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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75759 | Veronica Mars on the Border
Things Are Happening! (And so many books)
Research Notes on Nancy Drew
I’m in the middle of drafting my paper on Nancy Drew and the War on Terror. Honestly, I’m excited but also having trouble framing my argument without it turning into show and tell: “Look Professor! I know a boat-load about the history of Nancy Drew and even more about girlie culture! Pat me on the … Continue reading
Watchin’ the Detectives
I could use some of Veronica’s “pixie spy magic” this week. Wait. Let’s think positively. I have pixie spy magic this week. (I think I can. I think I can.) In the morning I head to Boston, MA with a rag-tag band of colleagues for the Popular Culture Association national conference. I am excited because … Continue reading |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75762 | Sets : 4
Reps : 15
Caption :
Strengthens lateral hip muscles necessary for single leg stability during running, jumping and landing.
Standing on one leg with band tied to the other leg below the knee. Slowly kick one leg out to side whilst keeping the other leg still and balanced. Ensure belt line remains level and avoid leaning your body to the side. Slowly return to start. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75776 | Types of Settlement Agreements
••• gavel image by Cora Reed from Fotolia.com
During a legal dispute, the parties can opt to forge a settlement agreement rather than battle in court. Before a case comes to the attention of a court or even while a case is in court, the parties involved can reach an out-of-court settlement. Each type of settlement has its own benefits and rules. Most types of settlement agreements can be negotiated to fit your needs and circumstances.
Structured Settlements
Structured settlements pay you within a specified time and at specified intervals if you receive money in a settlement. In the case of a large sum of money, the opposing party may pay you in installments. The frequency of payment for a structured settlement is decided between you and the other party. It can be paid monthly, yearly or every few years. Claimants who want immediate payment in full should not choose this type of settlement.
Lump Sum Settlement
A lump sum settlement pays the receiving party in full all at once. Large corporations with the ability to pay in full generally prefer this type of settlement because they can write their payment off on their taxes. If you decide to take a lump sum settlement, on the other hand, you must pay taxes on the amount in full.
One type of lump sum payment is a lump sum annuity. Lump sum annuities defer payment until a particular future date, at which time the lump sum must be paid. If you are not alive to receive the money, your beneficiary receives the payment as a "life contingent lump sum."
Temporary Life/Joint Survivor Annuity
Temporary life and joint survivor annuities are similar in that they both pay you a structured settlement over the course of your lifetime. The only difference is that a joint survivor annuity continues to pay your beneficiary after you die, but a temporary life annuity ends when you die.
About the Author
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75778 | Austerity takes different forms. This episode of the Five Senses of Austerity explores one of the ways in which it was felt strongest in late Romanian socialism. This is the story of the fuel scarcity, which led to a lack of heating during winter and regular power blackouts.
Type of Podcast:
You may also like these podcasts |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75813 | PricePerBuyer class
Used to specify pricing rules for buyers. Each PricePerBuyer in a product can become 0,1 deals. To check if there is a PricePerBuyer for a particular buyer we look for the most specific matching rule - we first look for a rule matching the buyer and otherwise look for a matching rule where no buyer is set.
PricePerBuyer.fromJson(Map _json)
auctionTier ↔ String
Optional access type for this buyer.
read / write
billedBuyer Buyer
Reference to the buyer that will get billed.
read / write
buyer Buyer
The buyer who will pay this price. If unset, all buyers can pay this price (if the advertisers match, and there's no more specific rule matching the buyer).
read / write
price Price
The specified price
read / write
hashCode → int
The hash code for this object.
read-only, inherited
runtimeType → Type
A representation of the runtime type of the object.
read-only, inherited
toJson() → Map<String, Object>
noSuchMethod(Invocation invocation) → dynamic
Invoked when a non-existent method or property is accessed.
toString() → String
Returns a string representation of this object.
operator ==(dynamic other) → bool
The equality operator. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75822 | How I Beat Hangover
You barely open your eyes. There’s light out there. You have an estimation on where you are, even if you’re not completely sure. What time is it? No idea. You tilt your head to the side, and there it strikes. Pain in your head. A dry feeling in your mouth. The more you think about how bad you actually feel, the worse this nauseous feeling becomes, up to the point of needing to throw up. Hangover.
There’s nothing better than a good night out at the bars, having a few shots, dancing and playing. And here’s the good news: The morning after doesn’t need to be as bad as I just described above! This is an account of how I beat hangover every single time, and how you can do it, too.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This article is considered entertainment only and shall not be considered medical advice. Consult with your physician before trying out any of these tips below, or before taking medication. Be aware that alcohol is a harmful substance, especially for pregnant women. Taking alcohol together with medication may have dangerous side effects. Be also advised that even if you don’t experience feelings of hangover, you are very probably still intoxicated and shall not operate cars or machinery.
All the legal stuff done, here’s what I did. And it took me a long time to figure out.
The first ones are pretty obvious, but nevertheless required in order to make the trickiest one work! So be prepared to do it all!
1) Stay with one type of drinks.
This is an old rule that still holds true. Never mix drinks too much. If you’re having beer, stay with beer. If ou drink rum, stick with your Cuba libres during the night. Mixing up things turns your stomach into a sticky, ugly mass that has no other purpose than to come up again soon.
2) Drink plenty of water.
Alcoholic drinks tend to strip our body of liquids and salts. Ever noticed the amount of times you go for a pee during drinking? It’s not because of all that beer. Alcohol squeezes the water out of body cells, and you let it all out in the loo. So to keep a good electrolytic balance, wash down your whiskeys with a glass of water every now and then.
3) Eat.
Eating good stuff during drinking gives your stomach something to work on, and helps maintain digestion. Don’t eat too much, but a small snack at midnight is certainly good for you.
4) Do my little medical trick.
If you do the three before, you might be a little better in the morning but may still be hung over pretty bad. It’s not enough. What worked for me is a little trick I learned from a physician, and it involves medication. But hell, it works for me in 10 out of 10 cases.
Before I go to bed, I take a combination of two things. First, I wash down one Alka-Seltzer with water. This gives back all the minerals and electrolytes. Then, I take a pill called Sedalmerck (may vary by country). This is a very basic painkiller (analgesic) made out of Paracetamol, Caffeine and Phenylephrine. It somehow dilutes blood and increases detoxification, but I am not sure about the exact mode of action. I have also tried some other combinations using Propyphenazone instead of Phenylephrine. The effect is the same.
One pill is usually enough. I wash it down with water, and then go to sleep. And I wake up like new – no headache, no nausea, no fatigue. It works like magic. Be aware that ,anufacturers of these pills do not recommend their use together with alcohol, though. So be sure you ask your doc before you try this. I can only say that for me it works!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75837 | Fiona Gubelmann quotes
Fiona Gubelmann
Fiona Gubelmann
Fiona Victoria Gubelmann is an American actress. A native of California, she has appeared in a number of single-episode roles in television, including CSI: NY, My Name Is Earl and Knight Rider, as well as a handful of films including Employee of the Month and Downstream. She starred as Jenna in the FX comedy series Wilfred.
Birth: 1980-03-30
Nickname: Fiona Victoria Gubelmann
Occupation: Actress
Authors info and pictures are takem from Wikipedia
Fiona Gubelmann Quotes
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75841 | Brain PET sim + recon
A C+Matlab-based PET simulation and reconstruction software, enabling realistic brain simulations, e.g. dynamic PiB PET imaging on the High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT).
You can freely access the software, here. For any questions or feedback, please contact:
• Analytic simulation of (dynamic) PET sinograms
• Begins with realistic computational human brain phantom
• Enables realistic, noisy simulations
• Statistical PET image reconstruction using 3D ordered-subset expectation maximization (OS-EM) algorithm
• Incorporate attenuation and normalization modeling
• Can simulate dynamic PET studies, with an initial table of kinetic K values; e.g. our default example performs dynamic PiB PET studies
Please use the following reference if you publish results with help from this software tool:
A. Rahmim, Y. Zhou, J. Tang, L. Lu, V. Sossi, and D. F. Wong
Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 57, pp. 733-755, 2012.
Technical Description:
The various steps are controlled via Matlab Code. The PET forward projection and reconstruction steps are performed using C code. Please consult README file for details. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75858 | Bug #5037
Incorrect encoding for ECDSA certificates
Added by Junxiao Shi 3 months ago. Updated 2 months ago.
Target version:
Start date:
Due date:
% Done:
Estimated time:
3.00 h
As specified in NDN Certificate Format 2.0:
By default, the content of a certificate is the public key encoded in X509PublicKey format.
As specified in RFC5280 section
This field is used to carry the public key and identify the algorithm with which the key is used (e.g., RSA, DSA, or Diffie-Hellman). The algorithm is identified using the AlgorithmIdentifier structure specified in Section
As specified in RFC5280 section
The signatureAlgorithm field contains the identifier for the cryptographic algorithm used by the CA to sign this certificate. RFC3279, RFC4055, and RFC4491 list supported signature algorithms, but other signature algorithms MAY also be supported.
For Elliptic Curve algorithms, the format is specified in RFC5480 Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information, which updates RFC3279.
As specified in section 2.1.1:
The parameter for id-ecPublicKey is as follows and MUST always be
ECParameters ::= CHOICE {
namedCurve OBJECT IDENTIFIER
-- implicitCurve NULL
-- specifiedCurve SpecifiedECDomain
specifiedCurve, which is of type SpecifiedECDomain type (defined in X9.62), allows all of the elliptic curve domain parameters to be explicitly specified. This choice MUST NOT be used.
However, ndn-cxx is using specifiedCurve in ECDSA certificates.
Steps to reproduce:
1. ndnsec key-gen -te /K
2. ndnsec cert-dump -pi /K
3. Copy the "public key bits" and paste into an online decoder.
4. Inspect decoding results
Expected: fourth line shows an OBJECT IDENTIFIER that matches a namedCurve.
Actual: fourth line shows a SEQUENCE.
Also available in: Atom PDF |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75863 | Monday, July 1, 2019
Who are Today's Jezebel?
Revelation 2:20
This is the last group of people whose teachings are condemned in the letters to the churches.
Jezebel may be her real name or it can be a name used to associate this false prophet with the Old Testament Jezebel. In the Old Testament, Jezebel was the wife of Ahab, the king of Israel. She promoted idolatry in the kingdom and killed most of the prophets of the God if Israel. She also did a lot of evil things on behalf of the king. Idolatry flourished in the reign of her husband that the religion of the God of Israel almost died during his reign. This was when Elijah came to challenge the prophets of Baal. Elijah won the challenge and massacred the prophets of Baal.
In any case, Jesus describes her as a prophetess. She probably had some official status to speak the Word of God. She uses her position to seduce believers into committing fornication and idolatry. This fornication can be actual sexual immorality or it can be figurative fornication which is idolatry. The key word here is the word seduce. It is as if she presents what she is saying as beautiful and good to seduce people to believe her. What is interesting is verse 21 where Jesus said she is not willing to repent from her fornication. This looks like she herself was involved in sexual immorality.
Who are the Jezebels today? These may be men or women who use their Church position to pronounce words in the name of God. They say things that are good to hear. They eloquently present their ideas and thoughts at the same time, even using Scripture to lead people into either actual sexual immorality or rejection of God.
Today, we have many people who claim to be teachers of the Word, who talk well, who present their opinions as true, who claim to have teaching authority in the Church yet seduce people to believe in them. The people, not knowing any better, fall into the lies of Jezebel. They seduce people to sin so that they can continue with their own wicked ways.
Beware of false prophets!!! There are many of them recently. One even composed a prayer, quoting Scripture to promote sin. One has been spreading heretical teaching, encouraging sin.
Lord, reveal the lies of people like Jezebel. May they not deceive any true believer. Expose them never let them succeed in their wicked plans.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75870 | XML Sitemap
URLPriorityChange frequencyLast modified (GMT)
https://rerva.com/lauryn-haynie/60%Weekly2019-05-17 15:14 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75875 | Senior Fun Day
The Richton Park Senior Advisory Committee is host to the amazing Senior Fun Day. Come out and join other senior citizens for a fun-filled day of games including bingo, card and board games, treats,lunch, and prizes.
Thursday, May 17, 2018
10am - 1pm @ Richton Park Community Center
All attendees must sign up at the Richton Park Community Center, Residences at Carriage Creek, Cedar Ridge or Lawrence Manor.
For more information, contact the Community Center at (708) 753-8800.
Senior Fun Day HEADER |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75879 | Chart of the Day, 19 Jan 2015: The 1% and the 0.1%
Forget the 1%–mere peasants–the real wealth lies with the 0.1%. From a study late last year by Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman (click for larger image):
Wealth and the 0.1% jpeg
Note we are talking about wealth. This is important because most studies of the 1% focus on income. Wealth is difficult to measure, especially for the uber-rich, which is why this is a landmark study. The authors backed out their wealth estimates using investment income tax return records. In the process, you can see that those poor 1% to 0.5% have been struggling. Forget the squeezed middle, next up is the squeezed upper middle class and then the squeezed lower upper class (click for larger image)?
Decomposing the 1% jpeg
Seriously, the charts suggest the precariousness of the game the super rich are playing. Immense wealth brings immense political power, at least in the United States. But as you eliminate more and more cohorts from the winners’ enclosure, even the most well-financed lobbying machine will start to struggle.
And the mechanism behind this wealth concentration? Saez is a long-term collaborator on inequality questions with Thomas Picketty of “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” fame. From a paper the two did together on income inequality (together with Anthony Atkinson):
Top 0.1% Income jpeg
So we have an ever-growing share of income by the 0.1%. But the income edge of the 0.1% then starts compounding away as return on investment, which then gets passed on to children and grandchildren if the tax regime permits (which it currently does). And– following Piketty’s iron law of inequality–when r (the return on investment) is larger than g (economic growth), wealth inequality explodes. What eventually stops this process is war, revolution, or, more prosaically, government redistribution. We shall see how this cycle ends.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75889 | Can Your Customers Answer These 3 Questions Part 2
In our last blog we talked about two of the three questions you should be able to answer about your customers.
As you know, it is important to know your customers so you know to whom you are marketing.
However, it is moreover important that your customers know your brand, as well.
In the current environment, marketing is leaning more toward creating an emotional connection with customers, however in order to do this, it’s important that brands establish a relationship with their customers.
In case you missed them, the first two questions in part 1 are:
“Can you name 5 things your customers like about you”
“What do your customers think of when the think of you?”
Check out that article to learn the reasons these are important.
The third and final question you should be able to answer about your customers is:
3) In their own words, why do they prefer you to your competitors?
person taking a picture of another
Do your acquaintances see you the same way you see yourself?
This concept gets its own post because it’s huge. We seriously mean this is an involved topic.
Let’s start by using a parallel with people. What are the reasons you think your 2 best friends like you? We bet you could sit down and make a list and come up with things that you think make you kind and a good person. You probably expect that because you think these are your best traits that other people see you the same way.
Chances are, you are wrong.
For example, maybe you think your social group likes you because you are 1) kind, 2) hilarious, and 3) have an amazing trivia of cars.
But it’s possible they actually like you because you are 1) insightful, 2) motivated, and 3) the kind of person who can hold a group together.
Now that you understand how this works with people, we are going to discuss how it applies to your company.
If you ask your friends why they like you you may get replies that are so outside of what you expected it would blow your mind. The importance of this is that people don’t always know why other people like them. If we extrapolate this to business, there are situations where a brand doesn’t know why its customers like it. Think about this. People could be buying your product and you think it’s for one reason. Except you’re wrong.
We want to make sure we are crystal clear with this reasoning. To restate our example with an individual above, the reason people assume their friends like them may not actually be the reason their friends like them.
This is a significant point that accurately reveals not only blind spots in social dynamics but causes bewilderment in the realm of business. Now let’s discuss what this means for your business. Sorry to get all algebraic on you for a second here but it’s required. If a company believes that people buy for xyz reason, it might try to further that trait about its product. But, if people are actually buying it for abc reason, the modifications to xyx might be in the wrong direction and even though you think you’re forming a better product, it may actually alienate your customers.
Clearly this (hypothetical) company didn’t understand why its customers preferred its products.
Since people cannot usually determine why others like them, it is even more difficult for companies to do so. That is why we ask, again, why do your customers prefer you over your competitors? Here are some common answers, and why they are wrong:
Generally, businesses will say things like: “because we have the best product.”
“Because we are the cheapest.”
Wrong. You lose. Thanks for playing.
Viewing graph on a piece of paper
Your customers don’t make decisions about you like this
Let’s look at these answers. What does “best” mean? What is “best?” Have customers compared numbers and facts and figures to see that your product actually is the best? Ok, if you are making computers, maybe; if you are making anything else in the world, no. And what is the best for one person might not be the best for a different person.
Businesses will say “because we are the cheapest.” Clearly that is a reason people buy things, but it’s probably not what you want your customers saying because if your only desirable trait is price it’s unlikely you will keep your customers for long. Someone else will come around and buy in more bulk and get bigger discounts and you will disappear.
So what kind of answer do you want? If someone asks “why do your customers prefer you to your competitors?” is there even a correct answer?
a girl walking in jeans
Your favorite pair of jeans makes you feel fantastic, this is why you buy them
In most cases, emotion trumps logic when it comes to purchase decisions. You want your customers to have a connection to your brand that expands beyond just features or price. People who want to be part of your image are going to be the most dedicated customers you will find.
Remember back to part 1 of this article. Customers who buy Apple products do so because they love Apple. They don’t care if they have a higher price. They don’t care if they aren’t the nicest computers out there. These people have such a fantastic connection with the brand that they don’t care about those other things.
They want Apple’s operating system.
They want Apple’s ease of use.
They want to be seen using Apple computers.
To give one last example (we love examples, can you tell?), think of fashion brands. Is there really a big difference between one manufacturer’s pants and another? Some people might go on about how varying types of denim are different qualities, etc. they’re probably right, but they’re basically all the same. So why do people pay $300 for a pair of jeans instead of $50 for a quite similar pair?
The answer? Image.
And to get even more detailed, how does image matter? Because image produces an emotion.
Each time they put on that pair of pants they get a certain feeling. A feeling that no other brand of pants in the world can produce. That is what they expect to feel. That is what they want to belong to.
It’s not just pants, it’s what they are displaying to the world.
Each time an Apple consumer uses his product, he gets a certain feeling.
That is how you want your customers to feel about you.
Do they?
Click here to contact us and learn what we can do for your brand.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75892 | There are several questions (like this one) that say community wiki. Also there are random answers that say community wiki even though the questions they answer don't (like this one).
What does community wiki mean?
• \$\begingroup\$ There are a lot of CW question on meta, but many of them are no longer relevant - ever since CW became a mod-only feature - or somewhat localized and unclear. Hopefully this question can clear things up for new users. \$\endgroup\$ – LeguRi Dec 22 '10 at 4:00
• 1
\$\begingroup\$ It used to be a user option on questions. See meta.rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/630/… \$\endgroup\$ – yhw42 Dec 22 '10 at 18:16
Basically, they are posts that are owned by the community with a much lower reputation threshold for editing. They are sometimes used when the poster wants others to collaborate and add to their answer and improve it, such as this one.
From the faq (on http://meta.stackoverflow.com):
• Community Wiki posts are owned by the Community User, not by any individual user.
• The original author still gets badges based on community posts.
A post (question or answer) becomes community wiki if one of the following is true:
• It has more than 30 answers.
• The owner has edited the post 10 times (tag edits don't count).
• 5 different users have edited it (again, tag edits don't count).
• It's flagged for moderator attention and a moderator enables the community wiki mode (typically done only by request).
An answer is made community wiki:
• if the owner check the box when creating or editing it.
• if it is posted to a question that is already community wiki.
You can find all posts that are community wiki by using the Advanced Ninja Search Option wiki:1.
You must log in to answer this question.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged . |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75895 | TY - JOUR TI - FDI Location Choice: The Role of Locational Ambidexterity DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3154KGZ AU - Huang, Shengsheng AU - Cantwell, John PY - 2017 T2 - Multinational Business Review VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 51 AB - This paper proposes locational ambidexterity as a location-specific factor based on an operation flexibility perspective, and explores why and how multinational corporations (MNCs) proactively deal with uncertainty by valuing locational ambidexterity in making location decisions. We find that FDI generally prefers locations with high ambidexterity. Moreover, investments from a heterogeneous country context are more sensitive to locational ambidexterity than those from a similar country context. KW - FDI KW - Uncertainty KW - Flexibility KW - Location choice KW - Locational ambidexterity LA - English ER - |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75918 | Many people actually wonder if drinking large amounts of water on a recurring basis can cause you to gain fat.
Certainly, drinking a lot of water over a short period of time can make you feel bloated and heavy in the middle.
Maybe this is what causes some people to wonder if fat cells can be made bigger by water intake.
Water contains zero calories. It’s the stuff that doctors urge people to drink a lot of for weight loss, yet people think it could ADD fat too.
Where did the idea ever come from that drinking “too much” water can cause one to gain fat? Who knows, but here is some data…
If you drink way too much water, you’ll get what’s called water intoxication. It can be life threatening, and in fact, people have died from this.
If you drink 16 ounces of water all at once, your weight will be 16 ounces heavier than what it was prior.
That’s water weight, even if you feel bloated and even if you can see your belly sticking out a little more (from the fluid).
“NO, you cannot gain fat by drinking water,” says Susan L. Besser, MD, with Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, and Diplomate American Board of Obesity Medicine and board certified by the American Board of Family Medicine.
Dr. Besser continues, “You may gain weight, temporarily (water weight), but as soon as you get rid of the extra water, the weight goes away. Water has NO CALORIES; it can’t be converted to fat (or anything else).”
The more water you drink, the more you must urinate. Your body is very efficient at managing water intake – up to a point.
Death, not Fat, by Water
There are rare cases in which a person drinks enormous amounts of water over a very short period of time and dies because of this.
No matter how much water you drink, it will have zero effect on your fat cells, in that it will not increase the volume of fat.
Drinking a ton of water will not indirectly cause fat gain, either.
But what makes someone drink enough H20 to die?
One such case was a high school football player who felt that drinking two gallons of water would alleviate his cramps.
Another was a woman who drank two gallons as part of a radio station contest.
A third person was a college man who drank too much water during fraternity initiation.
Excess water as in these cases causes cells to swell with fluid, which can lead to swelling in the brain and then brain death.
No amount of water causes fat gain.
Have you ever heard of a doctor or nutritionist telling a skinny person who wants to gain weight to drink more water?
Sources: Can You Gain Fat Drinking a Lot of Water? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75922 | I have read the Death Star (the first one) had a diameter of about 186 km, which made me think about whether it could somehow host a satellite or moon due to its size, just like some dwarf planets do.
• 4
Everything can have a satellite, even a comet. It depends on 3 things: mass of the primary body, mass of the satellite, and the distance between them (also velocities, but that's not so important in this case). I'd guess you could have a Star Destroyer orbiting Death Star on a very low orbit, though I wasn't abe to find the mass of the Death Star. – Gallifreyan Jan 12 '17 at 8:38
• 3
@Gallifreian - The mass of the orbiting body appears in both the centripetal and gravitational forces, so it drops out. It does (negligibly) influence the position of the COM of the system. – Adamant Jan 12 '17 at 9:37
• 3
@Valorum - Even if that can be demonstrated, it is not necessarily straightforward. Besides, it's probably false, in theory - at sufficient speed, a object can orbit even a fairly small body. Star Wars ships likely cannot go that fast, but it is not obvious from the answers to the other question. – Adamant Jan 12 '17 at 10:57
• 2
@Valorum - an atmosphere is a collection of gaseous molecules, which is quite different from a collection of solid or liquid molecules. Molecules of gas are constantly in motion, meaning their velocity may be significantly higher than the escape velocity, due to heating. In any case, Adamant is a physicist, he knows better. – Gallifreyan Jan 12 '17 at 12:31
• 2
This is not off-topic, as it is not asking for speculation based on real-world science. – Gallifreyan Jan 12 '17 at 14:55
In theory - yes
As pointed out by Adamant, anything can have a moon, if the moon moves with the right velocity at a right distance. Below I will try to provide some calculations that support this.
In practice - hardly
According to Newton, the gravitational force between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. We want our moon to orbit the Death Star due to the gravitational attraction between them, so the former has to be in uniform circular motion. This tells us that the feasibility of such system also depends on the linear (tangential) speed of the moon.
Long story short, after equating two formulas mentioned above, we obtain the following expression:
enter image description here
v is the velocity of the moon, M is the mass of the Death Star, G is the universal gravitational constant, and r is the radius of the orbit. I leave the derivation to reader
Since we can tune the velocity and the radius of the orbit as we want, we only need to find the mass.
This website draws an analogy between the Death Star and a modern warship, and calculates its mass to be equal to 1.1 x 1015 metric tonnes.
Let's assume our body is orbiting at an altitude of 160 kilometres from the station's centre of mass. Then the speed would have to be 0.6 metres per second. While feasible, this speed is so low, the system wouldn't be very stable. On the other hand, if the moon orbits at 85 kilometres (only 5 kilometres above the hull), then its speed would be 0.9 metres per second, which is better.
Overall, the Death Star could have an object of negligible mass orbit it at a low altitude and a low speed.
Since a satellite can be anything that is gravitationally bound in an orbit around an object, yes, the Death Star could (easily) hold a satellite. Even objects much smaller like a comet nucleus can hold a spacecraft in orbit.
Basically anything below the mass of the Death Star itself can become a satellite if it moves close enough to be caught in an orbit by its gravitational field. For that it must not be too fast nor must it be too slow.
Just the fact that the Death Star has (and needs) an own propulsion system makes it lose all satellites once it accelerates fast enough to overcome the gravitational force between the satellite and itself and thus leave the satellite behind as soon as it moves under its own power.
In principle, any object can orbit any other object if there aren't any other large enough objects that are too close to them; the gravitational attraction pulls them towards each other, and if they're moving at the right lateral speed relative to each other, they keep "missing" each other and circling around each other instead. It might be a pretty slow orbit, but it would still be an orbit.
However, if there are other objects nearby, their influence can be sufficiently large that it disrupts the orbit. For example, if we could get the Space Shuttle into deep space, an astronaut could orbit it (very slowly). But when the Space Shuttle is in Low Earth Orbit, the gravitational force from the Earth on the astronaut is much, much larger than the gravitational force from the Space Shuttle, and so the astronaut effectively just orbits the Earth in parallel with the Space Shuttle instead.
This concept is formalized by the concept of the Hill sphere of a celestial object, which says that if a large object of mass M is orbited by a planet/moon of mass m at a distance of a, then satellites of the smaller planet m must have an orbital radius r less than about
enter image description here
To actually carry this any further, we need to have rough estimates of the masses of the planets that the Death Star orbited. For example, at the Battle of Yavin, the Death Star orbited Yavin at about 3 planetary radii. Yavin is a red gas giant, so let's estimate that it has approximately the same properties as Jupiter: its mass M is about 1.9E27 kg, and given the known size of Jupiter, its orbit would have a radius of 210,000 km. As a rough estimate, we can suppose that the density of the Death Star was about 1/3 that of aluminum, and given a diameter of 186 km this works out to a mass of about 3.0E18 kg. Thus, any satellites of the Death Star during the Battle of Yavin would have had to orbit at a distance of less than
(210,000 km)*(3.0e18 kg / 3*1.9E27 kg)1/3170 km.
Thus, it would be possible, but the radius of the orbit couldn't be more than about double the radius of the Death Star itself.
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75937 | База на знаења
Updating Your DNS at NameCheap.com
The purpose of this tutorial is to teach you how to update your DNS (Domain Name Servers) settings at NameCheap.com. As our new hosting client, if you have already purchased your domain name through NameCheap.com, you will need to go to their site and point your domain name to our servers. You received our nameserver settings in the welcome email that was sent when you purchased your hosting package with us. There are two or more nameserver (NS) settings, and they must all be updated (or changed).
Let's start by going to the NameCheap.com home page. Enter your NameCheap.com Username and Password, and then click the Login Now link. You are now logged in to your NameCheap.com account, and you are on your home page. Click on the view link at the end of Number of domains in your account. This will show you a list of domains names in your account. This opens Your Domains page, and you should click on the domain name you wish to manage. This opens a new window, and you will click on the Domain Name Server Setup link at the side of the page. You can now see the current DNS settings, and these are the ones that need to be changed to the settings for our hosting company.
Enter the new DNS settings in the boxes, and when you are done, scroll down. Click on Save Changes. A message will confirm that the servers were successfully updated. You may now click on the Log-out link in the right hand corner.
The settings have been successfully updated, and your domain is now pointing to your new hosting account on our servers. Please remember that it can take 24 to 48 hours for your domain name to fully propagate after you make these changes. This ends this tutorial. You now know how to update your DNS settings when your domain name is registered with NameCheap.com. by changing them to our name servers.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75940 | Reg Exp
Web Design
Notes Client
Computed Hotspot Text
One of the drawbacks of computed text is that you can't put a hotspot around it. But, if you're using a form design element (either a regular form, or a $$Template), then there is a way to get the text of a hotspot to be dynamic.
What you want to do is create a computed for display text field. The value of the field is the same as what your computed text used to be. So now this field will display a text value, and it will be the same as your computed text.
You can now put a hotspot around a compute for display field. Viola! You have a hotspot where the "clickable" text is computed.
You can't put fields on a page
If you're using a page design element, you know that you can't put fields on a page. However, there really isn't a whole lot of difference between a page and a form, so a form could be used. If you're using your page for navigation in a frameset, there's nothing stopping you from using a form in the exact same place. What you'll want to do on your form is to create a hidden, computed, text field called SaveOptions with a value of "0" (a text zero). This will prevent any documents using this form from being created. Now your form can be treated just like your page was before. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75959 | Why Biblical Foundations for Education Still Matter, Part 4
3. Elihu’s Is/Ought Model
In Job 32, Elihu addresses the seriousness of the situation, and his desire that one of the older and supposedly wiser friends of Job might accurately appraise the situation. But since none of them did, Elihu must speak up. In 33, Elihu explains how Job is speaking ignorantly, making himself out to be owed something by God, and why God allows tragedies to happen at times—sometimes so that people will return to Him, pray, and be filled with joy,47 and sometimes to bring back a person from the precipice of danger.48
In 34, Elihu asserts the impeccable justice of God, and in 35, that the righteousness of God far exceeds that of humanity, and thus Job in his accusations that God owes him blessing is mistaken and speaking ignorantly. In 36 Elihu proclaims God’s power and asserts that He is a teacher like no other.49 Because of His character, and His sovereignty over His creation (the is), humanity ought to keep from evil,50and ought to exalt His work.51
Finally, in 37 Elihu illustrates God’s sovereignty over His creation and indicates three further reasons for His unfathomable activities. “Whether for correction, for His world, or for lovingkindness, He causes it to happen.”52 Because He works in such incredible ways and for His own purposes (the is), people ought to fear Him.53 As we have seen elsewhere, that appropriate fear of the Lord guides us into wisdom, knowledge, and understanding, and introduces us to the associated benefits in life.
Elihu grounds the prescriptive ought in the description of reality that cannot be gleaned from our own thinking or experience. He represents God as He is, based not merely on experiential interactions, but based on how God has revealed Himself. Elihu helps us to see how we move from descriptions of reality to a proper understanding of how we should respond, and he leads us right back to where Solomon started the discussion: the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
Implications and Conclusion
As educators we are faced with unique challenges today, and the culture around us prescribes solutions that have some value here and there, but they don’t possess the empowerment to bring about essential and permanent life change. Solomon’s Worldview Model helps us to understand that real education must start with an understanding of who God is and what He expects from His creatures. Solomon’s approach reminds us that education of any worth must start with God’s word.
Paul’s Model for Transformative Learning helps us to understand what a person really is and how a person grows. If we begin with a materialistic or naturalistic theory of personhood, then we have no way of benefitting the learners with whom we are entrusted, except through the occasional accidental alignment with God’s pedagogical design. We work from the bases of humanistic worldviews, occasionally stumble on a profound truth of God that we borrow, and think we have come up with something grand. Like Mark Twain said, “Name the greatest of all inventors: Accidents.” These accidents ought to be our clues that His worldview is the right one, and only when we are aligned with it are we doing what we are designed to do. Likewise, only when we are teaching from His foundation is our teaching worthwhile.
Elihu’s Is/Ought Model encourages us to ground prescriptions in truth. How can we tell the next generation what they ought to do or ought to be if we cannot tell them with accuracy why those prescriptions are worthy? How can we tell them how to have peace and well-being if we can’t even tell them what they are, or who they are designed to be, and by Whom? Men and women, we have in God’s word plenty of material to undergird our educational objectives, methods, and content. In our educating, let us not treat the Bible simply as a classic. A wise man once said that a classic is simply a book which people praise but don’t read. This book is no mere classic, it is the foundation for everything we must pass on to the next generation, and if we fail to recognize that, we fail to be the educators God has designed us to be.
We may be sincere enough in our desire, but if we are not consistent in applying the Biblical foundation to our own lives and growth, then we will be rendered incapable of impacting our students as we might hope. They will see through our inconsistency, and will esteem His word as lowly as we are modeling for them to do. We will be no better than Mark Twain’s Sunday-school superintendent in Tom Sawyer. Note especially the final phrase of the description of this character.
In due course the superintendent stood up in front of the pulpit, with a closed hymn-book in his hand and his forefinger inserted between its leaves, and commanded attention. When a Sunday-school superintendent makes his customary little speech, a hymn-book in the hand is as necessary as is the inevitable sheet of music in the hand of a singer who stands forward on the platform and sings a solo at a concert—though why is a mystery: for neither the sheet of music nor the hymn-book is ever referred to by the sufferer.
This superintendent was a slim creature of thirty-five, with a sandy goatee and short sandy hair; he wore a stiff standing-collar whose upper edge almost reached his ears and whose sharp points curved forward abreast the corners of his mouth—a fence that compelled a straight lookout ahead, and a turning of the whole body when a side view was required; his chin was propped on a spreading cravat which was as broad and as long as a bank note, and had fringed ends; his boot toes were turned sharply up, in the fashion of the day, like sleighrunners, and effect patiently and laboriously produced by the young men by sitting with their toes pressed against a wall for hours together. Mr. Walters was very earnest of mien, and very sincere and honest at heart, and he held sacred things and places in such reverence, and so separated them from worldly matters, that unconsciously to himself his Sunday-school voice had acquired a particular intonation which was wholly absent on weekdays.54
As an educator is your voice different on Sundays than the rest of the week? Or does your voice provide a consistency, that is rooted in Scripture, and that is able to guide young learners to understand the foundation for their lives that will enable them to build a house that will stand the challenges of these trying days? There are greater things yet to come, for certain, and make no mistake, those greater things will be built on that same foundation that Scripture has pointed us to from the very beginning.
47 Job 33:26.
48 33:30.
49 36:22.
50 36:21.
51 36:24.
52 37:13.
53 37:24.
54 Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, electronic version (Atlantico Press, 2013), viewed at https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcBdAAAAQBAJ&pg.
Christopher Cone 2016
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Aaron Blumer's picture
Enjoyed this paper. For me, it's been refreshing, for multiple reasons. Philosophy of education was a huge focus of my life for several years during undergrad and less and less thereafter. A deep and intense -- but brief -- visit during seminary. So it's like a visit with old friends long missed. What's great about Philos. of Ed, for Christians, is that it stands between theology and "all other subjects" and forces you to crunch through how you view truth as a whole, while denying you the luxury of being disconnected from real world questions... because it's chained to the tangible and every-day work of educating people.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75964 | You Don’t Have to Suffer With Heel Pain
You Don’t Have to Suffer With Heel Pain
One of the biggest complaints people have about their feet is heel pain. Your heels and arches support your body. When they hurt, you could suffer every time you walk, run, or perform any kind of high-impact activity. It’s not a way to live. With care from the heel pain doctors at Shenandoah Podiatry, you don’t have to keep living in misery.
What’s Causing You So Much Heel or Arch Pain?
The first step to treating your foot pain is to determine what’s causing you to hurt. There are many reasons that heel pain occurs. If you try to self-diagnose the cause of your heel pain, you could do yourself more harm than good. You might be treating the wrong cause, or you might not be giving yourself the level of care you need to feel better.
Here are the most common causes of heel pain treated in our Roanoke podiatry office:
Plantar Fasciitis
Your plantar fascia is a band of tissue that extends from your heel to the ball of your foot. When this becomes inflamed, it can be extremely painful. This is especially true when you get up in the morning or after sitting for long periods of time.
This is a common type of heel pain. For easy, at-home care you can try the following:
• Stretching your calf muscles and the balls of your feet.
• Wearing supportive shoes around the house.
• Putting an ice pack on the bottom of your feet.
• Rest your feet from high impact activities.
• Take anti-inflammatory medications.
If those home remedies do not work, you might need more advanced treatment from a podiatrist, or there may be something else contributing to your heel pain.
Heel Spurs
If your heel bone develops enough calcium over time, it can create a small yet painful spur on the bottom of your foot. As you run or jump, this spur will dig into the ligaments, nerves, and tendons, causing you significant pain.
Treating heel spurs can be as simple as performing a few stretches and changing your shoes. If the spur is more developed, you might need injections or special orthotics to reduce the inflammation around the spur.
In very rare cases, you might need surgery. This does not happen often. If your heel spur is serious enough to require surgery, it is vital that you see a doctor.
Gout and Arthritis
Gout is a form of arthritis that occurs when uric acid builds up in your joints, causing them to become inflamed. Although your heel is not a joint, it is sensitive to any inflammation. If your ankle becomes inflamed, it might lead to heel and arch pain.
Sports Injuries
Sometimes, you might not know that you have an injury. This is common with stress fractures in odd areas, such as your foot or heel bone.
Other times, you might have an injury in another part of your body, such as in your lower back, which could cause you pain in your heels. When that happens, you might not realize that the two are connected.
Here are a few common sports injuries that lead to heel pain:
Don’t keep trying to manage your heel pain by treating the wrong cause. Schedule your examination with one of our Roanoke podiatrists and find out the specific cause of your heel pain.
Call our Roanoke office at 855-997-2367 to schedule an appointment. As always, we’ll have you in and out as fast as possible so you can get the care you need without spending your entire day at the doctor’s office.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75967 | Modern Dutch Mirror
Modern Dutch Mirror
Regular price Sale
Contact APF Munn for pricing
7" Modern Dutch Mirror inset key corner design with 9 piece grid bevel mirror. In a Mahogany with Black Over Red ripple. Will add warmth to any room with it rich finish. Can be hung vertical or horizontal.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75975 | Shrugged Collective
Body of Knowledge — Chapter 8 — Human Performance
In chapter 8, we describe the evolution of human performance and the factors that influence it. We show how the modern fitness industry came to be plagued by extreme ideology, persuasion, and isolation. Andy provides context for this conversation with the history of training from the ancient Greeks to the birth of bodybuilding.
– Kenny and Andy
The evolution of fitness
Kenny opens the episode with a macro timeline of the history of fitness, highlighting the major events and turning points that shaped our current perception of “fitness”. Then Dr. Galpin takes over, stepping back to the time of the Ancient Greeks, discussing perspectives on physicality prior to our known timeline starting in the early 1800’s. Andy talks about GIH, the initial study of gymnastics developed by the Swedes and discusses the impact it had on fitness going forward.
Andy moves on to explain exercise physiology, and how the foundation was laid for the relationship between exercise and health. The paradigm underwent a shift from “just move well” to “what is the biology and chemistry of exercise?” At the Harvard Fatigue Lab, they began to run studies on this relationship using applications of extreme altitude and temperature, including sitting in chambers at 40 degrees F to see how long humans can survive.
The episode continues with describing various schools of thought and practices and how their demise is the failure to evolve. Ideally we should pick and pull pieces from a wide range of sports and modalities to apply them to overall fitness.
“What can we pull from weightlifting that’s good? What can I pull from powerlifting that’s good? What can I pull from American football, to help me land in a sport where I have the body I want, the performance I want, and make it sustainable and lasting?” — Dr. Andy Galpin
A post shared by Andy Galpin (@drandygalpin) on
Key Takeaways
• The Environment — We commonly hear that we are a product of our environments. Equally as true is the point that our environment is a product of us. Each and everything we do will have some sort of impact on the environment in which we are in.
• Broaden the lenses — We often manipulate information to fit our own perception. If person X is training for football, perhaps a training machine is not the first stop as a training modality. That does not mean that there is no benefit for a training machine, ever. Stop viewing information through your personal lens, and try to view modalities and philosophies objectively.
• Ideologies consume themselves — Typically fitness modalities will adopt the “I’m right, you are wrong approach.” to the extent that they shut out all other ideas aside from their own. This is why so many people loved the original CrossFit applications, but are not a fan of its evolution.
• Balance — How well balanced is your program? A program should be keeping people moving sustainably while growing over time. Humans undulate, and so should the training program.
• The 4 domains of gymnastics — At GIH in Sweden, they came up with four categories of gymnastics:
1. Educational gymnastics: What we know as sport gymnastics.
2. Medical gymnastics: Physical therapy.
3. Military gymnastics: Combative training.
4. Aesthetics: Movement quality.
“Who is the most fit? Who has the best fit of the current environment? ” — Dr. Andy Galpin
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Resources: Andy Galpin, Phd
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/75982 | Smile (Avril Lavigne song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Single by Avril Lavigne
from the album Goodbye Lullaby
ReleasedApril 11, 2011 (see release history)
FormatCD single, digital download
Maratone Studios
(Stockholm, Sweden)
GenrePop rock, Pop punk[1]
Songwriter(s)Avril Lavigne, Max Martin, Shellback
Producer(s)Max Martin, Shellback
Avril Lavigne singles chronology
"What the Hell"
"What the Hell"
"Smile" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. The song was written by Lavigne with Max Martin and Shellback. It was produced by Martin and Shellback. "Smile" was released on April 11, 2011 to Australian radio stations. It was the second single from Lavigne's fourth album Goodbye Lullaby.
Background[change | change source]
Lavigne asked her fans in Twitter what the next single from Goodbye Lullaby should be. She asked them to choose between Push and Smile.[2] Lavigne confirmed that "Smile" was to be the second single from the album. Lavigne herself wanted Push to be released. The singer's record label, RCA, announced that "Smile" will be sent out to Polish radio in April. It would be sent out to USA, Canada, New Zealand, Asia, and the UK around this time.[3] Lavigne posted photos of the set of her music video. This was on April 21, 2011.
Promotion[change | change source]
Lavigne will perform the song on the German show Schlag den Raab on 4 June 2011.[4]
Track listing[change | change source]
iTunes digital download[5]
1. "Smile" – 3:29
Digital download and CD single[6]
1. "Smile" – 3:29
2. "What the Hell" (Bimbo Jones remix) – 4:10
Personnel[change | change source]
Charts[change | change source]
Chart (2011) Peak
Australia (ARIA)[8] 32
New Zealand (RIANZ)[9] 30
South Korea (GAON International Chart) 23
Release history[change | change source]
Region Date Label Format
Australia[10] 11 April 2011 Sony Music Radio Airplay
United States[11] 17 May 2011 RCA Records
Germany[12] 03 June 2011 CD single
UK[6] 26 June 2011 Digital download
References[change | change source]
1. ...punk-pop songs, "Smile" and "What the Hell,"
2. "Ok guys... I have a big decision to make today and I want my fans to help me. Do u guys want PUSH or SMILE to be my 2nd single??". Twitter. Twitter Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
3. "Avril Lavigne announces new single". Digital Spy. Retrieved 08 April 2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
4. "Avril Lavigne kommt zu „Schlag den Raab"". Retrieved 8 May 2011.
5. "Smile - Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
6. 6.0 6.1 "Smile - Single: Avril Lavigne: Music". Retrieved 4 May 2011.
7. Smile (Media notes). Avril Lavigne. RCA Records. 2011.CS1 maint: others (link)
8. " – Avril Lavigne – Smile". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
9. " – Avril Lavigne – Smile". Top 40 Singles. Hung Medien. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
10. "Australian Media Release Date". The Music Network. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
11. "All Access". All Access. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
12. "Smile - Single: Avril Lavigne: Music". Retrieved 3 May 2011. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76006 | 10035 Error Num
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76007 | Freedom without Permission: Bodies and Space in the Arab Revolutions
Frances Hasso and Zakia Salime (Editors)
Duke University Press
As the 2011 uprisings in North Africa reverberated across the Middle East, a diverse cross section of women and girls publicly disputed gender and sexual norms in novel, unauthorized, and often shocking ways. In a series of case studies ranging from Tunisia's 14 January Revolution to the Taksim Gezi Park protests in Istanbul, the book’s contributors reveal the centrality of the intersections between body, gender, sexuality, and space to these groundbreaking events.
Essays include discussions of the blogs written by young women in Egypt, the Women2Drive campaign in Saudi Arabia, the reintegration of women into the public sphere in Yemen, the sexualization of female protesters encamped at Bahrain's Pearl Roundabout, and the embodied, performative, and artistic spaces of Morocco's 20 February Movement. Conceiving of revolution as affective, embodied, spatialized, and aesthetic forms of upheaval and transgression, the contributors show how women activists imagined, inhabited, and deployed new spatial arrangements that undermined the public-private divisions of spaces, bodies, and social relations, continuously transforming them through symbolic and embodied transgressions. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76008 | We parents remember it like a vivid nightmare. Our children, though, were not yet born. How can they comprehend? What will we say to them? And, perhaps most importantly, how can understanding the events of September 11, 2001 help them understand the scary things they may see on the news today?
Fifteen years past September 11, 2001, terrorism continues to be a threat to our nation. What can end it? We may not yet know, but reading and understanding have always been necessary to heal the wounds of division and violence. And so, with hope, we bring the next generation with us to the bookshelf.
As always, books are here to help.
The Man Who Walked Between the Towers
by Mordicai Gerstein
This Caldecott Medal-winning picture book evokes the Twin Towers’ peaceful past, when the most dramatic event there was French performer Philippe Petit’s quixotic quest to walk a high-wire strung between the tops of the World Trade Center towers in 1974. Children will delight in the book’s poetic rhythms and gentle suspense. Just as gently, the reader learns that the towers are now gone. “What happened to them?” your child will ask. And you will begin to answer.
Fireboat: The Heroic Adventures of the John J. Harvey
by Maira Kalman
When it’s time to talk about the September 11 attacks, and begin the next generation’s tribute to those lost, this picture book is a winning choice. In 2001, the 1931 John J. Harvey had long since retired from active firefighting duty for New York City, first falling into disrepair and later resurrected as a pleasure boat. Now, in the face of terrorist attacks — the details of which are simply but clearly described — the Harvey springs into action once again, fighting the long-burning fires at Ground Zero. A tale of heroism, bravery, and the good that ordinary people (and humble old boats) can do when dark days arrive.
September Roses
by Jeanette Winter
Two South African sisters have prepared thousands of roses for a flower show in New York City, only to be stranded at LaGuardia airport when their plane lands on that terrible morning of September 11. In the aftermath, the women create a moving public memorial from their roses. When tragedy strikes, it’s easy to feel helpless and aimless. This lovely little picture book reminds us to reach out, and that small expressions of tenderness and beauty are healing responses to tragedy and sadness.
Read more at Read Brightly
Image courtesy of 911.org |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76009 | Bibliotheca Belgica.
Louvain, Jacob Zegers, 1643.
Small 4to. pp. (xiv) 900. Roman letter, occasional Italic. T-p in red and black with printer’s device; full-page engraving by Pierre Rucholle to verso with arms of F.H. van Kinschot; decorated initials, head- and tailpieces. Light age browning, faint water stains to some margins, occasional spotting, small hole touching a few letters at pp. 15-16. A very good, well-margined copy in C17 polished calf over pasteboards, lacking ties, blind-tooled to a triple-ruled panel design, second border with interlacing pointillé and palmettes, spine in five compartments, blind-tooled triple-ruled borders to each, raised double bands, a couple of wormholes at head and foot, joints cracked. Early autograph ‘Doncker’ and ‘12031’ to recto and verso of fly respectively, ex-libris ‘Coenobii S Aug Lovani 1650’ to upper margin of t-p, the odd early annotation.
Very good copy of the second and much augmented edition of Valère André’s ‘Bibliotheca Belgica’, first published in 1623. André (or Valerius Andreas or Walter Driessens, 1588-1650) was a scholar of antiquities, Hebrew studies and law, and professor at Leuven. His ‘Bibliotheca Belgica’ is a monumental bio-bibliography of Dutch and Belgian authors in the arts, sciences and letters and their works in Latin, French and Flemish (these last often listed with Latinised titles). Prefaced by a topographical delineation of Belgium and an index of names absent in the first edition, it is a fundamental source for the bibliographic history of the early modern Low Countries, and the basis for Jean-François Foppens’s ‘Bibliotheca Belgica’ (1739).
USTC 1004392; Brunet I, 269; Besterman 274.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76034 | How to Troubleshoot PHP Web Application Problems
Juliet Mendez Developer Tips, Tricks & Resources
Not all problems or issues in web development can be detected during development or testing. There are even web application errors that are hard to catch like runtime errors. Most PHP developers or server administrators will just look at the web server or database logs once an issue arises. They would just grep the logs for errors or timestamps in which the error occurred. This method of troubleshooting PHP problems requires a high technical skill and would take a long time to find the root cause.
PHP version compatibility issues
One of the most common problems a developer will encounter is PHP code that doesn’t work on a different server other than his or her local machine. Deployment servers usually don’t display errors and warnings, which makes it more dumbfounding why certain parts of the application display nothing or incorrect data.
class foo {
function foo() {
echo 'I am the constructor';
In PHP 4 and 5, a constructor is a method that shares the same name with the class, but starting with PHP 7 this code will throw an E_DEPRECATED message unless a method named __construct() is declared in the same class. PHP 7 and newer versions use the method named __construct() for declaring constructors. Imagine a developer that uses a coding style of PHP 5 and the project is deployed to a PHP 7 environment and on top of that, the errors, notices, warning, etc. are hidden.
In PHP7 there is a compatibility checker tool that is designed to make an easier migration from PHP 5x to PHP 7, which gives you reports on errors and warnings on your code. This is the best way to troubleshoot PHP compatibility issues.
Another solution to this compatibility issue in PHP is by using PhpStorm developed by JetBrains, which is used as an IDE that has the ability to inspect the code.
apt install python-software-properties
add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
apt update
apt show php -a | grep version # list all recent versions of PHP
apt install php7.2 # or whatever php version is the latest
a2dismod php5 # disable the old php version
a2enmod php7.2 # enable the new php version
service apache2 restart
Page loads indefinitely
There are many reasons why a web page loads indefinitely. One reason is a poorly written loop where the loop doesn’t reach the terminating condition.
One way to troubleshoot these types of PHP problems is to trace these is to log the counter of the loop that the terminating condition is based upon. In this way, the developers will be able to see how the counter and terminating condition converge or don’t converge at all.
$x = 100;
while ($x >= 100) {
A recursive function can also cause the web application to run forever. You can set a condition, also known as base case, which signifies the recursive call to stop or exit in the program. The base case must be provided with some return value so that it will not keep on calling itself, which makes the script timeout or exhaust memory.
function recursive_func (args) {
if (base_case) {
return value;
The best way to troubleshoot this is to log some of the crucial variables of the recursive function and log it every time the function is being executed. The logs must include the values used in the terminating condition. Same with the loops: one of the easiest ways to debug these issues is to log some values used in the condition for every step.
I would also suggest passing a number through the recursive functions to track how many times deep the recursion has been called. You can use the number as a failsafe check to know if you should not call the recursion function anymore to prevent it looping.
See Exactly What Retrace Can Do - Calculate ROI
How to enable errors in PHP
As soon as an issue or problem is reported by another developer, or even worse by a user, then the developer would directly look at the latest web server or database logs. To view the errors in your PHP application, you will need to set the following settings in your PHP page so you can troubleshoot the problems. Knowing how to configure PHP display errors is really important.
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
This is usually at the top of a PHP web developer’s code (if not using any framework) during development or during bug fixing. If the web server or PHP is not set to display errors, warnings, notices, etc., then if the web application causes an error, all the user will see is a blank page or a 500 internal server error.
But once the application is already deployed, putting these lines of code might scare the users if they encounter notices, warnings, or even runtime errors.
On production servers, it is better automatically collect all of your PHP application errors via a logging framework or APM solution, like Retrace. This way your users will never see the errors and your developers can be alerted instantly if an exception occurs. Retrace can automatically collect all unhandled PHP exceptions that occur within your PHP applications.
Retrace’s error reporting and tracking solution allows you to track all unique errors so you know if they are new or regressed from a previous fix. This helps you quickly identify new exceptions found after a deployment and view the history of a specific exception.
Example screenshot of Retrace’ error reporting dashboard:
Retrace screenshot of errors
Viewing your PHP Logs
The most common way to troubleshoot PHP problems is by viewing your logs. Implementing good PHP logging best practices is important to ensure that you have the right data being logged and that you can easily access your logging data.
Troubleshooting problems across multiple web applications, hosted on multiple web servers, and written by multiple developers can make this task difficult.
Here are some examples of using the Grep command-line utility to search and filter text. You can even use regular expressions.
grep "string" ~/threads.txt
If you want to search multiple files:
grep -r "string" ~/thread/
But as mentioned, this technique needs an expert in tracing issues, but in case you forget all the commands in grep you can request command help.
grep --help
Or use this to get more detailed command documentation:
man grep
If your PHP logs are only in text files on your server, accessing them is difficult. Tools like grep make it easier to search for them. The problem is usually even getting access to the server. If you have multiple servers than logging in to each one manually to troubleshoot PHP log files is very time-consuming .
A better solution is to use a PHP logging framework, like Monolog, and send all of your application logs to a centralized log management solution. Let’s discuss that next!
PHP frameworks: Error and logging
PHP frameworks usually have built-in logging and error tracking features. For example, the famous PHP framework Laravel uses the Monolog logging library. Laravel made its logging configuration flexible by letting web developers choose whether the application logs daily or puts everything in a single log file.
'log' => 'single'
'log' => 'daily'
'log' => 'syslog'
'log' => 'errorlog'
In Laravel, logs are stored in the storage/logs directory. Using the Monolog library for logging, developers will have an easy way of tracing their code.
use IlluminateSupportFacadesLog;
Log::info('To log some information.');
Log::warning('To log some warning.');
Log::error('Something error.');
Laravel has several logging levels aside from info, warning, and error, and these include debug, notice, critical, and alert.
Log::listen(function($level, $message, $context) {
// do something here
Depending on which PHP framework you are using, many of them offer logging capabilities. You can also always use Monolog.
View all your logs in one place
Regardless of which PHP logging framework you are using, one of the benefits of them is being able to send all of your logs to a centralized logging solution like Retrace.
With Retrace, you can view and search all of your logs across every environment, application, server, and docker container. This makes it easy to quickly troubleshoot PHP application problems.
Below is the sample screen capture of Retrace’s log viewer:
In Retrace, errors can easily be tracked and monitored. Crucial information such as the time the error occurred and the URL that caused it is logged. The stack trace that causes the issue is also recorded. Based on the number of occurrences of an error, developers and project managers can decide which issue to prioritize.
Troubleshooting slow requests
In PHP applications the most common problem is slow web requests. Retrace can tell you which web requests are the slowest and get used the most often. Using Retrace’s code profiling and web request tracing, you can identify why your PHP requests are slow and how to optimize them.
One way to troubleshoot your PHP applications is by investigating SQL query performance. Retrace can identify and determine the most used and slowest SQL queries.
Troubleshooting PHP application problems can be very time-consuming. In this article, we covered a couple problems and tips on how to troubleshoot PHP problems with tools like Retrace.
Developers tend to rely on application logging to troubleshoot PHP problems. Good logging best practices are essential to making sure you are logging the appropriate amount of data.
Troubleshooting PHP code has come a long way starting from developers looking at log files manually, to the present day with centralized logging and APM tools like Retrace. Tools like Retrace make it easier to troubleshoot problems quickly with the combination of error reporting, centralized logging, and code level performance insights.
More information
These articles provide additional information about How to troubleshoot PHP Web Application that might be useful for your PHP applications.
About Juliet Mendez
Juliet Mendez is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences and a PhD student specializing in Information Technology. She has a background in CCNA, computer programmings such as PHP, JAVA, Mobile Development, and Project Management. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76047 | I've read several seemingly conflicting accounts on the best way to calculate sample size. Visual Website Optimizer (VWO) has a lengthy article on this topic. So does Evan Miller. And so does Optimizely.
Using the various tools to estimate sample size with the following settings:
• Baseline Conversion Rate: 3%
• Minimum Detectable Effect: 20%
• Significance: 95%
• Variations: 2
I get the following from the various calculators:
• VWO (have to set "daily visitors" to 1 to get exact sample size): 25,867
• Evan Miller (set to relative, stat. power 80%): 13,050
• Optimizely: 13,000
Given the seemingly different methods of calculation, which one is the "best" to use? I'm trying to understand how to approach this issue of sample size. Thanks!
(I had to list links here because I need more points to post more than 2 inline links) References:
1. vwo.com/blog/how-to-calculate-ab-test-sample-size/
2. www.evanmiller.org/how-not-to-run-an-ab-test.html
3. help.optimizely.com/hc/en-us/articles/200133789-How-long-to-run-a-test
1. vwo.com/ab-split-test-duration/
2. www.evanmiller.org/ab-testing/sample-size.html
3. www.optimizely.com/resources/sample-size-calculator/?conversion=3&effect=20&significance=95
There is no best to use because each method relates to specific assumptions about the testing methodology. Evan Miller's calculator calculates sample size for a two-tailed test. In the past Optimizely's calculator was calculating samples for a one-tailed test. Currently, Optimizely uses a Bayesian states engine and their sample size calculator has no input for Power, based on the construction of their stats engine. You can back into the sample size for each variation in the VWO calculator by multiplying the daily traffic * the number of days the test will run / number of variations. The results seem to imply they are also calculating sample size generically, like Evan's calculator, for a two-tailed hypothesis.
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76053 | Currently Funded Programs & Guidelines
Supporters of The St. Louis Bar Foundation are aware that one of the Foundation’s most rewarding functions, as funds permit, is the awarding of grants for “innovative projects that address identifiable and unmet needs in the community.” The grant proposals from eligible non-profit organizations must, according to Foundation guidelines, address one or more of the following categories:
As grant applications arrive each year, we are often taken with the breadth and depth of “unmet“ needs in the community that appropriately turn to the Bar Foundation for support.
In the recent past, fourteen non-profit organizations requested Grant Application forms, but only eight submitted requests for funding. After reviewing all of the applications, the Board of the Foundation was able to fund seven, at least in part. The description of some of those funded projects provides insight into the significant needs that the Foundation was able to address in this year’s requests and may give others an idea of the type of projects to which we are attracted.
We know from our past experience that a significant positive benefit results for many in need through the grants the Foundation awards. As the charitable arm of the Bar Association, it is equally clear that several of these organizations did not receive funding to meet their entire needs, and some have needs in amounts far exceeding our ability to make a difference.
The Foundation endowment must grow through annual support if the Foundation is to have the outreach that its mission needs. Those who are privileged to serve on the Foundation board can attest to a breadth and depth of needs expressed in the proposals received, the gratitude expressed to the Foundation by those receiving grants (even if we were unable to fully fund their requests), and the persisting desire of the Foundation to play an increasingly significant role in more effectively serving the St. Louis metropolitan legal profession, the justice system, and the many “unmet” needs in our community. We, in turn, thank all of you for your financial support. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76060 | Translate marriage, birth, death certificates and other legal Moldova documents into English + certification, notary and shipping
Because some government agencies require document translations to be certified and notarized, we can certify and notarize translated documents at the client's request. Document certification, as defined by one official US website, simply means that we sign a declaration that we are competent to perform the translation and that the translation is accurate.
Our document translations can be notarized by a Public Notary, if necessary, thus verifying the authenticity of the translation.
Certified documents are required in applications for marriage registrations, residence permits, work permits, retirement benefits, and in many other cases. All our translated documents are proofread and edited.
The rates for the most of documents issued in Russia, Ukraine, and other states of the CIS, including documents issued in the former USSR are fixed
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76084 | 1920s decade
Jazz Grow older Essay
23.01.2020 | 283 views The Jazz Age was a ethnical movement that took place in the us during the 1920's (also called " the Roaring Twenties" ) from which a social change came. This…..
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Necessary protein purification Via Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation.. 23.01.2020 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76089 | I need to give writing permissions within a folder for all the user in the www-data group.
So far, I tried to ad myUser to the group:
sudo usermod -a -G www-data myUser
Then, I changed the owner and the group of the folder:
sudo chgrp -R www-data shared_folder/
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data shared_folder/
and finally I tried to set the permissions:
sudo chmod g+w -R shared_folder/
This is the result of ls -l for the given folder (and for all its inner files):
drwxrwxr-x 4 www-data www-data 4096 Feb 17 16:31 shared_folder
Now, I am not able neither to create a new file nor to modify an existing ones in the shared_folder.
What am I missing here?
New user groups are only effective for new logins. A new login can be done by either logging out and then logging in again or by using another mechanism like su oder sudo.
• That was the reason why.. – Aslan986 Feb 18 '14 at 11:49
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76090 | Skip to end of metadata
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BellaDati IoT Data Collector is distributed microservices based application implemented in Java utilizing proven frameworks Hazelcast and Vert.x.
Collector modules
Provides licensing and management services to other modules
• provides auditing services and provides status of receivers and sensors
• recognizes and cooperates with all receivers and senders that are deployed on the same local machine or on remote machines
• It automatically recognizes other modules, that are running on the same machine or on different servers
Receives data from IoT devices, eventually subscribes the data published by external services. It provides authentication and message verification mechanism to ensure the data security and integrity. There are several modes, in which the Receiver can operate:
• MQTT server - module is running as MQTT server, which allows devices to either subscribe or publish messages to it
• MQTT subscribe - module subscribes to existing MQTT broker and receives messages from it
• HTTP POST consumer - module accepts HTTP POST request with data from devices
• UDP server - module accepts UDP datagrams
• Telnet server/client - module is running as telnet server or telnet client
• Websockets server/client - module - module is running as Websockets server or client
Sender is used to read data from receiver and conditionally execute automated actions, for example:
• Send data to the BellaDati backend over REST API
• Send data to 3rd party systems using HTTP protocol
• Send email
• Save data to file
• Publish MQTT messages to the MQTT broker
Modules API
Each IoT Data Collector module provides set of HTTP endpoints, which can be used to manage module's configuration, read status or received data.
Scalability and distributed processing
• BellaDati IoT Data Collector is built on top of native clustering and distributed storage approach.
• Messages are distributed among the modules running in a computer cluster, which allows horizontal scaling of processing and available storage.
• Message backups are also distributed among particular modules to protect against failure of any single module.
• BellaDati IoT Data Collector provides central, predictable scaling of applications through in-memory access to frequently used data and across an elastically scalable data grid.
• BellaDati IoT Data Collector is a robust and layered system, which ensures adequate stability and reliability
Microservices based architecture
BellaDati IoT Data Collector is implemented in reactive style, which is a new way of building distributed applications taking advantages of modern CPU architectures and using resources more efficiently. Combined with microservices, it provides a perfect flexibility where each of its modules is individually developed, released, deployed, scaled, updated and reloaded. It also infuses the required resilience into the system to avoid failure cascading and keep the system responsive even when facing failures. Last but not least, the asynchronous communication, promoted by its reactive implementation, copes with the interaction challenges, but also the concurrency required to face load variations.
BellaDati IoT Data Collector is distributed reactive system, running on the top of the Java Virtual Machine using an asynchronous and non-blocking development model. Its ecosystem are just JAR files used and has four key properties:
1. Uses asynchronous message-passing
2. Is elastic
3. Is resilient
4. Is responsive
Each of the collector modules, which are forming the BellaDati IoT Data Collector, interact using asynchronous message-passing regardless of whether these modules are co-located or distributed. Each module reacts to the received message by using an asynchronous non-blocking development model. This allows the collector to more effectively share resources by doing work only in response to outside messages.
Collector modules are also elastic, meaning they react to increasing load well because of the architecture highly concurrent and distributed. It also takes advantages of multi-core CPUs.
Collector modules are also resilient, treating failure as a first-class citizen --- it can face failures, isolate them, and recovers using sophisticated strategies.
The final property, responsive, means the collector is real-time and engaging. It continues to provide its service in a timely-fashion even when the system is facing failures or peak of demand.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76095 | Canceling Your Subscription
If you are wanting to cancel your subscription you just need to log into
Once you are logged in there select the icon at the top right corner of the page.
Next, select the manage account option.
Finally, choose the 'Cancel Account' button at the bottom of the manage account page.
Even, when you cancel your account, we will keep your data for you in case you want to come back at a later date. If you wish to have all of your data deleted please email and we can take care of that for you.
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• I want to cancel my subscription . I followed all those steps above and there wasn't an option cancel my subscription as shown.
Ricardo Rodarte
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76103 | Worst Experience in Buddhism Camp, Thailand
S. W. Eden
Cite this journal as: Eden, S. W. (2018). Worst Experience in Buddhism Camp. Retrieved from http://sw-eden.net
Worst Experience in Buddhism Camp
About 5 years ago, I went to a camp with mother. The camp was run by an organization and they invited a Buddhism monk to teach 3 days in the camp.
I brought my iPad, a very old iPad, to the camp to take the note of the teaching. I have been a very good student in lecturing in any level of school. At that time, I had a positive attitude with Buddhism. I took a note since the first class that monk gave. I can type things in iPad very fast, but a little slower than when I take a note by handwriting.
Worst Experience in Buddhism Camp how to enlightening suck
That monk was very impolite. He raised a bad example which was me. He said that people using the technology did not pay attention to the one in front of them. Moreover, during that 3 days, I wanted to go home earlier because of that monk. I have a small argument with my mother, because of that stuff. That monk saw it. Then, again, he raised a bad example that only bad child had an argument with the parents.
Having an argument to people living together is very normal. Using iPad, laptop, or tablet to take a note is very normal, too. I really really do not like that monk’s behavior.
While the mentioned monk is the anti-technology, there are too many new monks using too much technology. Many Thai Buddhist monks, today, are social network addicts. There are only a few monk I know can use technology properly. These few monks use Audacity and Audition to record and cut their own teaching, put the files into CD and have their own Youtube channel. Some create the website for their own temple, and answer the question of the website visitors who ask them online about Buddhist principles.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76109 | Supported SSO/IDP/IAM providers
Tailscale is not an identity provider or authentication service. Instead, it plugs into the identity provider your company already uses, providing network-layer authorization functionality on top.
Tailscale currently supports these identity providers for login services:
• Google GSuite (including addresses)
• Office365 / Azure Active Directory (including Microsoft Accounts)
• Ping Identity
• Okta
When you activate your company's domain name with Tailscale for the first time, one of the steps is to choose which identity provider you want to use. addresses are treated specially: they always authenticate through Google without needing to be configured first.
Once you've authenticated a Tailscale agent by connecting it to your identity provider, it automatically exchanges keys and connectivity information with the Tailscale Coordination Server and connects to other Tailscale agents on your network, subject to your security policy.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76130 | Terry Wang (@terrywang)
Sydney, Australia
July 8th, 2013
@mitchellh I've known Packer for a while ;-) Plan to read all docs, understand its use cases and get my hands dirty this week;-)
via Echofon in reply to mitchellh
D'Zolve Pie & Pastry Cafe 光顾一下朋友的店，在 Chatswood 办公区地段不错，店面很大，咖啡味道不错，打个软广告，囧 pic.twitter.com/4dkUM4pA1N
via Twitter for Android
Where to find base boxes: 1. vagrantbox.es 2. @opscode bento 3. Ubuntu Cloud Images for Vagrant
via Echofon
@number5 It's been there for 6 months, NOT promoted officially. But listed on vagrantbox.es ;-) I found opscode bento more useful anyway.
via Echofon in reply to number5 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76131 |
— 1. The parametric approach —
In the parametric approach to formalising units and dimension, we postulate the existence of one or more dimensional parameters; for sake of discussion, let us initially use {M, L, T} (representing the mass unit, length unit, and time unit respectively) for the dimensional parameters, though later in this discussion we will consider other sets of dimensional parameters. We will allow these parameters {M,L,T} to range freely and independently among the positive real numbers {{\bf R}^+}, thus the parameter space (or structure group) here is given by the multiplicative group {({\bf R}^+)^3}. Later on, we will consider more general situations in which the parameter space is given by more general structure groups. (Actually, it would be slightly more natural to use a parameter space which was a torsor of the structure group, rather than the structure group itself; we discuss this at the very end of the post.)
We then distinguish two types of mathematical object in the “dimensionful universe”:
1. Dimensionless objects {x}, which do not depend on the dimensional parameters {M,L,T};
2. Dimensionful objects {x = x_{M,L,T}}, which depend on the dimensional parameters {M,L,T}.
Similarly with “object” replaced by “number”, “vector”, or any other mathematical object. (Strictly speaking, with this convention, a dimensionless object is a degenerate special case of a dimensionful object; one could, if one wished, talk about strictly dimensionful objects in which the dependence of {x_{M,L,T}} on {M,L,T} is non-constant.) Our conventions will be slightly different when we turn to dimensionful sets rather than dimensionful objects, but we postpone discussion of this subtlety until later.
The distinction between dimensionless and dimensionful objects is analogous to the distinction between standard and (cheap) nonstandard objects in (cheap) nonstandard analysis. However, whereas in nonstandard analysis the underlying parameter {\mathbf{n}} is usually thought of as an infinitely large parameter, in dimensional analysis the dimensional parameters {M,L,T} are usually thought of as neither being infinitesimally small or infinitely large, but rather a medium-sized quantity taking values comparable to those encountered in the physical system being studied.
A typical example of a dimensionful quantity is the numerical length {l = l_{M,L,T}} of a physical rod {AB}, in terms of a length unit which is {L} yards (say) long. For instance, if {AB} is ten yards long, then {l_1 = 10}. Furthermore, {l_{1/3}=30}, since when {L=1/3}, the length unit is now {1/3} yards, i.e. a foot, and {AB} is thirty feet long. More generally, we see that
\displaystyle l_{M,L,T} = 10 L^{-1}.
Thus, a quantity which measures the numerical length of an object is a dimensionful quantity behaves inversely to the size of the length unit. More generally, let us say that a dimensionful numerical quantity {x = x_{M,L,T}} has dimension {M^a L^b T^c} for some (dimensionless) exponents {a,b,c} if one has a proportionality relationship of the form
\displaystyle x_{M,L,T} = \tilde x M^{-a} L^{-b} T^{-c} \ \ \ \ \ (1)
for some number {\tilde x}. For instance, the speed of an object, measured in length units per time unit, where length unit is {L} yards long and the time unit is {T} seconds in duration, is a dimensionful quantity of dimension {LT^{-1}}. The presence of the negative signs in (1) may seem surprising at first, but this is due to the fact that (1) is describing the effect of a passive change of units rather than an active change of the object {x}.
(Note here one slight defect of this approach in modeling physical quantities, in that one has to select a preferred system of units (in this case, yards, seconds, and some unspecified mass unit) in order to interpret the parameters {M,L,T} numerically. As mentioned above, one can avoid this by viewing the parameters as torsors rather than numbers; we will discuss this briefly at the end of this post.)
In the language of representation theory, the collection of dimensionful quantities of dimension {M^a L^b T^c} is a weight space of the structure group {({\bf R}^+)^3 = \{ (M,L,T): M,L,T \in {\bf R}^+ \}} of weight {(a,b,c)}. One can indeed view dimensional analysis as being the representation theory of groups such as {({\bf R}^+)^3}, this viewpoint will become more prominent when we consider more general structure groups than {({\bf R}^+)^3} later in this section.
Note that with this definition, it is possible that some dimensionful quantities do not have any specific dimension {M^a L^b T^c}, due to the dependence on {M,L,T} being more complicated than a simple power law relationship. To give a (contrived) example, the dimensionful quantity {L^{\sin(M+T)}} does not have any specific dimension attached to it.
We can manipulate dimensionful quantities mathematically by applying any given mathematical operation pointwise for each choice of dimensional parameters {M,L,T}. For instance, if {x = x_{M,L,T}} and {y = y_{M,L,T}} are two dimensionful numerical quantities, we can form their sum {x+y = (x+y)_{M,L,T}} by the formula
\displaystyle (x+y)_{M,L,T} = x_{M,L,T} + y_{M,L,T}.
Similarly one can define {x-y}, {xy}, {x/y} (if {y} is never vanishing), {x^y}, {\sin(x)}, etc.. We also declare {x=y} if one has {x_{M,L,T} = y_{M,L,T}} for all {M,L,T}, and similarly declare {x \leq y} if one has {x_{M,L,T} \leq y_{M,L,T}} for all {M,L,T}, and so forth. Note that any law of algebra that is expressible as a universal identity will continue to hold for dimensionful quantities; for instance, the distributive law {x(y+z)=xy+xz} holds for ordinary real numbers, and hence clearly also holds for dimensionful real numbers.
With these conventions, we now see a difference between dimensionally consistent and dimensionally inconsistent operations. If {x} and {y} both have units {M^a L^b T^c}, then their sum {x+y} and difference {x-y} also has units {M^a L^b T^c}; but if {x} has units {M^a L^b T^c} and {y} has units {M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}} for some {(a',b',c') \neq (a,b,c)}, then the sum {x+y} or difference {x-y}, while still defined as a dimensionful quantity, no longrer has any single dimension. For instance, if one adds a length {l = l_{M,L,T} = 10 L^{-1}} to a speed {v = v_{M,L,T} = 30 L^{-1} T}, one obtains a hybrid dimensionful quantity {10L^{-1} + 30 L^{-1} T} which is not of the form (1). Similarly, applying a transcendental function {\sin} to a dimensionful quantity {x} will almost certainly generate a quantity with no specific dimension, unless the quantity {x} was actually dimensionless (in which case {\sin(x)} will be dimensionless too, of course). On the other hand, dimensions interact very well with products and quotients: the product of a quantity of dimension {M^a L^b T^c} with a quantity of dimension {M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}} is a quantity of dimension {M^{a+a'} L^{b+b'} T^{c+c'}}, and similarly for quotients.
Now we turn to equality. If two quantities {x,y} have the same units {M^a L^b T^c}, then we see that in order to test the equality {x=y} of the two objects, it suffices to do so for a single choice of dimensional parameters {M,L,T}: if {x_{M_0,L_0,T_0} = y_{M_0,L_0,T_0}} for a single tuple {(M_0,L_0,T_0)}, then one has {x_{M,L,T} = y_{M,L,T}} for all {M,L,T}. Similarly for order relations such as {x \geq y} or {x < y}. In particular, if two quantities {x, y} have the same units, then we have the usual order trichotomy: exactly of {x=y, x<y, x>y} holds. In contrast, it is possible for two dimensionful quantities to be incomparable: for instance, using the quantities {l = 10 L^{-1}} and {v = 30 L^{-1} T} from before, we see that none of the three statements {l=v}, {l>v}, {l<v} are true (which, in the dimensionful universe, means that they are valid for all choices of dimension parameters {M,L,T}): instead, we have {l_{M,L,T} > v_{M,L,T}} for {T < 1/3} and {l_{L,M,T} < v_{L,M,T}} for {T > 1/3}. Indeed, if {x} and {y} have different dimensions, we see that the equation {x=y} cannot hold at all, unless {x} and {y} both vanish. Thus we see that any non-trivial dimensionally inconsistent identity (in which the left and right-hand sides have different dimensions) can be automatically ruled out as being false.
A similar situation holds for inequality: if {x, y} are strictly positive dimensionful quantities with different dimensions, then none of the statements {x<y}, {x>y}, {x \leq y}, or {x \geq y} can hold. (On the other hand, with our conventions, a strictly positive quantity is always greater than a strictly negative quantity, even when the dimensions do not match.) The situation gets more complicated though when dealing with quantities of hybrid dimension. For instance, the arithmetic mean-geometric mean inequality tells us that
\displaystyle l v \leq \frac{1}{2} l^2 + \frac{1}{2} v^2 \ \ \ \ \ (2)
for any two strictly positive dimensionful quantities {l, v}, even if these quantities have different dimensions. For instance, if {l} has dimension {L} and {v} has dimension {LT^{-1}}, then the left-hand side {lv} has dimension {L^2 T^{-1}}, but the two terms {\frac{1}{2}l^2}, {\frac{1}{2} v^2} on the right-hand side have dimensions {L^2} and {L^2 T^{-2}} respectively. But this inequality can still be viewed as dimensionally consistent, if one broadens the notion of dimensional consistency sufficiently. For instance, if {x} is the sum of {n} strictly positive quantities of dimension {M^{a_i} L^{b_i} T^{c_i}} for {i=1,2,\ldots,n} and some {(a_i,b_i,c_i) \in {\bf R}^3}, and {y} is similarly the sum of {m} strictly quantities of dimension {M^{a'_j} L^{b'_j} T^{c'_j}} for {j=1,\ldots,m} and some {(a'_j,b'_j,c'_j) \in {\bf R}^3}, it is an instructive exercise to show that an inequality of the form {x < y} or {x \leq y} can only hold if the convex hull of the {(a_i,b_i,c_i)} is contained in the convex hull of the {(a'_j,b'_j,c'_j)} (and that equality {x=y} can only hold if the two sets {\{ (a_i,b_i,c_i): 1 \le i \leq n\}} and {\{ (a'_j,b'_j,c'_j): 1 \le j \le m \}} agree). Thus, for instance, (2) is dimensionally consistent in this generalised sense, because the exponent pair {(0,2,-1)} associated to the left-hand side {lv} lies in the convex hull of the exponent pairs {(0,2,0), (0,2,-2)} associated to the right-hand side {\frac{1}{2} l^2 + \frac{1}{2} v^2}. On the other hand, this analysis helps explain why we almost never see such hybrid dimensional quantities appear in a physical problem, because while one can bound a positive quantity with a single dimension by a combination of positive quantities of different dimensions (as in (2)), the converse is not possible: one cannot bound a positive quantity of hybrid dimension by a quantity with a single dimension. As a consequence, if one is trying to establish an inequality {x \leq y} between two positive quantities of the same dimension by writing down a chain {x \leq z_1 \leq \ldots\leq z_n \leq y} of intermediate inequalities, one cannot have any of the intermediate quantities {z_j} be of hybrid dimension, as this will necessarily cause one of the inequalities in the chain to fail as soon as one attempts to bound a hybrid quantity by a non-hybrid quantity. Similarly if one wishes to prove an equality {x=y} instead of an inequality.
We have already observed that to verify a dimensionally consistent statement between dimensionful quantities, it suffices to do so for a single choice of the dimension parameters {M,L,T}; one can view this as being analogous to the transfer principle in nonstandard analysis, relating dimensionful mathematics with dimensionless mathematics. Thus, for instance, if {E, m, c} have the units of {M L^2 T^{-2}}, {M}, and {L T^{-1}} respectively, then to verify the dimensionally consistent identity {E=mc^2}, it suffices to do so for a single choice of units {M,L,T}. For instance, one can choose a set of units (such as Planck units) for which the speed of light {c} becomes {1}, in which case the dimensionally consistent identity {E=mc^2} simplifies to the dimensionally inconsistent identity {E=m}. Note that once we sacrifice dimensional consistency, though, we cannot then transfer back to the dimensionful setting; the identity {E=m} does not hold for all choices of units, only the special choice of units for which {c=1}. So we see a tradeoff between the freedom to vary units, and the freedom to work with dimensionally inconsistent equations; one can spend one freedom for another, but one cannot have both at the same time. (This is closely related to the concept of spending symmetry, which I discuss for instance in this post (or in Section 2.1 of this book).)
Thus far, we have only considered scalar dimensionful quantities: quantities which, for each choice of dimensional parameters {M,L,T}, take values in a number system such as {{\bf R}}. One can similarly consider vector-valued or matrix-valued dimensionful quantities, with only minor changes (though see below, when we consider coordinate systems to themselves be a dimensional parameter). We remark though that one could consider vectors in which different components have different dimensions. For instance, one could consider a four-dimensional vector {(x,y,z,t)} in which the first three components {x,y,z} have the dimension of length {L}, while the final component {t} has the dimension of time {T}.
Now we turn to the notion of a dimensionful set, which requires some care. We will define a dimensionful set to be a set {\Omega} of dimensionful objects {x = x_{M,L,T}}. Thus, for instance, the collection {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}} of all dimensionful numbers of dimension {M^a L^b T^c} would be a dimensionful set; it is isomorphic to the reals {{\bf R}}, because a dimensionful real number of a given dimension is entirely determined by its value for a single choice of parameters. But one should view the dimensionful sets {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}} as {a,b,c} vary as being distinct copies of {{\bf R}}. We say that a dimensionful set {\Omega} of reals has dimension {M^a L^b T^c} if each element of {\Omega} has this dimension.
Given a dimensionful set {\Omega}, one can evaluate it at any given choice {M_0,L_0,T_0} of parameters, by evaluating each point of {\Omega} at this choice:
\displaystyle \Omega_{M_0,L_0,T_0} := \{ x_{M_0,L_0,T_0}: x \in \Omega \}.
However, in contrast with the situation with dimensionful objects, a dimensionful set {\Omega} is not completely characterised by its evaluations {\Omega_{M_0,L_0,T_0}} at each choice of parameters {M_0,L_0,T_0}. For instance, if one evaluates the dimensionful set {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}} at any given {M_0,L_0,T_0}, one just gets the ordinary real numbers:
\displaystyle ({\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c})_{M_0,L_0,T_0} = {\bf R}.
However, the sets {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}} and {{\bf R}_{M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}}} are still distinct (indeed, they only intersect at the origin). The point is that membership of a dimensionful point {x} in a dimensionful set {\Omega} is a global property rather than a local one; in order for {x} to lie in {\Omega}, it is necessary that {x_{M,L,T} \in \Omega_{M,L,T}} for all {M,L,T}, but this condition is not sufficient (unless {x} and {\Omega} have the same dimension, in which case it suffices to have {x_{M,L,T} \in \Omega_{M,L,T}} for just a single {M,L,T}).
Given two dimensionful sets {\Omega, \Omega'}, we define a dimensionful function {f: \Omega \rightarrow \Omega'} from {\Omega} to {\Omega'} to be a family {f_{M,L,T}: \Omega_{M,L,T} \rightarrow \Omega'_{M,L,T}} of functions which maps points in {\Omega} to points in {\Omega'}; thus, if {x = x_{M,L,T}} is a point in {\Omega}, then the dimensionful object {f(x)} defined by pointwise evaluation
\displaystyle f(x)_{M,L,T} := f_{M,L,T}(x_{M,L,T})
is a point in {\Omega'}. Thus, for instance, the squaring function {x \mapsto x^2} can be viewed both as a dimensionless function, and also as a function from {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}} to {{\bf R}_{M^{2a} L^{2b} T^{2c}}} for any {a,b,c}. (Thus, when describing a dimensionful function {f: \Omega \rightarrow \Omega'}, it is not quite enough to specify the specific instantiations {f_{M,L,T}} of that function; one must also specify the dimensionful domain {\Omega} and range {\Omega'}.) As another example, if {A} is a dimensionful quantity of some units {M^a L^b T^c} (representing amplitude) and {\omega} is a dimensionful quantity of units {T^{-1}} (representing a time frequency), then the function {f(t) := A \sin(\omega t)} (thus {f(t)_{M,L,T} = A_{M,L,T} \sin(\omega_{M,L,T} t_{M,L,T})} for all {M,L,T}) is a dimensional function from {{\bf R}_T} to {{\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}}.
A dimensionful function {f: {\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c} \rightarrow {\bf R}_{M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}}} has instantiations {f_{M,L,T}: {\bf R} \rightarrow {\bf R}} that scale according to the rule
\displaystyle f_{M,L,T}( x ) = \tilde f( M^a L^b T^c x ) M^{-a'} L^{-b'} T^{-c'} \ \ \ \ \ (3)
for any {M,L,T,x} and some dimensionless function {\tilde f: {\bf R} \rightarrow {\bf R}}; conversely, every dimensionless function {\tilde f} creates a dimensionful function {f} in this fashion. As such, one can again transfer between the dimensionful and dimensionless settings when manipulating functions and objects, provided as before that all statements involved are dimensionally consistent.
An important additional operation available to dimensionful functions that is not available (in any non-trivial sense) to dimensionful scalars is that of integration. Given a dimensionful function {f: \Omega \rightarrow {\bf R}_{M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}}} on some one-dimensional dimensionful set {\Omega \subset {\bf R}_{M^a L^b T^c}}, one can form the integral {\int_\Omega f(x)\ dx \in {\bf R}_{M^{a+a'} L^{b+b'} T^{c+c'}}} (assuming sufficient regularity and decay conditions on {f} and {\Omega}, which we will not dwell on here) by the formula
\displaystyle (\int_\Omega f(x)\ dx)_{M,L,T} := \int_{\Omega_{M,L,T}} f_{M,L,T}(x)\ dx.
One can verify that this integral {\int_\Omega f(x)\ dx} is indeed a dimensionful quantity of dimension {M^{a+a'} L^{b+b'} T^{c+c'}}. (One way to see this is to first verify the analogous claim for Riemann sums, and then to observe that the property of being a given dimension is a closed condition in the sense that it is preserved under limits.) In the opposite direction, the derivative {\frac{d}{dx}f(x)} of this function, defined in the obvious fashion as
\displaystyle (\frac{d}{dx} f(x))_{M,L,T} := \frac{d}{dx_{M,L,T}} f_{M,L,T}(x_{M,L,T}),
can be easily verified to be a dimensionful quantity of dimension {{\bf R}^{M^{a'-a} L^{b'-b} T^{c'-c}}}. (As before, this can be seen by first considering Newton quotients and then taking limits.)
With this formalism, one can now use dimensional analysis to help test the truth of various estimates in harmonic analysis. Consider for instance the homogeneous Sobolev inequality
\displaystyle (\int_{{\bf R}^d} |f(x)|^q\ dx)^{1/q} \leq C_{p,q,d} (\int_{{\bf R}^d} |\nabla f(x)|^p\ dx)^{1/p} \ \ \ \ \ (4)
for all sufficiently nice functions {f: {\bf R}^d \rightarrow {\bf R}} (again, we will not dwell on the precise regularity needed here, as it is not the main focus of this post), for certain choices of exponents {1 \leq p,q < \infty} and {d \geq 1}, and a constant {C_{p,q,d}} that is independent of {f}. To dimensionally analyse this inequality, we introduce two dimensional parameters – a length unit {L} and an amplitude unit {A} – and view {f} as a function from {{\bf R}_L^d} to {{\bf R}_A} rather than from {{\bf R}^d} to {{\bf R}}; thus, by (3) (now using parameters {L,A} instead of {M,L,T}), we have
\displaystyle f_{L,A}( x ) = A^{-1} f(Lx).
(As before, the exponents seem reversed from the more familiar rescaling {A f(x/L)}, due to the fact that we are measuring change with respect to passive rescaling of units rather than an active rescaling of the function {f}.) We can then verify that {f(x)} has dimension {A}, {|f(x)|^q} has dimension {A^q}, {\int_{{\bf R}^d} |f(x)|^q\ dx} has dimension {A^q L^d}, and so the left-hand side (4) of {(\int_{{\bf R}^d} |f(x)|^q\ dx)^{1/q}} has dimension {A L^{d/q}}. A similar calculation (treating {C_{p,q,d}} as dimensionless) shows that the right-hand side of (4) has dimension {A L^{-1} L^{d/p}}. If (4) holds for dimensionless functions, it holds for dimensionful functions as well (by applying the inequality to each instantiation of the dimensionful function); as the quantities in (4) are positive for non-trivial {f}, we conclude that (4) can only hold if we have the dimensional consistency relation
\displaystyle \frac{d}{q} = \frac{d}{p} - 1.
In fact, this condition turns out to be sufficient as well as necessary, although this is a non-trivial fact that cannot be proven purely by dimensional analysis; see e.g. these notes.
In a similar vein, one can dimensionally analyse the inhomogeneous Sobolev inequality
\displaystyle (\int_{{\bf R}^d} |f(x)|^q\ dx)^{1/q} \leq C_{p,q,d} [(\int_{{\bf R}^d} |f(x)|^p\ dx)^{1/p} + (\int_{{\bf R}^d} |\nabla f(x)|^p\ dx)^{1/p}]. \ \ \ \ \ (5)
Using the same units as before, the left-hand side has dimension {A L^{d/q}}, and the right-hand side is a hybrid of the dimensions {A L^{d/p}} and {A L^{-1} L^{d/q}}, leading to the dimensional consistency relation
\displaystyle \frac{d}{p} - 1 \leq \frac{d}{q} \leq \frac{d}{p}
for this inequality, as a necessary condition for (5). (See also this blog post for an equivalent way to establish these conditions, using rescaled test functions instead of dimensional analysis; as mentioned earlier, the relation between these two approaches is essentially the difference between active and passive transformations.)
We saw earlier that hybrid inequalities (in which the right-hand side contains terms of different dimension) are not as useful or “efficient” as dimensionally pure inequalities (in which both sides have the same, single dimension). But it is often possible to amplify a hybrid inequality into a dimensionally pure one by optimising over all rescalings; see this previous blog post for a discussion of this trick (which, among other things, amplifies the inhomogeneous Sobolev inequality into the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality).
In all the above discussion, the dimensional parameters used (such as {M,L,T} or {A,L}) were scalar quantities, taking values in the multiplicative group {{\bf R}^+}, and representing units in one-dimensional spaces. But, when dealing with vector quantities, one can perform a more powerful form of dimensional analysis in which the dimensional parameters lie in a more general group (which we call the structure group of the dimensionful universe being analysed). Suppose for instance one wishes to represent a vector {v} in a three-dimensional vector space {V}. One could designate some basis {e_1,e_2,e_3} of this space {V} as a reference basis, so that {v} is expressible as some linear combination {v = x_1 e_1 + x_2 e_2 + x_3 e_3}, in which case one could identify {v} with the row vector {\tilde v = (x_1,x_2,x_3)}, and identify {V} with {{\bf R}^3}. But one could instead represent {v} in some different basis {Le_1, Le_2, Le_3}, where {L = \begin{pmatrix} L_{11} & L_{12} & L_{13} \\ L_{21} & L_{22} & L_{23} \\ L_{31} & L_{32} & L_{33} \end{pmatrix}} is a {3 \times 3} matrix (where, by an abuse of notation, we use {Le_i} as shorthand for {L_{1i} e_1 + L_{2i} e_2 + L_{3i}e_3}), in which case one obtains a new decomposition
\displaystyle v = x_{1,L} Le_1 + x_{2,L} Le_2 + x_{3,L} L e_3
where the row vector {v_L := (x_{1,L}, x_{2,L}, x_{3,L})} is related to the original row vector {\tilde x} by the formula
\displaystyle v_L = \tilde v (L^t)^{-1}, \ \ \ \ \ (6)
where {L^t} is the transpose of {L}. Motivated by this, we may take the matrix {L} as the dimensional parameter (taking values in the structure group {GL_3({\bf R})} of invertible {3 \times 3} matrices), and define a polar vector or type {(1,0)} tensor to be a dimensionful vector {v = v_L} taking values in the space {{\bf R}^3} of three-dimensional row vectors and transforming according to the law (6). This is the three-dimensional analogue of a scalar quantity of dimension {L} (which, in the one-dimensional setting, is just a scalar parameter in {{\bf R}^+} rather than an element of {GL_3({\bf R})}). Indeed, one can view units as being simply the one-dimensional special case of coordinate systems. (As with previous transformation laws, the presence of the transpose inverse in (6) comes from the use of passive transformations rather than active ones.)
Now suppose we do not wish to model a vector {v} in {V}, but rather a linear functional {w: V \rightarrow {\bf R}} on {V}. Using the standard basis {e_1,e_2,e_3}, one can identify {w} with the row vector {\tilde w := (w(e_1), w(e_2), w(e_3))}. Replacing that basis with {L e_1, Le_2, Le_3}, we obtain a new row vector {w_L := (w(Le_1), w(Le_2), w(Le_3))}, which is related to the original vector by the formula
\displaystyle w_L = \tilde w L. \ \ \ \ \ (7)
We will call a dimensionful vector-valued quantity {w=w_L} of the form (7) a covector or type {(0,1)} tensor. Thus we see that while polar vectors and covectors can both be expressed (for each choice of {L}) as an element of {{\bf R}^3}, they transform differently with respect to coordinate change (coming from the two different right-actions of the structure group {GL_3({\bf R})} on {{\bf R}^3} given by (6), (7)) and so it is not possible for a vector and covector to be equal as dimensionful quantities (unless they are both zero). If one tries to add a non-zero vector to a non-zero covector, one still obtains a dimensionful quantity taking values in {{\bf R}^3}, but it is no longer transforms according to a single group action such as (6) or (7), but is instead coming from a more complicated hybrid of two such actions. On the other hand, the dot product of a vector and a covector becomes a dimensionless scalar, whereas the dot product of a vector with another vector, or a covector with another covector, does not transform according to any simple rule. This makes the distinction between vectors and covectors well suited to problems in affine geometry, which by their nature transform well with respect to the action of {GL_3({\bf R})}. (However, if the geometric problem involves concepts such as length and angles, which do not transform easily with respect to {GL_3({\bf R})} actions, then the vector/covector distinction is much less useful.)
One can also assign dimensions to higher rank tensors, such as matrices, {k}-vectors, or {k}-forms; the notation here becomes rather complicated, but is perhaps best described using abstract index notation. The dimensional consistency of equations involving such tensors then becomes the requirement in abstract index notation that the subscripts and superscripts on the left-hand side of a tensor equation must match those on the right-hand side, after “canceling” any index that appears as both a subscript and a superscript on one side. (Abstract index notation is discussed further in this previous blog post.)
Another type of dimensional analysis arises when one takes the structure group to be a Euclidean group such as {E(2)} or {E(3)}, rather than {GL_3({\bf R})} or (some power of) {{\bf R}^+}. For instance, one might be studying Euclidean geometry in the Euclidean plane {P}, which one might identify with the Cartesian plane {{\bf R}^2} by some reference isomorphism {\iota: {\bf R}^2 \rightarrow P} (which can be viewed as a choice of origin, coordinate axes, orientation, and unit length on {P}), so that a given point {p} in the Euclidean plane {P} is associated to a Cartesian point {\tilde p := \iota^{-1}(p)} in {{\bf R}^2}. If we let {L \in E(2)} denote a rigid motion of {{\bf R}^2} (some combination of a translation, rotation, and/or reflection on {{\bf R}^2}), this gives rise to a new isomorphism {\iota \circ L: {\bf R}^2 \rightarrow P}, and a new Cartesian point
\displaystyle p_L = (\iota \circ L)^{-1} p = L^{-1} \tilde p.
If we view {L} as a dimensional parameter, we can then define a position vector to be a dimensionful quantity {p = p_L} taking values in {{\bf R}^2} that transforms according to the law
\displaystyle p_L = L^{-1} \tilde p \ \ \ \ \ (8)
for some {\tilde p \in {\bf R}^2}. If, instead of considering the position of a single point {p} in the Euclidean plane, one considers the displacement {v = q-p} between two points {p,q} in that plane, a similar line of reasoning leads to the concept of a displacement vector, which would be a dimensionful quantity {v = v_L} taking values in {{\bf R}^2} that transforms according to the law
\displaystyle p_L = \dot L^{-1} \tilde p \ \ \ \ \ (9)
where {\dot L \in O(2)} is the homogeneous portion of {L} (thus {\dot L} is an orthogonal linear transformation on {R^2}, and {L(x) = \dot L(x) + L(0)} for all {x \in {\bf R}^2}). Thus we see a rigorous distinction between the concepts of position and displacement vector that one sometimes sees in introductory linear algebra or physics courses. Note for instance that one can add a position vector to a displacement vector to obtain another position vector, or a displacement vector to a displacement vector to obtain a further displacement vector, but when adding a position vector to another position vector, one obtains a new type of vector which is neither a position vector nor a displacement vector. (On the other hand, convex combinations of position vectors still give a position vector as output.) The dimensional analysis distinction between position and displacement vectors can be useful in situations in which the ambient plane {P} has no preferred origin, allowing for a clean action by the Euclidean group {E(2)} (or at least the translation subgroup {{\bf R}^2}).
A similar discussion can also be given in three-dimensions for the Euclidean group {E(3)} (or the orthogonal subgroup {O(3)}); in addition to the position/displacement vector distinction, one can also distinguish polar vectors from axial vectors, leading in particular to the conclusion that the cross product of two polar vectors is an axial vector rather than a polar vector. Among other things, this helps explain why, in any identity involving cross products, such as the Hodge decomposition
\displaystyle \Delta f = \nabla \cdot (\nabla f) + \nabla \times (\nabla \times f)
of the three-dimensional Laplacian {\Delta}, either all terms have an even number of cross products, or all terms have an odd number of cross products.
In a similar vein, one can dimensionally analyse physical quantities in spacetime using the Poincaré group {SO(3,1) \ltimes {\bf R}^{3+1}} as the structure group, in which case the principle of special relativity can be interpreted as the assertion that all physical quantities transform cleanly with respect to this group action (as opposed to having a hybrid transformation law, or one which privileges a specific reference frame). Similarly, if one enlarges the structure group to the diffeomorphism group of spacetime, one recovers the principle of general relativity (though an important caveat here is that if the spacetime is topologically non-trivial, one needs to work with local coordinate charts (or atlases of such charts, and the structure group needs to be relaxed to a looser concept, such as that of a pseudogroup) rather than a single global coordinate chart, which greatly complicates the parametrisation space). Using a group of gauge transformations instead as the symmetry group leads to a mathematical framework suitable for gauge theory; and so forth.
In the preceding examples, the structure groups were all examples of continuous Lie groups: {({\bf R}^+)^3}, {GL_3({\bf R})}, {E(2)}, etc.. But even a discrete structure group can lead to a non-trivial capability for dimensional analysis. Perhaps the most familiar example is the use of the structure group {\{-1,+1\}} as the range of the dimensional parameter {L}, leading to two types of scalars: symmetric scalars {x = x_L}, which are dimensionless (so {x_{-1}=x_{+1}}), and antisymmetric scalars {x = x_L}, which transform according to the law {x_{-1} = -x_{+1}}. A function {f: {\bf R} \rightarrow {\bf R}} then transforms antisymmetric scalars to symmetric ones if the function is even, or to antisymmetric ones if the function is odd; this leads to the usual parity rules regarding combinations of even and odd functions, explaining for instance why in any trigonometric identity such as
the number of odd functions (sine, tangent, cotangent, and their inverses) in each term has the same parity. (Incidentally, this particular discrete structure group {\{-1,+1\}} can be combined with continuous structure groups, giving rise to various mathematical structures used in the theory of supersymmetry in physics.)
— 2. The abstract approach —
The parameteric approach described above is essentially the one which is emphasised in physics courses, in which any mathematical representation of a physical object includes a description of how that representation transforms with respect to elements of the relevant structure group, so that in effect all coordinatisations of the object are considered simultaneously. However, in pure mathematics it is often more preferable to take a more abstract, “coordinate free” approach, in which explicit use of coordinates is avoided whenever possible, in order to keep the mathematical framework as close as possible to the underlying geometry or physics of the situation, and also in order to allow for easy generalisation to other contexts of mathematical interest in which coordinate systems become inconvenient to use (as we already saw in the case of general relativity on a topologically non-trivial situations, in which global coordinate systems had to be replaced by local ones), or completely unavailable (e.g. in studying more general topological spaces than manifolds). With this abstract, minimalistic approach, one models objects as elements of abstract structures in which only the bare minimum of operations (namely, the “geometric”, “physical”, or “dimensionally consistent” operations) are permitted, viewing any excess structure (such as coordinates) as superfluous ontological baggage to be discarded if possible.
We have already implicitly seen this philosophy when discussing the example of different coordinatisations of a three-dimensional vector space {V}. One can simply forget about coordinatisations altogether, and view {V} as an abstract vector space {V = (V,0,+,\cdot)}, with the only operations initially available on {V} being that of addition and scalar multiplication, which obey a standard set of compatibility axioms which we omit here. (Thus, for instance, the dot product of two vectors in {V} would be undefined, due to the lack of a canonical inner product structure on this space.) The dual space {V^*} of covectors is also a three-dimensional vector space, but because there is no canonical identification between {V} and {V^*}, there is no way (with only these minimal structural operations) to equate a vector to a covector, or to add a vector to a covector. Thus, in this framework, dimensionally inconsistent operations are not just inconvenient to use; they are impossible to write down in the first place (unless one introduces some non-canonical choices, such as an identification of {V} with {{\bf R}^3}).
One can add or remove structures to this vector space {V}, depending on the situation. For instance, if one wants to remove the preferred origin from the vector space, one can work instead with the slightly weaker structure of an affine space, in which no preferred origin is present. In order to recover the operations of Euclidean geometry, one can then place a Euclidean metric on the affine space; in some situations, one may also wish to add an orientation or a Haar measure to the list of structures. By adding or deleting such structures, one changes the group of isomorphisms of the space (or the groupoid of isomorphisms between different spaces in the same category), which serve as the analogue of the structure group in the parametric viewpoint. For instance, for a three-dimensional vector space with no additional structure, the group of isomorphisms is {GL_3({\bf R})} (or more precisely, the group is isomorphic to this matrix group). Adding a Euclidean metric on this space reduces the group to {O_3({\bf R})}, but then deleting the origin increases it again to {E_3({\bf R})}, and so forth. In the Kleinian approach to geometry as described by the Erlangen program, the group of isomorphisms plays a primary role; indeed, one can view any given type of geometry (e.g. Euclidean geometry, affine geometry, projective geometry, spherical geometry, etc.) as the study of all structures on a given homogeneous space that are invariant with respect to the action of the group of isomorphisms.
Many foundational mathematical structures (e.g. vector spaces, groups, rings, fields, topological spaces, measure spaces, etc.) are routinely presented in this sort of abstract, axiomatic framework, without reference to explicit coordinates or number systems. (But there are some exceptions; for instance, the standard definition of a smooth manifold (or a complex manifold, etc.) makes reference to an altas of smooth coordinate charts, the standard definition of an algebraic variety or scheme makes reference to affine charts, and so forth.) One can apply the same abstract perspective to scalars, such as the length or mass of an object, by viewing these quantities as lying in an abstract one-dimensional real vector space, rather than in a copy of {{\bf R}}.
For instance, to continue the example of the {M,L,T} system of dimensions from the previous section, we can postulate the existence of three one-dimensional real vector spaces {V^M, V^L, V^T} (which are supposed to represent the vector space of possible masses, lengths, and times, where we permit for now the possibility of negative values for these units). As it is physically natural to distinguish between positive and negative masses, lengths, or times, we endow these one-dimensional spaces with a total ordering (obeying the obvious compatibility conditions with the vector space structure), so that these spaces are ordered one-dimensional real vector spaces. However, we do not designate a preferred unit in these spaces (which would identify each of them with {{\bf R}}).
We can then use basic algebraic operations such as tensor product to create further one-dimensional real vector spaces, without ever needing to explicitly invoke a coordinate system (except perhaps in the proofs of some foundational lemmas, though not in the statements of those lemmas). For instance, one can define {V^{ML}} to be the tensor product {V^M \otimes V^L} of {V^M} and {V^L}, which can be defined categorically as the universal vector space with a bilinear product {\cdot: V^M \times V^L \rightarrow V^{ML}} (thus any other bilinear product {\tilde \cdot: V^M \times V^L \rightarrow W} must factor uniquely through the universal bilinear product). Note that we can canonically place an ordering on this tensor product {V^{ML}} by declaring the tensor product of two positive quantities to again be positive. Similarly, one can define {V^{T^{-1}}} as the dual space to {V^T} (with a linear functional on {V^T} being positive if it is positive on positive values of {V^T}), define {V^{LT^{-1}}} as the tensor product of {V^L} and {V^{T^{-1}}}, and so forth. This leads to a definition of {V^{M^a L^b T^c}} for any integers {a,b,c} (actually, to be pedantic, it leads to multiple definitions of {V^{M^a L^b T^c}} for each {a,b,c}, but these definitions can are canonically and naturally isomorphic to each other, and so by abuse of notation one can safely treat them as being a single definition). With a bit of additional effort (and taking full advantage of the one-dimensionality of the vector spaces), one can also define spaces with fractional exponents; for instance, one can define {V^{L^{1/2}}} as the space of formal signed square roots {\pm l^{1/2}} of non-negative elements {l} in {V^L}, with a rather complicated but explicitly definable rule for addition and scalar multiplication. (Such formal square roots do occasionally appear naturally in mathematical applications; for instance, half-densities (formal square roots of measures) arise naturally in the theory of Fourier integral operators. However, when working with vector-valued quantities in two and higher dimensions, there are representation-theoretic obstructions to taking arbitrary fractional powers of units (though the double cover of orthogonal groups by spin groups does allow for spinor-valued quantities whose “dimension” is in some sense the square root of that of a vector).
If one views elements of {V^{M^a L^b T^c}} as having dimension {M^a L^b T^c} then, operations which are dimensionally consistent are well-defined, but operations which are dimensionally inconsistent are not. For instance, one can multiply an element in {V^{M^a L^b T^c}} with an element in {V^{M^{a'} L^{b'} T^{c'}}} to obtain a product in {V^{M^{a+a'} L^{b+b'}T^{c+c'}}}, but one cannot canonically place this product in any other space {V^{M^{\tilde a} L^{\tilde b} T^{\tilde c}}}. One can compare two quantities {x} and {y} (i.e. decide if {x=y}, {x<y}, or {x>y} if they lie in the same spaces {V^{M^a L^b T^c}}, but not if they lie in different spaces (particularly if one is careful to keep the origins {0_{V^{M^a L^b T^c}}} of each of these vector spaces {V^{M^a L^b T^c}} distinct from each other). And so forth. Subject to the requirement of dimensional consistency, all the usual laws of algebra continue to hold; for instance, the distributive law {x(y+z)=xy+xz} continues to hold as long as {y,z} have the same dimension. (The situation here is similar to that of a graded algebra, except that one does not permit addition of objects of different dimensions or gradings.) Thus, one expects many proofs of results that work in a dimensionless context to translate over to this abstract dimensionful setting. However, some results will not translate into this framework due to their dimensional inconsistency. For instance, the inequality (2) does not make sense if {l} lies in {V^L} and {v} lies in {V^{LT^{-1}}}, and similarly the inequality (5) does not make sense for {f} a nice function from {V^L} to {V^A}. (Note that the usual definitions of integral and dimension (as limits of Riemann sums and Newton quotients respectively) can be extended to this abstract dimensionful setting, so long as one keeps track of the dimensionality of all objects involved.) But if a statement is dimensionally consistent and can be proven in a dimensionless framework, then it should be provable in the abstract dimensionful setting as well (indeed, if all else fails, one can simply pick a set of coordinates to express all the abstract quantities here numerically, and then run the dimensionless argument). So, while the abstract framework is apparently less powerful than the parameterised framework due to the restricted number of operations available, in practice it can be a more useful framework to work in, as the operations that remain in the framework tend to be precisely the ones that one actually needs to solve problems (provided, of course, that one has chosen the right abstract formalism that is adapted to the symmetries of the situation).
It is possible to convert the abstract framework into the parametric one by making some non-canonical choices of a reference unit system. For instance, in the abstract {M,L,T} dimensional system, after selecting a reference system of units {M_0 \in V^M}, {L_0 \in V^L}, {T_0 \in V^T}, one can then identify {{\bf R}^{M^a L^b T^c}} with {{\bf R}} by identifying {M_0^a L_0^b T_0^c} with {1}, so that any {x \in {\bf R}^{M^a L^b T^c}} gets identified with some real number {\tilde x \in {\bf R}}. For any {M,L,T \in {\bf R}^+}, one can then replace the units {M_0,L_0,T_0} with rescaled units {MM_0, LL_0, TT_0}, which changes the identification of {{\bf R}^{M^a L^b T^c}} with {{\bf R}}, so that an element {x \in {\bf R}^{M^aL^bT^c}} is now identified with the real number
\displaystyle x_{M,L,T} := \tilde x M^{-a} L^{-b} T^{-c}
which is of course just (1). Thus we see that after selecting a reference unit system, one can convert an object {x} which has dimension {M^a L^b T^c} in the abstract framework into an object {x_{M,L,T}} which has dimension {M^a L^b T^c} in the parametric framework; conversely, every object {x_{M,L,T}} that has dimension {M^a L^b T^c} in the parametric framework arises from a unique object {x} in the abstract framework (if one keeps the reference units {M_0,L_0,T_0} fixed). Similarly for sets of objects, or functions between such sets. Note though that objects in the parametric dimension that do not have a single dimension, but rather some hybrid of various dimensions, do not correspond to any particular object in the abstract setting, unless one performs some additional algebraic constructions in the latter setting, such as taking formal sums of spaces of different dimensionalities.
The need to select some arbitrary reference units {M_0,L_0,T_0} in order to connect the abstract and parametric frameworks is a bit inelegant. One way to avoid this (which was alluded to previously) is to interpret {M,L,T} not as scalars in {{\bf R}}, but rather as elements of the {{\bf R}}-torsors {V^M}, {V^L}, {V^T} respectively. With this modification to the parametric framework, the reference units {M_0,L_0,T_0} can now be omitted. On the other hand, by turning the parameters {M,L,T} into abstractly dimensionful quantities instead of dimensionless scalars, one loses some of the power of the parametric model, namely the power to perform numerical operations even if they are dimensionally inconsistent, and so one may as well work entirely in the abstract setting instead. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76153 | here’s the thing about Breaking Bad…
As an English teacher, I have taught that film is a form of literature for a long time. From the beginning, but especially after movies like Citizen Kane and The Maltese Falcon, film has been artistic with depth and beauty that is the hallmark of great literature.
Move over, film. You have a new partner. Television. That’s what Breaking Bad did. It elevated television to an art form. Yes, The Sopranos was good story telling, and even in all its weirdness, Twin Peaks explored the arts in a way similar to Picasso’s eye.
But Breaking Bad brought a hero to life who was as much an anti-hero as he was a hero. Who made us feel, feel deeply, feel to the absolute depths of our bones, and it will be over too soon. I’m sitting here an hour before the season finale with butterflies. I have rarely been so excited to see what happens next and never been filled with such dread to see it end.
It has touched me like Harper Lee did with Scout when she said, “and thus began our longest journey.” This journey with Walt and Jesse, watching their deep love and respect turn to hate and revenge, has been one of my favorite journeys in all of literature. The characters are complex and the conflicts are heart wrenching.
And the string of coincidences is Dickensian to say the least. I think Vince Gilligan saw the entire story from the beginning and placed the foreshadowing in front of our very eyes, but like Dickens did in Great Expectations, he unfolds the answers a little at a time. But they are never cheap. Or lazy. Or contrived. They were there all along, so they feel like the natural evolution of real life.
I hope that Jesse lives. I hope that Walt goes out in a way that is noble. In a way that saves Jesse.
I hope that some day another show will come along like Breaking Bad or Mad Men or Game of Thrones. That will capture me and pull at me all over again. Because that’s what Breaking Bad did. It elevated television to literature.
So now when I teach my college freshmen, I have something new to add to the study of genres. Something they can understand. Something they know.
But here’s the thing about Breaking Bad . . . I wish I had never watched it. Just so I could see it again for the very first time.
Breaking Bad for blog post
why I love my job
And yet . . .
scout your fathers passing
to kill a mockingbird honors 2013 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76178 | SnapKey: Shadow: 15th October 2018
Shadow is often linked with negativity. Various religious and literary works have symbolized Shadow as the evil which consumes everything in its path.
But I like to think of shadow as something more than evil. It provides relief as well. Cliche example is that shadow provides us relief from the sun!
Shadow can also be linked to darkness (which also has the same connotation of evil), and darkness to the universe. The universe holds so many mysteries yet to be solved by us. So maybe Shadow too can be mysterious in that way?
What do you think? Let me know in the comments!
1. I agree.
Shadow can be positive also. For example it is our shadow which is always with us. Our shadow is like a companion. Wherever we go it always goes with us. This can also be a perspective.
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2. The example about shadow providing relief from the sun – isn’t shadow formed because of the sun? Had sun never been there, shadow wouldn’t have existed in the first place.
Also, I found the snapkey and the article following it somewhat lacking congruence. The idea of a “shade” and “shadow” seem to be mixed here. Pardon me in case of my inaccuracy.
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• Please don’t apologise. The entire idea of SnapKey is to have multiple interpretations! To encourage people to think from different perspectives! Your views are welcomed wholeheartedly!
Shadow is formed due to the presence of the sun (or light), light has a positive connotation. But too much of it does not feel nice as well, example: During summers, especially in India, the sun can be really harsh. The Shadow here stands as a sign of relief.
Yes the idea of a “Shade” and “Shadow” have been mixed here because they are used interchangeably by a majority of the people. The image is just an illustration of the word Shadow. (And also to share some of the photos I feel are worth sharing)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76218 | Buckwheat with yogurt for weight loss
Buckwheat and yogurt are an excellent option for unloading days and monocomponent diets. The combination of these products enriches the body with useful microelements and effectively fights overweight. What is a kefir-buckwheat diet and how effective it is, let us consider further.
Diet on buckwheat with yogurt
The main advantage of kefir-buckwheat diet is simplicity and economy. Such a diet is incredibly useful for the digestive system.
Duration of the diet should be 7-10 days. The monthly course is designed for people with severe obesity.
Diet allows you not only to get rid of excess kilograms, but also significantly restores the entire body.
The main advantages of diet on buckwheat:
• Low calorie foods.
• Saturation and suppression of hunger.
• Elimination of such symptoms as: weakness, dizziness and weakness.
• Improve gastrointestinal and liver function.
• Acceleration of metabolism.
• Removal of excess fluid from the body.
• Cleansing the body of toxins and toxins.
• Improve the condition of the skin, hair and nails.
• Fight against constipation.
• Efficiency. For a week, really reset 5-7 kilograms.
Hence, we can conclude that to lose weight with buckwheat and yogurt – it is quite real. However, any weight loss involves compliance with certain rules and recommendations.
1. It is necessary to exclude from the diet fat, flour, smoked and sweet.
2. The amount of salt and sugar should be minimized.
3. Among the products needed for consumption: cereals, vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy products, dietary varieties of fish and meat.
4. The food should be a fraction. Eating 5-6 once a day.
5. During the day, you need to drink 2,5 liters of clean water a day.
6. The menu should be represented by products prepared in raw, cooked, stewed. Recommended food for a couple.
7. Fried foods, fast food, sweets and sodas are prohibited.
8. The last meal is for 2,5, or 3 hours before bedtime.
9. During the diet, you need a healthy sleep and physical activity (dancing, swimming, fitness, running or weight training).
Contraindicated this method of losing weight with:
• pregnancy, lactation;
• diabetes mellitus;
• hypertension and low blood pressure;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• individual intolerance to buckwheat or kefir.
Menu for the week
Kefir-buckwheat slimming involves the use of buckwheat in a raw or cooked form.
The first type of weight loss more strict. It includes the reception of buckwheat in a raw form. Without thermal processing, the croup retains all the beneficial microelements and vitamins. This method saturates the body with useful substances, accelerates metabolism, and also removes excess fluid and cleanses the body of toxins and toxins.
• Two tablespoons of cereals pour 200 ml of low-fat kefir and leave overnight (this amount is calculated for 1 food intake).
With daily use of this recipe, you can lose weight on average from 6-15 kg per month (depending on the initial weight). The daily number of meals should be 5-6 times. During the day, it is necessary to drink plenty of water.
The second type of diet assumes the use of buckwheat porridge. Garnish in the form of boiled buckwheat – the most gentle option of losing weight. This technique allows the consumption of boiled meat, stewed vegetables, dairy products and low-fat soups.
The third kind slimming is mixed. In the diet is allowed to include vegetables and lean meat. But for breakfast, the consumption of yogurt and buckwheat is considered compulsory. Lunch and dinner involves the use of a variety of recipes.
Kefir-buckwheat diet is represented by the following menu for the week:
1. Breakfast: buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. Snack – 1 apple;
3. Lunch – boiled buckwheat groats and low-fat fish, cooked for a couple;
4. Snack – cottage cheese 5% 100 gr .;
5. Dinner (for 4 hours before sleep) – salad of cucumbers and tomatoes, dressed 1 st. spoon of olive oil.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 pear;
3. buckwheat noodles 120 gr., with baked chicken fillet in kefir;
4. natural, low-fat yogurt;
5. (for 4 hours before sleep) – salad from 1 eggs, 1 cucumber and yogurt, green tea.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 banana;
3. vegetable soup and a slice of black bread;
4. walnuts 40 gr;
5. boiled buckwheat groats 120 gr., with steamed vegetables.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 apple;
3. buckwheat groats with butter 100 gr. + 1 egg;
4. cottage cheese 5% 100 gr. + a handful of nuts (for your taste);
5. (for 4 hours before sleep) – half of the salmon steak + green salad.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 banana;
3. buckwheat noodles 120 gr. with cheese 20 gr .;
4. a glass of yogurt + 1 bread;
5. (for 4 hours before sleep) – a salad of 2 eggs and cucumbers.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 apple;
3. buckwheat porridge 150 gr. with vegetable oil (1 spoon) + 1 boiled egg;
4. natural yoghurt + 4 date + 4 walnuts;
5. (for 4 hours before sleep) is a diet casserole.
1. buckwheat with yogurt and tea;
2. 1 low-fat cottage cheese;
3. buckwheat stew with tomatoes 150 gr .;
4. 2 boiled eggs;
5. (for 4 hours before sleep) – salad with vegetables and boiled chicken fillet.
Recipe for steamed porridge
Steamed buckwheat for weight loss is recommended for lactose intolerance. In this case, the dairy component is replaced with ordinary hot water.
• Take 1,5 glass of buckwheat, pour into a small cauldron or pot. Fill the cereal with boiling water. Cover the lid and wrap it well, so that overnight porridge well protomilas and was ready for use.
Ready breakfast must be filled with a small amount of butter, as dairy products are a source of useful fats, which the body needs.
Prepared for a couple of buckwheat, great for allergic people and vegetarians. It gives the body the necessary energy reserve, saturates and enriches it with useful microelements.
Can I lose weight on buckwheat with milk?
Can I lose weight on buckwheat with milk? Definitely, yes. The principle is the same. You can use milk instead of kefir. But do not forget that sour-milk products have anti-edematous effect. Often, it is edema that makes up a significant part of excess weight.
Take one glass of buckwheat and pour it into a small pot. Fill all with boiled milk. Cover and wrap. Buckwheat porridge must protomitsya all night and be ready to eat in the morning.
In order for weight loss to achieve the desired effect, it is important to use milk, fat content of 1,5-2,5%.
Lose weight on buckwheat with milk – it is quite real. But for the best result, an integrated approach is important. As you know, sports and the right diet work wonders. Therefore, a healthy diet and exercise are fundamental in the fight against obesity and overweight.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76230 | ZAR – South African Rand (R)
The South African rand is the currency of South Africa. Its symbol is simply ‘R’, and its currency code is ZAR, from the Dutch ‘zuid-afrikaanse rand’, or South African rand. The rand is fiat money, and its conversion factor has 6 significant digits. The most popular South African rand exchange is with the US dollar. The rand is the 18th most traded currency in the world.
Currency name
South African Rand
Currency symbol
ZAR exchange rates
US Dollar Indian Rupee British Pound Euro Pakistani Rupee Australian Dollar Japanese Yen United Arab Emirates Dirham
From South African Rand 0.06960 4.95984 0.05303 0.06276 10.76770 0.10132 7.62814 0.25563
To South African Rand 14.36850 0.20162 18.85870 15.93470 0.09287 9.86972 0.13109 3.91192
All currencies |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76305 | Our Constitution
Our Constitution
*Updated March 2018
The name of this organization shall be the Victoria Chapter, American Petroleum Institute, Division of Production.
The object of this organization is to foster a spirit of economic cooperation among those directly engaged in the production of oil and gas by promoting a free exchange of ideas among members.
ARTICLE III- Officers and Advisors
The officers of the Chapter shall be Chairman, First Vice-Chairman, Second Vice-Chairman, and Secretary-Treasurer.
The members of the Advisory Committee shall consist of 12 members. Six new members shall be elected each year of a two year term.
ARTICLE IV- Executive Board
The officers of this organization with the Advisory Committee and the immediate past Chapter Chairman shall constitute an Executive Board which shall transact routine business, fill vacancies in office, except that of the chairman, recommended policies to the Chapter, and act for the Chapter in cases of emergency. The immediate past Chairman of the Chapter shall be Chairman of the Executive Board or in case of his inability to serve, such other person as may be appointed by the incoming Chapter Chairman.
ARTICLE V- Governing Regulations
The Victoria Chapter shall be an affiliated chapter of the American Petroleum Institute and will look to the Division of Production of that Institute for general guidance and leadership. The Chapter shall abide by all rules and regulations established by the American Petroleum Institute for the guidance of its affiliated Chapters.
Section 1. One-sixth of the members of the Chapter shall constitute a quorum at the meetings of the same.
Section 2. One-third of the members of the Executive Board shall constitute a quorum at the meetings of the same.
ARTICLE VII- Amendments
This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members present and voting, provided the proposed amendment shall have been presented at the previous regular meeting.
ARTICLE VIII- Non Profit Organization
Section 1. This organization is a non-profit organization, not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings or any other assets of this Chapter shall ever inure to the benefit of any individual member of this Chapter.
Section 2. Upon dissolution of this organization, all of the assets of the Chapter remaining after the payment of debts shall be distributed to a charitable organization that qualifies for tax-exempt status under the provision of Code Section 501. Internal Revenue Code.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76310 | David is an antagonist in the Regular Show episode "Gary's Synthesizer" and Gary's evil half-brother.
He is voiced by Troy Baker.
Gary was ounce the ruler of his home planet Synthos, but when he left 200 years ago his evil brother David took over, framed Gary for being a criminal and banned any music that was deemed too "challenging." He then created robot guards to arrest anyone who played challenging music and then had them burned to death by sending them to the sun.
In "Gary's Synthesizer" after Gary's physical form disappears when Mordecai and Rigby mess with his synthesizer they go to planet Synthos along with skips to find out how to bring him back. They meet David and he takes them to a glass prison with two other criminals named Robert and Keith and plans to send all of them into the sun. With the help of the synthesizer they all escape and manage to bring Gary back with a hologram of the synthesizer by Robert and Keith.
Gary then challenged David to a music battle for the throne of Sythnos which David accepted. Gary managed to win by blasting David to a prison ship with discord music. The ship was then blasted to the sun which destroyed David's physical form. Then Robert and Keith destroy his disc which kills him for good. With David gone, Gary declares that everyone on Synthos shall be free to have music guide them.
• The possible reason for banning "challenging" music like discord is because he cannot play the music himself.
• His last words were "thank you" after Gary told him the real meaning of music.
Regular show logo Villains
S7E23.068 David-1-
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76315 | Tag Archives: Jesus’ Baptism
John the Baptist baptizing Christ
Image via Wikipedia
The Gospel of Mark’s unrecognized “birth” narrative of Jesus Christ
Brian who was unwillingly made the Christ in Monty Python’s Life of Brian
I wish I could recall where I read it now, but someone somewhere has written that Mark’s baptism scene is indeed his “birth” narrative of the Christ. Matthew and Luke might be seen as supplementing Mark’s gospel with a more “natural” birth, or at least one that had a flesh and blood Jesus come through the waters of the womb rather than the Jordan.
I found the idea interesting because it sits with the other Christological suggestions in this gospel — that Jesus was either adopted by God at baptism (adoptionism), or that the Son of God entered Jesus at baptism and from that moment there were two beings in one (separationism).
The Amplified Bible’s Mark 1:9-13
10And when He came up out of the water, at once he [John] saw the heavens torn open and the [Holy] Spirit like a dove coming down [to enter] into Him.
11And there came a voice out from within heaven, You are My Beloved Son; in You I am well pleased.
12Immediately the [Holy] Spirit [from within] drove Him out into the wilderness (desert),
13And He stayed in the wilderness (desert) forty days, being tempted [all the while] by Satan; and He was with the wild beasts, and the angels ministered to Him [continually].
Jesus has no background. He is just a name. One might almost picture a Brian coming along one day to get baptized like everyone else was doing, and on emerging from the water he looked up to see the Ptolemaic sky being torn apart and a single spirit like dove (not two, as Aeneas was granted from heaven) swooping down and whooshing right into his very body. Thus possessed, Jesus next hears God speaking and pronouncing him to be his Son. Before Brian knows what’s happened he is driven off (like Azazel?) into the wilderness. The focus is on heaven as the active agency and the man baptized is a passive recipient of voice, vision and possession.
Could this be something of a metaphorical “new birth” story? The waters of baptism are a variation on a trope that can be found as far back as the Exodus and Red Sea event, or even (as Thompson suggests) with the parting of the waters by Elijah and Elisha in preparation for a new phase of ministry, the new world order that was ushered in by Noah’s Flood, and the very beginnings of life with the parting of the waters in the Genesis creation.
Was it to displace Mark’s image that suggested such a “birth” that was occasioned only at the moment of baptism that Matthew and Luke added their nativity scenes? (Or was Mark reacting against the nativity scenes and depicting something more to the liking of his own Christology? — just in case one day Markan priority is found not to be so cut and dried as it seems today.)
John does not need a nativity scene either, of course. His Word of God “became” flesh, but really had no birth, since he had been sitting or floating with God from the very beginning of everything.
Just thoughts, here. Sometimes nativity scenes are treated as evidence of the evolution of a Jesus biography. But it’s just as possible, I think, that their exclusion from Mark and John (as much as their inclusion in Matthew and Luke) has more to do with theology than with a simple adding of details to a tale over time.
(revised) Spong on Jesus’ historicity: John the Baptist and the Crucifixion
Spong in his new book, Jesus for the Non-Religious: Recovering the Divine at the Heart of the Human (2007), lists four reasons that he claims leave no doubt about the historicity of Jesus:
3. He was executed
An earlier post looked at #1, “the Nazareth Connection”. This post looks, much more briefly, at #2 and #3 together, because they both make the same fundamental error of logic. read more » |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76316 | Q&A open access
Current status on LingOA
Why have the LingOA journals decided to leave their current publishers?
The editorial boards of these journals want to be able to publish academic articles under the conditions of equitable and affordable ("fair") Open Access. They reject the conditions and the excessive rates charged by many commercial publishers for publishing academic articles. However, they will have no reason to leave the incumbent publisher if it accepts LingOA's conditions. Those conditions are as follows: (1) a reasonable price per published article, (2) articles shall be published in Open Access and therefore be freely accessible on the Internet, (3) ownership of the (title of the) journal shall rest with the journal's editorial board, and (4) the author of the academic article shall retain the full copyright to his or her work. Fair Open Access as defined by LingOA exists if a publisher meets all of the above conditions.
What publication platform will the editorial boards move to?
Some will move, for the time being, to Ubiquity Press (UP, http://www.ubiquitypress.com/), an Open Access publisher that was founded relatively recently and satisfies all of LingOA's conditions. In addition, negotiations are underway with the Open Library of the Humanities (OLH, https://www.openlibhums.org/), which should guarantee the continuation of LingOA after the first five years.
Why was LingOA launched in the Netherlands?
There are two reasons:
1. Linguistics is a very strong discipline in the Netherlands and plays a leading role internationally.
2. The Netherlands is also in the forefront of the Open Access movement, thanks in part to State Secretary Dekker's call to that effect and to the negotiations on this subject between the Association of Dutch Universities (VSNU) and universities on the one hand, and the big commercial publishers on the other.
These two facts have a mutually reinforcing effect. Another obvious reason is that many linguistics journals originated in the Netherlands, not least because of the country's rich tradition in the publishing industry.
What is the Open Library of the Humanities?
The Open Library of the Humanities (OLH) is another fair Open Access publisher. OLH is a charitable organisation dedicated to publishing Open Access scholarship with no author-facing APCs (https://www.openlibhums.org). This will provide long-term sustainability for Fair Open Access journals, ensuring that no author will ever have to pay for APCs out of their own pockets. OLH collaborates with a worldwide network of libraries that pay the costs of Open Access publications on behalf of the authors/researchers.
Isn't Ubiquity Press simply another commercial publisher?
It is a publisher like all others, but one that meets all of LingOA's conditions. And the costs that it charges are exceptionally low. At Ubiquity Press (UP) the Open Access publication of an article costs € 400, compared with fees of up to € 1,000 or even € 4,000 charged by traditional publishers. In the sector, these costs are known as ‘article processing charges’ (APCs).
Also note that Ubiquity Press is not the ‘owner’ of the journal: the editorial board and the author retain ownership of the title and of the copyright, respectively. This means that the journal can decide to leave UP at any time of its choosing.
What additional rates does Ubiquity Press charge for subscriptions to libraries?
UP is what is known as a ‘full’ Open Access publisher: it does not sell subscriptions to the journals in its portfolio in the first place. This also means that it does not employ the ‘double dipping’ concept: collecting subscription fees for access to the full journal while also charging the author a fee for the Open Access version of each separate article.
Still, Ubiquity Press will want to make a profit, so how can it survive on those low publication fees?
Unlike the big commercial publishers, Ubiquity Press was not set up primarily to generate maximum profits. Nor is it a listed company, whereas many commercial publishers are. UP is able to charge lower fees because they have minimised their own costs by avoiding expensive and laborious systems. However, what really sets UP apart is its aim to provide a service to the academic community, which also means ensuring that publication remains affordable.
So exactly how much cheaper will publication become?
For a start, LingOA will make sure that taxpayers no longer pay twice for the same information: via the university library for access to the full journal and then again via the author, who uses public funds to pay for having an article published in Open Access.
What's more, the costs of (only) publishing in Open Access format will go down, since UP only charges € 400 where other publishers may charge up to € 1,000 or even € 4,000.
Surely you cannot simply move a journal to a different platform? Isn't the commercial publisher the owner?
It is true that in many cases the publisher owns the title of a journal. Of course that does not mean that they also own the editorial board and peer reviewers. These parties can decide to leave and launch a journal under a different title elsewhere. LingOA takes the view that the quality of a journal is determined by the quality of its editors and peer reviewers, and not necessarily by its publisher.
If a journal changes its title, it will become impossible to find for researchers. So how do you ensure that linguists will actually subscribe to the new journal?
Open Access has done away with the subscription model. It involves free access to journal articles, meaning that users no longer need subscriptions. In some cases the title of the journal will continue to be used, in others it will change. In the case of the latter, LingOA will inform the entire community of linguists of the change. Linguistics is a relatively small discipline that involves approximately 26,000 researchers, who are all gathered on a single portal site called The LINGUIST List (http://www.linguistlist.org/).
In that case, what will happen to the old journal?
Nothing at all, if the title of the journal moves to Ubiquity Press along with the journal itself. One example of this is LabPhon, which will simply continue under the same name at Ubiquity Press.
If the current publisher refuses to let go of the title, it could try to set up a new editorial board under that title. One of the actions we intend to take is to try and convince the entire community of linguists (of whom there are approximately 26,000 worldwide, who are all connected through the portal site, The LINGUIST List) that it would not be in the interests of linguistics research to submit articles to the old journal with its new and less experienced editorial board hastily thrown together by the publisher.
Will the full editorial boards of the five journals join the move to the new platform? Are there any linguists who prefer to stay with the present publisher?
In answer to the first question: yes, all the editorial board members will join the move. The first journals to do so are LabPhon and Journal of Portuguese Linguistics. Another three highly prestigious journals are renegotiating their collaboration with their incumbent publishers. When that will happen will become clear in the weeks ahead: either they stay with their publisher who has then accepted their conditions, or they will also migrate to Ubiquity Press and the Open Library of the Humanities.
How do you know that this is a widely supported initiative?
We know that it is because we have already talked with the editorial boards of many of the 90 most important journals on linguistics and seen that practically all of them are enthusiastic about LingOA. The only thing that made some of those boards slightly hesitant was the situation after the first five years, when the VSNU's guaranteed financing and the NWO's subsidy come to an end. However, we have now reached an agreement with the Open Library of the Humanities that will guarantee the continued existence of the journal after those initial five years. This means that we can also resume our talks with the hesitant boards.
What will happen to the quality of the journals that make the change?
LingOA will ensure that the editorial boards and their networks transition to fair Open Access while retaining the peer review system of quality control. This is because the quality of peer reviews largely determines the reputation of the journals concerned. The only thing that will change is the business model.
What exactly will change in the business model?
Traditionally, academic journals depended on expensive subscriptions for their income. Open Access however means that a fee is paid for each published article. In the case of LingOA, those fees are paid from the financial guarantees provided by VSNU and NWO. In the longer run, university libraries will pay for published articles rather than through subscriptions. This approach will ensure a successful transition from an expensive subscription model to a more affordable published article fee model.
When will the five editorial boards have made the transition, and how much time will it take for them to to so?
LabPhon has already made the transition, and the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics will probably publish its next issue on the UP platform by the end of this year. The editorial boards united in LingOA have hired a lawyer who offers them legal assistance during the course of the project. The other journals will make the change as soon as they have completed negotiations with their current publishers – or they won't, if their publisher accepts the conditions.
How will the readers/subscribers be informed?
That depends. In the case of LabPhon, whose title moved along with the journal itself, the previous publisher (De Gruyter) informed the subscribers. If a publisher is unwilling to cooperate, the state of affairs is announced on The LINGUIST List (a list of all 26.000 linguists) and in the media, and Ubiquity Press will alert all university libraries to the fact that the journal will continue in Open Access format.
Does the transition of editorial boards also mean that the peer review system is safeguarded?
Indeed it does. The editorial boards are absolutely essential to the peer review process. In fact, such a process is unthinkable without a high-quality board. So the editorial boards arrange and supervise the peer review process, in which each academic article is critically examined by a number of fellow experts.
Who will pay the transition costs, and what exactly do those costs consist of?
The transition costs are fairly straightforward and are largely paid by Ubiquity Press. UP will offer each journal the infrastructure that it needs to get started under the UP banner. The costs of legal assistance incurred by transitioning journals during the negotiation process have already been included in the budget. In addition, Radboud University Library has hired an assistant editor to support the editors-in-chief.
Is it really possible for journals to leave now under the actual terms of their contracts?
Although each contract has its own terms and conditions, we repeat that the publisher does not 'own' the editorial boards and peer reviewers. Of course some editors will be bound by a contract that includes a mandatory notice period. This means that in many cases a transition period of six to twelve months is a realistic assumption.
Why do the Dutch universities that offer a degree programme in linguistics need to provide a guarantee?
It seemed an obvious choice to obtain financial guarantees from the institutions that actually offer programmes in linguistics. The new situation involves payment for Open Access publications by the authors, which, especially in the humanities, is an entirely foreign model for which no budgets have yet been made available. The commitment undertaken by VSNU, KNAW and NWO with respect to the first journals means that their authors will not have to pay those publication costs themselves for the first five years. It is expected that after this initial period, the publication model worldwide will have shifted from subscription to Open Access. In that situation, funds will become available from libraries to cover the costs of Open Access, as the model the Open Library of the Humanities already shows.
How do you know whether other editorial boards will follow suit?
This is very likely to happen, as we are already conducting negotiations with a large number of editorial boards of linguistics journals whose response, overall, is decidedly positive.
To what extent does LingOA also involve international linguists? Or is it a purely Dutch initiative?
The journals concerned are entirely international, so this really is an international initiative. The editors of the first journals to join are researchers employed in various EU countries and the United States.
How do you intend to involve the rest of the international linguistics community in this initiative?
These are international journals with international audiences, which means that the international community of linguists is covered automatically.
If this initiative is feasible in the field of linguistics, is there any reason why it should not work in other disciplines too? Why does it appear to work particularly well for linguistics?
A. Linguistics is a relatively small and tightly organised discipline. Typically, linguists are highly opinionated people and prefer to set their own course. Incidentally, it wasn’t always easy to convince the editors. However, by offering the VSNU/ KNAW/ NWO LingOA fund we made it clear that the authors will not have to cover the APCs themselves. That was enough for some to support the initiative, and the rest soon followed. Another very important factor that made them decide to join the initiative was the long-term solution offered by the Open Library of the Humanities.
Of course LingOA hopes that this initiative will convince many more disciplines that making this move is both feasible and desirable – in the humanities and social sciences to begin with, but possibly also in the natural and medical sciences. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76333 | Jitterbit Salesforce Data Loader: SQL Server with Windows Authentication
In Jitterbit, it allows you to connect to a SQL Server database via JDBC to retrieve the data and load them into Salesforce. The default authentication used in the tool is SQL Server database authentication. However, can you still use the tool if your company only allows you to access the database by using Windows Authentication? The answer is yes.
JItterbit is using JDBC driver from jTDS. Having that said, you can actually configure the JDBC connection string manually to include the required parameters for Windows Authentication: useNTLMv2 and domain. For example: jdbc:jtds:sqlserver://wdciserver:1433/wdcidatabase;useNTLMv2=true;domain=wdcigroup;
Below is the sample configuration in Jitterbit.
|
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76352 | Satellite Data Shows Sea Levels Are Surging At Accelerating Rates As Ice Sheets Melt
• Gerald, I agree 100% with you. Global warming is only a trick for the government to grab more of our money. Then all they will do with it is put it in their own pockets. Just a bunch of nonsense.
• Can’t say that I see Golman Sachs or or other big investment banks putting a kabash on their investments in the coast of Florida or anywhere else that is “threatened” by Global Warmimg. Put your money where your mouth is!
• The facts are found in the Earth itself. Past global flooding is recorded in that history. The reasons for it are still open for discussion.
There are a lot of extinct species that did not survive. They at least weren’t the cause of their own demise.
• You are right about past global flooding and the fact that it is an ongoing discussion. Plate tectonics (the shifting of the continents) is linked to these changes and is a large factor. The earth is a “live” planet, ever changing.
• I suspect this is “fake news” being given by Russia to upset our Democracy. Reason: If you look at the headline, you will find that whoever put it out used a wrong word, something that any writer should know. Since the word can be translated three ways, if you were not familiar with the English language, you would use the most common word, not the correct word. I’ll let you figure it out.
• The seas are still natural and rise and fall depending on the climate. A number of years ago, a baleen whale fossil was found at the Sarno dump. It was approximately 25,000 years old. It was found 8 feet above sea level and 8 miles from the beach. Whales have never been good on the land.
Leave a Reply to Jean Cancel reply |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76355 | Back to top
Who to Notify When Changing Your Last Name
You did it! You're married - your wedding is a wonderful memory behind you and you're settling into newlywed bliss. Only one thing left to do: update your new last name! There’s a definite method to the bureaucratic madness of changing your last name: First get your marriage certificate, then visit the Social Security office, and finally make a stop at the DMV.
• Marriage certificate: Remember applying for that marriage license? You signed a similar form at your wedding and it was mailed to your county's government office. No need to do anything but wait - the official marriage certificate will now be mailed to you. Each county has a different wait time so double check your local office if you want to know the specific timeline.
• Social Security: Now that you have your marriage certificate, you can easily make your social security name change official. You can update your name at no cost at your local Social Security Administration office, which you can find at or by calling 1.800.772.1213. A marriage certificate and a completed application form are required (available online or in office), as well as proof of your old name, like a photo ID (perhaps that driver’s license you’re about to trade in?). Tip: Make sure to update your new address if you've just moved so your new card doesn't get mailed to your old place of residence.
Who to Notify When Changing Your Last Name
Photo: Dan Thorson Photography
• License: Once your new Social Security card comes in the mail, motor on down to the nearest DMV service center (find it at with your marriage certificate, your new Social Security card, and any other proof of ID you can get your hands on. You’ll be rewarded for all that patience (and for shelling out $34) with a fresh license with a new photo to go with your new name. Tip: If you own a car, make sure to update your Title while you're there!
• Everyone else: You’ll want to spread the word about your name change to your banks, credit card companies, telephone provider, doctor’s offices, insurance companies, health clubs, and pretty much anyone who sends you important mail. Update your address and new name with friends and family via text or a cute postcard. If you've moved, make sure to update your post office and have your mail forwarded, as well as register with your new name at your current address. Brides are often advised to wait until after the honeymoon to make the name change official. Changing the name on a plane ticket might prove costly, and having a different name on a passport and ticket could cause problems with airport security. Take the honeymoon with your maiden name—you’ll have a whole lifetime as the Mrs. to make up for it.
Who to Notify When Changing Your Last Name
Who to Notify When Changing Your Last Name
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76356 | File:0501IG3-IntroduçãoaoImpress ptbr.odt
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76375 | Synonyms of Caul
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4 Synonyms for Caul
Here's a list of any Thesaurus entries for caul:
• n. - Part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines
• Greater omentum
• Gastrocolic omentum
• n. - The inner membrane of embryos in higher vertebrates (especially when covering the head at birth)
• Veil
• Embryonic membrane
Definition of caul
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76379 | How to Deal With a Competitive Co-Worker
by Ellie Williams
Turn your workplace rival into an ally.
Turn your workplace rival into an ally.
Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
A little workplace competition can be healthy, because it motivates everyone to devote focus and energy to producing high-quality work. In extreme cases, however, it can damage employee morale, produce anxiety and create workplace conflict. If you find yourself constantly upstaged by a competitive co-worker, avoid fueling the competitive fire. Instead, concentrate on improving your reputation and seeking ways to work with your rival.
Don't assume you know his motives. It's natural to feel threatened by a competitive co-worker, and even to take it personally when he tries to one-up you. If you want to minimize the damage caused by workplace competition, however, you must realize that co-workers don't always mean harm when they try to compete. Your colleague may just be a perfectionist or he may be worried about his standing at the company. Instead of treating him as a threat, try to understand why he tries so hard to compete.
Focus on your reputation. Instead of comparing yourself to your over-achieving colleague, concentrate on successfully fulfilling your job duties. Constantly worrying about being upstaged can distract you and prevent you from doing your best work. Rather than feel threatened by your co-worker, evaluate your skills and job performance and identify areas where you can improve.
Find allies. Secure your standing in the team by cultivating strong relationships with your other co-workers. Seek opportunities to collaborate with colleagues who aren't hyper-competitive, compliment co-workers when they achieve something and concentrate on becoming a respected and important member of the team.
Befriend him. Defuse your co-worker's competitive streak by turning him into an ally instead of a rival. Ask for his advice or assistance to demonstrate you'd rather work together rather than against each other. If you previously haven't had much interaction with him, say hello or ask him how he's doing and try to get to know him on a personal level. This may prevent him from seeing you as a threat, and he may back off on his efforts to compete with you.
Acknowledge his efforts. In the "Psychology Today" article "How to Keep Your Cool With Competitive People," psychologist Melanie A. Greenberg says sometimes a competitive person is motivated by insecurity. The problem could stem as far back as his childhood -- for example, if his parents were distant or rarely praised him. Greenberg recommends complimenting a competitive co-worker when he goes beyond his job duties, because this acknowledgement may be what he's really seeking when he tries to outdo his peers. By recognizing his hard work, you may help him feel more secure in his position.
Protect yourself. Greenberg adds that sometimes competitive co-workers do in fact have malicious motives. If you're dealing with a co-worker who tries to sabotage you or take credit for your work, you need to focus on protecting yourself. Greenberg suggests using passwords to protect your work, maintaining detailed records of how you contribute to projects and communicating with your boss so she realizes your efforts. You can also talk to your boss and colleagues about the situation.
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• Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76396 | Fragrance Notes – Everything You Need to Know
Fragrance Notes – Everything You Need to Know
Fragrance Notes Your Complete Guide
Perfume can play an important role in our wardrobe. Whether you prefer to apply your signature scent for a date night or for a workday in the office, fragrances help give us a certain aura and presence. Part of what creates this presence for each person is the use of fragrance notes. Similar to how musical notes make up a song, fragrance notes are the individual components that, when combined, form a unified, pleasing perfume.
We created a guide that explains what fragrance notes are and everything you need to know about them to better understand your favorite perfumes.
What are Fragrance Notes?
Fragrance notes are the ingredients that make up a fragrance. After you spray perfume, your nose starts to pick up and recognize certain scents, which we refer to as notes.
This carefully selected blend of ingredients forms the perfume accord, the basic character of a fragrance. Perfume makers carefully select notes to make sure a fragrance both smells pleasant and evokes a certain experience. Notes are classified in a fragrance pyramid.
A perfume’s notes can be separated into three basic categories: top notes, heart notes, and base notes. Notes at the top of the pyramid have higher volatility (they evaporate faster), while notes at the bottom are longer-lasting.
What Are Top Notes?
Top notes, sometimes referred to as headnotes, form the top layer of a fragrance. In other words, top notes are the scents you detect first after spraying a perfume. These play a role in setting first impressions and shaping a fragrance’s story.
Top notes usually evaporate quickly, lingering around for only the first five to fifteen minutes. Their main purpose is to give off an initial scent and then transition smoothly into the next part of the fragrance. As a result, top notes generally consist of lighter and smaller molecules.
Some common top notes include citrus scents – like lemon, orange, and bergamot – as well as light floral notes like lavender and rose. Basil and anise are also commonly used as top notes.
What are Heart Notes?
As the name suggests, heart notes make up the “heart” of the fragrance. Their function is to retain some of the top notes’ aroma while also introducing new scents to deepen the experience. Sometimes referred to as middle notes, the heart notes also serve as a buffer for the base notes, which may not smell as pleasant on their own.
Because they make up around 70 percent of the total scent, heart notes usually last longer than top notes. Heart notes appear as the top notes start to fade and remain evident for the full life of the fragrance.
These notes include full-bodied, aromatic floral oils like jasmine, geranium, neroli, and ylang-ylang, as well as cinnamon, pepper, pine, lemongrass, black pepper, and cardamom.
Base Notes
Along with middle notes, base notes form the foundation of the fragrance. They help boost the lighter notes while adding more depth and resonance.
Since they form the perfume’s foundation, base notes are very rich, heavy and long-lasting. They kick in after about 30 minutes and work together with the middle notes to create the fragrance’s scent. Since base notes sink into your skin, their scent lingers the longest and can last for six hours or more.
Popular base notes include vanilla, amber, musk, patchouli, moss and woody notes like sandalwood and cedarwood.
How Do You Identify Perfume Notes?
You can identify perfume notes based on the time passed after the application of the perfume. Top notes are those you smell immediately after the perfume first touches your skin. Once this initial burst fades, the heart notes kick in to form the essence of the perfume. Base notes are the scent that lasts the longest and is the one you remember most.
Every note adds a certain quality to the fragrance. Some of the most common fragrance note categories include fresh, floral, spice, fruits, woods, and musk, each of which is typically used in specific note categories. For instance, fresh and floral scents are almost always top notes while woody and musky scents typically appear toward the bottom of the note pyramid.
Here a list of the different types of perfume notes along with an explanation of how they’re used.
Fresh Notes
Fresh notes are light and citrusy in nature, making them popular as top notes. Notes like orange and bergamot give a fragrance its freshness and sweetness, while lemon and bergamot have a more bitter sharpness.
Floral Notes
Floral notes add a natural feel to a fragrance. They are often used as top or heart notes and can be mixed with other notes for a more dramatic scent. Jasmine is another popular floral note with its fruity and white floral scent, while ylang ylang adds a more tropical touch.
Fruit Notes
Fruity notes are most commonly used as middle notes, as they blend easily with other notes and can add more depth to a fragrance. For example, blackberry adds a rich, musky scent, while notes like apple and strawberry give off a sweet and juicy vibe.
Spice Notes
Spice notes are used to add warmth and potency to a fragrance, mixing particularly well with floral notes in the heart of a perfume. Notes like cinnamon and nutmeg add spice and sweetness, while others like rosemary and basil possess an herbal quality.
Wood Notes
Sandalwood and patchouli are two wood notes that are often used in a fragrance’s base to strengthen the scent’s lifetime. While most wood notes have an earthy quality, some like cedarwood and oud provide a nice sweet scent.
Musk Notes
The Musky notes are most frequently found in the base notes of fragrances. Their richness helps to fill in the foundation and increase the duration of the scent. The different types of musk, from black musk to cashmere musk, means that these scents can add a unique trait to any fragrance.
How to Pick Fragrance Notes
Fragrance notes play an important role in perfume’s appeal. The composition of the different notes of a perfume and their interaction with your skin are what make a perfume unique. Without combining different notes, a perfume’s scent would just not be as pleasant.
Since there are so many notes, it can be challenging to pick the ones that you like. One way to start learning your own preferences is to become familiar with the fragrance wheel. After you’ve determined your favorite notes, check out these collections of perfumes and colognes to find your unique scent.
What Is the Fragrance Wheel?
The fragrance wheel is a round diagram that displays the different scent families and subfamilies. The scents are grouped based on their similarities and differences to show their relationship to one another. The scent groups that border each other share common olfactory characteristics; while those that are further away from one another are less related.
This fragrance classification system developed by fragrance expert Michael Edwards; in order to help retailers suggest perfumes to consumers more efficiently. Each family consists of a prominent scent; while the subfamilies are blended versions of these fragrances.
What Are Scent Families?
Scent families are broken up into four main groups: Floral, Oriental, Woody, and Fresh. These represent the four main olfactory groups with each having distinct characteristics. More often than not; a person will gravitate toward one scent family over another and look for this collection of scents in their fragrances.
For this reason, it can be helpful to know which family you are attracted to; before you go shopping for a new scent. While most products aren’t labeled with the scent family; you should be able to find out which components make up the fragrance.
Experts who have been working with perfumes for years; can tell which family or sub-family a fragrance belongs to with one sniff. While there is some discourse in the fragrance community over the organization and description of each family; most agree to the following families and subfamilies.
The floral scent family is one of the most common families and is used in many well-known perfumes. Floral scents are most often used in women’s fragrances, although they are occasionally used in men’s as well. They usually smell like fresh-cut flowers or have a powdery note to them.
• Fruity: Sweet, edible and tropical-like peach, pear and apple.
• Floral: Smells like fresh-cut flowers — imagine rose and lily.
• Soft floral: Soft, powdery and sweet with a hint of creamy.
• Floral oriental: Florals with subtle spice notes.
Common Floral Family Notes:
• Rose
• Jasmine
• Orange blossom
Fragrance Examples:
The oriental fragrance family consists of rich exotic scents. When you think of oriental scents think herbs and spices or dry, powdery, resin notes. Opulent and heady, these notes are oftentimes softened with amber or sweet notes. It’s common to describe this family as exotic and seductive.
• Soft oriental: Soft, floral notes mix with incense and warm spices.
• Oriental: Sweet, warm notes like cinnamon, vanilla, and musk.
• Woody oriental: Earthy notes like patchouli and sandalwood mixed with spicy and sweet notes.
Common Oriental Family Notes:
• Vanilla
• Myrrh
• Anise
Fragrance Examples:
These perfumes are usually warm and opulent, mixing incense-like fragrances like sandalwood and patchouli with drier notes like cedar. To tone down the warmth of these notes, fragrances will sometimes incorporate some fresh notes like citrus or floral. Notes in this family can be described as coniferous or woody and bitter.
• Woods: Aromatic scents like cedarwood, sandalwood, and vetiver.
• Mossy woods: Sweet, smooth and earthy scents like oakmoss and amber.
• Dry woods: Smouldering and smoky mixed with leather aromas.
Common Woody Family Notes:
Fragrance Examples:
The fresh scent family encompasses clean bright scents. Herby, citrusy and oceanic scents all fall into this category. More often used in men’s fragrances than women’s fragrances, fresh scents are paired with spicy notes to create a more robust fragrance. Aromatic, tart notes can also be found mixed with zesty or fruity scents.
• Aromatic: Clean and fresh herbs mixed with lavender or woody scents.
• Citrus: Zesty or tangy notes like mandarins or bergamot.
• Water: Aquatic scents that smell of sea spray or rain mixed with or oceanic notes.
• Green: Smells of freshly mowed lawns and crushed green leaves.
Common Fresh Family Notes:
• Sage
• Bergamot
• Grapefruit
Fragrance Examples:
How to Combine Scents
Much like color, certain fragrance families go together well. The scent wheel makes it easy to see this. Fragrance sub-families that are side by side on the fragrance wheel will almost always blend well.
You can also pick a sub-family to start with and see which note appears across from it on the fragrance wheel. This means that those notes are complementary to one another. For example, soft oriental will complement citrus, and oriental will complement water.
Finally, you can select three fragrance sub-families that create a triangle on the fragrance wheel. You’ll find that these will complement each other nicely. For example, if you know you like floral oriental notes; look for a scent that contains mossy and water notes as well.
After you’ve decided which families you like best and what secondary notes you’ll be looking for; it’s time to start researching the perfect perfume for you. You can either head down to the beauty counter at your local department store or order fragrance samples online. Be sure to test them on your skin so that you know you enjoy the scent; once mixed with your skin.
Related: Buying Perfumes Online Complete Guide |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76409 | AccuWebHosting Introduces PHP 7 Hosting
AccuWebHosting Introduces PHP 7 Hosting
The PHP development team put an end to WebMaster’s long wait, announcing the immediate availability of PHP 7. PHP 7, the next version of the world’s most popular scripting language (powering 81% of web) was finally released on 3rd December 2015.
After eight years to complete and weeks of delay in the roll-out, PHP 7 is finally available for download. Windows users can download the PHP 7 Windows binaries from here. With the latest version of PHP, there are many introduced changes, so PHP 7 is certainly not backward compatible with existing PHP 4 legacy code, though it should work seamlessly with PHP 5.x code. To check introduced changes in PHP 7, refer to the Changelog.
Major Benefits of PHP 7
PHP 7 has minimal syntax modifications and places more emphasis on performance improvement. In the past few months, a number of benchmarks were performed on PHP 7 and it was claimed that PHP 7 is almost 200% faster than its predecessor (PHP 5.x).
PHP 7 will run on the latest engine, namely PHPNG (PHP Next Generation), competing with interpreters like HHVM from Facebook. HHVM has been outperforming PHP for years, which encouraged the PHP 7 developer team to improve competency. Thanks to PHPNG, the PHP 7 core engine is now more optimized for CPU and memory.
Based on the benchmarks performed on PHP 7, the PHPNG engine halves memory and CPU utilization when compared with the latest 5.6 releases.
Here we discuss some of the most exciting new features that will be available when you upgrade to PHP 7.
New Operators
PHP 7 comes with two new operators, namely the spaceship (or combined comparison operator) and the null coalesce operator.
The spaceship operator ( <=> ) is used to make your chained comparison more concise. For example:
$var1 <=> $var2
This expression is evaluated as:
-1 if $var1 is smaller than $var2,
0 if $var1 equals $var2, and
1 if $var1 is greater than $var2,
which is basically a shortcut for the following expression:
($var1 < $var2) ? -1 : (($var1 > $var2) ? 1 : 0)
The null coalesce operator ( ?? ) can be used as a shortcut for a common use case. For example, with PHP 5.x, you would do something like this:
$var1 = isset($var2) ? $var2 : "default";
The same expression can be written with null coalesce operator in PHP 7 as follows:
$var1 = $var2 ?? "default";
Scalar Type Hints
Scalar Type Hints is one of the most striking features of latest PHP version. You can use integers, floats, strings, and booleans as type hints for functions and methods. In other words, when you pass a float value to an integer parameter, Scalar Type Hints will just coerce it to integer without generating any errors or warnings. However, when strict mode is enabled, it will throw errors when the wrong type is passed as an argument.
function double(int $value)
return 2 * $value;
$var = double("8");
The above code won’t generate any errors when strict mode is disabled. Additionally, the string “8” passed as an argument will be coerced into integer inside the double function. If we enable strict mode by including the directive declare(strict_types = 1) in the very first line in the above code, only integers will be allowed to be passed to the double function.
< ?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
function double(int $value)
return 2 * $value;
$var = double("8");
When strict mode is enabled, the above code will generate a Fatal error.
Return Type Hints
Return Type Hints allows you to define the return type of methods and functions. It behaves same way as scalar type hints in terms of coercion and strict mode:
< ?php
function a() : bool
return 1;
When the above code is executed, the returned value will be converted to bool automatically without any errors and warnings. When strict mode is enabled, a fatal error will be thrown.
HHVM is the virtual machine created by Facebook developers for executing PHP applications. In the year 2008, the Facebook team developed a tool to convert PHP script into C++ so that it could be compiled and executed on web servers. The primary goal was to lower down the server resource utilization and to accommodate five to six times more traffic than the server’s actual capacity. In order to overcome these challenges, Facebook developed the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM). This change increased server capacity to accommodate an increase of 500-600% in web traffic.
At this point, you may ask: “What makes HHVM so fast?”
Instead of compiling PHP code to C++, HHVM utilized the Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to convert PHP code into intermediate bytecode. This bytecode is then further translated into x64 machine code. Now JIT compiler comes into the picture, dynamically running the translation at runtime, allowing all possible optimizations. As a result, your PHP applications’ performance will be increased dramatically.
PHP 7 or PHPNG is the true competitor and community’s response to HipHop Virtual Machine. HHVM clearly outperformed the previous versions of PHP, but recent benchmark tests suggest that PHP 7 is slightly faster than HHVM in certain situations. Let’s have a look at the results of some benchmark testing conducted by ZEND on some popular apps, such as WordPress, Magento and Drupal:
Magento HHVM 3.7 vs PHP 7
Deduced from the chart below, you can make up to 3 times as many Magento catalogue server requests on the same hardware and PHP 7 uses 30% less memory.
Magento-HHVM-Vs-PHP7 comparision
Magento HHVM vs PHP 7 comparison
Source :
WordPress HHVM 3.7 vs PHP 7
According to the results shown, there is not much difference between HHVM 3.7 and PHP 7. The most interesting fact is PHP 7 utilized just 25% of the server executions compared to those of PHP 5.6. Thus, servers with same capacity will be able to serve a higher number of users.
WordPress HHVM 3.7 vs PHP-7 comparision
WordPress HHVM 3.7 vs PHP 7 comparison
Drupal HHVM 3.7 vs PHP 7
The chart indicates that PHP 7 is significantly faster than HVVM and, interestingly, Drupal 8 runs 72% faster on PHP 7 compared to PHP 5.6.
Drupal HHVM vs PHP7 comparision
Drupal HHVM vs PHP 7 comparison
Other Benchmarks
You can also refer to benchmarks performed by Rasmus Lerdorf at PHP Australia. Use the arrow keys to navigate through the slides.
What Should I Go With?
Prior to PHP 7 or PHPNG, HHVM is certainly faster than PHP-Zend packages for all PHP versions. PHP 7 has demonstrated better performance against HHVM for the majority of scripts in most benchmarks.
Large websites like Etsy and Wikimedia Foundation utilize HHVM, but it took well over six months to fully switch from the PHP-Zend package to PHP-HHVM package. In other words, switching from PHP-Zend package to PHP-HHVM package is not an overnight task. For small website owners, the transition to PHP 7 would be far easier, compared to the complex transition to HHVM, which demands more expertise.
PHP 7 Hosting by AccuWebHosting
It’s no surprise that AccuWebHosting is one of the first web hosts to offer PHP 7 Hosting. Our enthusiastic testing team long awaited the latest version of PHP. On the very next day following the PHP 7 release, the team took the opportunity to test PHP 7 on our web hosting infrastructure.
We are proud to offer PHP 7 support on both Linux Shared SSD Hosting and WordPress Hosting plans.
AccuWebHosting provides a PHP configuration plugin on Linux Shared/Reseller plans, allowing customers to set the PHP 7 version for directories and domains. Our Linux Shared SSD Hosting and WordPress Hosting customers can use the following articles to change from their older PHP version to 7:
Change PHP Version From cPanel
Support for PHP 7 on a Dedicated Server
1. With a Windows-dedicated server, the AccuWebHosting team will install and configure PHP 7 on demand.
2. Currently, cPanel/WHM does not support PHP 7, so it would not be possible to use PHP 7 in cPanel-dedicated servers, unless the CloudLinux Operating system is used. Once cPanel/WHM starts supporting PHP 7, it can be added via WHM EasyApache.
3. Linux-dedicated server (without cPanel) customers can install and configure PHP 7 according to their requirements.
Support for PHP 7 on Windows VPS
All our Windows VPS plans support PHP 7. Windows VPS customers will need to submit a ticket to install and configure PHP 7.
Support for PHP 7 on Linux VPS
Linux VPS (without cPanel) customers can install and configure PHP 7 according to their requirements. Since cPanel does not support PHP 7, cPanel VPS customers need to wait until cPanel rolls out PHP 7 support. Once cPanel starts supporting PHP 7, it can be added via EasyApache.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76422 | Advanced Installer 6.5.1 Release Notes
On August 21st, 2008 Caphyon Ltd. announced the release of Advanced Installer 6.5.1 in Free, Professional, Java, Enterprise and Architect editions. This release is available for download on the Advanced Installer website.
Advanced Installer 6.5.1 is a maintenance release for Advanced Installer 6.5 delivering the following bug fixes and improvements:
Bug fixes
• Could not open projects with Shortcuts and File Duplication operations using PseudoFormatted names
• Exception when trying to duplicate an update in Update Configuration Projects
• Runtime error at launch encountered on some systems due to wrong assembly binding
• The expanded value of a path variable was not refreshed after editing it |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76440 | Daryl Arnold
Daryl Arnold is an entrepreneur experienced in data, marketing, technology and sustainability. Building businesses from the ground-up, achieving hundred million dollars plus of sales from Asia, Europe and America. Following successful exits in the digital space, now focused on Smart Cities, Civic Innovation, Open Data, Internet of Things, Health Diagnostics and Active Ageing.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76454 | XML to Word
Using StyleVision to Convert XML to Word
• XML to Word converter
• Drag-and-drop XSLT design
• Visua design for Word/ Open XML
• Generation of DOCX (.docx) conformant archives
• XML, Database and XBRL to Word
• Special options for paged and printed media
• Re-use existing and external XSLT and CSS
• Automation via StyleVision Server
XML to Word Conversion
StyleVision makes it easy to convert XML to Word and other formats by dragging and dropping to create a design visually, based on the structure of the source XML. StyleVision includes helpful tools for paged media and lets you define charts, graphs, and other eye-catching content with ease.
XML to Word conversion
Office Open XML (also commonly known as OOXML or Open XML) is an XML-based specification for electronic documents and is the default file format for the popular Microsoft Office suite, which includes Word. The new DOCX format from the OOXML specification promises to offer increased information compatibility, integration, and transparency, as well as increased security. The WordprocessingML (WordML) vocabulary forms the basis for the DOCX format, while associated assets, including images, media, and formatting information, are packaged as separate files in a ZIP archive. However, generating Word documents in StyleVision shields you from these underlying details.
Altova StyleVision facilitates Open XML development by allowing you to graphically design and implement XSLT stylesheets for conformant Word output from XML, XBRL, and/or SQL database data.
More Open XML Tools
High performance automation is available with StyleVision Server. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76461 | 1. Innocent Until Proven Guilty?
2. Forming Trust With a Criminal Defender
3. The Penalties Associated With DUIs in California
The severity of penalization for DUIs varies on a case by case basis, but there are general guidelines that help one estimate the penalties of a DUI conviction. Obviously, a DUI lawyer is most likely to help you get a reduction on a sentencing, and it's your best chance at having a case dropped or thrown out. Let’s look at the penalties you will likely incur if you are convicted of a DUI. A conv…Read More
4. Why You Should Rethink Representing Yourself in Court
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76488 | 4 Stocks Making Moves: SolarCity, Twitter, SiriusXM, and Pandora
What's next for tech?
The article 4 Stocks Making Moves: SolarCity, Twitter, SiriusXM, and Pandora originally appeared on Fool.com.
Chris Hill has no position in any stocks mentioned. Jason Moser owns shares of Twitter. Taylor Muckerman owns shares of SolarCity. The Motley Fool recommends Goldman Sachs, Pandora Media, SolarCity, and Twitter and owns shares of Liberty Media, Sirius XM Radio, and SolarCity. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools don't all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Read Full Story |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76505 | The Live Creature and Ethereal Things: bringing physics into the human experience
“The Sun, the Moon, the Earth and its contents are material to form greater things, that is, ethereal things - greater things than the Creator himself has made” - John Keats, 1817
Panel speakers: Fiona Crisp, Nahum Mantra, Tara Shears, Suchitra Sebastian
Moderator: Nicola Triscott
Many areas of contemporary science - including cosmology, particle physics and astrophysics - operate at scales and levels of complexity that lie beyond the imaginative and cognitive grasp of most people. Historically, Western culture measured space and time through the body, but over the centuries science and technology have pursued knowledge beyond the edges of bodily perception, from the macro extremes of the multiverse to the micro-scale of the sub-atomic world. If so much knowledge comes through scientific instruments and mathematics, how can we humans - biological sensing beings that the philosopher John Dewey refers to as the “live creature” – make sense of it within our own experience?
When Dewey wrote Art as Experience (1934), he was attempting to shift the understanding of what is important and characteristic about art from its physical manifestations in the “object” to the process in its entirety, a process whose fundamental element is no longer the material “work of art” but rather the development of an “experience”, an experience being something that personally affects your life. In this discussion event, a panel of artists and physicists will apply a similar shift in perspective to understanding physics as a practical, experienced reality, rather than an abstract set of facts or concepts.
Astrophysics and particle physics probe the limits of the known, the limits of language and concept, and present a kind of abstraction or transcendence that can free us from commonsensical thinking. Yet they are undertaken by human beings in real world laboratories and observatories. Artists can reveal and explore phenomena, ideas and histories of discovery outside everyday human experience, making us able to sense and experience them or in some way grasp their significance, as well as providing insight into the physical and material spaces of science and the human beings whose work is to study the fundamental science of the universe.
This panel discussion forms part of a research project initiated by artist and academic Fiona Crisp with Arts Catalyst. Crisp’s Leverhulme-funded research project employs non-documentary photography and film to bring science back within our world as experience by using still and moving imagery to place us in a bodily relation to the physical spaces and laboratories where fundamental science is performed.
Fiona Crisp is Professor of Fine Art at Northumbria University, Newcastle and her work is represented by Matt’s Gallery, London. Her current Leverhulme-funded Fellowship, Material Sight: Representing the Spaces of Fundamental Science, uses non-documentary photography and video to interrogate extremes of visual and imaginative representation in fundamental science and technology. Based at three world-leading research facilities, including the Laboratori Nazionale del Gran Sasso in Italy, the research places artistic production in the spaces where experimental and theoretical science is performed, foregrounding the “site” or laboratory as a social, cultural, and political space where meaning is shaped and constructed rather than received or observed.
Professor Tara Shears is an experimental particle physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Liverpool. Her research focuses on testing the limits of our understanding of particle physics, using data collected by the LHCb experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. She is interested in understanding why that there is so little antimatter in the Universe, where and how our current understanding breaks down, and what lies beyond it. She is also interested in how some of the unseen, non-intuitive aspects of physics can be experienced and visualised, and how art can provide a different, illuminating angle.
Dr Suchitra Sebastian holds an MS and PhD in Applied Physics from Stanford University, and an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad). She moved to the University of Cambridge as a Junior Research Fellow in Physics at Trinity College. From 2010, she is a Royal Society University Research Fellow in Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, and from 2013 a University Lecturer in Physics. Suchitra was named as one of thirty 'Exceptional Young Scientists' by the World Economic Forum in 2013 and one of the top ten 'Next big names in Physics' by the Financial Times. She received the L'Oreal-UNESCO fellowship for women in science in 2013, among other awards including the Lee-Osheroff-Richardson Prize (2007); Young Scientist Medal in Magnetism (2012); Moseley Medal (2012); Philip Leverhulme Prize (2015); and Brian Pippard Prize (2015). Her research pertains to novel and exotic physical phenomena such as superconductivity, which emerge from quantum mechanical effects. She is particularly interested in public engagement and communicating science in accessible ways. She is the Director of Cavendish Arts-Science Project.
The Leverhulme Trust |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76516 | Sunday, July 28, 2019
This visualization of a computer model simulation shows a solar tsunami, which is initiated at the equator. As the tsunami travels toward the poles it buoys the toroidal magnetic fields (white lines) traveling deeper in the solar interior. As these bands are lifted to the surface, they erupt as sunspots on the solar surface. (©UCAR. Visualization: Mausumi Dikpati, NCAR.)
In a second study, motivated by the first, scientists explore the mechanism for how a terminator event could trigger the start of a new sunspot cycle using a sophisticated computer model. The resulting simulations show that "solar tsunamis" could provide the connection and explain the Sun's remarkably rapid transition from one cycle to the next.
Both studies were led by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
"The evidence for terminators has been hidden in the observational record for more than a century, but until now, we didn't know what we were looking for," said NCAR scientist Scott McIntosh, who directs the center's High Altitude Observatory and worked on both studies. "By combining such a wide variety of observations over so many years, we were able to piece together these events and provide an entirely new look at how the Sun's interior drives the solar cycle."
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, which is NCAR's sponsor, NASA's Living with a Star program, and the Indo-US Joint Networked R&D Center.
Sunspot cycles are born after solar minimum, a period when the face of the Sun is quiet. As the cycle continues, more and more sunspots emerge, first appearing at about 35 degrees latitude in both hemispheres and slowly marching toward the equator over a decade before they fade again into the next solar minimum. The rough midpoint of this progression is solar maximum, when sunspots are the most abundant.
Predicting the timing of sunspot evolution is a major scientific goal, in part because sunspot activity is tied to the solar storms that can disrupt Earth's upper atmosphere and affect GPS signals, power grids, and other critical technologies. But such predictions have proven challenging.
For example, the Sun is currently in a solar minimum. Scientist know the relative peace means that the current solar cycle is wrapping up, but it has been difficult to say whether the new cycle will begin in a few months or a few years. McIntosh and his colleagues think their studies can provide more clarity, both into the timing of cycles and also into what drives the cycles themselves.
The researchers began by studying the movement of coronal bright points - ephemeral flickers of extreme ultraviolet light in the solar atmosphere. By observing bright points, which occur even in the relative calm of a solar minimum, the scientists think they have gained a more complete view of the solar cycle than if they focused only on sunspot activity.
The bright points first appear at higher latitudes than sunspots (around 55 degrees) and migrate toward the equator at approximately 3 degrees latitude per year, reaching the equator after a couple decades. The paths traced by the bright points overlap with sunspot activity in the mid-latitudes (around 35 degrees) until they both reach the equator and disappear. This disappearance, which the researchers call a terminator event, is followed very shortly after with a large burst of bright point activity at the mid-latitudes, marking the beginning of the next sunspot cycle.
In the new study that identifies terminator events, published in the journal Solar Physics, the scientists corroborate the bright point observations with a number of other observations from a variety of spacecraft- and ground-observing facilities stretching back over 13 solar cycles.
"We were able to identify these terminators by looking at data from a whole range of different measures of solar activity - magnetic fields, spectral irradiance, radio flux - in addition to the bright points," said University of Maryland scientist Bob Leamon, a co-author of the paper who is also a researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "The results demonstrate that you really need to be able to step back and use all the available data to appreciate how things work - not just one spacecraft or one observation or one model."
McIntosh and his team have identified that coronal bright points allow them to better "see" the solar cycle unfolding. But why does the sunspot cycle start surging in the midlatitudes a few weeks after the terminator?
The paper on solar tsunamis, led by NCAR scientist Mausumi Dikpati and published in Scientific Reports, explores the possible mechanisms behind the observations. It suggests that coronal bright points are markers for the movement of the Sun's "toroidal magnetic fields," which wrap around the Sun like rubber bands stretching in the east-west direction and migrate slowly toward the equator over the same two decades.
When these toroidal magnetic fields bob to the surface, they create sunspots along with the bright points they were already producing. As they travel, they also act as magnetic dams, trapping plasma behind them. When the toroidal magnetic fields from the Sun's northern and southern hemispheres touch in the middle, their opposing charges cause their mutual annihilation, releasing the pent-up fluid behind them in a tsunami. This fluid rushes forward, collides, and then ripples backward, traveling toward the poles at a rate of about 300 meters per second.
As the solar tsunami reaches the Sun's mid-latitudes, it encounters the toroidal magnetic fields of the next cycle, which are already marching toward the equator (this progression is marked by the path of coronal bright points) but traveling deeper within the Sun's interior. The tsunami buoys those magnetic fields, lifting them toward the surface and producing the remarkable surge of bright points - and accompanying sunspot activity - that marks the beginning of the new sunspot cycle.
"We have observed the sunspot cycle for hundreds of years, but it's been a mystery what mechanism could transport a signal from the equator, where the cycle ends, to the Sun's mid-latitudes, where the next cycle begins, in such a relatively short amount of time," said Dikpati.
As a body, the research provides a new way of thinking about the workings of the solar interior that challenges some of the conventional thinking about processes on the Sun. Whether or not the research is on the right track - and could improve our predictive capabilities - will soon get its first test.
There are a number of instruments that are ideally suited to observe the inevitable end of the current solar cycle and the start of the next, according to the authors. These include the Parker Solar Probe, which launched last August, the STEREO-A spacecraft, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope, and other assets.
"In the next year, we should have a unique opportunity to extensively observe a terminator event as it unfolds and then to watch the launch of Sunspot Cycle 25," McIntosh said. "We believe the results, especially if the terminator arrives when predicted, could revolutionize our understanding of the solar interior and the processes that create sunspots and shape the sunspot cycle."
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Q: Does my NAS support external optical drives such as DVD-RW, DVD-ROM, CD-ROM, or CD-RW drives?
Yes, ASUSTOR NAS supports the reading of content from external optical drives. For a list of compatible external optical drives, please click on the link below:
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76543 | Beyond the Core - Bain & Company
Bain Book
Beyond the Core
Beyond the Core
Expand Your Market Without Abandoning Your Roots
By Chris Zook
All companies must grow to survive—but only one in five growth initiatives succeed. In his best-selling book Profit from the Core, strategy expert Chris Zook revealed how to grow profitably by focusing on and achieving full potential in the core business. But what happens when your core business provides insufficient new growth, or even hits the wall?
In Beyond the Core, Chris outlines an expansion strategy based on putting together combinations of adjacency moves into areas related to, but not part of, the core business, such as new product lines or new channels of distribution. These sequences of moves carry less risk than diversification, yet they can create enormous competitive advantage, because they stem directly from what the company already knows and does best.
Based on extensive research on the growth patterns of thousands of companies worldwide, including CEO interviews with 25 top performers in adjacency growth, Beyond the Core demonstrates how powerful, repeatable methods for moving into new adjacencies can dramatically increase the odds of success. The best companies hone a systematic approach to choose among a range of possible adjacency moves and carefully time their efforts.
Beyond the Core shows how to find and leverage the best avenues for growth—without damaging the heart of the firm.
About the Author
About the Author
Chris Zook
Chris Zook is an advisory partner in Bain & Company's Boston office. As coleader of the firm’s Global Strategy practice for 20 years, Chris specialized in helping companies find new sources of profitable growth. He is the best-selling author of multiple business books, including The Founder’s Mentality, Repeatability, Profit from the Core and Unstoppable.
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What Others Are Saying
What Others Are Saying
Beyond the Core is a classic that will be praised and read by business leaders who are serious about growing their companies. It picks up where Profit from the Core exits with both real and useful discoveries. One of the best business books in the past decade.
Tom Meredith, CEO, MFI Capital
Chris Zook offers solid ideas and concepts about creating and delivering value by building on what your organization already does well. He offers many useful real-life examples and thoughtful insights in this cutting-edge guide to maximizing opportunities for profitable and sustainable growth.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76585 | 1. A Canticle Psalm, of David himself.
2. My heart is prepared, O God, my heart is prepared. I will sing songs, and I will sing psalms in my glory.
3. Rise up, my glory. Rise up, Psalter and harp. I will arise in early morning.
4. I will confess to you, O Lord, among the peoples. And I will sing psalms to you among the nations.
5. For your mercy is great, beyond the heavens, and your truth, even to the clouds.
6. Be exalted, O God, beyond the heavens, and your glory, beyond all the earth,
7. so that your beloved may be freed. Save with your right hand, and heed me.
8. God has spoken in his holiness. I will exult, and I will divide Shechem, and I will divide by measure the steep valley of tabernacles.
9. Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine, and Ephraim is the supporter of my head. Judah is my king.
10. Moab is the cooking pot of my hope. I will extend my shoe in Idumea; the foreigners have become my friends.
11. Who will lead me into the fortified city? Who will lead me, even into Idumea?
12. Will not you, O God, who had rejected us? And will not you, O God, go out with our armies?
13. Grant us help from tribulation, for vain is the help of man.
14. In God, we will act virtuously, and he will bring our enemies to nothing.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76619 | This Time When We Touch (MF)
Siren-BookStrand, Inc.
Heat Rating: Sextreme
Word Count: 51,789
1 Ratings (5.0)
[Siren Classic: Erotic Contemporary Romance, HEA]
A Siren Erotic Romance
This Time When We Touch (MF)
1 Ratings (5.0)
This Time When We Touch (MF)
Siren-BookStrand, Inc.
Heat Rating: Sextreme
Word Count: 51,789
1 Ratings (5.0)
In Bookshelf
In Cart
In Wish List
Available formats
Cover Art by Harris Channing
I tore through this book so quickly! I really loved the characters and the way that they interacted with each other. The story was fantastic. I think all of us are looking for that love of several lifetimes and this book promises that (and more).
Michelle Roth
Jade followed for a few feet then stopped, warning herself against joining Patrick, telling him she was the woman he’d searched for when he’d moved down the beach. Her confession might flood him with too many painful memories, which would make her seduction that much more difficult.
When he saw her again, she needed him to recall a warm summer day in 1510, moments after he’d finished his swim. He’d stood in a shallow part of the stream then, the water reaching just above his knees. Beads of moisture dripped from his eyebrows, stubble, and long dark lashes. Sun drizzled through thick stands of cork and olive trees, dappling his broad shoulders with flecks of golden light. With his head lowered, he’d scooped water then flung it beneath his arms.
Secretly, she’d watched him, as she had for weeks, ever since he’d arrived at her papá’s castle to tutor her younger brothers.
His tall, strong body had intrigued her from the start, along with his educated voice, sculpted features, and bearing with his charges.
Unlike her papá’s other servants, he didn’t defer to her brothers, indulging their every whim. With a firm but fair hand, he’d schooled them in advanced mathematics, Latin, Greek, science, horsemanship, and other physical pursuits. At those times, he’d worn only a linen shirt and hose as he ran and played with them. Grinning broadly, he’d ruffled her brothers’ dark hair when they performed to his satisfaction.
She began to imagine his smile directed at her, his touch belonging to no one else.
At night, she dreamt of him. During the day, she couldn’t think of anything else, consumed with everything he did. Where he slept, what he ate, how he enjoyed his few moments of freedom from her brothers and her papá’s demands.
Clearly, he enjoyed bathing in the stream, rather than the iron tub in the castle. As though he preferred to be outdoors because it allowed him to be alone. Or so he thought.
Water poured through his fingers as he finally sensed her. His hand remained suspended in air as he forgot to bring it to his chest.
Slowly, as though uncertain at what he might see, he’d lifted his face and stared at the hem of her yellow gown. The insistent breeze had pulled the linen away from her legs and around the tree trunk where she’d been hiding.
A warning registered in her mind, telling her to yank the garment back, then turn and run, not stopping until she reached the chapel. There, god would expect her to feel badly for what she’d witnessed.
Carnal desire proved more powerful and compelling than eternal damnation, trapping her where she stood. With her palms on the stout ancient tree, she leaned to the left, knowing he’d see her face, not caring if he did. All she could do was drink in his powerful male form—his flat nipples, as richly brown as the earth, the dark tufts of hair beneath his arms, the silky strands swirling around his navel then trickling to his groin.
Flushed with embarrassment, fevered with need, she stared at his male organ, captivated as it lengthened and hardened before her eyes, the skin growing dusky, the head rounded and so plump his skin seemed in danger of splitting.
When she finally glanced up, she forgot to breathe. In his dark eyes, she saw desire to match her own. The promise of what life should be, not what her papá had planned for her with the count. A man she could barely stand.
Trembling with excitement, she stepped from behind the trunk and faced him.
Beneath his lust, she saw how bewildered he was. He had no idea who she might be or where she belonged. Although he’d lived at her papá’s castle for weeks, there was no reason for her father to have introduced them. He was a mere tutor, she even less. A female relegated to the shadows, ordered to be quiet and meek until her nuptials.
Undeniable need drew her closer to him, a sense of destiny singing in her blood. Dizzy at the thought of finally brushing her lips over his, touching his chest, erect shaft, and weighty sac, she told him her Christian name and then her family’s.
Confusion flooded his face that she was the daughter of his patrón—his benefactor.
Beneath his surprise was a man’s uncivilized passion. She stopped at the edge of the stream, not caring how the mud dirtied her pattens or the hem of her gown. She told him about the abandoned hut on her papá’s estate where they could go to be free of prying eyes.
He stared at her, unease finally draining him of lust. “Go,” he ordered her in Castilian.
Headstrong, she murmured, “No.” She regarded the dark curls on his groin, the beads of water that glimmered in their musky prison. She wanted to bury her face in that part of him, experience his male aroma and taste his skin.
Heat snaked through her body, leaving her deliciously weak. Beneath her chemise, she knew her nipples were hard. A pulse beat between her legs, driving a hint of moisture from her hidden folds, oiling them for a male’s desire.
Although a virgin and not permitted to know such things, she’d watched animals rutting, fascinated by the act. The sheer power of a male member piercing a female’s depths, stretching, filling, taming her.
She wanted the same for herself. As long as it was with him.
He frowned at her boldness. “Go. Now,” he ordered her, using the firm voice he had with her brothers when they disobeyed. “Never come here again.”
Jade smiled at the memory, even as grief pressed in on her. She had returned, of course. So had he, irresistibly drawn to each other as they were now.
Reaching the surf, Patrick walked the last few feet to dry sand. Water sparkled on his hair, shoulders, pecs, and abs, his muscles taut, his birthmark obvious. Stopping, he searched the crowd once more.
It’s time, she thought. More than a hundred years in the making.
His attention inched toward her, driven by their shared histories and his enduring love.
Jade’s belly fluttered with expectation at what might happen. Her heart beat painfully as he studied one woman after the other, frustration tightening his features.
Sweat prickled Patrick’s forehead and cheeks. He went to the left and saw nothing he wanted. Turning to the right, he stared, his lips parting on a dazed sigh.
Jade stood within the crowd, somehow separated from the others, lit by flashes of white from the bursting fireworks. Those pulsing lights accentuated the moment’s dreamlike quality.
Rhinestones twinkled on the tall tiara she wore. Her upper body glittered, covered by sparkling silver dust and little else. Strands of rhinestones draped her bare breasts. Her dark nipples peeked through, the tips erect, the areolas tight, prepared for his mouth. Instead of a thong, she’d worn a silver medallion to cover her cunt.
Lust punched through Patrick with savage force, followed by longing he’d never experienced. He knew without question, he’d been born for this moment, the same as her.
And that something horrible would happen. It had already occurred many times in the past.
No. He pushed his ridiculous thoughts aside, refusing to ruin the moment. She was here. No matter what, he’d protect her. That’s all that mattered.
The crowd continued to jostle for position, a slice of space, unaware of Jade’s attention fixed on him. As though he were the only man alive, her expression promising him a lifetime of hope. Happiness. Peace.
Her desire for him pulled Patrick forward. He tore through the crowd that seemed insistent on separating them, not caring who he pushed or what they thought. One of the revelers cursed him in German. Ignoring the man, Patrick forced his way past and reached Jade.
Her face lit up with her smile.
A groan of desire caught in Patrick’s throat. He pushed his camera to the side, not caring if anyone stole it, and rested his hands on either side of her beautiful face. Without invitation or hesitation, he lowered his mouth to hers.
The world stopped, taking everyone with it, leaving only him and Jade.
Her lips parted on a whimpering sigh. Her sweetly scented breath skimmed his mouth.
Patrick groaned like a horny teen at her frank willingness to be with him and her mouth’s inviting warmth. Skimming her lower lip with his tongue, he teased her playfully before seeking entrance, the first of many tonight.
She moaned indelicately.
The sound thrilled Patrick as nothing else had. His knees sagged.
As they bumped hers, Jade slipped her hands up his chest and over his shoulders, providing loving support.
Time shifted to low gear. Patrick deepened their kiss. Her mouth was ungodly warm, tasting of peppermint toothpaste and a flavor that belonged to her alone. It fed his soul. Blood pooled in his thickened cock and tightened balls. His body demanded pleasure, everything she could give.
With his hand on the back of her head, he angled his mouth for better penetration. She bunched his tee in her fists and pulled it up his back. They pushed into each other, the ridge of his erection rubbing the medallion covering her cunt, her breasts crushed against his chest, her hard nipples poking the solid planes of his body, proving his effect on her.
Filled with his tongue, she groaned. A lewd, uncivilized sound.
He answered with a throaty grunt. Taking command of their kiss, Jade pushed his tongue from her mouth and filled him with hers.
Patrick’s head swam. He sucked her as deep as he could then tore his mouth free and gulped air. Or rather, he tried. He couldn’t quite catch his breath.
Desire smoldered in her hooded gaze. Her lower lip was still wet with him. “More,” she ordered on a breathless sigh.
Patrick wrapped his arms around her, his hands dangling near her hips. He didn’t dare move them lower, afraid he wouldn’t be able to control himself even with the crowd surrounding them.
Jade seemed unaware of the others. She worked her hands beneath his tee and pressed her palms against the small of his back.
A jolt of pleasure rocketed to his ass, then circled to his groin. Swallowing hard, Patrick tightened his embrace and rested his chin on her shoulder, wanting, no, needing to hold her.
Jade cupped his ass and squeezed.
Patrick groaned. “Don’t tempt me,” he warned in Portuguese.
Pushing to her toes, she whispered in his ear, speaking the same language. “Why not? I want more. Give me more.”
Laughter bubbled in his throat. Patrick fought it, sensing he might let out a hysterical moan. Pulling himself together, he lifted her hands from his ass and moved back, bumping into someone from behind.
“Hey, man,” a male voice growled in an American accent. “Watch it.”
“Why don’t you two get a room,” a female snapped, her accent also American.
At the female’s suggestion, Jade’s lips lifted in a sultry smile.
Something beyond happiness and akin to awe flooded Patrick. He knew it was impossible to feel as strongly as he did for a woman he’d just met, but couldn’t deny the emotions overtaking him. If he’d known Jade for fifty years, Patrick doubted she would have felt any more familiar to him than she did now. It was as if they’d never been strangers. As though fate, or whatever one wanted to call it, had chosen them for each other.
Bringing her hands to his mouth, he kissed each fingertip.
Jade’s chin lifted to the sky, thick with smoke from the fireworks. She breathed deeply despite the acrid odor.
His kisses reached her right thumb. He nibbled the side of it.
She spoke at a volume only he could hear. “That’s not enough.”
He agreed. It wasn’t. Not even if they had a lifetime, which they never would.
He froze, jolted by the thought. Where had it come from? Why in the fuck did he keep thinking about crap like that?
“More,” Jade coaxed.
Her tone—or rather her plea—pulled Patrick from the darkness that insisted on pressing close. Refusing to think about anything other than tonight with her, he captured her hand and murmured, “Not here.”
Her gaze blurred with lust.
“We’re going to my hotel,” he said, then turned to lead her through the crowd.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76634 |
Food Pairing
Abandoned shopping carts with Sartori Espresso BellaVitano cheese, breakfast for dinner (and heavy on the candied bacon), Rubus occidentalis still on the shoot, beef wellington by candlelight with no match in sight, Darwinism. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76681 | Dual Pixel CMOS AF
Why was Dual Pixel CMOS AF developed?
How it works
All effective pixels on the surface of the CMOS image sensor consist of two individual photodiodes, which are read separately for phase-detection autofocus and together for imaging. Dual Pixel CMOS AF is possible over 80 percent of the height and width of the live view frame and is highly accurate without compromising on image quality.
Unlike other methods of sensor-based autofocus, which allocate either autofocus or imaging functions to specific pixels on the sensor, the pixels on a sensor featuring Dual Pixel CMOS AF can be used as imaging pixels and phase detection AF pixels. As a result, no additional imaging processing is required around pixels dedicated for AF, which ensures both quick acquisition of focus and maximum image quality during still and movie shooting.
To perform phase detection on the image plane left and right photodiodes are read independently and the resulting parallax images are used to calculate the phase-difference.
By using this phase-difference AF technique the in focus position of the lens can be calculated.
At launch, Dual Pixel CMOS AF is compatible with 103 EF lenses, spanning EF and EF-S, fixed focal length, wide-angle and telephoto lenses. The system marks a significant advancement in autofocus performance with greatly improved AF speeds.
Please view the Dual Pixel CMOS AF – EF Lens compatibility list |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76722 | No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering
by Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.
Originally appeared in:
Brooks, Frederick P., "No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering," IEEE Computer, Vol. 20, No. 4 (April 1987) pp. 10-19.
Copyright © 1987 by IEEE.
But, as we look to the horizon of a decade hence, we see no silver bullet. There is no single development, in either technology or in management technique, that by itself promises even one order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity. In this article, I shall try to show why, by examining both the nature of the software problem and the properties of the bullets proposed.
Skepticism is not pessimism, however. Although we see no startling breakthroughs--and indeed, I believe such to be inconsistent with the nature of software--many encouraging innovations are under way. A disciplined, consistent effort to develop, propagate, and exploit these innovations should indeed yield an order-of-magnitude improvement. There is no royal road, but there is a road.
The first step toward the management of disease was replacement of demon theories and humours theories by the germ theory. That very step, the beginning of hope, in itself dashed all hopes of magical solutions. It told workers that progress would be made stepwise, at great effort, and that a persistent, unremitting care would have to be paid to a discipline of cleanliness. So it is with software engineering today.
Does It Have to Be Hard?--Essential Difficulties
First, one must observe that the anomaly is not that software progress is so slow, but that computer hardware progress is so fast. No other technology since civilization began has seen six orders of magnitude in performance price gain in 30 years. In no other technology can one choose to take the gain in either improved performance or in reduced costs. These gains flow from the transformation of computer manufacture from an assembly industry into a process industry.
Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build: They have very large numbers of states. This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard. Software systems have orders-of-magnitude more states than computers do.
Many of the classic problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size. From the complexity comes the difficulty of communication among team members, which leads to product flaws, cost overruns, schedule delays. From the complexity comes the difficulty of enumerating, much less understanding, all the possible states of the program, and from that comes the unreliability. From complexity of function comes the difficulty of invoking function, which makes programs hard to use. From complexity of structure comes the difficulty of extending programs to new functions without creating side effects. From complexity of structure come the unvisualized states that constitute security trapdoors.
Not only technical problems, but management problems as well come from the complexity. It makes overview hard, thus impeding conceptual integrity. It makes it hard to find and control all the loose ends. It creates the tremendous learning and understanding burden that makes personnel turnover a disaster.
Conformity. Software people are not alone in facing complexity. Physics deals with terribly complex objects even at the "fundamental" particle level. The physicist labors on, however, in a firm faith that there are unifying principles to be found, whether in quarks or in unifiedfield theories. Einstein argued that there must be simplified explanations of nature, because God is not capricious or arbitrary.
In many cases, the software must conform because it is the most recent arrival on the scene. In others, it must conform because it is perceived as the most conformable. But in all cases, much complexity comes from conformation to other interfaces; this complexity cannot be simplified out by any redesign of the software alone.
Changeability. The software entity is constantly subject to pressures for change. Of course, so are buildings, cars, computers. But manufactured things are infrequently changed after manufacture; they are superseded by later models, or essential changes are incorporated into later-serial-number copies of the same basic design. Call-backs of automobiles are really quite infrequent; field changes of computers somewhat less so. Both are much less frequent than modifications to fielded software.
In part, this is so because the software of a system embodies its function, and the function is the part that most feels the pressures of change. In part it is because software can be changed more easily--it is pure thought-stuff, infinitely malleable. Buildings do in fact get changed, but the high costs of change, understood by all, serve to dampen the whims of the changers.
All successful software gets changed. Two processes are at work. First, as a software product is found to be useful, people try it in new cases at the edge of or beyond the original domain. The pressures for extended function come chiefly from users who like the basic function and invent new uses for it.
Second, successful software survives beyond the normal life of the machine vehicle for which it is first written. If not new computers, then at least new disks, new displays, new printers come along; and the software must be conformed to its new vehicles of opportunity.
In short, the software product is embedded in a cultural matrix of applications, users, laws, and machine vehicles. These all change continually, and their changes inexorably force change upon the software product.
Invisibility. Software is invisible and unvisualizable. Geometric abstractions are powerful tools. The floor plan of a building helps both architect and client evaluate spaces, traffic flows, views. Contradictions and omissions become obvious. Scale drawings of mechanical parts and stick-figure models of molecules, although abstractions, serve the same purpose. A geometric reality is captured in a geometric abstraction.
The reality of software is not inherently embedded in space. Hence, it has no ready geometric representation in the way that land has maps, silicon chips have diagrams, computers have connectivity schematics. As soon as we attempt to diagram software structure, we find it to constitute not one, but several, general directed graphs superimposed one upon another. The several graphs may represent the flow of control, the flow of data, patterns of dependency, time sequence, name-space relationships. These graphs are usually not even planar, much less hierarchical. Indeed, one of the ways of establishing conceptual control over such structure is to enforce link cutting until one or more of the graphs becomes hierarchical. [1]
In spite of progress in restricting and simplifying the structures of software, they remain inherently unvisualizable, and thus do not permit the mind to use some of its most powerful conceptual tools. This lack not only impedes the process of design within one mind, it severely hinders communication among minds.
Past Breakthroughs Solved Accidental Difficulties
If we examine the three steps in software technology development that have been most fruitful in the past, we discover that each attacked a different major difficulty in building software, but that those difficulties have been accidental, not essential, difficulties. We can also see the natural limits to the extrapolation of each such attack.
What does a high-level language accomplish? It frees a program from much of its accidental complexity. An abstract program consists of conceptual constructs: operations, data types, sequences, and communication. The concrete machine program is concerned with bits, registers, conditions, branches, channels, disks, and such. To the extent that the high-level language embodies the constructs one wants in the abstract program and avoids all lower ones, it eliminates a whole level of complexity that was never inherent in the program at all.
The most a high-level language can do is to furnish all the constructs that the programmer imagines in the abstract program. To be sure, the level of our thinking about data structures, data types, and operations is steadily rising, but at an ever decreasing rate. And language development approaches closer and closer to the sophistication of users.
Moreover, at some point the elaboration of a high-level language creates a tool-mastery burden that increases, not reduces, the intellectual task of the user who rarely uses the esoteric constructs.
Time-sharing. Time-sharing brought a major improvement in the productivity of programmers and in the quality of their product, although not so large as that brought by high-level languages.
Time-sharing attacks a quite different difficulty. Time-sharing preserves immediacy, and hence enables one to maintain an overview of complexity. The slow turnaround of batch programming means that one inevitably forgets the minutiae, if not the very thrust, of what one was thinking when he stopped programming and called for compilation and execution. This interruption is costly in time, for one must refresh one's memory. The most serious effect may well be the decay of the grasp of all that is going on in a complex system.
Slow turnaround, like machine-language complexities, is an accidental rather than an essential difficulty of the software process. The limits of the potential contribution of time-sharing derive directly. The principal effect of timesharing is to shorten system response time. As this response time goes to zero, at some point it passes the human threshold of noticeability, about 100 milliseconds. Beyond that threshold, no benefits are to be expected.
Unified programming environments. Unix and Interlisp, the first integrated programming environments to come into widespread use, seem to have improved productivity by integral factors. Why?
This breakthrough in turn stimulated the development of whole toolbenches, since each new tool could be applied to any programs that used the standard formats.
Because of these successes, environments are the subject of much of today's software-engineering research. We look at their promise and limitations in the next section.
Hopes for the Silver
Now let us consider the technical developments that are most often advanced as potential silver bullets. What problems do they address--the problems of essence, or the remaining accidental difficulties? Do they offer revolutionary advances, or incremental ones?
Ada and other high-level language advances. One of the most touted recent developments is Ada, a general-purpose high-level language of the 1980's. Ada not only reflects evolutionary improvements in language concepts, but indeed embodies features to encourage modern design and modularization. Perhaps the Ada philosophy is more of an advance than the Ada language, for it is the philosophy of modularization, of abstract data types, of hierarchical structuring. Ada is over-rich, a natural result of the process by which requirements were laid on its design. That is not fatal, for subsetted working vocabularies can solve the learning problem, and hardware advances will give us the cheap MIPS to pay for the compiling costs. Advancing the structuring of software systems is indeed a very good use for the increased MIPS our dollars will buy. Operating systems, loudly decried in the 1960's for their memory and cycle costs, have proved to be an excellent form in which to use some of the MIPS and cheap memory bytes of the past hardware surge.
Nevertheless, Ada will not prove to be the silver bullet that slays the software productivity monster. It is, after all, just another high-level language, and the biggest payoff from such languages came from the first transition -- the transition up from the accidental complexities of the machine into the more abstract statement of step-by-step solutions. Once those accidents have been removed, the remaining ones will be smaller, and the payoff from their removal will surely be less.
I predict that a decade from now, when the effectiveness of Ada is assessed, it will be seen to have made a substantial difference, but not because of any particular language feature, nor indeed because of all of them combined. Neither will the new Ada environments prove to be the cause of the improvements. Ada's greatest contribution will be that switching to it occasioned training programmers in modern software-design techniques.
Object-oriented programming. Many students of the art hold out more hope for object-oriented programming than for any of the other technical fads of the day. [2] I am among them. Mark Sherman of Dartmouth notes on CSnet News that one must be careful to distinguish two separate ideas that go under that name: abstract data types and hierarchical types. The concept of the abstract data type is that an object's type should be defined by a name, a set of proper values, and a set of proper operations rather than by its storage structure, which should be hidden. Examples are Ada packages (with private types) and Modula's modules.
Hierarchical types, such as Simula-67's classes, allow one to define general interfaces that can be further refined by providing subordinate types. The two concepts are orthogonal_one may have hierarchies without hiding and hiding without hierarchies. Both concepts represent real advances in the art of building software.
Nevertheless, such advances can do no more than to remove all the accidental difficulties from the expression of the design. The complexity of the design itself is essential, and such attacks make no change whatever in that. An order-of-magnitude gain can be made by object-oriented programming only if the unnecessary type-specification underbrush still in our programming language is itself nine-tenths of the work involved in designing a program product. I doubt it.
Artificial intelligence. Many people expect advances in artificial intelligence to provide the revolutionary breakthrough that will give order-of-magnitude gains in software productivity and quality. [3] I do not. To see why, we must dissect what is meant by "artificial intelligence."
D.L. Parnas has clarified the terminological chaos: [4]
Two quite different definitions of AI are in common use today. AI-1: The use of computers to solve problems that previously could only be solved by applying human intelligence. Al-2: The use of a specific set of programming techniques known as heuristic or rule-based programming. In this approach human experts are studied to determine what heuristics or rules of thumb they use in solving problems.... The program is designed to solve a problem the way that humans seem to solve it.
The first definition has a sliding meaning.... Something can fit the definition of Al-1 today but, once we see how the program works and understand the problem, we will not think of it as Al any more.... Unfortunately I cannot identify a body of technology that is unique to this field.... Most of the work is problem-specific, and some abstraction or creativity is required to see how to transfer it.
I agree completely with this critique. The techniques used for speech recognition seem to have little in common with those used for image recognition, and both are different from those used in expert systems. I have a hard time seeing how image recognition, for example, will make any appreciable difference in programming practice. The same problem is true of speech recognition. The hard thing about building software is deciding what one wants to say, not saying it. No facilitation of expression can give more than marginal gains.
Expert-systems technology, AI-2, deserves a section of its own.
Expert systems. The most advanced part of the artificial intelligence art, and the most widely applied, is the technology for building expert systems. Many software scientists are hard at work applying this technology to the software-building environment. [3, 5] What is the concept, and what are the prospects?
An expert system is a program that contains a generalized inference engine and a rule base, takes input data and assumptions, explores the inferences derivable from the rule base, yields conclusions and advice, and offers to explain its results by retracing its reasoning for the user. The inference engines typically can deal with fuzzy or probabilistic data and rules, in addition to purely deterministic logic.
Such systems offer some clear advantages over programmed algorithms designed for arriving at the same solutions to the same problems:
The power of such systems does not come from ever-fancier inference mechanisms but rather from ever-richer knowledge bases that reflect the real world more accurately. I believe that the most important advance offered by the technology is the separation of the application complexity from the program itself.
How can this technology be applied to the software-engineering task? In many ways: Such systems can suggest interface rules, advise on testing strategies, remember bug-type frequencies, and offer optimization hints.
Consider an imaginary testing advisor, for example. In its most rudimentary form, the diagnostic expert system is very like a pilot's checklist, just enumerating suggestions as to possible causes of difficulty. As more and more system structure is embodied in the rule base, and as the rule base takes more sophisticated account of the trouble symptoms reported, the testing advisor becomes more and more particular in the hypotheses it generates and the tests it recommends. Such an expert system may depart most radically from the conventional ones in that its rule base should probably be hierarchically modularized in the same way the corresponding software product is, so that as the product is modularly modified, the diagnostic rule base can be modularly modified as well.
The work required to generate the diagnostic rules is work that would have to be done anyway in generating the set of test cases for the modules and for the system. If it is done in a suitably general manner, with both a uniform structure for rules and a good inference engine available, it may actually reduce the total labor of generating bring-up test cases, and help as well with lifelong maintenance and modification testing. In the same way, one can postulate other advisors, probably many and probably simple, for the other parts of the software-construction task.
Many difficulties stand in the way of the early realization of useful expert-system advisors to the program developer. A crucial part of our imaginary scenario is the development of easy ways to get from program-structure specification to the automatic or semiautomatic generation of diagnostic rules. Even more difficult and important is the twofold ,task of knowledge acquisition: finding articulate, self-analytical experts who know why they do things, and developing efficient techniques for extracting what they know and distilling it into rule bases. The essential prerequisite for building an expert system is to have an expert.
The most powerful contribution by expert systems will surely be to put at the service of the inexperienced programmer the experience and accumulated wisdom of the best programmers. This is no small contribution. The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice is very wide_perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that disseminates good practice would be important.
Parnas [4] implies that the term is used for glamour, not for semantic content, asserting,
One can find exceptions. The technique of building generators is very powerful, and it is routinely used to good advantage in programs for sorting. Some systems for integrating differential equations have also permitted direct specification of the problem, and the systems have assessed the parameters, chosen from a library of methods of solution, and generated the programs.
These applications have very favorable properties:
It is hard to see how such techniques generalize to the wider world of the ordinary software system, where cases with such neat properties are the exception. It is hard even to imagine how this breakthrough in generalization could occur.
Graphical programming. A favorite subject for PhD dissertations in software engineering is graphical, or visual, programming--the application of computer graphics to software design. [6, 7] Sometimes the promise held out by such an approach is postulated by analogy with VLSI chip design, in which computer graphics plays so fruitful a role. Sometimes the theorist justifies the approach by considering flowcharts as the ideal program-design medium and by providing powerful facilities for constructing them.
In the first place, as I have argued elsewhere [8], the flowchart is a very poor abstraction of software structure. Indeed, it is best viewed as Burks, von Neumann, and Goldstine's attempt to provide a desperately needed high-level control language for their proposed computer. In the pitiful, multipage, connection-boxed form to which the flowchart has today been elaborated, it has proved to be useless as a design tool--programmers draw flowcharts after, not before, writing the programs they describe.
More fundamentally, as I have argued above, software is very difficult to visualize. Whether one diagrams control flow, variable-scope nesting, variable cross references, dataflow, hierarchical data structures, or whatever, one feels only one dimension of the intricately interlocked software elephant. If one superimposes all the diagrams generated by the many relevant views, it is difficult to extract any global overview. The VLSI analogy is fundamentally misleading--a chip design is a layered two-dimensional description whose geometry reflects its realization in 3-space. A software system is not.
Program verification. Much of the effort in modern programming goes into testing and the repair of bugs. Is there perhaps a silver bullet to be found by eliminating the errors at the source, in the system-design phase? Can both productivity and product reliability be radically enhanced by following the profoundly different strategy of proving designs correct before the immense effort is poured into implementing and testing them?
I do not believe we will find productivity magic here. Program verification is a very powerful concept, and it will be very important for such things as secure operating-system kernels. The technology does not promise, however, to save labor. Verifications are so much work that only a few substantial programs have ever been verified.
Program verification does not mean error-proof programs. There is no magic here, either. Mathematical proofs also can be faulty. So whereas verification might reduce the program-testing load, it cannot eliminate it.
Environments and tools. How much more gain can be expected from the exploding researches into better programming environments? One's instinctive reaction is that the big-payoff problems-- hierarchical file systems, uniform file formats to make possible uniform program interfaces, and generalized tools--were the first attacked, and have been solved. Language-specific smart editors are developments not yet widely used in practice, but the most they promise is freedom from syntactic errors and simple semantic errors.
Perhaps the biggest gain yet to be realized from programming environments is the use of integrated database systems to keep track of the myriad details that must be recalled accurately by the individual programmer and kept current for a group of collaborators on a single system.
Surely this work is worthwhile, and surely it will bear some fruit in both productivity and reliability. But by its very nature, the return from now on must be marginal.
Workstations. What gains are to be expected for the software art from the certain and rapid increase in the power and memory capacity of the individual workstation? Well, how many MIPS can one use fruitfully? The composition and editing of programs and documents is fully supported by today's speeds. Compiling could stand a boost, but a factor of 10 in machine speed would surely leave thinktime the dominant activity in the programmer's day. Indeed, it appears to be so now.
Promising Attacks on the Conceptual Essence
Even though no technological breakthrough promises to give the sort of magical results with which we are so familiar in the hardware area, there is both an abundance of good work going on now, and the promise of steady, if unspectacular progress.
All of the technological attacks on the accidents of the software process are fundamentally limited by the productivity equation:
The productivity, P, of a group of people is:
P = N x T x (0.55 - 0.00005 x N x (N - 1))
N is the number of people in the group, and
T is the number of hours in a work period.
If, as I believe, the conceptual components of the task are now taking most of the time, then no amount of activity on the task components that are merely the expression of the concepts can give large productivity gains.
Hence we must consider those attacks that address the essence of the software problem, the formulation of these complex conceptual structures. Fortunately, some of these attacks are very promising.
Buy versus build. The most radical possible solution for constructing software is not to construct it at all.
Every day this becomes easier, as more and more vendors offer more and better software products for a dizzying variety of applications. While we software engineers have labored on production methodology, the personal-computer revolution has created not one, but many, mass markets for software. Every newsstand carries monthly magazines, which sorted by machine type, advertise and review dozens of products at prices from a few dollars to a few hundred dollars. More specialized sources offer very powerful products for the workstation and other Unix markets. Even software tools and environments can be bought off-the-shelf. I have elsewhere proposed a marketplace for individual modules. [9]
Any such product is cheaper to buy than to build afresh. Even at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars, a purchased piece of software is costing only about as much as one programmeryear. And delivery is immediate! Immediate at least for products that really exist, products whose developer can refer products to a happy user. Moreover, such products tend to be much better documented and somewhat better maintained than home-grown software.
The development of the mass market is, I believe, the most profound long-run trend in software engineering. The cost of software has always been development cost, not replication cost. Sharing that cost among even a few users radically cuts the per-user cost. Another way of looking at it is that the use of n copies of a software system effectively multiplies the productivity of its developers by n. That is an enhancement of the productivity of the discipline and of the nation.
The key issue, of course, is applicability. Can I use an available off-the-shelf package to perform my task? A surprising thing has happened here. During the 1950's and 1960's, study after study showed that users would not use off-the-shelf packages for payroll, inventory control, accounts receivable, and so on. The requirements were too specialized, the case-to-case variation too high. During the 1980's, we find such packages in high demand and widespread use. What has changed?
Not the packages, really. They may be somewhat more generalized and somewhat more customizable than formerly, but not much. Not the applications, either. If anything, the business and scientific needs of today are more diverse and complicated than those of 20 years ago.
The big change has been in the hardware/software cost ratio. In 1960, the buyer of a two-million dollar machine felt that he could afford $250,000 more for a customized payroll program, one that slipped easily and nondisruptively into the computer-hostile social environment. Today, the buyer of a $50,000 office machine cannot conceivably afford a customized payroll program, so he adapts the payroll procedure to the packages available. Computers are now so commonplace, if not yet so beloved, that the adaptations are accepted as a matter of course.
There are dramatic exceptions to my argument that the generalization of software packages has changed little over the years: electronic spreadsheets and simple database systems. These powerful tools, so obvious in retrospect and yet so late in appearing, lend themselves to myriad uses, some quite unorthodox. Articles and even books now abound on how to tackle unexpected tasks with the spreadsheet. Large numbers of applications that would formerly have been written as custom programs in Cobol or Report Program Generator are now routinely done with these tools.
Many users now operate their own computers day in and day out on various applications without ever writing a program. Indeed, many of these users cannot write new programs for their machines, but they are nevertheless adept at solving new problems with them.
I believe the single most powerful software-productivity strategy for many organizations today is to equip the computer-naive intellectual workers who are on the firing line with personal computers and good generalized writing, drawing, file, and spreadsheet programs and then to turn them loose. The same strategy, carried out with generalized mathematical and statistical packages and some simple programming capabilities, will also work for hundreds of laboratory scientists.
Requirements refinement and rapid prototyping. The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build. No other part of the conceptual work is as difficult as establishing the detailed technical requirements, including all the interfaces to people, to machines, and to other software systems. No other part of the work so cripples the resulting system if done wrong. No other part is more difficult to rectify later.
Therefore, the most important function that the software builder performs for the client is the iterative extraction and refinement of the product requirements. For the truth is, the client does not know what he wants. The client usually does not know what questions must be answered, and he has almost never thought of the problem in the detail necessary for specification. Even the simple answer_"Make the new software system work like our old manual information-processing system"_is in fact too simple. One never wants exactly that. Complex software systems are, moreover, things that act, that move, that work. The dynamics of that action are hard to imagine. So in planning any software-design activity, it is necessary to allow for an extensive iteration between the client and the designer as part of the system definition.
Therefore, one of the most promising of the current technological efforts, and one that attacks the essence, not the accidents, of the software problem, is the development of approaches and tools for rapid prototyping of systems as prototyping is part of the iterative specification of requirements.
A prototype software system is one that simulates the important interfaces and performs the main functions of the intended system, while not necessarily being bound by the same hardware speed, size, or cost constraints. Prototypes typically perform the mainline tasks of the application, but make no attempt to handle the exceptional tasks, respond correctly to invalid inputs, or abort cleanly. The purpose of the prototype is to make real the conceptual structure specified, so that the client can test it for consistency and usability.
Much of present-day software-acquisition procedure rests upon the assumption that one can specify a satisfactory system in advance, get bids for its construction, have it built, and install it. I think this assumption is fundamentally wrong, and that many software-acquisition problems spring from that fallacy. Hence, they cannot be fixed without fundamental revision--revision that provides for iterative development and specification of prototypes and products.
So it must be with our software-systems. Some years ago Harlan Mills proposed that any software system should be grown by incremental development. [10] That is, the system should first be made to run, even if it does nothing useful except call the proper set of dummy subprograms. Then, bit by bit, it should be fleshed out, with the subprograms in turn being developed--into actions or calls to empty stubs in the level below.
The same benefits can be realized on large projects as on my small ones. [11]
Great designers. The central question in how to improve the software art centers, as it always has, on people.
We can get good designs by following good practices instead of poor ones. Good design practices can be taught. Programmers are among the most intelligent part of the population, so they can learn good practice. Hence, a major thrust in the United States is to promulgate good modern practice. New curricula, new literature, new organizations such as the Software Engineering Institute, all have come into being in order to raise the level of our practice from poor to good. This is entirely proper.
Nevertheless, I do not believe we can make the next step upward in the same way. Whereas the difference between poor conceptual designs and good ones may lie in the soundness of design method, the difference between good designs and great ones surely does not. Great designs come from great designers. Software construction is a creative process. Sound methodology can empower and liberate the creative mind; it cannot inflame or inspire the drudge.
The differences are not minor--they are rather like the differences between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler, cleaner, and produced with less effort. [12] The differences between the great and the average approach an order of magnitude.
A little retrospection shows that although many fine, useful software systems have been designed by committees and built as part of multipart projects, those software systems that have excited passionate fans are those that are the products of one or a few designing minds, great designers. Consider Unix, APL, Pascal, Modula, the Smalltalk interface, even Fortran; and contrast them with Cobol, PL/I, Algol, MVS/370, and MS-DOS. (See Table 1.)
Hence, although I strongly support the technology-transfer and curriculumdevelopment efforts now under way, I think the most important single effort we can mount is to develop ways to grow great designers.
No software organization can ignore this challenge. Good managers, scarce though they be, are no scarcer than good designers. Great designers and great managers are both very rare. Most organizations spend considerable effort in finding and cultivating the management prospects; I know of none that spends equal effort in finding and developing the great designers upon whom the technical excellence of the products will ultimately depend.
Table 1. Exciting Vs. Useful But Unexciting Software Products.
Exciting Products
Yes No
Unix Cobol
Pascal Algol
Modula MVS/370
Smalltalk MS-DOS
My first proposal is that each software organization must determine and proclaim that great designers are as important to its success as great managers are, and that they can be expected to be similarly nurtured and rewarded. Not only salary, but the perquisites of recognition--office size, furnishings, personal technical equipment, travel funds, staff support--must be fully equivalent.
How to grow great designers? Space does not permit a lengthy discussion, but some steps are obvious:
I thank Gordon Bell, Bruce Buchanan, Rick Hayes-Roth, Robert Patrick, and, most especially, David Parnas for their insights and stimulating ideas, and Rebekah Bierly for the technical production of this article.
D.L. Parnas, "Designing Software for Ease of Extension and Contraction," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, March 1979, pp. 128-38.
G. Booch, "Object-Oriented Design," Software Engineering with Ada, 1983, Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/ Cummings.
lEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering), l. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1985.
D.L. Parnas, "Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems:" American Scientist, November 1985.
R. Balzer, "A 15-year Perspective on Automatic Programming," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering), J. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No. 11 (November 1985), pp. 1257-67.
Computer (special issue on visual programrning), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1985.
G. Raeder, "A Survey of Current Graphical Programming Techniques," Computer (special issue on visual programming), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1985, pp. 11-25.
F.P. Brooks, The Mythical Man Month, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975, Chapter 14.
Defense Science Board, Report of the Task Force on Military Software in press.
H.D. Mills, "Top-Down Programming in Large Systems," in Debugging Techniques in Large Systems, R. Ruskin, ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
B.W. Boehm, "A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement," 1985, TRW Technical Report 21-371-85, TRW, Inc., 1 Space Park, Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278.
H. Sackman, W.J. Erikson, and E.E. Grant, "Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 11, No. 1 (January 1968), pp. 3-11. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76728 | My watch list
Wilson's disease
Wilson's disease
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E83.0
ICD-9 275.1
OMIM 277900
DiseasesDB 14152
MedlinePlus 000785
eMedicine med/2413 neuro/570 ped/2441
Wilson's disease or hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive disorder, with a male preponderance. Its main feature is accumulation of copper in tissues, which manifests itself with neurological symptoms and liver disease.
Additional recommended knowledge
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms usually appear around the ages of 6 to 20 years, but sometimes not until the age of 30, and in rare instances at age 40 and even beyond. Presentation before 5 years of age is extremely rare, despite the biochemical defect being present at birth.
The age of presentation seems to correlate with the organ system involved. About half (40-50%) of patients first present with hepatic symptoms and half (40-50%) with neurologic symptoms. The average age for hepatic symptoms is 10-14 years, compared with 19-22 years for neurologic symptoms. Patients rarely present after age 40.
An eye exam would detect the Kayser-Fleischer ring, although its absence does not rule out Wilson's and it may be missed on cursory examination. This sign is characterised by brown rings around the cornea in the eye that result from copper deposition in Descemet's membrane of the cornea. Wilson's disease is also associated with sunflower cataracts, brown or green pigmentation of the anterior and posterior lens capsule.
Taking extra zinc may be helpful in blocking the intestines' absorption of copper. Zinc acetate is an agent utilized to inhibit copper absorption in patients with Wilson's disease. It blocks the intestinal absorption of the metal both from the diet and endogenous secretions. It also acts by producing metallothionein, a protein that binds with copper to prevent its release into the blood, and facilitates elimination via the stool.
See also
Original text is from a public domain source found at:
1. ^ Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B. Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease. Hepatology 1986;6:859-63. PMID 3758940.
2. ^ Dorland's Medical Dictionary
3. ^ Wilson SAK. Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver. Brain 1912. 34:295-507.
4. ^ Cumings JN. The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration. Brain 1948. 71:410-5. PMID 18124738.
5. ^ Walshe JM. Penicillamine, a new oral therapy for Wilson's disease. Am J Med 1956. 21:487-95. PMID 13362281.
7. ^ Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW. The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene. Nat Genet 1993. 5:327-37. PMID 8298639.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Wilson's_disease". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |
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Chapter 11 ... continued
The deification of Jesus and anti-Semitism
A fearful consequence of Jesus’ deification is a rabidly anti-Semitic charge that Melito of Sardis had hurled against the Jews: that of the murder of God. It is not hard for us to imagine the consequences of this accusation made by Melito and some other early church fathers, notably the hatred and violence against the Jews it later incited in Europe. The deification of Christ with its radical departure from Jewish monotheism became a breeding ground for anti-Semitism. Surely the early roots of the Holocaust are to be found here.
Some have noted that anti-Semitism among the early church fathers grew markedly more hostile starting from the 4th century.[1] This was the century in which took place the Council of Nicaea of 325 (which decreed binitarianism) and the Council of Constantinople of 381 (which decreed trinitarianism, the first time in history such a thing had happened). Whether there were other reasons for the increase in anti-Semitism can only be surmised, but there is nothing else of historical or religious import in the 4th century that could plausibly account for the marked rise in anti-Semitism.
Some early trinitarians and church fathers, both Ante-Nicene and Post-Nicene (“Ante-Nicene” means before Nicaea), made strongly anti-Semitic statements in their writings and public declarations. An important work on the anti-Semitism of the early church fathers is Robert Michel’s Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. Here are a few excerpts from the book regarding some of the prominent church fathers of that period:
… [to most of the early church fathers] all Jews were forever responsible for murdering God. And so the Jewish people were abhorrent and any injustice done to them, short of murder, according to Augustine, was justified—and even murder was sometimes justified. (p.2)
Jerome claimed that all Jews were Judas and were innately evil creatures who betrayed the Lord for money. John Chrysostom called Jews deicides [murderers of God] with no chance for “atonement, excuse, or defense.” (p.5)
The fourth-century theologian Ephraem of Syria called the Jews circumcised dogs; John Chrysostom called them circumcised beasts… Tertullian suggested that God intended that the circumcision would identify the Jews so that they could never reenter Jerusalem. (p.22)
Like most of the fathers, Tertullian’s anti-Jewish conclusions were often both emotional and cruel. In his De Spectaculis, he gloated and exulted, imagining how Jesus would punish the Jews. (p.26)
[Jerome] argued that God had given the Jews their Law deliberately to deceive them and lead them to their destruction. (p.26)
One Sunday, Ambrose [4th century archbishop of Milan, one of the four original doctors of the Catholic Church] preached a sermon on the Church and Synagogue attended by Emperor Theodosius, who had recently been excommunicated by him and was now repentant and very much open to his influence. Face to face with the emperor, Ambrose reproached him for his action in support of the Jewish claims, arguing that it was a moral act to burn synagogues and if the laws forbade it, then the laws were wrong. Refusing him communion, he threatened that the emperor and his sons would be excommunicated again unless he rescinded his penalties against the incendiary bishop. In the end, Theodosius promised to do what Ambrose demanded. (p.33)
John Chrysostom was an enormously influential preacher. Hitler expressed his admiration for the anti-Jewish ideas of “all genuine Christians of outstanding calibre,” among whom he counted John Chrysostom. (p.35)
Chrysostom wanted these useless Jews killed. Just as animals that refuse to pull the plow are slaughtered, so Jews “grew fit for slaughter. This is why Christ said: ‘As for these enemies of mine, who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slay them before me.’” Lest we miss his point about murdering the “useless” Jews, Chrysostom repeats it, adding a reference to Luke 19:27, which, he claims, refers specifically to a command of Jesus that the Jews be murdered. Chrysostom later justified such an atrocity by arguing that “what is done in accordance with God’s will is the best of all things even if it seems bad… Suppose someone slays another in accordance with God’s will. This slaying is better than any lovingkindness.” (p.35)
It should be noted that the author of this book, Robert Michel, bears no hostility to Jesus Christ, and in fact speaks positively of him, expressing high admiration for his teaching of the cross, self-denial, and love for fellow man:
… the theology of the cross (theologia crucis) is based on Jesus’ statement in the Gospel of Matthew (16:24–5): “If any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever would save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it.” This belief required the Christian faithful to follow the moral teachings of Jesus concerning all human beings even at the risk of their own lives … the theology of the cross underscores the solidarity of suffering among all human beings, Gentile and Jew. Analysis of Christians who helped Jews during the Holocaust, for instance, reveals many different motivations for their behavior, but most of these motives derive from the model of human behavior found in the Judeo-Christian morality of Jesus of Nazareth.
The anti-Semitic statements of the early church fathers can be found in scattered places in Ante-Nicene Fathers (10 vols) and Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (28 vols). A few anti-Semitic statements, expressing mainly theological hostility, are included on pages 375-378 of David Bercot’s Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs; here are a few statements by the early church fathers (with volume and page numbers from Ante-Nicene Fathers):
The Jews had formerly been in covenant with God. But being afterwards cast off on account of their sins, they began to be without God. Tertullian (c.197), 3.247
The wicked synagogue is now cast off by the Lord God. He has rejected His own house. As He says: “I have forsaken my house; I have left my inheritance.” Apostolic Constitutions (c.390), 7.451
The temptation of Jesus
As regards the crucial topic of temptation, trinitarianism reduces it to meaninglessness in the case of Jesus because Jesus, who is supposedly God, cannot be tempted to sin at all. As James 1:13 states unequivocally, “God cannot be tempted by evil”. The trinitarian understanding of the temptation of Jesus collides with the biblical fact that he was “tempted in all respects as we are” (Heb.4:15). In making the temptation of Jesus meaningless, even farcical, we were so blinded by trinitarianism that we could not see the obvious.
But the New Testament declares that Jesus is a man, a true human being who was tempted like us in every respect. That being so, how could Jesus have faced every temptation in life without having once failed? The trinitarian’s answer to this question has the effect of reducing it—and the central struggle of human life—to meaninglessness, for if Jesus is God, then he cannot be tempted, much less succumb to sin. It would be unconvincing to say that Jesus empathizes with our moral and spiritual struggles, or with our painful defeats in these struggles, when he himself can never fall and doesn’t even need to struggle, since no temptation can ever bring down God. This makes Jesus’ humanity irrelevant for us.
The protestations of trinitarians notwithstanding, their Jesus is really nothing more than a human body taken over by the second person of the Trinity. The Jesus of trinitarianism has no human will, but even if he had one, it would have been so dominated by the will of “God the Son” that the human will can only operate within the divine will. So even if Jesus had an independent human will (which in any case is generally denied in trinitarianism), it would make no difference because it is impossible, within the same person, for the human will to operate independently of the divine will of the second person of the Trinity. In church history, theological problems such as this arose from the supposed God-man constitution of Jesus, and led to bitter conflicts within trinitarianism, notably over Nestorius’ teaching of two persons, human and divine, in Christ.
But temptation—a life and death struggle with sin—is an inescapable part of the believer’s daily life. It is when we triumph over sin by the power of God’s indwelling Spirit that we move towards the perfection to which we have been called. And Jesus is the perfect man precisely because of his total victory over sin.
But this powerful truth is reduced to shambles in trinitarianism. If the Christian is asked why Jesus is perfect and sinless, the usual answer would be, “Because he is God, and God is perfect”. No matter how hard trinitarians try to decorate Jesus’ humanity to make it look more like ours, the fact remains that in trinitarian dogma, the human Jesus is really just the human body of the incarnate God the Son. If asked whether this sinless Jesus could in theory have sinned as a human being, most trinitarians would answer “no” because it is impossible for God to be tempted, much less to sin. In any case, Jesus is already perfect in both his natures because of his God-man union, so any attempt to spoil his perfection by tempting him to sin would be futile and pointless. Satan must have been stupid even to try! That is why we say that trinitarianism reduces the temptation account into something farcical.
But the real Jesus—the biblical Jesus—is very different because he battled sin to the point of sweat and tears, which wouldn’t have been necessary if he were the God-man of trinitarianism.
The biblical Jesus, in his pleas to his Father Yahweh, “was heard in that he feared” (Heb.5:7, KJV). What did he fear? Physical death? Certainly not, for Jesus was the one who said, “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell.” (Mt.10:28) What Jesus feared was not death but the mortal danger of succumbing to sin and thus failing the mission of redeeming mankind from sin. I am confident that whatever fear Jesus had, it was not for himself, just as Paul (who had the mind of Christ, 1Cor.2:16) was willing to be accursed for the sake of his fellow Jews, exchanging his soul for theirs (Rom.9:3).
But with the weight of mankind’s redemption resting on his shoulders, Jesus could still fail on his part, notwithstanding the benefit of Yahweh’s indwelling presence in him. We might not be able to understand the weight of responsibility that rested on his soul, but we are fully aware of the frightening possibility of moral failure even in the case of one who is indwelt by Yahweh’s Spirit and can therefore avail of God’s power for victory over sin. We thus have a glimpse of the wonder and magnificence of Jesus’ triumph over sin. It was through the sufferings from many trials and temptations over the years that he attained perfection to become the perfect man.
Jesus is the victorious Last Adam in contrast to the First Adam. His victory over sin secured the redemption of mankind, hence the resurrected Jesus became a “life-giving spirit” (1Cor.15:45).
Finally, to appreciate the confusion typical of the trinitarian understanding of the temptation of Jesus, here is an eye-opening excerpt from Wayne Grudem’s Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (which has the distinction of being the top selling systematic theology in the world today).
Excerpt from Wayne Grudem’s Systematic Theology, chapter 26, section A4:
We also must affirm with Scripture that “God cannot be tempted with evil” (James 1:13). But here the question becomes difficult: if Jesus was fully God as well as fully man … then must we not also affirm that (in some sense) Jesus also “could not be tempted with evil”?
… At this point we are faced with a dilemma similar to a number of other doctrinal dilemmas where Scripture seems to be teaching things that are, if not directly contradictory, at least very difficult to combine together in our understanding. For example, with respect to the doctrine of the Trinity, we affirmed that God exists in three persons, and each is fully God, and there is one God … The Bible tells us that “Jesus was tempted” and “Jesus was fully man” and “Jesus was fully God” and “God cannot be tempted.”
… the following solution is more in the nature of a suggested means of combining various biblical teachings and is not directly supported by explicit statements of Scripture. With this in mind, it is appropriate for us to say: (1) If Jesus’ human nature had existed by itself, independent of his divine nature, then it would have been a human nature just like that which God gave Adam and Eve. It would have been free from sin but nonetheless able to sin. Therefore, if Jesus’ human nature had existed by itself, there was the abstract or theoretical possibility that Jesus could have sinned, just as Adam and Eve’s human natures were able to sin. (2) But Jesus’ human nature never existed apart from union with his divine nature. From the moment of his conception, he existed as truly God and truly man as well. Both his human nature and his divine nature existed united in one person. (3) Although there were some things (such as being hungry or thirsty or weak) that Jesus experienced in his human nature alone and were not experienced in his divine nature (see below), nonetheless, an act of sin would have been a moral act that would apparently have involved the whole person of Christ. Therefore, if he had sinned, it would have involved both his human and divine natures. (4) But if Jesus as a person had sinned, involving both his human and divine natures in sin, then God himself would have sinned, and he would have ceased to be God. Yet that is clearly impossible because of the infinite holiness of God’s nature. (5) Therefore, if we are asking if it was actually possible for Jesus to have sinned, it seems that we must conclude that it was not possible. The union of his human and divine natures in one person prevented it.
But the question remains, “How then could Jesus’ temptations be real?” The example of the temptation to change the stones into bread is helpful in this regard. Jesus had the ability, by virtue of his divine nature, to perform this miracle, but if he had done it, he would no longer have been obeying in the strength of his human nature alone, he would have failed the test that Adam also failed, and he would not have earned our salvation for us. Therefore, Jesus refused to rely on his divine nature to make obedience easier for him. In like manner, it seems appropriate to conclude that Jesus met every temptation to sin, not by his divine power, but on the strength of his human nature alone (though, of course, it was not “alone” because Jesus, in exercising the kind of faith that humans should exercise, was perfectly depending on God the Father and the Holy Spirit at every moment). The moral strength of his divine nature was there as a sort of “backstop” that would have prevented him from sinning in any case (and therefore we can say that it was not possible for him to sin), but he did not rely on the strength of his divine nature to make it easier for him to face temptations, and his refusal to turn the stones into bread at the beginning of his ministry is a clear indication of this …
What then do we say about the fact that “God cannot be tempted with evil” (James 1:13)? It seems that this is one of a number of things that we must affirm to be true of Jesus’ divine nature but not of his human nature. His divine nature could not be tempted with evil, but his human nature could be tempted and was clearly tempted. How these two natures united in one person in facing temptations, Scripture does not clearly explain to us.
[End of excerpt from Grudem’s Systematic Theology]
What more can we say? In the final analysis, Grudem’s attempt to arrive at a solution to the problem that he himself raises is not really a solution at all but merely an extended delineation of the nature of the problem itself. In other words, the more Grudem tries to resolve the problem, the more he exposes the irresolvable nature of the problem. The illustrations that he uses, such as that of the human Jesus struggling by himself with some assistance from the divine Jesus who serves as a backstop, still portray Jesus as two persons, human and divine, even if Grudem uses the language of “two natures” rather than “two persons” in conformity with trinitarian orthodoxy.
The Son does not know the time of his coming
What about Jesus’ supposed omniscience? As God the Son, does he know everything? Questions have actually been raised in Bible studies as to how Jesus might sit for a university exam on physics or chemistry without studying (to use a modern-day scenario) or whether an omniscient Jesus would need to learn anything at all. Did the baby Jesus know Sanskrit, Ugaritic and ancient Chinese? Or a future language such as English? We must bear in mind that in trinitarian dogma, the infant Jesus was fully God and fully man. Wayne Grudem says, “From the moment of his conception, he existed as truly God and truly man” (Systematic Theology, 26A4). But how can one who knows everything be a true human being when it is impossible for any man to know everything? Jesus himself provides a clear answer to our question:
“But about that day or hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.” (Mt.24:36, NIV, also Mk.13:32)
Only the Father knows the day and the hour because He is the one who determines Jesus’ coming. This fact presents no difficulty to those who understand that Jesus is true man, but is problematic to those who insist that Jesus is God. If there is just one detail that Jesus doesn’t know, then he is not omniscient and not God. The trinitarian argument that this is some kind of internal arrangement within the Godhead for the passing of knowledge does not make sense. It also makes no sense to say that Jesus’ human nature does not know everything his divine nature knows, within the same person! This explanation is common in trinitarianism. For example, Wayne Grudem in Systematic Theology (section 26C3a) says:
On the one hand, with respect to his human nature, he had limited knowledge (Mark 13:32; Luke 2:52). On the other hand, Jesus clearly knew all things (John 2:25; 16:30; 21:17). Now this is only understandable if Jesus learned things and had limited knowledge with respect to his human nature but was always omniscient with respect to his divine nature, and therefore he was able any time to “call to mind” whatever information would be needed for his ministry. In this way we can understand Jesus’ statement concerning the time of his return: “But of that day or that hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father” (Mark 13:32). This ignorance of the time of his return was true of Jesus’ human nature and human consciousness only, for in his divine nature he was certainly omniscient and certainly knew the time when he would return to the earth.
The fatal problem with Grudem’s argument is that Jesus specifically said “only the Father” knows. Jesus wasn’t talking about his own divine nature versus his human nature. His declaration that he does not know the day or the hour would, in trinitarianism, be true of both his natures—divine and human—since “only” the Father knows. The word “only” is problematic to trinitarians for yet another reason: It rules out the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, as one who knows the day and the hour.
We are then left with two possibilities: either Jesus is not God, or God is not omniscient! The former is biblically correct but unacceptable to trinitarians, whereas the latter is blasphemous.
If the Father knows the hour, why shouldn’t the Son also know? It is not just a question of why Jesus functionally doesn’t know, but why he shouldn’t know. But the biblical picture clarifies everything. Just as the Father determined when Jesus will be born into the world in “the fullness of time” (Gal. 4:4) and in accordance with God’s promise (v.23), so Jesus’ return will be at a time the Father determines according to His own eternal purposes; it is not a matter of the Son coming to earth whenever he chooses.
Communicatio idiomatum: an attempt to explain the God-Man
To understand the trinitarian idea of the incarnation by which the second person became the God-man, we need to give a brief account of the trinitarian attempt to explain how a person who is both God and man at the same time can even be functional. This question had led to much debate and controversy, even violence, in the early days of the church. The history of this conflict is not directly relevant to our discussion; we will only say that in the end, one side defeated the other, but not without entailing considerable conflict. [2]
We now briefly examine the idea, proposed by some early church leaders, of communicatio idiomatum, a Latin term which means “the communication of idioms,” with “idioms” meaning the innate or essential characteristics of a person.[3] J.N.D. Kelly says that communicatio idiomatum is the means by which “human and divine attributes and experiences, etc. might properly be exchanged” (Early Christian Doctrines, p.143).
How do God and man relate to each other within the God-man Jesus Christ? How do they identify with each other if they are different in essence or substance or nature, since one of them is divine and the other is human, the two united as one person? The idea has been proposed that the characteristics of the one nature are transferred or “communicated” to the other nature in this union, reciprocally.
It is hard to arrive at a precise definition of communicatio idiomatum because the ancient writings which originally proposed the concept gave little explanation of it beyond the bare statement that the divine attributes of God the Son are communicated to the human Jesus in whom he is incarnate, and also in the reverse direction from the man Jesus to the divine Christ. If one is pressed for the specifics of the communication of attributes, one can say at most that the qualities (“idioms”) of the second person of the Trinity are transferred to the human Jesus, including qualities such as God’s power, wisdom, justice, and so on.
But one of the inalienable attributes of the divine essence is immortality. This fundamental attribute would have to be transferred to the man Jesus, for is it possible to communicate only some of the divine qualities and not the others? From what is known of the communication of idioms, there is no suggestion that only some of the qualities are transferred while the others are not, if this is even possible in one integrated person.
We see ever more clearly the problems of the idea of the communication of idioms. For example, if the man in whom the second person is incarnate was made immortal by that union, then obviously he could not have died for our sins, in which case God’s plan of salvation would have been subverted. In the attempt to resolve the contradiction of death and immortality in the same person, the Gentile church leaders went so far as to say that the second person of the Trinity, who is fully God, died for our sins in any case. It turns out that to these Christians, the immortal God is not so immortal after all!
Another example: Since God Almighty is omnipotent, would it not be blasphemous to speak of Him as weak? Conversely, if God the Son is of the same substance as God the Father, he would also be omnipotent and could not in any sense be described as weak. The point is simple: If Jesus is weak, he is not God. If Jesus is Almighty, he is not man. If he is mortal, he is not God. If he is immortal, he is not man.
In the skewed logic of trinitarianism, God the Son is really two incompatible opposites thrown together into a bipolar Jesus who is both mortal and immortal, both man and God, and therefore both mortal man and immortal God. Anyone who can believe this twisted and contradictory doctrine will not find it hard to believe any error that comes along his way. It must have taken an impressive power of persuasion to pull off this deception, not just on a few individuals but on great multitudes throughout church history. This causes one to wonder if the persuasiveness of the deception comes from some supernatural force. We are reminded of the words in Revelation: “that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world” (Rev.12:9). What it means is that no one, no matter how intelligent or educated, can escape from the paralyzing grip of spiritual deception. Spiritual perception, on the other hand, involves “having the eyes of your hearts enlightened” by God (Eph.1:18), enabling the heart to see the liberating light of His truth.
The second person of the Trinity—the one who supposedly died on the cross—clearly cannot be God who in Scripture is most definitely immortal. That being the case, who exactly is this God called the second person of the Trinity? And who have trinitarians been worshipping ever since their dogma became the official doctrine of the church in the fourth century? This question is becoming ever more frightening.
Few Christians know anything about the frightening theology that undergirds trinitarianism. There are other aspects of this theology that make little or no sense, but I won’t go into them at this time except to ask: In the exchange or intercommunication of qualities, which human attributes can be transferred from man and added to God? Does man have any quality in his essence and nature to communicate to the essence and nature of God? Can anything be added to God in any way? How can man’s weakness, for example, be transferred to an omnipotent God whose very omnipotence would, in any case, neutralize the weakness? This is an example of what I mean by the absurd nature of the doctrine of the communicatio idiomatum.
The idea of the God-man was frankly unintelligible even to the trinitarians who proposed it, and who then tried to explain the relationship of Jesus’ two natures with concepts such as hypostatic union and communicatio idiomatum to make sense of the contradiction. This is the sort of thing that we trinitarians vainly expended much time and effort in.
But the nature of the biblical Jesus makes perfect sense. He is someone we can identify with and look up to as our triumphant example who inspires us. Weak though we are, God will strengthen us in the inner man, and empower us to triumph over all obstacles through Jesus Christ even though given our many weaknesses, we will not attain perfection in this life as Jesus did. Even the great apostle Paul acknowledges, “Not that I am already perfect … but I press on toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Jesus Christ” (Phil.3:12,14).
From all this, we can only stand in awe at the magnificent triumph of Yahweh in Christ, who attained what was hitherto impossible to any human. While all believers, through God’s mercy, have been given the privilege in Christ of becoming the sons and daughters of God, only Jesus can be rightly called “the only Son of God.”
The distinction of wills within the Trinity
Whereas the self-giving love of the biblical Jesus is straightforward in terms of his voluntary act of the will, the same cannot be said of the Jesus of trinitarianism. It would, for example, be problematic if it is the trinitarian Jesus who says in Gethsemane, “Not my will but yours be done.” Who is the one uttering the words? The divine God the Son in speaking to God the Father? If so, this would create the problem of a distinction of wills within the Trinity, where the second person submits to the will of the first person after an intense struggle. With such a sharp distinction of wills within the Trinity, how can we still speak of the three persons as being of one essence when there are three distinct wills that are not necessarily in perfect alignment until an inner struggle unites them as at Gethsemane? By contrast, the words “Not my will but yours be done” would be easy to understand if they had come from the non-divine, wholly human Jesus in speaking to his Father who had sent him to accomplish the salvation of mankind.
The problem doesn’t stop there because in trinitarianism, the obedience of “God the Son” to God the Father is strictly internal to the one-essence God, and cannot be properly described as “obedience to God”. This internal obedience has no bearing on the important statement in Romans 5:18-19 that what is crucial for man’s salvation is an obedience in man’s relationship to God rather than an internal relationship within the Trinity.
If trinitarians say that the one speaking at Gethsemane is the human Jesus in whom “God the Son” is incarnate, the result is equally disastrous: Who is Jesus speaking to when he says “Your will be done,” God the Son or God the Father? In either case, there are two distinct wills within Jesus: the will of the man who said “Your will be done” and the will of God representing Jesus’ divine nature, leading to the impossible situation of two independent wills within the God-man. And since the will cannot exist without a person, this would mean that Jesus is not one person but two. [4]
This is precisely one of the intractable problems that the early trinitarians got entangled in and tried to get out of. To avoid the unacceptable idea of two independent wills (where the human will is not subsumed in the divine will) and therefore two persons in the God-man, which would create a schizophrenic Jesus, it was decreed that it is the divine God the Son rather than the man Jesus who is central to the God-man constitution and whose will was dominant in Jesus at Gethsemane. This doesn’t solve the dilemma because it would mean that Jesus’ human nature lacks a true operative will, in which case he (or it) would not be a complete human being since every human being has a true and independent human will. (Trinitarians say that Jesus Christ is fully man, an assertion that requires him to have a human body, a human spirit, and an independent human will.) This illustrates what we have been saying all along, that the trinitarian Jesus is not a human being as we know human beings to be. This takes us back to our observation that the obedience of God the Son to God the Father is internal to the Trinity, and has no bearing on the crucial matter of man’s salvation that is said in Romans 5:18-19 to hinge on man’s obedience to God.
In the Alexandrian theology which triumphed over the Antiochene theology in the early church, there is no separation within the God-man between the divine God the Son and the human Jesus.[5] Yet in trinitarianism, it is God the Son who constitutes the real person in the God-man whereas the man does not represent the will of the God-man. As a fervent trinitarian puts it, “He had the appearance and flesh of a man, but the characteristics, power and nature of God.”[6]
Again trinitarianism is caught on the horns of a dilemma for which there is no resolution, thereby exposing the falsity of the doctrine, for all falsehood contains within itself the inevitable self-contradiction that becomes the seed of its own destruction once it is examined and brought to light.
The tragedy is that most Christians don’t know that the trinitarian Jesus, the God-man, is a man-made fabrication constructed from bits and pieces of the New Testament, creating a divine person who does not exist in the Bible, namely, God the Son which is “Son of God” violently turned upside down or the wrong way around. In short, trinitarians have constructed a theological idol that they bow to in worship, and demand that others do the same.
Dear trinitarians, if Jesus Christ is God as you say he is, then you and I are still in our sins without the hope of salvation, for an essential attribute of God is immortality, which means that he cannot die for our sins. But if God could die, he would not be God. Yet he cannot be true man because you say that he is also God, in which case Jesus’ death cannot atone for your sins or mine.
Why are so few saved?
After having taught the Bible for several decades, one day it came to me as a shock to realize that neither I nor any other trinitarian could quote one verse from the New Testament or the Bible as a whole, in which the central trinitarian title of Jesus, “God the Son,” is found—not one verse! The same is true of the other major trinitarian title of Jesus: the second person of the Trinity. That this title is not found in the Bible is to be expected since the word “Trinity” itself does not exist in the Bible. In short, the very existence of “God the Son” cannot be demonstrated from the pages of the Bible. Yet the amazing thing is that we could talk about, preach about, teach about, think about, and write volumes about, a person whose very existence in the pages of Scripture we could not demonstrate!
How had this come about? I was wondering about this when I looked back at a long career of preaching and teaching and writing. It is said that hindsight is 20/20, and this particular instance of hindsight sends a chill down one’s spine when one looks back at the pages of history. Looking at the early centuries of the church, we see a faith being built on a Jesus who exists nowhere in the Bible and who was subtly fabricated in a manner that steadily strips him of his Jewish monotheistic roots. It reminds us of what Jesus said about the last days, that believers must be on their guard because even the elect, the chosen ones, will be deceived (Mt.24:24).
There are approximately two billion Christians in the world today, and they make up one third of the world’s population. [7] Given the triumph of Christianity in the world, at least in terms of the number of adherents, why does Jesus say that only a “few” will be saved (Lk.13:23-24)? How do we understand his statement? For all the talk of the dominance of trinitarian Christianity, I have never heard any trinitarian address this spine-chilling question: Why of all the billions will only a “few” be saved?
The question is not hard to answer if we grasp the appalling fact that the vast majority of believers in the world today have been deceived in a most tragic way. Is there any other answer to this dreadful question that aligns with Jesus’ statement that only a few will be saved? How can the multitudes be saved or go through the narrow gate of life if they place their faith, their trust, their hope, on a trinitarian Jesus, God the Son, whose existence cannot be found in the Scriptures of life?
Faith in the trinitarian Jesus will nullify the hope of salvation. This is not a blanket statement to say that all trinitarians will be condemned and all non-trinitarians will be saved, for there are other spiritual principles involved in divine judgment (e.g., Lk.12:48). Yet it would be foolhardy to ignore the biblical fact that idolatry—including trinitarian idolatry—will have spiritual consequences.
Our present discussion is not just an academic debate over doctrines that have no bearing on our eternal welfare; we are dealing with a vital spiritual matter in which one small error will have eternal consequences. The fearful truth about trinitarian error, properly called heresy, is that it diverges completely from the biblical truth.
All the fullness of the deity
In trinitarianism, God the Son, the second person of the Trinity, became incarnate as Jesus Christ. But God the Son is only one of three persons and therefore cannot embody “all the fullness of the Deity” which is mentioned in Colossians 2:9: “For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form” (NIV).
Only the biblical Yahweh, the one true God, has “all the fullness of the Deity”. And only the indwelling of Yahweh in the man Christ Jesus correctly explains Colossians 2:9. Once again the trinitarian error is exposed.
Paul’s statement that the fullness of God—indeed all the fullness of the Deity—dwells in Christ bodily, is paralleled in the fact that God’s people are also filled with God’s entire fullness: “that you may be filled with all the fullness of God” (Eph.3:19). God’s dwelling or indwelling in Christ is “in bodily form,” a remarkable truth that comes out also in Colossians 1:19: “For in him all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell”.
The “bodily” indwelling of God in Christ is totally different from the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ, the divine and the human, in one person. The latter concept has led to the problem of how a God-man can even be functional, a difficulty that in turn led to the doctrine of the communicatio idiomatum, a highly philosophical concept that attempts to explain how the two natures interrelate with each other. This doctrine is not based on anything in the Bible but is a man-made concept invented to solve a man-made dilemma.
Scripture offers no support for the doctrine of the two natures, the divine and the human, united inseparably in Christ, by which Jesus is true God and true man. In 451, this unbiblical doctrine was promulgated by the creed of the Council of Chalcedon (the town of Chalcedon was located in the region of Bithynia, in today’s Turkey). The attempt to prove this idea using John 1:14 (“and the Word became flesh”) is erroneous because trinitarians assume without basis that the Word (logos) refers to the supposedly preexistent Christ. The fact is that the logos is never identified with Jesus in either John’s Prologue or the rest of the New Testament. [8] The supposed equivalence of the logos and Jesus is simply forced on the word of God.
The concept of the hypostatic union of Christ’s two natures, the divine and the human, is not only unbiblical but also unintelligible. Wikipedia article “Hypostatic Union” puts it politely: “this union is held to defy finite human comprehension”. But nonsense in its formal sense also defies comprehension, for if something makes logical sense, it can be comprehended. But the incomprehensibility of the hypostatic union is not something that would seriously trouble the trinitarian because he would usually shunt the issue into the realm of “mystery” despite the fact that unintelligibility is not the biblical meaning of mystery. Paul uses the term “mystery” to speak of things hidden in the past but which are now revealed by God clearly.
Only two types of union of persons are found in the Bible: the marriage union of man and woman by which they become one flesh, and the spiritual union of God and man by which they become one spirit (1Cor.6:17). The Bible never speaks of a hypostatic union, a trinitarian invention that in itself created much bitter conflict in the early church over what it means.
Scripture, on the other hand, gives us a wonderful vision of God dwelling in His people, whose bodies serve as His temple on earth. God is found in His people, for the fullness of Yahweh that indwells Jesus also indwells His people: “to know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled with all the fullness of God” (Eph.3:19). As is often the case in Paul’s teaching, what is true of Jesus is also true of God’s children.
“I am”
In our trinitarian days, when we saw the “I am” sayings of Jesus in John’s Gospel, we immediately assumed that Jesus was declaring himself God. In our minds there is no need to prove that Jesus is God, for Jesus declared it himself. Of course none of us thought that the blind man healed by Jesus was claiming to be God when he said “I am” to those who asked him if he was the blind man they had known all along (John 9:9). The most discussed “I am” statement in John’s Gospel is the one in the last verse of the following passage:
The disputation with the Jews [9] started with Jesus’ declaration, “Truly, truly, I say to you, if anyone keeps my word, he will never see death” (v.51). The key statement is, “if anyone keeps my word”. The word which Jesus spoke, as he pointed out many times, was not his own but the Father’s. To obey God’s word is life, to disobey it is death, as the Jews would know from their own Law. In Jesus’ discussion with the Jews, the key message was the keeping of God’s word. Jesus had the authority to proclaim God’s word because he kept it: “I do know Him and I keep His word” (v.55). Like Moses, Jesus proclaimed God’s word, but at a higher level than Moses. Jesus’ age, which the Jews overestimated to be nearly fifty, was irrelevant to the issue; Moses was around eighty when he confronted Pharaoh (Ex.7:7).
The main theme of this incident is God’s word delivered to the Jews through Jesus. Yet trinitarians are interested only in what they suppose are the key words, “Before Abraham was, I am”.
A proper reading of John 8:58 would take into consideration the fact that the standalone “I am” in John 8:58 (without an explicit predicate nominative) is also found in verses 24 and 28 of the same chapter. In the following verses (all from ESV), the underlined word “he” is not in the Greek text.
In verses 24 and 28, the word “he” (see the underlined) is not in the Greek. Hence all three verses here have the standalone “I am” in the Greek. Most Bibles (ESV, KJV, NET, NIV, NRSV) legitimately and plausibly add “he” to verses 24 and 28 to complete the intended meaning of the “I am” statements (“I am he”). Yet these Bibles don’t do the same for verse 58.
What is Jesus saying about himself when he says “I am he” in verses 24 and 28? A few trinitarians take it to mean “I am God,” but others are aware that this reading would be problematic in v.28 because it would make the “I AM” come under the “authority” of another person, which cannot possibly be true of the Almighty “I AM”. Hence some trinitarians (plausibly) read verses 24 and 28 to mean, “I am the Messiah,” which would align with the explicitly stated objective of John’s Gospel, “that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ” (Jn.20:31). John Calvin, a trinitarian, says that it would be a “mistake” to take “I am” in v.24 as a reference to “the divine essence of Christ”; Calvin emphatically takes it as “I am the Messiah”.
If in fact verses 24 and 28 declare Jesus to be the Messiah, what about verse 58 (“before Abraham was, I am”)? Could it likewise be a declaration that Jesus is the Messiah? This is reinforced by the immediate context: “your father Abraham rejoiced that he would see my day” (v.56), a statement which most trinitarians take to mean that Abraham had a vision of the future Messiah.
But if we take John 8:58 as a reference to Yahweh, namely, the “I AM” of Exodus 3:14, then there would be two main ways of understanding this. One way is to say that Jesus is identical with Yahweh the “I AM”. But this would be problematic to those trinitarians who rightly see Yahweh as being God the Father and not God the Son. If Jesus is indeed Yahweh, that would exclude the Father as Yahweh (in view of Dt.6:4 which says there is only one Yahweh) and even as God (in view of Isa.45:5, which says there is no God besides Yahweh).
The other way of explaining the “I am” of John 8:58 as a reference to Yahweh is one that harmonizes with the entire John’s Gospel: In John 8:58, Yahweh is speaking directly through Jesus to say to the Jews, “Before Abraham was, I AM”. This is a direct reference to what Yahweh had earlier said to Moses about His Name:
In John 8:58, Yahweh spoke His Name to Israel, not from a burning bush but through Jesus the one sent by God. This is strengthened by v.28 of the same chapter in which Jesus says that he “speaks just as the Father taught me”. This is similar to the case of John 2:19 in which God spoke directly through Jesus: “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up” (this special case will be discussed in the next chapter).
“For I have not spoken on my own authority, but the Father who sent me has himself given me a commandment—what to say and what to speak. And I know that his commandment is eternal life. What I say, therefore, I say as the Father has told me.” (John 12:49-50, ESV)
But Jesus never said he had seen Abraham, but that “Abraham rejoiced that he would see my day”—namely, the day of Jesus’ exaltation as God’s Messiah (a view that is held by many trinitarians). Abraham was given a glimpse of the future Messiah and rejoiced at what he saw. Abraham was, after all, a man who looked “to the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God” (Heb.11:10). This is the heavenly city from which Jesus Christ will reign over the universe as Yahweh’s regent.
Jesus never said that Abraham had seen him with his physical eyes but that Abraham saw “my day,” which is taken uncontroversially by trinitarians and non-trinitarians alike to mean that Abraham, by faith, caught a glorious vision of the coming Messiah’s ministry of salvation.[10]
A comparison of “before Abraham was, I am” with the other “I am” sayings in John’s Gospel [11] shows that the former is fundamentally different from the latter. The general “I am” sayings are portraits of Jesus as the light, the door, the resurrection, and so on, but the “I AM” statement in John 8:58 is unique and stands on its own.
Supplementary comment (optional reading)
But there is another Greek construction for “I am”—ho ōn (ὁ ὤν)—which is different from the egō eimi spoken by Jesus. In Ex.3:14 of the LXX, when Yahweh said “I am who I am,” the first “I am” is egō eimi whereas the second “I am” is ho ōn. Yahweh did not simply say egō eimi (“I am”), He said egō eimi ho ōn, usually translated as “I am that I am” or “I am who I am,” i.e. “the existing One”. In other words, Yahweh’s “I am who I am” in Ex.3:14 is longer than Jesus’ “I am” in Jn.8:58. In the “I am who I am” of Ex.3:14, the first “I am” (egō eimi) merely introduces the second and definitive “I am” (ho ōn). Historically it is the second “I am” (ho ōn) and not the first (egō eimi) that was apparently a byword for “God” among some Greek-speaking Jews (e.g., Philo’s Life of Moses, and Cambridge Companion to Philo, p.198).
Similarly, in Exodus 3:14, when Yahweh instructed Moses to say to the Israelites, “I AM has sent me to you,” the “I AM” is the definitive ho ōn rather than the egō eimi that Jesus spoke in John 8:58.
Since our distinction between egō eimi and ho ōn is based on the Greek and not the Hebrew, does it have any relevance for Exodus 3:14 (“I am who I am”)? Perhaps, and for an unexpected reason. In Revelation 1:4 (“who is and who was and who is to come,” which is uttered by God and not by Jesus), John appends ho ōn in the nominative to the preposition apo even though apo calls for the genitive. This striking grammatical anomaly may be an intended allusion to Exodus 3:14. The possibility that John is making a heightened distinction between the common egō eimi and the (possibly) theologically significant ho ōn in Revelation 1:4 means that Jesus’ use of egō eimi rather than ho ōn in John 8:58 may be significant, and may give less support to the trinitarian view of this verse than is supposed by trinitarians.
[1] David Rokeah’s Antisemitism Through the Ages (p.57) and Robert Michel’s Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust (p.19).
[2] For an account of this protracted conflict, see Philip Jenkin’s Jesus Wars: How Four Patriarchs, Three Queens, and Two Emperors Decided What Christians Would Believe for the Next 1,500 Years. The book’s long subtitle is not meant to be facetious or comical but factual; the author holds professorships at two universities.
[3] Some theologians define communicatio idiomatum as “the communication of the properties or predicates” (e.g., Westminster Dictionary of Theologians, ed. Justo L. González, p.256), which is equivalent to “the communication of idioms”.
[4] The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681) says that Jesus has two wills, the divine and the human, and condemned monothelitism, the doctrine of one will in Christ (The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History, p.129, Ecumenical Councils). For an in-depth account of this council, see chapter 7 of Truly Divine and Truly Human: The Story of Christ and the Seven Ecumenical Councils. But from the official creeds (see Creeds, Councils and Controversies: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church, AD 337-461), it is hard to see how Jesus’ human will can function independently of his divine will. The difficulty with the doctrine of two wills in Christ (dyothelitism) is that it implies either two persons in Christ or one schizophrenic person in Christ. This may be why dyothelitism is rarely mentioned today outside history books on the church councils.
[5] “Eutychianism and Nestorianism were finally condemned at the Council of Chalcedon (451) which taught one Christ in two natures united in one person or hypostasis, yet remaining ‘without confusion, without conversion, without division, without separation.’” (Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, article Christology, p.225).
[6] Clarence M. Beard, The Only True God, p.179, 1956. This book, which is written from a trinitarian perspective, is largely concerned with the issues of science and religion that were current more than half a century ago.
[7] This number comes from two encyclopedias of religion, both dated 2007. The Encyclopedia of World Religions (p.87) says: “At the beginning of the 21st century, Christianity was the world’s largest religion. Some 2 billion people, about a third of the world’s population, were at least nominally Christian or of Christian cultural background.” World Religions: Almanac (vol.1, p.119) says: “In addition to being possibly the most divided religion in the world, Christianity is the world’s largest religion, with 2.1 billion followers. Believers live around the globe, but the heaviest concentration of Christians is in Europe and North and South America. The United States contains the most number of Christians, with 85 percent of the population, or 225 million people, who claim to be Christians. Other major areas of Christian population include Europe, with about 550 million; Latin America, with about 450 million; Africa, with about 350 million; and Asia, with about 310 million.”
I.H. Marshall, trinitarian, suggests that “the Word of God” in Rev.19:13 does not refer to Christ: “After [John’s] prologue, Jesus is no longer referred to as ‘the Word’” (A Concise New Testament Theology, p.187). On p.220, Marshall says: “The unique use of the title the Word of God (Rev 19:13) reminds us of John 1:1-14 and 1 John 1:1-4, but it is not clear whether the rich background of these two verses is needed to understand the usage in Revelation.”
[9] Thayer’s Greek-English lexicon, Ioudaios (Jewish, Judean), says that John “ascribes to Jesus and his apostles language in which they distinguish themselves from the Jews, as though the latter sprang from an alien race”. We need to be careful about making excessive statements of this kind which can have undesirable and even dangerous ethnic and religious implications. We should bear in mind something that Jesus said about the Jews: “You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews” (Jn.4:22)—hardly a statement that is hostile to the Jews. Paul evidently did not see anything in Jesus’ teaching that was hostile to the Jews, for in Paul’s thinking it is always “the Jews first” (Rom.1:16; 2:9,10), both in reward and in punishment.
[10] Most trinitarians hold this view of John 8:56. NIV Study Bible says, “Jesus probably was not referring to any one occasion but to Abraham’s general joy in the fulfilling of God’s purposes in the Messiah, by which all nations on earth would receive blessing.” Thomas Constable says that Jesus “fulfilled what Abraham looked forward to” and that Abraham’s vision was a “prediction that God would bless the whole world through Abraham”. Expositor’s Bible Commentary says, “Abraham had a preview of Jesus’ ministry and rejoiced in it.”
[11] I am the bread of life (John 6:35), the light of the world (8:12), the door of the sheep (10:7), the good shepherd (10:11), the resurrection and the life (11:25), the way and the truth and the life (14:6), the true vine (15:1).
(c) 2012 Christian Disciples Church |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76745 | A builder designs the smallest studios allowed by California zoning code.
How much space does a single person really need? That's a question housing developer Patrick Kennedy is trying to answer, as Apartment Therapy reports. Kennedy, who once lived in a 78-square-foot Airstream, designed a pre-fab studio that maximizes space in a big way. The 160-square-foot apartment (the smallest allowed by California building code) includes a couple of key features:
• A 'smart bench' that transforms into a dining banquette or guest bed.
• A couch by day, a queen-sized bed by night.
• An appliance closet for your toaster, and a stove top that slips under the counter.
But Kennedy also has a couple of adjustments he'd like to make, based on feedback from a student who lived there for a couple of weeks. He plans to get rid of the open shower, raise the ceiling, and put in a sink big enough to fit a pasta pot.
There are a bunch of other nifty features. See a complete tour here:
About the Author
Most Popular
1. Transportation
In Paris, a Very Progressive Agenda Is Going Mainstream
2. photo: subway in NYC
Inside Bloomberg's $1 Trillion Infrastructure Plan
Sleepy in Songdo, Korea’s Smartest City
4. photo: a couple tries out a mattress in a store.
What’s the Future of the ‘Sleep Economy’?
5. How To
A handy reference for navigating an emerging industry. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76798 | Essay on Stem Cell Research : Stem Cells
1902 Words Jun 11th, 2015 8 Pages
Stem Cell Research Stem cells have been a factor in the scientific world since the 1800 when scientists figured out all living organisms are made up of cells; and some cells have the potential to create other cells, yet many people are still misinformed on the uses and great potential that stem cells posses. Most people who are against stem cells are not in favor of them because of the old extraction processes used but gladly science has found a new, more humane way to do so. Stem Cells can be used to regenerate dying cells and save lives by potentially curing diseases. The problem is stem cells are found in embryos of human beings and many people believe you should compromise one life to save another. Stem cells have the potentially to be very beneficial and could be the break through science is waiting for. Stem cells are a humane way to save a life. This is based on some ones view on where life begins, should you take a life to save another and does this put a limited amount of gods power into human hands; essentially they could give someone eternal life if we sometime in the future understand them better. “the goal of replacing dying cells in Parkinson’s disease with stem cells is now brought a step closer to the clinic” (Carson, Christian T). That’s the amazing feat of stem cells; they can be used to cure certain diseases, grow new organs for transplants and are the building blocks to all living organisms. If science can find a way to harness the power of stem cells…
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76879 | Upper Crossed Syndrome: How to Fix It, Treatments and Corrective Exercises to Try
Upper crossed syndrome is one of the most common patterns of muscle imbalance in the upper body.
It doesn’t take too long to know if you or someone else suffers from it. Common signs include a rounding of the upper back and shoulders, accompanied with the head moving into a forward position.
The most common culprit of this condition is the hunched-over posture adopted by individuals who sit at a desk for prolonged periods of time.
If you have this type of posture or feel you are slowly developing it, it is important to fix this issue right away. Not only is it an undesirable look to have, but it can also affect your over well-being and health.
In this post, we’ll explain what upper crossed syndrome is, how it develops, and what you can do to prevent it.
We’ll also provide you with a few simple exercises that can be done at home to correct upper crossed syndrome.
What is Upper Crossed Syndrome?
The common muscle imbalance known as upper crossed syndrome (UCS) was first identified by Dr. Vladimir Janda, a Czech physician and physiatrist who set out to understand the body’s predictable pattern of muscular compensation a postural imbalance.
Janda’s research suggests that a poor postural base leads to faulty patterns of movement that contribute to overuse of isolated joints while limiting range of movement in others, thereby creating a continuous cycle of dysfunction and injury.
We’ll look at the affected muscle groups of Upper Crossed Syndrome in a later section.
Symptoms of Upper Crossed Syndrome
The most obvious symptoms of upper crossed syndrome are hunched shoulders and a forward head posture.
These postural changes are often accompanied by pain or stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and upper back.
Other common symptoms of upper crossed syndrome are:
• Neck strain
• Jaw pain
• Shoulder impingement
• Lower back pain
• Breathing problems
• Fatigue
• Decreased stability or movement of the shoulder joint
• Tingling or numbness in the arms, hands, and fingers
If not corrected, upper crossed syndrome can lead to secondary health issues like cervicogenic headaches, myofascial trigger points, and even reduced lung capacity.
Upper Crossed Syndrome can also cause damage to the spine if left untreated – specifically in the CTK to CTK segment of the upper back and the T4 to T5 segment in the mid back.
How Does Upper Crossed Syndrome Develop?
Upper crossed syndrome is caused by several factors, including repetitive motions and injury to the joints and muscles in the neck, shoulder, and mid back.
One of the most common causes of upper crossed syndrome, however, is the poor posture that is often adopted by individuals who sit at a desk for long periods of time.
When you sit for long periods of time your body begins to adapt to these unhealthy positions which cause muscle imbalances in the body.
In the case of someone who sits at a desk, the longer they are seated the more the shoulders begin to hunch over and the head moves forwards.
Over time the body will set in this position if not corrected or counteracted in some way.
So What Exactly Happens to the Body with Upper Crossed Syndrome?
In order to understand how upper crossed syndrome develops, it’s important to consider the structure of the rotator cuff (the group of muscles and tendons that mobilize and stabilize the shoulder joint).
Unlike the hip joint, which is stabilized by a cup-shaped cavity on the hip bone, the shoulder relies on a network of muscles in the upper back provide stability to the joint and allow for a full range of motion (abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, lateral and medial rotation, and circumlocution).
These muscles are the levator scapula, the upper trapezius, the lower trapezius, and the serratus anterior.
When one of these delicate muscles tightens due to injury, overuse, or bad posture, the relative opposite muscles lengthen and become weak.
This weakness causes the former muscles to tighten further, thus creating a self-perpetuating cycle of muscular imbalance.
Upper crossed syndrome is characterized by the lengthening and weakening of the posterior musculature of the upper back (levator scapula, serratus anterior, upper trapezius), and the shortening and tightening of the anterior musculature (neck flexor, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor).
The tightness of the neck flexors and pectoral muscles crosses with the tightness of the levator scapula and upper trapezius, while the weakness of the neck flexors crosses with the weakness of the serratus anterior.
This creating a cross-crossed pattern of muscle imbalance, hence the term “upper crossed.” Upper crossed syndrome often results in postural changes such as forward head posture and rounded shoulders.
Too Complicated? Let’s Break It Down
We know that Upper Crossed Syndrome is characterised by two lines, each of these can be thought of as one slanted line that when combined makes up the full cross.
The First Line
We know that when someone sits in front of their computer for too long their shoulders round and their back begins to hunch over.
The body will begin to adapt to this position which causes:
• The pec muscles become tight as they sit for long periods in a shortened period. These tight pec muscles pull the shoulders into an internally rotated position and cause them to round forward.
• The muscles which run from your shoulder blade up to the back of your head become tight (Upper Traps and Levator Scapula) as your shoulders move up closer to the back of your head. The upper traps may become overactive as a result.
The above makes the first line of the cross.
The Second Line
The longer you sit the more your head moves forward. This is even more so if you are looking at a screen or even down at a mobile device for too long (also known as Text Neck).
This causes:
• The front of the neck to weaken, so much so, that it is unable to push the head back so that it sits directly above the spine. The back of the neck may also get tight.
• The upper back muscles (Rhomboids and lower traps)become long and weak. As a result, they no longer pull the shoulders back but rather allow the shoulders to round forward.
This is the second line. When putting these lines together makes up what is known as Upper Crossed Syndrome.
Upper Crossed Syndrome Treatment Options
The symptoms of upper crossed syndrome can be relieved or even eliminated with an individualized treatment plan consisting of chiropractic care, physiotherapy, massage, or a combination of all three.
Chiropractic care
A chiropractic adjustment is a type of manual therapy that helps realign the joints and increase range of motion in the neck, upper back, and shoulders.
Depending on the severity of the UCS, chiropractic care may be the primary component of the treatment plan.
Physical therapy
Like chiropractors, physical therapists use manual techniques to relieve pain and restore full range of motion to the affected area.
Physical therapists also advise patients on exercises that can be performed at home and lifestyle changes that can be made to prevent UCS in the future.
Corrective Exercise
In addition to chiropractic care, and/or physical therapy, an individualized treatment plan for UCS may include muscle-strengthening exercises for the neck, shoulder, and upper back muscles.
Research shows that performing strength exercises for the middle and lower trapezius, and stretching exercises for the levator scapulae and upper trapezius can be effective in treating upper crossed syndrome.
Exercises for Correcting Upper Crossed Syndrome at Home
Correcting Upper Crossed Syndrome doesn’t always have to involve seeing a professional.
If you are fairly healthy and able to perform a moderate level of exercise you may be able to fix it on your own.
In this section, we’ll discuss briefly how you can fix it using corrective exercises.
Keep in mind that these suggestions are not intended to replace professional treatment and are most effective when performed in conjunction with an individualized chiropractic and/or physical therapy treatment plan.
The Steps to Fix Upper Crossed Syndrome
To fix upper cross syndrome you will need to reverse everything that was described in the sections above.
Below are a series of videos with exercises you may want to add to your daily routine. Please also note that there is no fixed order in which to do these steps.
1. Stretch the Pecs
Since the pecs will be tight you will want to learn how to stretch your pec muscles effectively. You can learn how to do this here.
2. Stretch the Neck & Levator Scapula
The back of the neck will become tight with forward head posture. You will need to lengthen and stretch these muscles.
3. Stretch the Upper Trap Area
Simply put this means creating length between the top of your neck and your shoulders. Currently, the muscles are too short which pulls the shoulders blades up too high.
4. Strengthen the Front of the Neck
This will help push your head up and back on top of your spine.
5. Strengthen the Upper Back
The shoulder blades will most likely sit too far apart from each because the muscles have become too long and weak. If you pinch your shoulder blades together you’ll notice your shoulders move back.
By working the muscles between the shoulder blades (the Rhomboids) you can strengthen these muscles and cause the pulled back shoulder effect to occur naturally. The prone cobra exercise is great at achieving this goal.
You may also need to strengthen the lower traps, which will cause the shoulder blades to move downwards.
There are many stretches and exercises you can do to achieve all these points.
We cover how to accomplish each of these components in two posts.
1. How to Fix Rounded Shoulders
2. How to Fix forward Head Posture
It is advisable to take a look at both these posts and try out the exercises and stretches laid out.
How to Prevent Upper Crossed Syndrome
When you begin your journey of fixing upper crossed syndrome you’ll want to remember that any gains you make by exercising and stretching may be lost if you do not get down to the root of the problem that is causing it in the first place.
To fix Upper Crossed Syndrome permanently you will want to avoid putting your body in the position that causes the bad posture in the first place.
Maintaining good posture is the best way to prevent upper crossed syndrome or (if you’re already suffering from the condition) stop it from getting worse.
Other ways to prevent upper crossed syndrome are:
• Using ergonomic office chairs or use a lumbar support with your office chair.
• Taking breaks from sitting every 15 to 20 minutes
• Use a standing desk to break up the long period of sitting
• Performing stretches that target the neck, chest, upper back, and shoulder muscles on a frequent basis
• Ensuring your computer screen is at eye level
• Engaging in low-impact cardiovascular exercise, such as swimming or walking, for at least 30 minutes a day
• Performing strengthening exercises that target the pectorals, upper and lower trapezius, deltoids, and front neck muscles
• Avoiding activities and movements that cause discomfort
Make Fixing Upper Crossed Syndrome Your Priority
Poor posture is the most common cause of upper crossed syndrome – particularly for those who work at a desk for extended periods of time.
The good news is that when properly treated with a combination of exercise, chiropractic care, and/or physical therapy, upper crossed syndrome can be corrected, and a full range of motion can be restored to the shoulders and neck.
If you’ve had upper crossed syndrome for most of your life, it can take a while to teach your body to realign to its proper position so be patient.
The other thing that is essential is to maintain proper form and posture during your exercises and stretches. Make sure to keep your head pushed back and neck long, and your shoulders pulled back and down away from your ears.
The more improvements you make the more you’ll notice your well-being improve as well as the other benefits good posture brings!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76943 | Q: I know that having family meals is beneficial, but what if my family can't always eat dinner together?
A: These days, it's rare for any family to be able to eat every meal together. In reality, it's not the number of meals that matters so much as making a point to do it on some sort of a regular basis—even if it's just a few times a week—and ensuring that those you do have are an enjoyable, shared experience.
If your child gets hungry before the rest of the family can gather for dinner, try feeding her half of her meal and saving the rest for when everyone else can sit down. That way, she won't go hungry and will still benefit from the sense of a common meal. Remember, during family meals, your child is learning about everything from table manners and good nutrition to communication and social interaction.
Also, the meal you enjoy together doesn't have to be dinner. Some families find it more convenient to make breakfast the time when everyone comes together. The key is that the meal be an unhurried, sit-down affair with plenty of conversation. It's not the same if Dad is focused on his smartphone and Mom is munching a granola bar while frantically packing lunches.
Gary C. Morchower, MD, pediatrician and author of The 1001 Healthy Baby Answers: Pediatricians' Answers to All the Questions You Didn't Know to Ask |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76949 | A Baseball Is Thrown At An Angle Of 25° Relative To The Ground
A baseball is thrown at an angle of 25degrees relative to the ground at a speed of 23.0 m/s. If the ball was caught 42.0 m from the thrower, how long was it in the air?
How high above the thrower did the ball travel?
Expert Answers info
ndnordic eNotes educator | Certified Educator
calendarEducator since 2009
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This is essentially a vector problem where you are given the resultant vector and have to find the x- and y- components of the vector. When you throw a ball into the air at an angle, some of its velocity is directed upward in the y-direction, and some horizontally in the x-direction.The smaller the angle upward from the ground the more the velocity is in the x-direction and the less in the y-direction. Thus, if the angle is 0 degrees relative to the ground the ball will follow a curved path away from you toward the ground. On the other hand, if the angle is 90 degrees, the ball is going straight up and wll land back in your hand.
To find the x- and y-components of the vector you are given, use sine and cosine functions. Construct a triangle starting from the origin by drawing a hypotenuse at an angle of 25 degrees relative to the ground and label that line 23 m/s. Now at the end of that line drop a line straight down to the x-axis. You now have a right triangle.
The sine of 25 degrees = opposite side/hypotenuse.
You know the angle and the hypotenuse so solve for the opposite side which is the velocity in the y-direction.
sine 25 degrees = 0.4226.
0.4226 = opposite/23 m/s, so opposite side = 9.72 m/s
The cosine of 25 degrees = adjacent side/hypotenuse.
cosine 25 degrees = .9063
.9063 = adjacent side/23 m/s, so adjacent side = 20.845 m/s.
Now you know that the ball is traveling upward at an initial velocity of 9.72 m/s while it is also going horizontally at an initial velocity of 20.845 m/s.
We will assume no resistance from the air, so the ball travels 42 meters at a velocity of 20.845 m/s.
distance = velocity * time, so time = distance/velocity.
time = 42m/20.845m/s = 2.01 s.
In the y-direction, the ball starts at 9.72 m/s but due to the acceleration of gravity downward, slows until its velocity is zero at the highest point.
Using a kinematic equation, we know that Vf = Vi + gt, where Vf is the final velocity, Vi is the initial velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity downward (-9.81 m/s/s), and t is the time in seconds.
So 0 = 9.72 + (-9.81)t
-9.72/-9.81 = .991 s to reach the highest point,and the same time to come back down.
To find the height,we will use another equation.
distance = Vi * t + 1/2 gt^2. Where distance is the height the ball reaches, Vi = 9.72 m/s, t = 0.991s, and g = -9.81m/s/s
distance = 9.72 * 0.991 + 1/2 (-9.81) 0.9991)^2
distance = 4.815 m
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76961 | home loans Corpus Christi
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76963 | Sublime meets ridiculous in holiday mailbag
Updated: December 26, 2008
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Why are you getting a holiday mailbag? Maybe I needed something to distract me from the terrifying realization that the Patriots' 2008 season rests in the hands of Brett Favre. Maybe I needed to make myself feel better after the Red Sox blew the Mark Teixeira sweepstakes. Maybe I needed a boost after the Celtics' 19-game winning streak came to a screeching halt on Christmas Day, thanks to Kobe Bryant and a gritty 15-man Lakers team (I'm including the refs). Or maybe I just wanted to throw a solid to Andrew in Seattle. As always, these are actual e-mails from actual readers.
-- Andrew, Seattle
SG: You know what I'm giving you, Andrew? The biggest and weirdest mailbag ever. That's my gift to you and the people of Seattle during an especially grim holiday season.
(What? You don't believe it's especially grim?)
-- T. Chan, Seattle
SG: Sure looks that way. We're about three weeks away from FX creating a sitcom called "It's Always Rainy in Seattle." For T. Chan's sanity (as well as his partners in shame), let's create a list of silver linings for Seattle sports fans heading into 2009:
Kevin Durant
Layne Murdoch/Getty Images
2. No more Bill Bavasi, no more Clay Bennett, no more Huskies football coaches who don't have a pulse, no more agonizing Seahawks losses that were probably Mike Holmgren's fault (only he's such a nice guy you can't get mad at him).
3. One of Seattle's greatest sports heroes (Gary Payton) emerged as half of TV's greatest comedy duo since Norm and Cliff; every Tuesday night on NBA-TV, you get to watch GP and C-Webb do their thing. At least until David Stern has them liquidated.
4. Without Mark Teixeira, the Angels look vulnerable offensively -- especially when you remember Vlad Guerrero now walks like Greg Oden doing an impersonation of Fred Sanford pretending he's Lieutenant Dan. Could 84 wins take the AL West? Absolutely. And while we're here, your favorite football team still plays in the same division as the Rams, Niners and Cards and gets a top-10 pick next April! Things are looking up, Seattle. I can feel it.
Q: I always wanted to read your Red Sox book but never got around to ordering it. Luckily, I was walking through Big Lots this past weekend and caught it out of the corner of my eye and couldn't pass up the opportunity to get it at $3! If it makes you feel better, it was under a sign that said "Best Sellers." WE CAN BUILD ON THIS!!
-- Marc S., Tuscaloosa, Ala.
-- Corey, Salt Lake City
SG: I would tweak "White Men Can't Jump" with the following moves: Denzel Washington for Wesley Snipes and Sharon Stone for Rosie Perez. Here's why: Snipes killed that movie (at least for me) because he was such an obviously lousy basketball player in real life. Every hoops scene physically pained me; really, nobody could stop this 5-foot-6 guy who dribbles over his ear, shoots line-drive jumpers and does the same crossover move every time? He's so bad that every time it's showing on Encore or TNT, I keep waiting for Mike Dunleavy to sign him during the closing credits. I just can't handle it. As for Rosie Perez, remember when the Son of Sam claimed his neighbor's dog talked him into murdering people? If I listened to Rosie's voice long enough, I really feel like I could commit a homicide. And you know what else? I don't think I'd go to hell for it. Maybe 20 years in purgatory, but ultimately, God would understand. I'm amazed this hasn't been used as a defense in a murder trial yet: Overexposure to Rosie Perez's voice. Anyway, you put a legitimate hoopster like Denzel in there (better actor, too) as well as Sharon Stone at her sexapex (I just created that word), and that's one of the top 15 sports movies ever made. Alas.
-- Eric, Philly
SG: I knew I didn't have much of a chance when I was in a quarter-keg race back in college in which everyone had to make themselves throw up in a giant garbage can to keep going. After about 15 minutes, you just had to look inside the garbage can and you'd start throwing up. Wrote off the "world's oldest person" quest right then and there.
-- Luke, San Francisco
Sister jokes
Mom jokes
Chalk outlines
References to O.J. Simpson and Rae Carruth
Loser championship belts
Drug references
Humiliating college photos
"Brokeback Mountain"
-- Phil Taylor, Brooklyn, N.Y.
PACKERS (-10) over Lions
I just love that the defensive coordinator of the first-ever 0-16 team was the coach's son-in-law. You couldn't make this stuff up.
STEELERS (-10.5) over Browns
Any time you can combine Gus Johnson's delirious play-by-play with Romeo Crennel's final chance to stare blankly toward the field, that's magic, even for a meaningless game.
Raiders (+13) over BUCS
FYI: The Lakers fans feel like this is a revenge game for Super Bowl XXXVII.
FALCONS (-14.5) over Rams
Atlanta fans say Mike Smith looks like John Gotti more than Ernest Borgnine. I think I agree. Let's start calling him "The Godfather." Like, right now.
Panthers (-3) over SAINTS
Very good teams win these games. It's true.
TEXANS (-3) over Bears
Kyle Orton has run out of ways to win ugly unless he gives himself a disfiguring scar.
VIKINGS (-6.5) over Giants
I gotta be honest: I just want a chance to bet against Tarvaris in the playoffs.
PATRIOTS (-6.5) over Bills
A few readers pointed this out: In 2009, the Pats could become the best team to lose a Super Bowl and the best team not to make the playoffs. Great. The good news for Pats fans: We got to throw snowballs at Tony Siragusa last weekend.
BENGALS (-3) over Chiefs
As it turned out, we couldn't build on this.
Titans (-3) over COLTS
Does Vince Young even deserve the "Good God, th-that's Vince Young's music!" joke? Nahhhhhh.
Seahawks (+6.5) over CARDINALS
The upset special: Seattle 23, Arizona 20. Let's hope the Seahawks stretch before carrying Mike Holmgren off the field.
RAVENS (-12.5) over Jaguars
You can beat the Ravens by throwing deep on them, but ... well ... yeah.
NINERS (-3) over Redskins
Note to the Niners: Don't pour Gatorade on Mike Singletary. He might react like Carrie after getting doused by pig blood at the prom. I don't care if that's a 32-year-old pop culture reference, it worked, dammit.
JETS (-2.5) over Dolphins
Is it just me of does everyone LOVE the Dolphins this weekend? And we know what that means. Yes, we do.
EAGLES (-1.5) over Cowboys
The all-time "I don't trust either of these teams" game. I hated this pick both ways, changed it 35 times and settled on being more frightened of having the Cowboys than the Eagles. Shouldn't Fox prepare PSAs for the fans of both teams either way?
Broncos (+9) over CHARGERS
Seriously, should a team that came within a fumbled onside kick of going 5-9 be favored by nine points over anyone? And if that's not enough, remember, you don't want to be laying nine and see that split-screen of Norv and Shanahan. You really don't.
Last week: 9-7
Season: 125-109-6
SG: I have nothing to add other than I hated this movie and it should have been called "Benjamin Snooze Button." If you're picking a holiday movie, go see "Milk" (Sean Penn is incredible), "The Wrestler" (covered here) or "The Reader" (quality flick and you get to see Kate Winslet naked, repeatedly). Those are my holiday picks. By the way, I hope the producers of "The Reader" use that as a promotional blurb:
"A quality flick and you get to see Kate Winslet naked, repeatedly."
-- Bill Simmons,
-- Joe Snow, New York
SG: Duct tape, rope and armed guards.
Q: Went home with a VERY good-looking chick two weeks ago and not only did she have three cats and a dog, but I woke up at 4 a.m. to find that she'd peed in the bed. The only thing more disappointing to me in my life was the '98 Vikes losing to the Falcons. SHE PEED IN THE FREAKING BED!!!
-- Matt, Fort Myers, Fla.
SG: Did she mention having a brother named Andrew in Seattle? You know what's amazing? This didn't even come close to being this mailbag's "Yup, these are my readers" question. Strong batch this month. It's like one of those unbelievable Hall of Fame classes in which you can't believe how loaded it was. Just wait.
-- Colin H, New Haven, Conn.
SG: Again, we are LOADED in the "Yup, these are my readers" department this month. Just wanted to make sure you believed me.
-- Michael, Columbus, Ohio
SG: One more before we tackle this subject …
Q: I've lived in both D.C. and Atlanta. In Atlanta, college sports and the SEC still run the show; people just don't care about pro sports. On the other hand, do you like a skewed male-to-female ratio, hot Southern blondes in sundresses who can go whiskey for whiskey with you, possess a shocking amount of football and basketball knowledge, bring the thunder in the sack and have no problem (wait, DEMAND) eating massive amounts of fried food and/or pork products the following morning? Because if that's not your thing you should spend more time in D.C. I've been here two months. It's rainy, there are no college sports, but there are a lot of museums. So I've got that going for me. (Frantically looking for jobs in Atlanta.)
-- Adam, Washington
SG: So there you go. If you're a guy in your 20s or early 30s, move to Atlanta. Glad we settled that. And while we're here, with the college application season wrapping up, allow me to make my annual case for everyone to apply to warm-weather schools. Don't spend four years in cold weather. There's no reason. Go south, go west, but go. And if they have a good sports team, even better.
I know people who attended the following schools: Pepperdine, the University of California at Santa Barbara, USC, UCLA, Rollins, North Carolina, Arizona, Arizona State and the University of Texas. Here's how many of them regretted their choices: Zero. Meanwhile, the majority of my friends attended cold-weather schools … and only a handful of them would travel down that same road again. Again, why spend four years of your life in cold weather when you don't have to do it? And why pick a college with crummy sports when you don't have to do it? Beyond everything else, remember this above all: It doesn't matter where you went to college as much as what you did when you got there. I have successful friends who went to every type of school; I even have successful friends who never graduated from college. So don't stress out about it, expand your horizons, don't be afraid to take a chance and please know that I'm telling you this only because I wish somebody had told me.
One last thing: Don't go to Princeton. I'm still waiting to meet my first Princeton grad that I might like. I am like 0-for-79. Princeton grads carry themselves like bad guys in a sports movie. Remember the scene in "Pretty In Pink" when James Spader ordered his two henchmen to beat up Andrew McCarthy because he didn't approve of McCarthy's poor girlfriend? There's no question that Spader's character went on to Princeton, just like there's no doubt Johnny Lawrence went to Duke. Neither hypothetical situation is up for debate. Just for the hell of it, here's where I think other movie characters went to college:
Scott Howard: Probably USC. At a small college, I think the whole "My roommate turned into a werewolf last night" thing would have been a much bigger deal and word would have spread more quickly. He needed a big university. Also, he definitely broke up with Boof by Columbus Day weekend.
Jimmy Chitwood: Indiana. Mortal lock. I'd also go with Purdue for Flatch, Butler for Merle and maybe a walk-on to the Indiana team by Buddy.
Kelly Leak: No college for him after it comes out during the application process that he was really 18 years old in the "Let Them Play!" game at the Astrodome.
Louden Swain: University of Washington … and he drops out after four months. You never want to peak when you're 18, and it's not getting better than pinning Shute three weeks after bagging that hot 25-year-old who moved into your guest room. If he stays in school, I see him trying to dope his own blood with oxygen cells during his sophomore wrestling season and getting kicked out, anyway. I do not see Louden Swain graduating. He's working in an auto body shop in Spokane right now, and he's definitely bummed out that the Sonics left.
Daniel LaRusso: Probably a smaller school near L.A., like University of La Verne. He would have needed to be within driving distance of Mr. Miyagi, especially when their homoerotic tension was on the verge of boiling over in "Kid III" (as I covered in the 2002 "Karate Kid" trilogy column). Legally, lines couldn't have been crossed until Daniel-San turned 18. And yes, lines were crossed.
Danny Noonan: Princeton. I never liked Danny Noonan.
-- Tom, Greenville, S.C.
-- Pete, Beacon, N.Y.
SG: I would say no. But you'd still have the single greatest sex story of all time, even better than the time a friend of mine took home a Hall of Fame '70s TV babe and made sweet love to her even though she was in her late 50s and the year was 2007. That's my favorite sex story currently. But being with the two-faced Southwest Airlines lady? Legendary! Could not be topped unless you also included the three-breasted lady from "Total Recall," giving you a creepy threesome with five breasts and three faces.
-- Sarah B., Chicago
SG: I'm in am ESPN The Magazine commercial in which the announcer pimps it by saying "award-winning columnists Bill Simmons and Rick Reilly." A few readers e-mailed me wondering what award I had won. The answer: None. I haven't even made that "Best American Sportswriting" book that nobody buys. But you know what? It doesn't matter. I am Sarah B's literary equivalent of an Egg McMuffin, and sometimes that's all you need.
Q: Saw this Sonics flask (note: link now defunct) in's clearance section today and thought it might be the perfect gift for the former Sonics fan in someone's life. It's even on sale for 400 percent off. Enjoy.
-- Adam H., Raleigh, N.C.
SG: Damn! After we posted this column, the link for the perfect stocking suffer mysteriously went dead. You would have guffawed at the very least. Even if you're from Seattle. The good news: There are still 35 NBA flasks available, including two different types for morbidly depressed Wizards fans!
Mike Tyson
AP Photo/Simon Dawson
What if Iron Mike established a gentlemen's club called "The Tyson Zone"?
Q: My roommate just texted me to tell me he just shook Mike Tyson's hand at a strip club in Vegas. Who would be the coolest person to meet in a Vegas strip club?
-- Ryan H., Pullman, Wash.
SG: You mean other than Mike Tyson? I'd go with the one-armed drummer from Def Leppard. First of all, just meeting the guy who provided me with one of my first great Ramblings jokes in college ("even the drummer from Def Leppard has a better arm than Steve Walsh") would be a dream come true. But meeting the drummer from the band who sang the most-played song in the history of strip joints ("Pour Some Sugar On Me") at an actual strip joint? And then to watch him get a one-armed lap dance and make "The bouncer just told him to keep his hand off the stripper" and "He seems a little drunk, maybe we should lend him a hand" jokes? How could you top that?
Q: How 'bout this hypothetical? It's 2012, Matt Cassel is the quarterback for the Vikings and standing with a Super Bowl MVP trophy in one hand and a Super Bowl trophy in another. It's his third Super Bowl MVP in four years, two with the Vikings and one with the Patriots in 2009. He states in his opening remarks, "I would like to dedicate this Super Bowl to Tom Brady for getting injured and allowing me to finally get my shot." Flash to Foxboro, where Tom Brady has never returned to his 2007 form and reinjured his knee three times since, and Bill Belichick has retired from coaching due to having a heart attack from seeing Cassel win his second Super Bowl without the Patriots. Jump to 2022, as the Patriots have become the '90s Cincinnati Bengals and you are hysterically crying while writing a piece titled "The Curse of Matt Cassel: IT IS REAL."
-- Andrew, Boston
Q: I just finished reading Jim Bouton's classic book "Ball Four." Which baseball player today would be the best pick to write a similar type of book?
-- Kobi, Carlsbad, Calif.
SG: Has to be a Yankee, right? I'd vote for Mike Mussina and hope his "sudden" retirement happened because he was finishing up a scathing tell-all about the last few years of his career with every possible vindictive story about A-Rod, Giambi, Clemens and everyone else that you'd ever want to hear. This would be the greatest sports book ever, hands down. You're telling me you wouldn't empty every dollar in your checking account to read "Burning Every Bridge in the Bronx" by Mike Mussina?
Q: I woke up this morning (Thanksgiving) and sat on my couch and smoked some weed. The "Tyra Banks Show" was coming on. I sat there stoned watching for five minutes before I realized I was killing more brain cells watching her show than I had smoking pot. It's official: Listening to Tyra Banks' voice is worse for you than doing drugs.
-- Mike M., Lexington, Ky.
-- (Name withheld), Denver
(Speaking of Cage, remember when I joked in my "Wrestler" review that we should all be thankful Nic Cage didn't ruin that movie? As it turned out, Cage was attached for a few weeks until the director won a power struggle to cast Mickey Rourke. I had no idea until a few readers alerted me after the column. How predictable is Hollywood?)
Q: Thank you for writing your story about Mike Dunleavy screwing up the Spurs-Clips game you went to. Someone had to tell the world of the atrocity that goes on in LaLa Land, and you've done it. It's like bringing to light the genocide in Darfur that people refuse to talk about. You're ESPN's version of George Clooney.
-- Terry A., Lodi, N.J.
SG: (Afraid to say anything.)
Oak +13, GB -10, Phi -1.5, NYG +6.5, Hou -3, NO +3, STL +14.5, Cin -3, Bal -12.5, Ten -3, Pit -10.5, NE -6.5, Jets -2.5, Sea +6.5, Was +3, SD -9.
Last Week: 8-8
Season: 117-117-6
Q: What's the deal with your upcoming book? I think you mentioned that it was about basketball, and I feel that you told your editors "No worries guys, I'm writing a book about basketball. It's easy! It'll be a midnight run!" And then you proceeded to stumble across the country, and it's undecided whether you'll meet your deadline. Will you get to L.A. and get your $100K?
-- Steve, Pleasanton, Calif.
SG: The good news? The book comes out Oct. 27, 2009. The bad news? I'm still not done, and probably won't be finished until the end of February, if I ever finish this thing, and at this point it's unclear because I am slowly turning into the Unabomber, right down to a five-week-old, completely hideous beard I have going. We're at the point of the process that I'm driving in the desert with the Duke while helicopters are hovering over me and I'm muttering, "I've come too far, I've come too f------ far." Please include me in your holiday prayers.
-- Adam V., Hibbing, Minn.
Q: If you're sitting on 24 wins in "Streak for the Cash," shouldn't you hop on a flight to Vegas and bet about $250,000 on the opposite of whatever you pick for your 25th selection? All the games puts up as straight win/loss picks are close in point spreads, so I am sure you could get a money line in Vegas that would pay out straight up. That way, you ensure yourself of a minimum victory of $250,000, and can win a maximum of $750,000. I mean, you gotta protect yourself at this point right? I'm sitting in class at law school going insane thinking about this guy NOT doing this.
-- Bryan, New York
SG: One catch: Where do you get the $250,000 to slap down at a sports book? This plan only works if you're a multimillionaire or you're running a Ponzi scheme. By the way, you're not gonna believe this, but Bill Simmons is a huge "Streak For the Cash" fan. Every time I get to three in a row, I start dreaming about's worst-case scenario of one of its employees (in this case, me) beating the game, followed by a mammoth Bob Ley investigation and 27 caustic Phil Mushnick columns.
Q: Here's an idea for when you're running the B.S. Network in a few years: What if you followed various NFL announcers around as they gave everyday people unsolicited and obvious advice? Imagine a soccer mom stopping for gas on the way to practice. The backseat is filled with screaming kids with said announcer in the front seat. As the van approaches a corner with two gas stations, we see one station is selling gas at $2.09 per gallon, and the other is selling at $2.19 per gallon. Here's where the announcer jumps in and spends 60 seconds trying to convince the driver to go to the cheaper station. While the mom pumps the gas, the announcer then spends two minutes explaining to the kids that $2.09 is less than $2.19 and why it's better to pay less for things.
-- Matt A., San Francisco
SG: And that, my friends, wins the award for "Best 2009 domestic analogy to describe how bad NFL announcing is." And that was a HUGE, HUGE point of the mailbag right there, we needed something funny. Did you see what Matt did right there? I want you to read that e-mail again and watch what Matt did … he sets up the premise, delivers it and then BAM! He gets right out! He gets RIGHT OUT OF THE QUESTION. Let's look at it again -- sets it up, sets it up, punch line and BAM! You want to talk about a guy who's banging out great domestic sports analogies? You think this guy didn't want to make a mailbag? That's just a great, great job by Matt from San Francisco!!! And a great job by my editors putting Matt's question in bold. Great job, guys! Great job all around. That's just a great, great job.
-- Brad, St. Louis
SG: Um … thank you?
-- Tysen A., Bellingham, Wash.
SG: Um … you're welcome?
Q: YouTube has a new feature on its home page that recommends videos based on your previous visits. Mine included "Racist McDonald's Commercial," "J.R. Does the Stone Cold Stunner" and "Wes Welker College Highlights." I am wondering what they recommend for you?
-- Dan, Springfield, Mass.
SG: Mine are "Red Sox Win 2007 ALCS Game 7!!" "Tiny Dancer" (Dave Grohl's acoustic cover of it) and "News Blooper: News10 Halloween Prank Scares Morning Anchors." I think that sums up my life decently. Since we're here, I'd like to hand out the medals for "My Favorite New YouTube Clip Of 2008."
Bronze: Happy Halloween from Michael McDonald. This killed me for some reason. There haven't been nearly enough McDonald parodies done in my opinion. I also loved the Yacht Rock series from two years ago. Although nobody has ever properly paid tribute to the way Mikey Mac spat all over every microphone. My buddy Geoff and I had a running joke since the mid-'80s about every Doobie Brothers concert ending with the stagehands drawing straws to see who had to spend the next three hours squeegeeing all the saliva from McDonald's mike. Never got old.
Silver: Corey Feldman's Valentine Day's Song. My podcast comrade JackO and I discussed this for 10 minutes on a July B.S. Report (fast-forward to the 31-minute mark) and probably could have gone for another 20. It's borderline life-altering. I think Corey is singlehandedly trying to keep the concept of unintentional comedy alive. And it's working.
Gold: "No Easy Way Out," The Remake. God bless the three guys who decided that the world needed a shot-by-shot remake of the "No Easy Way Out" scene in "Rocky IV." It's just incredible. The guy who played Drago needed to be elected to some sort of Comedy Hall of Fame. Also, I'm enraged that I didn't think of this idea first. A tour de force all around. Should I even tell you about their follow-up "Hearts on Fire" parody that's nearly as good? Absolutely! It's the holidays!
Al Davis
Jed Jacobsohn/Getty Images
Are Raiders fans beginning to doubt the prescience of Al Davis?
Q: When I found out Al Davis' mother lived until she was 103, I thought about impaling myself with a dull garden tool about 103 times. I'll be 67 by the time the Raiders are respectable again. Can you please offer me some hope?
-- Scott, Holiday, Fla.
SG: (Shaking my head sadly.)
Q: I don't care what the SEC says: The J-Kidd transaction was Cuban's greatest trading transgression of 2008.
-- Marchy, Malibu, Calif.
SG: (Applauding.)
Q: So here I am, completely stressed out about taking my first semester of law school exams, about one cup of coffee away from having a caffeine-induced seizure, when my name pops up on the B.S. Report. Great job. You really made my day. Feel free to just start putting your random single friends in the podcast. I don't even care if they're entertaining, I'm just going to need to fill my fake relationship void with someone now that JackO's off the market. And by the way, it was a nice touch for him to add the "not really" after saying I had 74 hours to contact him, like I was going to show up at his wedding and scream "I'M NOT GOING TO BE IGNORED, JACKO!"
-- Claire in Atlanta
SG: Again, all single guys, Atlanta awaits! Just show up with a suitcase of clothes and a 500-pack of condoms from Costco and you're in business. You don't even need a place to live. Just go from one-night stand to one-night stand and shower there. It will be like a much more uplifting and racier version of "The Pursuit of Happyness."
Q: The other day my college friends and I went out for dinner at a family restaurant. As always when you take a bunch of college kids out of their element into a public area, it can get slightly inappropriate. One of my friends kept telling us to keep it down and that there were children around. The second time, I slammed down my fork and told her, "This is a free-flowing conversation that sometimes touches on mature subjects." Not only did this confuse her and shut her up, but one of my guy friends that didn't realize I was a fan of yours told me that I was every man's dream and my boyfriend was a lucky man. So thanks for getting me a compliment and somehow making it OK to talk about "mature" subjects in a public area.
-- Sarah, Dayton, Ohio
SG: We're nearing a record for "Most female readers in a single mailbag." According to John Hollinger's mailbag formula, I'm at the highest female-per-reader rate since T.J. Simers ran a mailbag with 34 percent female readers for The San Diego Union back in 1987. Speaking of Hollinger, I need to have him on the B.S. Report in 2009 so we can officially have our Jack-Locke "Lost" debate about statistics and sports. Put it this way: When you create a Power Rankings formula that spits out anything other than "The 27-3 Boston Celtics are the best team in basketball" two months into the season, it's time to either keep tinkering with that formula until the Celtics are first or to just scrap the whole thing altogether. I am prepared to verbally fight to the death on this. Let's hire Don King to start promoting it right now like a boxing match with a poster like this:
Feb. 10, 2009
-- Gian Gonz, Austin, Texas
SG: This idea slayed me for some reason -- not the premise as much as how everyone would react to the news. I think it would make Bill Maher self-combust. He'd just explode like a hot-air balloon.
Q: Only you can describe what is crucially needed right now: the introduction of the Steve Young Face. That look he gets when listening to Emmitt say that team fights are "special" or dealing with Keyshawn is phenomenal. Describe it and give us some other examples of people sporting the "Steve Young Face" other than Katie Couric during her Palin interview.
-- Sean, Halifax
SG: See, I'd prefer to call it the Mike Myers "Nobody told me Kanye West was going to go off the cue cards" Face, which might have been my single favorite face ever. Regardless, is there any way we could stick a lemon in Steve Young's face while the other guys on the set are talking?
-- Matt, Washington
SG: Absolutely. And I think they should do a press tour. I want to see Billy Bush interview her chest. I want to see Vanity Fair do a cover story on her chest. I want to see her chest appear on Letterman, Kimmel and Colbert. I'd like to have her chest on my podcast. And so on and so on. If she ever does a nude scene -- and I say the following without a hint of exaggeration -- it's going to be the biggest moment in the history of the Internet. Even the Internet itself would have to shut down for 10 minutes, step outside, have a cigarette and think about what just happened. By the way, if you never read the story about JackO and me seeing "Heaven's Prisoners" and me ruining the Teri Hatcher nude scene for him, click on my "Hardball" review and scroll down a few paragraphs. It's my favorite nude scene story. You know, until Scarlett throws down. Speaking of JackO, just for the holidays, let's give him the present of "Most times one of my friends was mentioned in the same column for different reasons," just because he's earned it, dammit.
Q: Is it just me or does JackO seem way too excited when he answers the phone for the B.S. Report? Like it's the only time the phone has rung the entire day.
-- Adam, Chicago
Q: I'd like to add Baxter to (last week's podcast) argument about "Greatest Movie or TV Dog Ever." Maybe he didn't take a bullet for Ron Burgundy, but he saved him from an angry bear! He always had Ron's back. I mean, he got punted off a bridge! Plus he spoke Spanish, wore pajamas, had the ability to eat entire wheels of cheese and poop in the fridge. He was wise, like a miniature Buddha covered in hair. How is Baxter not the best TV dog? I mean, "Air Bud" is a part of that conversation, but Baxter isn't? Just an egregious oversight. (And yes, you can blame TBS and its insistence on playing "Anchorman" eight times a day for this e-mail.)
-- Mike, Princeton, N.J.
SG: All great points. And if you're attending Princeton University, Mike, you're the first Princeton grad I've ever liked. If not, the streak continues.
Q: Is it bad that one of my first thoughts after this happened was "I should e-mail the Sports Guy"? Last night, I was with a lady friend and we decided to pop in a movie. She had never seen "Hoosiers," so naturally we put that in. But 10 minutes into the movie, it was obvious that she wasn't into the movie, and instead was getting a little frisky. So with the movie in the background, we entertained ourselves. The best part was there was a slight pause in the action and I turned to see the movie, and it was right when Ollie hits the free throws, and I thought, "This is awesome!"
-- Jason Z., Chicago
SG: I think my brain just broke.
-- Greg, Las Vegas
SG: Uh-oh, it looks like we've entered the part of the mailbag where I run a bunch of mean-spirited e-mails about the CC Sabathia and A.J. Burnett signings. Hold on, we're about to experience some column turbulence! Please keep your seat belts fastened!
Q: At one point today (Dec. 10), had the following headlines atop one another: "Yanks close to deal with Sabathia" and "Oprah feels like fat cow at 200 pounds." Coincidence? I think not.
-- Chris C., Philly
SG: More!
-- Dan, South Boston
SG: More!!!!
Q: With his new FAT contract going to his head, I foresee a future 400-pound CC Sabathia struggling to get from the bullpen to the mound without an oxygen tank attached to his leg. At least Yankee fans can look forward to the day they rename the Snoopy blimps after him. "Aerial shots of today's game will be provided from our guys flying high in the CC II!"
-- Zap, Brighton, Mass.
-- RJ, Boston
SG: Yes, please! SIGN ME UP! MORE!
-- Jason, Vienna, Va.
SG: I can't get enough!!!!!! MORE!
Q: All right, we both know of the existence of "The Hills" through our significant others. The empty husk that is Justin Bobby just gave a great example of "contract year." Despite being an unbelievably stupid and selfish mutant, he somehow turns on the charm when the attention is finally ending, setting up the poor "dead behind the eyes" Audrina for inevitable disappointment. Why? So that the crazy young girls out in L.A. (or anywhere) who are turning 18 see his "caring side" and he immediately restocks his stable of possible women, maximizing his worth. Justin Bobby is A.J. Burnett, right?
-- Andrew, Philly
Q: So you're the GM of the Red Sox and you received the following offers:
1. Johan Santana plus $40M, or
2. CC Sabathia and Ian Kennedy
I mean, it's a slam dunk that you choose No. 2 right?
-- Anthony F., Ancaster, Ontario
Q: My take on A.J. Burnett: Let's just put it this way, if the pitcher you just gave $82.5 million was only owned in 80 percent of ESPN fantasy leagues last year, probably a bad sign.
-- Mike P., State College, Pa.
Q: We got Tex. We're baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaack.
-- Uncle Rick, New York
(Note to John: They already hate us enough. Just stop. You sound like a rich prep-school kid lamenting the fact his Lamborghini isn't the most expensive car in the parking lot anymore. And while we're here, Fenway is a cash cow -- you can't play the "new stadium with revenue opportunities card" when you've done everything but stick hanging box seats on the Citgo sign. Boston's payroll has been somewhere between $120-145 million each year for the past five. Every middle-class fan you have has been priced out unless they want to sit in the bleachers or wooden grandstand seats down the outfield lines that face second base. Just stop. Please, stop. Thank you.)
Q: Merry Tex-Mas!!!
-- Brian C., Santa Monica
SG: (Gritting my teeth.)
Q: Did my favorite homer columnist have a good Christmas watching the Lake Show get its revenge on Boston? Hahahahahahahaha. Doc forgot to start Pierce's wheelchair in the second half. Good news: You still have the streak going, it's just in your pants. Check your undies. KOBE RULES!
-- Every Lakers Fan
SG: Sorry, I had to condense the 400 taunting Lakers e-mails from Thursday night into one super-annoying e-mail. Look, I think we learned one thing other than it's hard to beat a good team at home when they're getting every call -- when Kobe is the best guy on the floor, the Lakers win. He was brilliant Thursday. That's why the Lakers won. For whatever reason, he didn't do it in the Finals and that's why they lost. So basically, I learned nothing other than that my dad has a new nickname for Tony Allen: "The Heart Attack." And just an FYI: You can't get revenge for a 39-point loss in the deciding game of an NBA Finals by beating someone in a regular-season game at home. I am almost positive.
Q: I just finished reading your book and noticed an uncanny prediction: You wrote that if Manny had been traded to the Mets in 2005, you, your dad and Hench predicted that he "would hit between .380-.420, with 14-20 homers and 50-55 RBIs." In 2008, after being traded to the Dodgers, Manny hit .396, with 17 homers and 53 RBIs. Why aren't you bragging about this?
-- Alan C., New Orleans
Q: Is there a sports equivalent to the little Chinese guy who was lighting the firecrackers during the robbery scene in "Boogie Nights"? That is, a virtual unknown who plays an integral part in one of the best scenes of all time, and without whom the scene would not have been nearly as good?
-- Ben, Phoenix
Editor's note: We didn't edit the spelling in these last two e-mails, for obvious reasons.
Q: This is officially my first drunk e-mail … ever. Of course, you've heard of the infamous "drunk dial" that happen all the time on college campuses and throughout the country. However, the drunk e-mail is less talked about. I love you. Not really. I love you in the most heterosexual way EVER. You are my hero. Me and my friends are putting down some beers and Red Bulls and vodkas talking some good sports and making Simmons-like analogies to life. I just told a friend who has two potential girls that he's "hitting" on that it's like when you have two players you want to draft in the next round of a fantasy draft (I used Anquan Boldin and Plaxico Burress). You don't have to decide when it's 12 picks away. Just wait, see how it plays out and make your decision. Most likely, one will be picked by the time you pick and it will be an easy decision. But consider them both for now. I love drinking. Peace.
-- Andy J., Champaign, Ill.
SG: Hold on, we're almost there …
Q: So …. I am twice as durnk as the first time i e-mailed. I have nothing more to say ecxept that I can't wait for your next podcast/ column.
-- Andy J, Champaign, Ill.
SG: Yup, these are my readers.
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76979 | Bing Search Engine Moves to .NET Core 2.1 for Performance Gains
Microsoft's search engine has run on the .NET Framework since it began, but it's now moving to .NET Core 2.1.
Download the authoritative guide: Big Data: Mining Data for Revenue
In a nod to improving the performance of its search services, Microsoft recently transitioned to run on .NET Core 2.1, which is an upgrade from the .NET Framework it ran on previously.
The change was unveiled in an Aug. 20 post on The .NET Blog by Mukul Sabharwal of the engineering team.
"The main reasons driving's adoption of .NET Core are performance (server latency), support for side-by-side and app-local installation independent of the machine-wide installation," wrote Sabharwal.
"In anticipation of those improvements, we started an effort to make the code portable across .NET implementations, rather than relying on libraries only available on Windows and only with the .NET Framework," he wrote. "The team started the effort with .NET Standard 1.x, but the reduced API surface caused non-trivial complications for our code migrations. With the 20,000+ APIs that returned with .NET Standard 2.0, all that changed, and we were able to quickly shift gears from code modifications to testing."
After fixing some bugs, Microsoft released the new NET Core 2.1 code to production for, he added.
With .NET Core 2.1 replacing the old .NET Framework, latency within the Microsoft Bing internal production servers has dropped by 34 percent, according to the post.
Among the significant performance changes for developers in .NET Core 2.1 are vectorization of string.Equals & string.IndexOf/LastIndexOf, which helps improve performance for string-heavy workloads like HTML rendering and manipulation, as well as devirtualization support for EqualityComparer<T>.Default and Software Write Watch for Concurrent Garbage Collection, which led to reduction in CPU usage in the application.
The use of .NET Core 2.1 also now brings Brotli compression algorithm support to the .NET library ecosystem, wrote Sabharwal. uses Brotli to dynamically compress the content and deliver it to supporting browsers.
Runtime agility is now improved under .NET Core 2.1 because the new ability to have an xcopy version of the runtime inside an application means newer versions of the runtime can be adopted at a much faster pace, he added.
"We're excited about the future and are collaborating closely with the .NET team to help them qualify their future updates," wrote Sabharwal. "The .NET Core team is excited because of our large catalog of functional tests and an additional large codebase to measure real-world performance improvements on, as well as our commitment to providing both users fast results and our own developers working with the latest software and tools."
The search engine runs on thousands of servers spanning many data centers across the globe, handling thousands of search queries from users every second around the world, as well as from Microsoft partners using the Microsoft Cognitive Services APIs and from users of Microsoft's personal digital assistant, Cortana.
"Our users demand both relevancy and speed in those results, thus performance and reliability are key components in running a successful cloud service such as Bing," wrote Sabharwal.
"As gatekeepers of that front-end platform at Bing, we consider developer productivity and feature agility as additional key components in our definition of success," he wrote. "Hundreds of developers rely on this platform to get their features to production, and they expect it to run like clockwork." |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/76997 | There's another side to you
That so many adore
Aside from your temper
Everything else secure
You're good for me, baby
Of that, I'm sure
Cause over and over again
I want more
Underneath It All, No Doubt ft. Lady Saw
Chapter Dedicated to: Sampung-piso for making me an awesome fanart of 6.8.12.
One hundred and seventy-two missed calls.
Eighty-three messages.
Minute-to-minute nonstop ringing from the LME office phone lines bombarded every staff with questions pertaining to a certain actor and his (now) rumored 'girlfriend.'
By the time a dwindling single bar battery on his sixth phone, Yashiro had had enough.
The president, as much as the blond-haired manager could contain his excitement, had nearly burst with ardor in the early morning (the ungodly hour of 2AM) after reading an advance copy of the newspaper that was set to come out for the public at dawn. It had taken him at least two dead phones as the president talked like a flighty school girl giggling for a crush, at the prospect of his protégé's blooming love.
It had taken him at least another hour to pacify said eccentric president from calling in the reserves to take a search on the now "missing" actor just to satisfy his own curiosity that seemed to be bursting in the seams as Lory conjured possible love traps in his mind.
And to top it off, said actor had conveniently turned off his phone and whisked away to god-knows-where.
Sure, as Ren's manager, Yashiro had taken his share of hard work, filing his schedules, accompanying him in shoots and fending off rabid fan girls. But the worse torture - the one he couldn't feel like sitting back and watch- was the fact that his charge had taken his love interest somewhere and...
Yashiro let his mind wander as wild as the president.
Hopeful at the prospect that the two actors that had taken their time apart from each other, would then realize their love for each other (or at the very least Ren will). But if Kyouko was anything but what he thought she might do, Ren's chances were slim to none. If she was still the same oblivious, anti-love, hell bent on revenge and unflinchingly was safe to say that Ren wouldn't take another step from the senpai-kouhai boundary.
It was enough to dampen his mood considerably, no matter how much the tabloids speculate about his relationship to a certain 'girl.' It exploded his bubble of expectations given such facts as he let out another long and withering sigh.
Just thinking about the pitiful state of having Ren so close yet so infinitesimally far away from his goal, brought a grim and teary look to Yashiro's visage as the thought alone brought a weary sigh to his lips. He just didn't know why and how the raven-haired actor could possibly stay sane after pining for the same oblivious girl in over three years. The thought of Ren so deep in love showed the extent of his sincerity, but from what he heard from the president, Yashiro knew he wasn't a patient man either.
The longer the fair-haired manager thought about Ren's attitude, the more questions than answers appear. From the moment the actor was assigned to him, he was aloof yet polite. He had a friendly exterior and listened to anyone with care, but Yashiro noted that while he was close to others, Ren kept himself away from them. The women he had before he met Kyouko were one time flings, none lasting more than five months. It was a pattern that Yashiro observed from the moment he was close enough to his schedule to see any difference in his attitude, and by then the actor had relaxed enough in his presence to slip his façade a few times.
He was an enigma. A puzzling character in a jumble of unmatched pieces.
But three years ago, the moment Kyouko stepped into his world, Yashiro saw glimpses of human emotions. Ren got angry, amused, worried, content, proud, dejected, protective, and even jealous. All such feelings were provoked whenever her name was mentioned. She was the trigger in his flood of forgotten sentiments that grew day-by-day as he interacted with her.
Although before he took on this job as manager, Lory warned him of who exactly was he in charge of. The president gave a vague description of Ren's background and an overview of his personality, all of which were forgotten the longer he worked with a rather gentlemanly and overall pleasant disguise of Tsuruga Ren. But one thought did embed itself into memory and a face to match resurfaced from the night in Karuizawa when Kyouko withheld the information of her stalker and Sho's inevitable rescue.
'That boy is unpredictably influenced by the smallest things that matters to him.'
Back then, the fair-haired manager wasn't exactly sure what the president meant and not only until recently did he figure out the hidden context.
Kyouko mattered to Ren.
Probably even more so than he does himself.
It struck him with such clarity by then that Ren sincerely loved Kyouko like a man does a woman. Without knowing it, his charge was a changed man because of her...or maybe, she drew him out his shell to reveal his true self.
Coupled with such overwhelming facts, Yashiro took everything in his (manager duties) power to set them up with the best opportunities. He lied, bribed, cheated and in occasion helpfully (annoyingly, if Ren had a say) tried to uplift his spirits by adding his own opinion of Kyouko's behavior towards him. Though of course, most of them ended in a deceptively disappointing fashion, one step forward always throws them two steps back until both would settle in the middle without conclusion, much to Yashiro's chagrin.
It was a frustrating series of events to see them going around each other in such a tedious pace that the fair-haired manager was starting to wonder if Ren was a masochist. He understood Kyouko was completely loose-screwed in the concept of love and she was wholly clueless to a point someone needed to illustrate Ren's depth of feelings for her to actually see him differently. It was also the raven-haired actor's fault for being too vague (though he had been quite forward with the paparazzi fiasco) in expressing his feelings. But Yashiro was secured over the fact that Ren will someday snap and do something irreversibly regrettable that would stake his point. Honestly no man could possibly stay remotely in control of his feelings, right?
Not to mention with an eighteen month absence Kyouko had inexorably matured in her acting skills, her features more beautiful yet her innocence was still her charming factor that Yashiro would bet his ridiculous amount of salary, Ren would not be immune to for long.
With such a thought, Yashiro have high hopes that even if the two artists' weren't going to do anything revolutionarily different in their relationship tonight...he could still dream about their cutesy moments, right?
Though thinking of fluffy was hard to picture Ren with anything but silent understanding.
Grimacing and gawking silently like a horribly-made statue, Yashiro made a face that gave several of his colleagues a worried pause before going about their way and shrugging, quite used to the eccentricities of LME staff. Working for the most unusual president of a company had its own adverse effects after all.
Without success Yashiro shook his head, dispelling the horrid image from his mind as another round of ring went off from his desk. There was no time to think of how Ren was faring (though he had used considerable amount of time imagining), Yashiro took out a box of gloves and set back to work, hoping that wherever the actor was, he hoped the boy was doing a lot better than answering phone calls.
"Hello, LME Manger's office, this is Yashi—"
In all honestly...Yashiro would strangle Ren if he ruined his chances, because this was not worth anything he had ever done for him.
"No, ma'am. Where'd—"
"I can't believe it! This is outrageous!"
Yeah, and Yashiro was nearly mad with curiosity himself.
After this debacle, he was so going to demand a raise.
It was odd.
Kyouko thought to herself a frown marring her face as she bit her lips in deep contemplation while her eyes glossily stared at the dishware entrenched in soapy warm water bubbling with a foamy citrus scent. Her hands automatically gliding and rubbing the porcelain as her mind traveled elsewhere.
After finishing dinner with an amicable end to Ren's description of the girl he admired, Kyouko wasn't able to think straight and it was nearly driving her insane with the intensity of her curiosity. In excuse, she quickly ushered the elder actor to take a bath, admonishing him that she would be quite a rude guest if she kept the host to entertain her while obviously exhausted. But in stubborn retaliation, the taller actor shrugged and smiling a genuine yet lazy smile with a "I would rather keep you company instead." That had the raven-haired girl stuttering incoherently, and blushing to the tips of her ear.
It was bold, yet not unexpectedly so as Kyouko straightened up her spine at the light mischief reflected in his eyes, a telltale sign of his teasing as she glared at him and eventually threatened to leave if he didn't take care of himself first. Acquiescing to her request with a half-hearted sigh, Ren dragged himself towards his room, promising to come back all the while mumbling childishly of her uncanny mother-like attitude before he was too far in his room for Kyouko to throw a slipper at him.
She thought it was a perfectly executed pretext to distance herself (at least mentally) from the actor. Kyouko's thoughts then immediately mulled over his words, trying to piece his story together to form the picture of the girl. Assessing all the evidence, Kyouko listed the distinct impressions of her background.
One: she was sixteen.
Two: obstinately stubborn.
Three: determined to get into a prestigious school.
Four: mutual hatred between her and Tsuruga-san. An implication that both had been regularly acquainted with the other.
Five: accepted into said prestigious school.
Six: she was sixteen...
A full minute pass as the water stilled under her fingertips and tiny bubbles popped in silence as a revelation of her thoughts encompassed her mind at the last piece of evidence.
That would make...if the girl was sixteen years old two years ago, wouldn't it make her eighteen by this year?
A halo of light circled above her head as the raven-haired girl made quite a sight with her yellow gloves amidst a bubble of soap and dishes with eyes gleaming upwards in quiet gratefulness for the answer.
It was such an obvious disclosure of events that Kyouko wanted to dunk her head underneath the sink at the thought, or scream in giddiness at her easily equated discovery.
Thoughts from her previous talk with Tsuruga-san as Bo in chicken suit filled her mind. His dejected look, his troubled heart and his weary countenance all spoke of his forbidden love with an underage girl (though she quickly justified that age really doesn't matter if one is in love). Now it all made sense, Tsuruga Ren suffered insecurity of being labeled a pedophile (or something hopefully less severe because of such an insignificant age gap, right?) in front of the media that he withheld himself from claiming the girl!
Kyouko was torn in jumping with joy at solving at least one mind-boggling puzzle, but also nearly cried in horror of the thought that if Tsuruga-san were less than mindful of his reputation would lead to his destruction. The picture in her mind sending shivers of denial and revulsion at the newspaper article not so subtly reading: "T.R in love with child."
She quickly stomped the thought away as the word "child" disturbingly made her think of someone close to Maria's age...that was just wrong.
Shaking herself from the disconcerting stupor, Kyouko rubbed furiously at the forgotten dishes, trying to dispel such depressing thoughts as she went back thinking of something else other than the disastrous prospect of such an early relationship. With a positive disposition, Kyouko calculated the facts again assuming that the girl was now considered a legal adult. In such a case, Tsuruga-san would be able to pursue her wholeheartedly without disruptions or limitations. He wouldn't feel so insecure anymore and he can easily woo the girl with his charms...
Such a discovery twanged painfully in her chest as she frowned in pensive thought, eyes returning to its dull color and her movements slowed. That would mean...
'He wouldn't have time with me anymore—"
The actress quickly gasped at such an unbidden thought as if physically burned, rapidly shaking her head in disbelief. Why would she think that? It was so unlike her who always supported her senpai, yet for her to consider such a selfish idea in her head was alarmingly out of character. Maybe all this thinking was giving her a headache? Or maybe she was steadily going mad out of her stupid curiosity?
Making a horrid face, she was about to slap a hand to her forehead, unaware of its soapy condition—
"Do you need help, Mo—"
...until Ren decided to make another ninja-like appearance and promptly scared her half to death as dishware clattered onto the sink with an embarrassing splash right onto the raven-haired actress, soaking her front shirt and dripping down her skirt.
Ren didn't expect such a reaction as he casually appeared from the hallway and voiced his concern. Truthfully, Kyouko seemed spaced out lately but he remembered she wasn't usually so out of focus. His eyes immediately softened in apprehension, taking quick strides towards the actress.
"Mogami-san are you alright?"
"," Kyouko colored embarrassingly, noting that her senpai just got out of bath with a towel draped over his shoulders as he donned a cotton shirt and silk pajamas.
It had always been a sight to see him at the comforts of his home seeing that he looks great in practically everything he wears, but seeing him again like this brought a color to her cheeks at his bold familiarity. House clothes always suits him better. Mentally filing his outfit to upgrade her dolls later, Kyouko turned away to hide her heated cheeks, "Yea, it's fine I don't think the plates are broken! I'm sorry for the noise Tsuruga-san, I didn't know you were there..."
"It's fine as long as you're alright. Here, let me-"
"Ah, no it's okay! I got it."
And Ren promptly halted in his steps as Kyouko carelessly turned around to assure him, exposing her drenched blouse that outlined her curves and a tasteful green lacy bra peaked from underneath—
A million things had quickly flashed in his eyes that he had to forcibly blanked out any other thought from passing his mind and panic immediately came over him. Although outwardly his face remained neutral and devoid of expression, a war had began in Ren's mind and the torturous decision of desire and logic tugged him mercilessly into action. Somehow, a quick snap of his logic tapped his ego over the fact that he was an actor, and by god if he didn't pull out a miracle right now just by seeing her like this then he was seriously in deep trouble.
Swiftly averting his eyes at the more interesting part of his olive-painted wall, the elder actor coughed silently and tried to still the heat from its travel to his cheeks as the oblivious Kyouko continued to express her regret.
Great, that was his magnificent plan? Glare at a wall and blush? Yashiro would have a field day.
"I'm sorry. I'll be cleaning it up real quick." she smiled up at him in earnest, unaware of her state of dress. "And I was hoping you'd like some tea and—"
"Do you have extra clothes?" Ren managed to ask in a nonchalant voice, beating himself up inwardly over such a completely callous question. Of course, it was quite an obvious question if you further want to embarrassed the girl you love by telling her, 'Hey, it's great you're in my home and all but since I can't stand you walking around in such delightfully wet clothes, would you like a pair of dry ones in order to save my sanity?'
He could just see her bolting away from him like an expectedly violated maiden.
"E-eh?" brows furrowing further, Kyouko blinked at him in question, Ren's eyes averting hers. Did...was he angry that she nearly broke his Faberge dinnerware that he was hoping to throw her out and not have her clumsy hands break anymore of his things? Her face quickly turned ashen.
Before the raven-haired actress could pay tribute to his marbled floor, Ren quickly amended his statement, (resolutely keeping his eyes above her neck) and a deceptively bright smile was all it took to fortunately distract the actress from figuring out his dilemma.
"Ah, I just thought you'd want to stay, since it's late," he took quick steps forward, steering the obviously confused girl by the shoulders and towards the main bathroom. "You should go clean up, and don't worry I'll finish the dishes."
"W-wait! Tsuruga-senpai!" Kyouko tried to stop the actor's rather forceful tug of her shoulders, in an effort to turn and gauge his sudden reaction. The deceivingly bright smile she received earlier was enough to confirm that she had done something wrong and it was clearly her fault. Although she couldn't think of anything that would set him off (were the plates that important?) and she didn't think he was mad earlier, Kyouko resolved to know what exactly was he miffed about.
Planting a stubborn feet resolutely onto the seemingly slippery marble floor, she managed to push against him and lash out a rather childish, "What did I do wrong?"
Her counterattack took him completely by surprise, cursing himself silently again as his treacherous eyes were drawn south of her neck. What did she do wrong? Absolutely nothing but standing there innocently without knowing she was making him lose his mind.
"How much are the plates?" she snapped back at him, eyes defiantly daring him to name a price far from Ren's perceptive cognizance of where the conversation was heading. "I swear, they weren't even chipped! It's your fault for sneaking up on me anyways!"
If he wasn't in the guise of Tsuruga Ren, all his hard built effort would've crumbled as the twitched of his hand was the only indication how much the actor wanted to touch her, either by strangulation or a tender caress.
But he settled by thanking the gods that at least he fell in love with a woman so completely oblivious to her surroundings it was at least a quick turn off.
"Mogami-san," breathing heavily through his nose and (futilely) clearing his mind, he summoned the last of his acting stand and manage to convincingly portray an exhausted visage. "I couldn't possibly let you stay here without cleaning up..."
"E-eh..." the raven-haired girl's brow shot up in befuddlement. Wasn't he angry about the plates? "But I thought—"
"Don't worry about the plates," he skillfully suppressed a tick of his brow, and relaxed his face to pull in a tear-jerker, "But would you seriously let a tired actor like me take you home?"
Her face crumpled in horror at her inconsiderate thoughts. Completely forgetting the fact that Ren didn't really need to give her a ride home.
She didn't want to become a burden any longer. Earlier today he had protected her from dozens of paparazzi, took liberty of his kitchen, and now thoughtlessly demanding that she be brought home (though she didn't voiced it). How heartless of her to use her senpai after his exhausting trip back home! And what if—she gasped inwardly—what if the paparazzi were still after them? Her mind quickly conjured of the thousand ways fan girls would do to her and the utter shame of Tsuruga-senpai's name.
Her chances of ever beating the crap out of Sho would go down the drain!
Sighing dramatically as he inwardly apologized to the girl at his drawn-out lie (judging from her terrified face), he turned back to her, intending to get to his room, "I guess it's rather insensitive of me to let you stay. Hold on and I'll get the keys—"
"Wait!" Kyouko quickly grabbed his arm, shaking her head in the negative. She was intruding enough in his home already, but to trouble him more out of her own convenience was not something she was willing to let her senpai do. Besdies, it's not like she hasn't stayed over before, "Ahaha! On second thought, it is pretty late. I'll go wash up!"
Nearly skipping towards the bathroom, Ren held his smile painfully until the click of the door.
After she was out of sight and the sound of running water hit his ears, Ren heaved out a heavy sigh at the predicament he torturously put himself through. They all started innocently enough, her charm being the obliviousness to her surroundings was starting to frustrate his already addled up nerves just by being close to her. And here they were in his apartment alone with the girl he loves cooking him a fabulous dinner was starting to turn out as a test of endurance and wills.
He was starting to think these series of coincidences were a curse.
The memory of her transparently soaked blouse clinging sumptuously to her luscious curves, baring deliciously pale skin—
'And here I thought the cold bath was enough...'
Pinching his nose with a thumb and an index finger, Ren inhaled a lungful of air as the unbidden thought of playing host to an unexpected stay-over guest filled his mind. Now he would need to find clothes that fit her...
A new slew of tantalizing images filled his mind that Ren, in an unexpectedly uncharacteristic manner lightly banged his head on the wall he was intently observing earlier. He had to composed himself better than this, his mask was slipping, and a darker side of him that was reminiscent of his pass indulgences resurfaced. A flash of pain reflected through his eyes as forgotten memories of his previous identity reminded him of unpleasant thoughts. Clenching his fist in resolution, the raven-haired actor pulled back from the wall and started on the dishes quickly. He focused more keenly on his thoughts, hoping to infuse himself to act nonchalantly towards Kyouko thereafter to avoid his crumbling wall of willpower.
Kyouko was different, he reminded himself. He would never let him or anyone hurt her...
The rain clouded his vision, blood marring his temple, trailing a rivulet of crimson to his cheeks and down his neck.
There had been fifteen of them this time just outside the club he left. He wasn't aware, neither did he care that the girl he took for a wild night of passion was another gang members' bitch. In all honesty, he thought they wronged him. She was the one who came to him, quite frankly it was the guy's fault he let the girl astray in the first place.
Spitting a mouthful of blood, he turned his eyes on the woman huddled in fear near the dumpster, voice dripping with venom. "You know this was coming, don't you?"
"I-I'm sorry!" the girl pleaded in tears. "I'm sorry! Pl-please don't h-hurt me!"
A sardonic smile came over his handsome yet marred face as he threw a punch against the wall near the woman's cheeks, leaning over her with a deadly sneer. "Don't ever come near this part of town again."
The memory of those eyes...
Ren gripped the plates to disperse the darker images, his back rigid and arms taut as he willed his strength from snapping the porcelain beneath his fingers. He didn't want her to worry...
Yet those eyes that remained hauntingly terrified seared into his memory was difficult not to imagine with her face.
He vowed - Kyouko would never ever see that part of his past. Even if her discovery of his true self from someone else may eventually turn her away.
A steady stream of sunlight filtered his room as the actor groaned in irritation. A headache was quickly making itself known in his temple as he rolled over to peer at his clock. Ten o'clock. He slept in and Kyouko...
Ren quickly bolted upright, ignoring the sudden nausea as he planted his feet on his carpeted floor and forcibly waded out of his room to meet the actress. He cursed at the fact that he had overslept and missed the chance to talk to her.
Sure she stayed over a few times in lieu of acting lessons and unpredictable circumstances, and he had always managed to have complete control of himself, but the moment he had fished out whatever unused clothes he had from his closet for her to wear gave him enough reasons to bar himself. It took him even longer to sleep, thus he woke up late.
Ren had apologized first at the unexpected stay, but she cut him off with an assuring smile while shouldering the blame instead that made him all the more guilty of his manipulative actions.
As a man, he really should have known better. From his previous romances, he had never let any other woman wear his clothes or went to such an extent as to act dramatically in order for her to stay (in fact he usually used his skills to get rid of them). But the moment she stepped out of the bathroom, shyly peeking up at him in his overly large t-shirt swallowing her frame as it look like a sleeve shirt and the pants dangerously hanging low to her hips held only by garter strings that refuse to tighten around her petite figure was nothing short of disaster.
After he had instructed her to put her clothes at the dryer for the morning, noticing the blush that stole her cheeks, he resolutely steered clear of any other comments. He preferred that she acted like nothing about the incident and both were glad that that was the end of it. If she was embarrassed, she made sure not to bring it up, and for that he was relieved.
In all honesty, he thought it would be a great idea to take her home in his apartment, enjoy a good meal, talk over their experiences in acting from the past year and basically bask in each other's company.
Boy, was he wrong.
To him it just felt like trudging through multiple traps that made him twice as exhausted from his fourteen-hour flight from New York to Narita. Any man would've easily gave up and submit themselves to their baser instincts. The only thought that stopped him from doing so (fortunately or not) was his memory of frightful eyes and silent pleas.
Without taking up her offer for a tea (for he feared something worse will happen again) Ren convincingly excused himself for the night, blaming himself for being a coward and not wisely spending his time with the raven-haired actress. But anymore of tonight's incidences would break him.
Tomorrow, he promised, 'I'll make it up to her.'
Shaking his head, the actor headed to his kitchen. It was empty, but the unmistakable smell of recently made breakfast wafted throughout the room. Reaching his island table besides an assortment of eggs, bacon toast and gooey green concoction was a quickly scribbled note.
I'm sorry I couldn't make anything great for breakfast! I'm running late and I have to stop by Daruyama to get my clothes. Thank you so much for last night. I hope I'll see you again later.
A slow quirk of his lips crept up his face, metallic eyes softening in lighter hues. How could he control himself if she's making it extremely difficult to be not endearing to him?
But a strange sound snapped him out of his musings. Furrowing his brow, Ren heard it again, a vibration. Turning his ear towards the source led him to his leather sofa as he spotted a sleek pink phone jutting out in between the plush seat.
Frowning, he turned over the phone in his hand as it lighted an unknown number.
Curious and knowing nothing could hurt from answering the phone, the actor thumbed the call button and answered.
There was shallow breathing on the other end...then silence.
It echoed mutely in his ear as the actor cocked his head in interest, pulling away from the phone and back again, "Hello?"
No answer.
Was it a wrong number?
Pushing the end button, he perused through the incoming calls number. It was a blocked call, with seventeen missed calls. How odd...
Was it an urgent call from work?
Shaking his head, Ren shrugged inwardly and pocketed the phone to hand the actress later and ask her about the strange call.
Not knowing that one simple and harmless action of answering Kyouko's phone triggered a disaster that was yet to come.
"Sho! Where are you going!" Shouko-san helplessly tried to keep up with her charge's stride as he bulldozed out of his room and nearly ran into several people. His face a lividly demonic mess as he made an angry beeline towards the basement parking lot.
He continued to ignore her until the blonde-haired manager finally got a hold of his arm and tugged hard, "What's wrong! Where do you think you're going!"
"The basement." his voice was eerily calm, that Shouko took a step back in fear.
"W-what? But you have a recording this afternoon! You can't possibly—"
"Cancel it."
His severe tone, made something snap inside Shouko. He can't possibly be thinking to jeopardize his career and thoughtlessly cancel a record-breaking deal. Her grip on him tightened, "Sho. Stop."
At her hardened voice, Sho halted, refusing to acknowledge his manager's silent plea.
"Where exactly are you going?" she whispered, dreading the answer that the elder woman already knew.
Finally turning to the blonde-haired woman, a sneer came into Sho's face as if daring her to stop him while shaking off her arm.
"To claim what's rightfully mine."
*Is banging her head against a wall* I know, I don't like this chapter at all. It's seemingly OOC and repetitive and shallow plot! UGH. Although I like making Ren squirm (fuwahahahaha!), I felt that I covered too much of that here. *le sigh* I had two versions of Kyouko's wet scene moment in which I fairly cannot decide which scenario would be more fitting. But since it's harder to gauge Kyouko's reactions I focused (a little too much) on Ren. I'm making things quite difficult for Sho and my apologies if a lot of you were expecting him in this chapter...but that will be next.
I'm really disappointed with the OOC. It's getting hard keeping them in character as chapters go on, (and my grip on humor is slipping! T-T) but I avow to make it better the next chapter. Not only that, it seems that I've been writing about this incident for the past few chapters. -.- I'll move on soon. Also, pertaining to Ren's turbulent 'past' many of you may or may not know, I have a feeling that's one of the major reasons why he wouldn't make a 'move' or anything on Kyouko. Just a thought, ya know, don't wanna spoil anything with the original. xD
Btw, as usual this is not beta'd, any misconceptions you guys can perceive that my bat-old eyes couldn't, please do point out and I would be extremely grateful. :3 Advance apologies if said errors are eye-gouging.
...I love reviews...:] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77000 | Your search for didn't return any results.
To launch our first unisex range and our latest collection, we produced 'In My Element' – a campaign that puts a tongue-in-cheek spin on the millennial experience. It can often feel like everything is going wrong, or that the grass is greener, or that we'll never have it as good as our parents generation, but we find a way to celebrate the smaller things, whether that's feeling amazing in your sunglasses, treating yourself to something special (and dealing with the consequences later) or eating an entire cake with a fork, just because you can.
Getting back from your ex's funeral like...
When you've got nothing in common with your date, but at least you look amazing in your sunglasses
When you can't decide which hat to buy, so you get all of them
When everything's going wrong in the world, but at least you look good in your sunglasses
When your uber takes a wrong turn and you end up in Wonderland
When you're home alone with your best friend on a Friday night
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77002 | ZTE Unlock Code Calculator and Instructions
ZTE Unlock Code Calculator and Instructions
ZTE is one of the famous Chinese brand, like Huawei… ZTE Provides flagship phones which beat with major brands nowadays.
So, Unlocking tutorial for ZTE Phones is relevant this time.
Recently I have Unlocked Multiple ZTE phones, Including the latest flagships and Old Gen feature phones.
Unlocking ZTE Smartphones or feature phones is not tuff or different. Unlike other brands, All the procedure for both Generations is the same till now.
As a Brand, ZTE Does Good for their buyers, and they made it easy to Unlock Their phones.
Unlocking ZTE Phone is easy with an Unlock Code. So Don’t Try any Hacking or Cracking Methods, It’s easy like 1 2 3…
The fact is Nowadays people needs cheap and quick solutions, they fall in troubles by damaging their phones by trying fake tricks and tips.
I won’t recommend any kind of youtube videos or websites who saying ZTE Unlock FREE Methods.
Because, ZTE Officially Provides an Unlock method, Then why Should you Take Risk?
How Can I Get Official Unlock Code for My ZTE?
1. Make Sure Your Phone is Locked to a Network – by Inserting a Sim Card
2. When a NON Accepted Sim card Inserted – Then Phone will ask for an Unlock Code
3. Dial *#06# into the Phone and Take your IMEI Number
4. Place Your Order for ZTE World Wide Official Unlock Code in Fastunlocker Website
5. Wait Few Hours for the Delivery of Yoru Code
6. Once You received the Code, Then Insert a Sim and Enter the Received Unlock Code When Phone Asks
7. Phone will Reboot and Shows the Signal
8. isn’t Simple as I Mentioned Earlier? – Hit Like and Enjoy!
I Know, You won’t Understand if I Mentioned all steps, but a Video may speak more than a text Content.
for them, I already Uploaded a Video of an Old Gen Phone Unlocking by a Code.
As I mentioned before, the procedure for Unlock ZTE Smart & Feature Phones is the same.
So, the video below is enough to know, how the procedure works…
Having More Doubts? Visit Our Official Forum to Participate in a Discussion. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77009 | What Is My Mortgage Credit Score
What Credit Score Do I Need for a Car Loan? – Although the subprime mortgage market has virtually disappeared since the. In other words, whether you apply for one car loan or 10, it will have the exact same impact on your credit score. Buy a.
What Credit Score Do I Need to Get a Credit Card? – Both could negatively affect your score. – Credit mix. It’s a plus to have a combination of installment loans, such as personal, mortgage and auto, and credit cards. The Credit Score You Need.
Tax Certificate Definition Mcc Application form mortgage credit certificate (mcc) program | Housing Authority of the. – Administration of the MCC program has been assumed by california home finance administration (calhfa). Your questions about eligibility must be directed to.2000 Credit Limit 1. Ling has received been approved for a visa credit card. – 1. Ling has received been approved for a Visa credit card with a $2000 credit limit, however he has not charged that much since opening the account. On April 24, he discovers a monthly statement from March that had accidentally slid down between his desk and the wall. Because he has been busy at work, he has not had time to carefully review his monthly statements, but is spending the weekend.Frequently Asked Questions on Estate Taxes | Internal. – Am I required to file an estate tax return? If the decedent is a U.S. citizen or resident and decedent’s death occurred in 2016, an estate tax return (form 706) must be filed if the gross estate of the decedent, increased by the decedent’s adjusted taxable gifts and specific gift tax exemption, is valued at more than the filing threshold for the year of the decedent’s death.
My Credit Score | Experian – Want to instantly increase your credit score? experian boost helps by giving you credit for the utility and mobile phone bills you’re already paying. Until now, those payments did not positively impact your score. This service is completely free and can boost your credit score fast by using your own positive payment history. It can also help those with poor or limited credit situations.
How Good Does Your Credit Score Really Need to Be? – Once your score is at that point, there’s no tangible benefit to improving it more. Let’s say you’re applying for a mortgage and you can qualify for the bank’s lowest interest rates with a credit. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77024 | Baggy eyes — swelling or puffiness around the eyes — are common as we age.
With aging, the tissues around the eyes stretch and distend. The skin becomes lax and balloons outward.
Normal fat that surrounds the eyeballs can move into the upper and lower eyelids, causing the lids to look puffy.
Fluid sometimes accumulates in the space below the eyes, adding to the swelling appearance.
The muscles that support the eyelids weaken, making the upper eyelids look droopy and lower eyelids hanging down.
There are several factors that cause or worsen the baggy eyes.
Fluid retention, especially upon waking or after a salty meal, makes the eyes look more swollen.
Lack of sleep, smoking and allergies also contribute to the puffiness in the eyelids. Some families have a tendency of developing baggy eyes at an earlier age.
Baggy eyes are typically harmless and do not require medical attention. Home remedies can usually improve the appearance.
Reducing salt in the diet and sleeping with the head slightly elevated help to cut down fluid retention in the eyelids.
Getting enough sleep and stopping smoking are the best things for the appearance of the eyes.
More: Focus on Eyes: Eye damage another reason not to smoke
More: Focus on Eyes: Sunglasses are important for sun damage protection
More: Focus on Eyes: NBA champ Curry brings awareness to keratoconus
Cool compress and reducing allergy symptoms also decrease the puffiness.
If the swelling is severe, painful, itchy or red, it is prudent to consult an ophthalmologist who can rule out other possible causes such as thyroid eye disease, infection or tumor.
Moderate to severe baggy upper eyelids can interfere with peripheral vision.
The individual sometimes complains of tired eyes.
The ophthalmologist usually recommends a computerized visual field to determine the visual deficient.
If there is documented peripheral visual loss, upper eyelid surgery, which is a medical procedure, will improves the vision and physical appearance.
Some sagging lower eyelids cause irritation of the eyelids.
Repair of the weakened eyelid muscles improve the health of the eyes.
Most lower baggy eyelids are usually a cosmetic concern.
For persistent or bothersome lower eyelid puffiness, eyelid surgery may be an option.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77027 | Before the sun rises on Saturday and another day begins, viewers can witness a different type of light spectacle light up the Space Coast sky as SpaceX attempts to blast off its unpiloted Crew Dragon capsule atop a Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station.
The one and only Demonstration Mission-1 test flight is set to grace the night sky at 2:49 a.m. as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program to launch astronauts once again from U.S. soil.
Though it's in the middle of the night, this is a launch you will not want to miss. Below are five reasons why everyone should make sure to watch this historic mission take place.
1. First SpaceX uncrewed flight test
What better way to start off the weekend than with a rocket launch? This will not only be SpaceX's first attempt at sending its Crew Dragon capsule — designed to carry astronauts — to the space station, but also the first uncrewed test flight for NASA's Commercial Crew Program.
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Launch schedule: Upcoming Florida rocket launches and landings
More: SpaceX to send test dummy to space station on Crew Dragon mission
The program, which awarded contracts to SpaceX and Boeing back in 2014, aims to return human spaceflight launches from American ground. This weekend's launch will be the first time a commercially built and operated American rocket and spacecraft designed for humans launches to the space station.
Upon success of the mission and if SpaceX passes all tests and reviews, the world could see astronauts launch to space no earlier than July from Kennedy Space Center for the first time since the space shuttle program ended in 2011, ending America's need on Russia to send crews to the space station.
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2. New Crew Dragon capsule
Saturday's launch will mark the first time SpaceX launches the uncrewed spacecraft to the ISS. The Crew Dragon — or Dragon 2 — is an updated version of the previous cargo-carrying Dragon, or Dragon 1.
More: Elon Musk's war with SEC heats up during historic launch week for SpaceX
More: SpaceX Crew Dragon test flight, here's what you need to know
More: 10 great places to watch a SpaceX launch
The new spacecraft will be able to dock directly to the space station, have a more robust thruster system and of course, room to fit seven astronauts. Though no astronauts will be sent for this mission, SpaceX will send a test dummy to measure the responses on the human body and its surrounding environment.
3. Astronauts and more will be watching
As if this launch wasn't already exciting enough to watch. NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine and NASA astronauts assigned to SpaceX Crew Dragon-1 operational mission and Demo-2 flight test are among those in attendance for Saturday's event.
The four astronauts watching include:
• NASA astronaut Bob Behnken: Veteran of two space shuttle flights assigned to SpaceX Demo-2 flight test. Has logged more than 700 hours in space and done six spacewalks.
• NASA astronaut Doug Hurley: Selected to be a NASA astronaut in 2000, Hurley was the pilot on two spaceflights and is assigned for SpaceX Demo-2 flight test.
• NASA astronaut Victor Glover: Assigned to SpaceX Crew Dragon-1 operational mission, Glover was selected to be an astronaut in 2013 and is currently training for Crew-1, the first post-certification mission of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, as well as a long duration mission aboard the space station.
• NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins: Also training for SpaceX Crew Dragon-1 operational mission, Hopkins was selected to be a NASA astronaut in 2009 and is currently preparing for his second long duration mission aboard the space station.
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4. Rocket will launch from historic KSC pad 39A
It should only make sense that a high-profile launch blast off from the one and only historic launch pad that also hosted the Apollo and space shuttle missions.
From the same launchpad that saw Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set course for the moon nearly 50 years ago, SpaceX will have its Falcon 9 rocket make way to the space station along with its new capsule.
That should really be reason enough to stay up and watch this momentous occasion.
Jaramillo is space trends reporter at FLORIDA TODAY.
Contact Jaramillo at 321-242-3668
Support local journalism: Subscribe to FLORIDA TODAY at
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77046 | Mrs. Elizabeth Singleton
Degrees and Certifications:
Mrs. Elizabeth Singleton
My name is Elizabeth Singleton (neé Burgess), and I grew up in Sugar Land, Texas. I attended Commonwealth Elementary School, Fort Settlement Middle School, and graduated from Clements High School in 2010. I am Fort Bend born and bred! I have a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature from the University of Houston. Before teaching, I worked for an oil and gas publication as a copy editor. I am also the Key Club sponsor for this year!
• Period 1: English II (D103)
Period 2: English II (D103)
Period 3: Conference (D103)
Period 4: English II (D103)
Period 5: English II (D103)
Period 6: English II (D103)
Period 7: English II (D103)
• Tutorial 1: Monday 2:45-3:30p.m.
Tutorial 2: Tuesday 2:45-3:30 p.m.
Other tutorials available by appointment.
Mrs.Singleton may leave if no students attend by 3 p.m. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77056 | The 3 Biggest Hurdles to Legalizing Marijuana in the United States
The marijuana industry is seemingly budding before our eyes.
To our south, Mexico wound up legalizing medical marijuana in June 2017. Meanwhile, to our north, Canada is on the verge of becoming the first industrialized country in the world with legal recreational weed. With the Cannabis Act passed, it's simply a matter of counting down the days until Oct. 17, when legal adult-use sales in licensed dispensaries can commence.
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Even multiple European countries have somewhat recently given the green light to medical marijuana in some capacity, be it for the dried flower, or cannabis oils.
Marijuana's three biggest barriers to legalization in the U.S.
Then we have the United States, which is an entirely different, if not bifurcated, story.
Since 1996, 30 states have passed sweeping legislation that legalizes medical cannabis. Nine of these 30 states have also permitted the use of recreational marijuana. And, as the icing on the cake, surveys have consistently shown that the American public favors allowing the sale of adult-use and medicinal marijuana.
But in spite of this momentum, marijuana firmly remains a Schedule I drug at the federal level. Placed on par with heroin and LSD, cannabis is defined by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) as having no recognized medical benefits, and is categorized as entirely illegal and prone to abuse.
1. It's all about the money
While a number of people are quick to point to big pharmaceutical lobbying as a reason that marijuana isn't legal (the thesis being that pharmaceutical sales would decline as marijuana replaces traditional medicine), there's actually a much larger dollar figure behind all of this.
As a result of marijuana's classification under the CSA, businesses that sell cannabis are subject to a more than three-decade-old section of the U.S. tax code known as 280E. Originally rolled out in the early 1980s to fight drug trafficking, 280E today prevents profitable businesses that deal in controlled substances from taking normal corporate income tax deductions, with the exception of cost of goods. This can lead to an effective tax rate of as much as 70% to 90% of net income.
Here's where things get interesting. Let's assume the federal government were to legalize marijuana for recreational and medical use. In doing so, the federal government would be able to collect an excise tax on each sale of the product. However, giving the green light to pot would mean no more tax treatment of cannabis businesses under 280E. This would actually result in a loss of $5 billion in federal revenue over the next half-decade, according to federal estimates. Put in another context, it can actually generate more revenue by taxing pot companies today than if the substance were made legal.
With the federal government regularly running a budget deficit, it could be difficult to claw any revenue away from its clutches.
2. It's all about safety
Next, cannabis is going to have to overcome the stigma that it isn't safe.
On the bright side, something happened with marijuana this year that had never happened before: It received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). On June 25, GW Pharmaceuticals' (NASDAQ: GWPH) cannabidiol-based lead drug known as Epidiolex was approved to treat two rare forms of childhood-onset epilepsy. Never before had a cannabis-derived medicine been approved by the FDA, but that's exactly what happened with GW Pharmaceuticals' therapy -- which ran circles around the placebo in multiple late-stage trials to reduce seizure frequency from baseline. In fact, GW Pharmaceuticals' Epidiolex may have a chance to incite federal reform for cannabidiol, which is the non-psychoactive cannabinoid best known for its perceived medical benefits.
On the other hand, marijuana use in adolescents has been shown in select studies to hurt long-term memory. Furthermore, a Denver Post article from last year notes that traffic fatalities linked to marijuana rose sharply in every year following recreational legalization. While no concrete conclusions can be reached without a deeper dive into all of the variables involved in these traffic deaths, it nonetheless raises concerns for lawmakers on Capitol Hill.
To boot, while marijuana breathalyzers capable of detecting tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -- the cannabinoid that gets you high -- are being developed, they're still not ready for real-world application.
3. It's all about politics
Political considerations are a big hurdle for two key reasons.
First, Republicans currently control the legislative branch of the federal government, though that could change following the upcoming midterm elections. Traditionally, Republicans have a much more negative view of cannabis than folks who identify as Democrats or independents. There simply isn't any real incentive for the GOP to take up cannabis legislation at this time.
Second, as an issue, cannabis isn't polarizing enough yet. Even though the American public seems to strongly support cannabis reform, an April 2018 survey from Quinnipiac University found that 82% of respondents could still vote for a candidate who didn't share their view on marijuana. Only 13% couldn't vote for a candidate who didn't share their opinion on cannabis. This suggests that lawmakers have little to fear by doing nothing about marijuana reform.
If marijuana is to be legalized in the United States, all three of these obstacles need to be tackled.
Click here to learn about these picks!
*Stock Advisor returns as of August 6, 2018
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77063 | Fiery Trials
One day, quite a while ago, I spent some time reflecting on the account of Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fiery furnace and considering a few applications for life. Without doubt, these men experienced a very fiery trial. Though, not in the same way, we today also feel the flames of trials. What is their purpose?
God’s sends flames of fire into our lives not to burn, but to purify. All that He sends is good. Does this mean that it won’t be hard? No! Does it mean that it will not hurt? Absolutely not! But everything God sends is for our good, our sanctification. Every animal trainer knows that if he wants to get the most out of his animal, the training process will sometimes be painful for the animal. I have seen animals that are so well trained, they will do absolutely anything for their masters. But what made them this way? It was their training. Every little flaw had to be eradicated. And so it is with us.
Ephesians 1:4 states that God choses to be holy and blameless. “He hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him…” Becoming holy and blameless is not automatic upon salvation. It is a long process that will only be complete in the day of Christ. This is sanctification. It requires fire, and that fire is good.
That night, I lay in bed considering all the good things the Lord has placed in my life. Many of these are things in which I do not currently see the good, but I know that they are good because they are sent from Him. As I lay there thinking about it, I realised again, as I have on other occasions, that one day I will probably look back at these things and say, “I would not have had it any other way. It was good.” So then, why not begin to look on these things in that light now? They are good things that the Lord is using to purify me and to bring glory to Himself. I began to make a mental list of all the things I now find hard. I’m sure each of you have a list of your own. Silently I brought each one before the Lord and thanked Him for these good things. Some of these things could seem like such little flames, but they are flames none the less. May they accomplish the purpose for which God sent them!
A comforting and strengthening realisation that came to me as I was thinking through all this was that though the flames may be hot, we are not left to stand them alone. Just as in Daniel 3, those three men had a Companion in their fire, even so, we, too, have that same Companion—the One Who designed the fire to begin with and Who has laid it on Himself to bring us through. His ways are infinitely better than my desires! My purpose in life, therefore, must not be to get what I want, but to receive with joy what He gives and to accept with a grateful heart that which He withholds, knowing that it is all good. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77067 | Figures and interpretation by Hans-Christoph Behr
Tomato cultivation grows faster in North West Europe than in the South
The tomato sector is large and is still growing. Not so much in volumes, but when it comes to the hard knocks. This is thanks to the growth in the speciality segments, for which the consumer often has more money left over than for the "standard" single or vine tomato.
During the Global Tomato Congress (view our photo report here), Hans-Christoph Behr of AMI (Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH) did a tour around the fields, actually mainly greenhouses in this case.
Germany is a large country and also the most important market for tomatoes worldwide. This is despite the tomato consumption not being exceptionally high (11.3 kilos per household). The cultivation in own greenhouses is on the rise there.
As is the case in many European countries, Morocco is gaining more and more ground. The largest tomato supplier, however, remains the Netherlands, with a bit of "re-export". This means that tomatoes from Spanish soil, for example, will end up in Germany traded via Dutch traders.
Around sixty percent of the German consumer spending goes towards cocktail and cherry tomatoes (likely the highest percentage in all of Europe), but specialities are on the rise. More than half of consumers (57%) buy at discounters.
Organic doesn't grow as fast. In 2018, "only" six percent of spending was for organic tomatoes. A lower percentage than in other European countries. It is noticeable that in Germany a lot of focus is on 'local' and that, both conventional and organic, much is sold under 'regional labels' in supermarkets.
Unlike in Germany, tomato production in France is falling. Partially because specialities are less popular, but still more so than others. The ratio of import versus own cultivation is more or less the same in France.
The largest tomato exporter is Morocco (300,000 tonnes), followed by Spain (140,000 tonnes). With "only" 30,000 tons, the Netherlands is a relatively small supplier on the French market.
With a share of eight percent of the spending of French consumers, the share of organic is larger than in Germany. It is also striking that in France it is not the discounters, but rather the 'fresh markets' that are growing. Even the famous French hypermarchées can't copy this.
The Netherlands
The Netherlands grows for export. That should not be a secret and the figures clearly show it. The vast majority of Dutch tomatoes go to their Eastern neighbours. In comparison with other Europeans, the Dutchman himself eats relatively few tomatoes (7.7 kilos per household).
It is striking that exports to Spain and Italy are growing, in the case of these tomato varieties that, despite their own large productions, cannot be grown there due to the lack of high-tech greenhouses that the Netherlands has in abundance.
The United Kingdom
The cultivation in the United Kingdom is negligible in relation to the population that lives on the island. Hardly two hundred hectares of greenhouse can be found on the other side of the Channel, accounting for 67 thousand tonnes of tomatoes on an annual basis.
So it's not surprising that a lot is imported, of course from the Netherlands and Spain, but increasingly also from Morocco. An increase that is felt particularly hard in Spain.
The spending pattern of the Brit is average with a consumption per household of around ten kilos on an annual basis. In addition, unlike the European mainland, tomatoes are on the shelves under premium private labels.
Spain then. The tomato country par excellence, although they will say the same in Italy. Spaniards eat a lot (13.3 kilos per household) and grow a lot, although the cultivation of fresh tomatoes has been declining in recent years.
The majority of tomato exports go to Germany, although the number of destinations is certainly higher in winter due to demand from countries that cannot grow themselves.
The Spaniards are happy to point the finger at Morocco in difficult times, because tomato cultivation is on the rise there and competition is increasing. Logical and perhaps rightly so because Morocco does not have to comply with all European rules, but in part the Spaniards also have themselves to blame, according to Hans-Christoph. Spaniards and French people also invest heavily in the greenhouse cultivation on the other side of the Mediterranean.
Discounters do not really have a huge share in Spain, while retail eagerly receives 58% of consumer spending on fresh tomatoes.
Italy is also a tomato country, with a consumption of no less than 23.3 kilos per household. Just like in Spain, it is important to point to 'fresh' here, as many industrial tomatoes are also grown (we will leave any abuses in that sector here for a moment). Fresh tomatoes are increasingly being grown in high-tech greenhouses.
The supply of cocktail and cherry tomatoes in Italy is still small, with a share of 10 to 20 percent depending on the source, in a market that is still full of mainly 'normal' vine tomatoes and 'salad tomatoes', although the share is declining slightly . It is striking that the wholesale market prices are on average higher than in, for example, Germany or the Netherlands.
The tomatoes, which do not come from our own country, come mainly from the Netherlands, followed by Spain. What comes from France and Germany is mainly re-export.
Belgian production is relatively stable (it fluctuates around 250 to 260 thousand tonnes), just like consumption. Unlike their northern neighbours in the Netherlands, Belgium does less to "re-export".
It is also striking that eighty percent of the tomatoes are sold through producer organisations. That used to be ninety percent. Something that you don't encounter to this extent in the aforementioned countries, Hans-Christoph pointed out.
Belgium may be the country with a love for beef tomatoes, but the export of the beef tomato is declining. In the meantime, the share of cocktail and cherry tomatoes is increasing.
Conclusions in general
At the end of a long day full of numbers with interpretation, Hans-Christoph came on stage once more. His conclusion after all the sheets (view them here) with figures was that tomato cultivation is growing the most in North West Europe, while between 2009-2018, production in Italy, Spain and also the United Kingdom decreased.
In addition to the growth of Morocco, the growth of Turkey is also striking. In the figures for Germany, that country did not (yet) come past, but they can certainly grow a bit there, it turns out. From 2013, an upward trend has been visible.
If you're curious about all sheets, click here. And all presentations, including those of other speakers, can be found here.
For more information:
Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH
Hans-Christoph Behr
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77090 | 12 Essential System Administration Cheat Sheets
12 Essential System Administration Cheatsheets
Albert Einstein, a man not known for his lack of learning, once said that we should never learn what we can look up in a book.
While it’s often efficient to have all the commands and options we need at our fingertips, sometimes the effort of cramming all that arcana into our brains isn’t worth the time when everything we need is a quick Google away.
System administrators have to get to grips with an enormous body of knowledge if they’re going to effectively manage servers and all the multitude of different applications that they run. They’re masters of the minutia, but even system administrators can’t hope to remember everything that they’ll need day-to-day, never mind committing the commands they use rarely but regularly to memory.
The cheat sheet is one of the secret weapons of system administrators everywhere. These concise collections of commands and options mean that so long as you have a good understanding of what’s possible and which tools have what capabilities, it’s fine if the precise details escape you now and then.
Here are 12 cheat sheets that every system administrator should have bookmarked for easy reference.
1. Basic Command Line Tools
This is a simple guide to the most common commands of the most used tools on the Linux command line.
2. OpenSSH
SSH is a crucial tool for system administrators, allowing them to securely access servers. This cheat sheet details the most pertinent configuration options for the SSH server, the most commonly used client options, and how to use public key authentication with SSH
3. Bash
Everything you need to know about everyone’s favorite shell (well, almost everyone).
4. Vim Commands
While not always everyone’s favorite editor, once you have Vim’s commands down, it’s very efficient and you’ll find it on almost every Linux box.
5. MySQL
Still the world’s most popular open source SQL database, MySQL knowledge is a must for sys admins. These cheat sheets detail MySQL functions, data types, and provide sample queries.
6. The Find Command
Find is an extraordinarily powerful tool, but if you’re anything like me, keeping track of all of the options doesn’t come naturally.
7. Regular Expressions
If you’re going to find what you’re looking for, either on the command line or in text files, an understanding of regular expressions is vital.
8. IPv6
Most of us have IPv4 subnetting down, but we can use a brush up on its younger sibling’s construction.
9. Ports
It’s always useful to have a complete guide to what the most common ports are reserved for.
10. RAID
Get your RAIDs muddled up? Not any more! This cheat sheet details the drive counts and benefits of each of the RAID types.
11. .htaccess
A handy outlining of the configuration options most commonly used to control the behavior of the Apache web server.
12. Netcat
Netcat is a vital tool for diagnosing networking problems.
Have a question? Ask our experts. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77091 | See The District Advancement Committee puts on Eagle Scout Boards of Review each month. Here is the rundown.
• The 3rd Thursday of each month except the month of December.
• Be there by 7PM – Boards opening Ceremony is 7:15
• Expect to be there 1-1.5 hrs
• Each Eagle Candidate should bring their Scoutmaster, a parent/guardian, and 2 guests that will help serve on other Candidates’ Boards
• For candidates that are registered members of the BSA, full uniform is recommended as any scout or scouter would wear to a troop Court of Honor
Lakeshore Ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
6001 S. Lakeshore Dr.
Tempe, AZ 85283
Contact our Advancement team from these Contacts.
Eagle Scout Process |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77109 | At the end of a long day everyone’s tired, and you’re probably nearly desperate to get your kids to bed. But as a Christian parent, you also want to thank God for your blessings and teach your kids to pray, hopefully instilling a life-long habit.
Here are 8 sweet and silly bedtime prayers for children of all ages. (They are good for adults, too!) These prayers will help your kids count their blessings, ask for forgiveness when they make mistakes and even ask for God’s help when they feel scared in the dark. Plus, the first prayer is an original adaptation of The Lord’s Prayer that will be easy for younger kids to understand.
These go-to prayers will give you an easy and fun way to pray before bedtime with your kids. (Likely the most popular bedtime prayer for children, “Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep,” is a classic, but variety is a good thing.)
And after you lead your child’s bedtime prayer and give a kiss good night, you (and your kids) will soon be traveling to the Land of Nod. Sweet dreams and God bless!
The Lord’s Prayer
Dear Holy Father who lives in Heaven,
We pray your will be done.
Please give us food and water to drink,
And help us love everyone.
Forgive us when we make mistakes.
Thank you for not keeping score.
Help us forgive those who hurt us,
Let us love them even more.
Please keep us safe from evil and harm
And keep loving us without end.
You are our good, good Father,
and we love you, God. Amen!
All Creatures Great and Small
The tiny, yellow chick says, “tweet, tweet, tweet,”
And the black-spotted cow says, “moo.”
The fluffy, brown dog says “woof, woof, woof,”
And the wise, old owl says, “hoo!”
From the very, tall giraffe to the fishies in the sea,
All your creatures great and small,
Thank you, dear God, for each and every animal,
We know you made them all!
Thank You, God, for Loving Me!
The sun is setting, dear Father, and it’s time to go to bed.
Thank you, God, for loving me from my toesies to my head.
Tomorrow will be another fun and silly and busy day.
Please keep me safe as I run and jump and giggle and sing and play.
Counting My Blessings
I count my blessings, God, 1-2-3-4,
Mommy, Daddy, friends and even more!
With my warm, snuggly bed and my cuddly, brown bear,
I might be the luckiest kid anywhere!
Thank You, God!
Thank you, God, for the sun that helps to grow the big, tall trees.
Thank you, God, for the little, fuzzy, buzzy bumble bees.
Thank you, God, for the rain that grows a peach that’s oh so sweet,
And thank you, God, for all the yummy food we get to eat!
Thank You, God, for Your Forever Love
As the moon shines high above,
God, thank you for your forever love.
You’re always so near and dear to me,
And in my heart, you’ll always be.
Twinkling stars, too many to say
How you were able to make them that way.
But I know your love is like the sky.
It’s big and wide and low and high.
Whether I’m happy or angry or sad,
You’ll always love me, so that makes me glad.
No matter if I’m good or bad or okay,
You’ll love me as I am anyway!
Help Me Feel Safe in the Dark
Dear God,
When the lights go out and Mom and Dad say goodnight,
I sometimes feel worried; it gives me a lil’ fright!
I know I am safe, but the room feels scary,
As I toss and I turn, feeling a lil’ wary.
Help me feel safe, help me to see
That even in the dark you are here with me.
Help me fall asleep and sleep the whole night through
Knowing you’ll always love me, as I love you.
I pray to you, Holy Spirit
I pray to you, Holy Spirit and Lord of my soul
And thank you for our rest, food and loving care
It’s because you are my dear best friend
That I know you’ll always be there.
Help me be kind and good and help me sleep I pray.
Then sweetly wake me with the morning light and stay with me all day. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77115 | Functional hinges for fast, tool-free installation.
Fits doors perfectly.The hinge cup of Nexis Impresso sits tightly and solidly in door materials such as chipboard.
Fast and reliable installation without tools. In the Nexis Impresso series no tools are required for quickly fitting the cup to the door front and removing it. Hinges are fitted quickly and reliably on site.
Assembly aids
Please use the following types of machines to mount Nexis Impresso:
Tecmator RP
Tecmator RM |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77134 | BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:GVSU Events Calendar BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART:20181101T180000 DTEND:20181101T190000 LOCATION:RM 2259 DESCRIPTION:THIS EVENT HAS BEEN CANCELED \;\n\n\n\nUnnatural Causes is a documentary series that explores the effects of social factors on health and health care in the United States. It focuses specifically on race\, socioeconomic standing\, geography\, and gender in its examination of well-being and longevity among Americans\, attempting to answer the question\, "\;Is inequality making us sick?"\;. The Unnatural Causes series includes seven short documentaries (one \;each week) \;followed by instructor-led discussion and application of concepts among participants.\n\n\n\nThis event is LIB 100 and US 201 Approved! \;\n\n\n\nLIB 100 Peer Mentor Hosted Event \n\n\n\n \;\n\n SUMMARY:CANCELED- Unnatural Causes Series - LIB 100/201 APPROVED! PRIORITY:3 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/77136 | Sigismund ‘the Rich in Coin’
Duke, from 1477 Archduke of Austria; from 1439 nominal ruler and from 1446 to 1490 ruler of Tyrol, and ruler of the Forelands from 1463 to 1490
Born in Innsbruck on 26 October 1427
Died in Innsbruck on 4 March 1496
Following the death of his father, Duke Frederick IV, Sigismund (also called Siegmund) became a ward of his cousin, Emperor Frederick III. In 1446 he assumed the regency in Tyrol and the Swabian territories. He promoted the mining industry and grew rich on its profits, but also accumulated large debts. In 1490 he fell into severe difficulties and had to hand Tyrol over to King Maximilian I. The extravagance of his court earned him the epithet ‘Rich in Coin’.
Relevante Kapitel |
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