first roommate in the innovative Month at the Museum program. After receiving 1,500 applications from around the world, Chicagoan Kate McGroarty won the chance to live at MSI 24/7 and share her adventures with guests and the world through social media.
2011 In October, the Museum welcomes its second roommate in Month at the Museum 2.
2012 In March, MSI hosts the world premiere of MythBusters: The Explosive Exhibition based off of Discovery Channel’s Emmy®-nominated series MythBusters.
2013 In March, MSI opens The Art of the Bicycle , featuring historic bikes from the Museum’s collection as well as some of the most cutting-edge bicycles on the market today.
In June, the Museum celebrates its 80th anniversary with the 80 at 80 exhibit, which showcases 80 unique objects from the Museum’s collection that help tell the story of innovation and progress.
In September, the Museum opens Future Energy Chicago , a 7,200-square-foot exhibition where students, families and guests take a fresh and dynamic look at our energy choices through a multi-player simulation that allows them to create their own solutions.
2014 In October, MSI opens Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze , which explains the mathematical patterns that surround us in nature and features a giant mirror maze that guests can navigate.
2015 In May, MSI opens the world-premiere temporary exhibition Robot Revolution , which features more than 40 robots from all over the world to show how robots will work, play and live with us in the future. The exhibit, developed in house by the MSI team, tours the country starting in 2016.
2016 The Museum opens Brick by Brick , an exhibit created by the MSI team that allows guests to explore the power of play through awe-inspiring LEGO® structures constructed by LEGO® Certified Professional and Chicago native Adam Reed Tucker.
2017 Extreme Ice opens in March, revealing how climate change is dramatically altering the face of our planet through time-lapse footage and photography from James Balog.
In November, Christmas Around the World returns for its 75th anniversary. Over 50 trees decorated by volunteers dazzle guests on the Museum’s Main Floor as a celebration of Chicago’s diverse ethnic communities and holiday traditions.
2018 MSI hosts temporary exhibits The Science Behind Pixar and Turn Back the Clock , a look at the Doomsday Clock and the issues of nuclear weapons and climate change. The Spring Make Festival provides events and experiences around hands-on making and creativity. The Columbian Ball in October welcomes the Apollo 8 astronauts and celebrates the 50th anniversary of their historic mission around the moon.
2019 Wired to Wear debuts at MSI with a Jet Suit flight on the front lawn. This first-ever exhibit dedicated to wearable technology was created by MSI's in-house team. Makers United invites guests to connect with their inner maker and make a piece of wearable technology.
In October, MSI announces the largest gift in its history, $125 million from the Kenneth C. Griffin Charitable Fund.
2020 Black Creativity celebrates its 50th anniversary and today reaches over 10,000 students, their teachers, and their families through exhibits and culturally relevant STEM education programs.
David Mosena announces his retirement in January, and Chevy Humphrey is named the new president and CEO in October.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, MSI closes from March through July, and again in November through February 2021. | https://www.msichicago.org/press/about-the-museum/history/ | 71 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Former name
|Palace of Fine Arts|
|Established||1933|
|Location|| 5700 South Lake Shore Drive |
(at East 57th Street),
Chicago, Illinois , U.S., 60637
|Type||Science and technology museum|
|Visitors||1.5 million (2016) [1]|
|Public transit access|| CTA Bus routes : |
Routes 6 and 28
(to 56th Street and Hyde Park Boulevard)
Route 10
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Route 55
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Metra Train :
55th–56th-57th Street Station
(between Stony Island and Lake Park Avenues)
|Website|| www |
|Designated||November 1, 1995|
The Museum of Science and Industry ( MSI ) is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois , in Jackson Park , in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago . It is housed in the Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition .
Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine , German submarine U-505 captured during World War II , a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8 , and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ( Pioneer Zephyr ).
The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. During the fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metal work from around the world. [2]
Unlike the other " White City " buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade.
After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History . When the Field Museum moved to a new building five miles north in the Near South Side in 1920, the palace was left vacant.
School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District ) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum.
At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw .
Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich , which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.
Sewell Avery , another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert , then the science editor of The New York Times , because he shared Rosenwald's vision.
He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington , and the Technical Museum in Vienna , all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago , which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition . Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid .
In 1992, due to increased attendance, the museum started planning its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. [3] Construction of the underground parking lot was finished in July 1998. [4]
For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free, although some exhibits such as the Coal Mine and U-505 required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. [5] [6] Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year. [7]
On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry after a donation of $125 million from the now former Chicago billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin . It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, [8] [9] effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to the complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America." [10] Chevy Humphrey became president and CEO of the private, non-profit [11] museum in January 2021. [12]
The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and U-505 ) requires the payment of an additional fee. [6]
The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr , is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, but it was restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot.
German submarine U-505 is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II , [13] and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the only one in the United States. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 after 50 years of being displayed outdoors, and was then moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005. Displayed in an underground shed, it remains as a popular exhibit for visitors, as well as a memorial to all the casualties of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Guided tours of the submarine are offered for an additional fee. Near the U-505 there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device . Both have U-505 designs.
MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman , James Lovell and William Anders , to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter 's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft and a lunar module trainer.
Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is a domed theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the theater is made of perforated aluminum, allowing the speakers mounted behind the screen to be heard throughout the theater.
The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere . The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing how much of the food we eat comes from soybeans, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink.
A transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars.
"Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago . The exhibit requires an additional fee.
Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; and the former "Circus" exhibit, featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors. The Circus exhibit was closed in September 2022.
Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore 's Fairy Castle "doll's house" is on display.
Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains an interactive theater and stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio, spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns. [14]
It also contains a mirror maze to help emphasize the geometric patterns that can be utilized.
The Transportation Zone contains several permanent exhibits.
The Great Train Story is a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) HO-scale model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle . [15]
The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket , which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour.
The 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive was alleged to be the first vehicle to exceed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) in 1893, although no reliable measurement ever took place (and such a speed was likely impossible). [a] Designed to win the battle of express trains to the World's Columbian Exhibition , it was donated to the museum by the New York Central in 1962. The locomotive was located outside the museum until 1993, when extensive restoration took place and it was moved indoors as an exhibit in the Transportation Zone.
A replica of the Wright Brothers first airplane, the Wright Flyer , is on display.
Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire . Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship , nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying.
"Take Flight" features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines , with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access.
In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit. [17] This multilevel exhibit features a 40-foot (12 m) water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil , heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle , the color spectrum , and Foucault pendulum . All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world. [18]
In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive. "Genetics: Decoding Life," looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants.
The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. [19] About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between the museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox , Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. [20] [21] There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017. [22]
"ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive " Fab Lab MSI " is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything".
The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee. [23]
"Yesterday's Main Street" is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants , and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are:
- Chicago Post Office
- Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and Photo Studio
- Gossard Corset Shop
- Jenner and Block Law office
- Lytton's Clothing Store
- Dr. John B. Murphy's office
- Walgreens Drug Company
Unlike the other shops, Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and are functional. Finnigan's serves an assortment of ice cream and The Cinema plays short silent films throughout the day.
In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing the history of the bicycle and how modern bikes continue to evolve.
"Reusable City" focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements . Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery".
The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart , which was removed in 2009 [24] for the construction of "YOU! the Experience", [25] which replaced it with a 13-foot-tall (4.0 m), interactive, 3D heart. [26] Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-thick (13 mm) slices) in the exhibit.
Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured.
An F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas , in 1993.
In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum .
"Telefun Town", a hall dedicated to the wonders of telephone communication, sponsored by the company then known as "The Bell Telephone Company", no longer exists.
In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee. [6] Exhibitions at MSI have included Titanic: The Exhibition , [27] which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS Titanic ; Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds , a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens; Game On , [28] which featured the history and culture of video games ; Leonardo da Vinci : Man, Inventor, Genius ; [29] CSI: The Experience ; Robots Like Us ; [30] City of the Future ; [31] Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination ; The Glass Experience ; Harry Potter: The Exhibition ; [32] Robot Revolution , which was sponsored by Google and featured numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers; [33] and four installments of Smart Home: Green + Wired , featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann . [34] The Science Behind Pixar exhibit opened May 24, 2018. [35] The Wired to Wear exhibit opened on March 21, 2019. [36] [37] [38] The touring exhibit Marvel: Universe of Super Heroes officially opened to the public on March 7, 2021. [39]
Yearly, from late November to early January, the museum hosts its Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light exhibit, featuring Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942 with just one tree to honor soldiers fighting in World War Two, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees.
- ^ Another contender is GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro . The claim of the Empire State Express has little supporting evidence; unlike City of Truro , there are no timings showing the acceleration up to 100 mph. Some contemporary American technical journals doubted that such a high speed had been attained: "Many are disposed to receive with doubt the statement that on 9 May the locomotive No. 999 of the New York Central railroad ran at the speed of 100 miles an hour, or that on a subsequent date she ran a single mile in 32 seconds". [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_%28Chicago%29 | 71 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | Museum of Science and Industry | 5700 S. Lake Shore Dr.
1893
As visitors approach Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry, they feel as though they’re entering a grand Neo-Classical temple.
The large Ionic columns flanking its main entrance communicate an air of formality and importance. Designed and built for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, it’s one of just two buildings that remain, serving as an example of Daniel Burnham’s vision of a classically inspired White City.
The World’s Fair of 1893 was in many ways a coming-out party for Chicago. As a relatively young city, this was an early opportunity to host visitors from around the world and establish a reputation as a center of culture and commerce. As Director of Works for the fair, Burnham used architecture and design to do just that. By ensuring that key buildings were reminiscent of Greece and Rome, he gave the fair historical credibility in the minds of its visitors.
Commissioning Neo-Classical or Beaux Arts buildings was certainly not a difficult proposition, because both were part of a design language familiar to many of the architects invited to participate in the project. Many were trained at the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts, an influential architecture and art school in Paris. The school taught design principles based on the influence of ancient Greek and Roman forms. And though Burnham wasn’t trained there, he saw the advantages and beauty of this Classical Revival style.
Originally built to serve as the Palace of Fine Arts, The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is organized in the form of a cross with a large dome rising above its center. True to the Beaux Arts style, it is perfectly symmetrical and adorned in classical ornamentation including Ionic columns, garlands and caryatids, the draped, female figures that serve as columns.
As with many of its White City neighbors, the building's exterior walls were originally composed of a material called “staff,” a combination of plaster of Paris, glue and hemp fiber that was painted white. But the interior of the Palace of Fine Arts differed in one important way. Because it served as home to several priceless works of art, those contributing the art to be displayed insisted that the structure be made fireproof. To accommodate this very reasonable request, a solid substructure was created using steel and brick.
In the late 1920s—due entirely to the initiative and philanthropy of Julius Rosenwald—an exterior restoration took place in order to create a building more suitable for a permanent museum. The plan was to remove all the staff and replicate the building’s exterior in a lasting material. The project was delayed when a dispute arose concerning whether to use limestone or terra cotta . Though limestone was thought to be a more attractive choice, terra cotta was projected to be less expensive. Ed Kelly, president of the South Park Board, estimated that terra cotta would save $300,000 in construction costs. But in the end, 28,000 tons of Indiana limestone was used to recreate all of the museum’s Beaux Arts detailing.
Our tours let you explore the city and its architecture in a new way—by land and water. Learn about Chicago's world class architecture from real Chicagoans. | https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/museum-of-science-and-industry/ | 71 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | Museum of Science and Industry | 5700 S. Lake Shore Dr.
1893
As visitors approach Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry, they feel as though they’re entering a grand Neo-Classical temple.
The large Ionic columns flanking its main entrance communicate an air of formality and importance. Designed and built for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, it’s one of just two buildings that remain, serving as an example of Daniel Burnham’s vision of a classically inspired White City.
The World’s Fair of 1893 was in many ways a coming-out party for Chicago. As a relatively young city, this was an early opportunity to host visitors from around the world and establish a reputation as a center of culture and commerce. As Director of Works for the fair, Burnham used architecture and design to do just that. By ensuring that key buildings were reminiscent of Greece and Rome, he gave the fair historical credibility in the minds of its visitors.
Commissioning Neo-Classical or Beaux Arts buildings was certainly not a difficult proposition, because both were part of a design language familiar to many of the architects invited to participate in the project. Many were trained at the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts, an influential architecture and art school in Paris. The school taught design principles based on the influence of ancient Greek and Roman forms. And though Burnham wasn’t trained there, he saw the advantages and beauty of this Classical Revival style.
Originally built to serve as the Palace of Fine Arts, The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is organized in the form of a cross with a large dome rising above its center. True to the Beaux Arts style, it is perfectly symmetrical and adorned in classical ornamentation including Ionic columns, garlands and caryatids, the draped, female figures that serve as columns.
As with many of its White City neighbors, the building's exterior walls were originally composed of a material called “staff,” a combination of plaster of Paris, glue and hemp fiber that was painted white. But the interior of the Palace of Fine Arts differed in one important way. Because it served as home to several priceless works of art, those contributing the art to be displayed insisted that the structure be made fireproof. To accommodate this very reasonable request, a solid substructure was created using steel and brick.
In the late 1920s—due entirely to the initiative and philanthropy of Julius Rosenwald—an exterior restoration took place in order to create a building more suitable for a permanent museum. The plan was to remove all the staff and replicate the building’s exterior in a lasting material. The project was delayed when a dispute arose concerning whether to use limestone or terra cotta . Though limestone was thought to be a more attractive choice, terra cotta was projected to be less expensive. Ed Kelly, president of the South Park Board, estimated that terra cotta would save $300,000 in construction costs. But in the end, 28,000 tons of Indiana limestone was used to recreate all of the museum’s Beaux Arts detailing.
Our tours let you explore the city and its architecture in a new way—by land and water. Learn about Chicago's world class architecture from real Chicagoans. | https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/museum-of-science-and-industry/ | 71 |
when did the museum of science and industry open | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Former name
|Palace of Fine Arts|
|Established||1933|
|Location|| 5700 South Lake Shore Drive |
(at East 57th Street),
Chicago, Illinois , U.S., 60637
|Type||Science and technology museum|
|Visitors||1.5 million (2016) [1]|
|Public transit access|| CTA Bus routes : |
Routes 6 and 28
(to 56th Street and Hyde Park Boulevard)
Route 10
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Route 55
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Metra Train :
55th–56th-57th Street Station
(between Stony Island and Lake Park Avenues)
|Website|| www |
|Designated||November 1, 1995|
The Museum of Science and Industry ( MSI ) is a science museum located in Chicago, Illinois , in Jackson Park , in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago . It is housed in the Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition . Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition .
Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine , German submarine U-505 captured during World War II , a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8 , and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ( Pioneer Zephyr ).
The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. During the fair, the palace displayed paintings, prints, drawing, sculpture, and metal work from around the world. [2]
Unlike the other " White City " buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade.
After the World's Fair, the palace initially housed the Columbian Museum, largely displaying collections left from the fair, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History . When the Field Museum moved to a new building five miles north in the Near South Side in 1920, the palace was left vacant.
School of the Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District ) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum.
At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald , the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw .
Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich , which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.
Sewell Avery , another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert , then the science editor of The New York Times , because he shared Rosenwald's vision.
He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington , and the Technical Museum in Vienna , all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago , which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition . Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid .
In 1992, due to increased attendance, the museum started planning its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. [3] Construction of the underground parking lot was finished in July 1998. [4]
For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free, although some exhibits such as the Coal Mine and U-505 required small fees. General entrance fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015. [5] [6] Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year. [7]
On October 3, 2019, the museum announced that it intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry after a donation of $125 million from the now former Chicago billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin . It is the largest single gift in the museum's history, [8] [9] effectively doubling its endowment. However, president and chief executive officer David Mosena said the formal name change could take some time, due to the complexity of the process. He also said part of the gift will go into funding "a state-of-the-art digital gallery and performance space that will be the only experience of its kind in North America." [10] Chevy Humphrey became president and CEO of the private, non-profit [11] museum in January 2021. [12]
The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and U-505 ) requires the payment of an additional fee. [6]
The first diesel-powered, streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr , is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, but it was restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot.
German submarine U-505 is one of just six German submarines captured by the Allies during World War II , [13] and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the only one in the United States. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 after 50 years of being displayed outdoors, and was then moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005. Displayed in an underground shed, it remains as a popular exhibit for visitors, as well as a memorial to all the casualties of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Guided tours of the submarine are offered for an additional fee. Near the U-505 there is both a Mold-A-Rama machine and a penny flattening device . Both have U-505 designs.
MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman , James Lovell and William Anders , to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter 's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft and a lunar module trainer.
Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is a domed theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the theater is made of perforated aluminum, allowing the speakers mounted behind the screen to be heard throughout the theater.
The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere . The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing how much of the food we eat comes from soybeans, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink.
A transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars.
"Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago . The exhibit requires an additional fee.
Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; and the former "Circus" exhibit, featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors. The Circus exhibit was closed in September 2022.
Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore 's Fairy Castle "doll's house" is on display.
Numbers in Nature: A Mirror Maze contains an interactive theater and stations to learn about patterns in nature, including the Golden Ratio, spirals, fractal branching, and Voronoi patterns. [14]
It also contains a mirror maze to help emphasize the geometric patterns that can be utilized.
The Transportation Zone contains several permanent exhibits.
The Great Train Story is a 3,500-square-foot (330 m 2 ) HO-scale model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle . [15]
The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket , which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour.
The 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive was alleged to be the first vehicle to exceed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) in 1893, although no reliable measurement ever took place (and such a speed was likely impossible). [a] Designed to win the battle of express trains to the World's Columbian Exhibition , it was donated to the museum by the New York Central in 1962. The locomotive was located outside the museum until 1993, when extensive restoration took place and it was moved indoors as an exhibit in the Transportation Zone.
A replica of the Wright Brothers first airplane, the Wright Flyer , is on display.
Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire . Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship , nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying.
"Take Flight" features the first Boeing 727 jet plane in commercial service, donated by United Airlines , with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access.
In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit. [17] This multilevel exhibit features a 40-foot (12 m) water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil , heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle , the color spectrum , and Foucault pendulum . All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world. [18]
In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive. "Genetics: Decoding Life," looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants.
The chick hatchery has been part of the museum since 1956. [19] About 20 chicks are hatched a day, around 140 hatch in a week, and up to 8000 hatch in a year. A week after emerging from their shells, the chicks are sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo to be fed to various animals, including lions, crocodiles, snakes, vultures, owls and tigers. This partnership between the museum and the zoo has been operating for decades, with about 7000 chicks being sent to the zoo each year. Some of the chicks hatched are of the Java species of chicken, and these chicks are sent to a farm in La Fox , Illinois that works to preserve the rare breed. [20] [21] There have been numerous efforts to shut down the exhibit, as early as 1998 and as recent as 2017. [22]
"ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive " Fab Lab MSI " is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything".
The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17, circa 1933. It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum. In this unique exhibit, visitors go underground and ride a mine train to different parts of the mine and learn the basics of its operation. The experience takes around 30 minutes and requires an additional fee. [23]
"Yesterday's Main Street" is a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants , and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are:
- Chicago Post Office
- Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and Photo Studio
- Gossard Corset Shop
- Jenner and Block Law office
- Lytton's Clothing Store
- Dr. John B. Murphy's office
- Walgreens Drug Company
Unlike the other shops, Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and are functional. Finnigan's serves an assortment of ice cream and The Cinema plays short silent films throughout the day.
In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing the history of the bicycle and how modern bikes continue to evolve.
"Reusable City" focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements . Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery".
The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart , which was removed in 2009 [24] for the construction of "YOU! the Experience", [25] which replaced it with a 13-foot-tall (4.0 m), interactive, 3D heart. [26] Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-thick (13 mm) slices) in the exhibit.
Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured.
An F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas , in 1993.
In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum .
"Telefun Town", a hall dedicated to the wonders of telephone communication, sponsored by the company then known as "The Bell Telephone Company", no longer exists.
In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee. [6] Exhibitions at MSI have included Titanic: The Exhibition , [27] which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS Titanic ; Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds , a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens; Game On , [28] which featured the history and culture of video games ; Leonardo da Vinci : Man, Inventor, Genius ; [29] CSI: The Experience ; Robots Like Us ; [30] City of the Future ; [31] Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination ; The Glass Experience ; Harry Potter: The Exhibition ; [32] Robot Revolution , which was sponsored by Google and featured numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers; [33] and four installments of Smart Home: Green + Wired , featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann . [34] The Science Behind Pixar exhibit opened May 24, 2018. [35] The Wired to Wear exhibit opened on March 21, 2019. [36] [37] [38] The touring exhibit Marvel: Universe of Super Heroes officially opened to the public on March 7, 2021. [39]
Yearly, from late November to early January, the museum hosts its Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light exhibit, featuring Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942 with just one tree to honor soldiers fighting in World War Two, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees.
- ^ Another contender is GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro . The claim of the Empire State Express has little supporting evidence; unlike City of Truro , there are no timings showing the acceleration up to 100 mph. Some contemporary American technical journals doubted that such a high speed had been attained: "Many are disposed to receive with doubt the statement that on 9 May the locomotive No. 999 of the New York Central railroad ran at the speed of 100 miles an hour, or that on a subsequent date she ran a single mile in 32 seconds". [16] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago) | 71 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock | History, Location, & Facts | Written by Ed Ward
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
What was Woodstock?
What musical acts performed at Woodstock?
How many people attended Woodstock?
What movie is based on the Woodstock festival?
Is there a museum dedicated to the Woodstock festival?
Woodstock , in full The Woodstock Music and Art Fair , the most famous of the 1960s rock festivals , held on a farm property in Bethel, New York , August 15–18, 1969. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was organized by four inexperienced promoters who nonetheless signed a who’s who of current rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix , Sly and the Family Stone , the Who , the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , the Jefferson Airplane , Ravi Shankar , and Country Joe and the Fish.
The festival began to go wrong almost immediately, when the towns of both Woodstock and Wallkill, New York, denied permission to stage it. (Nevertheless, the name Woodstock was retained because of the cachet of hipness associated with the town, where Bob Dylan and several other musicians were known to live and which had been an artists’ retreat since the turn of the century.) Ultimately, farmer Max Yasgur made his land available for the festival. Few tickets were sold, but some 400,000 people showed up, mostly demanding free entry, which they got due to virtually nonexistent security. Rain then turned the festival site into a sea of mud, but somehow the audience bonded—possibly because large amounts of marijuana and psychedelics were consumed—and the festival went on.
Although it featured memorable performances by Crosby, Stills and Nash (performing together in public for only the second time), Santana (whose fame at that point had not spread far beyond the San Francisco Bay area), Joe Cocker (then new to American audiences), and Hendrix, the festival left its promoters virtually bankrupt. They had, however, held onto the film and recording rights and more than made their money back when Michael Wadleigh’s documentary film Woodstock (1970) became a smash hit. The legend of Woodstock’s “Three Days of Peace and Music,” as its advertising promised, became enshrined in American history, at least partly because few of the festivals that followed were as star-studded or enjoyable.
A 1994 festival on the same site was better organized and more successful financially, if less legendary. In 1999 a third festival was marred by a small riot. The Museum at Bethel Woods, a multimedia exhibit space attached to a performing arts centre, opened in 2008, with the stated mission of preserving the original festival site and educating visitors about the music and culture of the Woodstock era. | https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock | History, Location, & Facts | Written by Ed Ward
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
What was Woodstock?
What musical acts performed at Woodstock?
How many people attended Woodstock?
What movie is based on the Woodstock festival?
Is there a museum dedicated to the Woodstock festival?
Woodstock , in full The Woodstock Music and Art Fair , the most famous of the 1960s rock festivals , held on a farm property in Bethel, New York , August 15–18, 1969. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was organized by four inexperienced promoters who nonetheless signed a who’s who of current rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix , Sly and the Family Stone , the Who , the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , the Jefferson Airplane , Ravi Shankar , and Country Joe and the Fish.
The festival began to go wrong almost immediately, when the towns of both Woodstock and Wallkill, New York, denied permission to stage it. (Nevertheless, the name Woodstock was retained because of the cachet of hipness associated with the town, where Bob Dylan and several other musicians were known to live and which had been an artists’ retreat since the turn of the century.) Ultimately, farmer Max Yasgur made his land available for the festival. Few tickets were sold, but some 400,000 people showed up, mostly demanding free entry, which they got due to virtually nonexistent security. Rain then turned the festival site into a sea of mud, but somehow the audience bonded—possibly because large amounts of marijuana and psychedelics were consumed—and the festival went on.
Although it featured memorable performances by Crosby, Stills and Nash (performing together in public for only the second time), Santana (whose fame at that point had not spread far beyond the San Francisco Bay area), Joe Cocker (then new to American audiences), and Hendrix, the festival left its promoters virtually bankrupt. They had, however, held onto the film and recording rights and more than made their money back when Michael Wadleigh’s documentary film Woodstock (1970) became a smash hit. The legend of Woodstock’s “Three Days of Peace and Music,” as its advertising promised, became enshrined in American history, at least partly because few of the festivals that followed were as star-studded or enjoyable.
A 1994 festival on the same site was better organized and more successful financially, if less legendary. In 1999 a third festival was marred by a small riot. The Museum at Bethel Woods, a multimedia exhibit space attached to a performing arts centre, opened in 2008, with the stated mission of preserving the original festival site and educating visitors about the music and culture of the Woodstock era. | https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock | History, Location, & Facts | Written by Ed Ward
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
What was Woodstock?
What musical acts performed at Woodstock?
How many people attended Woodstock?
What movie is based on the Woodstock festival?
Is there a museum dedicated to the Woodstock festival?
Woodstock , in full The Woodstock Music and Art Fair , the most famous of the 1960s rock festivals , held on a farm property in Bethel, New York , August 15–18, 1969. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was organized by four inexperienced promoters who nonetheless signed a who’s who of current rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix , Sly and the Family Stone , the Who , the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , the Jefferson Airplane , Ravi Shankar , and Country Joe and the Fish.
The festival began to go wrong almost immediately, when the towns of both Woodstock and Wallkill, New York, denied permission to stage it. (Nevertheless, the name Woodstock was retained because of the cachet of hipness associated with the town, where Bob Dylan and several other musicians were known to live and which had been an artists’ retreat since the turn of the century.) Ultimately, farmer Max Yasgur made his land available for the festival. Few tickets were sold, but some 400,000 people showed up, mostly demanding free entry, which they got due to virtually nonexistent security. Rain then turned the festival site into a sea of mud, but somehow the audience bonded—possibly because large amounts of marijuana and psychedelics were consumed—and the festival went on.
Although it featured memorable performances by Crosby, Stills and Nash (performing together in public for only the second time), Santana (whose fame at that point had not spread far beyond the San Francisco Bay area), Joe Cocker (then new to American audiences), and Hendrix, the festival left its promoters virtually bankrupt. They had, however, held onto the film and recording rights and more than made their money back when Michael Wadleigh’s documentary film Woodstock (1970) became a smash hit. The legend of Woodstock’s “Three Days of Peace and Music,” as its advertising promised, became enshrined in American history, at least partly because few of the festivals that followed were as star-studded or enjoyable.
A 1994 festival on the same site was better organized and more successful financially, if less legendary. In 1999 a third festival was marred by a small riot. The Museum at Bethel Woods, a multimedia exhibit space attached to a performing arts centre, opened in 2008, with the stated mission of preserving the original festival site and educating visitors about the music and culture of the Woodstock era. | https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock 1969 | The Woodstock Music Festival was the brainchild of four men, all age 27 or younger, looking for an investment opportunity: John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld and Michael Lang.
Lang had organized the successful Miami Music Festival in 1968 and Kornfeld was the youngest vice president at Capitol Records. Roberts and Rosenman were New York entrepreneurs involved in building a Manhattan recording studio. The four men formed Woodstock Ventures, Inc., and decided to host a music festival.
Creedence Clearwater Revival was the first big-name talent to sign on and gave Woodstock the credibility it needed to attract other well-known musicians.
The initial plan for Woodstock called for the event to be held at Howard Mills Industrial Park in Wallkill, New York.
Wallkill town officials got spooked, however, and backed out of the deal, passing a law that eliminated any possibility of holding the concert on their turf.
Woodstock Ventures explored a few other venues, but none panned out. Finally, just a month ahead of the concert, 49-year-old dairy farmer Max Yasgur offered to rent them part of his land in the White Lake area of Bethel, New York, surrounded by the verdant Catskill Mountains.
With the concert just a month away, the four frantic partners jumped at the opportunity and paid his asking price.
With a venue and talent secured, the partners turned to logistics. Fencing, entrance gates and ticket booths needed to be set up and a performers’ pavilion, concession stands, bathroom facilities and medical tents built.
But by the time people started arriving a couple days ahead of the concert, the fencing, gates and ticket booths still weren’t ready.
According to Lang, in an interview with The Telegraph , “You do everything you can to get the gates and the fences finished—but you have your priorities. People are coming, and you need to be able to feed them, and take care of them, and give them a show. So you have to prioritize.”
With no efficient way to charge concert-goers, Lang and his partners decided to make Woodstock a free event.
Woodstock Almost Never Happened
Originally, about 50,000 people were expected. But by August 13, at least that number were already camped out on location and over 100,000 tickets pre-sold.
As an estimated one million people descended on Woodstock, its organizers scrambled to add more facilities. Highways and local roads came to a standstill and many concert-goers simply abandoned their cars and trekked the rest of the way on foot. Eventually, about half a million people reached the venue.
The Woodstock audience was diverse and a reflection of the rapidly-changing times. Some were hippies who felt alienated by a society steeped in materialism.
In 1969, the country was deep into the controversial Vietnam War , a conflict that many young people vehemently opposed. It was also the era of the civil rights movement , a period of great protest and unrest. Woodstock was an opportunity for people to escape into music and spread a message of unity and peace.
Although the crowd at Woodstock experienced bad weather, muddy conditions and a lack of food, water and adequate sanitation, the overall vibe there was harmonious. Looking back, some people attribute the lack of violence to the large number of psychedelic drugs being used.
Others believe hippies were simply living out their mantra of “making love, not war.” In fact, more than a few couples at Woodstock took that command literally and made love whenever and wherever the mood hit.
Volunteer doctors, EMTs and nurses manned Woodstock’s medical tent. Most injuries were minor such as food poisoning and wounded bare feet.
It’s widely reported eight women experienced miscarriages. One teenager died after being run over by a tractor. Another person died a drug-related death.
Security was limited since off-duty police officers were banned. It’s estimated there were no more than a dozen police officers to keep an eye on 500,000 people.
To pick up the slack and help create a safe festival ground, Woodstock Ventures turned to the Hog Farm, a communal pig farm in New Mexico . Its leader, known as Wavy Gravy, threatened to douse people who got out of line with seltzer water or hurl pies at them.
The Hog Farm also set up a children’s playground, a free food kitchen and a tent to assist people “freaking out” on drugs.
Thirty-two musicians, a combination of local and world-famous talent, performed at Woodstock. Around 5:00 p.m. on Friday, August 15, Richie Havens took the stage and played a 45-minute set.
Havens was followed by an unscheduled blessing by yoga guru Sri Swami Satchidananda. The other performers on day one were:
- Bert Sommer
- Sweetwater
- Melanie
- Tim Hardin
- Arlo Guthrie
Woodstock officially ended on Monday, August 18, after Hendrix left the stage. Leaving Woodstock wasn’t much easier than getting there. Roads and highways quickly became jammed again as festival-goers made their way home.
Cleaning up the venue was a mammoth task and required several days, many bulldozers and tens of thousands of dollars.
In 2006, Bethel Woods Center for the Arts opened on the hill where the Woodstock Music Festival took place. Today, it hosts outdoor concerts in its beautiful pavilion. There’s also a 1960s museum on site.
Many popular musicians have performed at Bethel Woods, including some who took the stage at Woodstock such as Crosby Stills Nash and Young, Santana, Arlo Guthrie and Joe Cocker.
Woodstock is perhaps best described by Max Yasgur, the humble farmer who lent his land for the occasion. Addressing the audience on day three he said, “…You’ve proven something to the world…the important thing that you’ve proven to the world is that a half a million kids, and I call you kids because I have children who are older than you are, a half a million young people can get together and have three days of fun and music and have nothing but fun and music and God bless you for it!”
1969 Fast Facts: Woodstock. Fox News Entertainment.
Acts that Almost Made it to Woodstock. CBS News.
Farmer is Little Known Despite His Historic Role. Poughkeepsie Journal.
Interview with the Organisers of Woodstock Festival. The Telegraph.
The Sixties and Woodstock Festival History. Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. | https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock Music Festival Museum – Learn About The Bands & Where It All Happened | The year was 1969. The world was rapidly changing and a group of young Americans were searching for their place within it. In that time of conflict and uncertainty, three days of peace and music seemed to be just what a divided nation needed. What began on a stage in the middle of a small New York farm field ended on the world stage. No one knew it at the time, but those three days of music, mud, and memories would birth an entire cultural phenomenon.
- Where did Woodstock take place?
- When did Woodstock take place?
- Who was the first performer at Woodstock?
- Who was the last performer at Woodstock?
- How many performers played at Woodstock?
- How many people went to Woodstock?
- How much did a Woodstock ticket cost?
- Was anyone born at the festival?
- Where was the stage located?
Day 1: Friday, August 15, 1969 (ending Saturday morning, August 16) | https://www.bethelwoodscenter.org/museum/woodstock-60s | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock | History, Location, & Facts | Written by Ed Ward
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
What was Woodstock?
What musical acts performed at Woodstock?
How many people attended Woodstock?
What movie is based on the Woodstock festival?
Is there a museum dedicated to the Woodstock festival?
Woodstock , in full The Woodstock Music and Art Fair , the most famous of the 1960s rock festivals , held on a farm property in Bethel, New York , August 15–18, 1969. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was organized by four inexperienced promoters who nonetheless signed a who’s who of current rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix , Sly and the Family Stone , the Who , the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , the Jefferson Airplane , Ravi Shankar , and Country Joe and the Fish.
The festival began to go wrong almost immediately, when the towns of both Woodstock and Wallkill, New York, denied permission to stage it. (Nevertheless, the name Woodstock was retained because of the cachet of hipness associated with the town, where Bob Dylan and several other musicians were known to live and which had been an artists’ retreat since the turn of the century.) Ultimately, farmer Max Yasgur made his land available for the festival. Few tickets were sold, but some 400,000 people showed up, mostly demanding free entry, which they got due to virtually nonexistent security. Rain then turned the festival site into a sea of mud, but somehow the audience bonded—possibly because large amounts of marijuana and psychedelics were consumed—and the festival went on.
Although it featured memorable performances by Crosby, Stills and Nash (performing together in public for only the second time), Santana (whose fame at that point had not spread far beyond the San Francisco Bay area), Joe Cocker (then new to American audiences), and Hendrix, the festival left its promoters virtually bankrupt. They had, however, held onto the film and recording rights and more than made their money back when Michael Wadleigh’s documentary film Woodstock (1970) became a smash hit. The legend of Woodstock’s “Three Days of Peace and Music,” as its advertising promised, became enshrined in American history, at least partly because few of the festivals that followed were as star-studded or enjoyable.
A 1994 festival on the same site was better organized and more successful financially, if less legendary. In 1999 a third festival was marred by a small riot. The Museum at Bethel Woods, a multimedia exhibit space attached to a performing arts centre, opened in 2008, with the stated mission of preserving the original festival site and educating visitors about the music and culture of the Woodstock era. | https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock Music Festival Site (U.S. National Park Service) | Location:
Bethel Vicinity, Sullivan County, NY
Significance:
Social History, Performing Arts
Designation:
Listed in the National Register of Historic Places - Reference Number 100000684
MANAGED BY:
Museum at Bethel Woods
The National Register Woodstock Music Festival site commemorates a three-day music festival that took place on August 15, 1969 - August 18, 1969, on nearly 300 acres of rolling farmland in rural Sullivan County, NY.
Listed on February 28, 2017, Woodstock is nationally significant, under Social History and Performing Arts/Music, as one of the most important cultural and social events of the second half of the twentieth century. The festival was the definitive expression of the musical, cultural, and political idealism of the 1960s and was recognized almost immediately as a watershed event in the transformation of American culture.
The summer of 1969 was marked by three extraordinary cultural events: in June, the Stonewall Riots marked the beginning of the struggle for civil rights by lesbian and gay Americans; in July, the Apollo moon landing awed Americans and provided the entire country with a dose of optimism; and in August, the Woodstock Music Festival, where a gathering of approximately 450,000 people, on Max Yasgur’s dairy farm, became a symbol of fellowship and faith of a generation.
The 1960s was the decade where the baby boom generation formally broke with the past and established its own cultural references. This generation, born after World War II, was shaped by the major themes of America’s post-war history: prosperity, affluence, the decentralization of cities and the shift to suburban living, the promise of higher education, and the security of a world at peace. However, what fostered this lifestyle also allowed this generation to see the stark contrast of their lives with the lives of those who did not enjoy the same advantages and instilled in its members a strong sense of responsibility. Consequently, they were troubled by poverty and injustice and were eager to work towards civil rights, lesbian and gay rights, the elimination of poverty, ending the Vietnam War, women’s rights, and universal voting rights. By the late 1960s, a strong counterculture had emerged that challenged some of the moral and political foundations of the establishment.
Over three days, the festival featured thirty-two individual performers, folk singers, blues, and rock and roll bands who played to an audience that was estimated at more than 450,000. Tickets to the event were $6.00 per day. Some of the most well-known and well-regarded performers of the era included African-American folksinger, Richie Havens, who opened the concert and played until he was out of material. He then improvised the song “Freedom,” which became one of the festival’s signature events. Other performers included Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, Country Joe McDonald, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, Santana, the Who, and Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young. One standout performer and Woodstock’s last performer, was Jimi Hendrix, who played a now epic rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner.”
Woodstock was the largest and most memorable of dozens of outdoor music festivals that took place between 1967 and 1969, an era that began with the widely publicized Monterey Pops Concert, Monterey, California, on June 16-18, 1967, and ended tragically, with a concert at the Altamont Racetrack, Altamont, California, on December 6, 1969, just three months after Woodstock.
Woodstock remains a symbol of what was thought possible. The long-lasting impact of the festival on American life is attested to by the fact that the Woodstock and its aftermath helped shape the world views, social consciences, and musical tastes of thousands of people who are now in leadership roles in every segment of American life.
Listed on February 28, 2017, Woodstock is nationally significant, under Social History and Performing Arts/Music, as one of the most important cultural and social events of the second half of the twentieth century. The festival was the definitive expression of the musical, cultural, and political idealism of the 1960s and was recognized almost immediately as a watershed event in the transformation of American culture.
The summer of 1969 was marked by three extraordinary cultural events: in June, the Stonewall Riots marked the beginning of the struggle for civil rights by lesbian and gay Americans; in July, the Apollo moon landing awed Americans and provided the entire country with a dose of optimism; and in August, the Woodstock Music Festival, where a gathering of approximately 450,000 people, on Max Yasgur’s dairy farm, became a symbol of fellowship and faith of a generation.
The 1960s was the decade where the baby boom generation formally broke with the past and established its own cultural references. This generation, born after World War II, was shaped by the major themes of America’s post-war history: prosperity, affluence, the decentralization of cities and the shift to suburban living, the promise of higher education, and the security of a world at peace. However, what fostered this lifestyle also allowed this generation to see the stark contrast of their lives with the lives of those who did not enjoy the same advantages and instilled in its members a strong sense of responsibility. Consequently, they were troubled by poverty and injustice and were eager to work towards civil rights, lesbian and gay rights, the elimination of poverty, ending the Vietnam War, women’s rights, and universal voting rights. By the late 1960s, a strong counterculture had emerged that challenged some of the moral and political foundations of the establishment.
Over three days, the festival featured thirty-two individual performers, folk singers, blues, and rock and roll bands who played to an audience that was estimated at more than 450,000. Tickets to the event were $6.00 per day. Some of the most well-known and well-regarded performers of the era included African-American folksinger, Richie Havens, who opened the concert and played until he was out of material. He then improvised the song “Freedom,” which became one of the festival’s signature events. Other performers included Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, Country Joe McDonald, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, Santana, the Who, and Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young. One standout performer and Woodstock’s last performer, was Jimi Hendrix, who played a now epic rendition of the “Star Spangled Banner.”
Woodstock was the largest and most memorable of dozens of outdoor music festivals that took place between 1967 and 1969, an era that began with the widely publicized Monterey Pops Concert, Monterey, California, on June 16-18, 1967, and ended tragically, with a concert at the Altamont Racetrack, Altamont, California, on December 6, 1969, just three months after Woodstock.
Woodstock remains a symbol of what was thought possible. The long-lasting impact of the festival on American life is attested to by the fact that the Woodstock and its aftermath helped shape the world views, social consciences, and musical tastes of thousands of people who are now in leadership roles in every segment of American life. | https://www.nps.gov/places/woodstock-music-festival-site.htm | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
where was woodstock held in the 60's | Woodstock - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1969 music and art festival. For other uses, see Woodstock (disambiguation) .
|Woodstock|
|Genre|
|Dates|| August 15–17, 1969 (scheduled) |
August 15–18, 1969 (actual)
|Location(s)||Bethel, New York|
|Coordinates||41.701°N 74.880°W Coordinates : 41.701°N 74.880°W|
|Years active||1969|
|Founded by|| Artie Kornfeld |
Michael Lang
John P. Roberts
Joel Rosenman
Woodstock Ventures
|Attendance||400,000 (estimate)|
|Website|| www |
Bethel
Max Yasgur's
farm
farm
Woodstock Music and Art Fair , commonly referred to as Woodstock , was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur 's dairy farm in Bethel, New York , United States, [3] [4] 40 miles (65 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock . Billed as "an Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music" and alternatively referred to as the Woodstock Rock Festival , it attracted an audience of more than 400,000 attendees. [3] [5] [6] [7] Thirty-two acts performed outdoors despite sporadic rain. [8] It was one of the largest music festivals held in history. [9] [10] [11]
The festival has become widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history as well as a defining event for the counterculture generation . [12] [13] The event's significance was reinforced by a 1970 documentary film , [14] an accompanying soundtrack album , and a song written by Joni Mitchell that became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort . Musical events bearing the Woodstock name were planned for anniversaries, which included the tenth , twentieth , twenty-fifth , thirtieth , fortieth , and fiftieth . In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine listed it as number 19 of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll. [15] In 2017, the festival site became listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [16]
Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang , Artie Kornfeld , Joel Rosenman , and John P. Roberts . [17] [18] Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. [17] Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized the Miami Pop Festival on the East Coast the previous year, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. [ citation needed ]
Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Mediasound, a recording studio complex in Manhattan. Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Mediasound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock , New York . Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band ). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. [17] [ page needed ] The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office. [19] [ page needed ]
From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, "relaxed" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. [20] [ page needed ] When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project. [20] [ page needed ]
In April 1969, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 in 2021 [21] ). [22] The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups until Creedence committed to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented: "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 12:30 a.m. start time and omission from the Woodstock film (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty 's insistence), Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences regarding the festival. [23]
Woodstock was conceived as a profit-making venture. It became a "free concert" when circumstances prevented the organizers from installing fences and ticket booths before opening day. [17] [ page needed ] Tickets for the three-day event cost US$18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to about $130 and $180 today [21] ). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan . Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold. [24] The organizers had anticipated approximately 50,000 festival-goers would turn up. [17] [ page needed ]
The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in the town of Woodstock, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. [25] : 40 After local residents quickly rejected that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location at the Winston Farm in Saugerties, New York . [26] But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. [17] [ page needed ] Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300- acre (120 ha ; 0.47 sq mi ; 1.2 km 2 ) Mills Industrial Park (
41.648088°N 74.179751°W ) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for US$10,000 (equivalent to $74,000 today) in the Spring of 1969. [27] Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. The conditions upon which a permit would be issued made it impossible for the promoters to continue construction at the Wallkill site. [17] [ page needed ] Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. [28]
In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock , Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15- acre (6.1 ha ; 650,000 sq ft ; 61,000 m 2 ) motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur . [29] [ page needed ] Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur , Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. [30] Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond became a popular skinny dipping destination. Filippini was the only landowner who refused to sign a lease for the use of his property. [17] [ page needed ]
The organizers again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people. [ citation needed ]
Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival", [31] Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt, building inspector Donald Clark and Town Supervisor Daniel Amatucci approved the festival permits. Nonetheless, the Bethel Town Board refused to issue the permits formally. [32] Clark was ordered to post stop-work orders. [33] Rosenman recalls meeting Don Clark and discussing with him how unethical it was for him to withhold permits which had already been authorized, and which he had in his pocket. At the end of the meeting, Inspector Clark gave him the permits. [17] [ page needed ] The Stop Work Order was lifted, and the festival could proceed pending backing by the Department of Health and Agriculture, and removal of all structures by September 1, 1969. [34]
The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, Rosenman was asked by the construction foremen to choose between (a) completing the fencing and ticket booths (without which Roberts and Rosenman would be facing almost certain bankruptcy after the festival) or (b) trying to complete the stage (without which it would be a weekend of half a million concert-goers with no concert to hold their attention). The next morning, on Wednesday, it became clear that option (a) had disappeared. Overnight, 50,000 "early birds" had arrived and had planted themselves in front of the half-finished stage. For the rest of the weekend, concert-goers simply walked onto the site, with or without tickets. Though the festival left Roberts and Rosenman close to financial ruin, their ownership of the film and recording rights turned their finances around when the Academy Award-winning documentary film Woodstock was released in March 1970. [17] [ page needed ]
The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. The town of Bethel did not enforce its codes, fearing chaos as the crowd flowed to the site. [35] Eventually, radio and television descriptions of the traffic jams discouraged people from setting off to the festival. [36] [37] Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed, [38] although the director of the Woodstock museum said that this closure never occurred. [39] To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. [40]
On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John P. Roberts and told him that he was thinking of ordering 10,000 National Guard troops to the festival, but Roberts persuaded him not to. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. [36] During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base helped ensure order and air-lifted performers in and out of the concert site. [25] : 225
Jimi Hendrix was the last to perform at the festival, and he took the stage at 8:30 Monday morning due to delays caused by the rain. The audience had peaked at an estimated 450,000 during the festival but was reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of him, then left during his performance. [41]
Hendrix and his new band Gypsy Sun and Rainbows were introduced as The Experience , but he corrected this and added: "You could call us a Band of Gypsies". [42] : 270 They performed a two-hour set, including his psychedelic rendition of the national anthem. The song became "part of the sixties Zeitgeist " as it was captured in the Woodstock film. [42] : 272
We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn ... there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.
And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: A quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it, John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy.
The festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, although there were three recorded fatalities: two drug overdoses and another caused when a tractor ran over a 17-year-old sleeping in a nearby hayfield. [43] [44] There were births claimed to have occurred among Woodstock attendees, one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter. Extensive research by a book author could not verify any birth claims, except that a potential attendee never arrived. [45] There were a number of miscarriages (sources range from four to eight). [46] [43] [44] Over the course of the three days, there were 742 drug overdoses . [47]
Max Yasgur owned the site of the event, and he spoke of how nearly half a million people spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He stated, "If we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future". [20] [ page needed ]
Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley . "It worked very well", he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 m] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." [48] ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. [49] [ page needed ] For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins . [50] The live performances were captured on two 8-track Scully recorders in a tractor trailer back stage by Edwin Kramer and Lee Osbourne on 1-inch Scotch recording tape at 15 ips, then mixed at the Record Plant studio in New York. [51]
Lighting for the concert was engineered by lighting designer and technical director E.H. Beresford "Chip" Monck . Monck was hired to plan and build the staging and lighting, ten weeks of work for which he was paid $7,000 (equivalent to $52,000 today). Much of his plan had to be scrapped when the promoters were not allowed to use the original location in Wallkill, New York . The stage roof that was constructed in the shorter time available was not able to support the lighting that had been rented, which wound up sitting unused underneath the stage. The only light on the stage was from spotlights. [52]
Monck used twelve 1300 Watt Super Trouper - follow spots rigged on four towers around the stage. The follow spots weighed 600 pounds (270 kg) each and were operated by spotlight operators who had to climb up on the top of the 60-foot-high (18 m) lighting towers. [53]
Monck also was drafted just before the concert started as the master of ceremonies when Michael Lang noticed he had forgotten to hire one. He can be heard and seen in recordings of Woodstock making the stage announcements, including requests to "stay off the towers" and the warning about the " brown acid ". [52]
Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days: [54]
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Richie Havens||5:07 pm – 5:54 pm||Was moved up to the opening performance slot after Sweetwater were stopped by police en route to the festival and other artists were delayed on the freeway.|
|Swami Satchidananda||7:10 pm – 7:20 pm||Gave the opening speech/invocation for the festival. [55]|
|Sweetwater||7:30 pm – 8:10 pm|
|Bert Sommer||8:30 pm – 9:15 pm||Received the festival's first standing ovation after his performance of Simon and Garfunkel's " America ”.|
|Tim Hardin||9:20 pm – 9:45 pm|
|Ravi Shankar||10:20 pm – 10:35 pm||Played through the rain.|
|Melanie||11:00 pm – 11:20 pm||Sent onstage for an unscheduled performance after the Incredible String Band declined to perform during the rainstorm. Called back for two encores.|
|Arlo Guthrie||11:55 pm – 12:25 am|
|Joan Baez||12:55 am – 2:00 am||Was six months pregnant at the time.|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Quill||12:30 pm – 12:45 pm|
|Country Joe McDonald||1:20 pm – 1:30 pm||Brought in for an unscheduled emergency solo performance when Santana was not yet ready to take the stage. Joe performed again with The Fish the following day.|
|Santana||2:00 pm – 2:45 pm|
|John Sebastian||3:30 pm – 3:55 pm||Sebastian was not on the bill, but rather was attending the festival, and was recruited to perform while the promoters waited for many of the scheduled performers to arrive.|
|Keef Hartley Band||4:45 pm – 5:30 pm|
|The Incredible String Band||6:00 pm – 6:30 pm||Originally slated to perform on the first day following Ravi Shankar; declined to perform during the rainstorm and were moved to the second day. [56]|
|Canned Heat||7:30 pm – 8:30 pm|
|Mountain||9:00 pm – 10:00 pm||This performance was only their third gig as a band [57]|
|Grateful Dead||10:30 pm – 12:05 am||Their set ended after a fifty-minute version of "Turn On Your Love Light".|
|Creedence Clearwater Revival||12:30 am – 1:20 am|
|Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band [58]||2:00 am – 3:00 am|
|Sly and the Family Stone||3:30 am – 4:20 am|
|The Who||5:00 am – 6:05 am||Briefly interrupted by Abbie Hoffman . [59]|
|Jefferson Airplane||8:00 am – 9:40 am||Joined onstage on piano by Nicky Hopkins .|
|Artist||Time||Notes|
|Joe Cocker and The Grease Band||2:00 pm – 3:25 pm||Played "With a Little Help From My Friends". [60] After Joe Cocker's set, a thunderstorm disrupted the events for several hours.|
|Country Joe and the Fish||6:30 pm – 8:00 pm||Country Joe McDonald's second performance.|
|Ten Years After||8:15 pm – 9:15 pm|
|The Band||10:00 pm – 10:50 pm||Called back for an encore.|
|Johnny Winter||Midnight – 1:05 am||Winter's brother, Edgar Winter , is featured on three songs. Called back for an encore.|
|Blood, Sweat & Tears||1:30 am – 2:30 am||Declined to participate in documentary film or soundtrack album because of unhappiness with the sound quality of their performance. [61]|
|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young||3:00 am – 4:14 am||An acoustic and electric set were played. Neil Young skipped most of the acoustic set.|
|Paul Butterfield Blues Band||6:00 am – 6:45 am|
|Sha Na Na||7:30 am – 8:00 am|
|Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows||9:00 am – 11:10 am||Performed to a considerably smaller crowd of fewer than 200,000 people. [62]|
- The Beatles were recording Abbey Road at the time and on the precipice of breaking up. Promoter Michael Lang , realizing The Beatles weren't an option, invited John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band . Due to Lennon's position on Vietnam and 1968 drug bust in England, Richard Nixon and the U.S. government reportedly did not want him in the country. Apple Corps sent a letter to the promoters offering the Plastic Ono Band , but the letter arrived as promoters were losing the location in Wallkill , so distractions did not allow arrangements to be finalized. [63]
- The Jeff Beck Group disbanded prior to Woodstock. "I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock," Beck said. "I didn't want it to be preserved." Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane . [64]
- Blues Image agreed to appear at the Woodstock festival, according to a 2011 interview with percussionist Joe Lala . Their manager did not want them to go and said, "There's only one road in and it's going to be raining, you don't want to be there". The band instead took a gig at Binghamton . [65]
- The Byrds were invited but chose not to participate, believing that Woodstock would be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. Bassist John York later said, "We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene." [66]
- Chicago had initially been signed to play at Woodstock, but they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham which allowed him to move their concerts at the Fillmore West . He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing them to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana would take their slot at the festival, as he managed them as well. [67]
- The Doors were considered but canceled at the last moment. According to guitarist Robby Krieger , they turned it down because they thought that it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival " and later regretted that decision. [68]
- Bob Dylan lived in the town of Woodstock but was never in serious negotiation to appear. Instead, he signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music on August 31. He intended to travel to England on Queen Elizabeth 2 on August 15, the day that the Woodstock Festival started, but his son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan and his wife Sara flew to England the following week. The Band accompanied him in his Isle of Wight appearance. [69]
- Free was asked to perform and declined. [70] They did play at the Isle of Wight Festival a week later.
- The Guess Who were invited to perform and declined. [71]
- Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at LaGuardia Airport . [72] According to Production Coordinator John Morris, "They sent me a telegram saying, 'We will arrive at LaGuardia. You will have helicopters pick us up. We will fly straight to the show. We will perform immediately, and then we will be flown out.' And I picked up the phone and called Western Union ... And [my telegram] said: For reasons I can't go into / Until you are here / Clarifying your situation / Knowing you are having problems / You will have to find /Other transportation /Unless you plan not to come.'" [73]
- Tommy James and the Shondells claimed to have declined an invitation. James stated: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later." [74]
- Jethro Tull also declined. According to Ian Anderson , he knew that it would be a big event but he did not want to go because he did not like hippies and had other concerns, including inappropriate nudity, heavy drinking, and drug use. [75]
- Led Zeppelin were asked to perform. Their manager Peter Grant stated: "I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill." [76]
- Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. [77]
- Arthur Lee and Love declined an invitation, in part due to turmoil within the band. [70]
- Mind Garage declined because they thought that the festival would be a minor event, and they had a higher paying gig elsewhere. [70]
- Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform but cancelled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show . She later composed the song "Woodstock" inspired by what she saw on television. [78] [79]
- The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but they backed out after being booked in Paris the same weekend. [70]
- Poco were offered a chance to perform at the festival, but their manager turned it down for a concert at a Los Angeles school gymnasium. [80]
- Procol Harum were invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower 's baby. [81]
- The Rascals were invited to play but declined because they were in the middle of recording a new album. [82]
- Raven turned down an invitation to play because they played at one of the Woodstock Sound-Outs the year before and it did not go well. [83]
- Roy Rogers was asked to close the festival with " Happy Trails " but he declined. [84]
- The Rolling Stones were invited but declined because Mick Jagger was in Australia filming Ned Kelly , and Keith Richards ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg had just given birth to their son Marlon. [85]
- Simon & Garfunkel declined the invitation, as they were working on their new album. [86]
- Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. [87]
- Strawberry Alarm Clock declined an invitation because they didn't think Woodstock would be that big of a deal. [88]
- According to Michael Lang, Apple Records wanted to send some of their acts to Woodstock. "Apple sent me a letter saying they were going to send an art installation from the Plastic Ono Band and also offered James Taylor and Billy Preston ,” Lang continued to Billboard. “All three would have been great, but the letter arrived around the time we were losing the site in Wallkill and we were kind of distracted, so those never got finalized.” [89]
- Zager & Evans were invited to play Woodstock and appear on American Bandstand , but Rick Evans was injured by a drunk driver in a crash. [90]
- Frank Zappa was then with The Mothers of Invention ; he said, "A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down." [70]
Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front-page headlines in the Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud". The New York Times ran an editorial titled "Nightmare in the Catskills", which read in part, "The dreams of marijuana and rock music that drew 300,000 fans and hippies to the Catskills had little more sanity than the impulses that drive the lemmings to march to their deaths in the sea. They ended in a nightmare of mud and stagnation ... What kind of culture is it that can produce so colossal a mess?" [91] Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading. [36] [92] [ page needed ]
The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. [31] Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times , asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston , agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. [36] [92] [ page needed ] When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. [46] [93]
Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record , the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles (56 km) away in Middletown. [27] [94] [95] [96]
Main article: Woodstock (film)
The documentary film Woodstock , directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by a crew headed by Thelma Schoonmaker , was released in March 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub , an executive at Warner Bros. , and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 (equivalent to $740,000 today) to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.
Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War ), as well as the views of the townspeople. [97]
Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . [98] In 1996, the film was inducted into the Library of Congress National Film Registry . In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray .
Woodstock Diaries was produced by D.A. Pennebaker in 1994 as a three-part TV documentary miniseries. It was intended to commemorate Woodstock's 25th anniversary and includes rare performances and interviews with many of the concert's producers, including Joel Rosenman, John Roberts and Michael Lang. [99]
Jimi Hendrix: Live at Woodstock was produced in 2005 as two-disc set that includes all available footage of Hendrix's Woodstock performance, in two different edits. The release also includes a mini-documentary with members of Hendrix's band, and footage of a September 1969 news conference where he discussed his Woodstock set. [99]
Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee . [100] Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York , to shoot the film. He was initially concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being very welcoming and willing to help with the film. [101] The movie is based on Elliot Tiber , played by Demetri Martin , and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang , Daniel Eric Gold as Joel Rosenman, and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg . [102]
Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation is a documentary by Barak Goodman, produced in 2019 by PBS . It focuses on Woodstock's social and political context and contains previously unseen footage supplemented by voice-over anecdotes from festival attendees. It focuses more on the scene in the crowd (and around the country) than on the stage. [99]
Creating Woodstock was directed by Mick Richards and produced in 2019. It looks at how the festival came together, with interviews with producers elucidating some of Woodstock's myths, and what it took to get many performers to attend. (Janis Joplin, for example, apparently required a personal supply of strawberries). [99]
Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More , was a 3- LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (many by Production Coordinator John Morris, e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In August 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released, containing music not included on the earlier two albums. [103]
Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival (but not the stage announcements and crowd noises) were reissued by Atlantic, also in August 1994, as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music . [99]
An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock was also released in August 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. [99]
In July 1999, MCA Records released Live at Woodstock , a double-disc recording (longer than Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock ) featuring nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist Larry Lee . [99]
In June 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana , Janis Joplin , Sly & the Family Stone , Jefferson Airplane , and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy / SME Records , and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience . [99]
In August 2009, Rhino / Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock 40 Years On: Back To Yasgur's Farm , which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. [104]
In October 2009, Joe Cocker released Live at Woodstock , a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contains eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased. [99]
On August 2, 2019, the Rhino/Atlantic released Woodstock – Back to the Garden: The Definitive 50th Anniversary Archive , a 38-CD, 36-hour, 432-song completists' audio box set of nearly every note played at the original 1969 Woodstock festival (including 276 songs that were previously unreleased), a "CD collection [co-produced for Rhino by archivist Andy Zax ] that lays the '69 fest out in chronological order, from the first stage announcements to muddy farewells." The only things missing from this 38-CD edition are two Jimi Hendrix songs that his estate did not believe were up to the required standard and some of Sha Na Na 's music that missed being captured on tape. Due to various production and warehousing issues, the release of the box set was delayed dramatically, causing massive backlash and dissatisfaction toward Rhino and Warner Music. [ citation needed ] More condensed versions—an album on 10 CDs, and an album on either 3 CDs or 5 LPs—were also released. The full version was limited to a run of only 1,969 copies. [105] [106] [107] [108]
Also released in 2019 was Live at Woodstock , an official album of all 11 songs played by Creedence Clearwater Revival, from " Born on the Bayou " to " Bad Moon Rising " and " Proud Mary ". John Fogerty had originally thought the band's performance was unworthy but this album was finally released both on CD and as a double vinyl LP. [99]
In the years immediately following the festival, Woodstock co-producers John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, along with Robert Pilpel, wrote Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It , a book about the goings-on behind the scenes during the production of the Woodstock Festival. [17]
Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying, "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur died in 1973. [110]
Bethel voters did not re-elect Supervisor Amatucci, in an election held in November 1969, because of his role in bringing the festival to the town and the upset attributed to some residents. [111] Although accounts vary, the loss was only by a very small margin of between six and fifty votes. [112] The New York State Legislature and the Town of Bethel also enacted mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.
Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt (equivalent to $10.3 million today) Roberts and Rosenman had incurred from the festival. [36] [113]
In 1984, at the original festival site, land owners Louis Nicky and June Gelish put up a monument marker with plaques called "Peace and Music" by a local sculptor from nearby Bloomingburg , Wayne C. Saward. [114]
Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site. Its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to capitalize on its connection. Bethel's stance eventually changed and the town began to embrace the festival. Efforts were undertaken to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. [115]
The field and the stage area remain preserved and are open to visitors as part of the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts after being purchased in 1996 by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose. [116] [117] The center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic on a newly constructed pavilion stage located about 500 yards (460 m) SSE of the site of the 1969 stage. [118] (The site of the original stage is vacant except for a commemorative plaque which was placed in 1984.) [119] In June 2008 the Bethel Woods Center opened a museum dedicated to the experience and cultural significance of the Woodstock festival. [120]
Notable events since the opening of the center have included an August 2006 performance by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young [121] and the scattering of Richie Havens 's ashes in August 2013. [122]
In late 2016 New York's State Historic Preservation Office applied to the National Park Service to have 600 acres (240 ha), including the site of the festival and adjacent areas used for campgrounds, listed on the National Register of Historic Places , [123] and the site was listed on the register in February 2017.
There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. [124] A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald , the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin 's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew ), Canned Heat , Ten Years After , Jefferson Starship , Mountain , and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane lineup to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten , who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat . [125] Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. [126] Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.
Another event occurred in Hawkhurst , Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. [127] On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, Illinois, and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the "Father of Woodstock", Artie Kornfeld. [128] Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.
Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock , which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.
In May 2014, Michael Lang, one of the producers and organizers of the original Woodstock event, revealed plans for a possible 50th anniversary concert in 2019 and that he was exploring various locations. Reports in late 2018 confirmed the plans for a concurrent 50th anniversary event on the original site to be operated by the Bethel Woods Centre for the Arts. The scheduled date for the "Bethel Woods Music and Culture Festival: Celebrating the golden anniversary at the historic site of the 1969 Woodstock festival" was August 16–18, 2019. Partners in the event were Live Nation and INVNT. Bethel Woods described the festival as a "pan-generational music, culture and community event" (including some live performances and talks by) "leading futurists and retro-tech experts".
Michael Lang told a reporter that he also had "definite plans" for a 50th anniversary concert that would "hopefully encourage people to get involved with our lives on the planet" with a goal of re-capturing the "history and essence of what Woodstock was". [129]
On January 9, 2019, Lang announced that the official Woodstock 50th anniversary festival would take place on August 16–18, 2019 in Watkins Glen, New York . [130]
On March 19, 2019, the proposed line-up for Woodstock 50 was announced. This included some artists who performed at the original Woodstock festival in 1969: John Fogerty (from Creedence Clearwater Revival ), Carlos Santana (as Santana ), David Crosby (from Crosby, Stills & Nash ), Melanie , John Sebastian , Country Joe McDonald , three Grateful Dead members (as Dead & Company ), Canned Heat , and Hot Tuna (containing members of Jefferson Airplane ). [131] The event was to take place at Watkins Glen International , the race track in Watkins Glen, New York, the site in 1973 for the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen which drew an estimated 600,000 people.
On April 29, 2019, it was announced that Woodstock 50 had been cancelled by investors ( Dentsu Aegis Network ), who had lost faith in its preparations. The producers "vehemently" denied any cancellation, with Michael Lang telling The New York Times that investors have no such prerogative. [132] [133] After a lawsuit with original financiers, the Woodstock 50 team then announced that it had received help from Oppenheimer & Co. for financing so that the three-day event can continue to take place in August despite the original financiers pulling out.
On July 31, 2019, NPR reported that the concert had finally been cancelled. [134] [135] The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts did organize a weekend of "low-key" concerts. [136]
Woodstock still acts as an economic engine for the local economy. A Bethel Woods report from 2018 indicates that $560.82 million of spending has been generated in New York. With 2.9 million visitors since 2006 and 214,405 visitors in 2018, an equivalent of 172 full-time jobs exist as a result, which includes direct wages of $5.1 million from Bethel Woods in Sullivan County. [137]
As one of the biggest music festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late 1960s, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "the Woodstock generation" became part of the common lexicon. [138] Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the festival concluded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character – which began appearing in 1966 but was still unnamed – Woodstock in tribute to the festival (see GoComics archive - 1970JUN22). [139] In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled "I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. [140] Keith Robertson 's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm.
In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. [141]
Time magazine named "The Who at Woodstock – 1969" to the magazine's "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" list on March 18, 2010. [142]
In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock , a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders . [143]
In 2017, the singer Lana Del Rey released a song, " Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind ," in order to show her worries about the tensions between North Korea and the United States while she was at Coachella , expressing nostalgia by using the Woodstock festival as a symbol of peace. [144]
In 2017, Portland rock band Portugal. The Man released album Woodstock , inspired by the lead singer John Gourley 's conversation with his dad about the Woodstock festival ticket stub. [145]
In August 2019, the United States Postal Service released a Forever stamp commemorating Woodstock's 50th anniversary. [146] The stamp was designed by Antonio Alcalá, Art Director of the USPS and was first issued at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City on August 8, 2019. [147] The museum was hosting Play it Loud , an exhibit co-organized with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame consisting of vintage rock and roll instruments, posters, and costumes. [148] Attending the ceremony were Woodstock producers Michael Lang and Joel Rosenman . The ceremony began with a "stirring" electric guitar performance of The Star Spangled Banner by "Captain" Kirk Douglas of The Roots —"reminiscent" of Jimi Hendrix's performance at the original festival. [149]
Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech.
A rainy day (August 15, 1969)
Concert attendees
Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock
Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969
Richie Havens performing at Woodstock
Tents and cars of spectators at Woodstock
- ^ "Woodstock Rocks On Forever" . United States Postal Service (Press release). August 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Woodstock Forever Stamps" . United States Postal Service (Press release). July 8, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ "Exhibition Overview: Play It Loud: Instruments of Rock and Roll" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- ^ Chiu, David (August 8, 2019). "Woodstock Festival's 50th Anniversary Gets The Postage Stamp Treatment" . Forbes . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
- Bell, Dale (2019). Woodstock: An Inside Look at the Movie That Shook Up the World and Defined a Generation . Rare Bird Books. ISBN 978-1947856271 . Oral history with interviews of more than 40 crew members and performers.
- Blelock, Weston; Blelock, Julia, eds. (2009). Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" . WoodstockArts. ISBN 978-0-9679268-5-8 .
- Bukszpan, Daniel (2019). Woodstock: 50 Years of Peace and Music . Imagine. ISBN 978-1623545314 .
- Greenblatt, Mike (2019). Woodstock 50th Anniversary: Back to Yasgur's Farm . Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1440248900 .
- Hoffman, Abbie (1969). Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album . Vintage Books. Author's experience at the festival and his reflections on youth culture.
- Kane, John (2019). Pilgrims of Woodstock: Never-Before-Seen Photos . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 978-1-68435-082-7 . Photobook with interviews.
- Kornfeld, Artie (2009). The Pied Piper of Woodstock . Spirit of the Woodstock Nation LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-32599-6 .
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock 69: The First Festival: 3 Days of Peace & Music . Squarebooks. ISBN 978-0-916290-75-7 . Photobook.
- Landy, Elliott (1994). Woodstock Vision: The Spirit of a Generation . Afterword by Richie Havens. Woodstock, NY: Landy Vision. ISBN 978-0-9625073-4-2 . Includes 300 of Landy's classic photographs at Woodstock.
- Lang, Michael (2009). Woodstock Experience . Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-1-905662-09-8 .
- Makower, Joel (2009). Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition . SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions. ISBN 978-1-4384-2974-8 .
- Perone, James E. (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313330575 .
- Reynolds, Susan, ed. (2019). Woodstock Revisited: 50 Far Out, Groovy, Peace-Loving, Flashback-Inducing Stories From Those Who Were There . ISBN 978-1081381608 . Collection of stories by Woodstock attendees.
- Roberts, John ; Rosenman, Joel ; Pilpel, Robert H. (1974). Young Men with Unlimited Capital: The Inside Story of the Legendary Woodstock Festival Told By The Two People Who Paid for It (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 9780151559770 . OCLC 922819 .
- Tiber, Elliot (1994). Knock on Woodstock: The Uproarious, Uncensored Story of the Woodstock Festival, the Gay Man Who Made It Happen, and How He Earned His Ticket to Free . Joel Friedlander Pub. ISBN 978-0964180604 .
- Wolman, Baron (2014). Woodstock . Reel Art Press. Photobook containing author's Woodstock collection.
- Young, Jean; Lang, Michael (1979). Woodstock Festival Remembered . Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345280039 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodstock Music Festival .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Woodstock Festival . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock | 72 |
who was the ice skater who was attacked | Assault of Nancy Kerrigan - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Assault of Nancy Kerrigan|
|Location|| Cobo Arena |
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
|Coordinates||42°19′35″N 83°2′49″W Coordinates : 42°19′35″N 83°2′49″W|
|Date|| January 6, 1994 |
c. 2:35 PM ( EST ( UTC−05:00 ))
|Target||Nancy Kerrigan|
Attack type
|Bludgeoning|
|Weapon||ASP telescopic baton|
|Injured||Nancy Kerrigan|
|Perpetrators|
|Assailant||Shane Stant|
|Accused||Tonya Harding|
|Charges|
|Litigation||Harding v. US Figure Skating Ass'n, 851 F. Supp. 1476 (D. Or. 1994)|
On January 6, 1994, Nancy Kerrigan , an American figure skater , was struck on the lower right thigh with a telescopic baton by assailant Shane Stant as she walked down a corridor in Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Kerrigan had been practicing skating on an ice rink in the arena shortly beforehand.
The attack was planned by Jeff Gillooly, the ex-husband of fellow American figure skater Tonya Harding , and his co-conspirator Shawn Eckardt. [1] [2] [3] They hired Stant, and his uncle Derrick Smith, to carry out the attack. Gillooly and Eckardt both claimed that Harding was involved in the attack and had knowledge of it beforehand. Harding initially denied all knowledge of the attack, [4] [5] but soon accepted a plea agreement admitting to helping cover up the attack after the fact. [6] [7] Later, both a grand jury [8] and a disciplinary panel from the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) [9] found further evidence of Harding's involvement during the planning and execution phases.
The attack was intended to prevent Kerrigan from taking part in the ongoing 1994 United States Figure Skating Championships and the forthcoming Winter Olympics , thus increasing the prospects of Harding in both figure skating events. Kerrigan could not compete in the US Championship but recovered in time to compete in the Winter Olympics. Both women competed in the 1994 Olympics, and Harding was later banned for life from USFSA figure skating events. [10]
Nancy Kerrigan is an American former figure skater who, in January 1994, was about to take part in the United States Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, Michigan . Her main rival in that tournament was Tonya Harding . The attack took place just days before the tournament, and rendered Kerrigan unable to take part. [11] The Winter Olympics were also set to take place in February, where Kerrigan and Harding were likely to be the two female figure skaters representing the United States. The attack benefited Harding as it allowed her to win the U.S. Championships with ease and could have benefited her if it had taken Kerrigan out of the Olympics. [1]
Jeff Gillooly was Tonya Harding's ex-husband. [1] At the time of the attack, the couple were together and still referred to each other as husband and wife. Shawn Eckardt, a friend of Gillooly's who was also Harding's bodyguard before the attack, had originally been hired by the figure skater after she received an anonymous death threat . [12] Shane Stant later testified that Harding was part of staging the death threat against herself. [13] Derrick Smith, an associate of Eckardt, was paid $6,500 to carry out the attack; Eckardt had received the money from Gillooly. Shane Stant, Smith's nephew, initially planned to carry out the attack by himself and had travelled to Kerrigan's home rink in Cape Cod in late December 1993, but was unable to locate her. Stant then followed Kerrigan to the Nationals in Detroit in early January 1994. Gillooly opposed carrying out an attack in Detroit, feeling it too likely they would be caught, and instructed Eckardt to wire Stant funds to return home without carrying out the attack. Eckardt instead wired the funds to Smith, who then traveled to join Stant in Detroit. [14] Stant and Smith then planned to carry out the attack together. [15]
On the afternoon of January 6, 1994, Kerrigan was practicing for the U.S. Championships on an ice rink inside Cobo Arena . A camera crew was recording her practice session and showed her leaving the ice rink and walking through a curtain and down a hallway; the camera then cuts out. [16] Stant stated in a 2018 interview that he was standing "about a foot and a half" (around half a meter) behind the camera crew and waited for them to stop filming before he followed Kerrigan through the curtain. [17] Stant approached Kerrigan from behind, extended a telescopic baton , struck her lower right thigh and walked away. He then escaped from the arena by smashing through a locked glass door. Smith was waiting in a car outside and acted as a getaway driver . The camera crew began recording again shortly after the attack and recorded Kerrigan sitting on the floor crying surrounded by arena staff. Here, Kerrigan exclaimed the now-famous line, "Why? Why? Why?" [a] This footage was later broadcast around the world in news programs. Kerrigan was then carried away to a changing room by her father. [16] The attack severely bruised her knee and quadriceps tendon and forced her to withdraw from the U.S. Championships. [18]
Harding met Jeff Gillooly in 1986 when she was skating at the Clackamas Town Center ; she was 15, he was 17. They later exchanged phone numbers and went out to the movies, chaperoned by her father. [19] In 1988, the couple moved into a home together, and Harding claimed she began experiencing physical abuse from Gillooly. [20] They married on March 18, 1990. Harding's mother, LaVona, said she opposed the marriage: "I knew Jeff had a violent streak [...] he tried to break down the door because he thought [Tonya] had gone out with another boy." [21] On June 17, 1991, Harding filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Two days later, she received a restraining order against Gillooly: "He wrenched my arm and wrist, pulled my hair and shoved me [...] he bought a shotgun, and I am scared for my safety." [21]
Harding later claimed she was the victim of acquaintance rape sometime during her separation from Gillooly in 1991, "by a friend of mine, who I knew for eight years." [22] In summer 1991, she became engaged to mechanical engineer Mike Pliska. He ended their engagement after he saw Harding disrespecting people and giving her phone number to another man. [23] In autumn 1991, Harding dated a Canadian banker. In October, she decided to reconcile with Gillooly and withdraw the divorce, saying they were still in love and seeking counseling: "I know he's changed. I see it in his eyes, and I believe in him... I don't want to lose him. I really don't." [21] [24]
On March 10, 1992, Harding had a roadside physical altercation with a female motorist in Portland, Oregon . The first deputy on the scene observed Harding holding a baseball bat after breaking the motorist's eyeglasses. The incident ended in apologies and no criminal charges were filed. [25]
In both March and July 1993, police came to Harding and Gillooly's shared apartment after reported arguments. In a July affidavit, Harding wrote that she had been in an abusive marriage for two years, "he has assaulted me physically with his open hand and fist [...] put me down to the floor on several occasions." [23] Harding was granted another restraining order and filed for divorce. [26] In spring 1993, she dated Tom Arant who spoke about Harding to The Oregonian , saying she would complain about Gillooly, yet still contacted him often: "she couldn't stop talking to him." [27] That summer, a man from Harding's gym claimed to The Oregonian that Harding offered to pay him to "take care" of Gillooly, "slap him around a little." He said he was offended and declined. [28] [24]
On August 28, 1993, Harding and Gillooly were granted a divorce. Ten days later, Harding's lawyer asked the restraining order to be lifted because the couple again wished to reconcile. [23] On October 2, at approximately 3 a.m., neighbours of the couple called the police when they heard them arguing outside and a single gunshot. The neighbours reported seeing Gillooly pick Harding up and place her in a truck, and feared Harding had been shot. [29] A police officer stopped the truck and confiscated a found shotgun and a 9mm Beretta pistol that had recently been discharged. [30] The officer then interviewed Harding and Gillooly separately about what had happened, but their stories did not match. Gillooly first stated that the gun had fired when he was carrying it. Harding then admitted that she had fired the gun and was worried about the publicity. Gillooly said that Harding had been moving her possessions into his truck when they started an argument over his former girlfriend; he declined to press charges. [29] In November 1993, the couple were evicted from their apartment for failing to pay rent. [31]
During Tonya Harding's FBI testimony on January 18, 1994, she requested and received some ice to treat her swollen ankle. When asked about her finances, Harding said she had one bank account which was currently $109 overdrawn . [30] She was also asked about her relationship with Gillooly and replied she still considered him her husband. When asked whether Gillooly had ever threatened her, Harding said he had not. FBI agent James Russell then asked if she was at Shawn Eckardt's house at any time on January 11, Harding replied that she "definitely" had not been. Russell then advised her that while concealing criminal knowledge did not violate Oregon law, lying to the FBI would violate federal law. Harding said she understood that. Russell then told her that he knew she had lied to him. Harding's lawyer, Robert Weaver, then stated he wished to speak privately with his client. When Harding returned, she testified that she and Gillooly went to Eckardt's home on December 28, 1993; he went inside, she drove away. Harding said that Gillooly phoned her one hour later asking her to pick him up. [32]
After Harding's plea deal on March 16, 1994, she has since made other claims about the assault scandal. In 2018, she said she had prior knowledge of Gillooly and Eckardt discussing "[taking] out" one of her competitors in late 1993. Harding said she protested that she wanted to win fairly, and asked them what they were talking about. [33]
In Harding's 2008 authorized biography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews), Harding denied ever asking Vera Marano for the name of Nancy Kerrigan 's training rink and that Marano may not have remembered details properly and "was a little bit out there." Harding also expressed anxiety when Prouse asked about Marano's testimony: [34]
Jeff Gillooly first testified about the attack plot on January 26, 1994. [35] He said that in early December 1993, Harding phoned him after the 1993 NHK Trophy competition and was upset about her placement. He said he was also upset for her and later spoke about figure skating politics to his friend Shawn Eckardt. [30] According to Gillooly, Eckardt then wondered aloud what would happen if Nancy Kerrigan were to receive a threat. [36] Gillooly said he liked that idea. According to him, Eckardt wanted to keep the idea of injuring Kerrigan a secret from Harding, but Gillooly explained that injuring a competitor might psychologically affect Harding's performance too. Gillooly claimed that when he told Harding about plotting to injure Kerrigan, she thought it was "a good idea." [37] However, she was skeptical about Eckardt's ability to arrange it. [30] Gillooly assured her Eckardt knew people who could carry out the attack, and they could abort the plot if they did not like Eckardt's plan. [38]
Shortly after Eckardt had spoken on the phone with Derrick Smith, he visited Gillooly and Harding at their home and quoted $4,500 to execute the plot. Gillooly replied that it was too much and said he could pay $2,000. [38] On December 25, Gillooly had an answering machine message from Smith asking for more details about the plan. He claimed that he then phoned Eckardt to cancel the deal. Eckardt replied that Smith was already driving to Portland and that he needed more information about Kerrigan — a photograph and the location of the ice rink where she practiced. [30] [38] On December 27, Harding phoned her friend Vera Marano, a Pennsylvania figure skating writer, saying she and Gillooly had a "bet" about where Nancy Kerrigan trained. [30] Marano then called a USFSA contact to find the name of the rink and left a message on Harding and Gillooly's answering machine. [38] He said the message was difficult to understand, it sounded like "Tunee Can." Harding then phoned Marano again asking her to spell the arena name, and Gillooly said he watched as Harding wrote out "Tony Kent Arena." [39] [38]
Smith and his nephew, Shane Stant, arrived in Portland on December 27, drove to Eckardt's home, and asked for a meeting with Gillooly tomorrow at 10 a.m. Gillooly said Harding would be training at that time, but he agreed to meet them. On December 28, Harding finished her practice session at 10:30 a.m., then Gillooly drove them to Eckardt's home. According to him, she knew about the meeting and was anxious about Gillooly talking to dangerous people. [38] [40] He also testified that Harding told him she wanted Kerrigan injured either at her home or skating rink. [41] Gillooly said he would phone her after the meeting, and Harding then drove to Gillooly's mother's house. [38]
He arrived at 11 a.m. to the meeting held at Eckardt's home office, knocking on the door with Stant letting him in. [30] [38] Eckardt introduced Gillooly to Derrick Smith, using only his first name, Stant was introduced as Smith's "friend." Stant said it was "a pleasure" to meet Gillooly, then remained silent. Smith told Gillooly he could solve "problems," and Gillooly said he wanted Kerrigan out of the National Championships so Harding could win an Olympic gold medal. [38] [39] Once this was achieved, Harding would receive endorsements and he could offer $1,000 per week for her security. Gillooly said he could pay $6,500 for this plan and wanted to know what they could do. [30] Eckardt suggested cutting Kerrigan's Achilles tendon , using a beater car to run her off the road, or "just kill her," but those ideas were opposed. Gillooly said only her right leg needed to be disabled, her landing leg ; he claimed to have previously verified this with Harding. They settled on injuring Kerrigan's right leg. Gillooly was told his money would be returned if the deed was not completed. He then phoned Harding asking her to pick him up. [38]
According to Gillooly, as he was driving himself and Harding home, she asked if the meeting went well. When he told her about their "money-back guarantee," Harding laughed out loud. Gillooly said he felt "pretty good" about the meeting and thought Smith was competent. He then told her, "I think we should go for it." According to Gillooly, Harding replied, "Let's do it." [38] [42]
He said the men would need another photo of Kerrigan and her "skating times." Gillooly suggested that Harding call the Tony Kent Arena because she knew ice skating terminology. According to him, she did phone the arena asking for Kerrigan's "patch and freestyle times," and phoned again for the address. They also found two photos of Kerrigan from the World Team handbook and Olympian magazine. Gillooly said Harding told him to tear off the magazine's mailing label because it had their home address. They drove to Eckardt's home that night with the photos, practice times, and $2,700 in cash. Gillooly said he paid Eckardt while Harding was in another room having coffee with Eckardt's mother. He remembered Harding briefly talking to him and Eckardt saying Kerrigan's photo was "flattering." Gillooly and Harding were surprised that Eckardt's mother seemed to know about the plot too. [38]
Gillooly testified that by January 1994, he and Harding were upset that the plot had apparently failed. When Eckardt said it could still be done for more money, Gillooly asked "Do I have stupid written across my forehead?" Harding told him that Eckardt should return the money. On January 1, 1994, she had a late-night skating session from 11:30 p.m to 1 a.m., and Gillooly asked Eckardt to meet them at the rink. When Eckardt arrived, Gillooly agreed to pay more if Kerrigan could still be disabled before the Nationals competition. [38]
According to Gillooly, Harding then approached both men and asked Eckardt if his previous back pains were better. She then angrily asked him why "this thing" (the plot) was not completed. Eckardt was flustered and said he did not know why. [38]
On January 22, 1994, Vera Marano was interviewed by the FBI. She said she worked as a freelance writer and had written some figure skating articles about Harding, regularly trading phone calls with her. Marano stated that Harding had phoned her about a "bet" regarding Nancy Kerrigan. She said Harding then asked for the name of Kerrigan's training rink and also wanted to know if Kerrigan owned property in Cape Cod . [35]
Shawn Eckardt first testified about parts of the attack plot on January 12, 1994. He had known Gillooly since they were in the first grade at school. In 1993, Eckardt was enrolled in a paralegal course at Pioneer Pacific College and trying to build a business called World Bodyguard Services. [38] He claimed that in mid-December, Gillooly approached him to ask if he knew anyone who could disable Kerrigan. [43]
On December 22, 1993, Eckardt received a call from his friend Derrick Smith who lived in Phoenix, Arizona . [38] Smith wanted to know if Eckardt was still interested in moving to Phoenix to help set up an anti-terrorist training camp as they had previously discussed. [44] Eckardt claimed he had a contract to disable a female figure skater issued by her rival's husband, that it involved good money because one of the rival's sponsors was George Steinbrenner . [38] [30] It was true that Steinbrenner had recently given Harding a $10,000 donation through the USFSA. [45] [46] Smith was interested in the deal and agreed to drive to Portland with his nephew, Shane Stant, to meet with Eckardt and Gillooly. [38]
On December 28, as the men were waiting for Gillooly to arrive at his office, Smith persuaded Eckardt to tape record the meeting to use as "leverage." Eckardt hid the tape recorder on his desk under a paper towel. After the meeting, Gillooly left, returning that night to pay Eckardt in cash. He later gave the money to Smith who then drove Stant to the Seattle airport so Stant could fly to Boston . [47] Smith returned to Arizona and was communicating separately with Stant and Eckardt by phone, while Eckardt reported back to Gillooly. Eckardt did not know where exactly Stant was and told Gillooly that Smith needed more money. Gillooly refused to pay more until he had receipts proving that someone was in Boston for their plan. [38]
On January 1, 1994, Eckardt met Gillooly and Harding at the skating rink during her late-night session. He remembered Gillooly saying he would pay more money if the plot happened. Eckardt said Harding then skated up to him and commiserated about his ongoing back pain. [48] According to him, she then said "You need to stop screwing around with this and get it done." [30]
When Derrick Smith was first interviewed by FBI on January 12, 1994, he held to the cover story that had been agreed upon with his co-conspirators until later in the day when he confessed to his part in the plot. [49] He had met Eckardt when they were students at Mt. Hood Community College , shared an interest in espionage and survivalism, and had discussed opening a school together someday. [50] Smith later worked for the United States Army as an "intelligence analyst" for about 3 years until he was discharged. [30] He then worked in Milwaukie, Oregon as a group home coordinator for Developmental Systems Inc., a company that employed and trained mentally retarded adults to sort laundry hangers. [50] [30] The company claimed Smith was good at his work, remaining quiet and patient if a little anti-social. [51] He quit that job in late 1993 and moved to Arizona with his wife. [50] [51] Smith then applied for a police officer job and was waiting for his interview to be scheduled before Eckardt told him about possible bodyguard work in Oregon. [30]
When he phoned Eckardt on December 22, 1993, Eckardt told Smith he had a client who needed someone physically "taken down," saying the job would entail more bodyguard work in the future. Smith did not want to commit the assault himself because he had no criminal record, but said he might know someone who would do it. He knew his nephew, Shane Stant, was currently unemployed so Smith told him about his conversation with Eckardt. [38]
On December 28, he and Stant were in Portland to discuss the attack plan. Before Gillooly arrived to the meeting, Smith asked Eckardt to tape-record the impending plotting for security. [52] During the meeting, he thought Eckardt was leading Gillooly to think he had many " underground " contacts. After the meeting, he and Stant agreed not to injure Kerrigan "too badly." [53]
Shane Stant first testified about the attack plot after he turned himself in to the FBI on January 14, 1994. [49] He was the son of Derrick Smith's wife's sister. [30] Stant and his girlfriend also moved to Arizona along with Smith after once serving 15 days in jail for stealing cars. He was interested in bodybuilding, martial arts , and helping Smith open his training camp someday. [38]
When Smith told Stant about his phone call with Eckardt, Stant wanted to know more specifics. Eckardt then phoned him to say the plot involved making "an accident happen" to a skater, maybe cutting an Achilles tendon. Stant said he would not cut anyone. Eckardt then offered more money than Gillooly stated and said more bodyguard work would follow. Stant agreed to go to Portland with Smith for a meeting, then he paid $59 for a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP tactical baton from a store called Spy Headquarters. [38]
On December 29, 1993, Stant agreed to execute the plot and took a flight to Boston, yet discovered he could not rent a car with his girlfriend's credit card. He received his own credit card from an evening mail delivery the next day. On December 31, Stant drove to Yarmouth, Massachusetts , reaching the Tony Kent Arena that afternoon. Nancy Kerrigan had already finished her practice session and departed to Stoneham, Massachusetts for the weekend. [38] Stant, thinking Kerrigan would still be training at the arena, frequented the parking lot for two days and relocated his car every half hour. [30]
On January 11, Ann Schatz interviewed Harding for KOIN-TV in Portland , Oregon . Schatz asked Harding whether someone she knew could have planned the attack. Harding replied, "I have definitely thought about it." Gillooly stood in her view behind the camera during the interview. The interview ended with Harding saying, "No one controls my life but me...if there's something in there that I don't like, I'm going to change it." [54] [55] [56] Harding also confirmed she had spoken with FBI agents in Detroit and again in Portland. [57] On January 13, Eckardt and Smith were arrested. [58] [59] On January 14, the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) made a statement on whether Eckardt's arrest affected Harding's Olympic placement: "We will deal only with the facts." [60] [61] Harding and Gillooly's separate lawyers confirmed the couple were in daily contact and cooperation with law enforcement. [62] On January 15, Harding and Gillooly spoke with reporters, but declined to comment about the investigation. [63] On January 16, Harding's lawyer held a news conference in which he read a statement denying Harding's involvement in the attack on Kerrigan. [64] [65] Harding left her home that evening to practice figure skating with her coaches, where she spoke with reporters and performed a triple Axel . [66] [67] [68]
On February 5, 1994, the USFSA disciplinary panel stated there were reasonable grounds to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics . [69] Her admitted failure to report about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI transcripts, led to Harding being formally charged with "[making] false statements about her knowledge". The USFSA also recommended that she face a disciplinary hearing. Claire Ferguson , president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before a hearing took place. If she had been suspended, she likely still would have competed at the Olympics after filing suit, seeking an injunction against the USFSA, and asserting her rights under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 . [70] The panel examined evidence including the testimonies of Stant and Smith, Harding and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found in a Portland saloon trash bin on January 30. [71] Harding was given thirty days to respond. [72]
On February 1, 1994, Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea agreement in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in the attack. In July, Gillooly was sentenced to two years in prison after publicly apologizing to Kerrigan – adding "any apology coming from me rings hollow." [73] [74] Gillooly and Eckardt pleaded guilty to racketeering , while Stant and Smith pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault. [75] [76] Judge Donald Londer noted the attack could have injured Kerrigan more seriously. [77] Eckardt died in 2007. [78]
On March 16, Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense at a Multnomah County court hearing. She and her lawyer, Robert Weaver, negotiated a plea agreement ensuring no further prosecution. [79] Judge Londer conducted routine questioning to make certain Harding understood her agreement, that she was entering her plea "knowingly and voluntarily." Harding told Londer she was. Her plea admissions were knowing of the assault plot after the fact, settling on a cover story with Gillooly and Eckardt on January 10, witnessing payphone calls to Smith affirming the story on January 10 and 11, and lying to FBI. [6] [7] Law enforcement investigators had been following and videotaping the co-conspirators since January 10, and knew about the payphone calls. [80] [73] [81] Harding's penalties included three years of probation , a $100,000 fine , and 500 hours community service . She agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination , and volunteered to give $50,000 to the Special Olympics Oregon (SOOR) charity. Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment for the offense. [82]
On March 21, 1994, a Portland grand jury issued an indictment stating there was evidence Harding participated in the attack plot. The indictment concluded more than two months of investigation and witness testimonies from Diane Rawlinson; Harding's choreographer Erika Bakacs; freelance figure skating writer Vera Marano; and Eckardt's college instructor and classmates. [83] [84] [85] [73] It stated there was evidence Harding fraudulently used USFSA-provided skating monies to finance the assault. It also read that Harding, Gillooly, Eckardt, Smith, and Stant agreed to "knowingly cause physical injury ... by means of a dangerous weapon." The grand jury foreman said the evidence implied Harding as "involved from the beginning or very close." She was not charged in the indictment due to the terms of her March 16 plea agreement. [86] [8]
On June 29, the USFSA disciplinary panel met for nine hours over two days to consider Harding's alleged role in the attack. [87] On June 30, chairman William Hybl stated,
The panel decided that pertinent FBI reports, court documents, and Harding's March 16 plea agreement presented
Harding chose neither to attend nor participate in the two-day hearing. Weaver said the decision disappointed her but was not a surprise, and that she had not decided on an appeal. [88] [89] Harding was stripped of her 1994 U.S. Championship title and banned for life from participating in USFSA events as either skater or coach. The USFSA has no dominion over professional skating events, yet Harding was also persona non grata on the pro circuit. Few skaters and promoters would work with her, and she did not benefit from the ensuing boom in professional skating after the scandal. [90]
The attack and the scandal surrounding it were depicted in the 2017 film I, Tonya , with Margot Robbie portraying Harding, Ricky Russert portraying Stant, and Caitlin Carver portraying Kerrigan. [91]
The character of Karla Keller in the cancelled Data East arcade fighting game Tattoo Assassins is largely based on Kerrigan, Keller's backstory directly referencing the assault. [92] [93]
A sidequest in the video game Spyro: Year of the Dragon centers around defending a polar bear ice dancer named Nancy from getting assaulted by Rhynoc hockey players as she attempts to rehearse for a performance.
The penultimate episode of the animated comedy Futurama , " Stench and Stenchibility ", features a devilish six-year-old girl named Tonya (voiced by Tara Strong ; a reference to Harding), who is the opponent of Bender Rodriguez ( John DiMaggio ) in a tap dancing competition held by Randy Munchnik . As Bender attempts to sabotage her performance by filling her tap shoes with tacks in the locker room, Tonya catches him in the act, and breaks his leg with a nightstick in a similar manner to the attack on Kerrigan.
Barack Obama referenced the attack while giving a speech in 2007 in Iowa during his run in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries , stating "Folks said there's no way Obama has a chance unless he goes and kneecaps the person ahead of us, does a Tonya Harding." [97]
- ^ Some newspapers, such as the New York Daily News , misquoted Kerrigan as saying "Why me!?". This sentence cannot be heard on the clip filmed by the camera crew. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_of_Nancy_Kerrigan | 73 |
who was the ice skater who was attacked | Skater Nancy Kerrigan attacked | Olympic hopeful Nancy Kerrigan is attacked at a Detroit ice rink following a practice session two days before the Olympic trials. A man hit Kerrigan with a club on the back of her knee, causing the figure skater to cry out in pain and bewilderment. When the full story emerged a week later, the nation became caught up in a real-life soap opera.
One of Kerrigan’s chief rivals for a place on the U.S. Figure Skating Team was Tonya Harding . In mid-December 1993, Harding’s ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, approached Shawn Eckardt about somehow eliminating Kerrigan from the competition. Eckardt set up a meeting with Derrick Smith and Shane Stant, who agreed to injure Kerrigan for a fee.
On December 28, Stant went to Massachusetts , where Kerrigan was practicing. However, he couldn’t carry out the attack so he followed her to Detroit, where Smith met him. After hitting Kerrigan, Stant fled the ice rink in Smith’s getaway car. With Kerrigan unable to skate, Harding won the championship and a place at the 1994 Olympics.
On January 11, Derrick Smith confessed to FBI agents. Three days later, Stant surrendered and also confessed. Harding was questioned on January 18, but denied her involvement. She claimed that she would cut off any connection with Gillooly if he was responsible. The next day, Gillooly was charged with conspiracy to assault Kerrigan. Shortly after, he agreed to a deal in which he implicated Harding.
Harding then came forward, changing her story and admitting that she had learned of Gillooly’s role in the attack after the championships but did not inform authorities. Meanwhile, U.S. Olympic officials named Kerrigan and Harding to the team that would compete in Lillehammer, Norway. When the United States Olympic Committee began considering removing Harding from the team, she filed a lawsuit that successfully stopped this action.
At the Olympics, the competition between Harding and Kerrigan set ratings records. Harding’s performance was a drama in itself. She broke down crying after a lace on her skates broke. Even after being allowed a restart, Harding wasn’t able to pull herself together and finished eighth. Kerrigan took home the silver medal, and many thought she deserved the gold.
Back in the U.S., Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder the prosecution of Kerrigan’s attackers. She was fined $100,000 and sentenced to probation and 500 hours of community service. Other than Gillooly’s testimony, there was never any further evidence of Harding’s knowledge of the plans before the attack. But Gillooly got revenge on Tonya by sinking to new tabloid depths, selling graphic photos of the couple having sex on their honeymoon.
Meanwhile, Harding wasn’t above trying to exploit the crime and her notoriety herself. However, an attempted movie career was dead in the water from the beginning. Kerrigan even succumbed to the temptation years later, appearing on a talk show with Harding to promote herself.
In 2003, about a year after fighting in a “celebrity boxing” event, Harding made her professional boxing debut. Her story was the subject of the 2017 film I, Tonya . | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/skater-nancy-kerrigan-attacked | 73 |
who was the ice skater who was attacked | Skater Nancy Kerrigan attacked | Olympic hopeful Nancy Kerrigan is attacked at a Detroit ice rink following a practice session two days before the Olympic trials. A man hit Kerrigan with a club on the back of her knee, causing the figure skater to cry out in pain and bewilderment. When the full story emerged a week later, the nation became caught up in a real-life soap opera.
One of Kerrigan’s chief rivals for a place on the U.S. Figure Skating Team was Tonya Harding . In mid-December 1993, Harding’s ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, approached Shawn Eckardt about somehow eliminating Kerrigan from the competition. Eckardt set up a meeting with Derrick Smith and Shane Stant, who agreed to injure Kerrigan for a fee.
On December 28, Stant went to Massachusetts , where Kerrigan was practicing. However, he couldn’t carry out the attack so he followed her to Detroit, where Smith met him. After hitting Kerrigan, Stant fled the ice rink in Smith’s getaway car. With Kerrigan unable to skate, Harding won the championship and a place at the 1994 Olympics.
On January 11, Derrick Smith confessed to FBI agents. Three days later, Stant surrendered and also confessed. Harding was questioned on January 18, but denied her involvement. She claimed that she would cut off any connection with Gillooly if he was responsible. The next day, Gillooly was charged with conspiracy to assault Kerrigan. Shortly after, he agreed to a deal in which he implicated Harding.
Harding then came forward, changing her story and admitting that she had learned of Gillooly’s role in the attack after the championships but did not inform authorities. Meanwhile, U.S. Olympic officials named Kerrigan and Harding to the team that would compete in Lillehammer, Norway. When the United States Olympic Committee began considering removing Harding from the team, she filed a lawsuit that successfully stopped this action.
At the Olympics, the competition between Harding and Kerrigan set ratings records. Harding’s performance was a drama in itself. She broke down crying after a lace on her skates broke. Even after being allowed a restart, Harding wasn’t able to pull herself together and finished eighth. Kerrigan took home the silver medal, and many thought she deserved the gold.
Back in the U.S., Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder the prosecution of Kerrigan’s attackers. She was fined $100,000 and sentenced to probation and 500 hours of community service. Other than Gillooly’s testimony, there was never any further evidence of Harding’s knowledge of the plans before the attack. But Gillooly got revenge on Tonya by sinking to new tabloid depths, selling graphic photos of the couple having sex on their honeymoon.
Meanwhile, Harding wasn’t above trying to exploit the crime and her notoriety herself. However, an attempted movie career was dead in the water from the beginning. Kerrigan even succumbed to the temptation years later, appearing on a talk show with Harding to promote herself.
In 2003, about a year after fighting in a “celebrity boxing” event, Harding made her professional boxing debut. Her story was the subject of the 2017 film I, Tonya . | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/skater-nancy-kerrigan-attacked | 73 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.