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The Holy Bible - The Gospel According to Saint Luke, Chapter 21 (Latin)
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13And it shall turn to you for a testimony.
18But there shall not an hair of your head perish.
19In your patience possess ye your souls.
1respiciens autem vidit eos qui mittebant munera sua in gazofilacium divites
2vidit autem et quandam viduam pauperculam mittentem aera minuta duo
3et dixit vere dico vobis quia vidua haec pauper plus quam omnes misit
4nam omnes hii ex abundanti sibi miserunt in munera Dei haec autem ex eo quod deest illi omnem victum suum quem habuit misit
5et quibusdam dicentibus de templo quod lapidibus bonis et donis ornatum esset dixit
6haec quae videtis venient dies in quibus non relinquetur lapis super lapidem qui non destruatur
7interrogaverunt autem illum dicentes praeceptor quando haec erunt et quod signum cum fieri incipient
8qui dixit videte ne seducamini multi enim venient in nomine meo dicentes quia ego sum et tempus adpropinquavit nolite ergo ire post illos
9cum autem audieritis proelia et seditiones nolite terreri oportet primum haec fieri sed non statim finis
10tunc dicebat illis surget gens contra gentem et regnum adversus regnum
11terraemotus magni erunt per loca et pestilentiae et fames terroresque de caelo et signa magna erunt
12sed ante haec omnia inicient vobis manus suas et persequentur tradentes in synagogas et custodias trahentes ad reges et praesides propter nomen meum
13continget autem vobis in testimonium
14ponite ergo in cordibus vestris non praemeditari quemadmodum respondeatis
15ego enim dabo vobis os et sapientiam cui non poterunt resistere et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri
16trademini autem a parentibus et fratribus et cognatis et amicis et morte adficient ex vobis
17et eritis odio omnibus propter nomen meum
18et capillus de capite vestro non peribit
19in patientia vestra possidebitis animas vestras
20cum autem videritis circumdari ab exercitu Hierusalem tunc scitote quia adpropinquavit desolatio eius
21tunc qui in Iudaea sunt fugiant in montes et qui in medio eius discedant et qui in regionibus non intrent in eam
22quia dies ultionis hii sunt ut impleantur omnia quae scripta sunt
23vae autem praegnatibus et nutrientibus in illis diebus erit enim pressura magna supra terram et ira populo huic
24et cadent in ore gladii et captivi ducentur in omnes gentes et Hierusalem calcabitur a gentibus donec impleantur tempora nationum
25et erunt signa in sole et luna et stellis et in terris pressura gentium prae confusione sonitus maris et fluctuum
26arescentibus hominibus prae timore et expectatione quae supervenient universo orbi nam virtutes caelorum movebuntur
27et tunc videbunt Filium hominis venientem in nube cum potestate magna et maiestate
28his autem fieri incipientibus respicite et levate capita vestra quoniam adpropinquat redemptio vestra
29et dixit illis similitudinem videte ficulneam et omnes arbores
30cum producunt iam ex se fructum scitis quoniam prope est aestas
31ita et vos cum videritis haec fieri scitote quoniam prope est regnum Dei
32amen dico vobis quia non praeteribit generatio haec donec omnia fiant
33caelum et terra transibunt verba autem mea non transient
34adtendite autem vobis ne forte graventur corda vestra in crapula et ebrietate et curis huius vitae et superveniat in vos repentina dies illa
35tamquam laqueus enim superveniet in omnes qui sedent super faciem omnis terrae
36vigilate itaque omni tempore orantes ut digni habeamini fugere ista omnia quae futura sunt et stare ante Filium hominis
37erat autem diebus docens in templo noctibus vero exiens morabatur in monte qui vocatur Oliveti
38et omnis populus manicabat ad eum in templo audire eum
previous: The Holy Bible - The Gospel According to Saint Luke, Chapter 20 (Latin)
next: The Holy Bible - The Gospel According to Saint Luke, Chapter 22 (Latin)
Index: The Holy Bible
Meine Werkzeuge
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'Hart of Dixie' Season 3 Spoilers: 4 Reasons Why George Tucker Is Not The Right Match For Zoe Hart
Hart of Dixie 2.19, The Kiss, CW, Season 2
Image CW
Fans of "Hart of Dixie" can attest that Zoe Hart has had her fair share of romantic pursuers. The New York-bred doctor inevitable comes back to two men in Bluebell, Alabama: George Tucker and Wade. While she's dated the latter, her on-again-off-again romance with George Tucker is one that never quite blossoms into a relationship. And if you ask us, that's for the best. While George Tucker is seemingly perfect--he's respected, a lawyer, and always does the right thing--he's just not compatible with Zoe Hart. Here are four reasons why George Tucker should not be with Zoe Hart:
1. They are too similar. George and Zoe both spent time in New York and are cosmopolitan and worldly. While they both love Alabama, they're well-read and share a lot of the same interests. In fact, they're too similar to actually make it work. If you ask us, they're perfect for being best friends who hang out all the time. Their shared interest is a great foundation for friendship, but not necessarily a romantic relationship.
2. They lack chemistry. Yes, we know they are attracted to each other but that doesn't mean the two characters have chemistry. In fact, George and Zoe are so similar and diplomatic that chances are they'd never get into a fight. Their lack of chemistry, or friction rather, will lead to a mediocre relationship that will inevitably dull out. That's not to say that Zoe needs someone wild, but Wade definitely provides the good-bad balance in Zoe's life.
3. They don't complete each other. Since George and Zoe are so similar, they don't quite complete each other. Zoe is a bit uptight and goody two-shoes and George is the same. When Zoe was in a relationship with Wade, she grew as a person becoming a better version of herself. She mellowed out and Wade was able to balance out all her traits, as she was able to do the same for him. Think about it: Wade had the patience to deal with Zoe's antics while she made him grow as a person and become a better version of himself.
4. They never approach their relationship the right way. From the get-go, their timing was always off. Zoe and George were drawn to each other while George was engaged and to be married to Lemon. The second time Zoe tried to make it work with George was when he just got into a relationship with Tansy. Each and every time they realize their feelings for each other or want to pursue a relationship, there's always another individual involved who is being disrespected or hurt.
What do you think?
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April 8, 2014
There's a new blog in town, and you're going to like it
F.E.A.S.T., the parent-focused organization I helped to found in 2008, has a new blog: Let's F.E.A.S.T.
Lisa LaBorde, the new Outreach Director for the organization, is the blogger and she's already posted twice about the recent ICED conference and her thoughts on the experience. Go check it out and make sure to subscribe.
While you're at it, don't forget F.E.A.S.T. has a news blog as well, to keep up on what the organization is doing. For example, if you subscribe to that blog you'd know that we just put out some new booklets you will want to print and share!
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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
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American Passages: A Literary SurveyUnit IndexAmerican Passages Home
Home About Unit Index Archive Book Club Site Search
5. Masculine Heroes
15. Poetry of Liberation
• Unit Overview
• Using the Video
• Authors
- John Ashberry
- Amiri Baraka
- Lorna Dee Cervantes
- Allen Ginsberg
- Joy Harjo
- Audre Lorde
- Sylvia Plath
- Adrienne Rich
- Gary Snyder
- James Wright
- Suggested
• Timeline
• Activities
Authors: Suggested Author Pairings
Lorna Dee Cervantes and Audre Lorde
Both these writers explode the notion that female identity is uniform and continuous. Cervantes's poetry is characterized by her dual heritage, and she frequently juxtaposes locations, languages, and imagery. Similarly, Lorde's poetry features candid speakers struggling with their experiences as outsiders because of race, gender, and sexual orientation. Comparing the way these poets use standard English alongside Spanish or black vernacular dialect also raises useful questions about what it means to connect two worlds and what it means to be an American. Both writers also recognize the political force behind poetry. Cervantes has been instrumental in creating and developing a Chicano aesthetic, just as Audre Lorde has been an important presence in Black Arts. Despite these similarities, these writers differ widely, particularly in the tone of their poems. Lorde's use of the first person creates an intimacy with the reader, whereas Cervantes's writing has a more narrative feel. How do these authors redefine what it means to be American? How does their ethnic heritage influence their ideas about America and its national values?
James Wright and Joy Harjo
Both of these poets share an affinity with nature, and both write in a meditative style. While Wright looks primarily to nature as an antidote to the modern, Harjo expresses a desire to unite the past (her Native American heritage) with the present (modern times), and she uses nature as a means to connect the two. Wright and Harjo, however, do share a desire for transcendence, and might be described as meditative poets. Both poets remember and long for nature and landscapes destroyed or threatened by civilization, and both poets write with a sense of loss and reverence. In what ways can their poems be read as elegies, not for people, but for landscapes and locations? How do the different backgrounds of these poets influence their views of nature? How do they complement and diverge from one another?
Amiri Baraka, Gary Snyder, and Allen Ginsberg
These poets recognize the political power behind their poetry, and they use words to shock audiences, critique government institutions, and question traditional American values. Although he later became a leader of the Black Arts movement, Baraka was connected to the early Beat movement, and he knew Ginsberg and the other New York-based writers of the movement. Like the Beats, Baraka was interested in living on the fringes of society, exploding conventional ways of thinking, and using poetry for political rebellion. By the mid-1950s, however, Baraka had separated from the Beats to pursue racial themes in his poetry, and his work became increasingly militant. He also began spending more time on drama and dedicated himself to bridging the gap between the community and artists. While the Beat poets considered themselves outsiders, they did write poetry that appealed to the masses. Just as Baraka shocked audiences with his dialect, obscenities, and violence, so the Beat poets shocked their readers with similar breaches of tradition, using obscenities, slang, and references to illegal drugs. Ginsberg became the voice for the Beat movement, and Baraka, in a similar fashion, became the figure most associated with Black Arts. Both poets had lifestyles that matched their vibrant, radical, and confrontational poetry. Gary Snyder, however, joined the Beat movement later, after many of the writers had moved to San Francisco. His interest in nature and ecology set him apart from Baraka and Ginsberg. Snyder's work is also decidedly more meditative. Still, he shares their radical use of diction and subject matter, and he, too, lives on the fringes of society. Like Ginsberg, who was interested in the Far East, and Baraka, whose poetry reflects a fascination with Africa, Snyder's work also shows some marks of primitivism. Interested in the Far East, particularly China, and Native American culture, Snyder explores transcendence and spirituality in his work. How do these poets deepen our understanding of the Beat movement and its complexity? How does each poet use politics differently in his work? How have these men changed our perception of the poet as a cultural figure?
Sylvia Plath and Adrienne Rich
These writers are considered among the most important feminist poets of our century. Both women struggle to represent female experience, and they shatter conventional notions of poetic subject matter in the process. They write openly about the female body, intimate relationships, sex, and motherhood. For both authors, questions of identity are central to their work, and readers are often struck by the conflicted sense of self represented by these poets. How do these authors challenge society's treatment of women and sexuality? What is experimental or innovative about their writing? Why are they so important to the feminist movement?
John Ashbery and Allen Ginsberg
Both of these poets are interested in the discourse of popular culture and they both explore the boundaries between prose and verse. In addition, both Ginsberg and Ashbery avoid writing about specific events and people, choosing instead to concentrate on the workings of the mind or a representation of the creative process. But Ginsberg uses an authoritative, sweeping voice reminiscent of Whitman, whereas Ashbery's poetic voice seems detached, erudite, and witty. Ginsberg looks to jazz, Eastern religion, and drugs for poetic inspiration, whereas Ashbery draws on visual art and is particularly influenced by avant-garde painters like Jackson Pollock. Ginsberg's poetry is highly political, whereas Ashbery seems disconnected from the political turmoil of the 1960s. How do these poets represent American experience? How do they incorporate elements of popular culture? What do they envision as the goal of poetry and art?
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Tales of Maj'Eyal
Tales of Maj'Eyal
Minimum system requirements:
T-Engine4 requires a graphical interface that supports OpenGL (just about any graphics card). A connection to the Internet can be optionaly used to directly download game modules or to save/load savefiles on a dataserver if you wish.
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Linux Format forums Help, discussion, magazine feedback and more english (c) Copyright Tue Jul 29, 2014 7:07 pm by Linux Format forums Tue Jul 29, 2014 7:07 pm Tue Jul 29, 2014 7:07 pm phpBB2 RSS Syndication Mod by Lucas 1 Linux Format forums Help, discussion, magazine feedback and more Linux Format Newsletter -- #22, February 2007 <br /> Author: <a href=''>M-Saunders</a><br /><br /> Posted: Fri Mar 09, 2007 4:19 pm<br /><br /> <br /><br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> LINUX FORMAT WEBSITE NEWSLETTER -- #22, FEBRUARY 2007<br /> <br /> <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> CONTENTS<br /> <br /> 1. Welcome!<br /> <br /> 2. LXF 90 on sale<br /> <br /> 3. In the news...<br /> <br /> 4. This month on the forum<br /> <br /> 5. Special newsletter feature<br /> <br /> 6. Coming up next issue<br /> <br /> 7. Receiving this Newsletter<br /> <br /> 8. Contact details<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 1. Welcome!<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> If you're a regular LXF website visitor, you'll no doubt be familiar <br /> with our Archives section - a big list of LXF issues and their <br /> contents, with a selection of PDFs too. Well, we've given it a <br /> complete overhaul, adding new search facilities and a lot more <br /> information for each issue. Please do test it out; currently it has <br /> the last six issues of LXF, but we'll be expanding it over the next <br /> few weeks and adding more features:<br /> <br /> <a href=";name=NewArchives" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;name=NewArchives</a><br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in this month's newsletter we have a special feature on <br /> programming languages. If you've never coded before and you're <br /> looking to get started, or you're a regular hacker but want to <br /> spread your wings beyond the languages you know, give it a look. We <br /> also have a peek at the new LXF issue, plus a roundup of the hottest <br /> news and forum topics. Enjoy!<br /> <br /> Mike Saunders<br /> Newsletter Editor<br /> <a href=""></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 2. LXF 90 on sale<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> Linux Format issue 90 is now on the newsstands, and this month we've <br /> gathered together the most common Linux problems and provided <br /> in-depth solutions. Having trouble compiling some source code? Need <br /> to keep your PC from overheating? Can't get internet connection <br /> sharing to work? See our comprehensive set of walkthroughs covering <br /> software, hardware, networking and administration.<br /> <br /> Sony's PS3 is getting ever closer to a UK launch, and you can do <br /> more with this powerhouse than just play games. We look at new new <br /> release of Yellow Dog 5, featuring the dazzling Enlightenment window <br /> manager, and show how it turns the PS3 into a usable desktop <br /> machine. Over in serverland, Paul Hudson explores three essential <br /> Apache modules that wring more from your web server - helping you to <br /> limit bandwidth and keep URLs nice and snappy.<br /> <br /> If you're a dab hand at programming and need a new challenge, check <br /> out our feature on esoteric programming languages, including a look <br /> at the horrendously complicated Spaghetti and Malbolge interpreters. <br /> Also on the programming front, we catch up with Damian Conway, who <br /> works alongside Larry Wall to design and maintain perl. Damian <br /> reveals what's going on with Perl 6 development, including <br /> enhancements to its object orientation features.<br /> <br /> In the reviews section we rate OpenSUSE 10.2, SoftMaker Office 2006, <br /> VMware Workstation 6 and WXWidgets 2.8, while our tutorials section <br /> includes guides for installing RPMs, using SugarCRM, mixing MySQL <br /> and PHP skills, Mono programming and hacking the GRUB bootloader. <br /> Our regular HotPicks section brings together the best new open <br /> source programs, including Amarok-wannabe Exaile:<br /> <br /> <br /> # Exaile 0.2.7b2 -- <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> Putting to an end to childish squabbles over whose desktop has the <br /> best applications, Exaile is a music player that attempts to bring <br /> all the great features of KDE's Amarok to Gnome.<br /> <br /> These days, simply playing audio tracks just isn't enough. Of <br /> course, Exaile provides a comfortable way of doing that and <br /> handles various wave formats including Ogg Vorbis and MP3 and even <br /> good, old- fashioned audio CDs. Beyond this, Exaile adds support <br /> for Shoutcast internet radio sites (with the optional feature to <br /> record streams to disk, provided you have the Streamripper tool <br /> installed), the music social networking service, and even <br /> your iPod. There are tools to automatically fetch and display <br /> album artwork for a playing track, song lyrics and guitar <br /> tablature, and it can show album and artist information from <br /> Wikipedia in an embedded browser window.<br /> <br /> All this candy is just a sweetener to enhance Exaile's core <br /> functionality, though: the management of your music collection and <br /> the creation of playlists. Music can be imported from various <br /> sources, and browsed by artist or album. Exaile stores details of <br /> your collection in an internal SQLite database, so access should <br /> be speedy no matter how large your library grows. You can create a <br /> custom playlist by simply dragging and dropping tracks from your <br /> collection, but Exaile has more powerful tools than this.<br /> <br /> For example, use it to automatically generate a playlist of 100 <br /> random tracks, or your 100 top-rated tunes. Smart playlists let <br /> you build playlists of songs that match a set of user-defined <br /> queries - you can query by artist, album title, genre, year of <br /> release, or many more criteria. In short, finding the tracks you <br /> want to listen to should never be a problem again; it's a huge <br /> leap from hunting through a bookcase full of audio CDs.<br /> <br /> Like many Gnome apps these days, Exaile has been written with <br /> Python. You'll need Python bindings for GTK, Glade, GStreamer and <br /> a bunch of other libraries, but most of these should already be <br /> installed by a modern deployment of the Gnome desktop. Exaile also <br /> requires ElementTree for XML support. This is included in Python <br /> 2.5, but you'll have to install it yourself if you use 2.4. Get it <br /> at <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a> - and happy listening.<br /> <br /> <br /> Snag a copy of LXF90 for nine other top-notch entrants to the world <br /> of free software!<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 3. In the news...<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> Are we starting to see some consolidation in the distro world?<br /> <br /> <br /> # Canonical and Linspire team up<br /> <a href=";name=News&file=article&sid=493" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;name=News&file=article&sid=493</a><br /> <br /> Canonical, makers of the supremely popular Ubuntu Linux <br /> distribution, has announced a partnership with desktop distro vendor <br /> Linspire. The agreement sees Linspire transitioning from Debian to <br /> Ubuntu as its base, with Freespire 2.0 due in the first quarter of <br /> 2007. See the link above for the full story.<br /> <br /> <br /> # SCO blames Linux, admits legal woes<br /> <a href=";name=News&file=article&sid=489" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;name=News&file=article&sid=489</a><br /> <br /> Last night on Hollyoaks - we mean, the IBM vs SCO drama: SCO has <br /> admitted that IBM could win a summary judgement and that its case <br /> may never be heard by a jury. Not only does SCO realise that its <br /> legal efforts may be doomed, but the company is still blaming Linux <br /> for the decline of its Unix product sales. At the same time, <br /> Information Week describes how commercial Unix is actually on the <br /> rise. See <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> <br /> # Mandriva to get GUI facelift<br /> <a href=";name=News&file=article&sid=484" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;name=News&file=article&sid=484</a><br /> <br /> The next release of Mandriva will incorporate Metisse, a flashy <br /> window manager based around the venerable FVWM. Metisse includes 3D <br /> window flipping effects, but there's more to it than 3D, including <br /> fold-up windows and rotation. See <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 4. This month on the forum<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> Until Linux hits the mainstream, we'll hardly ever hear it mentioned <br /> on TV or radio, or by people in the street. Many people only seen <br /> words like Linux, GNU and SUSE written down - never heard them <br /> spoken - which leads to lots of confusion about pronunciation. <br /> Oweny33 set up a poll asking how forum regulars said the word <br /> 'Linux', with 'Linn-nux' getting the lion's share of votes. But <br /> should that be 'GNU-slash-Linux?' [1]<br /> <br /> Shifty_ben's computer desk was getting a tad cluttered, and he <br /> posted a photo to see if anyone could beat him in the messy stakes. <br /> Lots of forumers posted their own pics, including a highly artistic <br /> panorama from Jdtate101 and a four-box setup from M0PHP (complete <br /> with a copy of LXF. Hurrah!) If you're reading this and believe your <br /> desk puts chaos storage theory to the test, do post a photo! [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [1] <a href=";file=viewtopic&t=5206" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;file=viewtopic&t=5206</a><br /> <br /> [2] <a href=";file=viewtopic&t=5228" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">;file=viewtopic&t=5228</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 5. Special newsletter feature<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> CHOOSING THE RIGHT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE<br /> <br /> Programming is great fun -- it's like having the world's biggest <br /> Lego set at your disposal, and given enough time you can write <br /> nigh-on anything possible. If you've never written any code before, <br /> though, or you're only familiar with one or two languages, you may <br /> be daunted by the vast range of programming languages on offer. Here <br /> we'll go through the most popular languages doing the rounds, <br /> explaining their strengths and (hopefully) making it easier for you <br /> to choose what to learn.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. C<br /> <br /> C is the bread and butter of the programming world. It's vanilla, <br /> it's beige, it's boring -- but it's everywhere. C was originally <br /> designed to be a more portable form of assembly language, and <br /> consequently it doesn't do much itself; you need supporting <br /> libraries. All C implementation have a standard library of basic <br /> string handling and maths routines; for anything more, though, you <br /> need to add something else, such as Gtk for a GUI.<br /> <br /> C is hard work, and for programming graphical apps you're better off <br /> with C++, C# or Python, but its syntax has been adopted by many <br /> other languages so it's worth learning (well, at least the basics). <br /> Thesedays, C tends to be used for system-level programming (OS <br /> kernels, GUI toolkits etc). You'll also find that many other <br /> programming language compilers/interpreters are written in C.<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. C++<br /> <br /> GCC, the GNU compiler suite used in Linux, has good C++ support. <br /> This language adopts C's syntax and adds object orientation <br /> facilities, making it a bit easier to write large projects. For <br /> instance, KDE, Firefox and are all written in C++. As <br /> a language it's a bit fiddly to learn, and retains some of C's <br /> archaic design, so if you just want to learn object orientation <br /> you're better off with Python or Ruby. Still, C++ is gigantically <br /> popular, so like C it's worth having a basic grounding in it.<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. C#<br /> <br /> Yes, yes, it's a Microsoft-developed technology, but C# is freely <br /> usable (both in speech and beer) on Linux thanks to Mono. C# has a <br /> C-like syntax but heaps of nice features and an extensive supporting <br /> library. Additionally, new bindings are being written all the time <br /> to make C# interact with various toolkits. We've been running a <br /> series on C# in Linux Format for the past few issues -- dive in and <br /> try it out! The main downside to C# is that it demands that people <br /> have Mono installed on their Linux boxes, but that's becoming more <br /> widely available (and installed by default in many cases).<br /> <br /> <br /> 4. Java<br /> <br /> Java on the desktop never really took off. It flirted with fame in <br /> the late 1990s with Java applets on websites, but the actual <br /> software was fiddly to install and Java programs usually ran <br /> excrutiatingly slowly. However, the fact that Java apps run in a <br /> virtual machine mean that they're very secure and can't mess up the <br /> operating system, so it's seeing large-scale use on servers in <br /> enterprises. Don't learn if if you're playing around with desktop <br /> apps, but do learn it if you want a career in programming.<br /> <br /> <br /> 5. Perl<br /> <br /> Perl's syntax looks like random gibberish half of the time, but it <br /> certainly packs in masses of capability into a few lines of code. <br /> Perl used to be THE language for website server-side scripting; it <br /> has since been overtaken by PHP. It's very good for text <br /> processing, but we don't recommend beginning coders try it.<br /> <br /> <br /> 6. PHP<br /> <br /> PHP is a lovely language for website development. It takes C's <br /> syntax and mixes in much-improved string and array handling. Also, <br /> it has a superb library of routines for interacting with MySQL <br /> database servers. PHP has a few bindings for desktop toolkits, but <br /> they can be hard to find -- so avoid it if you're writing desktop <br /> apps. For web development, however, it can't be missed.<br /> <br /> <br /> 7. Python<br /> <br /> Python is an all-round programming language suited to scripting and <br /> desktop software, and is normally interpreted. So it's not the <br /> fastest thing on the planet, but is definitely the easiest language <br /> to learn out of the ones covered here, and has a wide range of <br /> add-in modules you can use. Python's syntax is very clean and <br /> readable -- plus it's a fine way to learn about object orientation.<br /> <br /> <br /> 8. Ruby<br /> <br /> Like Python, Ruby is an interpreted object oriented language with a <br /> clear syntax and approachable learning curve. However, it's nowhere <br /> near as widespread as Python; consequently it's harder to find <br /> add-in modules, especially for writing desktop software. <br /> Nonetheless, the Ruby on Rails framework is seeing a popularity <br /> explosion, so like PHP it's worth trying if you're interested in <br /> website development.<br /> <br /> <br /> 9. Assembly<br /> <br /> Unless you're hacking kernel device drivers or writing a compiler, <br /> you won't want to dabble in assembly language. Even if you're a <br /> masochist. Assembly is the raw CPU instructions written down as <br /> words - so it's very difficult to learn and unusable for large <br /> desktop or server apps. However, it does teach you a lot about the <br /> inner workings of a computer, and if you're determined enough to try <br /> it, you'll want the wonderful NASM assembler. (GCC includes the Gas <br /> assembler, but its syntax is hideous.)<br /> <br /> <br /> IN SUMMARY<br /> <br /> If you're completely new to programming and looking to write desktop <br /> apps, go with Python or C#. There are jillions of tutorials around <br /> the net for these languages - plus of course LXF's very own series <br /> in the magazine on C#. If you're more leaning towards server-side <br /> hacking, learn PHP, Ruby and/or Java. And if you love the thought of <br /> controlling every little bit of data in your CPU, try assembly.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 6. Coming up next issue<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> Linux Format 91, on sale Thursday 8th March<br /> <br /> # Waiting for Gimp -- The next major release of the graphics tool<br /> is approaching, but why has it taken so long? Find out here...<br /> <br /> # 15 steps to security -- Keep your Linux boxes safe at home,<br /> in the server room and on the web<br /> <br /> # Super skinning -- Make your desktop look like OS X, Windows<br /> or even good old Amiga Workbench!<br /> <br /> # Eric Allman -- Sendmail's creator explains why spam is,<br /> unfortunately, here to stay<br /> <br /> (Exact contents of future issues are subject to change.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 7. Receiving this Newsletter<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> If you've been forwarded this Newsletter from someone else, and want <br /> to sign up for future issues, just follow the steps below. Each <br /> month you'll receive a sparkling new LXF Newsletter straight in your <br /> Inbox, and the 30-second sign-up process is even easier than popping <br /> a balloon:<br /> <br /> 1. Go to the website forums and log in (or sign up first):<br /> <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> 2. At the top of the main forum page, click on 'Usergroups'<br /> <br /> 3. Join the 'Newsletter' group, and you're done!<br /> <br /> If for some reason you no longer wish to receive this newsletter <br /> (which'll make the internet confused) you can opt-out by removing <br /> yourself from the Newsletter group as above.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> 8. Contact details<br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> <br /> Any questions or suggestions, please send them to the Newsletter<br /> Editor at the address below:<br /> <br /> Newsletter Editor: Mike Saunders -- <a href=""></a><br /> <br /> Letters for the magazine: <a href=""></a><br /> <br /> LXF website: <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> Subscriptions: 0870 837 4722 (overseas +44 1858 438794)<br /> Website subs page: <a href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a><br /> <br /> <br /> ----------------------------------------------------------<br /> (C) 2007 Future Publishing Limited M-Saunders Fri Mar 09, 2007 4:19 pm
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66511
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Where can I get the Google Finance API for a HTML5 Android Stocks App?
view story
http://stackoverflow.com – I'm working on an Android app, it's being written in HTML5 and I wanted to use the Google Finance API as a way of updating the apps stocks. I can't seem to find a current one. Any help would be appreciated. Also I'm fairly new to mobile app development, what's the best way to go about doing the 'Holo' theme for my application, I want it to look very modern and up to date. Thanks again, I appreciate all the help. (HowTos)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66515
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tagInterracial LoveCousin Ruthie Ch. 02
Cousin Ruthie Ch. 02
It had been a week since my encounter with "Cousin Ruth" and she was on my mind constantly. She was still staying with my wife and me while trying to work things out with her deadbeat husband.
It had been a busy work-week, so I had been getting home later in the evening and hadn't seen much of Ruthie ... or my wife, for that matter.
I had taken the time to go by her place and get her some additional clothing. It was the least I could do and it gave me the perfect opportunity to closely examine her gigantic bras. I marveled at their size. Stupidly, like a goofy teenager, I put one cup on like a hat; it covered my entire head. Unfortunately, there were no size labels in any of them, so I still have no idea what her actual measurements were -- I just know they were enormous.
Anyway, it was the second Saturday after our initial encounter when my wife told me she was heading out to the store. She had tried to wake Ruth, but she had no luck.
"I guess I'm going without her," she told me exasperatedly. "That girl could always sleep through anything."
Anything? I thought to myself as I watched my wife's car pull out of the driveway. We'll have to see about that.
I was almost giddy as I went up the stairs. I quietly opened the guestroom door and peeked in. Ruth was asleep along on edge of the bed. The room was always warm and the sheets were wrapped awkwardly around her ankles. Her arms were extended over her head causing the too-small nightshirt to ride up, exposing her large, dark belly. Her magnificent breasts were contained within that taut cotton, but just barely.
I noticed with some satisfaction Ruth was wearing those same, now more stretched than before, boxers.
I stood there for a few minutes, just enjoying the view and listening to her steady breathing. When I felt certain she was truly asleep, I crept toward her.
Kneeling beside the bed I again marveled at the size of her breasts -- they were breathtakingly large. I wanted to touch them so badly, but I was worried pulling her shirt up might wake her.
Her crotch was, thanks to those stretched beyond repair boxers, much more accessible. I leaned closer to her tangled bush and inhaled. Her scent was as raw and pungent as I remembered -- I was certain my wife was going to smell it on me last weekend; I had scrubbed my face thoroughly, but felt I could still smell it.
Gently, I let my fingers glide through her short hairs. I slowly rubbed and tugged on them. Getting braver, my fingers touched her crease and I felt her warm, wet flesh.
Ruthie shifted slightly in her sleep, snorting loudly in a most unlady-like fashion. I smiled to myself and continued rubbing. The more I pressed the stronger her aroma got; I leaned closer to breathe it in.
It wasn't long before my fingers were sopping wet and I decided to push two of them into her warm hole. They slid in easily and it felt terrific. My thumb played with her stiffening knob while my fingers explored her. Her breathing was getting louder, so I increased my pace almost certain she would wake up at any moment.
Faster and faster my fingers danced. I could feel her getting closer. She was tossing slightly and her tits were in motion beneath the tight shirt. My cock was stiff and pushing against my sweatpants.
Suddenly she bolted awake, almost screaming as she exploded.
"What?" she asked confused, "Uhn, oh my! Oh my God!"
She came in a gush -- my face had been buried between her legs the previous time, so I had been too close to see it, but this time I was in the perfect position. Her juices literally shot out of her, almost like she was peeing. It came in violent spurts and she groaned louder with each burst.
"Good morning," I said as I pulled her shirt up roughly exposing her mammoth breasts. I palmed them as best I could; squeezing and rolling them beneath my wet fingers.
"I was told you could sleep through anything," I explained, "I guess I was told wrong."
She laughed and glanced at my bulging pants.
"I'm hungry," she said tugging at my waistband, "I want some breakfast."
With that she tugged my pants down to my knees. I wasn't wearing any briefs and my hard cock bounced out into the morning air. Still lying on the bed, she pulled me toward her. My prick nearly poked her in the eye, but she directed it smoothly into her mouth.
The sight of my pale cock disappearing into that jet black mouth was incredible and I stared dumbly down at the action.
Again and again my cock slid into her warm mouth -- the white dipping in until my lower hair mashed against her dark face. Faster and faster, harder and harder she sucked me in.
Her eyes opened and looked up at me -- two white orbs in solid black. My hands were still on her magnificent tits and I pushed myself into her as far as I could. I felt her gag and I felt myself surge.
I shot my load into the deepest part of Ruthie's mouth and throat. She gagged again and tried to keep my spunk inside her mouth, but failed. It spurted out and she coughed roughly. I clamped more tightly onto her chest as I rocked back and forth, my cock still in her mouth, but not as deeply. Her warm hands cupped my ass and pulled me tighter. She licked and slurped up as much of my cum as should could manage.
"Oh, baby, I'm sorry," she whispered, "I wanted it all, but it was just so much."
She rolled back onto the bed. Her tits rolled with her, spreading out across her chest and belly before coming to a rest under each arm. Her large, dark belly sat up proudly. A line of my cum was still on her chin.
"Uh," I started, feeling myself getting hard again, "I want to fuck you, Ruth. I want to fuck you right now."
I pulled my pants off and climbed onto the bed next to her. I pulled her to me and kissed her passionately. The salty taste of my own load and feeling of her monster tits against my chest was amazing.
"Then do it, baby," she cooed.
I slid myself between her legs and grabbed the base of my cock. I sat on my knees and looked down at my hardness and at her wet pink gash hidden deep in her dark bush.
"Put your thing in me."
I leaned forward and felt the tip of my hard prick push into her tangled hair. Incredible.
Then we heard the garage door begin to grind open -- damn!
I leapt off the bed, grabbed my pants and was about to head for the door. I stopped, grabbed Ruthie's face and kiss her again for all I was worth.
"I am going to fuck you, big girl!" I promised before darting out.
I jumped into the shower and was lathering myself vigorously when my wife came in.
"I'm back," she told me, "And it looks like Ruth is still sleeping. That girl, I swear, she was always a deep sleeper."
"If you say so," I laughed, scrubbing my still stiff penis.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66516
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need a little help with redirection and expressions
Discussion in 'Install/Configuration' started by ts77, Mar 24, 2007.
1. ts77
ts77 New Member
Hey folks,
I've moved some content from one subdomain to another which also changed the parameters a little bit.
So to avoid hitting the php-code I'd like to redirect in lsws directly but I'm having trouble with using the redirect context with expressions.
Essentially I have urls with
which changed to
I tried different expressions and none was successfull unfortunately. It seems to me as if I'm missing the obvious :(.
The current expression I'm trying is:
exp: ^/list.php?f=(.*)
with an external redirect and the target uri:
whats wrong with that? I'm always still getting to the old php code on the page instead of getting redirected in lsws directly.
Oh, I'm on 2.2.6 with that machine btw.
thanks in advance,
2. mistwang
mistwang LiteSpeed Staff
You need to move this matching context up above the first non-matching context to give it higher priority.
The context configuration looks fine.
3. ts77
ts77 New Member
hmm, strange. its actually the *only* context I have in that vhost :).
Any way to trace that? toggle debug didn't give me any output beside the admin-vhost.
4. mistwang
mistwang LiteSpeed Staff
I just realized There is a problem with your matching URI, it does not include query sting when matching the expression.
So, in this case, you have to use a Rewrite rule for this.
5. ts77
ts77 New Member
ah, I knew I was missing the obvious ;).
but AFAIK rewrite engine also doesn't match on the query-string or am I wrong?
6. mistwang
mistwang LiteSpeed Staff
That's true that rewrite rule only matches URI part, however, you can deal with query-string with a rewrite condition. :)
7. ts77
ts77 New Member
to match it yeah but I don't get a part of the query string in a variable I guess ;).
Seems like I'm doomed to use some script engine to handle that sanely.
8. mistwang
mistwang LiteSpeed Staff
You can use "%n" to back reference matched part from rewritecond in the final URL.
9. ts77
ts77 New Member
works like a charm.
thanks a lot!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66551
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Friday, February 3, 2012
Is it receive and believe, or believe and receive?
1. I think most Christians struggle with this regardless of whether or not they admit it. I've come to realize that so many of the promises of the Lord are truly based on our choices. For instance, Romans 15:13 "May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace AS you trust in him..." It's the "as" that is the kicker. And just as you said, that 'as' is a choice--and trust is an act of faith--and I believe faith is based on memory. All through the old testament, people were instructed to build alters, monuments and markers to REMIND them of the great things the Lord did. The architect of the human heart knows darn well that we will falter, but it's in remembering what He has done for us already--that we find the faith needed to choose to trust Him. Going through my divorce, as a pastors wife that had been betrayed (we'll leave that alone for now--lol) I was rather....shattered. And very alone. I made a list as far back as I could remember, of all the moments I was amazed by His hand. I hung it above the kitchen sink. Every day I would read it.....I had an infant and a 2 yr-old and that list may have been the only reason I kept my sanity. God is good. Scratch that--God is magnificent!
2. Interesting. Faith is a biggie for Christians. It is the cornerstone of our belief in God. Without it, you're just blowing in the wind, at every little belief system that eats into our everyday life. One time when faith for me was "tested" was after my son died. He was 25. It was a shock. I was mad at God - I didn't understand it. Sure everyone told me I would see him again - but I just couldn't wrap my mind around that. This time of faithless actually worked it's way around and back to having the Faith of Abraham. I can't see it, I couldn't touch it but I choose to believe it. After all, what choice do I have for true peace (shalom) within?
I'm following you from the blog hop weekend. Hope you might do the same. God Bless.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66562
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I got some bills this morning,
They tumbled through the door
I counted every penny but
The bills still came to more
And printed in the paper
For Pisces it did say,
"If you would just be bolder,
Then this might be your day"
It said, "Lady Luck apologises
For the way she's been behavin'
And she promises she'll change.
If you don't want to know her, she'll understand,
But if you'd like to take her hand,
She could be back at your command."
So I ran round the corner,
The bookies there I entered
Put ten quid on a mare
From a stud in Kildare
But though the jockey beat her,
In Belgium they will eat her.
The tannoy began to rip as I tore up the slip
It said: "Lady Luckâ?¦"
I met a girl this evening
And I began to think
That I might get her drunk
But she matched me drink for drink.
So when she drew the curtains,
I felt success was certain
But as she kicked me out,
She spoke in the third person
She said: "Lady Luckâ?¦"
Correct | Mail | Print | Vote
Lady Luck Lyrics
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66565
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New! Read & write lyrics explanations
• Highlight lyrics and explain them to earn Karma points.
Yo Mo Bee main, drop that shit
You know what time, boo yow I know it's time for you
So grab one by the hand you know what I'm saying
And uh, throw up that finger, ay yo yo yo throw y'all fingers up
Thug style baby, thug style y' know?
Tell me baby are you lonely? Don't wanna rush ya
I can help ya if ya only, let me touch ya
If I'm wrong love tell me, 'cause I get caught up
And the life I live is hell see, I never thought I'd see
The day when I would calm down, you ain't heard
I've been known to clown and get around, that's my word
See you're walkin' and you're lookin' good, yes indeed
Got a body like a sex fiend, you're killing me
Watcha attitude to match right, don't be phony
'Cause I hate it when you act like, you don't know me
I've be stressin' in the spotlight, I want the fame
But the industry's a lot like, a crap game
Ain't no time for commitment, I gotta go
Can't be wit you every minute miss, another show
And even though I'm known for my one night stand
I wanna be an honest man, but temptations go
Throw up the finger
And all my homies go
Throw them the finger
Ya know what baby it's like
I know you've been searchin' for someone
To make you happy and get the job done
You say you need it, a man with money
But I can't be there and will you still care
Will I cheat or will I be committed? Heaven knows
Gettin' weak and I wanna hit it, so here I go
In my ride and I'm all in, gettin' high
I can hear the people callin', I'm passin' by
Everybody knows I'm ballin', and to God
Gotta keep myself from fallin', but it's hard
All the cuties know I'm under pressure, what do I do
Gettin' shaky when she pull the dress up and says it's cool
Should I stroke or should I wait a while, you decide
Move close and let me whisper, some dirty words
In your ears as I kiss ya, on every curve
Slow down baby, don't rush, I like it slow
Can't hold it any longer, so let it go
Open the gates, do you wanna fall up in heaven
Don't worry, I let myself in, all I heard was
Give 'em the finger all my homies go
Throw your fingers up
That's just the thug in me girl, you know
Peep out all my homies, y' know, it's like
I know you've been searchin' for someone
To make you happy and get the job done
You say you need it, a man with money
But I can't be there and will you still care
A lot of people think it's easy, to settle down
Got a woman that'll please me, in every town
I don't wanna but I gotta do it, the temptation
Got me ready to release the fluid, sensation
Sit down and conversate like you know me, take my hand
'Cause even thugs get lonely, understand
Even the hardest of my homies need attention
Catch you blowin' up the telephone, reminiscing
I wanna take you to the movies and the park
Now that it's passion, hold me tight
Don't need lights, I can see you by the moonlight
I know your man ain't lovin' you right
You're lonely and depressed you need a thug in your life
Enough talkin', you want me to leave, I'll get to walkin'
See you later, 'cause baby I'm a player and all I heard was
Give 'em the finger and all my homies go
Yo this how we gonna do this in the nine-trey y' know?
Throw your fingers up, y' know?
They gonna peep this, this how we run game on you
Check it out everybody
All my niggaz go uptown in the
Give 'em the finger
Throw your hands up
Give 'em the finger
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66569
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View Single Post
andrebnu's Avatar
Member Since: Mar 18, 2007
Location: Blumenau, Brazil
Posts: 280
andrebnu will become famous soon enough
andrebnu is offline
Hey guys, quick question here!
I want to use iPhoto to organize my library, and maybe for some basic editing on ramdom pics. But some of my pics, as I like to shoot RAW, I want to keep editing in Photoshop.
People say to export pics from the library to the desktop, or drag-and-drop to photoshop, so I can edit them.
My question is: After editing the picture, how do I import them back into iPhoto, without keeping the original one in the library (the export source)?
thank you in advance
If you believe you can do something, you can.
If you don't think you can do it, you can't.
Either way, you're right!
QUOTE Thanks
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66570
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More Goodies from the Expo - Part One
More Goodies from the Expo - Part One
Today I finally was able to tear myself away from other duties and spend a few hours cruising the halls of Macworld Expo. The dominant mood was one of confidence - vendor after vendor told me how this has been the "best show in years" for them, and normal human being after normal human being told me that they could feel a palpable sense of excitement about the future. As someone who has been to every Macworld Expo (except one - damn!) since, oh, about 1987 or so, this one felt unusually smile-inducing. The Apple bandwagon is on a roll, and we're all along for the ride.
You've all already read about the big doings at the Expo: Apple's announcement of the iPhone (well, duh...), Adobe's deep demonstrations of the powers of Photoshop CS3 (bag a beta when you have a free nanosecond - you'll be impressed), Quark's way-cool Flash-enabling Interactive Designer, and even nifty stuff from gorillas under 800 pounds, such as the Axiotron ModBook tablet Mac that's being distributed by Other World Computing. So as not to waste your time telling you things you already know, let me fill you in on a half-dozen or so less headline-grabbing products I uncovered during my mad dash around the two Moscone Center halls that house this year's Expo.
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Joanne B
Cool site
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66607
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Creative Samples Library
Quest Software Trade Show Contest:
Merger & contest announcement in booth theatre presentation (Slides appeared at end of 24-total slide Powerpoint rack)
Note: This sample is from the MarketingSherpa article:
Note: This is a screenshot; links will not work.
MarketingSherpa Creative Sample
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66657
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Skin Tag Information on MedicineNet.com
Skin Tags: Should They Be Removed?
Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stoppler, MD
A friend of mine has a history of basal cell carcinoma (a benign type of skin cancer), and recently we were discussing skin protection from the sun. We then began discussing what types of skin surface abnormalities should be checked by a doctor, and which ones are very common and are in general, not a concern.
The discussion boiled down to: how does she (or for that matter you as a viewer), determine whether it is a mole, actinic keratosis, or skin tag? And what types of skin abnormalities should you be concerned about?
Skin tags are one such skin abnormality, and they are also very common. Skin tags - small portions of skin that appear to be attached to or protrude from normal skin - are a common benign condition of the skin. Usually just a few millimeters in diameter, skin tags vary in appearance. Some are the same color as surrounding skin while others are hyperpigmented (darker than surrounding skin). In most cases, they are attached to the underlying skin by a small band of tissue called a stalk or peduncle.
Photo Illustration: Skin Tags (Acrochordon)
The medical term for skin tag is acrochordon. Other synonyms that have sometimes been used to refer to skin tags include soft warts, soft fibromas, fibroepithelial polyps (FEP), fibroma pendulans, and pedunculated fibroma. Skin tags can occur in anyone but tend to increase in frequency as we age. They are also more common in obese persons, possibly due to increased irritation and rubbing of skin folds. Hormonal factors or aging processes may also play a role in the development of skin tags. Skin tags are most commonly found in or near the armpits (axillae) and on the neck, but they occur commonly in all skin folds (such as the groin) and on the back and abdomen.
Most skin tags are asymptomatic, meaning that they cause no symptoms. They are almost universally benign; reports of malignancies arising in skin tags are extremely rare. Skin tags can become irritated and inflamed, especially when located in skin folds or in areas where clothing rubs against them.
If you are unsure about any changes in your skin or growths arising on the skin, always check with your doctor. He or she can identify skin tags and other skin conditions and can help you decide whether skin abnormalities should be removed.
For more, please read the Skin Tag article.
Last Editorial Review: 10/5/2006
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66685
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Bread Bag Nightmares - What causes the different colors you see?
Many of the colors you see on the moldy bread are due to the spores the fungi have produced. Molds reproduce by making spores at the end of stalks that rises above the surface of the bread, giving molds a fuzzy appearance. Spores are like seeds-they spread molds to new places so that they can continue to grow. Spores are usually colorful. Some fungi, such as Rhizopus nigricans (rye-zoh-puss neye-grih-cans) and Aspergillus niger (As-per-jill-us neye-jer), make black spores. Neurospora crassa (new-rah-spore-ah crah-sah) produces spores that appear pink. And the Penicillium (pen-ih-sill-ee-um) molds, the molds that make penicillin, are blue-green.
Some of the colors on your bread may be the result of growing colonies of bacteria, which also sometimes grow on old food. For example, a bacterium called Serratia marcescens (ser-ay-shuh mar-seh-sens) forms reddish colonies. You can tell bacteria colonies apart from molds because bacteria colonies appear smooth while molds look fuzzy.
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American Society for Microbiology
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66689
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Tuesday, February 28, 2012
Millions of Indian workers strike
Read it at Al Jazeera
Millions of Indian workers strike for rights
Al Jazeera and agencies
Falling real wage.
Leverage said...
Inflation is what has driven North Africa and Middle East protests and 'revolution' in 2011.
With Central Banks reckless financial repression & too much money on the hands of the super-rich and the banks, it can only get worse; more if you add demographic issues in these regions and increasing demand and supply shortages.
Real resources are constrained and financial speculation is reckless thanks to regulators and central bankers.
When these nations find that democracy can't fix their problem they will turn to nationalism, fanaticism and eventually even war. It's already happening in places like Egypt (and has been happening for ages in Palestina).
Too rapid and unsustainable population growth, increasing scarcity and extremely inflationary policies in the West are planting the seeds of destruction, and we can start to collect the fruits already.
If we continue down this path we will have a world war within the next 30 years.
Wekasus said...
test comment
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66700
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Quarterly Review 1511
Back to Publication
Modeling the Liquidity Effect of a Money Shock
Lawrence J. Christiano - Consultant
Winter 1991
There is widespread agreement that a surprise increase in an economy's money supply drives the nominal interest rate down and economic activity up, at least in the short run. This is understood as reflecting the dominance of the liquidity effect of a money shock over an opposing force, the anticipated inflation effect. This paper illustrates why standard general equilibrium models have trouble replicating the dominant liquidity effect. It also studies several factors which have the potential to improve the performance of these models.
Published In: The rational expectations revolution: Readings from the front line (1994, pp. 427-482)
Download Paper (PDF)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66735
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New MobyGoal! We're aiming for 1,500 well documented Arcade games.
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (Wii)
100 point score based on reviews from various critics.
5 point score based on user ratings.
Not an American user?
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars Wii ...and the same scene from the North American version. Good thing NOE changed this.
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars Wii A line from Croco in the PAL version...
Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars Wii Title screen
Alternate Titles
• "Super Mario RPG" -- Japanese title
• "スーパーマリオRPG" -- Japanese spelling
Part of the Following Groups
User Reviews
The Press Says
Nintendo Life Aug 22, 2008 10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars10 Stars 100
FileFactory Games / Gameworld Network Sep 08, 2008 99 out of 100 99
IGN Sep 02, 2008 9.5 out of 10 95 (UK) Aug 26, 2008 9 out of 10 90
Mag'64 Sep 01, 2010 9 out of 10 90
RPGFan Feb 24, 2009 86 out of 100 86
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1001 Video Games
The SNES version of Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die by General Editor Tony Mott.
There are lots of cameos and game-related appearances in this game: Link is sleeping in Rose Town Inn, Samus Aran appears in a bed at the Mushroom Kingdom Castle, models of Arwings from Star Fox and F-Zero racecars can be seen in Hinopio's Shop, Final Fantasy IV's boss music plays while fighting Culex and last, but not least, there's a boy in the Mushroom Kingdom playing on a Gameboy!
Cut content
There were a number of enemies which were designed and coded for the game but didn't make it into the final version. The related links section has a site that contains pictures and information on these enemies (as well as other things).
Mario doesn't have any dialog in this game. Not one word. He will however nod his head yes/no and act out previous events in order to explain things to other characters. He'll even dress up for the occasion.
A big misconception (poor dialog?) with this game is that the giant sword's name is "Smithy". That is incorrect.The sword's name is "Exor". Smithy is the person who made the sword and head honcho of it as well as several other of the enemies.
• EGM
• Feb. 2006 (Issue #200) - named #103 out of 200 of the "Greatest Games of Their Time"
Information also contributed by Big John WV, Mark Ennis, and WildKard
Related Web Sites
gamewarrior (5066) added Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (Wii) on Jun 24, 2008
Other platforms contributed by Suicide Squad (49)
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Skip to main content
1 hr. 18 min.
Plot Summary
Cast: Betty Rhodes , Johnnie Johnston , Bill Edwards ,
Director: Lester Fuller
Genres: Musical comedy
You Can't Ration Love (1944)
Release Date: January 1st, 1944|1 hr. 18 min.
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• Ready, Willing and Able (1937)
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• Coons! Night of the Bandits of the Night (2005)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66856
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South Africa - References
ANC Official Web Site , /(April 28, 2003).
"AU Still Mum on Zimbabwe: Mbeki,", (April 25,2003).
"Inquiry into Sick Rand." African Business, March 2002, p. 8.
Leithead, Alistair. "Payout for Apartheid Victims," BBC News, (April 25, 2003).
Masland, Tom. "South Africa's Lonely Rebel." Newsweek International, March 4, 2002, p. 32.
"Mbeki Bemoans Racial Divisions," BBC News, (April 25, 2003).
"Mbeki Loses the Plot." The Economist (US), May 5, 2001, p. 6.
"Money for South Africa's Wounds," Radio Netherlands, (April 25, 2003).
"Regional Superpower or Wimp?" Business Africa, March 16, 2002, p. 3.
"South African President Visits Howard." Black Issues in Higher Education, June 22, 2000, p. 9.
Stober, Paul. "State of the Nation—More Growth, More Social Benefits,",,1009,52986,00.html (April 25, 2003).
"World Leader's Foot-in-Mouth Disease." The Banker, May 2001, p. 8.
Profile researched and written by Robert W. Compton, Jr., Western Kentucky University (9/1999); updated by Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D. (4/2003).
User Contributions:
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Thread: is it just me or do these curls look horrible? Send Page to a Friend
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02598cam a22002897 4500001000700000003000500007005001700012008004100029100002200070245015800092260006600250490004200316500001900358520127600377530006101653538007201714538003601786690008801822690005701910690011201967700002002079700002502099710004202124830007702166856003802243856002702281 w12912 NBER 20140729125231.0 140729s2007 mau||||fs|||| 000 0 eng d 1 aCroce, Mariano M. 10 aInvestor Information, Long-Run Risk, and the Duration of Risky Cash-Flows h[electronic resource] / cMariano M. Croce, Martin Lettau, Sydney C. Ludvigson. aCambridge, Mass. bNational Bureau of Economic Research c2007. 1 aNBER working paper series vno. w12912 aFebruary 2007. 3 aWe study the role of information in asset pricing models with long-run cash flow risk. To illustrate the importance of the information structure, we show how the implications of the long-run risk paradigm for the cross-sectional properties of stock returns and cash flow duration are affected by information. When investors can fully distinguish short- and long- run consumption risk components of dividend growth innovations (full information), only exposure to long-run consumption risk generates significant risk premia, implying that high-return value stocks are long-duration assets, contrary to the historical data. By contrast, when investors observe the change in consumption and dividends each period but not the individual components of that change (limited information), exposure to short-run risk can generate large risk premia, so that high-return value stocks are short-duration assets while low-return growth stocks are long-duration assets, as in the data. We also show that, in order to explain empirical finding that long-horizon equity is less risky than short-horizon equity, the properties of the cash flow model and the values of primitive preference parameters must be quite different from those emphasized in the existing long-run risk literature. aHardcopy version available to institutional subscribers. aSystem requirements: Adobe [Acrobat] Reader required for PDF files. aMode of access: World Wide Web. 7 aE44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy 2Journal of Economic Literature class. 7 aG10 - General 2Journal of Economic Literature class. 7 aG12 - Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates 2Journal of Economic Literature class. 1 aLettau, Martin. 1 aLudvigson, Sydney C. 2 aNational Bureau of Economic Research. 0 aWorking Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) vno. w12912. 4 uhttp://www.nber.org/papers/w12912 uurn:doi:10.3386/w12912
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Video: Data mining a mountain of vulnerabilities
Posted on 22 January 2013.
Veracode used static binary analysis on thousands of applications submitted to them by large enterprises, commercial software vendors, open source projects, and software outsourcers, to create an anonymized vulnerability data set. By mining this data we can answer some interesting questions.
There are significant differences in the quantity and types of vulnerabilities in software due to differences in where the software was developed, the type of software it is, in what language it was developed, and for what type of business the software was developed for.
Which industries have the most secure and least secure code? What types of mistakes do developers make most often? Which languages and platforms have the apps with the most vulnerabilities? Should you be most worried of internally built apps, open source, commercial software, or outsourcers? How do latent vulnerabilities relate to those most often exploited. These questions and many more will be answered as we tunnel through vulnerability mountain.
Here's the video, recorded at Hack in The Box 2012:
Chris Wysopal
Chris Wysopal (AKA Weld Pond), Veracode's CTO and Co-Founder, is responsible for the company's software security analysis capabilities.
Chris was one of the first vulnerability researchers for web applications and Windows, publishing advisories in Lotus Domino, Cold Fusion, and Windows back in the mid 1990′s. Around the same time he also co-authored L0phtCrack, which he still sells today, and ported netcat to Windows.
Android Fake ID bug allows malware to impersonate trusted apps
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The Stash
Do Markets Increase Trust?
This chart shows the correlation between new company formation (a proxy for competition) and trust levels before and after deregulation:
The clear trend is that the rise in trust coincides with the rise in competition.
The researchers also found that workers employed in more competitive industries report having higher levels of trust in others, regardless of these workers' education, race, age, gender, city size, income, and a whole host of other things that might explain the pattern.
Why would working in a competitive sector make people more trusting? We think it is because competition disciplines people to act in the group’s interest. Each one of the many workplaces in the labour market constitutes a collection of workers tied together via the performance and continued existence of their firm. Shirking, or free-riding, is always good for the individual but bad for the group. Groups with more free-riders tend to under-perform, and when competition is intense, under-performance becomes very costly. This limits free-riding in competitive environments, and the more time one spends with people who don’t free-ride, the more one is likely to trust others.
According to the measure of competitiveness the researchers used for this portion of the paper (which is based on the percentage of sales captured by the biggest firms in an industry), the finance sector is one of the more uncompetitive industries out there. But given the catastrophe it helped bring about, that shouldn't be much of a surprise.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/66912
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Home |Opinion |Space | Opinion
Why I've built my own satellite
The technology-obsessed artist has built his own satellite, but is finding it much harder to sell T-shirts to pay for the launch
You have built your own satellite as part of your Open Source Satellite Initiative. What will it do?
It will communicate down to Earth and people can talk to it using amateur radio equipment. Anyone can send it a message, which it will transmit in Morse code using LED lights bright enough to be seen from Earth with bare eyes or binoculars. I'm trying to raise the attention of the general public about the space programme, and give them a chance to look at the sky one more time.
What has the experience been like?
The most difficult thing was knowing which components can work in space, where there are radiation and temperature fluctuations. For six years, I've been digging around the internet and reading papers about the kind of commercial components used in the space programme. There are also regulation problems. Each country is trying to be responsible for any foreign objects in space. I have to say exactly which radio frequency band I'm going to use and whether I can turn off the transmitter if my satellite is causing a problem.
How much did the project cost?
The satellite cost around $600. The launching cost is $100,000. My original idea was to pay for this by selling T-shirts. If I sell 10,000 T-shirts at $35 each, then I can cover the costs. That was my plan, but making T-shirts and promoting them is much harder than launching a satellite!
Your satellite will launch on a Russian Soyuz rocket. When is the launch date?
It was meant to be 31 August this year, but it was postponed. Now it's April next year. That makes me sad. I want to finish it one way or the other.
Why did you want to build a satellite?
There are lots of issues to talk about: individuals vs institutions or the government; amateurs vs professionals - the do-it-yourself culture. Which is more important, the art or the science? I thought it would be nice to make the narratives, but still I had to build my satellite and not just fake it. Fifteen years ago, without the internet, it was almost impossible to build anything that uses extreme tech. These days, anything is possible.
Do you plan to build more satellites?
The most important mission of my satellite is to test whether all those commercial components are functional in space or not, so then we can make a better satellite next time. I think the next step is more creativity, not just implementation. It would be nice if I can bring some people - artists or whoever - to build a satellite together. We can rent a whole rocket and put like 50 of them inside.
Tell me about some of your other art projects.
I made a uranium necklace for people who want to commit suicide. I put it on eBay, at almost $1 million. Someone commented to me that it's too expensive. I replied, it's the price of your life. Another one is the LED that blinks once every 100 years. By the time it lights, I will be gone but I think people will want to see whether the LED is blinking or not. It's putting eternity to the trivial.
Hojun Song is an artist based in Seoul, South Korea. After studying engineering and media arts, he interned at a satellite company, but had no idea that one day he might launch his own
Issue 2889 of New Scientist magazine
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<i>(Image: Hojun Song)</i>
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09:00 28 July 2014
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Abstract Page
Abstract Page
Personality Plus The New Yorker, September 20, 2004 P. 42
ABSTRACT: ANNALS OF PSYCHOLOGY about personality tests… Writer tells about Alexander (Sandy) Nininger, who was posthumously awarded the first Congressional Medal of Honor in the Second World War for feats of bravery during fighting in Bataan. Writer notes that there was no way to predict that Ninninger would turn into a fierce soldier under combat conditions. He was quiet by nature, loved the theatre, and used to sit in his commanding officer’s room drinking tea and listening to Tchaikovsky… Over the course of the last century, psychology has been consumed with the search for a psychological instrument that would allow you to get to the heart of someone’s personality. Mentions Rorschach tests and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Also tells about Ann Murphy Paul’s book “Cult of Personality.”… Writer discusses at length the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (M.B.T.I.) a psychological assessment system based on Jungian ideas. Two and a half million Americans a year take the Myers-Briggs test. Eighty-nine of the Fortune 100 companies make use of it. Discusses the test’s failings, in particular the likelihood that a person will not get the same score if they take the test twice… Writer tells about a similar test that he and a friend came up with. Tells the story of Katharine Briggs, who developed the test with her daughter, Isabel, as a means of trying to understand her daughter’s attraction to her fiancée… Writer then takes the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.), given to him by Lon Gieser. The test requires the writer to make up stories based on a series of line drawings. Geiser concludes that the writer prefers to avoid emotions and is low in achievement. Writer questions the accuracy of these findings…Tells about a test at the Assessment Center given by Development Dimensions International in which people spend a day role playing as a business executive. Tells about the writer’s experiences pretending to be “Terry Turner,” the head of robotics for a company called Global Solutions… Writer notes that this test respects the role of situation and contingency in personality. It is probably the best method employers have for evaluating personality. But could an Assessment Center help us identify the Sandy Ninningers of the world?… The quality of being a good manager is, in the end, as irreducible as the quality of being a good friend…Writer suggests that only way to find out Sandy Ninninger’s true personality is to join him in the jungles of Bataan.
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The Echinoid Directory
Contributed by Andrew Smith, August 2011
Mizunamia Ishijima & Hatai, 1973, p. 67
Miocene, Japan
Name gender feminine
Mizunamia tokiensis Ishijima & Hatai, 1973, p. 67, by original designation.
Species Included
Only the type species.
Classification and/or Status
Nomen nudum. Genus based on a possible echinoid spine seen in thin section.
Ishijima, W. & Hatai, K. 1973. A problematic microfossil from the Miocene Mizunami Group, Toki-Mizunami District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. St Paul\'s Review of Science [=Rikkyo Daigahu Kenkyu Hokoku] 3(3), 65-68. [not seen]
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Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2005 09:28:11 EST From: Subject: Straight Bars .. Part 4 Hey, guys . can you believe!! After that long `dry spell' in my writing -- here's yet another chapter already!!.. So let's get the "legal stuff" out of the way ... This story contains graphic sexual activity between consenting adult males .. if you are under 18 or in a geo-political area that prohibits this type of literature. or you are offended by homo-erotic story themes. go click on your "Back" button !!! Otherwise, I hope you enjoy . Straight bars can be fun . part 4 by cnjshore9 .. There are like 6 or 8 straight bars within about 5 miles of my house that I like to go to . and, so far, I've `gotten lucky' in almost every one of them !! Well. it's not like it's any miracle. The nearest gay bar is over 20 miles away, so unless you are really `hard core' into that scene (and willing to risk getting pulled over on the way home), you make do with the local pubs. That also means you should really "appear straight". A few of these bars cater to construction workers, fishermen, and/or bikers and you can get your butt kicked if you come on a bit `poofty'. But on the other hand, a few of those rough-and-tumble types are more than willing to enjoy a nice manly bit of fun, and there are those `others of us' who are in there at the time. But that's some other stories. This particular night of adventure began in one of those `chain' family restaurant and bar places. Unlike the one across the parking lot, which won't allow any of their off-duty staff sit at the bar, this one seems to encourage it. And that's what it's all about. Yes. that hot, young bartender that I've been eyeing for several months!! So what's so hot about that guy? Nothing. Just my own opinion. He's about 6'4", probably tips the scale at no more than 160-170, has big hands with long fingers, a very `prominent' nose (i.e., BIG), large ears (one pierced with some kind of hardware stuck through it), somewhat longish, unruly, hair and long, dark sideburns. He looks a bit like he is stuck in the 70's. ..and I have tried (man, have I tried!) to see what may be in there behind the fly of his black slacks -- which is why I also know every scratch in his very large, silver, cowboy-style buckle! However, there has never been even the slightest hint of what goodies might be hidden below it. I can only figure that it's sooo long it really hangs down and hides. Oh.. and I'd guess him to be just past 30. .and me.. Well I'm 55 years old, 5'10", getting a bit heavier around the middle (actually all over), but still able to `carry it well' as they say. I have very short hair that used to be brown, but is pretty much salt-and-pepper now, with a moustache and beard. (If you have AOL, you can actually go in and see for yourself in my profile pics.) . I know. I'm supposed to be too old to play around with a `kid' . but one can dream can't one? Anyway. Harrison (and don't call him Harry!). has been drawing pints for me for some months now, and I just keep looking and wondering. In fact, this night, he had been working the end of the bar where I was sitting for the end of happy-hour when his shift ended. I saw the shift change coming in, so I pushed some bills over to the edge to make sure that it went into his shift's tip bucket. (I hate it when they make the `silent' shift changes and the guys that have been serving you are gone before you notice, and the new shift gets their tips !! I know. they say it "evens out". but I don't like it.) "Thanks, Peter," he said as he picked it up and dropped it in the bucket. (I guess I should also add, as I did with Harrison's name..'and don't call me Pete!') About that time, a couple of hardy younger guys sat down on the vacant stools to my right. Of course, that took my attention for a few minutes as I checked them out. Nice looking, both in mid- to later-30's. Both wearing jeans and sweatshirts with a construction company logo on the left and work boots. The one on the far right appeared to be slightly older than the one next to me, and as he settled in on the stool, he opened his legs a bit and you could see a very appealing package! His face was nice too, very Italian, and a smile that could brighten up any cloudy day. The one next to me was a reddish blonde with some scattered freckles that you could see even through his outdoor-work tan -- most probably of Irish heritage. I glanced down long enough to see that there was a man-sized bulge in those jeans too - obviously not suffering from "the curse" ! I couldn't spend much time checking it out . so I turned my attention back to the front and watched the new shift of bartenders going to work, serving a few customers, but also starting their evening ritual to clean up, wipe bottles, etc.. A couple of them came over to say "hello" and shake hands - this is one of those places that prides itself on knowing the names of their `regular' customers and acknowledging them by name. As I looked across the bar, and focused, I saw Harrison sitting there facing me. Well . not just facing my way - but looking directly at me. I nodded at him, a half greeting like you do when you see someone you know who's too far away to speak to. He nodded back as I turned my gaze slightly to his right, not wanting to push the eye-contact too long. Then. I would have sworn . he winked at me!!! My eyes went back to his, and he smiled. Now we were looking directly into each others' eyes. No. that's not happening. Yes it is! Can't be! But it is! Being as unsure and insecure as I am - yes, I really am - I broke the contact and looked down at the beer in front of me, reviewing the past couple minutes over and over in my mind. Was he really `coming onto me' ? Was I mis-reading something? It sure seemed to be what had happened. But there is no way that young stud would be interested in this old guy. He must meet hundreds of hot guys his age here at work. And he's never, never shown anything except a wholly business approach to me. Why would he do that? I couldn't resist, I looked back up, and there he was - still looking directly at me! It made me feel very uncomfortable. Finally the idea dawned in my foggy brain. He's figured me out!! Somehow he has decided that I'm gay .and now I'm going to get `outted' to the whole damn place . and I'm never going to be able to come back here. Oh, shit !!! Oh, fuck !!! About that time, my bladder decided to send a message to my brain, saying "Yoo, hoo. I'm full down here!!" So I stood up, turned, and went toward the men's room. I know . I've made more than one trip into there when I didn't have to. But it's one of the places that has two urinals side-by-side - without any shield in between - so, if you're lucky, and a guy comes in next to you and isn't a `hider', you might get to do a bit of window-shopping. When I went in, no one else was there, so I took the urinal on the left and had started to really flow when I heard the door open behind me and I felt someone step up to the one on my right. As I turned my head slightly to the right to see who it might be, I heard someone say "Hi, Peter." I turned my head fully to the right, and there stood Harrison! He was looking directly at me and then he looked down. There was no question that he was indeed `checking out' what I had in my hand!! Well. that was it!! I `returned the favor' and looked to see what he was holding. WOW!! It was definitely what I had guessed! It had to be a full 6 or more inches - cut and with its deep red head exposed, it was totally soft lying there across his open palm. He wasn't doing anything but, in effect, saying "here it is . all of it. take a good look." Then he closed his hand around it and slowly began to pull on it. As he did, it began to plump - and lengthen!! Another one of those that both `shows' and then `grows' !!! Needless to say .. what he was still looking at began to perk up a bit. ".a bit" ?? NO!! it went from `zero-to- sixty' in about 3 seconds flat !! The bladder was still in control and determined to empty itself, so the outpouring had now split into a forked stream as it so often does when `standing tall', but you could have used it to drive nails or split wood !! I moved my hand down to where I only had a hold, right at the base, with my thumb and forefinger. If he wants a good view.give it to him! The next thing I knew, his left hand was wrapped around the hard shaft and squeezing it ever so lightly. At that point my bladder gave up completely and I watched as the head swelled even larger. Damn!! That felt good !! That's when he opened his right hand and let his own swollen dagger stand out. By now it had to be a good 8 inches in length, with a very nice helmet-head, rather blunt at the end, but with a wide flaring corona. The shaft itself was fairly thin (in keeping with his general build), so it looked more like the base of a pool cue than a baseball bat. "Hmmmmm," I thought. "That would fit nicely!" I reached over and wrapped my right hand around it and gave it a squeeze and a light tug. His head responded the same as mine had done with a pulse and swelling. But it's really not "safe" there. There is no `warning time' when someone else comes in.. the door opens and it's right there behind you! Still in control of at least a few of my faculties, I knew this and immediately dropped that wonderfully hard, yet soft as velvet, rod sticking out of his black slacks. He, in turn, removed his left hand and began to try and get that big stick back behind his zipper. Turning to me he said in a near whisper, "My van is right out back. Meet me there." By then he had succeeded in zipping up and was starting toward the door. I was still trying to get my own rigid pole back inside my now too-tight black levis. Finally, I gave up for a minute and decided to leave it out and hope it would back-down a little. Willing it to go down and allow my bladder to finally empty, it finally began to trickle again. As the stream strengthened (and the blood was leaving), the door opened again and I could see someone come from behind me and stand to my right. I recognized it as the Italian-looking stud who had been on my right at the bar. Apparently he was not bashful or modest, and he proved that the package I had checked out before, was definitely what it appeared to be. He hauled out a very nice 4-5 inches of dark, uncut manhood!! Then, as it started to flow, he peeled back the foreskin and you could see the shiny, smooth, bluish-pink head emerge until the skin dropped behind the prominent ridge. As `proper etiquette' in a men's room dictates, his eyes were fixed on the blank tile in front of his face so I don't think he saw me check him out. Anyway, I chalked that one up to "look for this boy again!", squeezed out the last drops, and put myself away. I had some `business' to attend to! Leaving the men's room, I went back to the bar to retrieve my change and glasses (I always leave my glasses or cap at my place when I go to the loo, so they know I haven't left. several times when I haven't left them there, I've had the place cleared and my change taken as a tip. so I've learned !). I nodded to Jimmy, one of the on-duty barmen, and left. It was natural that I went out the back door because that's where I usually park and come in, so no one would think it unusual that I was going out that way. Stepping out to the back parking lot, I looked up and down the rows of cars, jeeps, and SUV's trying to find a van. Sure enough there one was -- one row over and about 10 spaces to my left. Talk about "stuck in the 70's" . it was one of those vans that were so popular back then - the kind you could turn into a camper or whatever. You know .. from before the day of the SUV - but not quite all the way back to the VW minibus!! As I walked over to it, the side door slid open and I saw Harrison bent over inside, his hand on the door. "Over here," he said. I smiled at him and nodded as I walked to where he was parked. Climbing in, I noticed that he had "outfitted" the van just as I had figured (or maybe he bought it that way? . what difference?). There was a bed (really a `sleeping platform') across the back in front of the doors there. There were a couple of cabinets on the side opposite the door I had just come through and there was an ice-chest/cooler on the floor under the cabinets. I was sort of surprised that I didn't see a bottled-gas burner in view, that would have just completed the whole picture of a home-on-wheels. While I was making my quick observations, he slid the door closed behind me. That's when I also noticed that there was curtain drawn across the width of the van just behind the front seats and there was only one seat in the rear behind the driver's area. The only windows visible were in the back doors, and they too were curtained. Very private !!! "You know I've seen you looking at me and `checking me out' for quite a while," he said to me. There was nothing threatening or uneven in his tone. It was just a statement. In my usual, quick-witted comeback style, I said: "Oh." "So, I decided last week that I would let you. I'm `bi'. I've got a girlfriend.but I like to make it with other guys sometimes. I like the feel and taste of a nice cock, I like to have mine enjoyed as well, and I like to fuck a nice ass every now and then." This was all said matter-of-factly. No games. no circumlocutions. just right out there up-front. This time, I just outdid myself. I pulled all my resources together and responded, "Oh.." Finally I got my mouth and brain in synch and I continued. "And what made you think that I would be interested in those particular `activities' you named?" "Oh. in my work, you learn to `read' people pretty well. .and somewhere along the line I decided you were into those things. You are, aren't you?" "Well.yes," I admitted. "I'm into those things." "Then why are we still dressed?" he asked. Then turning around, he lifted the lid on the cooler and asked, "Want a beer? I didn't get to finish the one I had inside." "Sure," I answered. I do like to get a little more `comfortable' with a guy before we `go for it'. "Sit here," he said, reaching into the cooler with his left hand as he used his right to point to the empty seat. Then reaching in with his right, he extracted two Coronas and popped the tops with the opener he had attached to the side of the cabinet above. "I know you usually drink Miller- Lite, but this will have to do." Handing the cold bottle to me he smiled and sat down on the edge of the bed. Damn! I had been attracted to him before, but right now he was absolutely the sexiest guy I could imagine! Somehow, the individual parts that weren't that great, were really something when taken in total. I even noticed then that he had hazel eyes with flecks of green, and had apparently cost his parents a few dollars for orthodonture! Very nice teeth! So why was I sitting all the way over where I was? There must have been a good 3-4 feet between us. Getting up (as much as you can in the back of a van), I moved over and sat next to him on the bed. That's when I noticed that there wasn't really any mattress on the platform - just a couple of thick comforters - with some sheets in between. I took a swig of my beer and then leaned over and set it down on top of the cooler. As I sat back up, I turned toward Harrison and put my right hand up behind his head and pulled his face toward mine. I wasn't sure what would happen then. A lot of so-called `bi' guys don't kiss men. Well. he wasn't one of those. His lips met mine and he turned toward me. His right hand and arm went around me and his left edged behind me to pull me closer to him. I responded by wrapping my left arm under his right and reaching around his right side to pull him in even tighter. "Mmmmmmm," he murmured. I felt it more than heard it. "Unnnhhh hunnnnh," I almost whined in response. With that he pushed me back onto the bed and was half on top of me. I opened my lips and teeth and his tongue surged through into my mouth. He was pressing his lips into mine as though he were trying to make them flow together. He moaned and twisted his head, grinding them ever so much tighter. My eyes were so tightly closed, it almost hurt.but the feelings running through my whole body were like electrical heat!! I was sooooo fucking turned on by that guy and what he was doing. Suddenly, he broke the kiss, sat up, and pulled his shirt and t-shirt off over his head. I could see the nice thick patch of dark, curly hair on his chest - and the two large, stiff nipples sticking out. This time, I pushed him back, burying my face in the rug between his pecs, then moving my head so that I could envelop his left nipple in my hot, craving mouth. As my tongue circled it several times, and I bit down lightly, he moaned again. This time his lower body lifted up off the bed and I looked down enough to see his totally hardened cock straining to break through his slacks. I reached down and somehow loosened that big silver buckle. then I got to the fastener at the top of his pants and had it opened and the zipper down in record time. Sitting up, I reached to both sides and pushed my fingers down behind the elastic of his shorts and then pushed and pulled them and his slacks down and off. It was only when they were on the floor below his sock feet that I noticed that he had been wearing boxers .. and that somehow I had managed in the same motion to pull his shoes off!! I looked back up at the `presents' I had just unwrapped. He was by no means a `gym rat', but he did have some clear `definition' .and a very tasty looking treasure trail running from the bottom of his chest hair, around the navel and down to that incredible piece of meat that was throbbing and bobbing above it, already beginning to drip its nectar into the curlies. I also noticed then, that he had a very nice, proportional set of egg-sized balls resting on his thighs. I pushed his knees apart and went for them. As they dropped down between his legs, I drove my face in there and began to lick. I could smell his masculine odors. The musk of his manhood, mixed with the slightly heady smell of sweat that had been shed during his work hours and just a hint of his last trip to the urinal. I opened my mouth and felt the wiry bristles hair on his sack as I enveloped his left baby-maker. He arched his back again and moaned. Yes. I was definitely "on the right track" with this guy !! They were really too big to get them both in my mouth at the same time, so I alternated left one, right one .. sucking and slurping and licking and pulling. His ass was moving the whole time. Up and down - side to side. That's when I realized that I was still dressed! Standing up again, I pulled my sweater and turtle-neck off, dropping them behind me.. then I opened my belt and fly and dropped my slacks as I kicked off my loafers. All I was wearing now was my grey boxer briefs and my socks. I left the shorts on as I bent back down to him. (I like to have them `taken' off .. and I felt sure he would oblige at some point.) This time, I began to rub my hands up and down the tops of his thighs. Then I started to lick the underside of that 8- inch ramrod. I felt it twitch and swell under my tongue. Little by little I worked my way upward until I felt the `v' at the base of the head. When I licked across that, he moaned again and bucked his hips upward. I know what he wanted right then, and I know what I really wanted to do right then . but I decided to change my tactic. Lifting my mouth off his engorged cock, I buried my nose in to his pubes, pushing his rod to the side as I worked up the trail and tasted the juices he had left behind. Oh, the flavor of youth !! That's when he raised himself slightly up off the bed, grabbed me, twisted and all but threw me around (I told you he was big!). Suddenly we were all the way on the bed in a perfect 69 position, my undershorts had disappeared, and his mouth had just taken my 6-and-half inches all the way to his throat. Man!! When that fellow is ready.he is READY! Oh, holy b'jeeze. "furnace mouth" was all I could think !! Then he started to suck and my mind shifted to "turbo hoover"! My whole body started to shake from what he was doing! When he said earlier that he ".liked the.taste of a cock." he meant what he said !!! Recovering some little thought pattern, I reached in front of my face and pulled that now nearly dripping head of his to my mouth. I licked across the slit and tasted his juice directly from the tap this time. Oh. it was soooo sweet!! I opened my mouth, took it in, and sucked for more. His hips began to wiggle again and he slowly pushed forward to drive himself deeper. Luckily, once I had stretched my mouth open enough for the head, the slimmer shaft pushed forward until he hit my gag-reflex. Unfortuately, I haven't been able to overcome that most often. I coughed and sputtered a little and he back off. I moved back a little more so that I could work on the head, rasping my tongue over and around the head, and then concentrating on the hot- spot at the rear bottom in the `v'. I ran my tongue around it and then nibbled lightly on the little lobe of extra skin that's there. Apparently he liked that - from the new, louder moan and back-arch! Letting the head out, I ran my lips and tongue up and down the long underside, feeling the wide tube that was going to eventually give up the contents of those big balls to me. Only to work my way back to the tip and re-envelop that delicious head. And `delicious' it was, as he had obviously oozed more of that sweet pre-cum. I ran my tongue through the swollen slit and felt another drop issue from deep inside. I had been so busy enjoying what was going on in my face, that, although I certainly was still enjoying the heat and draw of his mouth on me, I just then became aware of the finger that was sliding over my tightly, closed hole. My mind focused just long enough to think that it seemed awfully slick back there . he must have had some lube somewhere close by.when he bent the finger and pushed it against the opening. Oh, yes.. I thought.. and I willed it to relax and open. He did tell me about that earlier, too. And, quite frankly, I was more than ready - even eager - for him to take it there. Yes. I am a `true bottom' at heart!! I can top, and, should I ever get into a real relationship with another guy, and he is not a `total top', I do want to be able to `reciprocate'.. but for right now. I like being the not-so-wide receiver. Even as I was thinking this, I felt him working a second finger into me. I'm not that loose, but it doesn't really take much to get me ready - even for something the size of which I was about to go for. As I said, his tool is not that wide, so even though it's long, I should be able to handle it. With that in mind, I shifted and turned myself so that I was now on top of him and face-to-face. Pushing myself down his longer body, I reached around with my right hand and held his incredibly stiff manhood straight as I worked my way down to it. As I felt it in place at the doorway to my chute, I pushed again. The head popped in. As I had expected, there was no pain, so I moved further back onto that wonderful rock-hard fuck-stick. It just kept going deeper!! And deeper!! Oh. I was in heaven !!! The head was just enough bigger to really give a little stretch to the walls of my tunnel while the shaft slid comfortably through the ring of my sphincter. Finally I pushed myself up into a sitting position and drove him into me pubic-deep! "Oh, damn! Oh, fuck! You feel sooo good in there!!" I muttered. He just looked at me and smiled. I began to raise myself slightly, then lowered my gripping ass over that pole again. As I did, he clenched his eyes shut and his head began to roll side-to-side. "Awww, fuck!!" he exhaled. "Awww, fuck, that's good!!" I felt his cock swell and throb inside me. He was right.. it was damned good !!! Then his eyes opened and he said one word, "Roll". I knew what he meant and I leaned to my left toward the back doors of the van. I'm pretty close to 195 pounds, but he lifted me and turned me like I was a feather, so that he was now on top, facing me, my knees pushed up to my shoulders, my ankles over his shoulders - and he was still buried deep inside me. He looked me straight in the eyes and said, "Now. get ready to get fucked!" I believed him !!! and he started to slowly withdraw and re- enter, deep dicking me until I was out of my mind with lust. All I wanted .. all I could focus on.. was that big nail driving in and out of me!!! I opened my eyes and looked up at his face. He was still looking at me and ours eyes met again. "You have no idea how much I've wanted this ass!" he said. "I've watched you get up and walk back to the men's room .. or when you are leaving. and it has just begged me to fuck it. .and it's every bit as good as I thought it would be." ".and you have no idea how many times I've imagined you doing this!! And with just such an incredible cock as you have!! Now ride me, babe. and fill my tank with you hot man- juice. I want to feel you shoot a major, hot load up there. I want to watch your face as you pump it into me by the gallon!! C'mon, babe. fuck me and fill me !!" "You like this, Peter? You like the way I'm fucking you?" he asked as his pace quickened and he began to power thrust into me. "You like this ? You want more of it? You wanna feel my hot cum shoot up your insides? You gonna tighten your ass and suck it out of me? Oh, yeah, baby!!! Oh, yeah!! I'm getting' close. I'm gonna unload every drop out of my big balls into your ass!!" "Oh.. goddamn!! Ohhh. that feels good!! Fuck me!! Fuck me!! Fill my guts with that hot manhood of yours .. that big cock and then all that juice!!" By this point, my eyes were clenched shut and my head was now rolling side-to-side. I had fistsful of comforter gripped in each hand. I had lifted my ass as far up as I could to give him total access so that he could get as deep as possible into me for each slamming return. Holy, fuck!! I don't remember the last time (if ever) that I had such a masterful plowing. My whole body was just vibrating. There is no other word to describe it. Every time his pole rammed into me, he rode across my walnut-hard prostate, sending me into even greater ecstacy!!! "Oh, shit!" I thought. "He's gonna do it! He's gonna make me cum just by fucking me!!" I managed to open my eyes for a moment, just in time to see him close his, to see his lips shut down to only a thin line and his head arch back. I knew he was on the very edge!! He drove his shaft into me one last, hard time and then began to wiggle his hips as his long, iron-hard rod swelled up to seemingly gigantic proportions inside me. "NNNNNnggggg!!! Nnnnnnggggg!!" he keened I felt it explode deep into me, washing the sides of my chute with it's pearly white cream!! As he did, I felt the warmth of my own orgasm as it splashed onto my neck and chest. "Holy fuck!! He did it !!!" I thought as I nearly passed out - but still barely aware of the repeated jerks and throbs deep inside me as he totally drained those delicious big balls. WOW!! That was definitely in the record books !!! As I slowly recovered, I heard him take several deep breaths. Then I felt him lean forward and felt his lips on mine as he kissed me. This time it was brief, but sweet. It really just said "thank you", but I didn't expect - or want - any more that that. I reached up with both hands around him and gently stroked his back up and down a few times, before he pushed himself up and I felt the emptiness as his now softened (but still quite adequate) love tool slid out of my very well-fucked hole. I opened my eyes and watched as he stood (or crouched) by the bed and opened another `cooler' on the opposite side of the van from the one with beer. I hadn't seen that one before. But I guess it was more of a `heater', because he took out a couple wet, warm towels and handed one to me. While he was cleaning the mixture of cum and ass juices off his now totally limp cock, I cleaned up the mess I had made on myself - surprised really at the volume of `mess' that I had managed to make. That must have been one hell of a load !! He looked over at me and said, "I made these up and brought them over to the van right after I saw you come in tonight. I hoped I'd get to use them." "You mean this was all planned?" I asked, as I picked up my clothes and finally found my boxer briefs tossed all the way over behind the one seat. "Yes, . it was. I decided last week that I was going to figure out a way to get you in here. I told you that I thought you had a hot ass. I just had to find out. ..and by the way.. it is `hot' !!" "Thanks," I muttered. ".and do you think we might do this again?" I boldly asked, pulling on my clothes. "There's a good chance for it," he replied honestly, "but. a good session like this usually holds me for a few weeks.'til I start needing a good shot of cock again." "That's fine," I said. "We'll play it by ear. . although I could use a workout like that damned near every day . at least for a few of them. We'll just have to see what happens." By then, I was fully dressed and slipping my feet back into my loafers, although Harrison was still wearing nothing but his socks. I started to move toward the door and he reached over to grab the handle and open it for me (staying to the back and side so no one could see him). Then he hesitated a minute and leaned forward. His right had was still on the door handle, but his left came up behind my head and pulled me forward as he kissed me again. "Thanks," he whispered into my ear. His right arm moved and the door slid open. I stepped out. No one was around to see me - that was a relief. "I guess I better get home," I thought, "before I start to `leak'!" And I headed over to my car. ___________________________________________ Hope you enjoyed the story .. if you did, feel free to write me at .. I do answer all mail - except for `flames' (which I extinguish in the toilet!) Also.. if you haven't already. please think about making a contribution to NIFTY to keep this site open and available.
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Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2004 15:50:31 -0500 (EST) From: Sasha Steele Subject: Defender of Right 1 Defender of Right By Sasha Steele Danielle wanted what all women seek, a good home, security, someone to love her. She wanted a real man, strong yet sensitive, attentive to her needs, and one who could satisfy her insatiable sexual appetite That is why she came to SanFrancisco in the first place, to find someone to love. She had set herself up for it, saved her money, lost a ton of weight, changed her wardrobe, her hair. She was hot. She had been here for over three months, had a job, a nice apartment, but as far as finding a loving he-man who would sweep her off her feet, things hadn't worked out quite as well as Danielle had hoped. She was lonely, starting to eat again, she had better find someone soon. But SanFrancisco it seemed, was full of nothing but fags. So in order to find Mr. right Danielle knew she had to stay away from the places where they congregate. Another night, another chance to find him. Danielle dressed sexily in the highest heels, the shortest, tightest skirt. She looked sophisticated-slutty, business-like, and beautiful in a blue-ice two piece suit. Her face both innocent and devilish. Innocent in its softness, still with her baby fat, dear-caught-in-the-headlights brown eyes, full lips, cute little double chin. And devilish in the heaviness of her dark makeup. Her long black hair was done in a french braid. She wore a single strand of black pearls, a few ear and finger rings. Danielle's hips, thighs and rear end, as she checked herself in the full-length mirror, still had a bit of size from her heavier days, but then real men like that. Don't they? Her legs were clad in beige nylons - stay-ups with pretty lace elastic tops that were drawn as high as possible into her crotch. Her high heel pumps were navy blue, matching her little shoulder bag. The suit jacket short, tight, single breasted. Her hour-glass figure enhanced by a tight tummy cincher. She wore no blouse under her jacket, just a lacy powder blue brassier that matched her panties and tummy cincher. Her fleshy breasts were small, something Danielle wanted to fix in the future, but for now she was up-town, sophisticated, and ready. And that is where Danielle was headed - uptown - away from the gay bars, the better area of town. She was apprehensive of course, a woman alone in a big city, out of her element, and not knowing which places were safe. Did she wear her skirt too tight? Too short? Danielle had a drink in one club. She got leers and odd looks, but no action. She checked herself in the mirror before leaving. Her pulse raced, the tell-tale bulge in her skirt seemed to loom larger than life now. Did the penal-pouch of her silken powder-blue panties show when she sat? Of course it did. Danielle knew that. She liked to show her assets. But here, what if it offends? Danielle tugged at her skirt. It seemed so inadequate now, and her she-cock so large. A woman entered the powder room and Danielle hurriedly left. She thought to go home. But driven by passion and an insatiable thirst for sex she tried another club. Stepping out of the cab her pantied cock flashed. A sight that had not gone unnoticed by a group of young men. Once inside Danielle quickly realized her mistake. Even in this city, gay bashing was to be feared. Confronted, Danielle quickly left the club. She was very afraid. And once outside that fear turned to horror as she saw the group of men had followed her out. Panic stricken, Danielle started to run, her five inch heels and tight skirt making it difficult to do so. She was looking back, they were giving chase, and not seeing him, Danielle ran right into a man coming from the parking lot. He was six foot, broad shouldered, and handsome. His black hair was short. He wore jeans, and a black tee-shirt under a black leather suit coat jacket. "Whoa. Are you okay?" His voice was strong, had authority, yet was gentle, as was the grip he had on her wrist. Danielle was too afraid to speak. Brian, his name, quickly read the situation - Danielle's skirt had ridden up as she tried to run, and he heard angry voices drawing near. "Can you drive?" He asked. She nodded. "That's my car there," he said giving her the keys, "drive away." "W-where to?" "Find the Castle Club. I'll meet you there. Tell Louie, the owner, you are waiting for me. I'm Brian Spear." Danielle sped away as the group surrounded Brian. "That your boyfriend? You fucking queer." A few other comments were made, they had been drinking, and, being in a gang, had given them courage. "Ya. And you chicken shits are going to pay for scaring her." Brian gave the group of five no time to contemplated his words. He hadn't even finished when the first fell with a swift kick to the balls. The rest went down in quick succession and lay on the ground bleeding. Danielle's fear subsided as Brian reassured her that she was safe, he would look after her, and politely asked if she would be his date for the evening. Of course Danielle accepted. The Castle Club was upscale and highly expensive, the food and entertainment top of the line. Danielle hadn't had so much fun in her life. And her date, her defender, Brian, was so nice, and so damn handsome, exactly what she had been looking for. It seemed as though they had known each other for years. Danielle didn't even feel guilty about eating a large desert. She trusted him totally. Yet as the evening played out she once again became very apprehensive. Brian had paid the bill. They were about to leave. "Are you okay?" He asked sensing her apprehension. "I-I'm sorry, Brian. God, this is so fucking embarrassing. I have a little problem." "What is it?" "I don't know how to tell you." "Whatever it is, Danielle, it will be okay. I'll help you any way I can." "You may not want to help. Oh God. I-I can't leave right now." She lowered her head. "I have to whisper to tell you." Brian went around the table and slide into the bench seat beside her. Danielle leaned into him and whispered, "I can't go because I-I've got a raging hardon." Brian looked into her beautiful brown eyes. He reached under the table cloth placing his hand on the tip of Danielle's stiff cock. It was massive, tenting her panties beyond the hem line of the tiny skirt she wore, standing straight up ten inches or more to the underside of the table. That's the trouble with TG designer panties, no confinement. "Sssssssss." Danielle hissed as she drew in a gasp of air. She felt goose bumps all over her body. None other than her own hand had touched her cock in a long while. "I'd say this is more than little problem," he whispered, "it's a big one." His hand followed the smooth material downward on Danielle's pantied cock. She spread her legs to give access. He touched her swollen balls. "Ahhhhh," Danielle moaned. "I've got one too," Brian said. "Maybe we can help each other?" His hand never left her cock. Her eyes were closed, she put her hand on the bulge in his pants. "Mmmmmmm," Danielle hummed. "How do we get out of here." "If we can fix this up under your skirt, you can hold my jacket in front of you." "Alright." Danielle said. Brian lifted Danielle's tight skirt with one hand and with the other tucked her cock up under it. The penal-pouch of Danielle's designer transgender panties following close on her thick shaft doubled over on themselves as her cock got tucked up. And when she stood the long bulging ridge rose on an angle all the way to the left side of her impressive hips. Brian fixed himself similarly. Danielle held his coat in front of her as they walked out. Brian took Danielle to his lush apartment. Just inside the door she turned into his arms. Pressing her hardness into him they kissed, a long intimate kiss. Brian drew Danielle's cock from beneath her skirt so that it stood out straight. He moved his hand slowly back and fourth along the smooth material of her panties, which were wet with pre-cum at the tip of her cock. He took of all his cloths and stood naked in front of her. The smooth tanned skin of his hairless body glistened in the light, strong muscles moving like pythons beneath. His cock stood straight out in perfect line with hers. They stood, touching and rubbing their cocks, one against the other, as they slowly undulated their hips. Sinking to his knees, Brian reached under Danielle's skirt and slowly drew her panties down; over her rounded backside and soft hips. Her rock hard cock jumped as he pulled her panties from it, drawing them down her heavy-set beige-nylon clad thighs, allowing Danielle to step out of them. Danielle's hairless cock and balls loomed in front of him, the hem of her short tight skirt draped across the top of her shaft. A full eleven inches, two inches larger than his own, Brian had not seen one more beautiful and certainly never sucked one as large. He ran his hand down the shaft to her bald pubis mound and took its head into his watering mouth, tasting her pre-cum. "Sssssssssssss," Danielle hissed. Inch by inch Brian worked Danielle's cock deeper and deeper into his mouth, drawing back slightly then pressing still further. "Mmm, mmmmmm," she hummed. Not knowing what to do with her hands, Danielle raised them to her face, placed them on her hips, then her belly. She wanted to fuck him so hard, fuck his brains out, then fill the cavity with her cum. But Danielle was unsure what he wanted. Unsure how aggressive, if at all, he wanted her to be. Then Brian took her hands placing them on his head. He took hold her hips forcing her cock down his own throat, and Danielle knew he wanted her to fuck him. So she took hold of Brian's head, and thrusting forward her thick hips shoved her huge cock into the far reaches of his mouth. "Ahhh." She picked up the pace pumping quickly a few short strokes then drove herself deeper, momentarily pausing there. "Ahhh." Brian stretched his neck and jaw forward to accommodate her. Danielle didn't know how he could take so much of her massive cock. She didn't care. Couldn't stop herself if she wanted. She quickened her pace. "Ssssssss." Ten or so short fast strokes now, and one deep one. "Ahhhh." Brian had never taken so much cock before. Past his gag reflex he could feel Danielle's cock head against the back of his throat. Wanting more, he strained forward. His hands on Danielle's big rump. Brian could feel her ass muscles working under the softness of her fat as she fucked him. Down to a few rapid strokes now, Danielle pushed deeper, holding the deep one longer. "Ahhhh, ahhhh." She drew herself back again rapidly fucking Brian's mouth. Brian heard Danielle hiss, "sssssssss." She was close. Then he heard her moan "ahhhh, I'm going to cum, ahh, ahh. When Danielle buried her cock deep into Brian's throat that final time, pulling on his head and pushing herself into him with all her strength, Brian's nose was buried in her fleshy bald pubis mound. He felt her hairless scrotum with full balls ready to burst against his chin. And her hot pulsating cock head so far down his throat that he could not breathe. "Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!!" Danielle screamed as her cock exploded in Brian's mouth, "ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh." She withdrew, taking hold of her root and began to frantically jerk herself off, milking every bit of cum into Brian's mouth, and he swallowed every drop. Danielle fucked Brian awhile longer, moaning as she did so, until she softened slightly. Off his knees Brian kissed Danielle. She probied his mouth with long tongue for remnants of her own cock juice. Danielle liked the feel of his cock on her own, preventing her from completely loosing her erection. Brian undid Danielle's suit jacket exploring the warmth of her chubby torso and the soft fat of her fleshy little tits. He removed it, reached around, undid her skirt, and drew it down for Danielle to step out of. Her curvaceous body was beautiful, the tummy cincher accentuating her hour-glass figure. Brian picked Danielle up, carrying her to his bedroom. She knew Brian was capable, but still marvelled at his strength, as she did the beauty of his muscular body. He lay her gently on the white satin sheets of his huge bed. She was fully erect again. Brian straddled her, softly rubbing his cock against hers. Again, he took it his mouth, sucking it as he masturbated her. He ran his lips down the full length of her shaft. Danielle felt his tongue in the sensitive area under her scrotum. She lifted her legs. He inched slowly to her anal ring. She moaned. His warm tongue touched it. Danielle drew a long breath threw her teeth. "Sssssssssssssssssss." Brian's tongue explored Danielle's pink anal ring. He drew her huge buns apart, opening her up and plunged in. "Ahhhh." Danielle moaned, and hissed, "ssssssss," as Brian fucked her with his tongue. He turned his head into her bum crack lifting one leg over. Danielle rolled onto her stomach, raising up her ass, and Brian brought his cock to her. He entered Danielle from behind fucking her gently as he slowly gained depth. Then he got more aggressive, thrusting himself harder and fast, and deep, pauses for a moment ecstasy as Danielle had done when fucking his mouth. He gripped Danielle's big beautiful ass kneading her soft fat. And when Brian did come, it was hot and hard, and almost simultaneous with Danielle, who had jerked herself off onto the bed. Laying in his arms as they kissed, Danielle knew that she had finally found what she was looking for. And so did Brian.
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News Article
Nintendo Direct: Watch The European Presentation Live
Posted by Thomas Whitehead
The summer's big releases to be revealed
At 3pm UK time / 4pm European time, Nintendo Europe will host a live Nintendo Direct presentation which will showcase forthcoming software for the Wii U and 3DS consoles.
What's in store, you ask? Your guess is as good as ours at this point. Will the broadcast contain any shocks? Will we see solid release dates for eagerly-awaited games? You can share your own predictions by posting a comment below, and as ever, we'll be deconstructing the event with a play-by-play commentary on this very page.
If it's the North American presentation you're after, point your browser here instead.
Well, that European presentation was short and sweet. Sonic deal is the big news.
That's it Europe. Um, that was short, right?
Pikmin 3 arrives in Europe on 26th July.
GamePad, Wii U Pro Controller and Wii Remote+ and Nunchuk all supported. Off-TV play confirmed, use the Remote with the GamePad as a monitor, neat!
Now we can see the satellite-style map on the GamePad, much nicer than in preview builds last year.
You can replay a day if you get into trouble, such as losing your little minions.
Collect fruit, liquidize into food. Seems to make sense! Just explore from dawn to dusk.
We're onto Pikmin, with new characters being introduced.
Wonderful 101 logo looks fantastic!
The Wonderful 101 arrives in Europe on 23rd August, excite!
New Super Luigi U hits 20th June online, boxed 26th July.
Nabbi has no power ups, but can't be damaged by enemies. Perfect for less experienced gamers.
New Super Luigi U time! Multiplayer is Luigi with toads and Nabbit.
Resident Evil Revelations on show, keep an eye out for our review early next week.
Game & Wario hits Europe on 28th June
We're onto Game & Wario. Looks like typically anarchic fun.
Yikes, Nintendo has an exclusive agreement with SEGA! Next Sonic game to be exclusive to Wii U and 3DS. That's big news.
Uses Wii Remote Plus, looks a little like the Wii game but with improved visuals. Figure Skating and snowboarding 'slope stype' added. Some GamePad touchscreen events, such as curling.
Mario & Sonic Winter Olympics seems to be first up. We're currently being given a geography lesson by Iwata-san!
Ooh, it's rated 16.
Our technical mastermind has got the stream up and running, now it's just about the waiting...
15 minutes to go. We're ready here in Europe, let's see what Shibata-san has for us.
Prediction time. We're going to be dull and suggest that today will be lacking in big announcements beyond release dates of games we know about. Wonderful 101, Wii Fit U, games like that. The truly big stuff may be saved for the E3 broadcast. Or maybe we're just plain wrong...
HEY HEY! Just when we wondered what Nintendo was up to -- making games, we imagine -- it went and organised a Nintendo Direct to satisfy the masses. What will it bring us? Not long to wait now.
More Stories
User Comments (86)
Mollutje said:
My body is ready.. and stuff. Let's see of there'll be any sweet surprises. I'm guessing we'll mostly get a better look at stuff we've seen before. A Wonderful 101 release date would be nice too.
Beta said:
I predict: Pikmin 3, Yarn Yoshi, The Wonderful 101, Game and Wario, Wii Fit U, VC info, some eShop info and summer update.
KodaSmooss said:
As usual, not much expectations except release dates. It's the best way to be surprised (and it happens almost every time).
WiiLovePeace said:
If they reveal more about the next 3D Super Mario game, I hereby guess they call it: "Super Mario Starshine". As in, it takes Sunshine's F.L.U.D.D. into outer space & mixes it with Galaxy's "gravity" gameplay, so not only can Mario float around spherical objects the water you shoot out can do that too. That's my best guess / desire but I don't mind what they do with the next 3D Mario game, I just want to play it :D
anders190 said:
A game that hasn't been mentioned yet is Zelda: Wind Waker HD and a release date for it. Looking forward to it and some of the other games that's been mentioned already. :)
GermenatorHue said:
Bring it on. Nintendo needs to GETZ TO ZE ZCHOPPER and show me some gameplay footage of Wind Waker HD and 3D Mario.
ThomasBW84 said:
Hello all, if you refresh now the text chat is up and running. I'll give you all a nudge and a wink once the stream is ready...
RetroGBHippie92 said:
I hope they announce a 2D Metroid for 3DS or even better, Wii U, we are due a continuation of where Metroid Fusion left us, I want to know what happens to Samus!!
LavaTwilight said:
@WiiLovePeace Dude! That is a frickin awesome idea! I still hope they release one where Mario is saving Peach, Daisy AND Rosalina from Bowser, Bowser Jr and maybe Tatanga respectively. But Mario Starshine? Who can turn down a game called that?
I'm at work again... as usual... I'll probably be here reading comments though and I'll watch it later. Enjoy it all! Hoping for Pikmin 3 details
CliffordB said:
How about Bayonetta 2 & Mario Kart U footage & release dates and GameCube titles announced for the VC, with the first one, lets say "Super Mario Sunshine" or "Luigi's Mansion" being on the eShop after the presentation has finished?
Well, one can dream....
WiiLovePeace said:
@LavaTwilight Hahaha thanks! I just happened to be thinking a couple of days ago how much I love both Sunshine & Galaxy & what the next 3D Mario game will do to try to top those & all of a sudden it hit me: "Super Mario Starshine". Then Nintendo announces a Nintendo Direct presentation... Coincidence? I hope not! :p
RetroGBHippie92 said:
More than anything, I hope Nintendo decide to release Earthbound soon, I can't wait until it comes out on the Virtual Console!
@Musharna As long is it's a sidescroller not a First-Person Adventure/shooter
ThomasBW84 said:
If any of you can't see the stream, refresh your window now. It starts in five minutes :)
Late said:
Great time for my internet connection to slow down. I can barely use internet at all. How am I supposed to watch Nintendo Direct now...
FullbringIchigo said:
i'm so ready i just hope my crappy laptop can handle it (it seems to hate playing videos online for some reason)
Trikeboy said:
Stopping downloads, and settling in for a good show. I doubt we will see anything new but release dates for Wonderful 101, Wind Waker and (fingers crossed) Bayonetta 2 would be great.
uximal said:
I hope they will announce an update for 3DS to bring in MiiVerse integration.
ThomasBW84 said:
Just refresh until you get a Nintendo Direct logo on the stream, it looks fine at our end!
FullbringIchigo said:
Sonic exclusive to Nintendo HELL YEAH!
i wonder if any of the old sonic games will be released on it too like Generations adventure and adventure 2?
FullbringIchigo said:
i wonder could i still get Super Luigi U on disc even though i have New Super Mario Bros U
i like disc's and i can't get eShop cards where i live yet so if i can still use the disc version even though i have NSMBU then all the better
Xilef said:
Short but sweet. A Nintendo published Sonic game can only be awesome.
antonvaltaz said:
More or less what I was expecting... still a bit disappointing though.
Do you think all Sonic games are Nintendo-exclusive, or just this one? I mean, Sonic Colours was Nintendo-exclusive too...
rjejr said:
That was short and the ending was anti-climatic.
The EU is getting W101, Pikmin 3 and boxed Luigi first (DL Luigi is same date though)? The whole world has gone mad.
Peach64 said:
Well that was underwhelming :( They'd have been better off skipping this one entirely.
WiiLovePeace said:
Woah, short! Or at least it felt short. Um... I really hope New Luigi U isn't full retail price, but it seems like it may be. I'm looking forward to W101 & Pikmin 3 even more now. Sonic Lost World a Nintendo exclusive? From the quick snapshot they showed it looks like a sequel to Sonic Colours. I guess we'll just have to wait until E3 for the real heavy hitters, its only 3 weeks or so away now...
XavandSo said:
I hope NSL retail is under $50 Australian. I'm getting quite tired of Black Ops II as my only Wii U game. (Barring Nintendo Land ofc.)
Shiryu said:
Yep, I'm gonna buy every game they talked about here today. And hope to hear some western release news about "Yakuza 1&2 HD" heading out for Wii U in Japan.
rjejr said:
@andreoni79 - "luigi is $20 dd and $30 retail"
He said it first, but keep in mind those are US only prices.
Also, the US doesn't get the box until Aug, EU in July.
Also, the content is the same, so all those buying the box for the cover art, that cover art is costing you $10. Though it might still be cheaper than laying out $50 - $100 for the external HDD. I have no knowledge of the size though.
Kifa said:
That was... depressing. The console is struggling, software support is nonexistent, and they do what? Delay titles, keep it quiet about games they promised back at E3 2011, and publish DLC as standalone disks... This. Is. Just. Sick.
I'm really starting to regret ever picking up Wii U... ;/
RedYoshi999 said:
This is the first Nintendo Direct to disappoint me in while. They should be at least 30 minutes long or it feels like a wasted opportunity. Still, looking forward to Sonic and NSLU and of course the main course at E3 is just a few weeks away!
andreoni79 said:
@rjejr just bouhgt retail NSMBU a few days ago for €45 instead of €60 at GS. this means that maybe we'll be able to buy retail NSL for € 20 or less...
Wiicube64 said:
I'm a staunch Nintendo fan but even I fear the worst
The control options are too confusing; wii u game pad, wii remote, classic controller, wii pro controller, wii remote nunchuck plus +
Is it any wonder the public are getting confused about this being a Wii 'add on'
It doesn't differentiate itself enough from the previous wii
and as for ... Kop pad in Pikmin 3?
and using the wii game pad as a monitor for wii remote plus and nunchuk?
I was really expecting and hoping that there would be a surprise hint, revelation or shock at the end but it just kinda ended flatly
Just announcing a Wii U Pilotwings or Blastcorps would be enough; Nintendo need to employ me!
MrGawain said:
It actually told us some interesting facts:
1: Sega is making 2 Sonic games exclusive to Nintendo. Another Japanese company sitting on the Nintendo side of the fence.
2: Luigi will not just be DLC. This suggests Nintendo isn't as confident about it's e-shop/needs more games on the shelves.
3: Europe get Pikmin/101/Luigi before America. This tells us Nintendo loves Europe more than America....
Kifa said:
@RainbowGazelle I could not care less for Sonic... As for the dates - great, but still far away. What is there for us to play during summer anyway?
warlordovblood said:
That was kinda disappointing. The sonic news was pretty awesome but beyond that nothing else grabbed my attention. I really hope they step it up in the coming weeks prior to E3. C'mon nintendo we're counting on you. :)
GiftedGimp said:
This direct was the Warm-up act, before the main show.. the E3 Nintendo Direct, Good to see a healthy Nintendo/Sega partnership hopefully it will become something that will bring plenty of Nintendo Exclusives... (WiiU exclusive Shemnue Remakes please Sega).
On another Note the Playstation Exclusive Yakuza was anounced of the Japanese ND, including a Bundl.. lets hope its makes the transition over to the Western hemisphere.
As a collective all the Nintendo Directs show the start of a very postive time for WiiU owners.
CaveDweller said:
Overall, fairly lack-luster except for the Pikmin 3 coverage. Personally, I loved that. Seriously, those water water effects? Yum. And, off-screen play too. Always a bonus. Everything else, on the other hand? Meh.. kind of disappointing but I guess they're saving the big guns fore E3.. at least, I hope they are.
I kind of feel that a Lost World screenshot or two wouldn't have gone a miss though. I'm hoping the Wii U version is a 3D Sonic game, preferably in the vain of the Adventure series. I'm not too confident, however...
GiftedGimp said:
@MrGawain '1: Sega is making 2 Sonic games exclusive to Nintendo. Another Japanese company sitting on the Nintendo side of the fence.' - You Mean a lot of Western publishers are avoiding the WiiU and putting all thier faith in MS/Sony is exceptable but not the other way round then?
'2: Luigi will not just be DLC. This suggests Nintendo isn't as confident about it's e-shop/needs more games on the shelves.' - You mean like Rockstar when they put Red Dead and GTA4Dlc on a Playable stand-alone disc?.. both which were not 'available for a limited time' As luigi will be on disc.
'3: Europe get Pikmin/101/Luigi before America. This tells us Nintendo loves Europe more than America' - Except nearly evey game goes to Japan first, Then most of the Time US gets new games before EU and by extension Australia.
Peach64 said:
I get that they're saving the big announcements for E3... but I feel they should have shown more today. The Wii U needs a good news buzz vibe around it right now. With so many huge titles being revealed to not be coming out for it, on top of continued abysmal hardware and software sales (nobody can say these are normal for a new console anymore), they just need something to get people excited.
There will be announcements at E3, but there's also the possibility that by E3, a lot of potential customers could instead have being swayed by the Sony and MS reveals. Now was the time to get news websites focused on some good Wii U news.
MrGawain said:
To extrapolate on my original comments:
1: I wasn't saying it was wrong, I was pointing out there is a Japanese/American divide at the moment, and shows perhaps dialogue between the two gaming nationalities is a little stunted at the mo. For me it's not a problem, as I'm a Nintendo/Konami/Capom/Sega/Platinum/Namco fan. I don't much for care for Microsoft/EA/Take-Two/etc... But then I'm a Brit. I wonder if this split will affect the Nextbox? (probably not Sony as Sony is a Japanese company that manages to impersonate an American one).
2: It seemed odd to me Nintendo was calling Luigi U as DLC, but now offer it as a disc. Frankly for me I wouldn't download it, but I am likely to buy it on a disk, and from a lot of comments on here I'm not the only one. To me this seems like Nintendo is researching it's fan base and seeing that DLC/e-shop is still not as popular with Ninty fans as it is with PSers/Xboxers. It's a sensible move.
3: That was a joke! But being in the UK I get a little kick out of getting things before the US. It's a new sensation to be honest!
GiftedGimp said:
@MrGawain Fair enough, I wasn't quite sure if original post was having a dig or not tbh, but obviously not. :)
And as you say its Nice that EU is getting some Nintendo love for a change.
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Home / Freewares / Extract Resource Files from dll, exe and ocx files
Extract Resource Files from dll, exe and ocx files
Dlls, exe and ocx files typically contain various files like images, HTML, icons etc. These are packed into one file which does the job it is designed for. If you ever want to extract resource files from these dlls or executables, then Resource Extract is useful application. ResourcesExtract is a small free utility that scans dll/ocx/exe files and extract all resources (bitmaps, icons, cursors, AVI movies, HTML files, and more…) stored in them into the folder that you specify.
You can use ResourcesExtract in user interface mode, or alternatively, you can run ResourcesExtract in command-line mode without displaying any user interface. The interface is very simple, all you need is to specify the file, which can be dll, or exe or a ocx file. You can also do a wild card search. You can select multiple files using the wild card search.
Once the file is selected, you can choose which all types of files need to be extracted from the file. The tool can extract variety of files including icons, bitmaps, cursors, HTML, avi etc.
This utility works on any version of Windows, from Windows 98 to Windows 7. ResourcesExtract doesn’t require any installation process or additional DLL files. In order to start using it, simply run the executable file (ResourcesExtract.exe).
Download ResourcesExtract
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67005
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13.2 System Might Hang on Terminating the IP Address Change Step when Performing the Transfer ID Scenario
Description: Failure of the script to change the IP address or terminating the IP Change step manually might cause the system to hang. You must restart the target server and replace the service-specific configuration file with the backup file for the service.
Action: To restore the original IP address of the target server, replace the <service>.conf configuration file with the <service>.orig backup file for the service.
For example, if eDirectory authentication fails on completion of the IP Change step, use the following command:
cp /opt/novell/eDirectory/conf/nds.orig /opt/novell/eDirectory/conf/nds.conf
where nds.orig is the backup service file on the target server and nds.conf is the configuration file created during execution of the IP Change step.
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Nov 30 2009
Client side localization in ASP.NET using jQuery
Category: NovoGeek @ 19:01
However, if you are building a rich client side app using JavaScript/jQuery, you may need to fetch error messages and other strings from locale specific external file, without post back. In such cases, jQuery localization plugins come to rescue. Below are some of the best jQuery plugins, which help in localization:
1. http://keith-wood.name/localisation.html
2. http://codingwithcoffee.com/?p=272
3. http://sundaymorning.jaysalvat.com/
The third one is cool with integrated Google translation API, The second plugin is used by jqGrid & other plugins for localization. However, I really loved the first one - Keith wood's plugin, which gives a basic but powerful localisation features. All it does is, make synchronous call to the server and load locale specific JS file, which will override the variables of your base file. When you use custom events to change localized messages, the first one is the best, owing to its simplistic nature.
The question now is, how to get the UI culture of user's browser on page load.
Though the plugin is expected to do this, somehow, this is a missing feature. But you need not worry, as ASP.NET does this easily for you.In the "Session_Start" event of global.asax, just use this code:
Response.Cookies("UICultureCookie").Value = Request.UserLanguages(0)
This stores the first preferred UI culture of user's browser in a cookie. Using the information in this cookie is pretty simple using jQuery's cookie plugin. Just say:
var clientCulture = $.cookie("UICultureCookie");
$.localise('JavaScript/Constants/constants', { language: clientCulture });
That's it! Now even your client side messages in ASP.NET can be localized, without postback, using the power of jQuery.
P.S: I didn't write much about how to use these plugins, as their home pages have clear documentation & demos, which are self explanatory.
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Tuesday, July 29, 2014
Movie Review
The King of Marvin Gardens (1972)
October 13, 1972
Published: October 13, 1972
Picture Atlantic City in winter. The leaden sky, the sea, the deserted boardwalk, the Convention Hall, a few old souls shuffling through the shabby decay of the grand hotels—picture these easy images of indefinable sadness, and you almost won't need a movie. You certainly won't need a movie like The King of Marvin Gardens, which played last night in the New York Film Festival and opens tomorrow at the Columbia I theater.
You will not find Marvin Gardens on a map. You will find it on a Monopoly board—between Water Works and Go to Jail—and its king, Jason Staebler, you will find in some country of the mind known best to desperate scenarists. Jason (Bruce Dern), an artist, a visionary, dreams of buying an island ("Off the coast of Hawaii") but actually fronts for a mob in Atlantic City, where he occupies some hotel rooms with his girl, Sally (Ellen Burstyn), and his other girl, Sally's stepdaughter, Jessica (Julia Anne Robinson).
To Jason comes David (Jack Nicholson), also an artist, his kid brother. David is supposed to help finalize the Pacific island plans, but actually he oversees the insubstantial kingdom of Jason until its tragic, but less than inevitable, end.
David is a late-night FM radio personality, a philosopher, a novelist manqué, who speaks his fables into a tape recorder for future broadcast. "Nobody reads anymore... Good-bye, written word!...And I crave an audience...So I have chosen this form..." Sometimes "this form" finds David without anything to say, and the tape recorder sits there as reproachfully as any typewriter with a blank sheet of paper. The King of Marvin Gardens is thus the first movie to deal sincerely with a new artistic malady: tape-recordist's block.
There are no dialogue blocks, however, and the film simply swarms with meaningful phrases, like: "That's what I mean by being committed to somebody."
"You mean, sleepwalking along on somebody's else's life!"
I'm afraid I have made it seem that The King of Marvin Gardens is mostly the fault of its screenplay—by Jacob Brackman—whereas it is really just as much the fault of its direction—by Bob Rafelson. Rafelson's kind of poetic realism, an accuracy in the treatment of unexpected settings, looked like quality to some in Five Easy Pieces two years back. Now it looks like the most pretentious of tired clichés, a low-keyed but very empty bombast exploiting rather than exploring its themes of failed dreams and tawdry realities.
Produced and directed by Bob Rafelson; written by Jacob Brackman, based on a story by Mr. Brackman and Mr. Rafelson; director of photography, Laszlo Kovacs; edited by John F. Link; art designer, Toby Rafelson; released by Columbia Pictures. Running time: 103 minutes.
With: Jack Nicholson (David Staebler), Bruce Dern (Jason Staebler), Ellen Burstyn (Sally), Julia Anne Robinson (Jessica), and Benjamin "Scatman" Crothers (Lewis).
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Charles Montgomery Burns
• Blogs
November 7, 2008
This Saturday: Santa Ana Pub Crawl
I've never met Ben Dayhoe, but as C. Montgomery Burns would say: "I like the cut of his jib." The blogger chronicles his life living in Santa Ana's Santiago Street Lofts and is the man who started The Santa Ana Pub Crawl. He calls it his "little sociological experiment designed to change the perce ... More >>
• Film
November 23, 2006
Special Screenings
Movie of the Week: The Big Clock
• Features
May 20, 2004
• Film
July 19, 2001
Clock Works
The Big Clock comes round again
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Open Graph Drawing Framework
current version:
v.2012.07 (Sakura)
Back to Coding Standards
Source-code must be editable in a usual text editor. Since developers use different development environments and systems, the text needs to be portable and shall not assume any properties of specific environments. The following general rules hold:
• The tab width is set to 4 characters. Usually, code is indented using the tab-character; it is crucial that the text editor you are using has tab width set to 4 spaces, otherwise the displayed code will be a mess!
Code indentation
Correct code indentation reflecting the structure of control statements is essential to writing readable code. Code is indented by one tab-width (a tab character). The following examples show, how indentation is applied for certain statements.
Class declarations
class MyClass
int myFunction(int n, double x);
int one() const {
return 1;
double m_somePrivateData;
The opening curly brace is placed in a new line, visibility specifiers are not indented, member declarations are indented by one tab.
int MyClass::myFunction(int n, double x)
We place the opening curly brace in a new line, or in the same line with a space in front of it; the latter is shown in the class declaration example above.
Compound statements
These examples show how indentation is used with loops and conditional statements.
cout << i << " ";
if (x > 0.0) {
cout << "x is positive";
} else {
cout << "x is negative or zero";
switch (switchVariable) {
case '\n':
Curly braces may be omitted where allowed by C++. Empty lines should be used if this improves readability. It is also allowed to place the first opening curly brace in a new line, if the line is quite long and this improves readability.
Line breaks
If not all arguments of a function declaration fit into a single line, each argument is placed into a single line and all arguments are left-aligned indented by one tab:
void parallelFreeSortUndirected(
const Graph &G,
SListPure<edge> &edges,
EdgeArray<int> &minIndex,
EdgeArray<int> &maxIndex)
// implementation
If expressions (e.g., in if- or while-statements) are too long, they should be separated according to the structure of the expression. A following opening curly brace has to be put into a new line, e.g.,
if (('0' <= inputChar && inputChar <= '9')
|| ('a' <= inputChar && inputChar <= 'z')
|| ('A' <= inputChar && inputChar <= 'Z')) {
tech/cs_formatting.txt · Last modified: 2014/03/09 21:07 by stephan
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Tag Archives: bacon
Jack In The Box Has Bacon Milkshakes
By David Ponce
Bacon is the official food of men, geeks and anyone with tastebuds. And some sense. Bacon can do no harm; it can only end wars. Bacon transcends all preconceived notions of how it should be consumed and shows up in a never-ending assortment of foodstufs. Like milkshakes. Yes, bacon… in a milkshake. Just stringing these words together feels harmonious. Jack In The Box, you make humanity proud.
But if your mind is cloudy and you fail to see the brilliance, one reviewer “wouldn’t call it “revolting.” And that, my friends, is salesmanship at its finest.
[ Product Page (lower left on that page) ] VIA [ Uncrate ]
Bacon Frosting
By David Ponce
You know you want it.
It’s $7.
There’s 5 left.
[ Product Page ] VIA [ Uncrate ]
Bacon Maple Ale, Oh Lord…
By David Ponce
$13 for a 750ml bottle.
[ Product Page ]
Bacon Lube? Yeah… Bacon Lube
By David Ponce
Bacon is a recurring theme around these parts: you got bacon lip balm, tactical canned bacon, bacon jam, bacon muffins… and now… now perhaps the strangest of them all, Bacon Lube, “the world’s first bacon-flavored personal lubricant and massage oil.” It’s water based and it is exactly what you think it is. A joke? Not so much.
Yeah so, go get horizontal bacon style, my friends. It’s $12 a bottle.
[ Bacon Lube ] VIA [ Uncrate ]
Bacon Muffins Sound Like A Swell Idea
By David Ponce
Any geek worth his salt must have a healthy appreciation for the god of foods. We certainly do, as we’ve written about Bacon-y creations over and over: bacon baby formula, bacon jam, bacon lip balm and even bacon floss. You can now add to that delicious list Bacon Muffins. They come in Bacon Blueberry and Bacon Pumpkin Spice flavors and are $22 for a 6 pack.
While browsing the order page… I noticed several other bacon pastries. I will now proceed to give them all my cash.
[ Bacon Muffins (and others) ] VIA [ Uncrate ]
I Just Bought Some Bacon Jam
By David Ponce
I just ordered three.
[ Product Page ] VIA [ Geekologie ]
Tac Bac – Tactical Canned Bacon
Tactical Bacon
By Chris Scott Barr
[ ThinkGeek ] VIA [ FoolishGadgets ]
Want To Be Irresistible, Ladies? Here’s Some Bacon Lip Balm
By David Ponce
Been married for a few years and the ole’ hubby doesn’t quite like to kiss you the way he did in your college years? Fear not, for bacon makes everything better. We mean that. And let me tell you that you’ll become some new kind of hot once you start wearing this here J&D’s Bacon Lip Balm, made from regular lip balm ingredients and the never ending goodness of bacon flavor.
$13 at Amazon for a pack of 4.
[ Bacon Lip Balm ] VIA [ Uncrate ]
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Time with God - June 23, 2011
Share with your friends
John 4:3-18
God doesn't want to leave you empty!
The thing that jumps out at us from this chapter is how much Jesus cared about the emptiness of this woman's life. He traveled through hostile surroundings to get there. He crossed cultural boundaries to talk to her, "for Jews have no dealings with Samaritans".
Are you feeling like that woman? Empty and desperate for something that you can't identify? God cares deeply and is ready to meet you with "living water" to satisfy your thirst.
Share with your friends
More Devotionals
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Open MPI logo
Open MPI User's Mailing List Archives
From: worldeb_at_[hidden]
Date: 2009-09-29 09:58:42
> time -- is that not happening?
you are right it should.
But I want to exclude any traffic from OpenMPI communications, like NFS, traffic from other jobs and so on.
And use only special ethernet interface for this purpose.
So I have OpenMPI 1.3.3 installed on all nodes and head node in the same directory.
OS is the same on all cluster - debian 5.0
and eht1 for OpenMPI.
Network is next:
1) Head node eht0 + nodes eht0 :
2) Head node eth4 + nodes eth1 :
So how I can configure OpenMPI for using only network 2) for my purpose?
It is one question.
Other problem is next:
My be it is not correctly configured network.
When I submit from head node for example to other nodes it hangs without any messages.
And on node where I want to calculate I see that here is started orted daemon.
(I use default config files)
Below is examples:
mpirun -v --mca btl self,sm,tcp --mca btl_base_verbose 30 --mca btl_tcp_if_include eth0 -np 2 -host n10,n11 cpi
no output, no calculations, only orted daemon on nodes
mpirun -v --mca btl self,sm,tcp --mca btl_base_verbose 30 -np 2 -host n10,n11 cpi
the same as abowe
mpirun -v --mca btl self,sm,tcp --mca btl_base_verbose 30 -np 2 -host n00,n00 cpi
n00 is head node - it works and produces output.
on nodes:
route -n
Kernel IP routing table
on head node: U 0 0 0 eth0
... U 0 0 0 eth4 UG 0 0 0 eth1
node have name n01-n99
head node is n00
hosts file is like this and the same on all nodes: localhost n01.local n01 n02.local n02
... n99.local n99 n01e.local n01e n02e.local n02e
... n99e.local n99e
multi on
order hosts,bind
search local
DNS is not installed
hosts: files dns
networks: files
Thanx for help.
> I want to use for openmpi communication the additional ethernet
> interfaces on node and head node.
> its is eth1 on nodes and eth4 on head node.
> So how can I configure openmpi?
> If I add in config file
> btl_base_include=tcp,sm,self.
> btl_tcp_if_include=eth1
> will it work or not?
> And how is it working with torque batch system (daemons listen eth0
> on all nodes).
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67110
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Part of the Khronos Group
TNGViewer updates cross-platform OpenGL viewer
Jun 18, 2009
Immaginaria Ltd. is happy to announce an update to TNGViewer, its interactive cross-platform OpenGL viewer, featuring vastly improved default lighting for simple 3D models/scenes that do not contain any lights. The new key/fill/back/ambient model features individually controllable lights. Also, TNGViewer now supports modifier+mouse shortcuts in icon navigation mode (besides user mode), for easy rotation, panning and zooming.
Category: Applications
Posted on 06/18 at 01:14 PM
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The Java Language Environment
CONTENTS | PREV | NEXT The Java TM Programming Language Environment
1.2 Design Goals of the Java TM Programming Language
The massive growth of the Internet and the World-Wide Web leads us to a completely new way of looking at development and distribution of software. To live in the world of electronic commerce and distribution, Java technology must enable the development of secure, high performance, and highly robust applications on multiple platforms in heterogeneous, distributed networks.
Operating on multiple platforms in heterogeneous networks invalidates the traditional schemes of binary distribution, release, upgrade, patch, and so on. To survive in this jungle, the Java programming language must be architecture neutral, portable, and dynamically adaptable.
The system that emerged to meet these needs is simple, so it can be easily programmed by most developers; familiar, so that current developers can easily learn the Java programming language; object oriented, to take advantage of modern software development methodologies and to fit into distributed client-server applications; multithreaded, for high performance in applications that need to perform multiple concurrent activities, such as multimedia; and interpreted, for maximum portability and dynamic capabilities.
Together, the above requirements comprise quite a collection of buzzwords, so let's examine some of them and their respective benefits before going on.
1.2.1 Simple, Object Oriented, and Familiar
Primary characteristics of the Java programming language include a simple language that can be programmed without extensive programmer training while being attuned to current software practices. The fundamental concepts of Java technology are grasped quickly; programmers can be productive from the very beginning.
Programmers using the Java programming language can access existing libraries of tested objects that provide functionality ranging from basic data types through I/O and network interfaces to graphical user interface toolkits. These libraries can be extended to provide new behavior.
Even though C++ was rejected as an implementation language, keeping the Java programming language looking like C++ as far as possible results in it being a familiar language, while removing the unnecessary complexities of C++. Having the Java programming language retain many of the object-oriented features and the "look and feel" of C++ means that programmers can migrate easily to the Java platform and be productive quickly.
1.2.2 Robust and Secure
1.2.3 Architecture Neutral and Portable
Java technology is designed to support applications that will be deployed into heterogeneous network environments. In such environments, applications must be capable of executing on a variety of hardware architectures. Within this variety of hardware platforms, applications must execute atop a variety of operating systems and interoperate with multiple programming language interfaces. To accommodate the diversity of operating environments, the Java Compiler TM product generates bytecodes--an architecture neutral intermediate format designed to transport code efficiently to multiple hardware and software platforms. The interpreted nature of Java technology solves both the binary distribution problem and the version problem; the same Java programming language byte codes will run on any platform.
Architecture neutrality is just one part of a truly portable system. Java technology takes portability a stage further by being strict in its definition of the basic language. Java technology puts a stake in the ground and specifies the sizes of its basic data types and the behavior of its arithmetic operators. Your programs are the same on every platform--there are no data type incompatibilities across hardware and software architectures.
The architecture-neutral and portable language platform of Java technology is known as the Java virtual machine. It's the specification of an abstract machine for which Java programming language compilers can generate code. Specific implementations of the Java virtual machine for specific hardware and software platforms then provide the concrete realization of the virtual machine. The Java virtual machine is based primarily on the POSIX interface specification--an industry-standard definition of a portable system interface. Implementing the Java virtual machine on new architectures is a relatively straightforward task as long as the target platform meets basic requirements such as support for multithreading.
1.2.4 High Performance
1.2.5 Interpreted, Threaded, and Dynamic
The Java interpreter can execute Java bytecodes directly on any machine to which the interpreter and run-time system have been ported. In an interpreted platform such as Java technology-based system, the link phase of a program is simple, incremental, and lightweight. You benefit from much faster development cycles--prototyping, experimentation, and rapid development are the normal case, versus the traditional heavyweight compile, link, and test cycles.
Modern network-based applications, such as the HotJava TM Browser for the World Wide Web, typically need to do several things at the same time. A user working with HotJava Browser can run several animations concurrently while downloading an image and scrolling the page. Java technology's multithreading capability provides the means to build applications with many concurrent threads of activity. Multithreading thus results in a high degree of interactivity for the end user.
The Java platform supports multithreading at the language level with the addition of sophisticated synchronization primitives: the language library provides the Thread class, and the run-time system provides monitor and condition lock primitives. At the library level, moreover, Java technology's high-level system libraries have been written to be thread safe: the functionality provided by the libraries is available without conflict to multiple concurrent threads of execution.
While the Java Compiler is strict in its compile-time static checking, the language and run-time system are dynamic in their linking stages. Classes are linked only as needed. New code modules can be linked in on demand from a variety of sources, even from sources across a network. In the case of the HotJava Browser and similar applications, interactive executable code can be loaded from anywhere, which enables transparent updating of applications. The result is on-line services that constantly evolve; they can remain innovative and fresh, draw more customers, and spur the growth of electronic commerce on the Internet.
1.3 The Java Platform--a New Approach to Distributed Computing
Taken individually, the characteristics discussed above can be found in a variety of software development platforms. What's completely new is the manner in which Java technology and its runtime environment have combined them to produce a flexible and powerful programming system.
Developing your applications using the Java programming language results in software that is portable across multiple machine architectures, operating systems, and graphical user interfaces, secure, and high performance. With Java technology, your job as a software developer is much easier--you focus your full attention on the end goal of shipping innovative products on time, based on the solid foundation of the Java platform. The better way to develop software is here, now, brought to you by the Java platform.
Copyright © 1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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In Praise of the Potato (Paperback)
In Praise of the Potato (Paperback)
Lindsey Bareham
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ISBN 13: 978-0-87951-497-6
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The unassuming tuber receives the epic nod it deserves in this "personal paean" to the vegetable by London restaurant critic Bareham ( Mood Food ). Moving swiftly through the potato's history, she concentrates on the potato's use in hundreds of recipes collected from historical sources and such renowned British cooks as Arabella Boxer and Jane Grigson. Recipes are arranged by cooking method and type of fare (soups, salads, buns and cakes). British standards like "bubble and squeak" and shepherd's pie are included, as are lesser-known international offerings (the Hungarian stew gran o tas kocha and the Malaysian curry ubi kentag kari). There's no doubting the author's "affection and respect" for the potato: the research is massive, the organization thoughtful.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67167
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A Leffel turbine naked and in a casing
Not selected for Google Earth or Google Maps [?]
This picture is reproduced from a Sampson Leffel Turbine Co brochure of about 1910. It shows a naked turbine and the same turbine in a casing. The penstock inlet is facing you, and the casing is sitting on its discharge vent.
Although this Bell casing is not the same as the Tamaiti Co used, it does show clearly how the turbine sits inside a casing (penstock) with the water surrounding all its working parts and how the water, after passing through the turbine, discharges out of the casing.
This illustration shows the unusual characteristic of a Leffel turbine - that the turbine and the wicker gates surrounding it which direct the water flow onto the turbine and control the volume and thus the speed and power, are all immersed in and subject to the flow of in the water through the penstock. This includes the rack and pinion and all the control rods and cranks which work the wicker gates. It is a highly unusual design which would have necessitated good screening of the incoming water to eliminate as much as possible the interference that would be caused by sticks and branches and stones carried by the water. Kaplan and other contemporary turbines had all this apparatus external to the water in the penstock.
These American turbines found a variety of uses in New Zealand's early days of industrialisation, however in a lot of cases I suspect that their consumption of water (they gobbled it) would have made the installation at some locations problematic.
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by Bruce Comfort
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67169
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on the front lines of cultural chaos since 1984.
spicegirls2-jpg_111540.jpgThey may not have made it to the Queen's Diamond Jubilee but the Spice Girls are getting a second go of things, as reports are in that the girl group will reunite to perform at the Olympics' Closing Ceremony (and this on the heels of news that a Spice Girls musical will be headed to London in the near future). Aside from what songs the late '90s pop act will perform ("Spice Up Your Life," probably; "Wannabe," obviously), the biggest question is what they'll be wearing. During their peak, the quintet became known as much for their style (with each girl rocking a different look assigned to their branded 'personalities') as for their hit songs. In the last 16 years since their debut, Spice, the group has reunited (in 2007-2008), and the various Girls have kept themselves busy getting into heated custody disputes with Eddie Murphy, marrying hugely famous soccer players and starting successful fashion lines, doing Goodwill ambassador work and Playboy and forging forgettable solo careers. They're also grown up now, and though we long to see Ginger Spice stomping around in Hot Topic latex platform boots, we have a feeling everything will be a little more 'We Have Money Now' when they play the Olympics. A good thing.
PAPERMAG decided to play stylist for the group (our dream job, let's be honest) and offer some suggestions for what Ginger Spice, Posh Spice, Scary Spice, Sporty Spice and Baby Spice should wear, trying to keep each singer's "look" preserved by matching it with contemporary fashions from the runways (and in most cases sticking to British designers).
gingerspiceolympics.pngThen and Now
Ginger Spice
gingerspiceoutfit.jpgDress by Vivienne Westwood; Shoes by Aruna Seth
Let's face it, Ginger Spice did more for the Union Jack than Winston Churchill, Queen Victoria and Margaret Thatcher combined (yeah, we said it). We suggest she wear a haute-er version of her famous 1997 Brit Awards outfit by pairing Vivienne Westwood's Diamond Jubilee Union Jack dress with a pair of Aruna Seth's Union Jack heels. God save the Queen!
PoshSpiceOlympics.pngThen and Now
Posh Spice
poshspiceoutfit.jpgDress by Victoria Beckham; Shoes by Christian Louboutin
Posh Spice (or Victoria Beckham these days) has seemed to adopt an "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" motto when it comes to fashion. For nearly two decades, there's been a never-ending stream of short, short, short body-con dresses paired with high, high, high heels and why not? If only we could all pop out four kids and still look like that while eating fruit plates instead of cake on our birthdays. Now that Posh is also a respected fashion designer, it seems reasonable that she'd want to wear one of her own designs like the LBD above and we all know the gal likes her Louboutins.
Screen shot 2012-07-20 at 12.02.39 PM.pngThen and Now
Scary Spice
scaryspiceoutfitolympics.jpgSuit by Stella McCartney (photo by David X. Prutting for Billy Farrell Agency); Shoes by Topshop
All Spice fans know that the Scary Spice uniform revolves around leopard print and we'd be devastated if she didn't show up to the Olympics in spots. She should forgo her old cut-out, boobs-out, jumpsuits in favor of a variation on this adorable leopard print suit from Stella McCartney S/S '13, paired with some platforms from Topshop that stay in theme with a pop of print on the heel.
Screen shot 2012-07-20 at 12.03.37 PM.pngThen and Now
Sporty Spice
sportspiceolympicoutfit.jpgTracksuit by Jeremy Scott for Adidas Originals; Shoes by Jeremy Scott for Adidas
So technically we're cheating a little by opting not to put Sporty Spice in an outfit designed by a Brit but damn, if she didn't like her Adidas tracksuits. We're crossing our fingers that she'll go back to her roots (and it is the Olympics -- a sports tournament, hello!) and bust out some workout gear. To add some high fashion taste in there, she should opt for a look by Jeremy Scott x Adidas and pair it with the designer's high-heeled wedge sneakers.
BabySpiceOlympics.pngThen and Now
Baby Spice
babyspiceoutfit.jpgDress by McQ by Alexander McQueen; Shoes by Chloë Sevigny for Opening Ceremony
Baby Spice got her name for three things: pigtails, pink babydoll dresses and platform sneakers. A 2012 version of this might translate to something like a short, structured pink and black number from McQ by Alexander McQueen. And what could be more appropriate than pairing the whole thing with this pair of Chloë Sevigny for Opening Ceremony platform sneakers, which she can get at the Opening Ceremony London pop-up shop?
You can tune into the closing ceremony show on August 12 to see if the girls took our advice.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67170
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Vocabulary Builder
Vocabulary Builder
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Vocabulary Word
Word: imperil
Definition: put in danger
Sentences Containing 'imperil'
He teams with Frank Caeti to form a comedy duo called FrankenMatt, which has performed across the country including the Dallas Comedy Festival, Colorado Improv Festival and Charleston's Spoleto Festival. FrankenMatt's 2012 show was a political satire called American Imperil.
The merchants finding that the Dey knew all, and fearing that Cervantes under torture might make disclosures that would imperil their own lives, tried to persuade him to slip away on board a vessel that was on the point of sailing for Spain; but he told them they had nothing to fear, for no tortures would make him compromise anybody, and he went at once and gave himself up to the Dey.
The Shadow One of the first considerations which arose in the business mind of Mr. Lorry when business hours came round, was this: that he had no right to imperil Tellson's by sheltering the wife of an emigrant prisoner under the Bank roof.
More Vocab Words
::: plutocracy - society ruled by the wealthy
::: bucolic - rustic; pastoral
::: anvil - iron block used in hammering out metals
::: untenable - (of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained
::: discombobulated - discomposed; confused
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67199
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Laptops Reviews
15,512 Reviews
Sony VAIO SB Series review
From £699 inc VAT
Manufacturer: Sony
Our Rating: We rate this 4.5 out of 5
Pity, then, that this configuration of the Sony VAIO SB Series costs £1,699. The base model starts at only £699, but that configuration won't dominate our benchmarks as our review model does.
The VAIO SB is a 13.3-inch ultraportable that weighs a modest 1.7kg, perhaps a touch less for lower-end configurations. The top-end model we tested - the VPCSB1A9E - may cost nearly £1,700, but you get some pretty impressive hardware for that price. There's an Intel Core i7-2620M processor, which is a dual-core CPU with hyperthreading that runs at a base clock speed of 2.7GHz.
Add to that very capable processor 8GB of RAM, switchable graphics between the Intel integrated and a Radeon HD 6630M with 1GB of graphics RAM, and a fast 128GB solid state drive. Not enough? How about dual-band 802.11n networking, Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR, a combination BD-ROM and DVD burner, and support for Intel's WiDi wireless display technology. How they crammed all this good stuff into a lightweight, slimline 13-inch laptop is beyond me.
All that hardware is enough to deliver a WorldBench 6 score of 144, which is higher than any other laptop of this size and weight. Does that destroy battery life? Far from it! In our rundown test the VAIO SB series battery lasted an impressive 7 hours and 19 minutes. There's a physical switch above the F3 key to change between "stamina" (integrated graphics) and "speed" (discrete graphics).
See also: Group test: what's the best laptop?
Our battery stamina tests were run with the switch set to "stamina"... enabling the Radeon discrete graphics will cut battery time in half or worse. We also tested the optional slice battery that fits neatly across the bottom of the laptop, making it a third of an inch thicker, and almost a pound heavier. This optional accessory will add about 5 hours of maximum battery life.
There's a lot to like about the design of the Sony VAIO SB series. The matte display only has a resolution of 1366 by 768, but that's typical for a 13.3-inch screen. Colour, contrast, and brightness are pretty good, and horizontal viewing angles are better than most laptops I've seen. Vertical viewing angles are predictably poor, though. The screen will either get washed-out or too dark if the lid is open to far, or not enough.
The island chiclet style keyboard is quite good. Key travel is a bit on the short side, but spacing is nice and there's a good tactile "clicky" feel to the keys. The trackpad is similarly good. It tracks smoothly and accurately, with two distinct buttons on which it's hard to accidentally register clicks. It supports a fairly wide variety of multi-touch gestures, though oddly enough, two-finger scrolling is not on the menu.
The left side of the system is sparse, featuring only the BD-ROM and DVD burning combination optical drive. All the action is along the right edge, which has a memory stick slot, an SD card slot, VGA and HDMI outputs, one USB 3.0 port, two USB 2.0 ports, gigabit Ethernet, and the power jack. Those who like physical switches to disable Wi-Fi will be happy to know there's one along the front edge.
As usual, Sony loads down their system with a little too much software for my tastes. I'm not a fan of the pop-out dock at the top of the screen, or the way Norton Internet Security constantly nags me to pay up once the 30-day trial is over. It's great that Sony bundles Photoshop Elements 8, Premiere Elements 8, and PowerDVD, though. Also included; ArcSoft webcam software, Sony's media gallery, and Microsoft Office Starter 2010. If you're like me and you prefer your laptop a little more "lean and mean," it's easy enough to remove most of this stuff.
Sony VAIO SB Series Expert Verdict »
Sony Vaio VPC-SB1X9E Scores 7.5 out of 10 based on 23 reviews
Intel Core i7-2620M Processor
Windows 7 Home Premium
128GB SATA Flash SSD
Blu-ray Disc writer
33.7 cm LCD, 1366x768 + webcam
AMD Radeon HD 6470M 512MB
2 USB 2.0 + 1 USB 3.0
Wireless LAN (802.11bgn)
HDMI output
Backlight keyboard
Bluetooth 2.1
• Overall: We give this item 9 of 10 overall
It's a little disappointing that the fit and finish isn't quite up to the standards we'd expect from a £1,700 laptop. It just doesn't have the perfectly clean lines and premium build materials we usually find in systems that expensive. In this case, it's because our test unit is the very upper end of a line that is meant to start at £699 - and at that price, the overall design is about average. In other words, I'm really impressed by the outstanding performance and usability of this very expensive ultraportable laptop, but oddly enough, a little underwhelmed by Sony's sense of style.
There are currently no price comparisons for this product.
• Sony VAIO VGN-FW11ZU review
Sony VAIO VGN-FW11ZU
• Sony Vaio AW11Z/B review
Sony Vaio AW11Z/B
• Sony VAIO E review
Sony VAIO E
• Sony VAIO M review
Sony VAIO M
• Sony Vaio VGN-FZ180EB laptop PC
Sony Vaio VGN-FZ180EB laptop PC
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PerlMonks Server Move
by nate (Monk)
on Jan 28, 2002 at 23:32 UTC ( #142164=monkdiscuss: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
Thank you for your patience,
Comment on PerlMonks Server Move
Re: PerlMonks Server Move
by Masem (Monsignor) on Jan 31, 2002 at 16:01 UTC
I think it goes without saying that all of us non-Godly monks appriciate the work that nate and vroom have put in to getting this move going and working right, despite the problems with migration and MySQL. Judging by responses in #perlmonks and elsewhere, I think most people were calm and understood all the possible Murphy's Law failures that seemed to occur, and some actually got up and went *gasp* outside with a lack of PM over the last day :-).
"I can see my house from here!"
Re: PerlMonks Server Move
by elbie (Deacon) on Feb 01, 2002 at 16:02 UTC
Just to add my two cents, I really appreciate the status updates. I've been to far too many websites that don't give any notice of server issues/maintenance. Keep up the great work!
Hot Damn!!!
by Rex(Wrecks) (Curate) on Feb 02, 2002 at 00:14 UTC
Bigger, badder and FASTER!!! Wow, this was definatly worth the downtime. The site is much faster and therefore the end result for me is better :)
Great work guys!
Re: PerlMonks Server Move
by beebware (Pilgrim) on Feb 02, 2002 at 00:32 UTC
I think it was just a conspiracy plot to stop me reading Perl Monks. I've been a member for just over a week now and was just really getting into it when the server move happened, Perl Monks then started becoming available again (via the links from Slashdot to a holding page to the proper page) when my works 26Mbps link to the Internet went down for 2 days solid (mucho compensation claim in works). Co-incidence or does the Perl Monks system just hate me? (insert X-fileish paranoid music here)
Re: PerlMonks Server Move
by VSarkiss (Monsignor) on Feb 03, 2002 at 02:07 UTC
Once again, thanks for all the effort.
Re: PerlMonks Server Move
by jonjacobmoon (Pilgrim) on Feb 03, 2002 at 02:32 UTC
I have echo the sentiment of how much I appreciate the work that has been done on the site. It rocks as always, but now it is faster :)
One issue: I have seen the reputation on my latest node increase with a coresponding increase in my XP. Just thought you should know.
I admit it, I am Paco.
Poor performance in Europe
by hackmare (Pilgrim) on Feb 05, 2002 at 11:29 UTC
I am not sure what is causing this, but the refresh rate has gone up to 20-30 seconds for me from Switzerland. I asked around the Chatterbox and virtualsue report that performance is down for her too. Refresh time used to be 5-10 sec.
When I go to , they come up right away, but the perlmonks site is really sluggish at all hours of the day, from work, from home on cable, and from 56k modem. Something seems to be messed up. The time for this page to appear again on preview was 20 sec.
It is possible that this is transient, but the performance seems to have settled in.
I have not had a chance to run an iproute test to see what the hops are.
I guess you're still working out the bugs so I'll wait a while longer to see if it gets better - Jsut thought you might want to hear back.
I'll keep an eye on performance and report again later.
No reasons for Europeans to feel singled out. I'm getting 20+ second refreshes in California.
I don't think its the network:
1 ( 0.518 ms + 0.442 ms 0.421 ms 2 ( 3.741 ms 1.44 +6 ms 0.661 ms 3 ( 3.822 ms 1.24 +3 ms 0.859 ms 4 ( 3.722 ms 2.254 ms 0.6 +47 ms 5 ( 12.540 ms 12.575 m +s 12.175 ms 6 ( 12.810 ms 12.702 ms 12 +.842 ms 7 ( 13.298 ms 12.465 ms + 13.145 ms 8 ( 108.803 ms 109.6 +33 ms 109.085 ms 9 ( 112.216 ms 109 +.188 ms 109.332 ms 10 ( 111.681 +ms 112.900 ms 112.222 ms 11 ( 111.904 ms 113.736 ms 111.961 m +s
The slowest part there is likely to be between me and the first router :)
I'm not seeing anything obviously untoward from Silicon Valley to Pittsburgh (and I'm still seeing 20+ second refreshes).
We may be discovering what the backup schedule is for the new server. :-|
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Re: Re: Re: Essential CGI Security Practices
by belg4mit (Prior)
on Feb 03, 2002 at 02:10 UTC ( #143003=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to Re^2: Essential CGI Security Practices
in thread Essential CGI Security Practices
Comment on Re: Re: Re: Essential CGI Security Practices
Re^4: Essential CGI Security Practices
by Aristotle (Chancellor) on Feb 03, 2002 at 02:46 UTC
Yes, I was replying to your note. I think you simply confused the one kind of error message with a different kind of error message. There's a distinct difference between what you were talking about and those error messages that should not be let out due to CGI security concerns. Input validation, as I mentioned it, was meant in the extended sense of any and all checks you may perform on your input data - ie not only the initial "does this look like a valid username" but also "do we have this username in our database" and "does the password match". Point taken that you mention paths and similar information separately, however I think you should drop the condition "if you're truly paranoid" because if you're anything less than truly paranoid there's not even a chance of achieving security. :-)
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The man who started the campaign for an official apology to Alan Turing is calling for the 2012 Olympics to recognise the gay mathematician’s achievements.
Computer programmer John Graham-Cumming says that Turing was not only a mathematical genius but was also an accomplished athlete.
Turing received a posthumous apology from prime minister Gordon Brown in September. He was convicted of homosexuality offences in the 1950s and killed himself after being punished with chemical castration and being barred from his work.
Writing for the Guardian’s Comment Is Free website, Mr Graham-Cumming suggested that the Olympic marathon could be renamed the “Turing marathon”.
He wrote: “As London shows off what’s great about Britain through the Olympic games, let’s show off a great Briton of whom we should be proud.”
Turing was credited with breaking Nazi codes at Bletchley Park during the second world war and laying down the foundations for modern computers.
Mr Graham-Cumming added that Turing tried out for the Olympic marathon team in 1948 when Britain last hosted the games. He came fifth in the trials, coming in at 11 minutes behind Thomas Richard’s silver medal time of two hours and 35 minutes, but did not make the team.
2012 will also be the centenary of Turing’s birth and a host of events are being planned across Britain by scientists and mathematicians.
Mr Graham-Cumming continued: “Of course, detractors may be concerned about sullying the games by associating an individual with an event. But such concerns didn’t stop Greece in 2004 from naming their entire Olympic stadium after Spiridon Louis (who won the marathon event in 1896). Honouring the life of a man would be a welcome antidote to the heavy commercialisation surrounding the games.
“Others may worry about raking over the embers of the dark days of anti-homosexuality laws. But there’s little need to be concerned: celebrating Turing doesn’t mean focusing on just that one aspect of his life; it means recognising a mental and physical athlete, a mathematician and marathon runner, and a man to whom we owe so much.”
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67244
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Nose bleed section and was on at 10am, not only that but brokers were selling assigned seats a week ago.
I already had the album on pre-order via iTunes, but when it was announced that you'd get a pre-sale code I switched my order over.
I wonder how brokers were selling tickets to the Dallas show a week ago.
Ah well....
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67271
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Soldiers: Heroes of World War II review
4 out of 5
Great dynamic engine
Difficult in parts
It’s surprising that in this day and age someone can launch a game called Soldiers. I’d have thought that that title was a little too 70s arcade for Codemasters but it seems not. Of course, Heroes of World War II, and by all accounts there were more heroes than you’d care to count.
You basically take command of your man, or men, or vehicle to battle away in WWII, playing as either Russian, German, British, or American. But this is no Sudden Strike, with lots of men running for hours across grassland to die in killing fields of the Hun’s machine guns. The scale is kept down so things don’t go mad like in SS, but at the same time, the realism is there. It’s a combination of first person shooter and real-time strategy, and I’m pleased to say that it works surprisingly well, so long as you keep your eye on your men.
You select a soldier, and you can either directly control them, or click where you want them to go, or what you want them to do. You can also group select, so for example, you can select four men and make them all get into a tank. Once in the tank, the same options apply, direct drive (and shoot!), or click where you want it go, or what you want to shoot. You also have a game camera, which zooms in and out, as well as changes pitch and rotates, so you can change the angle and look around to see what you’re doing and plan your attack strategically. The game camera uses the scroll mouse button, so make sure you have one.
But the options don’t just end there. Each vehicle needs fuel and ammo, and some crew, so you have to arrange this. Your soldiers can carry a range of things, all of which you can pick and choose. There are a range of WWII weapons from all sides to pick up when you come across them. But that’s what you’d expect from a game these days. You can also carry other things - matches, barrels, piles of wood, toolkits - to help you on your way and make life more interesting.
But the piece de resistance has to be the environment. The map is almost entirely interactive and destructible. If you are a bit sloppy in the driving of your tank, and you clip the corner of a building, you may well bring the wall down, followed by the roof. You can drive into other vehicles, people, ammo dumps (not recommended!). If you go a bit crazy, you’ll break your vehicle, in which case you need to fix it before you can continue (with the aforementioned toolkit) - its all been thought of here!
The sounds are very good, and the characters have a welcome sense of humour. They even scream well when they die - I had one poor Polish crewman standing next to a fuel and ammo dump as my tank rolled over it - he was launched into the air screaming and hit the ground like a sack of spuds, where he remained for the rest of the game. The graphics are also detailed and complimentary - they won’t blow you away, but then you are viewing all the action from a distance, so it not like the detail you’d expect in a FPS - it just works perfectly.
In a world of sequels and power-hungry graphics-rich games, it's fantastic to come across something from a saturated genre that is both original and sporting excellent gameplay. Think Sudden Strike and Hidden and Dangerous (the latter without its bugs), and you have Soldiers. All in all, it's just great fun.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67276
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Submit Your Poems
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See and share Beautiful Nature Photos and amazing photos of interesting places
The Happy Child
Written by: William Henry Davies | Biography
| Quotes (2) |
I saw this day sweet flowers grow thick --
But not one like the child did pick.
I heard the packhounds in green park --
But no dog like the child heard bark.
I heard this day bird after bird --
But not one like the child has heard.
A hundred butterflies saw I --
But not one like the child saw fly.
I saw the horses roll in grass --
But no horse like the child saw pass.
My world this day has lovely been --
But not like what the child has seen.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67305
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Son Kissing Mom Pics
Archive for the "Sex Moms" category
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67399
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June 12, 2010
Data must be selected carefully. The predictive usefulness of the model is grossly diminished if outliers taint the available data. Figure 1, for instance, shows the Defense spending (as a fraction of the national budget) between 1948 and 1968.
Note how the trend curve (as defined by our linear difference model from the last post: see appendix for a fuller description) is a very poor predictor. Whatever is going on here isn’t a first-order process. So, let’s neglect the model entirely for a moment. The huge variations in spending between 1950 and 1952 indicate there were years within the selected time span for which the defense spending dramatically increased because of some exogenous shock, and then spending trended downwards.
One way we can judge the usefulness a little more scientifically is to run a regression on the differences. In other words, Plot Y(t+1) on top of Y(t), and insert the regression line. Check it out:
In general, the regression is a pretty good fit for the clustered points in the middle. However, we also have some nasty outliers. Something about this data isn’t a first-order process. Wikipedia to the Rescue. It is history that inconveniently interrupts our model, causing these outliers. President Harry Truman cut back military spending in the wake of World War II. However, any hope Truman may have had for shifting the national focus away from foreign military affairs was ruined by the onset of the Korean War late in 1950. Thus we see the large spike in spending evident in Figure 1. A predictive first-order model which spans this event with just these data will be limited in its effectiveness. The grossly underfitted line of Figure 1 is little better than useless for indicating the spending during any given year. A much more effective model would start by following the onset of the Korean War (a completely unpredictable event if prediction were solely based on these data), and trace the evolution of the expenditure as it decreased from its start-of-conflict high in 1952, as we see in Figure 3.
It ain’t perfect, but it’s definitely much better. So, dynamic modeling with first-order linear difference equations has an enormous array of applications. However, it is easy to be seduced by the numbers without carefully considering the data and the substantive implications of these findings. Any inattentiveness in this respect may easily lead to meaningless, incorrect, or downright silly conclusions.
Next Time: Saving the code, changing the method.
Code adapted from http://www.courtneybrown.com/classes/ModelingSocialPhenomena/Assignments/Assignment2NationalDefenseOutlaysCourtneyBrownMathModeling.htm
Dataset taken from http://www.courtneybrown.com/classes/ModelingSocialPhenomena/Assignments/Assignment2CourtneyBrownMathModeling.htm
This is the R code to generate these Graphs:
df <- read.csv(file="http://nortalktoowise.com/code/datasets/Defense.csv", head=TRUE, sep=",")
lagvar1 <- lagvar(defensespending,1)
model <- lm(defensespending ~ lagvar1)
y2 <- 0
t <- 0
y1 <- .3
a <- model$coefficients[[2]]
b <- model$coefficients[[1]]
timeserieslength <- nrow(df)
for (i in 1:timeserieslength) {
t[i] <- i
plot(t, defensespending, xlab="Years", ylab="Defense Spending as Fraction of Budget", main="Figure 1: U.S. Defense Expenditure, 1948-68", pch=19)
lines(t, y2, lwd=2)
plot(lagvar1, defensespending, xlab="", ylab="", pch=19)
title(xlab="Y", ylab="Y(t+1)", main="Figure 2: Plot of the first differences", cex=1.5, col="black", font=2)
abline(model, lwd=2)
newdf <- df[which(year>1951, arr.in=TRUE),]
lagvar2 <- lagvar(newdf$defensespending,1)
model2 <- lm(newdf$defensespending ~ lagvar2)
y2 <- 0
t <- 0
y1 <- .68
a <- model2$coefficients[[2]]
b <- model2$coefficients[[1]]
timeserieslength <- nrow(newdf)
for (i in 1:timeserieslength) {
t[i] <- i
plot(newdf$year, newdf$defensespending, xlab="Years", ylab="Defense Spending as Fraction of Budget", main="Figure 3: U.S. Defense Expenditure, 1952-68", pch=19)
lines(newdf$year, y2, lwd=2)
Please forgive my poor style (reusing variable names and whatnot). It works, and that’s enough for me at the moment.
Tags: , , , ,
Comments are closed.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67411
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Welcome! You are browsing as a guest
Ragg Bag
by Patons
January 1997
Worsted / 10 ply (9 wpi) ?
25 stitches and 22 rows = 4 inches in Basket Weave Pattern (see pattern)
US 7 - 4.5 mm
US 9 - 5.5 mm
454 yards (415 m)
This is a knitted backpack. The straps are knitted in a Basket Weave stitch. There are eyelets and a twisted cord to secure the top, as well as a front pocket that will require 1 button.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67417
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Briggs & Stratton 94051
Briggs & Stratton Logo
Briggs & Stratton Authorized Substitution
The part number 94051 has been changed to part number 692327. While the new part may look different, this is a Briggs & Stratton approved substitution.
Please note that the price and availability shown is for the new part number 692327.
Brand Briggs & Stratton
Old Part Number 94051
New Part Number 692327
Condition New
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67420
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Positive feedbacks from the carbon cycle
Page 2 of 2 | Previous page
122 comments on this post.
1. John Palkovic:
This page (http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=311) does not render properly, either in Firefox or Safari, on a mac running OS 10.3.9. The “B” graph is about 1/2 covered by the brown list on the right side of the page. I could test from a windows machine, but I’ll bet some of the readers of this site are running macs!
[Response:thanks! fixed now. David]
2. Coby:
3. Hans Erren:
Why didn’t this huge CO2 feedback not occur in the Eemian?
I can only see a response of 10 ppm/K.
4. Alastair McDonald:
5. Matt:
6. Forrest Curo:
7. Andre:
8. Thomas Lee Elifritz:
9. Edward Greisch:
10. Don Condliffe:
Corrective negative feedbacks to sequester CO2 operate in the longer term.
11. teacher ocean:
12. Stewart Argo:
13. Arthur Smith:
14. Ferdinand Engelbeen:
15. pat neuman:
Re 14
16. Alexander:
17. Alastair McDonald:
18. Andre:
Re #17
19. Bryn Hughes:
Re 15
20. Gar Lipow:
21. pat neuman:
22. Fernando Magyar:
Case in point an article in today’s New York Times business section: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/28/business/28coal.html?hp&ex=1148875200&en=2cffad8d8e32d294&ei=5094&partner=homepage
23. John L. McCormick:
Re# 16
Alexander, you said:
Is that increase attributable to increased fossil fuel use?
2003- 5.185 billion tons
2004- 5.538 billion tons
2005- 5.954 billion tons (7.5 percent increase)
2003- 28.1 billion barrels
2004- 29.3 billion barrels
2005- 30.8 billion barrels (5 percent increase)
Natural Gas
2003- 92,053 billion cu ft.
2004- 94,462 billion cu ft.
2005- 97,298 billion cu ft. (3 percent increase)
Global Tons of CO2
2004- 12.671 billion tons
2005- 13.621 billion tons
2004- 12.851 billion tons
2006- 13.494 billion tons
Natural Gas
2004- 5.526 billion tons
2005- 5.691 billion tons
Total CO2
2004- 31.048 billion tons
2005- 32.807 billion tons
1 GtC corresponds to ~3.67 Gt CO2
in [IPCC 95])
24. Alexander:
25. Alexander Harvey:
26. Wolfgang Flamme:
Here’s an interesting publication about Vostok ice leads and lags:
Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 583-589
27. Ferdinand Engelbeen:
[Moderator: Nonsense deleted]
28. Gar Lipow:
29. Grant:
Re: #23
R = 2.11 + 0.0952 (t – 2003.17)
30. pat neuman:
31. Hank Roberts:
32. Alex:
33. Hank Roberts:
Alex, try these (papers citing the article in Science)
34. Lawrence McLean:
35. Gar Lipow:
Re: 30
36. Pekka Kostamo:
RE 28: It seems to me that in the anomaly graph there is also some signal (i.e. a period of about 3 years). Of course, the time series is far too short to be convincing, but still it does not appear like just random noise. On even more shaky basis there might be a relation to the Dow Jones index (http://home.xtra.co.nz/hosts/cwwebsite/history_dow_jones_index.htm) which purportedly is somehow dependent on industrial activity level. Some broad trends appear to be coincident.
37. Grant:
Re: #36
38. jhm:
39. Hank Roberts:
+temperature +”ice core data” +dd
Ice cores give access to palaeoclimate series that includes local
temperature and precipitation rate, moisture source conditions,
wind strength and aerosol fluxes of marine, volcanic, terrestrial,
cosmogenic and anthropogenic origin. They are also unique with
their entrapped air inclusions in providing direct records of past
changes in atmospheric trace-gas composition….
The ice record
That’s been cited by 848 subsequent papers.
40. Andre:
41. John L. McCormick:
RE #36
42. wayne davidson:
What would be the current absolute temperature increase of the atmosphere,
with respect to the above :
43. Brian Gordon:
This page (http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=311) does not render properly in Opera, on a PC running XP. Figure A sometimes partially appears, and there’s a Figure B? I usually don’t have problems with this site in Opera.
44. pat neuman:
re 35.
45. Steve Bloom:
46. Mark Wiener:
A combination of Net Zero appropriate architecture and plug in hybrid vehicles could quickly cut carbon emissions in half or more. Visit calcars.org and read about Net Zero architecture with photovoltaics.
47. John McCormick:
Re: #46
by John McCormick
48. Karen Street:
49. John L. McCormick:
RE #48
50. Ferdinand Engelbeen:
Re #27 (comment):
51. Alastair McDonald:
Re 49, 48 & 47. “Dr. Hansen isn’t running for office. But Mr. Gore might be, and even if he isn’t, he hopes to promote global warming as a political issue. And if he wants to do that, he and those on his side will have to learn to call liars what they are.” Washington Post.
Re 49, 48 & 47. Shaving 10% of individual energy use will make no difference what so ever. Here in Europe every man women and child uses twice their share of the world’s energy. Reducing that by 10% would still leave we Europeans using 80% more than is fair. In the United Sates the figure is 5 times their share and reducing that by 10% would leave each American with 350% more than they are entiled to.
Since Kyoto was first proposed, the UK has stabilised its total CO2 emissions at around 600 million tons per annum. Meanwhile the US has increased its emissions by around 700 million tons. In other words, even if we in Britain had stopped burning any fossil fuels, global greenhouse gas emissions would have increased because of the US!
The good news is that if the US did halve its energy consumption then the standard of living in the US would still be above that of the UK, which is perfectly adequate for a civilised society.
The bad news is that both the UK and the USA will have to go even further. However, it will be forced on them by soaring oil prices now that we have passed Peak Oil. However, we must have a global agreement to cut fossil fuel use, otherwise when we have used all that expensive oil we will be roasting in a hell of our own making.
52. Hank Roberts:
Here’s a source I hope the RC contributors or Coby for the ‘ill-considered’ list will check. It may be one of the places some of the odd and unsupported ideas come from — for example the claim that CO2 is already absorbing all the infrared it can. This is all footnoted to early 1990s sources on the site.
53. Brian Gordon:
To those who argue we cannot make quick emissions cuts, for example #47:
Of course there is a way – there are many ways. (I do agree with Mr. McCormick’s contention that the US debt will be a very major problem, because it will severely limit the federal government’s ability to drive or finance change.) It’s just that we don’t like any of them, because they change the current economic structure. Taxes could go way up on GHG-producing products, auto fuel efficiency could be mandated at a very high level, new houses could be net contributors to the grid, etc. Americans are unwilling to consider these options because they are “left-wing,” “socialist,” or in some other way are thought to inhibit individualism. But there are lots of ways we could immediately and drastically reduce our emissions. Or, we could wait for climate change to reduce our emissions by reducing our numbers. Pay now, or pay later. Maybe with your children’s lives.
54. Tom Boucher:
Re #51 – I don’t see how you define what is a “fair share” of the world’s energy. Are you referring to average individual energy consumption? You then remark on how Europeans and Americans use more than their “fair share” – meaning others use less, and if all people used their “fair share” we would still be at the same level of energy use, right? I don’t understand this at all. Also, it appears you define an “adequate” standard of living for a civilized society as that of the UK. Why is this? Could you give us some insight into the calculus you are using?
55. Alastair McDonald:
Re #54 The figures I quoted were what I remembered from a BBC broadcast, so they may be inaccurate or garbled. If you go to Fig 5 on page 4 of this PDF file from a WWF site, you will see that Western Europe’s ecological footprint is five times that which is sustainable, and North America’s is nine times. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/asialpr2005.pdf . It seems that the average foot print is two global hectares, so as you point out even if Britain and the US restricted themselves to the average then the world would still be consuming at twice the sustainable rate. OTOH if both N. America and W. Europe restriced themaselves to the current average, there would be a huge reduction in the resulting average consumption.
The main point is that NA and WE consumption is unsustainable and it will have to be curbed by governments, otherwise it will be enforced on us by India and China grabbing thier share. How can you stop them in a free market?
As far as the UK having an adequate standard of living, in fact it is now too high. A recent survey revealed that compared with 50 years ago when 80% of people were happy, the figure is now 30%. It seems clear to me that we are now too rich for our own good.
56. George:
At what point do we consider geoengineering as a response to abate global warming? I am specifically thinking of placing screens in space to regulate the amount of sunlight reaching the planet and/or disbursing aerosols above the troposphere to reflect away sunlight. Moreover, what are the risks to the biosphere from such schemes? I would greatly appreciate it if you could direct me to the literature on geoengineering and climate change.
57. Hank Roberts:
Maybe a big cloud of coal dust launched into space (wry grin). That’d show those photovoltaic people, cut their efficiency ….
58. Hank Roberts:
Remember natural variation happens. Imagine trying to undo a big cloud of dust in space blocking sunlight, or a big cloud of sulfates in the stratosphere, if the sun happened to become a bit less bright afterwards.
The good thing about fossil carbon is it could be used in a way intelligently designed — not so much as to push the climate into warming, and enough to avoid slipping into cooling.
Apparently we did that well until about the 1600s.
59. Brian Gordon:
Geoengineering is not the answer. Why geoengineering won’t work:
1. Governments, corporations, and individuals will create what they want, not necessarily what the planet needs, just as occurs now. Planet-scale geoengineering involves worldwide cooperation and agreement – we can’t even agree now that global warming is a threat, never mind agreeing to something as minor as Kyoto, never mind agreeing to governmental environmental control.
2. When you don’t know all the complexities of your life support system, it is foolish to experiment with it. I doubt we will ever know enough to be able to accurately control our environment (though we may soon be forced to try) because it is an evolving system, and because the complexity of the earth’s systems is truly staggering.
3. Planet-scale geoengineering is completely out of harmony with the natural world – it makes us God/gods. It assumes that we have a right to live at any cost, but no other species unless it suits us. This is a common developed-world/Judeo-Christian belief, and it is one reason we are in such trouble now. We currently have the creative and destructive powers of minor gods, but not the wisdom to know how to use those powers.
60. Coby:
Geoengineering may be in the future, as a necessary evil. I agree with Brian’s points above, but I would say this:
Geoengineering could work, we are resourceful and clever creatures. The problem is it would take a few planets and a few multi-decade trials before we would get it right. Imagine the waste disposal problem, getting rid of the many spoiled planets created in the learning process…
I can’t help smirking a bit at the irony involved. Surely the geoengineering solutions would be tested out on all those wonky computer models, right? This is what the sceptics think is the prudent course, ignore the model warnings but then design and execute massive planet wide experiments based on same.
61. Hank Roberts:
“Fix Venus and Mars First” should be our approach.
Sunshade between Venus and the Sun; mirror on the far side of Mars, at the Lagrange points, eh?
62. Doug Percival:
How would you like to take conscious control of your liver, your kidneys, your intestines, your lungs, your lymphatic system, etc, and direct their functioning at the cellular level with your conscious mind? And once you do so, you never get to stop — if you don’t consciously direct them and coordinate them to perform their biological functions at every moment, they’ll simply stop, and if you make an error in your instructions to them, they will fail and you will die.
Do you think that “you” — your conscious mind — could do a better job of directing and coordinating the functions of these organs than “nature” does?
With that in mind, do you think that human “engineers” can do a better job of “running” the Earth’s climate, ecosystems, and the biosphere than “nature” does?
Someone once said of George W. Bush that “he was born on third base and thinks he hit a triple”.
Sometimes, something like that seems to me to apply to the human species. We were “born” into a rich, diverse, wonderful living Earth, and have been enjoying the vast bounty that it freely bestows upon us for thousands of years, and we have come to think that we are “gods” and we can take over and run the whole show better than billions of years of evolution have made the whole show quite capable of “running” itself without our “help”.
What hubris cometh before a fall!
63. Joel Shore:
What makes it even more ironic to me is that it seems like you have to know what is going on with the climate due to greenhouse gases to way higher precision in order to do some sort of geo-engineering to counteract act it than you do to counteract it by simply reducing or sequestering greenhouse gas emissions. (And, of course, then in addition, you have to know to high accuracy the effect that your geo-engineering solution will have…and how these effects will interact.)
Another irony is that many of the people throwing out these ideas are of the libertarian or conservative bent who complain about the evil’s of government intervention and regulation, the U.N., and such. However, their proposed solution seems to be one that can only work on a big government scale with massive amounts of international cooperation. By contrast, while approaches like Kyoto do involve international agreements and government action, they can be (and are being) implemented in market-based ways such as through emissions trading so that they are much more flexible and market-oriented approaches to finding solutions.
64. George:
Little of what has been said here so far speaks to the viability of geoengineering solutions to the potential of run-away global warming. It is should also be stressed that we have already altered the biosphere through excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Geoengineering could be a rational means to stablize the environment. In the long run, I agree humans must institute appropriate regulations of its changes to the planet.
65. Lynn Vincentnathan:
Thanx for this entry on positive feedbacks (I’ve been away from the net for a few weeks). I understand that scientists can only work with stuff they can work with (quantify, etc), which doesn’t mean other stuff isn’t happening or might not happen.
As people living on this planet, OTOH, we should follow the prudent route of thinking the worst could happen, and do whatever we can to stave it off at the personal level; at home, work, school, church; at the various levels of government from local to national to international. I can’t think of a better way for me to spend my spare time…..
I’m reading Cliffnotes Statistics (gearing up to teach statistics again after a decade), and came across this on p. 70: “A small, but important real-world difference may fail to reach significance in a statistical test. Conversely, a statistically significant finding may have no practical consequence.”
[Response: Welcome back. I was wondering why we hadn't heard from you in a while. When looking at significance tests, make sure to keep an eye out for the distinction between those that assume a Gaussian underlying distribution and those that are independent of the underlying distribution (or rely on some a priori estimate of it). Also, one must keep in mind that if one looks at a hundred results, it's a pretty sure bet that one of them will be significant at the 1% level. --raypierre]
66. John McCormick:
RE: #64, George mentions a “potential run-away global warming”. It is more than a potential if we continue to “engineer” the planet’s atmosphere. That said, correcting our folly will never (time, money and confidence level are not there) include a geoengineering solution.
We must get this thread back onto the reality track
67. Rod Brick:
re #52 by Hank Roberts
I don’t understand your dismissing T.J. Nelson out of hand. Because he had some cited references from ancient 1992? Is the science of Beer’s Law, e.g., now outdated? Is it “odd” just now, or was it always odd?? Actually, while I don’t have the bona fides to credibly assess, I found his article extremely learned, intuitively believable, and devoid of snide and strident comments. The latter, btw, while cute, unfortunately detract from what otherwise what might be valid science.
[Response: A lot of rubbish is written in a way that seems learned. The problem isn't that science has changed, but that a lot of the material on the web site mentioned in #52 is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of basic physics. For example, it's not Beer's law that is at issue but that the greenhouse effect depends on how much radiation gets out the top of the atmosphere for a given surface temperature, and that relies not on the saturated part of the CO2 band but the unsaturated part in the wings. The reference to the old "1990's" literature, I think, was not meant to imply that the fundamental physics has changed, but that the site refers to "old" skeptics arguments that have for the most part fallen out of fashion. Skeptics keep recycling lies and misleading statements long after they've been debunked, but even these arguments wear out after a while, so the skeptics have to move on to new and better ways of misleading the public. --raypierre]
68. allun:
Maybe i didn’t understand the rules? I didn’t want to discuss economic impacts, etc. but it still apears we have an elephant in the room that isn’t being considered in any of the articles here or wikipedia.
My concern is we appear to be releasing between 1% (absolute best case) to 3-5% of solar influx in hydrocarbon and nuclear heat sources, (at the moment, growing steeply). Since it appears that orbital variations can account for about 6.8% solar variation,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles ) aren’t we talking about a significant challenge to Gaia?
(and everybody else that lives on this rock?)
Wasn’t trying to be a smartass, really think this should concern us?
Please be so kind as to educate me if my ‘facts’ err?
[Response: Your energy numbers are all wrong. A little more care in looking around on the web would have given you reliable numbers. These are easy numbers to get, so there's no excuse for being so speculative. From Eric Weinstein's Physics World, ( http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/EnergyUsage.html ) the world power use is 1.28 x 10**13 Watts. Using the surface are of the Earth, this amounts to .025 Watts per square meter. Absorbed solar radiation is on the order of 250 Watts per square meter. The heating from energy use, averaged globally, is utterly insignificant compared to solar energy, and also unimportant compared to the indirect effect of industry via the CO2 radiative effect (about 4 W/m**2 for a doublling). As for your comment regarding Milankovic (also partly wrong in the numbers because you fail to distinguish seasonal local variations from global means) I don't understand that at all. --raypierre]
69. Dan Robinson:
I’m getting into this a bit late, and guess what, I haven’t read it all yet. At this level of conversation I’ll stick to asking “questions”.
Considering that H2O is a, or ultimately the, major GG, will we see a turnaround in runaway greenhouse (the point where natural forces dominate, and even total economic collapse won’t stop it) while there’s still more water to evaporate from the oceans? What natural forces will stop it before that point? Could this mean the end of all life on earth? Are we looking at why we’ve never been (provably) contacted by ETs, because they all followed similar paths and never made it much beyond us?
70. Coby:
No Venus runaway possible here. There is a post on this site specifically about Venus, you should have a look.
71. Alastair McDonald:
Re 69 & 70 I don’t think Dan was proposing that Earth would turn into a Venus. They are very different. Venus is heated by carbon dioxide and kept cool by sulphur dioxide clouds. Earth is heated by water vapour and kept cool by water clouds. Thus Earth has a built in thermostat which prevents it heating above about 40C. The greater the greenhouse effect, the thicker the clouds that are produced. It is a negative feedback. That is why life has existed for 3,500,000,000 years :-)
But it has only held on by the skin of its teeth on several occasions, and one of these is about to occur again, when the Arctic sea ice melts and Arctic temperatures jump by 12 C or more, just as they have in Svaldbard this year :-(
[Response: I'm not aware of any built in thermostat mechanism that keeps the Earth below 40C. In fact, I've run plenty of simulations that get warmer than that, given enough CO2. What did you have in mind? Lindzen's paper from the 1980's is based on incorrect radiation, questionable models of convection and an unrealistic assumption about the vertical distribution of water vapor. --raypierre]
72. allun:
Excuse me? You may be right, however, most of my numbers cames straight from this site, and ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_energy_consumption%2C_1970-2025%2C_EIA.png ). My estimate on insolation is not really speculative, as i used the solar constant (429 btu/sq.ft./hr.) shining on a normal disk of earth radius – 35% reflectance, (obtained from my Halliday & Resnicks), and must only be a quite high ballpark. The reality has to be (much?) lower. Your reference to ( http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/EnergyUsage.html ) doesn’t seem to address this at all?
Still, it would be great if you’d show me where i err, as i really don’t see how seasonal variations, due to incidence angle, affects the integrated whole earth energy balance.
[Response: Ray is right. The solar energy incident on the Earth's surface is the solar 'constant' (~1365 W/m2 - can we stick to metric units please?) divided by 4 (to account for the surface area of the disk vs. the sphere) and multiplied by the co-albedo (~0.7 - your 35% albedo number is slightly too high), giving around 240 W/m2. Total energy consumption is around 412 quadrillion Btu / yr = 412*1055*10^15/(5.1*10^14 area of the earth)/(3600*24*365 seconds in a year) = 0.027 W/m2 - 4 orders of magnitude smaller.... -gavin]
73. allun:
I’m an engineer. We lack the large brains inherent in earth scientists, so we deal in complexity reductions. Let me attempt one here? We live in a large insulated box, that has an internal and external heat source? This box has achieved a thermal equilibrium of sorts. We’re at the moment increasing the r factor of the boxes insulation at the same time releasing 300-500 quadrillion btu’s/yr of extra internal heat source. Lets not quibble about magnitude, the fact that we’re messing with (thank you for the 4 orders of magnitude, some relief there!), a (moderated by feedback?) equilibrium still concerns me. (But less now, thanks!)
And i still don’t see any way seasonal variations effect an integrated whole earth balance.
74. Alastair McDonald:
Ray, surely you are aware of my scepticism of the models. It is the paleoclimatic record which shows that the global mean temperature has never risen above 40C. Moreover, if Lindzen were right with his “Iris theory” then the warmth of the Eemian could never have happened. My ideas are original, but not new. I have since discovered that they had already been proposed by
Ou http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/generalInfo/CEImembers/about/Ou_JournalClimate.pdf ,
Wally Broecker (of course) http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss28/record2128.14.html , and G.C.Simpson [
(1928). "Some Studies in Terrestrial Radiation." Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 2(16): 69-95.,
(1928). "Further Studies in Terrestrial Radiation." Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 3(21): 1-26.]
[Response: I'm not aware of geological evidence that would preclude temperatures over 40C ever having occurred over the past 3.5 billion years. There's no positive evidence for such warm temperatures, but it's too strong a statement to say that it couldn't happen. The prevailing theory for the generally moderate temperatures over the long term is the CO2 weathering thermostat, though there are suggestions that a methane regulation mechanism might have been dominant instead before the oxygenation of the atmosphere. That's very different from saying the temperature wouldn't exceed 40C no matter how high the CO2 or methane got. The Broecker press release you linked states only that he thought water vapor reductions could have accentuated LGM cooling (more precisely stated, that reductions in relative humidity could have lead to more cooling than the standard models). This could well be true, but not on the basis of Broecker's evidence, which rested on a rather faulty interpretation of the Andean mountain glacier data (see my GRL paper on Huascaran isotopes). In any event, there's no suggestion there of a thermostat at the high end. Ou's paper rests on a highly questionable assumption regarding maximization of entropy production., and in the end is a kind of low-cloud thermostat mechanism; he does predict a limitation on maximum temperature, but neither the reasoning nor the predicted behavior of low clouds is borne out by any cloud-resolving dynamical simulations I'm aware of. None of these things have anything to do with the matters regarding radiative transfer fundamentals you used to bring up earlier in the history of RealClimate. I haven't read these two old Simpson papers, which date back to the early days of radiative transfer when people were still sorting out some very basic points, but if they deal with the subject matter I think they do, it is discussed and disposed of in Goody and Yung's book, under the heading of "Simpson's Paradox." --raypierre]
75. Brian Gordon:
On another thread on this site, I asked for the data showing that we (humanity, civilization) have 10 years to make significant reductions in GHGs; after that, the degree of climate change will (sooner or later) be sufficient to end life and lifestyle as we know it. This thread seems a much more appropriate place to talk about that, as climate change inevitability is all about feedbacks and tipping points.
Hank Roberts pointed me to this article:
which was helpful. From the article:
“The Earth’s climate system has great thermal inertia, yielding a climate response time of at least several decades for changes of atmosphere and surface climate forcing agents [Hansen et al., 1983].” p. 2
Is this still considered to be true? If so, then the Arctic is melting due to GHGs from decades ago. Uh oh. Or pollution (ozone, methane, and soot) as the authors suggest?
For the Arctic sea ice to melt, its temperature must rise above the freezing point of sea water. For that to happen, the ice must absorb energy to rise to the freezing point, then must absorb more energy to change state. If we weren’t measuring the ice temperature/heat content, we don’t know how long the time lag has been before the ice actually started melting. Has anyone been measuring the temperature of the sea ice? More from the article:
“Satellite data indicate a rapid decline, ~9%/decade, in perennial Arctic sea ice since 1978 [Comiso, 2002], raising the question of whether the Arctic has reached a ‘tipping point’ leading inevitably to loss of all warm season sea ice [Lindsay and Zhang, 2005]. Indeed, some experts suggest that “…there seem to be few, if any, processes or feedbacks that are capable of altering the trajectory toward this “super interglacial” state – free of summer sea ice” [Overpeck et al., 2005].
“Could the Greenland ice sheet survive if the Arctic were ice-free in summer and fall? It has been argued that not only is ice sheet survival unlikely, but its disintegration would be a wet process that can proceed rapidly [Hansen, 2004, 2005]. Thus an ice-free Arctic Ocean may have implications for global sea level, as well as the regional environment, making Arctic climate change centrally relevant todefinition [sic] of dangerous human interference.” p. 24-25
“We suggest that the conclusion that a ‘tipping point’ has been passed, such that it is not possible to avoid a warm-season ice-free Arctic, with all that might entail for regional climate and the Greenland ice sheet, is not warranted yet. Better information is needed on the present magnitude of all anthropogenic forcings and on the potential for their reduction. If CO2 growth is kept close to that of the alternative scenario, and if strong efforts are made to reduce positive non-CO2 forcings, it may be possible to minimize further Arctic climate change.” p. 25
It seems that some experts think a tipping point has already been passed for the Arctic, and therefore, Greenland, while the authors of this paper do not. Further, they feel this tipping point can be avoided if strenuous action is taken immediately (see the last sentence of the quote). However, they make no claims of having scientific evidence to ‘guarantee’ this. From another article (sorry, I do not have the original reference):
“In early 2004, a surprising course [sic] began to publicize the risk of one such event, the U.S. Department of Defence, the Pentagon, released to Fortune magazine its analysis of the security implications of “a plausible scenario for abrupt climate change.”
“It suggested that it was plausible that the Gulf Stream could stall by 2010. This would be caused by rapidly melting polar ice changing the salinity of the ocean. The ice is fresh water and its release would push down on the more saline currents, slowing and potentially stopping the vast ocean conveyor belt of currents. If the Gulf Stream were to stall, the Pentagon study anticipated widespread social and institutional collapse as droughts led to collapses in food production, displaced environmental refugees pressed on other borders for resources, soil erosion increased and wind speeds across Texas picked up … The Pentagon concluded that the risks of climate change were more significant than the risk of terrorism.
“To avoid the “tipping point” described above, we need reductions of [GHGs of] 80% by 2050, of 30% by 2020.”
I don’t understand at all how reducing GHGs by 2020 and 2050 will avoid a tipping point that will occur in 2010? This scenario was described as “plausible,” and 2010 is only four years away; even if it’s not 2010, but 2020, surely there are enough GHGs currently in the atmosphere to accomplish this?
Thanks for your patience…and let no one construe that passing tipping points is an excuse for doing nothing.
[Response: The "tipping points" refererred to above are somewhat speculative but within the realm of possibility -- though the "European ice age" response to a thermohaline shutdown begins to look somewhat less plausible as a consequence in light of recent thinking on the role of sea ice in past responses, though there may be other serious consequences of thermohaline shutdown. Remember, though, that if there are tipping points, nobody is sure precisely where the thresholds are, so reducing emissions at any time gives you a better chance of not having passed one. Moreover, it is highly likely that there are several thresholds in the climate -- melting of Greenland, melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet, some major shift in El Nino (perhaps), desertification of the Amazon, clathrate release, carbon release from arctic soils, probably many more we haven't thought of yet. Each of these would have a different threshold. The less far we go from the familiar climate range of the past two million years, the less likely we are to encounter something really bad. Thus, even if we couldn't do better than stabilizing at 2xCo2, there are still a lot more impacts that will set in between 2xCO2 and 4xCO2, so it's still worth the effort to stabilize at 2xCO2. I do hope we can do better than that. --raypierre]
76. Dan Robinson:
“Re 69 & 70 (& 71) I don’t think Dan was proposing that Earth would turn into a Venus. They are very different. Venus is heated by carbon dioxide and kept cool by sulphur dioxide clouds.”
Yes, actually I was thinking of a “Venus syndrome”, and for the moment, still am. Has the negative feedback effect of H2O clouds been proven to happen? I’m thinking higher temperatures, probably throughout the atmosphere, would mean H2O would have to go to a higher altitude to condense to clouds, putting a thicker blanket between us and the drier air above, maybe meaning the percent of cloud cover would remain about the same. Also (and maybe part of the cause of the previous effect) condensation to clouds causes heating, just as evaporation causes cooling. I’ll accept your view as long as all this has been considered.
“That is why life has existed for 3,500,000,000 years”
But keep in mind that in about that span of time, the sun has grown hotter by about 25% (James Lovelock), so all bets are at least in doubt.
77. llewelly:
Yes, actually I was thinking of a “Venus syndrome”, …
Dan, please see Lessons From Venus , which explains why the Venus syndrome can’t happen here.
[Response: At least not for a billion years or so. I should provide a clear disclaimer that the discussion Rasmus and I provided in the Venus article was based on clear-sky water vapor feedback. Nobody has brought clouds into the picture in a convincing way, and it's a matter that badly needs to be rectified. It's actually hard to rule out a runaway cloud-based greenhouse effect on Earth, because clouds are so optically thick in the infrared. I don't think it's at all likely, but whether it happens is a race between the cloud cooling and the cloud warming effect. The reason I say it's hard to rule it out on first principles is that some of the parameter sets in the ClimatePrediction.net ensembles do seem to run away. These were just discarded for the most part, but they ought to be looked at so as to provide a better understanding of the physics involved in the runaway. (well, we don't know whether it's a real runaway, since the runs were stopped before equilibrium). As I said, I don't think this is a likely scenario, and it's probable that the runs with a "runaway" cloud feedback would fail to match 20th century temperatures. However, we'd learn something by finding out what was going on in those runs, and refining our picture of why we don't expect real clouds to behave that way. On the other hand, given recent evidence of a very warm early Paleocene Arctic, I wouldn't completely discount a surprise cloud warming effect we haven't factored in. --raypierre]
78. Ron:
I think geoengineering (e.g., increasing polar albedo by large-scale spraying of titanium dioxide, possibly on some kind of flotation device for the polar seas) merits research as a component of our response to climate change. Of course it should not become an excuse to continue unsustainable carbon emissions, nor an excuse to cut climate research (as some deniers would argue). But, at the same time, geoengineering should not fall victim to the idea that “we shouldn’t play God;” alas we already are playing God via our carbon emissions.
We should evaluate potential solutions primarily on their technical and economic merits. That doesn’t mean losing sight of Earth as our spiritual home, but it does mean not letting dogma become our primary guide.
79. John L. McCormick:
Re: #78. Ron, I know from nothing about titanium or your idea (suggestion) to increase polar albedo by large scale spraying of titanium dioxide. You say it merits research as a component of our response to climate change.
Here is what I know of the Arctic ice: it is melting rapidly. Over the past 30 years the annual average sea-ice extent has decreased by about 8 percent, or nearly one million square kilometers.
Here is what I learned from a USGS 2005 report on Titanium Statistics and Information about the cost of titanium on the world market:
Because of a significant increase in demand, prices of titanium metal products rose considerably. The year end unit value of titanium sponge ranged from US$3.55 to US$6.44 per pound in 2004, a significant increase compared with that of 2003. The yearend price range for titanium scrap also reflected market conditions, increasing to between US$3.80 and US$4.00 per pound in 2004 from between US$1.50 and US$1.70 per pound in 2003.
So, titanium sponge ranged in 2004 from $7100 to $12,880 per ton and titanium scrap from $7600 to $8000 per ton. I wonder what it would cost to spread titanium dioxide on the Barrows airport runway?
80. llewelly:
Ray, thank you for your long response. I hadn’t guessed the cloud unknowns were of such importance to a potential runaway greenhouse effect. It helps that you mention the Arctic, where cloud warming is expected to outweigh cloud cooling. Now I’ve a question: Is Arctic cloud cover increasing?
81. Almuth Ernsting:
I gather from Raypierre’s comments that the recent study on the Arctic 55mya gave some rather alarming results. Is there any chance of a blog-post about the study, the results and what the implications may be? That would be extremely helpful!
[Response: Writing an article on this is next on my queue. I've bumped it ahead of Part III of the circulations and warming post. Very, very interesting stuff. Those who want to get a peak at it should look for recent papers authored by "Brinkhuis" on Nature.com. --raypierre]
82. Alastair McDonald:
Please allow me to expand on a few points I made in my previous short post #74 by responding to your response.
Lack of geological evidence for global mean temperatures ever exceeding 40C seems to me to be good grounds for assuming it to be true. Moreover, if temperatures above those levels had occurred in the past, then life as we know it would have been destroyed, as nearly happened during the PT mass extinction.
As you say, mechanisms associated with atmospheric CO2 are generally regarded as having controlled past climates, but I an arguing, like Wally Broecker, that ” … most thinking has focused on water vapor changes as secondary; that is, as the earth warms or cools, evaporation rates change and the amount of moisture in the air rises and falls,” he said. “We opt to turn this thinking around and make water vapor the driver that changes global temperatures.” Although he was referring to Quaternary climates, the Principle of Uniformitarianism means that this hypothesis should also apply to all of Earthâ??s history. Since it does solve many problems, not least those posed by Veizer, then this should be seen as confirmation of its validity.
My thinking is not based on what Broecker said in the Daly lecture. Like you, I only have the account from the press release. However, since the basis of my ideas is that rapid climate change is caused by the runaway effect of water vapour, I have to admit that Wally got there first. However, I go further than your view of his ideas, and claim that both rapid coolings and rapid warmings can be caused by that effect. All that is needed is the sudden formation of sea ice as happened at the start of the Younger Dryas, or a massive release of methane as happened at PETM event to trigger a cooling, or warming event, respectively.
I gather from reading the abstract of your paper, (all that is readily availble to me at present,) that you do not deny that there was a reduction in humidity during the last glacial maximum. The drying of the atmophere during glacial periods is well known, but in a Science paper Maslin & Burns showed that it also happened in the Amazonian basin during the Younger Dryas. In a recent BBC TV program you could see where in the Greenland ice the Younger Dryas had ended, by the abrupt change in colour of the snow due to the ending of wind blown dust when the climate suddenly became wetter.
[Response: I have my full Huascaran paper, like most of my papers, posted on my publications site. I wasn't at the Daly lecture, but from the abstract it's pretty clear that the substance of the lecture was the same as what was in Wally's paper in global biogeochemical cycles. The idea that the Huascaran oxygen isotopes gave paleo-humidity was based on a faulty interpretation of the data, and I don't think Wally subscribes to that idea anymore. There are indications of paleo precipitation, but that's not the same as having a proxy for mid-tropospheric humidity -- which is what affects the radiative feedback. The main reason for my inference that water vapor goes down at least as fast as the constant relative humidity assumption predicts is that it is essentially impossible to account for the observed LGM tropical cooling without an amplifying feedback of at least this magnitude. I can think of dynamical reasons the drying might be greater than Clausius-Clapeyron predicts, but they're still in the nature of making water vapor a feedback to other drivers, not a primary driver. Things like aerosol supply could change atmospheric humidity through microphysical processes, but so far that's just speculation, with neither paleo-observations nor theory to back it. Not impossible, and worth a look, but there's no real support for it yet. ]
A tipping point has been reached, and that is in the belief that rapid climate change, as proposed by Broecker, is caused by switches in the Atlantic branch of the THC. That belief is now an article of faith for everyone even with only a passing interest in climate science. This is despite the fact that Wally now believes â??the shutdown of the THC was exacerbated by a positive feedback in the form of enhanced winter sea-ice formation.â?? [Schiermeier, Nature 439 p 259] It is as difficult to roll back the idea that the THC causes abrupt climate change, as it will be to reform the Arctic sea ice once it has melted!
In the two Simpson memoirs, as well as postulating his Paradox, he also dismissed the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide because he considered it negligble compared with the effects of water vapour and clouds. Water vapour overlaps the CO2 bands, and clouds would limit the temperature increases. As you are probably aware it was Callendar who reintroduced the idea of CO2 being important and causing global warming. Where Simpson was obviously wrong is in the Arctic. There, there is little water vapour because of the cold, and also little cloud in the polar vortex. In that case, CO2 can dominate the greehouse effect, and cause the rapid melting of the ice we are seeing.
[Response: Simpson wasn't just wrong in the Arctic. CO2 bands are important even in tropical conditions, and his ideas about clouds were just not very well thought out. Entirely defensible models of tropical clouds can actually yield an amplifying effect on climate change. It's an interesting question in history of science as to why many early 20th century climate people thought water vapor opacity would overwhelm CO2. That was not even well supported by the spectroscopy of the time. The discussion was muddied by the fact that the various ideas about how to incorporate the radiation into a prediction of surface temperature weren't incorporated into a consistent model. That was done by Manabe and Strickler and Manabe and Wetherald in the 1960's, which settled the issue once and for all, at least given the assumption of constant relative humidity in a warming world. ]
BTW as far as I know Simpson’s Pradox has not been solved. Am I correct?
[Response: Yes. It wasn't much of a paradox. What Simpson considered a problem, Ingersoll turned to advantage in his theory of the runaway greenhouse. The crude radiation modelling of the time just didn't allow Simpson to conclude that the OLR limitation by water vapor wasn't a problem for Earth's situation. It's well-discussed towards the end of Goody and Yung --raypierre]
Cheers, Alastair.
83. Ron:
Re: #79:
You don’t need much, since the coating can be extremely thin. Titanium dioxide is the primary reflective constituent of white paint. I don’t imagine it’d cost more than $10,000 retail to paint the Barrow runway (6500 ft x ~ 50ft = ~325,000ft^2) white. But…
Current paint tech (assuming 350 ft^2 coverage/gal and $10/gal) would cost ~$306 billion to cover that area — about what the U.S. so far has spent on the war in Iraq. (Of course you’d still need some durable floating medium to support the paint on sea areas, which would add significant costs). Still, we should be able to contrive more efficient ways to use Ti02 for this purpose, or find other materials that would be more practical.
I am assuming that we would want to use ground-based reflectants instead of aerial ones (e.g., atmospheric dispersal of SO2) because they are far easier to control and their effects are more predictable.
84. Gareth:
Ahem. The Arctic melts, so we paint it white. And this is meant to be a serious response? Gives us climate alarmists a bad name…
85. Ron:
Re: #83:
I am not a climate alarmist, but a climate realist. We’re going to need to use all the tools at our disposal to deal with the climate change we’re causing. We’ve got to go on a carbon diet — yesterday. And we’ve also got to consider other ways to reduce the effects of excess atmospheric carbon. Increasing arctic albedo is, I suggest, one such approach.
Refute it if you can. But mockery without data hardly helps us solve a very real problem.
86. John L. McCormick:
Ron, what you are reading from the several responses to your initial offer at #79 is shock at the thought of what you propose without your providing an ounce of specifics that show you or others have actually begun to give that idea serious scientific and international consideration.
You offer no glimpse at what you are suggesting. so, we can only conclude you are about spreading white paint on flat surfaces around the north Polar region.
Perhaps you could take a moment and go past your suggestion:
“I think geoengineering (e.g., increasing polar albedo by large-scale spraying of titanium dioxide, possibly on some kind of flotation device for the polar seas) merits research as a component of our response to climate change.” and tell us who (you perhaps) have been seriously considering such a scheme and have given due consideration to unforseen consequences such as toxic contamination of water, vegetation, species, etc.; the physical application of (what) and at what cost; and, perhaps, the shelf life of any such application of (what).
When you provide some detail or —better– lead us to some sites and links that go into the discussion with great detail and references, then I can better understand your suggestion.
Your comment: Refute it if you can. But mockery without data hardly helps us solve a very real problem. is correct in one sense…we have a VERY REAL PROBLEM and very little time and (even US federal money) to devise remedies and adaptation.
I do not doubt your resolve to make a positive contribution to saving us and our children from the calamity ahead. But, YOU need to provide or lead us to the data, the research, environmental impact statements, cost-benefit analysis, etc.
Then, we can talk.
[Response: I like to allow wide-ranging discussion of geoengineerig proposals not because I think that any of them is likely to be a cheaper and better solution than the known and available technologies for reducing CO2 emisssions, but because they offer a playful way to think more deeply about the way the climate system operates. Ken Caldeira's analysis of the effect of orbital mirrors is a good case in point (with regard to climate dynamics; I don't think the mirrors are a very workable idea as technology but I won't speak for Ken). However, it's good to keep a bit of an idea on reality here. The idea of somehow painting the liquid ocean surface white is pretty silly. If you want to think about more constructive and practical uses of albedo engineering, the urban and suburban environment is really a much better place to start. it could have a small but useful contribution even on the global scale, but more importantly it reduces the urban heat island effect, so there's less electricity demand for air conditioning. To keep the solar heating you'd want in the winter, you'd need to combine this with passive solar features allowing heating when you want it (heating an
insulated black roof is not good passive solar heating!). Now here's an important architectural question: which is better a "green roof" (living plants and moist soil) or a "white roof" (dead white panels without any moisture-holding capacity)? Is there some way to combine the benefits of both -- i.e. the high albedo of the white roof with the evaporative cooling of the green roof? --raypierre]
87. Ron:
Re: #86
You are exactly correct that I’ve provided few specifics on deploying albedo-increasing materials, and you’re right to ask about what would be deployed, what the downsides might be, what it would cost, how it would be perceived politically, and so forth. And you are also correct that it’s my responsibility to defend any ideas I propose. But I would also point out that criticism of the form “and this is meant to be a serious response?” does not advance the debate one iota.
That said, I am a rank amateur at understanding climate and I certainly do not have anything like a complete proposal. My point was not to present such a thing, but to diversify the debate on remediating climate change by contributing an offbeat idea that I had not heard discussed before.
Re: raypierre comment on #86:
Thank you for the reference to Ken Caldeira’s paper. I’ll check it out.
88. Ron:
Re: raypierre comment on #86:
The idea is not to dye the water, but to deploy reflective materials on some kind of strong, durable floating substrate (wild e.g., mylar).
[Sorry about not including this in my prior comment.]
89. Almuth Ernsting:
I wonder if anybody else has read Fred Pearce’s new book ‘The Last Generation’ yet. It’s a terrifying prediction of a virtual breakdown of the carbon cycle, a series of abrupt climate changes leading to massive warming – it reads very much like the scientific details behind the Revenge of Gaia (and has been praised by Lovelock), except that it makes Lovelock sound quite optimistic.
(looking at the melting permafrost, methan hydrates, the possible Amazon die-back, tropical peat fires, oceans turning acid and killing marine life, most forests turning into carbon sources, etc).
90. Gareth:
RE #87: “But I would also point out that criticism of the form “and this is meant to be a serious response?” does not advance the debate one iota.”
Sorry if you’re feeling a bit sensitive about my comment, Ron, but it does advance the debate, if only because it suggests you might like to refine not only the physical basis for your idea, but also its public presentation.
On the other hand, painting my roof white might well be a good idea…
91. John L. McCormick:
RE/ #86
Ray, you are most generous with your time and constructive, if necessarily nudging, replies to the many not-so-carefully-tuned submittals.
Ron does open a door, however, that I also would like to see RealClimate invite more entry. How to diversify the debate on remediating climate change by contributing offbeat ideas not heard discussed before? â?¦..to paraphrase Ron.
Offbeat ideas can and should include how to expand the audience attracted to this quality discussion on the science of climate change. I would like to see more participation from individuals living in South Asia; in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Kashmir. I’d like to hear first hand accounts of the melt back of the Himalayan glaciers and the threat of overflowing glacial lakes and the affect on steam flow into the Ganges and Bramaputra Rivers.
That region of the world is so very critical to stability of the Southern Hemisphere and, with rare coverage in at least the UK press, we in the North can only imagine what their world will become if water resources for farming and domestic use become critically imperiled.
It would not be too difficult to encourage participation of knowledgeable people in that region if they were aware of the RealClimate web site. Perhaps the international NGO network could post a link, on their pages, to RealClimate. Perhaps I will explore this with InterAction located in Washington DC. It is an umbrella for most of the Northern humanitarian organizations such as Oxfam, Caritas, etc.
Does anyone have suggestions how the existence of RealClimate could easily be broadcast deep into the Southern Hemisphere? Language need not be a barrier as translation software, to a degree, is easily obtained.
92. Brian Gordon:
As someone who has benefitted greatly from raypierre’s (and other’s) comments, I also want to thank the RC scientists and contributors. Thank you. :-)
My understanding of the purpose of this site is that it is to provide some education about climate science, especially necessary given the disinformation from various sources. Having a forum for untried ideas detracts from this purpose, and possibly also the site’s credibility.
93. Florifulgurator:
Here´s another layperson´s perhaps offbeat idea on remediating climate change. A low-tech solution. Good work perhaps for the poor. It´s about black, not white. I already posted somewhere else but got no feedback. So,
Carbon sequestration by producing charcoal from forests: 1) Use the pyrolysis oils for “green fuel”. 2) Leave (most of) the charcoal on site (mix it into the ground for soil enhancement a la Amazonian terra preta) and/or store it underground. 3) Let new trees grow. 4) Repeat.
94. Geoff Coe:
Until very recently, I had done no real investigating of the global warming issue on my own, but had pretty much accepted the idea that human activity (the burning of fossil fuels and things like the destruction of the rainforsts) were most likely a driving force behind the situation. At the moment, however, due to a short but intensive period of reading, I’m no longer of that opinion. I have not yet seen Al Gore’s movie. At this point, however, I feel that his movie is not likely to give me any information that I haven’t already encountered. The “tipping point” in my mind occurred when I read a blog entry where someone said that his college professor laughed (out loud) at the idea that human beings were the cause of global warning. My first thought was to think that maybe this writer had been to college over 10 or 20 years ago. He gave the name of his professsor, however (Bill Gray), and so I looked him up assuming that more recent information probably caused the professor to change his mind. What I found, however, was a climate scientist who A) doesn’t believe that human behavior is a significant factor in global warming, and B) isn’t being paid by anyone to have that point of view. (For more information on William Gray, here are a couple of articles:
One climate scientist alone, of course, wasn’t going to convince me. At this point, however, I feel that I can no longer accept Al Gore’s opinion that there’s a scientific consensus on the subject of global warming because obviously there isn’t. Everyone agrees that things are getting warmer, but Gore was saying that the scientific community was in agree that human activity was the central force (all one needs is a single desenting climate scientist who’s NOT being paid by some big business interest and the idea of “censensus” in my mind is bound to go out the window.)
At this point, therefore, I guess I sort of decided that I could no longer trust what anyone is or was saying and had to start thinking and looking at the problem from the beginning (if you want anything done right, you’re going to have to do it yourself, etc. etc.) I therefore started to ask some very basic questions that most non-scientists would probably not bother to ask. Questions such as “Exactly how much air do we have on the planet?” and “How much CO2 relative to air are we putting out?” The information on this page was a bit too technical for me (I was reading through this page before I stumbled onto the opinions of Dr. Gray) so I went to Wikipedia where a simple pie charts showed me that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is several hundred times less than what I thought it would be (here’s the address http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere) As a non-climate scientist, I’ve been completely converted away from the idea that we human beings are causing global warming even though the political side of my being would almost rather that that argument be true. Politically, I’m much more at home with an environmentalist (as opposed to a capitalist) point of view. What really convinced me, however, were two pages I just sort of happened to stumble upon in a separate search after reading through the Wikipedia site…
Global Warming: A Chilling Perspective
Global Warming: A Closer Look At The Numbers
The second page in particular (the one with the numbers) is the one that really made the most sense and led me to conclude that Dr. Gray’s position is, in the end, probably the one that’s right. I’m no climate scientist, but I’d say that I’m some who’s pretty good with your basic concepts and numbers. Would anyone care to take a stab at telling me, at this point, after reading the things I’ve shown you here, why everyone shouldn’t be laughing at the idea the human behavior is the cause of global warming? From an uneducated point of view, I was ready to accept the human cause idea hook, line and sinker. If we accept the numbers given on the second web page I provided above, however, then the TOTAL effective human contribution to the global warming greenhouse gases is so small (less than 3/10ths of 1% or 0.29%) that it makes no sense to assume that it makes any genuine difference. To suggest that human beings are causing global warming, therefore, would be like suggesting that throwing a match into a raging fire once a minute is what’s causing it to get steadily bigger and hotter.
The earth is slowly getting warmer. Based on the pages evidence I’ve just cited, however, it’s seems very unlikely that anything we’re doing is having any real effect at all. 0.29% effectiveness, in my opinion, is very little effect. If someone told me that I was being only 0.29% effective at work, for example, I think I’d probably get fired fairly quickly after that.
Naturally, I wouldn’t be posting here if I wasn’t hoping that someone would come back and explain exactly what (if anything) I’m missing. Am I missing something? If you believe that human behavior is driving global warming today, how would you answer the information given on the last two page (specifically the second one) that I just read? Explain to me why the human contribution to global climate forces shouldn’t be compared (as a friend of mine use to like to say) to a fart in a hurricane? Thank you. (I’m sorry if that last analogy was a bit crude, but I’ve always thought it was fairly descriptive of two things not in the same order of magnitude. Thanks again.)
[Response: Speaking of laughing out loud, I would laugh out loud myself at the idea that Bill Gray understood even the basics of climate change physics, if it weren't so tragic. If you want to get an inkling of just a few of the ways that Gray is confused, take a look at the post "Gray and Muddy Thinking about Global Warming." This is a man who doesn''t even understand energy conservation, or the basic nature of the Earth's energy budget. You ought to look at the full spectrum of evidence, try to learn what really makes climate tick, and make a decision based on sound science. And yes, Gore's movie is a very good place to start. The science, as we said in our review of the movie, is very accurate, and quite free from exaggeration. The answer to your last question is present not just in Gore's movie and book but in the numerous books reviewed by Gavin under "MY Review of books," as well as spread over virtually all the articles that have appeared on RealClimate. The numbers regarding the proportion of human influence on climate forcing, on the web site you cited, are completely bogus (see Gavin's post on the "Water Vapor Feedback," and also the links to the illlconsidered site given in Comment #96 below). I'll believe that your question is in earnest when I see you actually make an effort to look at the science and understand it. I've seen a lot of posts like this where someone pretends to be wide-eyed and having been a true green believer (like Lomborg in the old days) until they saw the light on hearing from (YOUR FAVORITE SKEPTIC HERE) and the scales fell from their eyes. Most of these starry-eyed posts are just from people whose minds are already made up. So please prove me wrong. --raypierre]
95. Alastair McDonald:
I have a suggestion which I have not seen anywhere else, and might even be practical. The idea is to farm coral on flooded deserts. I would start with the Negev desert which is below sea level, so the costs of pumping sea water into it would be low.
This idea has several advantages: First the growth of coral would remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Second, the coral, which is white, would reflect sunlight and so increase planetary albedo. Third, the flooding would be done with sea water, which would not deplete global fresh water resources, and in fact might increase them through the inevitable evaporation.
Suitable corals which grow quickly and near the surface could be developed using genetic modification, and since the sites would be isolated from the oceans there is little danger of the new strains upsetting the natural world.
Finacing of the projects could be achieved by issuing carbon credits for each ton of coral produced, so making it profiatble for polluting industries to finace or implement such schemes.
Although it might seem that the pumping of sea water upto the deserts migh be expensive, in fact much of the surface of the continents is fairly low having been below sea level during the Cretaceous, in other words only a few hundred feet above present sea level. If Antarctica melts, then we may not need to pump the water as the Nullabor Desert in Australia and Arizona will be flooded anyway :-)
96. Hugh:
Alastair, if memory serves me correctly I think you’ll find that coral is only white…when it’s dead.
97. Florifulgurator:
Re 94:
98. Coby:
Geoff Coe, #94
You should have a look in the dictionary for a definition of consensus, it does not mean unanimity. Please check here for just how strong the consensus is:
Your clearlight web page is not reliable, the numbers it use for H2O etc greenhouse impact are, as near as I can tell, made up. Have a read here for some sourced numbers and also here for a disection of the basic implied attack on climate scientists that page delivers.
As Ray suggests, we will see if you are as sincere as you sound, unfortunately many people make very similar presentations but then never follow through on their professed sincere interests. If you really want to get a handle on the scientific basis of this issue you can not do better than starting here:
[Response: Indeed, I've been through something like this several times. The usual sequence is that, in response to what looks like a sincere request to clear up confusion, we and our readers provide a wealth of accurate material to look at. A remarkably short time later a response comes back from the original inquirer saying words to the effect that " I've read all the material you've recommended, but I'm still not convinced." Then, if patience hasn't given out entirely, I usually ask, "Could you be more specific. For example, just what aspect of the water vapor vs. CO2 argument do you find unconvincing?" Usually at that point the sincere inquirer disappears entirely. Once one said to me "It's people like me you have to convince, so don't just tell me to read the material and think harder about it." As I said, I would be delighted to see things take a different course in this particular instance. Hope springs eternal. --raypierre]
99. Mark A. York:
It’ll take hope and then some to get rid of this same bogus source. I get it handed to me every time somewhere, and then a newspaper writes a zinger and it starts all over again. Even Charlie Rose asked Gore a littany of stupid questions like these.
100. Florifulgurator:
Re 94 etc. etc. p.p.
I recently read about blog trolls paid by “PR” firms specializing on such guerilla propaganda.
#94 kinda sounds like one, and almost surely Ray & Mark have encountered such folks. Not worth much typing (from my European standards of discourse) – luckily there´re those great resources like realclimate or illconsidered.
Just throw them links at the ostrich: If you get a reply, she might be seriously interested in the real world & worth some more of your precious time & brainlard.
101. Blair Dowden:
Re #94: I do not think it is constructive to attack the motives of Geoff Coe. There is a good chance that he is sincere, but has been misled by convincing sounding information. Let me point out a few problems with the “closer look at the numbers” analysis.
The first line in Table 1 claims 68,520 parts per billion (ppb) of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere have a “natural” origin. No reference or justification is given. There is no possible natural source for that much carbon dioxide in that period of time. The number is totally false (four significant digits is a good clue as well), which largely invalidates the rest of the analysis which is based on that figure.
Then in Table 3 we are told that 95% of the greenhouse effect is from water vapor. Again, no justification, just a vague reference to other skeptical web pages. This is based on the fact that about 95% of greenhouse gas by volume is indeed water vapor. It does not take into account that most of the greenhouse effect takes place in the upper atmosphere where water vapor concentrations are much lower. Understanding this takes a bit of work, which I or others here can help you with if you are really interested.
The actual figures are about two thirds of the greenhouse effect is water vapor, the rest are from other greenhouse gases to which humans have made a significant contribution, a lot more than 0.117%.
I understand a skeptical outlook. But maybe you should be especially skeptical about people who provide false and misleading information.
102. Alastair McDonald:
Re 96 I think your view of farming is rather naive. Their end product is dead. You can’t eat a living steer nor a living field of barley! By producing dead coral we would be locking up carbon dioxide for millions of years, just as is happening in the White Cliffs of Dover. Moreover, if it was spread over the deserts, or elsewhere, it would increase the albedo – two for the price of one!
103. Geoff Coe:
You guys need to either restrict this forum to a limited group of accepted members or find a way of addressing new posters without accusing them of having perverted motives. In my opinion, it really doesn’t serve your purpose. In my view, the basic cause of global warming (if human activity is the driving force) is egotism. Egotism sank the Titanic. In my opinion, egotism is really our biggest enemy here. I’d like to know if people here agree with the following newspaper article as far as the earth already being beyond the greenhouse ‘tipping point’…
February 11, 2006 by the Guardian/UK
A crucial global warming “tipping point” for the Earth, highlighted only last week by the British Government, has already been passed, with devastating consequences….
Thank you.
104. Blair Dowden:
Re #104: Geoff, I agree that the way your post by some people here was treated was unacceptable. But I did respond with respect, and you did not acknowledge or comment on that. That confirms the suspicions of the posters here – you do not really want to know. Is that correct?
About the “common dreams” article: I am sick of this kind of hype. The facts given are accurate, but the spin is extreme. There is no “tipping point” (or non-linear effect) that I am aware of in any climate model or plausible climate scenario. Any “threshold” crossed is an arbitrary one. In this case they appear to be comparing a carbon dioxide threshold of 400 ppm, which may be about 50 years in the future, with a carbon dioxide equivalent including other greenhouse gases today. That is the same kind of dishonest accounting used by some skeptics.
I also have a problem with implied (but not stated) relationship between agricultural yields in Africa and water shortages with global warming. There are many other human caused reasons for these problems. Again, this is dishonest.
However, again I must point out that the basic facts are correct. Two degrees of warming in this century is a reasonable forecast. Ice cap melting is a serious issue, though more long term than they imply. The basic facts are simple: At any given global average temperature the ice caps contain a certain volume of water, in equilibrium. When it gets colder, ice caps grow and sea levels drop. When it gets warmer the ice caps shrink and sea level rises. We have data from the past on what sea levels were at various temperatures. If you plot a graph of sea level against global temperature, the slope of the line as about 6 meters per degree of warming. So two degrees of warming means 40 feet of sea level rise.
In equilibrium. Ice does not melt instantly. Equilibrium is reached on the order of 500 to a thousand years. Major effects will be felt sooner than that. See this paper for instance. So the effects of global warming are serious, but will not be felt by the generations responsible for creating them.
105. Zeke Hausfather:
Geoff, I’m not entirerly sure what you mean by egotism. Do you mean that an ecotistic and selfish discounting of the future by individuals results in unsustainable behaviors and creates collective action problems like climate change?
As far as climate change science goes, you have two options as a lay person approaching the field.
1) Trust the process of peer reviewed science to, in the end, arrive at the correct conclusion. At the moment, the overwhelming majority of the scientific community supports the consensus position embodied the IPCC report (see http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686 for example). While this certainly could change in the future, as new evidence emerges, given the time and effort that has gone into studying climate change at this point, the scientific consensus in itself is probably justification enough for policy makers to take the matter seriously.
2) Read the relevent science and come to your own conclusions. While this approach is, for obvious reasons, ideally preferable over #1, it comes with its share of pitfalls. First, not every citizen in the world has the time or technical know-how to follow the thousands of relevent research publications every year that help define the field. The reason many of us laypeople trust climate scientists is that we simply don’t have the time to do as detailed a study of the current science as they do. Second, the self-discover risks mistaking cherry-picked data for the overall picture. While websites like CO2Science and their ilk seem rather convincing to the lay audience, an experienced climate scientist can easily pick it appart. Having little time to study the matter fully tends to result in people latching on to the first convincing-looking finding they stumble upon and mistaking it for the “truth”. If you are really interested in this issue, I highly recomend sticking to articles in peer-reviewed publications if possible, as they tend to be less ideologically-tinted and less prone to factual errors or hyperbole.
106. Lynn Vincentnathan:
RE #104, I agree with “egotism” being a root cause of AGW. Since GW is being caused by humans, we do need to bring in the social & behavioral sciences to completely understand it, & include the psychological (motivational/cognitive), social, and cultural dimensions.
Like why in the blank are people dragging their feet on solving this problem? They must be crazy.
RE the topic, I just read (but have figured all along) that GW may be increasing forest fires (thru drought, early snow melt, wind increase), which would pump more GHGs into the atmosphere — another positive feedback.
107. Brian Gordon:
Re: Geoff Coe and it’s too late
First, my bias has been that I lean toward the “it’s probably too late” camp. This belief, quite honestly, led to some degree of depression and despair. I have kids and even a grandaughter, and I don’t feel very good about the very possible fact that…well…crap, eh?
Anyway, this negative outlook can be self-reinforcing, because we seek out or believe things that confirm our beliefs; it takes some effort to remain open. However, the ‘doom-and-gloom’ scenario is not backed up by data. Raypierre and Hank Roberts, among others, have helped me realise this. Here’s my reasoning about it:
1. Even if we stop emitting GHGs immediately, there are enough in the atmosphere to keep warming the earth for some time.
2. It _appears_ that the Arctic has passed a tipping point, and will soon be ice-free in the summer.
3. Reputable scientists believe that when the Arctic goes, the melting of the ice on Greenland is inevitable, too. (This from the paper by Hansen et al: http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/notyet/2005_submitted_Hansen_etal_1.pdf.)
4. One or both of these events could shut down or drastically slow the THC, freezing Europe.
5. Who knows what other consequences there would be, but the social disruption might well lead to the collapse of some or all of ‘civilization,’ and therefore the deaths of millions or even billions.
Sounds rather bleak. However, the authors of the paper referenced do NOT believe that the Arctic is necessarily lost yet, and they state that they believe much of the melting is due to non-CO2 pollution. In addition, we are entering a new era, meaning that some of what happened in the past is not necessarily indicative of what will happen in the future. Will the THC shut down? Will there be massive social disruption? Will Greenland melt? There are lots of unknowns.
On to the article:
The Government’s conference on Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, held at the UK Met Office in Exeter a year ago, highlighted a clear threshold in the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which should not be surpassed if the 2 degree point was to be avoided with “relatively high certainty”.
This was for the concentration of CO2 and other gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, taken together in their global warming effect, to stay below 400ppm (parts per million) in CO2 terms – or in the jargon, the “equivalent concentration” of CO2 should remain below that level.
The warning was highlighted in the official report of the Exeter conference, published last week. However, an investigation by The Independent has established that the CO2 equivalent concentration, largely unnoticed by the scientific and political communities, has now risen beyond this threshold.
This number is not a familiar one even among climate researchers, and is not readily available.
The 400ppm threshold is based on a paper given at Exeter by Malte Meinhausen of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Dr Meinhausen reviewed a dozen studies of the probability of exceeding the 2 degrees threshold at different CO2 equivalent levels. Taken together they show that only by remaining above 400 is there a very high chance of not doing so.
As Blair Dowden (#105) said, As Blair Dowden (#105) said,the threshold of 400 ppm is arbitrary. Nobody really knows where the tipping points are, or what each tipping point will ultimately cause. That’s the reason this threshold “is not a familiar one even among climate researchers.” Climate change skeptics use this uncertainty to argue for more study, less action, but that seems a very irresponsible course, given the likely consequences.
[Finally, I think that "above" should be "below" in the last sentence I quoted from the article.]
108. Geoff Coe:
Blair, the reason I didn’t respond to your post was that I didn’t see it before I posted mine (this was because I hadn’t refreshed the web page and didn’t see your posting. Sorry.)
Zeke, naturally I agree with what you’re saying about the basic two options.
I would like to throw another link in here for comment if I may…
When raypierre mentioned “Lomborg” above, I went and looked him up. What is the “consensus” on this particular quote:
Or to put it more clearly, the temperature that we would have experienced in 2094 [without the Kyoto protical] we have now postponed to 2100….In essence, the Kyoto Protocol…merely buys the world six years [and] will have surprisingly little impact.
Thank you
[Response: This quote is typical Lomborg -- technically correct, up to a point, but giving a completely misleading impression. The assumption behind the quote is that the Kyoto Protocol is the only thing the world is going to do about global warming -- that we'll do Kyoto (if that) and then call it quits. In reality, Kyoto is just the first step in a very long process which will eventuallly involve all the world's CO2 producers and not just the Annex I countries. Kyoto provides some impetus to develop the right technologies which can be transferred or sold to the developing world, and provides some real-world experience with the cost of CO2 abatement. It also provides the necessary moral platform for involving the developing world. If the Annex I countries can't even commit to the modest first steps in Kyoto, they have no moral standing to demand stronger actions from poorer countries who have not benefited as much so far from industrial growth. One could quite reasonably argue whether Kyoto is the most cost-effective way to take the first step. One could not argue that the modest climate benefits accrued directly from the Kyoto reductions are justification for doing nothing at all. If anything, this is an argument for finding a way to do more, faster.
Instead of changing the subject by tossing out yet another standard skeptics' quote, it would be really nice if you would tell us what you think of the scientific arguments given in the mainstream literature links that various people suggested you read. --raypierre]
109. Geoff Coe:
Raypierre, I find your reply to the Lomborg quote very depressing because, assuming that you’re right (and I’m not assuming that you’re not) the situation is impossible (or at least appears that way to me at the moment.)
Did you know, for example, that 44% of the American population now believes that Jesus will return to earth to judge the living and the dead sometime in the next fifty years (source here and here). I mention this because these people do not see a need to deal with the “problem” of global warming. How could global warming be a problem if they’re just about to be drawn up to Heaven in the Rapture? 44%! That’s a lot! Practically half. From what I’ve gathered (see sources above), these people view any attempt to address global warming as a form of blasphemy because it is somehow an attempt to circumvent the Will of God, etc. It’s sickening, but this is part of what I meant when I said before that I see anthropogenic global warming as a function of ego (ego being the tendency to be stuck in a limited point of view.) At the same time, however, I’m not saying that we shouldn’t take action wherever we see a chance to effect a positive change. We maximize our ability to make a positive difference by having a clear picture of what we’re up against. Given that number (44%) it’s a waste of time to approach the situation with the assumption that most people are approaching the situation from the same pragmatic place that you are.
110. Florifulgurator:
Geoff, perhaps my apologies are due (for #100)…
Yet, I´m not sure you´re not trying to propagate some sort of “3rd-order denialism” (i.e.: “we can´t do anything because people don´t want to do anything”).
Your 44% number is one reason why I chose to adress certain people like I did with you. This is anno domini 2006. Forget the 20th century – things will get worse this round. People who still don´t get it (AGW) are either 1) brainwashed 2) in psychopathic denial of reality 3) corrupted 4) religiously deluded or 5) I dunno. It is time to tell that straight into their face. Sorry.
111. Coby:
Some have said you were treated harshly, and it seems you have decided to agree. Myself, I concede I was curt, but I don’t think anything I said in tone or content was rude, it certainly wasn’t intended this way. Raypierre’s initial response could be seen as brusque, though I’m sure he means no offense either and, like me, is merely frustrated with a recurring pattern and the never ending citations of demonstrable junk (granted, maybe unkowingly cited).
But you are currently failing the next test of what your real motives are. You do not respond to the offers of quality information and you abandon the subjects of your initial enquiries without conceding anything only to offer up new, and typical, septic talking points.
Please don’t be offended if you are still sincere, this maybe your first foray into a public discussion of this issue so you don’t know the changing climate of climate change conversations, but some of us have seen a sad occurence time and time again of someone posing as a naive and sincere concerned citizen once trusting, now befuddled by conflicting scientific views only to eventually reveal that their minds were long ago firmly made up and their purpose is merely to troll and muddy the waters for everyone.
If you are sincere, please let us know that you read and understood what we offered as references rather than continuing to offer your own. If you are not, you will soon claim we are all religious zealots who can not defend our positions logically so only attack and belittle those true denialist heros who are not afraid to cry out the emperor has no clothes.
Who are you, Geoff Coe?
[Response: I was brusque firstly because I had already seen enough posts worded very similarly to Geoff Coe's to make me suspicious of the motives. I was also brusque because I find it hard to believe that, with all the valid information out there, with the well-written IPCC reports written by several hundred top scientists carefully screened for their scientific qualifications and carefully reviewed by governments and other scientists, with statements on global warming by the American Meteorological Society, American Geophysical Union, most of the world's National Academies, with scientific research conducted by or endorsed by members of the National Academy of Sciences, MacArthur Award winners, Fellows of the Royal Society, Nobel prize winners etc. etc. -- with all this out there it strains belief that anybody who was sincerely interested in seeking knowledge would light on two of the least reliable sources in the whole climate change universe and pin his beliefs on these without even doing a cursory check of what the scientific community thinks about the claims made in these sources. In light of this, I really wasn't expecting much, but I was curious to see just how this phenomenon happens, if it is indeed a sincere request for clarification. I do appreciate that Mr. Coe didn't just cut and run (which usually happens in these cases), but I am still awaiting enlightenment. And, I'm still awaiting any sign that Mr. Coe has read and considered the suggested material. --raypierre]
112. Joel Shore:
Re #104: Not to nitpick too much, but with CO2 levels currently passing through ~380ppm and growing at about 0.5%…or 2ppm…per year, we will be crossing through 400ppm of CO2 in about 10 years, not 50.
Re #108 (Lomborg’s quote about Kyoto): Another way to look at it, in addition to what raypierre said, is simply this — Kyoto proscribes emissions for the developed (Annex I) nations for a 5-year period (2008-2012). So, even if Kyoto applied to all nations and involved producing no emissions at all for a five-year period (after which we went back to our normal ways), the net effect would only be to delay the warming effects by ~5 years! Given the numbers that Lomborg comes up with (and knowing that the actual emission cuts proscribed are not nearly so draconian), I would assume that Lomborg’s claim involves somewhat more reasonable assumptions about what happens to emissions outside of the 5 year 2008-2012 window, but this does give you the basic idea: It is silly to make statements like this about what a treaty that proscribes emissions for a 5-year time period will accomplish without at least carefully explaining your assumptions. I have seen these sort of statements made about Kyoto constantly and have yet to see any place where they are stated with the underlying assumptions carefully spelled out. Without those, the statements are, in my view, completely vacuous.
The way I think of Kyoto is that its major purpose is to correct the current market failing by which the cost of CO2 emissions is “externalized” so that each person can use the atmosphere as a free sewer and then we collectively pay for everyone else’s emissions. Under such a system, there are no market incentives pushing the development and implementation of technologies that reduce or sequester our greenhouse gas emissions. In order for the market to have the right incentives, it is necessary to “internalize” the cost on those emissions, which is what Kyoto effectively does (especially under the emissions trading regime that has been set up).
One of the ironies is that those who sometimes claim to be the strongest believers in markets and claim that markets will somehow solve the problem without any intervention are either ignorant about how markets actually work or are liars. They are actually hoping that magic…or at least extra-market forces such as altruism…will lead people to solve the problem because the market will not solve problems where the costs are externalized. It simply makes no sense for someone to invest money in technology to solve a problem that they are not paying for. (Of course, we are all collectively paying for our emissions through global warming and other environmental problems, but nearly all of the costs each of us bears is due to the emissions of everyone else. Only a vanishingly small amount is due to our own emissions.)
113. Geoff Coe:
Coby wrote: “Who are you, Geoff Coe?”
I wrote a reply to this but then felt uncomfortable about posting stuff about myself up here. For those who want to read what I wrote, click here. I understand the fear of having one’s time wasted by someone who, in the end, may not be sincere and may have already formed an undisclosed opinion, but I really don’t know what I can do at this point to address that fear. I think that everyone must naturally make up his or her own mind. Besides what I wrote on the other page, I’m sort of at a loss to know what would be the right or proper answer.
114. Blair Dowden:
Re #112: Joel, of course you are correct about carbon dioxide levels. I guess the Common Dreams article threw so many arbitrary numbers around that I got confused myself. Setting 400 ppm as a magic barrier when we are almost already there makes no sense.
I think the only way to rational market decisions about fossil fuel use is to place a carbon tax on them at the source, although I realize there are problems on how to handle the revenue. I am not sure how this fits in with the Kyoto emissions trading scheme.
Re #113: Geoff, I believed you from the start. My only suggestion is to follow through on your questions before changing the topic.
115. Coby:
Hi Geoff,
To address that fear, just let me know if you understand the deceit in the clearlight pages when it comes to H2O vs CO2 in climate change. Specifically, did you read and do you follow the arguments and information in these three links?
Are you reassured that, Bill Gray’s contemptuous laughter aside, there is in fact a very strong scientific consensus that GW is real and CO2 emissions are the primary driver?
(Bill Gray is in a *very* small majority even in the sceptic world by denying the above)
And have you had time to look into this document?
A sincere interest can not be better served than by reading at least the Summary for Policy Makers in the above IPCC report, and hopefully you would have time to read summaries and introductions of the various chapters as well.
Best wishes,
116. Coby:
should have been “small minority” of course…
117. Geoff Coe:
Coby: I am reading/looking at the pages that you posted. In general, I want people to understand that, looking back at my first post (#94), I can understand now why people here would think that I might not be entering the situation with a fully open mind. Chalk it up to being unaware of the negative experiences that people on this list have been through. Please be clear that my central interest here is the World Peace Society Project and learning that will assist me in moving that project forward. Given the extreme gravity of the global warming issue, it’s clearly important that I be informed about it. From a conventional point of view, however, I think that my approach to learning is bound to look a bit chaotic or scattered at times. You should know, however, that every link or reference given to me by people from this site has either been bookmarked or recorded. I wouldn’t want anyone here to feel that their efforts with me were wasted. World peace does boil down to trust and I am satisfied that the thinkers on this page are both diligent and sincere. At this point, therefore, I don’t understand all the science. In my opinion, however, if there’s a large group of diligent and thoughtful individuals who believe that global warming is being driven by human CO2 emissions, then the proper and moral thing to do is to assume that’s the truth until it’s been thoroughly disproven. To do anything else is playing Russian Roulette with the world. So please don’t get angry at me if I don’t end up grasping all the intricacies of climate science. I am interested. How much I’ll learn and when, however, will depend on a number of different factors. I’d like to suggest, however, that even when you’re speaking with someone who isn’t sincere, you’re sincere efforts always make a difference, even if it’s not the particular difference that you had in mind. That’s my suggestion.
118. John L. McCormick:
Mr. Coe,
You have much to read and I do hope you take some time off, some serious time off to self-educate just like many of us non-scientists have had to do. Then, maybe this thread can move on.
Your comment below says volumes about the depth to which you seem to be plowing into the many informative and scientific sites provided by thoughtful individuals with the sincere hope you will read them; i.e., the IPCC Third Review to name just one.
The train is way down the track and it aint slowing down.
119. Coby:
Nicely put and I heartily agree. It is refreshing to hear someone in the early learning phase, such as yourself, understand that, rather than take the opposite view: until we hear the hull buckling on the rocks, full speed ahead – which is what the “prove it beyond a doubt first” attitude boils to.
120. Blair Dowden:
To return to the original topic, the June 16 issue of Science contains the article Permafrost and the Global Carbon Budget, which claims that previous estimates of carbon in Arctic permafrost are too low. They suggest that 500 gigatonnes (Gt) carbon are tied up in “yedoma” (frozen loess) and another 400 Gt in other permafrost (compared to 730 Gt in the air today). After it melts, they say most of the carbon is released within a century. In what they call the “extreme scenario” where all the tundra melts during this century, carbon dioxide levels could double from this source alone.
I would like to know how different this information is than what is currently believed, and level of uncertainty you think there is.
[Response:I had seen comparable numbers to this for carbon inventories in Arctic permafrost, but this is a more reliable-looking (more detailed) treatment than I'd seen before (an old paper by MacDonald who pulls a number out of the air, is the paper everyone seems to cite). I have to say that the second-to-last paragraph in the paper, about carbon isotopes and reservoir changes during glacial time, seems a bit garbled to me. The sizable marine organic carbon reservoir is dissolved organic matter, which is today thousands of years old (by radiocarbon). It's not clear what determines the size of this reservoir, nor is it clear from the text that this is what the authors are referring to anyway. But for the future, the prediction that melting soils would release carbon, relatively quickly, and potentially a lot of it, that conclusion seems robust to me. David]
121. Blair Dowden:
Thank you, David. If I understand you correctly, this paper confirms our present understanding, rather than revising the impact of melting permafrost upward. The paper does not give a ratio of methane to carbon dioxide for emissons from melting permafrost, but I assume the methane portion is significant. Since melting of permafrost has already begun, one would expect it to affect methane concentration. But methane levels seem to have levelled off, at least for the past few years. The missing piece of information is how much permafrost has melted, and what portion of its carbon has been released.
122. CO2 « Ann89’s Weblog:
[...] much CO2 really is in the air and how much is actually going up into the atmosphere? Right now, the ocean is taking up 2/7 of our carbon emissions and is helping regulate the amount that is being… Our atmosphere and world are trying to regulate the temperatures but may no longer be able to [...]
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South Park Takes On Honey Boo Boo
Comedy Central gives nod to TLC hit show
South Park Takes On Honey Boo Boo
Honey Boo Boo is everywhere and I mean everywhere. Even South Park.
On tonight’s episode of South Park, TLC’s Here Comes Honey Boo Boo stars Alana “Honey Boo Boo” Thompson and her Mama June Shannon will show up. They won’t be lending their own voices though. In the parody, South Park creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker show Honey Boo Boo and Mama looking for a pig heart to work into one of Honey Boo Boo’s pageants.
“If Honey Boo Boo’s gonna do pageants with a pig heart, we want to pick a hog that has pizzazz and knows how to work it, girl!” South Park Mama tells the pig farmer in the clip below.
Honey Boo Boo finds the perfect pig. ”No wait! That pig over there gave me the evil eye. I want that one!” cartoon Honey Boo Boo says.
South Park is known for taking on current events and fads and I can’t say I’m surprised that they’re taking on Honey Boo Boo and June. And I also can’t say that I’m not as excited as sketti day in the Honey Boo Boo house! The episode of South Park airs tonight (Wednesday, Oct. 3) at 10 pm on Comedy Central.
• Rosemary
LMBO! So freakin’ funny. Love me some South Park and Honey Boo Boo.
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[–]NHLMontrealCanadiensLTxDuke 1 point2 points
Thank you. I completely agree with you. As I mentioned in one of my comments above. This is really not hard to accomplish as proven but the hundreds of different subreddits who do this on a regular basis. I have absolutely no idea why some people would act all self entitled for something like this. Just don't post scores in your thread titles. It's a really really really simple concept to understand.
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Become A Force Multiplier: Five simple tasks for American Activists
Some background to the presentation below:
More recently, having had several occasions to present information about unions and the Left, attendees began stating, “So, what do we do about it?”
• Frankly, after the millions in donations* that have gone to Tea Party groups, it still is surprising that this question gets asked.
What you are about to read is a PowerPoint presentation that is simply a condensed overview of information, some of the groups on the Left, and the nature of the fight Constitution-loving Americans are up against, as well as tasks that must be done in order to win in 2012. It is, by no means comprehensive. Hopefully, whether your a member of a Tea Party or a church (or other) group, you can use it as a means of sharing information within your group.
Many of the tactics described in this presentation are already in use—both from inside the Left (sourced, where possible) or have been gathered from years of observation (and first-hand experience).
The five tasks that must be done are simple, but require a commitment that must be there from each and every American who wants to stop the Marxist slide toward bigger government, higher and higher taxes to pay for never-ending deficits and debt, and the entitlement culture that the Left has sewn, nurtured and grown.
There’s not a lot of time left, so let’s get busy (or busier, as the case may be).
Become A Force Multiplier: Five simple tasks for American Activists
* Note: Following an exchange with a Left-wing, union writer on Twitter, it is necessary to clarify the following for the Left-wing trolls reading this post:
Contrary to union and Left-wing myths (lies, actually) and unlike other entities, LaborUnionReport.com is not funded by any corporate interests, the Koch brothers, or any industry trade group, association, etc. In fact, to date (sadly), LaborUnionReport.com has received less than $100 in donations. LaborUnionReport.com is powered by our own dime, on our own time. Go figure.
Cross-posted on LaborUnionReport.com.
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History of France
The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right. The chronological era articles (highlighted in blue) address broad French historical, cultural and sociological developments. The dynasty and regime articles deal with the specific political and governmental regimes in France. The history of other cultural topics such as French art and literature can be found on their own pages. For information on today's France, see France. For other information, go to .
The Neanderthals, a member of the homo genus, began to occupy Europe from about 200,000 BCE, but seem to have died out by about 30,000 years ago, presumably out-competed by the modern humans during a period of cold weather. The earliest modern humans — Homo sapiens — entered Europe (including France) around 50,000 years ago (the Upper Palaeolithic). The caves paintings of Lascaux and Gargas (Gargas in the Hautes-Pyrénées) as well as the Carnac stones are remains of the local prehistoric activity.
Covering large parts of modern day France, Belgium, and northwest Germany, Gaul was inhabited by many Celtic tribes whom the Romans referred to as Gauls and who spoke the Gaulish language. On the lower Garonne the people spoke Aquitanian, an archaic language related to Basque. The Celts founded cities such as Lutetia Parisiorum (Paris) and Burdigala (Bordeaux) while the Aquitanians founded Tolosa (Toulouse).
Long before any Roman settlements, Greek navigators settled in what would become Provence. The Phoceans founded important cities such as Massalia (Marseille) and Nikaia (Nice), bringing them in to conflict with the neighboring Celts and Ligurians. The Phoceans were great navigators such as Pytheas who was born in Marseille. The Celts themselves often fought with Aquitanians and Germans, and a Gaulish war band led by Brennus invaded Rome circa 393 or 388 BC following the Battle of the Allia. However Gaulish tactics would not evolve and the Romans would learn to counter them, the Gauls would from then be defeated in battles such as Sentinum and Telamon.
When Carthaginian commander Hannibal Barca fought the Romans, he recruited several Gaulish mercenaries which fought on his side at Cannae. It was this Gaulish participation that caused Provence to be annexed in 122 BC by the Roman Republic. Later, the Consul of Gaul—Julius Caesar—conquered all of Gaul. Despite Gaulish opposition led by Vercingetorix, the Overking of the Warriors, Gauls succumbed to the Roman onslaught; the Gauls had some success at first at Gergovia, but were ultimately defeated at Alesia. The Romans founded cities such as Lugdunum (Lyon) and Narbonensis (Narbonne).
Roman Gaul
Gaul was divided into several different provinces. The Romans displaced populations in order to prevent local identities to become a threat to the Roman control. Thus, many Celts were displaced in Aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of Gaul. There was a strong cultural evolution in Gaul under the Roman Empire, the most obvious one being the replacement of the Gaulish language by Vulgar Latin. It has been argued the similarities between the Gaulish and Latin languages favoured the transition. Gaul remained under Roman control for centuries and the Celtic culture was then replaced by the Gallo-Roman culture.
Gauls became better integrated with the Empire with the passage of time. For instance Marcus Antonius Primus, an important general of the Roman Empire, and Emperor Claudius were both born in Gaul, as were general Gnaeus Julius Agricola and emperor Caracalla; Antoninus Pius also came from a Gaulish family. In the decade following Valerian’s capture by the Persians in 260 Postumus established a short-lived Gallic Empire, which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia in addition to Gaul itself. Germanic tribes, the Franks and the Alamanni, entered Gaul at this time. The Gallic Empire ended with Emperor Aurelian's victory at Chalons in 274.
A migration of Celts appeared in the 4th century in Armorica. They were led by the legendary king Conan Meriadoc and came from Britain. They spoke the now extinct British language which evolved into the Breton, Cornish, and Welsh languages.
In 418 the Aquitanian province was given to the Goths in exchange for their support against the Vandals. Those Goths had previously sacked Rome in 410 and established a capital in Toulouse. The Roman Empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids, and Flavius Aëtius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman control. He first used Huns against Burgundians and these mercenaries destroyed Worms, killed king Gunther, and pushed the Burgundians westward. The Burgundians were resettled by Aëtius near Lugdunum in 443. The Huns, united by Attila became a greater threat, and Aëtius used the Visigoths against the Huns. The conflict climaxed in 451 at the Battle of Chalons, in which the Romans and Goths defeated Attila.
The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapsing. Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths, who would soon conquer a significant part of southern Gaul as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula. The Burgundians claimed their own kingdom, and northern Gaul was practically abandoned to the Franks. Aside of the Germanic peoples the Vascones entered Wasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica: Domnonia, Cornouaille and Broërec.
Frankish kingdoms (486–987)
In 486,Clovis I, leader of the Salian Franks, defeated Syagrius at Soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central Gaul under his rule. Clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other Germanic tribes such as the Alamanni at Tolbiac. In 496, he adopted Christianity. This gave him greater legitimacy and power over his Christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the Visigoths. He defeated Alaric II at Vouillé in 507 and annexed Aquitaine, and thus Toulouse, into his Frankish kingdom. The Goths retired to Toledo in what would become Spain. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian Dynasty but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among heirs, so four kingdoms emerged: Paris, Orleans, Soissons, and Rheims. When the majordome of Austrasia Pepin of Herstal defeated his Neustrian counterpart at Tertry the Merovingian dynasty eventually lost effective power to their successive mayors of the palace (majordomes). The House of Herstal was to become the Carolingian dynasty. By this time Muslims invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms. Duke Odo the Great defeated a major invading force at Toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732. The mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated that raiding party at the Battle of Tours (actually the battle between Tours and Poitiers) and earned respect and power within the Frankish Kingdom. The assumption of the crown in 751 by Pippin the Short (son of Charles Martel) established the Carolingian dynasty as Kings of the Franks.
The new rulers' power reached its fullest extent under Pippin's son Charlemagne. With Charlemagne German influences become paramount in France. In 771 Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy (774), incorporating Bavaria (788) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain (796), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona (801), and subjugating Lower Saxony (804) after prolonged campaigning.
See also:
France in the Middle Ages (987–1453)
France was a very decentralised state during the middle age. The authority of the king was more religious than administrative. The eleventh century in France marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like Normandy, Flanders or Languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name. The Capetians, as they were descended from the Robertines, were former powerful princes themselves who had successfully removed the weak and unfortunate Carolingian kings. The Carolingians Kings had nothing more than a royal title when the Capetian Kings added their principality to that title. The Capetians in a way had this double status of King and Prince, as king they held the Crown of Charlemagne and as Count of Paris they held their personnal fief best known as Île-de-France. The fact the Capetians both held lands as prince as well as the title of King gave them a complicated status, thus they were involved in the struggle for power within France as princes but also gave them a religious authority over the Church of France. However and despite the fact the Capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordonates his royal title was often recognised yet not often respected. The authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power.
Some of the king's vassals would grow so powerful that they would be among the strongest rulers of western Europe. The Normans, the Plantagenets, the Lusignans, the Hautevilles, the Ramnulfids, and the House of Toulouse successfully carved lands outside of France for themselves. The most important of these conquests for French history was the Norman Conquest of England following the Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror because it linked England to France through Normandy. Although the Normans were now both vassals of the French kings and their equals as King of England, their zone of political activity remained centered in France. These Norman nobles then commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry. An important part of the French aristocracy involved itself in the crusades. French knights founded and ruled the Crusader states. An example of legacy left in the Mideast from these nobles is the Krak des Chevaliers' enlargement by the Counts of Tripoli and Toulouse.
The Early Capetians (987–1165)
Hugh Capet was elected by an assembly summoned in Reims on 1 June 987. Capet was previously "Duke of the Franks" and then became "King of the Franks" (Rex Francorum). He was recorded to be recognised king by the Gauls, Bretons, Danes, Aquitanians, Goths, Spanish and Gascons. The Danes here are certainly the Normans (of Normandy), and the Spanish entry probably refers to the Carolingian Spanish marches. Hugh Capet's reign was marked by the loss of the Spanish marches as they grew more and more independent. Count Borell of Barcelona called for Hugh's help against Islamic raids, but even if Hugh intended to help Borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting Charles of Lorraine. The loss of other Spanish principalities then followed. Hugh Capet, the first Capetian king, is not a well documented figure, his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the Caroligian claimant, thus allowing him to establish what would become one of Europe's most powerful house of kings.
Hugh's son — Robert the Pious — was crowned king of France before Capet's demise. Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured. Robert II, as King of France, met Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline. They agreed to end all claims over each other's realm, setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships. The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the Peace and Truce of God and the Cluniac Reforms. Although a weak king in power Robert II's efforts were considerable. His surviving charters imply he was heavily relying over the church to rule France, much like his father did. Although he lived with a mistress —Bertha of Burgundy— and was excommunicated because of this, he was regarded as a model of piety for monks (hence his nickname, Robert the Pious). He crowned his son —Hugh Magnus— King of France to secure his succession, however Hugh Magnus rebelled against his father and died fighting him. The next King of France —Henry I— was crowned after Robert's death, which is quite exceptional for a French king of the times.
Henry I was one of the weakest King of France, his reign saw the rise of some very powerful nobles such as William the Conqueror. However his biggest source of concerns was his brother —Robert I of Burgundy— who was pushed by his mother to the conflict. Robert of Burgundy was made Duke of Burgundy by King Henry I and had to be satisfied with that title. From Henry I onward the Dukes of Burgundy were relatives of the King of France until the end of the Duchy proper. King Philip I, named by his Kievan mother with a typically Eastern European name, was no more fortunate than his predecessor.
It is from Louis VI onward that royal authority became more accepted. Louis VI was more a soldier and warmongering king than a scholar. The way the king raised money from his vassals made him quite unpopular, he was described as greedy and ambitious and that is corroborated by records of the time. His regular attacks on his vassals, although damaging the royal image, reinforced the royal power. From 1127 onward the royal advisor was a skilled politician — Abbot Suger —. The abbot was the son of a minor family of knights however his policital advices would show extremely valuables to the king. Louis VI successfully defeated, both military and politically, many of the robber barons. Louis VI often summoned his vassals to the court, those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and then military campaigns were mounted against them. This drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on Paris and its surrounding areas. When Louis VI died in 1137 there still was a long way to go, however a lot of efforts had been done.
Thanks to Abbot Suger's political advices King Louis VII enjoyed greater moral authority over France than his predecessors. Even more powerful vassals such as Henry Plantagenet paid homage to the French king. Abbot Suger arranged the marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine in Bordeaux which made Louis VII Duke of Aquitaine and gave him considerable power. However the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in Vitry during the conflict against the Count of Champagne. King Louis VII was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the holy land. He later involved the Kingdom of France in the Second Crusade but his relationship with Eleanor did not improve. The marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope under the pretext of consanguinity and Eleanor soon married the Duke of Normandy —Henry Fitzempress— who would become King of England as Henry II two years later. Louis VII was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal, who was his equal as King of England and his strongest prince as Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine. Abbot Sugar's vision of construction became known as the Gothic Architecture during the later Renaissance. This style became standard for most French cathedrals built in the late middle-age.
The late Capetians (1165–1328)
The late direct Capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones. While Philip I could hardly control his Parisian barons Philip IV, on the other hand, could dictate popes and emperors. The late Capetians, although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers, were often much more influential. This period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, Kings of France and England and Holy Roman Emperor.
Philip II Augustus
The reign of Philip II Augustus marked an important step in the history of French monarchy. His reign saw the French royal domain and influence greatly expanded. He had set the context for the rise of power to much more powerful monarchs like Saint Louis and Philip the Fair.
Philip II spent an important part of his reign fighting the so-called Angevin Empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the King of France since the rise of the Capetian dynasty. During the first part of his reign Philip II tried using Henry II of England's son against him. He allied himself with the Duke of Aquitaine and son of Henry II —Richard Lionheart— and together they launched a decisive attack on Henry's castle and home of Chinon and removed him from power. Richard replaced his father as King of England afterward. The two kings then went crusading during the Third Crusade however their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade. The two men were once again at odds and fought each others in France and Richard was on the verge of totally defeating Philip II. Adding to their battles in France the Kings of France and England were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the Holy Roman Empire. If Philip II Augustus supported Philip of Swabia, member of the House of Hohenstaufen, Richard Lionheart supported Otto IV, member of the House of Welf. Otto IV had the upper hand and became the Holy Roman Emperor at the expense of Philip of Swabia. The crown of France was saved by Richard's demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in Limousin. John Lackland, Richard's successor, refused to come to the French court for a trial against the Lusignans and like Louis VI often did to his rebellious vassals Philip II confiscated John's possessions in France. John's defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his French possession at the Battle of Bouvines showed being a complete failure. His allies, most notably Emperor Otto IV, were all defeated or captured and even as King of England he had no mean to reconquer Normandy and Anjou. Not only Philip II annexed Normandy and Anjou but he had captured the Counts of Boulogne and Flanders. Otto IV was overthrown by Frederick II, allied of Philip II of France and member of the House of Hohenstaufen. The King of France however stopped before conquering Aquitaine and Gascony who remained loyal to the Plantagenet King. In addition to defeating John of England, Philip Augustus founded the Sorbonne and made Paris a city for scholars. Prince Louis (the future Louis VIII) was involved in the subsequent English civil war as French and English (or rather Anglo-Norman) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances. While the French kings were struggling against the Plantagenets, the Church called for the Albigensian Crusade. Southern France was then largely absorbed in the royal domains.
Saint Louis
It can be said that France became a truly centralised kingdom under Louis IX, who initiated several administrative reforms. Saint Louis has often been portrayed as a one dimensional character, a flawless representant of the faith and an administrator caring for the governed ones. However his reign was far from perfect for everyone, he made unsuccessful crusades and his expanding administrations raised oppositions. His judgments were not often practical, although they seemed fair by the standards of the time. It appears Louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence. This was said about Louis and French clergy asking for excommunications of Louis' vassals:
For it would be against god and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong.
Louis IX was only twelve years old when he became King of France, his mother —Blanche of Castile— was the effective power although the King was indeed Louis IX. Blanche's authority was strongly opposed by the French barons yet she could maintain her position as regent (although she did not formally use the title) until Louis was old enough to rule by himself. In 1229 the King had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the University of Paris, the Quartier Latin was strongly hit by these strikes. War was still going on in the County of Toulouse, the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in Languedoc and the kingdom was therefore vulnerable. Count Raymond VII of Toulouse finally signed the Treaty of Paris in 1229, in which he retained much of his lands to life, but his daughter, married to Count Alfonso of Poitou, produced him no heir and so the County of Toulouse went to the King of France. King Henry III of England had not yet recognised the Capetian overlordship over Aquitaine and still hoped to recover Normandy and Anjou and reform the Angevin Empire. He landed in 1230 at Saint-Malo with a massive force. Henry III's allies in Brittany and Normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king who led the counterstrike himself. This evolved into the Saintonge War, Henry III was defeated and had to recognise Louis IX's overlordship although the King of France did not seize Aquitaine from Henry III. Louis IX was now the most important landowner of France, adding to his royal title. There were some opposition to his rule in Normandy, yet it proved remarkably easy to rule, especially compared to the County of Toulouse which had been brutally conquered. The Conseil du Roi, which would evolve into the Parlement, was founded in these times.
Saint Louis also supported new forms of art such as Gothic architecture; his Sainte-Chapelle became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible. After his conflict with King Henry III of England Louis established a cordial relation with the Plantagenet King. An amusing anecdote is about Henry III's attending the French Parlement, as Duke of Aquitaine, the King of England was always late because he liked to stop each time he met a priest to hear the mass, so Louis made sure no priest was on the way of Henry III. Henry III and Louis IX then started a long contest in who was the most faithful up to the point none ever arrived anymore on time to the Parlement which was then allowed to debate in their absence.
The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis: the Seventh Crusade and the Eighth Crusade. Both proved to be complete failures for the French King. He died in the Eighth Crusade and Philip III became king. Philip III took part in another crusading disaster: the Aragonese Crusade, which cost him his life.
More administrative reforms were made by Philip the Fair. This king was responsible for the end of the Templars, signed the Auld Alliance, and established the Parlement of Paris. Philip IV was so powerful that he could name popes and emperors, unlike the early Capetians. The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French such as Philip IV's puppet: Bertrand de Goth.
Capetian Dynasty
The tensions between the Houses of Anjou and Capet climaxed during the so-called Hundred Years' War (actually several distinct wars) when the English descendants of the former claimed the throne of France from the Valois. This was also the time of the Black Death, as well as several civil wars. The French population suffered much from these wars. It has been argued that the difficult conditions the French population suffered during the Hundred Years' War awakened French nationalism, a nationalism represented by Joan of Arc. Although this is debatable, the Hundred Years War is remembered more as a Franco-English war than as a succession of feudal struggles. During this war, France evolved politically and militarily. Although a Franco-Scottish army was successful at Baugé, the humiliating defeats of Poitiers and Agincourt forced the French nobility to realise they could not stand just as armoured knights without an organised army. Charles VII established the first French standing army, the Compagnies d'ordonnance, and defeated the English once at Patay and again, using cannons, at Formigny. The Battle of Castillon was regarded as the last engagement of this "war", yet Calais and the Channel Islands remained ruled by the English crown.
French Kings:
English interlude (between Charles VI and VII)
See also:
Important figures:
Early Modern France (1453–1789)
France evolved from a feudal country to an increasingly centralized state (albeit with many regional differences) organized around a powerful absolute monarchy that relied on the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings and the explicit support of the Gallican Church. The Duke of Burgundy had assembled a large territory including his native duchy and the Burgundian Netherlands. King Louis XI faced Charles the Bold during Burgundian Wars and the French King was allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Duke of Burgundy was defeated at Morat, Battle of Grandson, Héricourt and ultimately defeated at Nancy in 1477. The Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France but the part of Burgundy that formed Franche-Comté was given to Philip I of Castile in 1493.
France engaged in the long Italian Wars (1494–1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France. Francis I faced powerful foes, and he was captured at Pavia. The French monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice on 5 August 1543 and handed it down to Francis I. These times also gave birth to the Protestant Reformation, and John Calvin and his reformed doctrine challenged the power of the Catholic Church in France. During the 16th century, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe. In addition to Spain and Austria, they controlled a number of kingdoms and duchies across Europe. Charles Quint, as Count of Burgundy, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Aragon, Castile and Germany (among many other titles) encircled France. The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights and remained undefeated for a long time. Finally on 7 January 1558 the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English.
Despite the challenge to French power posed by the Habsburgs, French became the preferred language of Europe's aristocracy. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (born in 1500) said this about languages:
Because of its international status, there was a desire to regulate the French language. Several reforms of the French language worked to uniformise it. The Renaissance writer François Rabelais (probably born in 1494) helped to shape the French language as a literary language, Rabelais' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin words. Jacques Peletier du Mans (born 1517) was one of the scholars that reformed the French language. He improved Nicolas Chuquet's long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers (milliards instead of thousand million, etc...). During the 16th century the French kingdom also established colonies began to claim North American territories. Jacques Cartier was one of the great explorers who ventured deep into American territories during the 16th century. The largest group of French colonies became known as New France, and several cities such as Quebec City, Montreal, Detroit and New Orleans were founded by the French. The Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano worked for the French crown and discovered New Angoulême which would later come to be known as New York City.
Religious conflicts
Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of Guise, led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562, starting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces. In the most notorious incident, thousands of Huguenots were murdered in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572. The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys in which Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic league, and the king was murdered in return. Following this war Henry III of Navarre became king of France as Henry IV and enforced the Edict of Nantes (1598). Religious conflicts resumed under Louis XIII when Cardinal de Richelieu forced Protestants to disarm their army and fortresses. This conflict ended in the Siege of La Rochelle (1627–1628), in which Protestants and their English supporters were defeated. The following Peace of Alais confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the Protestant defences. This was also a time of philosophy. René Descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called Cartesian Dualism in 1641.
The religious conflicts that plagued France also ravaged the Habsburg-led Holy Roman Empire. The Thirty Years War eroded the power of the Catholic Habsburgs. Although Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, had previously mauled the Protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was the raison d'état. Imperial Habsburg forces invaded France, ravaged Champagne, and nearly threatened Paris. Richelieu died in 1642 and was replaced by Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV. France was served by some very efficient commanders such as Louis II de Bourbon (Condé) and Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne (Turenne). The French forces won a decisive victory at Rocroi (1643), and the Spanish army was decimated; the Tercio was broken. The Truce of Ulm (1647) and the Peace of Westphalia (1648) brought an end to the war. But some challenges remained. France was hit by civil unrest known as the Fronde which in turn evolved into the Franco-Spanish War in 1653. Louis II de Bourbon joined the Spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at Dunkirk (1658) by Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne. The terms for the peace inflicted upon the Spanish kingdoms in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) were harsh, as France annexed Northern Catalonia.
Louis XIV
The Sun King wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts, like his ancestor Louis IX. He invited Jean-Baptiste Lully to establish the French opera. A tumultuous friendship was established between Lully and Molière. Jules Hardouin Mansart became France's most important architect of the period. Louis XIV's long reign saw France involved in many wars that drained its treasury. His reign began during the Thirty Years' War and during the Franco-Spanish war. His military architect, Vauban, became famous for his pentagonal fortresses, and Jean-Baptiste Colbert supported the royal spending as much as possible. France fought the War of Devolution against Spain in 1667. France's defeat of Spain and invasion of the Spanish Netherlands alarmed England and Sweden. With the Dutch Republic they formed the Triple Alliance to check Louis XIV's expansion. Louis II de Bourbon had captured Franche-Comté, but in face of an indefensible position, Louis XIV agreed to a peace at Aachen. Under its terms, Louis XIV did not annex Franche-Comté but did gain Lille.
Peace was fragile, and war broke out again between France and the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). Louis XIV asked for the Dutch Republic to resume war against the Spanish Netherlands, but the republic refused. France attacked the Dutch Republic and was joined by England in this conflict. Through targeted inundations of polders by breaking dykes, the French invasion of the Dutch Republic was brought to a halt. The Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter inflicted a few strategic defeats on the Anglo-French naval alliance and forced England to retire from the war in 1674. Because the Netherlands could not resist eternally, it agreed to peace in the Treaties of Nijmegen, according to which France would annex France-Comté and acquire further concessions in the Spanish Netherlands. On 6 May 1682, the royal court moved to the Palace of Versailles, which Louis XIV had greatly expanded. Peace did not last, and war between France and Spain again resumed. The War of the Reunions broke out (1683–1684), and again Spain, with its ally the Holy Roman Empire, was easily defeated. Meanwhile, in October 1685 Louis signed the Edict of Fontainebleau ordering the destruction of all Protestant churches and schools in France. Its immediate consequence was a large Protestant exodus from France.
France would soon be involved in another war, the War of the Grand Alliance. This time the theatre was not only in Europe but also in North America. Although the war was long and difficult (it was also called the Nine Years War), its results were inconclusive. The Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 confirmed French sovereignty over Alsace, yet rejected its claims to Luxembourg. Louis also had to evacuate Catalonia and the Palatinate. This peace was considered a truce by all sides, thus war was to start again. In 1701 the War of the Spanish Succession began. The Bourbon Philip of Anjou was designated heir to the throne of Spain. The Habsburg Emperor Leopold opposed a Bourbon succession, because of the power that such a succession would bring to the Bourbon rulers of France, and claimed the Spanish thrones for himself. England and the Dutch Republic joined Leopold against Louis XIV and Philip of Anjou. The allied forces were led by John Churchill and by Prince Eugene of Savoy. They inflicted a few resounding defeats to the French army; the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 was the first major land battle lost by France since its victory at Rocroi in 1643. Yet, after the extremely bloody battles of Ramillies and Malplaquet, Pyrrhic victories for the allies, they had lost too many men to continue the war. Led by Villars, the French forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as Denain. Finally, a compromise was achieved with the Ultrecht in 1713. Philip of Anjou was confirmed as Philip V, king of Spain, and Emperor Leopold did not get the throne, but Philip V was barred from inheriting France.
Colonial struggles and the dawn of the revolution
Louis XIV died in 1715 of gangrene. In 1718 France was, once again, at war as Philip II of Orleans's regency joined the War of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain. King Philip V of Spain had to withdraw from the conflict confronted with the reality that Spain was no longer a great power of Europe. Under Fleury's administration, peace was maintained as much as possible. However, in 1733 another war broke in central Europe, this time about the Polish succession, and France joined the war against the Austrian Empire. This time there was no invasion of the Netherlands, and Britain remained neutral. As a consequence, Austria was left alone against a Franco-Spanish alliance and faced a military disaster. Peace was settled in the Treaty of Vienna (1738), according to which France would annex, through inheritance, the Duchy of Lorraine. Two years later war broke out over the Austrian succession, and France seized the opportunity to join the conflict. The war played out in North America and India as well as Europe, and inconclusive terms were agreed to in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). Once again, no one regarded this as a peace but rather as a mere truce. Prussia was then becoming a new threat as it had gained substantial territory from Austria. This led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which the alliances seen during the previous war were mostly inverted. France was now allied to Austria and Russia while Britain was now allied to Prussia. In the North American theatre, France was allied with various Native American peoples during the Seven Years' War and, despite a temporary success at the battles of the Great Meadows and Monongahela, French forces were defeated at the disastrous Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec. In Europe, Russia was on the verge of crushing Prussia, and the Anglo-Prussian alliance was saved by The miracle of the House of Brandenburg, while the French suffered naval defeats against British fleets at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. Finally peace was concluded in the Treaty of Paris (1763), and France lost most of its North American empire. In 1768 the French Kingdom bought Corsica from Genoa.
Having lost its colonial empire, France saw a good opportunity for revenge against Britain in assisting insurgeant troops in the American Revolutionary War. Spain, allied to France by the Family Compact, and the Netherlands also joined the war on the American side. Admiral de Grasse defeated a British fleet at Chesapeake Bay while Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette joined American forces in defeating the British at Yorktown. The war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris (1783), under which Britain lost its former American colonies.
While the state expanded, new ideas broke on the role of the king and the powers of the state. Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu described the separation of powers. Many French other philosophers and intellectuals gained influence, such as: Voltaire, Denis Diderot and, most importantly, Jean-Jacques Rousseau with his The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right. Science, mathematics and technology also flourished. French scientists such as Antoine Lavoisier worked to replace the archaic units of weights and measures by a coherent scientific system, commissioned by king Louis XVI. Lavoisier also formulated the law of Conservation of mass and discovered Oxygen and Hydrogen.
The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns:
See also:
France in modern times I (1789–1914)
From the Revolution to World War I.
The Revolution
The immediate trigger for the Revolution was Louis XVI’s attempts to solve the government’s worsening financial situation. In February 1787 his finance minister, Loménie de Brienne, convened an Assembly of Notables, a group of nobles, clergy, bourgeoisie, and bureaucrats selected in order to bypass the parlements. This group was asked to approve a new land tax that would, for the first time, include a tax on the property of nobles and clergy. The assembly did not approve the tax, instead demanding that Louis XVI call the Estates-General. In August 1788 the King agreed to convene the Estates-General in May of 1789. While the Third Estate demanded and was granted "double representation" so as to balance the First and Second Estate, voting was to occur "by orders" - votes of the Third Estate were to be weighted - effectively cancelling double representation. This eventually led to the Third Estate breaking away from the Estates-General and joined by members of the other estates, proclaiming the National Assembly, an assembly not of the Estates but of "the People." In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening, Louis XVI ordered the closure of the Salle des États where the Assembly met. After finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded, they met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the Tennis Court Oath on 20 June 1789, binding them "never to separate, and to meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations". They were joined by some members of the second and first estates.
After the king fired his finance minister, Jacques Necker, for giving his support and guidance to the Third Estate, worries surfaced that the legitimacy of the newly-formed National Assembly might be threatened by royalists. Paris was soon consumed with riots, anarchy, and widespread looting. The mobs soon had the support of the French Guard, including arms and trained soldiers, because the royal leadership essentially abandoned the city. On 14 July 1789 the insurgents set their eyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the Bastille fortress, which also served as a symbol of royal tyranny. Insurgents seized the Bastille prison, killing the governor and several of his guards. The French now celebrate July 14th each year as a symbol of the shift away from the Ancien Regime to a more modern democratic state. Gilbert du Motier, hero of American independence, took command of the National Guard, and the king was forced to recognize the Tricolour Cockade. Although peace was found, several nobles did not regard the new order as acceptable and migrated to push neighbouring kingdoms to war against the new rule. Because of this new period of instability, the state was struck for several weeks in July and August of 1789 by the Great Fear, a period of violent class conflict.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted by the National Assembly in August 1789 as a first step in their effort to write a constitution. Considered to be a precursor to modern international rights instruments and using the U.S. Declaration of Independence as a model, it defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights were deemed universal and valid in all times and places, pertaining to human nature itself. The Assembly also replaced France's historic provinces with eighty-three départements, uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in extent and population. On 4 August 1789 the Assembly abolished feudalism, in what is known as the August Decrees, sweeping away both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate and the tithes gathered by the First Estate. In the course of a few hours, nobles, clergy, towns, provinces, companies, and cities lost their special privileges. The Assembly abolished the symbolic paraphernalia of the Ancien Régime, armorial bearings, liveries, etc., which alienated the more conservative nobles. Amidst these intrigues, the Assembly continued to work on developing a constitution. A new judicial organization made all magistracies temporary and independent of the throne. The legislators abolished hereditary offices, except for the monarchy itself. Jury trials started for criminal cases. The King would have the unique power to propose war, with the legislature then deciding whether to declare war. The Assembly abolished all internal trade barriers and suppressed guilds, masterships, and workers' organizations: any individual gained the right to practice a trade through the purchase of a license; strikes became illegal.
The republican government also enforced the Système International d'Unités, commissioned by Louis XVI, which became known as the Metric System. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb and André-Marie Ampère's works on electricity and electromagnetism were also recognised, and their units are integrated into the Metric System.
When a mob from Paris attacked the royal palace at Versailles in October 1789 seeking address of severe poverty conditions, the royal family was forced to move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. Later in June 1791 the royal family secretly fled Paris in disguise for Varennes near France's northeastern border to seek royalist support the king sensed he could trust, but they were soon discovered en route. They were brought back to Paris, after which they were essentially kept under house-arrest at the Tuileries.
Factions within the Assembly began to clarify. The opposition to revolution sat on the right-hand side of the Assembly. The "Royalist democrats" or monarchiens inclined toward organizing France along lines similar to the British constitutional model. The "National Party", representing the centre or centre-left of the assembly represented somewhat more extreme views. The increasingly middle-class National Guard under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right. With most of the Assembly still favoring a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic, the various groupings reached a compromise that left Louis XVI little more than a figurehead. He had perforce to swear an oath to the constitution, and a decree declared that retracting the oath, heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation, or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to de facto abdication. Under the Constitution of 1791, France would function as a constitutional monarchy. The King had to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly, but he still retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers.
On the foreign affairs front, in the Declaration of Pillnitz of August 1791 Emperor Leopold II, Count Charles of Artois and King William II of Prussia made Louis XVI's cause theirs. These noblemen also required the Assembly to be dissolved through threats of war, but, instead of cowing the French, it infuriated them. The borderlines were militarised as a consequence. Under the Constitution of 1791 the solution of a constitutional monarchy was adopted, and the king supported a war against Austria to increase his popularity, starting the long French Revolutionary Wars. On the night of the 10th of August the Jacobins, who had mainly opposed the war, suspended the monarchy. With the Prussian army entering France, more doubts were raised against the aristocracy, and these tensions climaxed during the September Massacres. After the first great victory of the French revolutionary troops at the Battle of Valmy on 1792 20 September, the French First Republic was proclaimed the day after on 1792 21 September. The French Republican Calendar was enforced.
When the Brunswick Manifesto of July 1792 threatened once more the French population from Austrian (Imperial) and Prussian attacks, Louis XVI was suspected of treason and taken along with his family from the Tuileries Palace in August 1792 by insurgents supported by a new revolutionary Paris Commune. The King and Queen ended up prisoners, and a rump session of the Legislative Assembly suspended the monarchy. Little more than a third of the deputies were present, almost all of them Jacobins. The King was later tried and convicted and on 21 January 1793 was guillotined. Marie Antoinette, would follow him to the guillotine on 16 October.
When war went badly, prices rose and the sans-culottes (poor labourers and radical Jacobins) rioted; counter-revolutionary activities began in some regions. This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup, backed up by force effected by mobilising public support against the Girondist faction, and by utilising the mob power of the Parisian sans-culottes. An alliance of Jacobin and sans-culottes elements thus became the effective centre of the new government. Policy became considerably more radical. In September of 1793 a period known as the Reign of Terror ensued for approximately 12 months. The Committee of Public Safety, set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly at stake, the Jacobins under Maximilien Robespierre centralized denunciations, trials, and executions under the supervision of this committee of twelve members. At least 18,000 people met their deaths under the guillotine or otherwise, after accusations of counter-revolutionary activities. In 1794 Robespierre had ultra-radicals and moderate Jacobins executed; in consequence, however, his own popular support eroded markedly. On 27 July 1794, the Thermidorian Reaction led to the arrest and execution of Robespierre. The new government was predominantly made up of Girondists who had survived the Terror, and after taking power, they took revenge as well by banning the Jacobin Club and executing many of its former members in what was known as the White Terror.
After the stated aim of the National Convention to export revolution, the guillotining of Louis XVI of France, and the French opening of the Scheldt, a military coalition was formed and set up against France. Spain, Naples, Great Britain and the Netherlands joined Austria and Prussia in the The First Coalition (1792–1797), the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. It took shape after the wars had already begun. The Republican government in Paris was radicalised after a diplomatic coup from the Jacobins and said it would be the Guerre Totale and called for a Levée en masse. Royalist invading forces were defeated at Toulon in 1793, leaving the French republican forces in an offensive position and granting a young officer, Napoleon Bonaparte, a certain fame. Following their victory at Fleurus, the Republicans occupied Belgium and the Rhineland. An invasion of the Netherlands established the puppet Batavian Republic. Finally a peace agreement was found between France, Spain and Prussia in 1795 at Basel.
The Convention approved a new "Constitution of the Year III" on 17 August 1795; a plebiscite ratified it in September; and it took effect on 26 September 1795. The new constitution created the Directory and created the first bicameral legislature in French history. The parliament consisted of 500 representatives — le Conseil des Cinq-Cents (the Council of the Five Hundred) — and 250 senators — le Conseil des Anciens (the Council of Elders). Executive power went to five "directors," named annually by the Conseil des Anciens from a list submitted by the le Conseil des Cinq-Cents. The nation desired rest and the healing of its many wounds. Those who wished to restore Louis XVIII and the Ancien Régime and those who would have renewed the Reign of Terror were insignificant in number. The possibility of foreign interference had vanished with the failure of the First Coalition. Nevertheless, the four years of the Directory were a time of arbitrary government and chronic disquiet. The late atrocities had made confidence or goodwill between parties impossible. As the majority of French people wanted to be rid of them, they could achieve their purpose only by extraordinary means. The Convention habitually disregarded the terms of the constitution, and, when the elections went against them, appealed to the sword. They resolved to prolong the war as the best expedient for prolonging their power. They were thus driven to rely upon the armies, which also desired war and were becoming less and less civic in temper. The Directory lasted until 1799 when Napoleon staged a coup and installed the Consulate.
The Napoleonic Era
During the War of the First Coalition the Directoire had replaced the National Convention. Five directors then ruled France. As Great Britain was still at war with France, a plan was made to take Egypt from the Ottoman Empire, a British ally. This was Napoleon's idea and the Directoire agreed to the plan in order to send the popular general away from the mainland. Napoleon captured Malta from the Knights of Saint John on the way to Egypt. The French army met Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids and defeated them. While the land campaign was so far a success, the British fleet, led by Admiral Nelson, destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile. Hearing of the French defeat, the Ottoman Empire gathered armies to attack Napoleon in Egypt, and Napoleon again adopted a policy of attack. An invasion of Syria was planned but failed during the Siege of Acre, and Napoleon had to return to Europe, leaving a significant part of his army behind. These men were supposed to be given honourable terms by the British forces, yet Admiral Keith decided to attack them anyway with a Mameluk force, although this force was defeated at Heliopolis in March 1800. Disease had hit the French troops to such a point they were forced to surrender. The Rosetta Stone was discovered during this campaign and Champollion translated it.
When Napoleon came back to France, the Directoire was threatened by the Second Coalition. Royalists and their allies still dreamed of restoring the monarchy to power, while the Prussian and Austrian crowns did not accept their territorial losses during the previous war. The Russian army expelled the French from Italy in battles such as Cassano while the Austrian army defeated the French in Switzerland at Stockach and Zurich. Napoleon then seized power through a coup and established the Consulate in 1799. The Austrian army was defeated at Marengo in 1800 and again at Hohenlinden. While at sea Admiral Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville had some success at Boulogne against a British fleet. The British Admiral Nelson would destroy an anchored Danish and Norwegian fleet at Copenhagen because the Scandinanian kingdoms were against the British blockade on France. The Second Coalition was beaten and peace was settled in two distinct treaties: The Treaty of Lunéville and the Treaty of Amiens. In 1803 Napoleon sold French Louisiana to the American government, a territory he considered indefensible.
On 21 March 1804 the Napoleonic Code was applied over all the territory under French control, and on May 18 Napoleon was titled Emperor by the senate, thus founding the French Empire. Technically Napoleon's rule was constitutional, and although autocratic, it was much more advanced than other European monarchies of the time. The proclamation of the French Empire was met by the Third Coalition. The French army was renamed the Grande Armée in 1805 and Napoleon used propaganda and nationalism to control the French population. The French army achieved a resounding victory at Ulm, where an entire Austrian army was captured. A Franco-Spanish fleet was defeated at Trafalgar and all plans to invade Britain were then made impossible. Despite this naval defeat, it was on the ground that this war would be won, Napoleon inflicted the Austrian and Russian Empires one of their greatest defeats at Austerlitz, destroying the third coalition. The peace was settled in the Treaty of Pressburg, the Austrian Empire lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor and the Confederation of the Rhine was created by Napoleon over former Austrian territories.
The destruction of the Holy Roman Empire and the dramatic Austrian defeat caused Prussia to join Britain and Russia, thus forming the Fourth Coalition. Although the Coalition was joined by other allies, the French Empire was also not alone since it now had a complex network of allies and submitted states. Largely outnumbered, the Prussian army was crushed at Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon captured Berlin and went as far as Eastern Prussia. There the Russian Empire was defeated at the Battle of Friedland. Peace was dictated in the Treaties of Tilsit, in which Russia had to join the Continental System and Prussia handed down half of its territories to France. The Duchy of Warsaw was formed over these territorial losses, and the Polish troops entered the Grande Armée in significant numbers.
Freed from his obligation in the east, Napoleon then went back to the west, as the French Empire was still at war with Britain. Only two countries remained neutral in the war: Sweden and Portugal, and Napoleon then looked toward the latter. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, a Franco-Spanish alliance against Portugal was sealed as Spain eyed Portuguese territories. French armies entered Spain in order to attack Portugal, but then seized Spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise. Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was made King of Spain after Charles IV's abdication. This occupation of the Iberian peninsula fueled local nationalism, and soon the Spanish and Portuguese would fight the French using guerilla tactics, defeating the French forces at the Battle of Bailén. Britain sent a short-lived ground support force to Portugal, and French forces evacuated Portugal as defined in the Convention of Sintra following the Allied victory at Vimeiro. France was only controlling Catalonia and Navarre and could have been definitely expelled from the Iberian peninsula had the Spanish armies attacked again, but the Spanish did not. Another French attack was launched on Spain, led by Napoleon himself, and was described as "an avalanche of fire and steel." However, the French Empire was no longer regarded as invincible by European powers. In 1808 Austria formed the War of the Fifth Coalition in order to break down the French Empire. The Austrian Empire defeated the French at Aspern-Essling, yet was beaten at Wagram while the Polish allies defeated the Austrian Empire at Raszyn. Although not as decisive as the previous Austrian defeats, the peace treaty caused Austria to lose a large amount of territories, reducing it even more.
In 1812 war broke out with Russia, engaging Napoleon in the disastrous Patriotic War. Napoleon assembled the largest army Europe had ever seen, including troops from all submitted states, to invade Russia, which had just left the continental system and was gathering an army on the Polish frontier. Following an exhausting march and the bloody but inconclusive Battle of Borodino, near Moscow, the Grande Armée entered and captured Moscow, just to find it burning, as part of the Russian scorched earth tactics. Although there still were battles such as Maloyaroslavets the Napoleonic army left Russia decimated most of all by the Russian winter, exhaustion and scorched earth warfare. On the Spanish front the French troops were defeated at Vitoria and then at the Battle of the Pyrenees. Since the Spanish guerrillas seemed to be uncontrollable, the French troops eventually evacuated Spain. France having been defeated on these two fronts, the states controlled and previously conquered by Napoleon saw a good opportunity to strike back. The Sixth Coalition was formed and the German states of the Confederation of the Rhine switched sides, finally opposing Napoleon. Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign, although, because of the much larger amount of casualties suffered by the allies, the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece.
Napoleon abdicated on 6 April 1814, and was exiled to Elba. The conservative Congress of Vienna reversed the political changes that had occurred during the wars. Napoleon's attempted restoration, a period known as the Hundred Days, ended with his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. The monarchy was subsequently restored and Louis XVIII became king.
The Restored Monarchy and the Second Empire
This period of time is called the Bourbon Restoration and was marked by conflicts between reactionary Ultra-royalists and more liberal movements. On 12 June 1830 Polignac, King Charles X's minister, exploited the weakness of the Algerian Dey by invading Algeria and establishing French rule in Algeria. The news of the fall of Algiers had barely reached Paris when Charles X was deposed and replaced by King Louis-Philippe during the July Revolution. Louis-Philippe's "July Monarchy" (1830–1848) is generally seen as a period during which the haute bourgeoisie was dominant. Anarchism, as formulated by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, began to take root in France. To honour the victims of the July Revolution, Hector Berlioz composed a Requiem; he also worked on what would become the French national anthem, La Marseillaise.
In 1838 the French government declared war on Mexico after a French pastry cook in Mexico accused Mexican officers of looting his shop. The Mexican government was defeated in the short Pastry War. Finally, the last King of France abdicated, and the French Second Republic was proclaimed. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president and proclaimed himself President for Life following a coup that was confirmed and accepted in a dubious referendum. Napoleon III of France took the imperial title in 1852 and held it until his downfall in 1870.
The era saw great industrialization, urbanization (including the massive rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann) and economic growth, but Napoleon III's foreign policies were not so successful. In 1854, The Second Empire joined the Crimean War, which saw France and Britain opposed to the Russian Empire, who were decisively defeated at Sevastopol in 1855 and at Inkerman. In 1856 France joined the Second Opium War on the British side against China; a missionary's murder was used as a pretext to take interests in southwest Asia in the Treaty of Tientsin.
In 1859 the Second Italian War of Independence broke out between Italian states and Austria. The Second French Empire joined the war on the Italian side, which was concluded by an Austrian defeat at Solferino. In return for this intervention, the French government acquired the city of Nice, while in March 1860 Savoy was annexed by similar means. In 1861 Napoleon III largely supported Maximilian in his claim to Mexico, a move that was also supported by Britain and Spain but condemned by the U.S. This led to the French intervention in Mexico, which turned out to be a failure.
When France was negotiating with The Netherlands about purchasing Luxembourg, the Prussian Kingdom threatened the French government with war. This came as a shock to French diplomats as there previously was an agreement between the Prussian and French governments about Luxembourg. Napoleon III suffered stronger and stronger criticism from Republicans like Jules Favre, and his position seemed more fragile with the passage of time. France was looking for more interests in Asia and interfered in Korea in 1866 taking, once again, missionaries' murders as a pretext. The French finally withdrew from the war with little gain but war's booty. The next year a French expedition to Japan was formed to help the Tokugawa shogunate to modernise its army. However, Tokugawa was defeated during the Boshin War at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi by large Imperial armies.
Rising tensions about a possible Prussian succession in Spain raised the scale of animosity between the two states, and finally the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) broke out. German nationalism united the German states, with the exception of Austria, against Napoleon III. The French Empire was defeated decisively at Metz and Sedan. The last straw was the Siege of Paris. The newly-formed German Empire subsequently annexed Alsace-Lorraine in the Treaty of Frankfurt.
The Third Republic and the Belle Epoque
Besides this defeat, the Republican movement also had to confront counterrevolutionaries who rejected the legacy of the 1789 Revolution. Both the Legitimist and the Orleanist royalists rejected republicanism, which they saw as an extension of modernity and atheism, breaking with France's traditions. This lasted until at least the 16 May 1877 crisis, which finally led to the resignation of royalist Marshal MacMahon in January 1879. The death of Henri, comte de Chambord in 1883, who, as the grandson of Charles X, had refused to abandon the fleur-de-lys and the white flag, thus jeopardizing the alliance between Legitimists and Orleanists, convinced many of the remaining Orleanists to rally themselves to the Republic, as Adolphe Thiers had already done. The vast majority of the Legitimists abandoned the political arena or became marginalised. Some of them founded Action Française in 1898, during the Dreyfus Affair, which became an influent movement throughout the 1930s, in particular among the intellectuals of Paris' Quartier Latin. In 1891, Pope Leo XIII's encyclic Rerum Novarum brought legitimacy to the Social Catholic movement, which in France could be traced back to Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais' efforts under the July Monarchy.
The initial republic was in effect led by pro-royalists, but republicans (the "Radicals") and bonapartists scrambled for power. The period from 1879–1899 saw power come into the hands of moderate republicans and former "radicals" (around Léon Gambetta); these were called the "Opportunists". The newly found Republican control of the Republic allowed the vote of the 1881 and 1882 Jules Ferry laws on a free, mandatory and laic public education.
The moderates however became deeply divided over the Dreyfus Affair, and this allowed the Radicals eventually to gain power from 1899 until World War I. During this period, crises like the potential "Boulangist" coup d'état (see Georges Boulanger) in 1889, showed the fragility of the republic. The Radicals' policies on education (suppression of local languages, compulsory education), mandatory military service, and control of the working classes eliminated internal dissent and regionalisms. Their participation in the Scramble for Africa and in the acquiring of overseas possessions (such as French Indochina) created myths of French greatness. Both of these processes transformed a country of regionalisms into a modern nation state. Conflicts between the Chinese Emperor and the French Republic over Indochina climaxed during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at Foochow. France then put a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into Tonkin and Annam.
In an effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to woo Russia and the United Kingdom to its side, first by means of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894, the 1904 Entente Cordiale with the U.K, and finally, with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente and eventually led Russia and the U.K. to enter World War I as Allies. France still had interests in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally. During his visit to France, Iwakura Tomomi asked for French assistance in reforming Japan. French military missions were sent to Japan in 1872–1880, in 1884–1889 and the last one much later in 1918–1919 to help modernize the Japanese army.
Distrust of Germany, faith in the army and native French anti-semitism combined to make the Dreyfus Affair (the unjust trial and condemnation of a Jewish military officer for treason) a political scandal of the utmost gravity. The nation was divided between "dreyfusards" and "anti-dreyfusards," and far-right Catholic agitators inflamed the situation even when proofs of Dreyfus' innocence came to light. The writer Emile Zola published an impassioned editorial on the injustice, and was himself condemned by the government for libel. Once Dreyfus was finally pardoned, the progressive legislature enacted the 1905 laws on laïcité, which created a complete separation of church and state and stripped churches of most of their property rights.
The period at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is often termed the belle époque. Although associated with cultural innovations and popular amusements (cabaret, can-can, the cinema, new art forms such as Impressionism and Art Nouveau), France was nevertheless a nation divided internally on notions of religion, class, regionalisms and money, and on the international front France came repeatedly to the brink of war with the other imperial powers, including Great Britain (the Fashoda Incident). World War I was inevitable, but its human and financial costs would be catastrophic for the French.
In 1889 the Exposition Universelle took place in Paris, and the Eiffel Tower was built as a temporary gate to the fair. Meant to last only a few decades, the tower was never removed and became France's most iconic landmark.
See also:
France in modern times II (1914–today)
World War I
On 28 June 1914 a Bosnian member of the Black Hand assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austrian province of Bosnia in Serbia. This event ultimately triggered a complex set of formal and secret military alliances between European states, causing most of the continent, including France, to be drawn into war within a few short weeks. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in late July, triggering Russian mobilization. On August 1st both Germany and France ordered mobilization. Germany was much better prepared militarily than any of the other countries involved, including France. Later on that day the German Empire, as an ally of Austria, declared war on Russia, when it heard no response to its request for Russia's demobilization. France was allied with Russia and Serbia and so was ready to commit to war against the German Empire. Germany occupied Luxembourg on August 2nd and gave neutral Belgium an ultimatum: let German armies pass through on their way to invade France or face invasion itself. The Belgians refused, so Germany invaded and declared war on France. Britain entered the war on August 4th, although was relatively unprepared militarily and thus couldn't assist France much until August 7th. (See main entry for World War I for more detailed background about events leading up to France's entry into the war.)
The war on the Western Front was fought largely in France and characterized by extremely violent battles, often with new and more destructive military technology. Famous battles in France include First Battle of the Marne, Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme and the Second Battle of the Marne. Germany's plan (see Schlieffen Plan) was to defeat the French quickly and then shift from defense to offense against Russia on the Eastern Front. The Germans captured Brussels by August 20th and soon had taken over a large portion of northern France. The original plan was to continue southwest and attack Paris from the west. By early September they were within 40 miles of Paris, and the French government had relocated to Bordeaux. The Allies finally stopped the advance northeast of Paris at the Marne River. This was the farthest push west by the Germans during the entire war.
On the Western Front the small improvised trenches of the first few months rapidly grew deeper and more complex, gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works. The land war quickly became dominated by the muddy, bloody stalemate of Trench warfare, a form of war in which both opposing armies had static lines of defense. The war of movement quickly turned into a war of position. Attack followed counterattack after counterattack. Neither side advanced much, but both sides suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties. German and Allied armies produced essentially a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium. Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from September 1914 until the Germans launched their "Spring Offensive", Operation Michael, in March 1918. The space between the opposing trenches was referred to as "no man's land" (for its lethal uncrossability) and varied in width depending on the battlefield. On the Western Front it was typically between 100 and 300 yards (90–275 m), though sometimes much less. The common infantry soldier had four weapons to use in the trenches: the rifle, bayonet, shotgun, and hand grenade.
When Russia exited the war in 1917 due to revolution, the Central Powers controlled all of the Balkans and could now shift military efforts to the Western Front. The U.S. had entered the war also in 1917, so the Central Powers hoped this could be achieved mostly prior to America's delivery of military support. In March 1918 Germany launched the last major offensive on the Western Front. By May Germany had reached the Marne again, as in September 1914, and was again close to Paris. In Second Battle of the Marne, however, the Allies were able to defend and then shift to offense due in part to the fatigue of the Germans and the arrival of more Americans. The Germans were ultimately pushed back toward the German border. Other Central Power strongholds in Europe had fallen, and in early October, when a new government assumed power in Germany, it asked for an armistice.
Peace terms were agreed upon in the Treaty of Versailles on November 11th, largely negotiated by Georges Clemenceau for French matters. Germany was required to take full responsibility for the war and to pay war reparations; and the German industrial Saarland, a coal and steel region, was occupied by France. The German African colonies were partitioned between France and Britain such as Cameroons. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, and the German Empire lost eastern territories such as the Danzig Corridor. Ferdinand Foch wanted a peace that would never allow Germany to be a threat to France again. After the peace was signed he said, This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20 years. The war brought great losses of troops and resources. Fought in large part on French soil, the war led to approximately 1.4 million French dead including civilians (see World War I casualties), and four times as many casualties. From the remains of the Ottoman Empire, France acquired the Mandate of Syria and the Mandate of Lebanon.
Les années folles
Ferdinand Foch supported Poland in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the Polish-Soviet War and France also joined Spain during the Rif War. This period of time is also called the Great Depression. Leon Blum, leading the Popular Front was elected Prime Minister from 1936 to 1937 and became the first Jew to lead France. During the Spanish Civil War he did not support the Spanish Republicans because of the French internal political context of complex alliances and risk of war with Germany and Italy. In the 1920s, France established an elaborate system of border defences (the Maginot Line) and alliances (see Little Entente) to offset resurgent German strength and in the 1930s, the massive losses of the war led many in France to choose a policy guaranteeing peace, even in the face of Hitler's violations of the Versailles treaty and (later) his demands at Munich in 1938; this would be the much maligned policy of appeasement. Édouard Daladier refused to go to war against Germany and Italy without British support as Neville Chamberlain wanted to save peace at Munich.
World War II
The Invasion of Poland finally caused France and Britain to declare war against Germany. But the allies did not launch massive assaults and kept a defensive stance: this was called the Phoney War in Britain or Drôle de guerre—the funny sort of war—in France. It did not prevent the German army from conquering Poland in a matter of weeks with its innovative Blitzkrieg tactics. When Germany had its hands free for an attack in the west, the Battle of France began in May 1940, and the same tactics proved just as devastating there. The Wehrmacht bypassed the Maginot Line by marching through the Ardennes forest. A second German force was sent into Belgium and the Netherlands to act as a diversion to this main thrust. In six weeks of savage fighting the French lost 90,000 men. Many civilians sought refuge by taking to the roads of France: some two million refugees from Belgium and Holland were joined by between eight and ten million French civilians, representing a quarter of the French population, all heading south and west. This movement may well have been the largest single movement of civilians in history prior to 1947.
French leaders surrendered to Nazi Germany on 24 June 1940, after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk. Nazi Germany occupied three fifths of France's territory, leaving the rest in the south east to the new Vichy government. This regime sought to collaborate with Germany. It was established on 10 July 1940. The Vichy Regime was led by Philippe Pétain, the aging war hero of First World war. It was originally intended to be a temporary, care-taker regime, to supervise French administration before the soon-expected defeat of Britain. Instead, it lasted four years and imposed a tyrannical regime on the French people. It was unique among the various collaborating regimes of wartime Europe in that it was established constitutionally, through the French parliament, and not imposed by the Nazis. However, Charles de Gaulle declared himself by radio from London the head of a rival government in exile, gathering the Free French Forces around him, finding support in some French colonies and recognition from Britain and the USA.
The Vichy regime adopted violent, repressive anti-semitic policies on its own initiative, without direction from Nazi Germany, as has been highlighted by the historian Robert Paxton. During the German occupation 76,000 Jews would be deported, often with the help of the Vichy French authorities, and murdered in the Nazis' extermination camps. After the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir in 1940, where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the French navy, still under command of Vichy France, that killed about 1,100 sailors, there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of distrust in the French forces, leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar. Eventually, several important French ships such as the Richelieu and the Surcouf joined the Free French Forces. On the Eastern Front the USSR was lacking pilots and several French pilots joined the Soviet Union and fought the Luftwaffe in the Normandie-Niemen squadron. Within France proper, very few people organised themselves against the German Occupation in the summer of 1940. However, their numbers grew as Vichy's true nature became more apparent and the decline of Nazi Germany more obvious. Isolated opposers eventually formed a real movement: the Resistants. The most famous figure of the French resistance was Jean Moulin. He was tortured by Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyon). Increasing repression culminated in the complete destruction and extermination of the village of Oradour-sur-Glane, at the height of the Battle of Normandy. There were also Frenchmen that joined the SS, they were known as the Charlemagne Division; knowing they would not survive should Germany be defeated, they were among the last ones to surrender at Berlin.
Whilst recognising this extensive collaboration, the British historian Simon KItson has shown that the Vichy regime engaged in an extensive programme of arresting German intelligence agents in the unoccupied zone. Around 2000 were arrested and some were subsequently executed. Vichy's purpose in this respect was to preserve its sovereignty and to centralise collaboration.
On 6 June 1944 the allied landed on Normandy while on 15 August they landed on Provence (including the 260,000 men of the French army B). General Leclerc freed Paris and Strasbourg and later, along with the battleship Richelieu, represented France at Tokyo during the Japanese surrender. The Vichy regime fled to Germany. The 1sr French army recruited FFI fighters to continue the war until the final defeat of Germany.This army numbered 300,000 men by September 1944 and 370,000 by spring in 1945 (the 2nd DB wasn't in it).
France was liberated by allied forces in 1944. After the war ended, the West German government had to pay reparations (large sums of money) to France as compensation for invading and occupying France and to any civilians killed, being starved, sent into forced labour, or left homeless by the war. The day Germany surrendered French forces were involved in the Sétif massacre in Algeria.
Cold War
After a short period of provisional government initially led by General Charles de Gaulle, a new constitution (13 October 1946) established the Fourth Republic under a parliamentary form of government controlled by a series of coalitions. During the following 16 years the French Colonial Empire would disintegrate.
Israel was established in 1948, and France was one of the fiercest supporters of the Jewish state, supplying it with extensive weaponry it used during 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The French Republic needed an alliance with Israel to secure the Suez Canal from potential threats in a context of decolonisation.
In 1956 another crisis struck French colonies, this time in Egypt. The Suez Canal had been built by the French government, belonged at 56% to the French Republic and was operated by the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez. Great Britain had bought the Egyptian share from Isma'il Pasha and was the second largest owner of the canal before the crisis. The Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the canal despite French and British opposition; he estimated a European answer was most unlikely to happen. Great Britain and France attacked Egypt and built an alliance with Israel against Nasser. Israel attacked from the east, Britain from Cyprus and France from Algeria. Egypt, the most powerful Arab state of the time, was defeated in a mere few days. This caused an outcry of indignation in the entire Arab world and Saudi Arabia set an embargo on oil on France and Britain. The US President Dwight D. Eisenhower forced a ceasefire when he threatened to sell all American shares of British Pounds and to crash the British economy. The British forces were retired from the conflict and Israel, having seized interests in the Sinai region, withdrew soon leaving France alone in Egypt. Under stronger political pressures the French government ultimately evacuated its troops from Suez. This was a major political defeat for France and the American threats during the war were received with indignation by the French popular opinion. This led directly, and was used as a point, to the French withdrawal from the integrated military command of NATO in 1966. Another consequence of this was the French loss of geopolitical interests in the region; this meant an alliance with Israel was no longer of any use for French diplomacy. General de Gaulle was elected president in 1958 and made the French Force de Frappe, the nuclear power, a priority of the French Defence. France then adopted the dissuasion du faible au fort doctrine which meant a Soviet attack on France would only bring total destruction to both sides.
Post Cold War
Jacques Chirac was reelected in 2002, mainly because his socialist rival Lionel Jospin was defeated by the extreme right wing candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen. France was struck by a long period of civil unrest in 2005 after the death of two teenagers. At the end of his second term Jacques Chirac chose not to run again at the age of 74.
See also
Further reading
General Texts
• André Maurois, A History of France
20th Century France
• Robert Gildea, France Since 1945
• Tyler Stovall, ''France since the Second World War.
External links
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67486
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Marvelously Minuscule Minolta Mini-35 Slide Projector
LCD projectors are getting smaller and smaller. There are even some that are darn near pocket sized. While the diminutive units don't always have the throw of their larger brothers, there's a lot to be said for portable projection. Instead of everyone crowding around the tiny screen of your portable video player, you can just whip out one of these tiny LCD projectors out of your backpack so all your friends can see the show.
But what if you're a retro kook like me, and have a pocket full of 35mm slides to share? The Minolta Mini-35 is here to prove that there are no new ideas under the sun. Check out the Mini-35, a highly miniaturized jet-age slide projector, along with its femme-y little carrying bag.
Mini03Hinging open the steel cover telescopes the lens unit out. Snap on the slide exchanger, and you're ready to do a slideshow just about anywhere there's an outlet. Obviously the Mini-35 requires a little more manual jiggery-pokery than a more automated slide projector, though I should point out that there were plenty of slide projectors that operated with a slide exchanger type device. It gives you random access to your slides instead of having to pre-arrange them into a carousel.
For even more flexibility, there's even a socket in the bottom to mount the mini-35 on a tripod (though it's more likely for interfacing with the snickeringly named "Minolta Blower" for long term operation).
Mini04_2 I was rather amazed how well the mini-35 worked. I guess I shouldn't have been surprised when one considers the relative simplicity of any slide projector: wicked bright bulb + high quality film image + decent optics. The Mini-35 yielded a good quality four foot wide picture. You can still find the $5-10 bulb today, which beats the heck out of $200 LCD projector bulbs. When not doing impromptu shows, it's also a good little projector to help you sort through your slide collection.
Miniprojection_2Of course I know that we're in a digital world now, but it's important to remember that a 35mm slide is going to yield a better resolution still image than what a video player + LCD projector can pump out. Nevertheless. don't throw out your mp4 player yet... you can always use it to play nice music to lull your audience to sleep while watching the slides you took on your last vacation.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67488
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Reverie World Studios Forums
Reverie World Studios Forums (
- Main Square (
- - New Logo and Website Update (
Ryan Zelazny 04-07-2011 11:21 PM
New Logo and Website Update
Puppeteer 04-08-2011 05:28 AM
There's only one word to describe this:
wou129 04-08-2011 05:45 AM
to be honest i dont realy like the new logo i do like the letters but i dont like the sun thingy in the back of ''of''
P_J_B 04-08-2011 01:39 PM
I personally quite like it
Joseph Visscher 04-08-2011 06:29 PM
Devs can be honest too, I second wou129, I do not like the sun in it.
Martillo 04-09-2011 08:19 AM
I find the new logo etter than the old one. The old one wasn't exactly bad or ugly, but it seemed like a logo you would see used by one of the many browser "mmo" games - The new logo is more fitting for a "real" game, and seems more pro.
However - I can see why some people wouldnt like the sun. Me, I don't really kow what to think about it, but it's not worse than the old logo ^^
wesley762 04-09-2011 05:06 PM
i think the new layout and logo of the website look better then the old ones :)
my compliments on it !
majpronin 04-10-2011 02:19 AM
logo is ok. how about to add the scrit that changes unit models at frontpage every time u refresh them and an arrow to scroll though models? can be nice to be able to view different units, not only this orc sworman all time
Pilgrim 04-11-2011 05:43 AM
Well, the sun is there to represent "Dawn". It makes sense and its what causes the cool firelight effect on the letters. Well animated, I like it.
nickson104 04-16-2011 06:27 PM
I dont know, The new logo is good yeah, but I liked the old one better... :D
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67495
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Rhapsody App for
Rhapsody International, Inc.
Get app Have the app
Killa Beez
A lengthy roster, including the Wu-Tang Clan and their large extended family, the Killa Beez (aka Wu-Tang Killa Bees) first emerged in 1998 with "The Swarm." In early 2002, they unleashed Volume 2, "The Sting," featuring longtime compadres like Killarmy, Shyheim, and West Coast brethren Black Knights, among others. Sonic mastermind RZA produces most of the tracks, including some choice joints featuring ODB, Lord Superb, and his futuristic alter-ego Bobby Digital. Perfect for heads who can't get enough of the Shaolin steez.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67545
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RSC - Advancing the Chemical Sciences
Fungi wake up to new natural products
30 April 2008
Fungi produce a wide variety of natural products, including potent toxins - for example, the amanitins, primarily responsible for the toxicity of the death cap fungus - and life-saving drugs such as penicillin. As a result, the genetics of fungi have generated much interest in recent years.
Now, Robert Cichewicz and colleagues at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, US, have shown that metabolic pathways that are normally 'silent' can be re-activated to make new compounds, in work published in the Royal Society of Chemistry journal Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry.
Many fungi have a wealth of genes encoding for far more natural products than they actually produce, says Cichewicz. The explanation is thought to be that when fungi do not need certain compounds, they inhibit the transcription of the DNA that codes for the proteins that make them, preventing their biosynthesis.
The DNA involved is inhibited by being scrunched up in a globular form called heterochromatin. To activate this DNA and turn on these 'silent' natural product pathways, the team decided to treat fungal cultures with small molecules that interfere with the formation of the heterochromatin - allowing the DNA to be transcripted.
The new approach impresses Jon Clardy at the Harvard Medical School, Boston, US, who says that it could 'greatly expand the suite of biologically active small molecules obtained from fungi' and that it 'capitalises on recent developments in drug discovery to increase the odds of discovering new drugs'.
The results also have important implications for research into fungi and other microorganisms, explains Cichewicz. Natural products are the means by which fungi 'communicate' with organisms around them, so we are in essence, he says, 'discovering chemical means for listening to what fungi are saying'.
Russell Williams et al.Org. Biomol. Chem., 2008, DOI: 10.1039/b804701d
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67553
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Best Android Running App.?
16 messages
08/03/2012 at 19:16
I've tried mapmyrun but the live tracking feature on the full site has never worked also the elevation doesn't seem to be very accurate most of the time.
I've tried CardioTrainer but people can't see my maps when they follow the links.
Can anyone point me on the direction of a reliable Android app. that does exactly what it Isays on the tin?
08/03/2012 at 19:40
Runkeeper is pretty decent, not sure about the elevation feature but is free and has some useful features. Basically the same a nike + but free and not a nike branded product if that kind of thing bothers you (not that it bothers me at all, I guess nike are the microsoft of the running world)
08/03/2012 at 19:57
I use Runmeter and find it very simply to use and it does give elevations, good mapping. I use the "run intervals" activity not only for run intervals but for races too so I get to told whether to increase or decrease my pace. Gives all the info you want to look at afterwards......length of time and distance at all paces, zones, elevations, syncs with your calendar and can pull off usual reports of mileage etc over week/month/year etc etc. Very easy to personalise how you want the announcements to come through to whilst running (if at all) and links to all social websites very easily too
08/03/2012 at 20:31
its a toss up between Runkeeper and Endomondo - i use both depending on the mood/usage/training
Runkeeper is more accurate re: mileage but sometimes the gps doesnt want to work, so i switch to endomondo and the gps is always fine. However Endomondo is less accurate with mileage, you find you are not quite running as far as it says, but its not far out.
endomondo has live tracking so people can follow you on the website, you have to buy the pro version of runkeeper to do this at about £20 a year.
with the free runkeeper you can enter workouts, intervals, and get coaching, endomondo doesnt do this.
runkeeper is easier to plot routes on that you can save as your own routes (eg if you do parkrun), plus easier to enter a run afterwards on the website if you have forgotten your phone.
with both you can export runs from the website and enter on the other if you want to use both and keep track on both.
hope all that made sense!
08/03/2012 at 20:53
Think I'm just going to have to try all the free ones then buy the upgraded version of the one I like best.
That means making a decision. Why can't life just be simple?
08/03/2012 at 22:55
Paranoid Android
08/03/2012 at 23:00
Interesting you should say that, radiohead tickets go on sale for the O2 tomo morning. Sorry for the deviation...
09/03/2012 at 10:08
SmartRunner isn't bad. Basic, but does the job (distance, pace, max speed, elevation).
Not sure it does intervals though.
05/03/2013 at 19:49
Saw them years ago, surely there are other bands to see?
06/03/2013 at 19:51
+1 for endomondo does the job,but as previously said mileage can b abit suspect.
06/03/2013 at 20:38
I like sportstracker is a good one. I used to have this ony old nokia symbian. Tried endomodo and didnt like it so much.
06/03/2013 at 20:41
i use endomondo....does what i need it to do.
09/04/2013 at 22:30
What about strava? They do a run and ride versions. Anyone tried?
Mapmyrun app has similar apps from the same developers for hiking, walking, dog-walking, cycling too. Any good?
Just want a reliable app to record speed and distance, nothing fancy.
09/04/2013 at 22:37
Yeah I am a big fan of Strava.
Integrates with my garmin and is so much better at giving you PB and the most fun finding other peoples routes and seeing how you fair.
Defo recommend for a garmin user, not used the phone app though. Mate of mine moved from run keeper to strava so must be good as I realy rated RK.
09/10/2013 at 14:41
If you have an Android tablet, and a Garmin, check out Sporttablet on Google Play
You can download directly to tablet(I have a Asus Transformer and a Garmin 305) and then upload to wherever
09/10/2013 at 16:33
I just google's my tracks and upload the details to google drive, it sticks it all into a spreadsheet for you, It creates spreadsheet for each activity that you do as well plus you can upload the maps as well.
16 messages
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/67594
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Skip to main content
Why does getting fingered feel better than sex?
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SheGlimmerz asks:
Heather Corinna replies:
Assuming that you're engaging in manual sex -- hands or fingers engaged with your genitals, fingering being one term for that -- to express or explore your sexual feelings or desires, fingering IS sex. Just like intercourse can be sex, just like oral sex can be sex, just like full-body massage can be sex.
What is and isn't sex isn't so much about what body parts are doing what, but about what people involved in given activities are feeling and seeking to express, as we explain here:
When we say "sex," what we mean is any number of different things people may or do freely choose to do to tangibly and actively express or enact their sexuality; what they identify or know to be their sexual feelings and sexual selves.
Most of what I hear with a question like yours is this: so far, you find you enjoy this one kind of sex -- fingering -- more than another kind of sex you're talking about, where you find you get little to nothing from it. I assume you mean physically, but you could also mean it's not feeling like much in other ways, too. Given you brought up penis size, and a lot of people say "sex" when they mean intercourse, I assume you're talking about vaginal intercourse. In other words, so far, you've found you have a preference around each of these kinds of sex: you like one more than the other.
There's nothing that isn't normal or typical about that. It's highly common for people to find they don't experience or haven't experienced the same enjoyment or excitement from all the possible sexual activities we can engage in. There are people who engage in both manual sex and intercourse who tend to prefer manual sex, on the whole, or find that usually or always feels physically or emotionally better to them. There are people who are the opposite: who prefer intercourse to manual sex. There are people who don't find either of those activities particularly exciting or enjoyable, and there are people who really enjoy them both.
People having sexual preferences isn't a problem. It's a basic part of human sexuality. Just like we don't all like the same kinds of foods, we don't all like the same sexual activities, and just like some of us have foods we wish we could eat every single day, foods we find okay, but not amazing, and foods we strongly dislike, the same is often true with sex and sexual activities. Something very core to healthy, happy human sexuality and sexual lives is an acceptance that we don't all like the same things, or everything equally, and room always being made for our sexual diversity.
A lot of people have the idea there are "shoulds" with this stuff, but there really, really are not. Even when our world, communities, culture or partners might make it seem like there are shoulds, and like those shoulds are sound or true, they rarely are. You can know that anytime anyone presents what people like sexually as a universal that they are massively oversimplifying human sexuality and sexual experience: that is just not reflective of how very different we all can be, both as individuals, but also from partnership to partnership, and from one phase of life to another.
This probably has little to nothing to do with a partner's penis size, though it seems like you've identified that when you are enjoying intercourse, you prefer it when things move a little faster. If this is a sexual activity you want to see if you can't enjoy more and feel more with, you can certainly try changing things up, like with different positions, angles, speeds, amounts of depth or pressure, or different interpersonal dynamics (for instance, some people don't like a given sexual activity with a partner not because of the physics, but because of what is or isn't going on with the behavior of anyone involved, like how they talk about it or don't, like how they are or are not emotionally connecting during or around that activity). You can also see how it feels if you engage in a sexual activity you know you tend to really like for a while before or after intercourse, or by adding that activity or part of it during intercourse. Intercourse doesn't have to be ONLY intercourse when that's happening, just like, say, when you engage in manual sex, that doesn't have to be all that's going on. You or a partner can get their fingers involved during intercourse, too, if that feels good to you.
You'll notice I left room there in case this just isn't something you really want to do or explore.
You don't have to engage in vaginal intercourse, just like your partners don't have to do anything they don't want to, don't like, or don't feel excited about. Again, not everyone likes intercourse or wants to engage in it, just like not everyone likes receptive anal intercourse or oral sex or any other sexual activity. You haven't said here if intercourse is something you feel a strong desire to engage in, so I'm not going to make any assumptions about that. All you need to know is that when it comes to any kind of sex, no one ever has to do anything they don't want to, aren't into or don't enjoy, no matter what that activity is, even if it's something other people like and want. If and when anyone does feel obligated in a sexual interaction or relationship to do things they don't want or things they don't like, we're usually looking at someone in a sexual relationship that isn't a goodie for them or for their partner: people really into their sexual partners and into being a bonafide partner don't tend to enjoy an activity themselves that their partner doesn't enjoy or want.
Now, I know that with sexual activities that are presented as normative -- like things everyone is "supposed" to do or like -- it can feel more uncomfortable or socially awkward to nix them. It's one thing when you don't want to do something or don't like something a partner also doesn't want or like, or something all or most of the people you talk with about sex, or hear or read present as weird or gross or taboo. Intercourse can certainly be one of those things presented as "normal" and what everyone likes, especially for heterosexual people, even though we know there are plenty of people for whom it doesn't feel normal or who don't enjoy it.
The good news is, though, that you don't have to have sex, of any kind, with Cosmopolitan magazine, the whole world, or with anyone where what each of you wants and likes doesn't feel like a pretty good fit. You, like the rest of us, get to choose to only pursue or stick with sexual partnerships or interactions that fit who you are and what you like well. We all get to have our preferences and we all get to seek out sexual relationships that really work with our individual sexualities, and walk away from any that don't.
When you're with sexual partners with whom you're pretty sexually compatible -- who want and like similar things as you -- and who also have the maturity and the care to understand that when there's more than one person involved with sex, what goes on has to feel good for everyone, and work with everyone's preferences, not just their own, this isn't the big deal it might seem like it can be.
Of course, not everyone we like, love and feel sexually attracted to is going to be a good fit for us as a sexual partner. There are a lot of pieces to that puzzle, including things like if a person is kind to us, how they talk about sex, if they are on board with the kinds of safer sex and contraception we might want or need, if they want the same kind of relationship we do, but that also includes us having enough common ground between our sexualities so that the sex we have is enjoyable for everyone involved.
For you, right now, it sounds like a partner who really, really wants and likes intercourse and really doesn't like fingering wouldn't be the best fit for you. And that's okay, even if it can be a bummer not to be a sexual "fit" with people we're into and wish we did fit with. We're not always going to find sexual partners who are a great fit for us right off the bat: I'd say that's pretty uncommon. But all the diversity in human sexuality means that finding partners, over time, where we are compatible, and who do want and like the same sorts of things we do, isn't usually that hard. No harder, anyway, than finding people who are a good fit for us in all the other ways that matter, right?
Don't forget, too, that how sexually excited we feel tends to play a big part in how things feel physically. You clearly really like manual sex, so chances are good that when you know that's going to happen, you start that activity feeling very excited. That's probably part of why that feels so good for you. If intercourse, on the other hand, isn't something you really want or feel excited about, then it is going to feel less awesome no matter what. Mind, when we're talking about anatomy and the physics of sex, vaginal entry with fingers can tend to provide a different kind of stimulation than intercourse for a few reasons, including that it's a lot easier for you or a partner to stimulate the parts of your genitals which are the most sensitive -- like your internal and external clitoris -- and tend to respond better to fine touch than to the more general pressure which intercourse offers.
This is one of several reasons why so many folks with vaginas -- not all, but a substantial majority -- don't reach orgasm from intercourse alone, and why plenty just don't find it to be their favorite thing ever, period, especially all by itself.
If you don't feel really excited about doing something sexual, just don't do whatever that thing is until or unless your feelings change. Stick to what you do feel very excited about. And of course, create that same kind of space for partners, where they know and feel that the same should be true for them.
How about for the time being, if you're really not feeling it when it comes to intercourse, especially if it's not something you feel excited about doing from the get-go, you put it on the shelf, and instead take the time with any partners to only do what you both really like? If you find that over time with a partner, you both do develop a strong interest in intercourse and it is something you want to explore, then you go there, but not before then. Some of what isn't working for you with this might be going to intercourse too early in the relationship, before you and someone have really taken the time to explore other things and find out together what you really like and how that can be incorporated into intercourse. By all means, too, if you're only engaging in intercourse because it's what someone else wants, you might need to slow things down sexually in relationships, period, so you can develop the assertiveness we need, and sometimes the trust, too, to have sexual interactions be about mutual wants and pleasure, rather than feeling like we have to fall in line with what the other person wants, even when it's not what we do.
Again, maybe what you'll find out sometimes is that there's little or even nothing you have in common with someone sexually, but when that happens, you just nix exploring that as a sexual relationship or interaction. Now and then, just like you're not going to connect with people emotionally or intellectually, or find people attractive, you're not going to connect with people sexually, and vice-versa. When that does happen, and it usually will, it works a lot better to just accept that and move on than for you or anyone else to keep trying to do things you don't want to, don't feel into, or do not feel excited about.
So. You have some preferences, like most people do. That is so completely okay, and is utterly human. There's nothing right or wrong about preferences like this, they are what they are. Your sexuality is unique to you, just like everyone else's sexuality is unique to them. You get to like what you like and not like what you don't, whether those likes are lifelong or shift over time, and whether those likes are the same as someone else's or different. You get to experiment with intercourse if you want to or nix it if you don't, now or later.
I'm going to leave you with some links that I think might help, starting with a Yes, No, Maybe list. I think going through it might be a good exercise for you, and that it can help you clarify what you really do want and don't; what, so far (because who knows, in a decade or three, you might like totally different things: sexuality is something that can shift many times in our lives), you enjoy and don't, or, for things you do want and enjoy, what other things you may want or need to make them most enjoyable for you. Having that kind of big picture can be really helpful.
I've also included a piece to help with sexual communication. I'm not sure if you need it, but if you've had a hard time asking for what you want, and nixing what you don't, it'll probably give you a boost to make that easier for you.
written 15 Nov 2011 . updated 31 Aug 2013
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A New Kind of Science Author Pays Brainy Undergrad $25,000 for Identifying Simplest Computer
But will it jumpstart Stephen Wolfram's scientific revolution?
Turing machine
Five years ago, grown-up wunderkind Stephen Wolfram did his darnedest to alter the course of scientific history. The former particle physicist, who is by all accounts a genius, poured two decades worth of heady thoughts on the nature of computers, mathematics and the universe into an ambitious 1,200-page tome modestly entitled A New Kind of Science.
And when that didn't sway his peers, he offered cash.
This week, Wolfram's software company, Wolfram Research, announced that it is awarding a $25,000 prize to an undergraduate student for proving a speculation made in the book—that a very simplified Turing machine, a mathematical model of a computer, could in principle run any conceivable computer program, from crunching math problems to sharpening images. In computer science lingo, that's called universality.
Wolfram's book explored the theme that extreme complexity can blossom from very simple rules, especially those of so-called cellular automata, which resemble ever expanding games of tic-tac-toe and can produce complex, nonrepeating patterns reminiscent of everything from snowflakes to quantum mechanics to natural selection. The former child prodigy argued that such models might offer a better way of understanding physics and even biology than can the traditional tools of calculus.
One of Wolfram's main conjectures was that nearly any simple set of abstract rules should be equivalent to a universal Turing machine in the complexity it can produce. The existence of the new proof, he tells, adds weight to the idea.
It also marks a "monument in the computational universe," Wolfram says. "This is the end of the road. This is the simplest conceivable universal Turning machine."
Critics of Wolfram's book (and there were many) accused him of claiming others' pioneering work as his own and overselling its significance to boot. Five years later, computation experts see little sign that Wolfram's ideas have gained traction. And some of their reactions to the award suggest that its most important consequence will be to furnish young Alex Smith with some extra spending money.
Smith, 20, a third-year electrical and computer engineering student at the University of Birmingham in England, heard about the Turing machine prize in an online chat room after Wolfram Research put the money up for grabs in May for the fifth anniversary of A New Kind of Science (NKS). "I decided to have a go at it and see what I got," he says. "It clearly wasn't easy, because people wouldn't offer a prize like that if they had been able to solve it themselves."
Named for the British mathematician Alan Turing, who proposed the concept in 1936, a Turing machine can be thought of as a device that scans a ticker tape printed with a string of colored dots (or 0s and 1s—it doesn't really matter). The machine has multiple settings or states, and for each dot it encounters it carries out some rule that depends on its setting, such as "if the dot is orange, change it to yellow, advance to the next dot and switch to setting 2" [see image above]. One Turing machine might be capable of solving arithmetic problems and another might be good at searching databases.
But Turing also demonstrated that one such machine could be universal, meaning that it could mimic any other Turing machine if given the right ticker-tape instruction. The discovery laid the foundation for modern computer science and explains why a single computer can simultaneously play music, connect to the Internet and run a word processor.
Simplify, Simplify
Intrigued by the limits of computation, researchers during the 1950s and 1960s whittled universal Turing machines to smaller and smaller sizes for fun. They learned that a two-state, two-color (2,2) Turing machine was not universal, but one with seven states and four colors was. In NKS, Wolfram reported a proof by one of his employees that two states and five colors sufficed for universality.
The 2,2 Turing machine was obviously simple, Wolfram says. Not so for the incrementally more complex version with two states and three colors (2,3), so if he was right about simple rules always breeding complexity, he wrote in the book, the 2,3 Turing machine should in fact be universal.
Of course, simplicity is in the eye of the beholder. The 2,3 Turing machine described in the dense new 40-page proof "chews up a lot of tape" to perform even a simple job, Smith says. Programming it to calculate 2 + 2, he notes, would take up more memory than any known computer contains. And image processing? "It probably wouldn't finish before the end of the universe," he says.
Coming up with the proof "looked hard," says Wolfram, who won a MacArthur Foundation "genius" grant when he was 22 years old but says he prefers building software tools to cranking out proofs. His company produces the number-crunching software Mathematica.
Smith, however, who counts among his hobbies playing Dungeons & Dragons and writing programs in obscure computer languages, needed a diversion on his summer holiday in Birmingham, where his parents teach mathematics in the university's economics department. Basically, says the two-time reservist for the U.K.'s International Mathematical Olympiad team, "I had nothing else to do."
Smith says he saw the outline of the answer—the pattern of dots to put on the Turing machine's tape—while lying in bed. Five weeks later, he submitted an initial proof that he knew was flawed, but when Wolfram Research sent back comments and hadn't found any other problems with it, he says he was encouraged enough to spend another week or so tinkering with it.
Smith's was in fact the only serious submission, Wolfram says. Wolfram Research enlisted an employee and two paid consultants to check the details of the proof and ran it past an eight-person prize committee of well-known mathematicians and computer scientists.
The precocious prizewinner is "absolutely very clever," says computer scientist Lenore Blum of Carnegie Mellon University, a member of the committee, who says the award may renew interest in the complexity of simple Turing machines and other models. "It's getting eyes on a problem that people haven't thought about for a long time."
Of course, there may be a reason the problem languished. "Finding the smallest universal [Turing machines] is a neat recreational pursuit," quantum computation researcher Scott Aaronson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology says, but "it's no longer seen as connected to the central questions of the field."
Martin Davis, a retired professor of mathematics and computer science at New York University who also sat on the prize committee, adds, "I don't think anything is going to hinge on whether that Turning machine is universal or not."
And what of the broader goal outlined in NKS? Wolfram says the new proof has no direct connection to his belief that cellular automata explain just about everything. And although he says that his view may take a couple of decades to gain acceptance, he does see slow progress. By his count, "zillions of papers…take what I do and apply it to lots of other systems"—with a few more published every day, he says.
That could be because cellular automata date back to the 1950s, Aaronson says. "The impact of NKS on all the areas of computer science and physics I'm familiar with has been basically zero," he says. "As far as I can tell, the main impact is that people now sometimes use the adjective 'Wolframian' to describe breathtaking claims for the trivial or well-known." Davis offers a sunnier take: "The book has a lot of beautiful pictures."
Smith, who says he plans to put the money in the bank until he can think of something to do with it, seems accustomed to receiving blank stares for his efforts. "The sort of thing I do normally doesn't have much a use. This isn't much different."
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Announcement Module
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Like OMG Carly Rae Jepsen and Train at Bechtel
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• #16
Kids are strange.
Back in 2001 the guy who stole the show was an old timer who played Over the rainbow on a saw.
He went over far better than the Young Osmond's.
• #17
Youth know what they like in music.
old timer who played Over the rainbow on a saw.
He went over far better than the Young Osmond's.
2013 (Schiff predicts)
the same old timer plays Over the rainbow on a saw.
He goes over far better than Justin Bieber.
• #18
I had never heard of Carly Rae Jepsen until I read this thread.
I have heard of Train, and I remember my oldest daughter (now 30) listening to them when she was a teenager. I looked them up on Wikipedia and they had their first big hit ("Meet Virginia") in 1998, which fits into my recollection correctly. They had another big hit in 2009 ("Hey Soul Sister") which I probably heard at a robotics event when my son was in high school. They probably had a few hits in between, but I don't know them. I guess my knowledge of music since the late 80s is limited mostly to what I have overheard my children and their friends listening to, so it is kind of sporadic and dependent on the tastes of those particular kids.
Train's music is difficult to describe, especially since I can only identify two of their songs. I remember the first one was kind of folky, in a quirky kind of way. Their second song is kind of pop-like, but also quirky. They are not a "hard rock" group, but I do seem to remember seeing them on a tv show when they were first popular, doing "My Generation." (Did someone mention The Who?)
• #19
I'll be on staff the second week, so I guess I'll never find out who Carly Rae Jepsen is. But I guess this will be my big chance to see Train.
Bob Hope was at the 1973 Jamboree (at least in Idaho, which is the one I attended). I remember being a little bit surprised, since he was already what I considered to be "very old" at the time. But he was a big hit with the rest of the scouts in my troop.
The only thing I remember about the actual show was that there was a stern warning the flash photography was not allowed. When the show started, flashes were going off everywhere. I suspect this was a Jamboree urban legend, but I heard reports that people were working the audience handing out free flash cubes in order to add to the spectacle.
• #20
Flashcube? OMG, is that a term I havent seen for a long time or what?
Anyway, at the People Choice Award Show a few weeks back both Carly Rae and Train were nominated for awards in something or other. Neither won, but I took it encouraging that these are performers popular enough to be nominated.
Eamonn is right about the 2001 Jamboree, the old man on the Saw absolutley killed with somewhere over the rainbow. "The Osmonds: Next Generation" was pretty much a flop, just what a bunch of teen age boys want, a boy band. Three of Hearts was OK until that comment on modes of transportation around camp
• #21
1973, PA, Moraine State Park. I do remember Danny Thomas appearing, and thinking that his speech was very odd. He talked a lot about discipline, from what I recall, and how tough he was with his kids.
Musically, I don't recall, other than watching a Scout band at what must have been a subcamp show one morning. I was a new band kid myself, so I remember thinking how great it would be to be up on stage. Didn't pursue it for the '77 Jamboree.
However, just a couple of years ago, I did some searching online, and found out that applications for the 2013 Jamboree band were due imminently. Told my 15-yr-ld band kid about it, he applied and was accepted. He's very excited about that -- he was at the 2010 jamboree, and is looking forward to seeing the Jamboree from a different vantage point.
Carly Rae and Train? Honestly, I think they're hitting the wrong demographic for both.
• #22
Has anyone heard whether the one-hit wonder and old farts plan to play at Jamboree now? They had cancelled when they found out (for the first time, I'm sure) that BSA didn't allow homosexuals and cancelled contingent on The Vote.
If old-timers like Train are on the table, I think they should get David Bowie, he's got a new album to promote. Plus: he was gay, then he wasn't, so, perfect role model, right?
Last edited by Scouter99; 06-04-2013, 10:47 PM.
• #23
Looks like 3 Doors Down took the PR gamble. Of course was contractually obligated not to stream the concert, but when the stream cut back in the boys were chanting "encore" so I guess they enjoyed the show.
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I Feel Pretty!
I'm curious about something. You are a woman writing a dating column in which you talk an awful lot about how you're not currently getting laid. Seems to me that the natural response would be vast quantities of messages that, in essence, asked you out or offered sex or propositioned you. And yet I don't think you've mentioned getting any such offers.
Which leads me to wonder if you're performing some larger social experiment to see just which columns and topics provoke the most propositions. Either that or you're keeping all the messages to bulk up a Rolodex o' dates that won't run out for years. What's the deal?
Suspicious in Seattle
Dear SIS,
You sir, are correct. As difficult as it is for a shy, retiring violet like myself to admit, I do get a lot of propositions. And you're also right that, up till now, I haven't mentioned this fact. I'm ashamed to say that I've been hoarding these letters to myself . . . coveting them, collecting them, and cavorting with them in my own special way. Because, dear reader, I am a gal given to ritual— and few things are more fun than a little something I call Friday Night Fantasy Night.
First I shower and rub scented oils all over my body. Then I slip into my Friday Night Special—a sheer pink nightie with matching thong panty, fuchsia ostrich plume mules, and a delicate little tiara designed especially for me. Once (un)dressed, I teeter over to the fridge and grab a chilled bottle of Veuve. I saunter back into the bedroom and deposit the champagne in the ice-bucket compartment of my headboard. Then I gather all of that week's most titillating mail and spread the pages across my pink satin sheets (think Demi Moore in Indecent Proposal). I crack open the champers, plug in the Hitachi Magic Wand, and jump into bed. For a while I just roll around, um, enjoying myself and basking in the outpouring of love that almost literally drips off these pages. Once I calm down, I start to read . . . and now—for the first time ever—I'm going to give you, the reader, a peek inside my own personal mailbag.
Where to begin? Do I start with the R. Crumb wanna-be who keeps sending me badly drawn cartoons depicting dismembered Asian women? I'm not sure that a maladjusted loser's sad attempt at shocking me really counts as a proposition, so I'll skip that one. . . . Hmmm, here's one from Rich. Rich sends a very nice letter ending with "if you have a nice butt, I ask you out." Tempted though I am, Rich's loose grasp of basic grammar combined with my own insecurity that my ass might not pass muster leads me to place his letter in the "Maybe Next Year" stack.
Rolling over to refill my glass, I peel off a note stuck to my left thigh—damn, that Lovin' Lotion's sticky! Ooh, I like this one . . . this letter is from a young man named Ken. Ken's standards are a lot lower than Rich's, despite his apparent off-the-charts cuteness—well, if the number of gay men hitting on him is any indicator! Despite the fact that the last girl he made out with looked like a supermodel, Ken's only requirement for dating me is that I be "decent looking." Much to my relief, a quick phone survey reveals that I do in fact qualify as decent looking. Score!
I start to fantasize about the men who've penned these missives and pretty soon I get a little carried away. In fact, I get so carried away that I have to go change a fuse midfantasy. A valuable lesson has been learned, and I unplug several of the less essential appliances sucking power out of my bedroom outlet. Ah yes, back to my men. . . . A reader named Henry writes that he really likes the drawing at the top of my column and wonders if I might want to grab a cuppa joe sometime. The fact that Henry is attracted to an illustration troubles me. Besides, I don't drink coffee, so his kind offer is respectfully declined.
Reader Scott wonders if I'm as hot as I sound. I don't know. How hot do I sound? This sweet talker tells me that the only problem with my column is that it's too short and not published often enough. I like Scott. I like Scott a lot. Then I scan down to his last line: "You sound like a total babe with a personality to boot. Why can't you get any?" Gulp. I dispense with the formality of glassware and start swilling straight from the bottle. Good question, Scott. . . .
Good question? Ask [email protected] or Dategirl, c/o Seattle Weekly, 1008 Western, Ste. 300, Seattle WA 98104.
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• In praise of procrastination
Why wasting time can actually be a good thing
When I sit down at my desk—especially if I'm starting a writing assignment or if the one I'm wrestling with is going poorly—I am consumed (consumed!) by the acute and irrepressible need to get up again. I have to go to the kitchen, as if something new might have found its way into the refrigerator since I last looked 20 minutes before. I must see if the mail has come, or the paper, which I then read. I'll wander into the bathroom, lean against the sink and examine the landscape of my face in the mirror. I look for and attack blemishes, tweeze wayward eyebrow hairs and occasionally give my teeth a good floss. The cruddy buildup at the base of my electric toothbrush (the origin of which I try hard not to think about) invariably needs cleaning. It's also essential that I go to the gym, which is near the fruit seller, which is up the road from the discount nursery. In that same loop are the cardboard-recycling plant, the liquor store and the cheap gas station. If I have enough quarters, I'll vacuum the car, then pay $6 to be transported through the Lammscloth automatic car wash.
Yet I know I couldn't sustain as many friendships or keep my house in order or my thank-you notes up to date if I didn't do these things when I should be setting up interviews or reading research files. The fact is, goofing off works for me as much, if not more, than it does against me. My procrastination efforts feed my gluttonous appetite for enjoying life, but beyond that, they can also be shockingly productive. I'll do anything to put off writing, and I'll do it well. The piles of Polarfleece hats my sister and I sewed for a winter crafts fair sold out completely. The merits of my dried cherry scones are widely known. I've won first prize for my quilting and an honorable mention in a citywide gardening competition.
Even more valuable, perhaps, is the way procrastinating puts whatever real project is at hand on simmer. When I'm stuck on the first sentence of an article, mindless activities like weeding my flower patch present an opportunity for reflection. It's as if certain thoughts have to find me and, once they do, can latch on only if I've left enough mental space for them. I've sorted out story structures while being lulled by the swish-swish of the car wash. I've solved financial problems on the treadmill. I've figured out how to end arguments with loved ones while waiting in line to pay for produce.
It's true that I'm expending energy on these diversions, but I am also building up steam. I may hide from certain tasks with meticulously maintained pedicures and overpruned crab apple trees, but at some point, I can rewire no more lamps, surf no more websites, eat no more snacks. All that's left, finally, is the urge to write. And once I start, once I've broken through the repellent blankness of the page, I no longer need to get up from my chair at every turn. I still get distracted, but the diversions are fewer and farther between.
Maybe all of my sidestepping is simply the long and snaky path I need to take to arrive at the destination that matters most—creative fulfillment and, of course, the paycheck that puts food on my table. At least that's what I tell myself. After half a life-time of perfecting the dilly and honing the dally, it's clear that, in the words of my favorite philosopher—basketball player Allen Iverson, "it's all good." Or, more accurately, it's all productive. There may be a better way to phrase that thought, but right now I've got to go plant the daylilies.
Be a productive procrastinator
You're a healthy dawdler if... you set time-wasting parameters. That means deciding beforehand how long you'll watch Must-See TV (as opposed to vegging out on the sofa for hours on end) and sticking to the limit by setting a timer if you have to. "A 30-minute break, when you plan for it, can leave you feeling more motivated," Emmett says.
You're an unhealthy dawdler if... you save a mammoth project for the absolute last minute. Instead, procrastinate—and accomplish—in stages. If you're hosting a party in three weeks, send a hold-the-date e-mail, then worry about the menu the following week. When that time comes, brainstorm about the food and drink, then make a grocery list. That way you satisfy the need to put off while inching toward your goal.
You're a healthy dawdler if... you diverge creatively. Go ahead—give yourself brownie points for writing a poem about the color purple. "Any activity that gets your mental juices flowing can help you overcome roadblocks," says Emmett. Even better: Engage in a creative pastime that's relevant to the task at hand, such as snapping family photos instead of writing your parents' anniversary toast.
You're an unhealthy dawdler if... you invite distraction. When your e-mail is chiming, your phone is ringing and the radio is blaring, you're setting yourself up for projectus interruptus. Instead, try banishing the background noise. Hit mute, pull plugs—do whatever it takes to foster an environment conducive to producing.
Spencer Jones
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@article {14886, title = {Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD.}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry}, volume = {45}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Mar}, pages = {346-54}, abstract = {Family environmental factors as well as parental attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status have shown associations with variability in ADHD. The purpose of the present study was to examine the links among family environment, parental psychiatric diagnosis, and child impairment within a sample of ADHD-affected sibling pairs (ASPs) ages 5 to 18 years.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child of Impaired Parents, Family, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Mental Disorders, Parents, Questionnaires, Siblings, Social Environment}, issn = {0890-8567}, doi = {10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01024.x}, author = {Pressman, Leah J and Loo, Sandra K and Carpenter, Erika M and Asarnow, Joan R and Lynn, Deborah and McCracken, James T and McGough, James J and Lubke, Gitta H and Yang, May H and Smalley, Susan L} }
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Request for recipes that use Meyer lemon juice
Hi everyone,
I just got some Meyer lemons at Costco to use for homemade limoncello. I started two batches, each of which required 20 lemons. After I peeled the lemons, I juiced them, and so now I have the juice of 40 Meyer lemons in my fridge. It's probably about seven or eight cups (I put it in the leftover vodka bottles but didn't measure it).
What should I do with all this lemon juice?
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As I stood in the long line at the commissary, I saw her again. This time she wore short shorts, and a plain white tee shirt, I’m not sure if she realized everyone could see her black bra through the shirt. She had her medium length dark brown hair pulled up into a pony tail, and no makeup on her face. The first time I saw her was a week ago. On that particular day she was with a man, whom I assumed to be husband. She had on a pretty sun dress with her beautiful hair down and her face made up, but for some reason she was just as stunning today. She was wrestling with a sack of dog food, when finally a nearby airman helped her get it out of her cart. She smiled at him; she had beautiful teeth. She appeared to be in a hurry. I quickly put my items on the conveyer belt. As I was watching the bagger put my bread in with the milk, I missed her leaving. I cursed myself because I wanted to check out her ass. I stood watching the bagger put stuff into my cart, when I noticed something lying under the lane next to me, I walked over to take a closer look, and it was a bank card. I picked it up. “Jayme Shipman” was the name on the card. I stuck it in my pocket. I followed the bagger out to my car, and watched him unload my groceries, and tipped him four dollars. Climbed into my car, and drove home. On the drive home, I thought about her black bra showing through her shirt. Jayme, what a pretty name. I couldn’t help but wonder if my husband worked with her’s.
Arriving home I quickly carried the groceries in and put them away. I then parked myself in front of the computer, found a name look up site, and typed in “Jayme Shipman”. Thousands of Shipmans. No luck. I had just started to cook dinner, when my cell phone rang; it was my husband, “Hey baby!” I said.
“Hey I hope you had a good day, I’m so sorry, but I have to work over tonight” Chris said.
“Ugghhhh, well figures, I just started cooking!”
“I’m so sorry darling I’ll be home as soon as I can” he said.
“Well ok be careful, I love you”
“I love you too darling bye”
I sat down once again, to a lonely meal. We had just moved to Elmendorf a mere three weeks ago. I was very homesick, and was very tired of eating dinner alone. After eating dinner I washed the dishes, and vacuumed. I climbed into the shower, where again Jayme popped into my head, I thought of her shapely body in her sun dress, how pretty her smile was, and of how her black bra showed through her shirt. I began to rub my breast thinking of Jayme’s perky breast. My nipples became erect and my pussy grew wet, I ran my hands to my pussy and began rubbing my clit, imagining Jayme’s mouth on my pussy, licking and sucking my clit. I slowly brought myself to orgasm. I quickly wrapped up my shower, and went to the bedroom and began reading a book, and then fell asleep.
I was awoken suddenly by the sound of a four A.M devil. My husband’s alarm clock rang out through our unfurnished bedroom. He, of course, did not move an inch. I climbed over him turning his alarm clock off. “Baby, wake up, it’s time for you to wake up” I said softly while gently shaking him. “I’m up” he said in a muffled sleepy voice. I ran my hands down his bare back, kissed his ribs. I saw him smile. I flipped the covers off of his body, he quickly covered back up. “Baby it’s cold in here” he said.
“You are just a baby, come here, I’ll warm you up!”
His eyes popped open at the thought of me wanting sex. I hadn’t wanted sex since we arrived to Elmendorf, due to me being homesick. He got up, went to the bathroom, and peed, brushed his teeth, shaved, and washed his face. I fell asleep waiting on him. He smiled, as he crawled under the covers, and found a naked pussy waiting. Gently he spread my legs, and began to lick my pussy. I squirmed slightly. He slid a finger into my wet pussy. He wanted to fuck me . He sat up and threw the covers onto the floor, I opened my eyes, and my nipples were hard and were begging for a mouth on each to warm them up. He went for my left nipple, and sucked hard swirling his tongue around it. I moaned, I wanted his cock in me badly. He slid his cock into my warm wet pussy, and began thrusting into me hard and fast. I moaned, I loved the times where he was in a hurry and fucked me like crazy. He draped my legs over his shoulder fucking my tight cunt, and soon exploded into my warm pussy. He kissed me.
We both went to the bathroom. He was washing his cock off, and I was using the bathroom.
“You know, Alaska is beautiful.” I said smiling. He glanced at me.
“Yes, it is. Wait till the winter.” He replied.
“Baby, staying at home all the time isn’t helping me adjust, you know?” I said slightly irritated.
He smiled at me. “Well, tonight they won’t ask me to work over.”
“How do you know?” I said.
“Because, I have worked over the last 3 weeks, I get a week off” I smiled.
“Well, well, well, Airman Smith, what are we going to do when you get off work?”
“Why don’t you meet me at Polar bar. After work the guys and I were going to grab a drink, I’d like you to meet them” he said.
“Polar bar?”I laughed. “Sure baby, I’d love to meet your buds or co-workers whatever they are”
“Shit!, I got to go!”
he darted from the bathroom. I brushed my teeth while watching him dress in his ABU’s quickly. I loved how my airman looked in them. He ran over to me ,kissed me, and ran out of the house.
I thought about Jayme on and off all day. I could not figure out why I kept thinking about her! I was driving to Polar bar. I giggled at the name. I wasn’t sure what I should wear. I didn’t want to dress too sexy, as this was the first time meeting his friends, and I wanted to make a good impression. So I settled on shorts, a loose fitting beaded top, and a pair of flat sandals. Casual, yet flirty. I held my I.D. In my hand as I walked to the door of the bar. Still not 21, I would be required to get a big ugly “x” on my hands, which took a lot of scrubbing to get off. I wondered why they did that. The ones that were old enough to drink had a band on their wrist. Where the employees too dumb to remember wrist band drink, no wrist band no drink? I watched as the man attempted to calculate my age. He took longer than what pleased me and I decided that the employees were indeed stupid. I watched as he scribbled two big “x’s”, one on the top of each hand. I turned to walk deeper into the bar, I felt nervous. I spotted my husband, and a group of airman. I confidently strolled over to the table, and they stood to meet “Smith’s wife” as they referred to me . I shook their hands, as my husband introduced each of them to me.
“Shipman” my heart stopped.
I looked at his face, I wasn’t sure if he was the guy I had seen with Jayme. I sat beside my husband, listening to his co-workers tell stories. Suddenly there was beautiful Jayme, standing near the table. Shipman, stood as did the other men to meet this incredible creature.
Shipman turned to me and said “and this is Smith’s wife”.
I stood and shook hands with Jayme, “I’m Stacy.”
I managed to say with a smile. She smiled her beautiful smile and said “I’m Jayme.”
“It’s nice to meet you Jayme”.
I sat back down next to my husband, and watched as every man in the room had their eyes on Jayme.
She had her hair down and face made up perfectly. She had on a skirt, a semi-low cut top, and heels! I noticed my husband checking Jayme out. I couldn’t blame him, hell even I couldn’t keep my eyes off of her. I listened as Jayme demanded the table’s attention with her stories; she was a great story teller, unlike me. I tend to ramble on with useless details. She lined up every story with the punch line at the right time, to ensure laughter.
She turned toward me, “How long have you been in Alaska?”
“Only three weeks, how about you guys?”
She replied “Two years in December.”
“Oh, wow, do you like it here?” I asked
“Yes! It’s breathtaking in the winter!”
“That’s what I have been told.” She smiled at me.
“You are from the south?”
I laughed “Yes, Tennessee.
” She smirked “where are you from?” I asked Jayme.
“I always wanted to go to Arizona!” She laughed and said “No you don’t! It’s hot!”
Just like you, I thought to myself. I noticed the X’s on her hands, she was about my age. “Do you have any kids?” I asked.
She quickly replied “No not yet, some day, what about you?”
“Nope, no kids yet, but you have a dog?”
She looked at me puzzled, “How do you know that I have a dog?” She asked.
“Oh, yesterday I saw you at the commissary. You had a big bag of dog food in your cart.”
She smiled.
“Oh”, I said excitedly,” You dropped your bank card yesterday too, I have it in my car”
she interrupted me with “OH MY GOD!!! I didn’t even know I dropped it!!!!”
I smiled. “I’ll give it to you when we leave.”
After three hours at the Polar bar we finally left, I was halfway home when I realized Jayme and I both had forgotten to get the bank card out of my car. I pulled in beside my husband.
“Baby, do you know Shipman’s number?”
He laughed “Why do you want to fuck Shipman?”
“ha ha, No, I found his wife’s bank card yesterday at the Commissary, she was going to get it out of my car, but we both forgot, and if you had his number, Jayme and I could meet somewhere and I could give her the card.”
Chris looked at me, “Why not just give me the card, and I’ll give it to Shipman tomorrow? It will save you and Jayme some gas?”
“That’s ok, I can meet her, and I’m tired of being home anyways.”
Chris took out his cell phone and called Shipman, and mumbled a few sentences, and laughed a few times and then Chris hung up the phone, “Jayme said she would meet you at the commissary at eleven A.M.”
I woke around nine AM. I had no idea what to wear to meet Jayme. What if I showed up in heels and she showed up looking like shit or what if I showed up looking like shit and she showed up in heels! I showered quickly. Blow dried my hair, put on makeup. I dressed in a skirt and a blue top, and low heels. I jumped in my car and got to the commissary about fifteen minutes early. I saw a nice shiny new Tahoe, pull in a few rows over, sure enough it was Jayme, who got out in jeans heels and a cute black top, her hair was pulled up in a messy bun. I got out with her card in my hand, and tried to casually stroll over to her.
I called out “Jayme!” she turned, saw me and had a look of relief on her face.
“Hey you look amazing” she said.
“Aww you are too sweet, so do you” I said back, handing her the card.
“Have you had lunch yet?” she asked.
“No I haven’t.”
She smiled and said “Then let’s go eat some lunch, we will take my vehicle”
I smiled at her and said “ok I’ll go grab my purse”
As I was walking back to my car, I wondered if she was checking me out. I snatched my purse out of the seat and locked the door. She pulled near my car. I climbed in the passenger side of Jayme’s new vehicle. “Nice Tahoe” I said, trying to make small talk.
“Thank you, Tim bought it for me about a month ago, I really like it.”
“I assume Tim is your husband?” I asked
“of course, I know why you would ask though, the guys don’t know each other’s first names, so you know Tim as Shipman, and I know your husband as Smith”
I smiled at her and said “Chris is his first name, he bought me a new car before we left to come to Alaska.”
She giggled and said “Sounds like we got us some good men.”
We pulled into Chili’s parking lot, and we both got out. She grabbed my hand and held it as we walked through the parking lot. Is she bi-sexual? Or is this what a lot of girl-friends do? God let her be bi-sexual I said in my head. We sat in a booth, she ordered water, and I ordered a coke.
“I sure do miss sweet tea.”
She laughed and said, “Yea me too, we make it at our house though.”
“So do we.” I replied.
She ordered some chips and salsa.
“So, have you met a lot of girls up here.” she asked.
I looked at her slightly confused as to what her question meant. “No, the other night at the Polar bar was the first time I had met anyone here.”
She smiled “ I have had a few girlfriends here, but they have all moved away, I was starting to get lonely, I think we can be good friends, I feel a deep connection to you for some reason.”
I smiled and said “Yea, I think you are a lot of fun to be around.”
She smiled. We ordered the same thing for lunch. She talked of boyfriends past, and she gawked at the thought that my husband was my first boyfriend, and my first and only sexual partner. We talked about our sex lives and how great each of our husbands are. We split the bill, and walked to her vehicle , again holding hands. We got in she looked at me and said,
“I feel like I have known you my whole life!”
I laughed “Yea I know! It really does feel like we have known each other a long time.”
“Wow really?”
She unlocked the front door, and we stepped into her living room. I sat down on the couch, while she bent down in the cabinet looking for a photo album.
“It should be in here somewhere” she said.
I stared at her long legs and smooth round ass bent over less than three feet from me. She found it and sat beside me with the album.
“Girl, get comfortable, take them shoes off. ”
I unfasten the straps while she took off her shoes as well. She turned toward me sitting Indian style; I could see her solid black thong under her skirt clear as day. It appeared as if she was shaven. I began flipping through the pages, she smiled as there were pictures of her in a bikini.
“Sorry those are from Arizona. ”,She said
“I don’t mind, you look amazing!”
She looked at me, and I smiled. Upon finishing the book, she showed me their bedroom. Silk sheets, and cherry wood furniture, made the room sparkle.
“Have you ever kissed a girl, Jayme?” I asked. She looked at me.
“Have you?” she shot back.
“I’m sorry I shouldn’t have asked it’s none of my business.” I said.
“You want to kiss me?” she smiled.
I laughed nervously. She took my hand and sat me down on the bed.
“I have kissed other women, and I have been with other women. If this is a problem for you, I understand.”
I smiled “No it’s not a problem.”
She smiled at me. She looked into my eyes, and slowly touched my face, then kissed me softly, in a way I have never been kissed, she ran her fingers through my hair, and slowly ran her tongue over my lips. She pulled away .
“How was that for a first kiss from a girl?”
My face flushed, my panties were soaked, my loins burned. I wanted her, I wanted her pussy on my mouth, I wanted to lick her nipples, and I wanted to touch her pussy. I smiled at her.
“Very nice.” she laughed.
“Well I need to make dinner.” Jayme said.
I glanced at the clock, “So do I.”
We slowly walked back to her vehicle. She pointed out a few flowers she had planted. She drove me back to the commissary and She stopped in front of my car, and leaned over, and I kissed her. I got out of her vehicle and watched as she drove off.
The next day drug by, I thought of Jayme’s soft sweet lips, and how great they felt pressed against mine. I spent most of the day in bed catching up on some reading, and checking my cell phone to be sure Jayme or my husband hadn’t called. Around noon I finally took a shower, and straightened up the house. I put a whole chicken in the oven, with some potatoes and carrots, and decided that I wanted to have sex with my husband as soon as he came in the door. I put on a red see through lingerie that I had bought just a week ago, and slipped on my heels. The heavy aroma of roasted chicken floated through the air. I stood next to the counter when I heard the sound of the car door slamming. Chris opened the door, and started bitching.
“Do you know that son of a bitch told me……FUCK” he stood at the door gazing at me.
I smiled, “you were saying?” I giggled.
“Fuck baby!” he managed to get out.He dropped his stuff, and walked over to me, and kissed me with a lot of tongue, and he ran his hands over my warm body, reaching behind me grabbing my ass. He kissed my neck and chest; he picked me up and sat me on the counter. He kissed my soft tan legs,all the way up to my thighs.
“Mmmmm something smells delicious.” he said smirking. He pulled my panties aside and stuck his tongue in my pussy.
“Damn baby you’re like a waterfall, you have been waiting for me huh?”
He licked my pussy. He kissed my lips hard and full of passion, while taking his clothes off. He walked to the couch in his ABU pants, and combat boots. He removed his boots. I hopped off the counter and slowly walked to the couch. He took his pants off, and his hard cock flopped out of his boxers as he pulled them down. I kneeled in front of him and took his hard cock into my mouth and sucked the tip hard, while rubbing his balls. I climbed up on top of him, and slid his cock into my pussy; they both let out a sigh. I began fucking his cock, bouncing up and down, he pulled my tits from the red flowing lingerie, and sucked my tit hard. I bounced hard on his dick. He told me to get up and bend over the counter. I walked to the counter and bent over it, he stood behind me and lined his cock up with my pussy and slammed it in. He grabbed my long hair and fucked me hard and steady until he filled my pussy with his cum. He panted laying his head on my back. He jumped into the shower. I fixed his plate; we sat at the dinner table and began eating.
“Shipman said his wife said you two went out for lunch yesterday.” Chris said.
“Yea, we did, it was really nice of her to invite me out.”
“I’m glad you have made a friend so quickly.” he said
“She kissed me.”
He coughed “Bullshit! She did not!” he said
“Yes she did, with tongue!”
“You are a bad liar!”
“I swear to you baby, I am NOT lying to you!” I said
“Well, where did she kiss you?”
“She kissed me in their bedroom.”
He smiled “That’s hot!”
“Yea it was, I was so wet when she dropped me off!”
“I wonder if Shipman knows.”
“haha I don’t know if he does or not.” I replied
“If she kisses you again, take a picture of you two kissing!”
“No way you pervert!”
We climbed into bed and fell asleep after a quickie. The idea of me kissing a woman had turned him on.
It had been two weeks since Jayme kissed me. I hadn’t heard from her since. Was I supposed to call Jayme? I picked up my phone, and called Jayme. No answer. A few minutes after one PM Jayme called me back.
“Hello?” I answered.
“Hey girl, what are you up to?” she said.
“Nothing much, sort of wondered if I made you upset?” I asked
“No girl not at all, I was nervous to call you, you know being that I kissed you, I thought maybe I scared you away.”
“No you are too beautiful to run from” I told her.
“Why don’t you come over? I really hate talking on the phone.”
“Okay, I’ll be there in a few minutes.”
“Okay bye.”
I got to her front door, knocked Jayme answered the door, and we embraced for a hug. I could feel her breast against mine. She smiled at me.
“Well aren’t you going to kiss me?” I asked. She smiled even bigger. We kissed each other gently with just a little bit of tongue. We lay down in her bed and talked about the past two weeks. We admitted to each other that we missed one another, and the kiss we had shared. We began kissing each other again. She glided her fingers over my body lightly.
“I miss having a woman to play with.” she said.
“You can play with me if you want to.” I said, feeling embarrassed.
She kissed me hard, and pushed me back onto the bed and climbed on top of me; she kissed my neck and my chest. She pulled my shirt off , reveling my pink bra , and straddled me, and pulled her shirt off. She stood up and took off her pants, and took my skirt off, both of us in our bra an thongs, I felt a little embarrassed that my black thong did not match my bra, but she didn’t seem to notice. I loved the way her red bra and thong glowed off of her skin. She climbed on top of me, and gently grinded her pussy onto mine, I moaned slightly. She undid her bra allowing her firm round breast to fall out. I grabbed her tits, then sat up and sucked her nipples. She leaned back in pleasure. She then unsnapped my bra and began sucking my tits. She kissed down my body, and got to my thong, and noticed it was wet.
“I really turn you on huh?”
I smiled and said “yea, you do you are very sexy.”
She pulled my panties off my bare pussy, and slid a finger around my pussy lips. She licked and sucked on my pussy lips. I grabbed my tits and moaned at the feel of her warm wet tongue on my pussy then she slid her fingers into it. I gasped in pleasure. I pulled her up and took her thong off. I was correct she was indeed shaven. We got in the sixty- nine position, her on top. I licked her pussy and fingered it, she moaned wiggling around. I felt tension in my pussy, and could feel it in hers, I licked harder and fingered her harder, and she did the same. She came first she trembled on top of me as pleasure overwhelmed her sexy body. I came quickly after she did; the way she sounded when she came pushed me over the edge. We laid in bed for quite some time just enjoying each other’s bodies. She walked me to the door, and kissed me, and I kissed her back. She promised to call the next day.
After I returned home I sat on the couch waiting for my husband to come home. I was so confused as to what had happened. Did I just cheat on my husband? Is it cheating when it’s with another woman? I went to the shower, and climbed in washing my body, I heard Chris’s voice. I’m not ready to tell him, but I need to I thought to myself . He was in the bedroom when I was stepping out of the shower; I walked into the bedroom, with my hair wrapped in a towel, and towel wrapped around my body. He grabbed my waist and pulled me to him. I smiled. He undid my towel and let it drop to the floor. He began sucking my tits. I pulled away.
“What’s a matter baby?” he asked.
“I just don’t want to have sex tonight.”
“Fine.” he said.
He got up and went into the kitchen. “Baby I’m sorry, I just had a bad day.” I said.
“Its fine.” he managed a smile.
I watched him make a sandwich. I laid down in bed and quickly fell asleep.
I woke up to the phone ringing, I answered it was Jayme; she had bad news, and wanted to come see me. I heard a knock on the door, I opened the door, it was Jayme and she was obviously upset. I hugged her tight.
“What’s wrong Jayme?”
“We are being reassigned.” she said.
“Oh, wow where?”
“Florida, at Elgin.”
“Dang, figures I find a friend, sleep with her and she’s leaving.”
We both laughed awkwardly.
“Are you excited about the warm weather?” I asked her to ease the tension.
“Yes and no.” I smiled at her then kissed her on the lips. She smiled. She quickly took off her shirt, and I followed in suit taking of my shorts right after her, we began making out on the couch. Feeling each other’s bodies. We moved to the floor, both completely naked now. She lay on top of me kissing my mouth, darting her tongue in and out of mouth. She made me sit up, I followed her orders. She sat in front of me, placing her right leg over my left leg, and slides her left leg under my right leg. We began rubbing our pussies together, moaning. She came quickly, but continued to trib with me. Right when I was getting close to cumming the front door opened.
My husband and Shipmen came in, Jayme and I both scrambled to cover ourselves up. Both men stood at the door mouths open in disbelief of what they had just witnessed. Shipman spoke first.
“Well, why did you guys stop?” he smiled.
My husband smiled, and quickly agreed with Shipman. We looked at one another, and began kissing each other. My husband and Shipman sat on the couch, watching Jayme and I kiss each other, we slowly began tribbing once again. As Jayme and I were rubbing our soaking wet pussies together, I noticed the hard cocks growing in Shipman’s and my husbands pants. I smiled at both of them, and sucked Jayme’s nipples hard, with her mouth open wide moaning loudly, I stuck my tongue in her mouth. I kissed her hard with a lot of tongue. We fondled each other’s breast. Finally Shipman couldn’t handle the heat anymore. He stood up and unbuttoned his pants and walked over to Jayme and shoved his cock into her waiting mouth. I watched as he abused her pretty face with his massive cock. Chris soon followed behind Shipman, I opened my mouth as my husband pushed his cock into my mouth. Jayme and I continued rubbing our pussies together, as our husbands fucked our mouths. I heard Shipman begin to moan as he came in Jayme’s mouth, I watched as cum dipped off of her chin. Chris then came into my mouth, Jayme and I immediately began kissing, and swapping the cum back and forth between us. We swallowed both , Chris and Shipman’s cum.
Jayme and I fucked each other every day for the next two weeks. Sometimes the guys would join in, sometimes, just us sucking their dicks, then swapping cum, and sometimes I would suck my husband’s cock, while Jayme ate my pussy, and Shipman fucked his wife. Other times, Jayme would suck Shipman’s cock, while I ate her pussy, and Chris fucked me. The day they left, Jayme and I cried, and promised we would go on vacation together to do it all again.
2010-06-23 16:00:27
I will be writing a part two to the story. I'm glad you liked it!
Anonymous readerReport
2010-06-22 01:29:17
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Die Heuning Pot Literature Guide
© 2014 Shmoop University, Inc. All rights reserved.
"Liar": it's kind of a mean word. Nobody wants to be called a liar, after all. To be totally honest, though, Lyra is a liar. She exaggerates quite a lot and often straight-up doesn't tell the truth. <em>The Golden Compass</em>, however, takes a much larger view of what Lyra does with words. In some ways the novel portrays her as a persuasive and powerful artist. Her "lies and deception" turn into something positive by the end of the novel – a form of persuasion that can be put to good use. Along with the theme of lies and deceit comes its opposite: truth and wisdom. Isn't it interesting that the biggest "liar" in the book is given the alethiometer, a truth reader?
Questions About Lies and Deceit
1. When do Lyra's lies help her or others?
2. Do any of Lyra's lies turn out to be harmful?
3. What is your favorite lie or tall tale that Lyra tells? (Shmoop thinks it's super funny when she tells that shady stranger that she's waiting for her dad, who is a murder.)
4. What name does Lyra give the traders who kidnap her? Why?
5. How does Lyra convince Iofur to fight Iorek?
6. Why does Iorek give Lyra the name "Silvertongue"?
7. Aside from Lyra, what other characters in the book use lies or deception? Are their lies harmful or helpful?
8. Why do you think it's Lyra, the liar, who's able to read the alethiometer so easily? What does this contradiction say about her?
Chew on This
Though Lyra may seem to be a powerless child, her clever mind and silver tongue give her a great deal of power, which she uses to her advantage over many characters, including Iofur and Mrs. Coulter.
Over the course of the book, Lyra switches from using lies for bad purposes (gaining attention, bullying other kids) to using lies for good purposes.
Lyra lies far more than she should. She could get out of most sticky situations in the book with out being deceitful.
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Die Heuning Pot Literature Guide
© 2014 Shmoop University, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Misfit
Character Analysis
The Mysterious Misfit
The Misfit doesn't get it. He just doesn't understand why he's been punished the way he has for what he did. In his own words, "I call myself The Misfit […] because I can't make what all I done wrong fit what all I gone through in punishment" (129).
Here's the big question: what did The Misfit do? That's not the easiest question to answer.
Was The Misfit "the Wrong Guy"?
The Misfit has just escaped from the federal penitentiary, and apparently he was put in for killing his father. He claims this isn't true:
Earlier in the story, The Misfit calls his parents the "finest people in the world," and says his "daddy's heart was pure gold" (89). So is The Misfit lying about killing his dad, or is he innocent? Is he being sarcastic about his parents?
The situation is complicated because The Misfit says he can't remember why he got sent to the penitentiary. He's tried, but he "ain't recalled it to this day" (113). On the other hand, when she asks if it was a mistake, he also tells the grandmother it wasn't. Why couldn't it have been a mistake? The Misfit knows it wasn't a mistake, because "they had the papers on me" (115). Later on, he compares himself to Jesus, who never committed any crime. The difference between The Misfit and Jesus is that "they" could prove he (The Misfit) had committed a crime because they had papers on him:
From the way The Misfit frames it, it's almost as if he doesn't really believe he committed a crime, even though there seems to be evidence that he did. He certainly doesn't seem to feel as if his actions merited the punishment he received:
"I never was a bad boy that I remember of," The Misfit said in an almost dreamy voice, "but somewhere along the line I done something wrong and got sent to the penitentiary. I was buried alive," and he looked up and held her attention to him by a steady stare." (111)
And again:
"Does it seem right to you, lady, that one is punished a heap and another ain't punished at all?" (130)
The Misfit victimizes himself here: he was made to suffer greatly for a reason he doesn't understand. But the tricky thing is, he also never denies committing a crime, and he never denies that the papers are evidence that he committed a crime. In short, he refuses to admit he was put in by mistake. It even sounds from the first of those two passages as if he knows he did something wrong. He just doesn't know what it was, or why he was punished.
A further problem here, though, is that although he claims not to have seen "the papers," he does say that a doctor at the prison told him he'd killed his father. And he does deny doing that.
Does The Misfit Lack A Conscience?
It's hard to believe The Misfit is actually innocent, regardless of whether he killed his father. He kills the grandmother's family in such a casual manner that it seems as if he's used to murder. And toward the end of the story, it becomes easier to believe that he's done a lot of nasty things.
Why? Well, it doesn't seem like an innocent person would say the following:
Here it sounds as if The Misfit commits crimes a lot. We figure might commits crimes because it is the only thing in his life that gives any pleasure. In light of this, a more likely explanation for what The Misfit says earlier might be that he doesn't think there's anything wrong with killing. It could be that he feels as if he doesn't deserve his punishment because he doesn't think any crime deserves punishment. He feels no guilt, which he'd need to have in order for his punishment to seem right to him. All he knows about punishment is that he doesn't like it, because it makes him miserable.
That might be what The Misfit's "forgetting" means. He can forget what he's done because it doesn't matter to him. And it doesn't matter to him because he doesn't feel it's wrong. The disconnect between punishment and "crime" is clear in something else he says:
We think there's a big difference between killing someone and taking his tire, but The Misfit fails to acknowledge that there is a difference between these two acts. It's all the same to him, and punishment is all the same to him, because it's never deserved.
The Misfit as a "Moral Nihilist" with a Dose of Christianity
You know things are getting serious when we whip out phrases like "moral nihilist." What does it mean? Well, strictly speaking, a nihilist is someone who doesn't believe that there can be any basis for judging what is right and what is wrong. A social nihilist might believe that social institutions have no basis for judging right and wrong. That's a little sloppy, but still gets at the point. A nihilist can admit that certain things are "right" and others are "wrong," but he'll mean something different than a person who isn't a nihilist. When one says something's "wrong," one usually means that one should not do it. For a nihilist, something is wrong if other people say you shouldn't do it. The nihilist won't really feel or recognize it to be wrong, and won't be troubled by committing any particular act.
It seems that The Misfit has this view. He admits that he's done things that are obviously wrong by other people's standards, but they don't feel wrong to him. As a result, he resents being punished for his actions. For him, they're just pleasurable. It might also seem strange that he could resent being punished for his acts if he doesn't believe it's wrong to kill someone. Why then is it wrong to lock him up?
Part of the point may be that The Misfit's nihilism is inconsistent. But it also doesn't seem like he is a nihilist through and through. In other words, The Misfit isn't a nihilist at heart. He does wrong things because at a deeper level he knows they're wrong. Why would he do that? Because he's angry at Jesus.
Just before that bit about there being "no pleasure but meanness," The Misfit says something very revealing:
"Jesus was the only one that ever raised the dead," The Misfit continued, "and He shouldn't have done it. If He did what He said, then there's nothing for you to do but throw away everything and follow him, and if He didn't, then it's nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left…" (134)
The Misfit thinks that everything in life comes down to an all-or-nothing question about Jesus. The big question for us is the following: why all or nothing? We'll leave that question open to you, but we will put in our two cents. The Misfit thinks that if Jesus was really the son of God (which he'd have to be to raise the dead), then life has a point. The point would be to follow Jesus and his teachings. In that case, it would be clear what you should do. But if Jesus wasn't the son of God, then life is meaningless, and there is no real right and wrong. The Misfit doesn't actually believe in Jesus, so for him life doesn't have a point and there's no real right and wrong. The idea that by following Jesus one arrives at salvation and eternal life might be important to The Misfit. It may be why he speaks of "the few minutes you got left." Without eternal life, life is short, and ends in death, which is part of its pointlessness.
It seems like The Misfit wants to believe. He wants life to have a point; he wants there to be eternal life, and he wants Jesus to be the son of God. But for some reason he can't believe it. And this leads him to his strange, apparently contradictory situation of doing bad things, because he's angry life doesn't have a point. The Misfit may be getting back at Jesus for not being who he said he was. In a curious sort of way, maybe The Misfit believes in Jesus, while also not believing in Jesus.
The Misfit is Misunderstood
And that's why we get this:
The Misfit believes that if he had actually seen Jesus, he would know that Jesus is the son of God. And he's angry that he doesn't know. In essence, he's angry because he thinks he would have been a believer if he had been there to witness Jesus firsthand. But it's as a result of believing to some degree, that he's angry for not believing completely. He thinks if he could believe, he wouldn't be the man he is now. So beneath all that anger and despair, he has a conscience after all.
The sadness, anger, and hurt that The Misfit reveals is what moves the grandmother to have sympathy for him. The intensity of his resentment at the world is also why he kills her, even though she's just shown him kindness. If we take seriously what he says at the end of the story, though, that single act of kindness may have struck home.
The Misfit Timeline
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Die Heuning Pot Literature Guide
© 2014 Shmoop University, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where the Sidewalk Ends
Where the Sidewalk Ends
1. Who is this poem written for? -> Kids
2. What does the place where the sidewalk ends look like based on the illustration? -> The sidewalk stops abruptly in midair
3. What is the sun like in the place where the sidewalk ends? -> Crimson, like a perpetual sunset
4. What is the street like in the asphalt city? -> It's dark, with winds and bends
5. What is the city a metaphor for? -> Being lazy
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Porcelain Heart Lyrics - BarlowGirl
Review The Song (8)
Broken heart
One more time
Pick yourself up
Why even cry
Broken pieces in your hands
Wonder how you'll make it whole
You know You pray
This can't be the way
You cry You say
Some thing's gotta change
And mend this porcelain heart of mine
Of mine....
Someone said "A broken heart
Would sting at first then make you stronger"
You wonder why this pain remains
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Were hearts made whole just to break
Creator only you take brokenness
And create it into beauty once again
You know You pray
This can't be the way
You cry You say
Some thing's gotta change
You know You pray
This can't be the way
You cry You say
Some thing's gotta change
And mend this porcelain heart
Please mend this porcelain heart
Of mine of mine Creator mend this heart
Click here to submit the Corrections of Porcelain Heart Lyrics
Thanks to Jessica for submitting Porcelain Heart Lyrics.
Porcelain heart | Reviewer: Sarah | 1/30/09
I absolutely love this song! It's so beautiful and heartwarming. Whenever I am goin threw a rough time in my life I just listen to and it makes me feel so much better. I cant get over how so increadibly amazing this song is.....thx barlow girls < 3
amazing <3 | Reviewer: savannah | 4/15/08
this song porcelain heart... its absolutly beautiful ... its so calming and I love listening to this song it makes me feel so much better. Everyonce in a while when i listen to it, i cry and sing. its just so pretty. it helps me let my emotions out. i feel safe when i sing it.
thank you BarlowGirl
Beautiful Song | Reviewer: Abby | 11/17/07
The first time I heard this song I fell in love with it. And now that I have the lyrics I plan to sing it. It's a song of comfort and many thanks to Barlow Girl for letting the Lord use them to make something so beautiful.
Porcelain heart | Reviewer: sarah | 10/3/07
This song is so beautiful. I sang it for a concert and everyone wanted to know who the original artist was.
It helps you relax easily, so I play it the day I'm going to have a test.
Best Song Everr | Reviewer: dawn | 7/9/07
This is such a calming song....i could listen to it for hours, and when it ends I am overcome with a feeling of enormous loss--until I start to play it again, that is. It puts all of my feelings into words, and call me Ms. Cheesy but this song truly is a thing of beauty. i jsut want to thank BarlowGirl for creating a song that gives me peace and tranquility...
The Song | Reviewer: Angel | 5/10/07
^^^^^^^^^^^^The Song^^^^^^^^^^^
This touches my heart dearly;I want to thank Barlow Girl,for this beautiful song. This calms me and my heart so much. When I'am feeling down sometimes,this song gives me peace and confidence.
Thanks Barlow girl,and Lexie,for submitting the lyrics;I need to choose my favorite song,I have many but thisis the best. School project.
about porcelain heart | Reviewer: amy | 5/3/07
I'm going through a rough time and this song really helps me cry out to God and give everything up to Him.
percelain heart | Reviewer: jessica | 3/16/07
This song is like what i am feeling right now with my bf dumping me and friends lieing about me to my ex-bf. i just want to thank u,Barlowgirls, for this song. it is what a teenage girl feels every day of her live. Thank you
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Review for Porcelain Heart Lyrics
------ Performed by BarlowGirl
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------ 07/29/2014
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Promise Lyrics - Yeng Constantino
Review The Song (0)
Since this is what you wanted
Then I'll just walk away
You'll have your time to think of all the things and what you need
While I'm gone and away
Is this really what you wanted
Then I will let you go
I'll be keeping all my fears
Though I'm drowning in my tears
With a thought
Of a life without you
But if someday you'll need a friend
I promise I won't let you down
I'll be there for you
Right there beside you
I promise
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Is this really what you needed?
Then I will say goodbye
All the memories that we've shared
Will be running in my head
I'll be thinking about you
Just thinking about you
[Repeat Chorus]
Coz if one day things don't feel so right
I am someone you can call
If you feel you've no one to turn to I'm here
Coz if this is what you needed
I won't let you see me cry
And all my sleepless nights
I'll be waiting for your call
I'll be dreaming about you
Just dreaming about you
[Repeat Chorus 2x]
Click here to submit the Corrections of Promise Lyrics
Your Name:
Review for Promise Lyrics
------ Performed by Yeng Constantino
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------ 07/29/2014
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I'm posting this elsewhere too, I have being thinking this over but just can't work it out.
Is it possible to have two sections on one WordPress installation where post updates can be installed.
So I have one news section but need another and the posts need to be kept separate. I might be missing something very simple..
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Grinding Fluids – What's the Solution?
You must consider the type of wheel, its bonding technology, and the application to select the fluid best-suited for the job.
By Stuart C. Salmon
Advanced Manufacturing
Science and Technology
Rossford, OH
What sort of fluid should I be using? It's a question often asked by someone who expects a simple answer. Considering all of the technology that goes into designing and buGrinding fluid being applied properly, to a plated grinding wheel, at wheel speed. Notice the flow of fluid in a fan-like manner at the exit side of the grinding wheel.ilding a CNC grinding machine (the basic machine tool technology, however, having been around since the industrial revolution), and the complexity of the abrasive wheel specifications (also a rather mature science—Stone-Age man was making wheels and grinding), the hope is that the fluid science might be relatively simple. Oh no!
There are many types of fluids on the market today: Water-based emulsions; chemical synthetics, semisynthetics, and glycol-based fluids; then there are the straight oils; synthetic, mineral, and vegetable; and gases, and liquid gases. It's even possible to grind dry. See how complicated it has become already? The reader might, after some searching, settle on a fluid, but then there's the question of how to apply it, flood or MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication), for instance. Then there are filtration and disposal issues.
The first place to start, perhaps, is whether to use a fluid at all. Why not grind dry? That seems to be the simple choice. Grinding with most coated abrasives is generally a dry operation. Abrasive belts, brushes, and disks are designed to run dry with only the atmospheric air (roughly 20% oxygen and 79% nitrogen with a 1% smidgen of some other, generally inert, gases) to assist in the grinding operation. Dry grinding is not generally used in precision-grinding processes, however. It's used more in surface finishing operations, where dimensional accuracy is not critical, and the surface integrity of the part need not be high.
Dry grinding is performed mostly with hand-held grinding tools, and on manual tool-and-cutter grinders. If liquid fluids were used in these operations, the operator would get very wet indeed. Careful inspection of the grinding wheels used in these operations will show that they are typically resin and polymer-bonded wheels.
Resin bonds are quite different from vitrified bonds. Vitrified-bonded grinding wheels self-sharpen by the action of mechanical force that either fractures the grain or breaks the fragile bond bridges to maintain a more aggressive and sharper face to the grinding wheel. Resin bonds, on the other hand, are quite closed in comparison to vitrified bonds, with far less chip clearance, and are typically made from thermosetting resins. These resins harden, coke, and crumble at high temperatures. Therefore it's important to have the addition of heat in the arc of cut when using a resin bond wheel, as it's the heat that "deteriorates" the bond, and so assists in the self-sharpening effect. There are also some wheels made with thermoplastic resins. In this case, the polymer melts and flows, allowing the grains to move and reorient to present a sharper facet to the arc of cut. Their best application is in high-speed grinding when a conventional abrasive (aluminum oxide or silicon carbide) is used.
Dry grinding is possible with vitrified wheels. To avoid all of the poor-surface-integrity issues, however, the wheel has to be very sharp. To achieve that sharpness, the wheel is typically made with coarse grains and dressed in a manner that creates an aggressive and open structure. The surface finishes achievable with that type of grinding-wheel condition will be rough, and the part will generally be hot to the touch. Therefore it's quite safe to say that, when precision-grinding, a grinding fluid is important and necessary.
The self-sharpening mechanism for resin-bonded wheels, as previously mentioned, is in sharp contrast (no pun intended) to that for a vitrified bonded grinding wheel. Vitrified wheels self-sharpen from an increase in the mechanical force in the contact area of the arc of cut, whereas resin bonds self-sharpen with an increase in heat in the arc of cut. Therefore, a fluid that is a more-effective coolant would be better used in combination with a vitrified wheel, and a fluid that is more of a lubricant would be better used in combination with a resin-bonded grinding wheel.Grinding fluid being applied properly to a resin-bonded grinding wheel, at wheel speed. Notice the flow of fluid in a fan-like manner at the exit side of the grinding wheel.
When a grinding fluid is used in combination with a resin-bonded grinding wheel, it's common to use straight oil. Oil is not a good coolant, but it is an excellent lubricant. The oil will reduce frictional energy, yet not carry away much heat. Resin-bonded wheels can therefore be relatively hard and denser than a vitrified-bonded wheel, and so use finer grains to achieve very fine finishes over a long period of time between dressings. This is all due to heat generation, which helps the self-sharpening effect, in balance with the lubrication of the grains in the arc of cut. The combination of a straight oil and a fine-grain resinbonded grinding wheel can achieve some of the finest finishes required in the industry—mirror finishes, in fact. And this is why one often hears it said that "a straight oil always gives a better surface finish." Of course, that's only half the story. It's not the oil that gives the better finish, but the grinding wheel, the bond system, the grain size, and how the wheel is dressed. Grinding fluid alone, be it oil or water-based, has little-to-no influence on the workpiece surface finish.
Grinding processes generate a great deal of heat. Most of it comes from friction, and it needs to be minimized and extracted from the arc of cut to limit the amount of thermal energy that flows into the workpiece surface. Lubricating the arc of cut so that only a small amount of heat is generated can minimize that heat. Heat can be extracted from the arc of cut by cooling with a fluid that has a high capacity for heat transfer, the most plentiful of such fluids being water. That is the basis of the fluid choice with respect to the cutting functions. Good lubricants will minimize the heat, and good coolants will carry away the heat.
Straight oils are excellent lubricants, and do not allow the generation of as much frictional energy as is produced when using a water-based fluid or when grinding dry. Unfortunately, the heat generated when using a straight oil is not quickly absorbed into the oil, due to the oil's low capacity as a heat-transfer fluid. The workpiece will therefore be warm to quite hot after grinding, which can affect the precision of the process (unless it's compensated for), due to thermal changes that occur in both the workpiece and the machine tool.
Research is being conducted in an area where the heat from the grinding operation can be harnessed for good— grind-hardening. Grind-hardening is a carefully controlled process that uses the frictional energy generated by grinding to heat the workpiece surface. Next, the grinding fluid is used to quench the surface, to create a case-hardened workpiece on the grinding machine.
Straight oils generate a great deal of mist, which is not only a fire hazard but also a known carcinogen. That mist has to be contained and the air filtered, which is relatively easy to do with today's fully enclosed CNC machines. It is essential to have fire detection and suppression on any grinder that uses straight oil. Machine tool builders will generally take such requirements into account, and build-in fire suppression and explosion-proof enclosures. With respect to the mist, it's interesting to note, from carefully controlled tests, that though all oils create mist, there is a wide variation across the spectrum of oils in the amount of mist they generate with respect to the droplet size.
Prior to grinding, a "splashing mist" is generated, comprised mostly of large droplets above 0.00004" (1 µm) in diam. Once grinding takes place and the grinding wheel enters the arc of cut, there is a "grinding mist" comprised of almost smoke-like smaller droplets of submicron size. Laboratory testing shows that for a vegetable oil the proportion of splashing mist is far greater than that for a mineral oil, whereas for the submicron-size droplets generated during the grinding process, the vegetable oil shows substantially smaller amounts of submicron particle mist, when compared to a mineral oil. The specification of the particle size filtered by the air filtration system is therefore critical to having and maintaining a clean, safe, and healthy work environment.
Straight oils work particularly well with superabrasives— cubic boron nitride (cBN) and diamond—and in particular with cBN, providing longer wheel life than most water-based fluids. This should not, however, be the sole justification for choosing a straight oil when grinding with cBN. Since the late 1960s, when cBN came onto the market, much R&D has gone into the chemistry of water-based and glycol-based fluids. In some cases, wheel life is not as low in a water-based fluid as might be expected. Some water-based fluids have been shown to exceed the wheel life expected when using straight oil. Also, the overall cost of manufacture needs to be taken into account. It's clear that grinding-wheel cost may not always be the overriding factor in the overall piece-part cost. There are costs related to the use of straight oils that are associated with mist control, fire suppression, solvent cleaning, and the general cleanliness and upkeep of the workplace.
A grinding wheel is rarely sharp. Only the continuous-dress creep-feed grinding process uses a grinding wheel that is in a continual state of maximum sharpness. Usually, a grinding wheel is sharpest immediately after dressing (if it is a dressable wheel), but thereafter it degrades by loading up with material and/or developing wear flats on the surface of the grains. Wheel loading, particularly in plated grinding wheels that are not dressable, drastically reduces the wheel life by decreasing the chip clearance between the cutting grains. It has been shown that in the presence of a hard lubricant coating on the surface of a plated grinding wheel, wheel loading is virtually eliminated. The wheel life is extended, and the rubbing flats are reduced to only those created from the attritious wear of the abrasive grains. These flats rub and generate frictional heat. It's important, therefore, for a fluid to maintain its lubricating and cooling properties at the elevated temperatures that exist in the arc of cut.
No one has measured the exact temperature at the point of cut of an abrasive grain. There have been many estimates, simulations, and measurements that tell us that the temperature is very high indeed, probably in excess of 1000°F (525°C). This situation brings EP (Extreme Pressure) additives— typically chlorine, phosphorus, and sulphur—into the picture.
Phosphorus is not very common today, whereas chlorine and sulphur are more common. The term sulphur-chlorinated fluid refers to fluids that contain both sulphur and chlorine. These are generally all-purpose fluids. Chlorine reduces the coefficient of friction at low interfacial temperatures, and sulphur reduces the coefficient of friction at high interfacial temperatures. Due to the very high temperatures in the arc of cut, it's a sulphurized fluid that will have the most impact on the grinding process.
A stream of liquid nitrogen, at 22 psi (1.5 bar), approximately 4 inches (100-mm) long from a nozzle approximately 0.200 inches (5 mm) in diam.
Selection of the fluid is impacted by the company philosophy: Does the organization prefer an all-purpose fluid that mills, drills, and turns, as well as grinds reasonably well, rather than paying more attention to the detail of each process, and achieving optimal performance and part quality with more than one fluid in the plant? That choice is becoming a little easier in some parts of the US, as chlorine additives are being outlawed. Obviously the fluid manufacturers are seeking substitute chemistry for the lower-temperature processes. It's peculiar for the government that looks after us to rule in the work environment, through OSHA and the EPA, that chlorine is bad, whereas in the home, under dispensation of the FDA, we are washing our clothes with bleach, diving into chlorinated swimming pools, and bubbling in hot tubs filled with chlorinated water. Where you live may, therefore, impact your choice of fluid.
And so to "green" fluids: They may not be so eco-friendly; eco-nomically as well as eco-logically. Green fluids, at the outset, sound like a good idea to the environmentally conscious, but the reality of the situation is not favorable. If the fluid is truly biodegradable, then it will not last very long in the tank. If the green fluid is used to grind a material that contains a designated hazardous substance, then the contaminated green fluid becomes a hazardous waste. It may have been green and eco-friendly out of the barrel, but that's about as far as the green goes.
Filtration is a most-important part of the proper use of a grinding fluid. Not only is there grinding swarf to remove, but particles of abrasive that break free from the grinding wheel during dressing and grinding must also be removed. Vitrified wheels have pockets of porosity that make them a little more forgiving than a resin-bonded or a plated grinding wheel. Plated grinding wheels have no porosity. Proper filtration for them is critical. Particularly where the finest surface finishes are required, it makes sense that the grinding fluid is filtered to an extreme level of cleanliness. The removal of even the smallest sub-micro particles would be beneficial.
The setup for creep-feed grinding a complex form deep into a short workpiece. Notice how the nozzle shape corresponds to the form being ground, and the sacrifical wooden insert that prevents exit burn by ensuring the presence of fluid all the way to the end of the cut.Should an emulsion be used, however, the size of the oil droplet that has been emulsified and is suspended in the water will be 0.00012–0.0002" (3–5 µm) in diam for a properly mixed, premium fluid. The oil droplets coalesce with time and with increasing contamination. In the best of fluids, those emulsified oil droplets may grow to perhaps 0.0002–0.00032" (5–8 µm) or more in diam. Therefore a filter paper or screen that filters in the 0.0002 to 0.00032" range will strip the suspended oil/lubricant from the fluid. Full synthetic fluids that are all chemicals and have no oil in suspension can be filtered to submicron levels without any stripping problems. The choice of fluid type may, therefore, be a compromise with respect to lubricity and fluid cleanliness.
The toxicity of the material ground may also impact the fluid choice. Cryogenics are an option when grinding such materials. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is probably the best one to use. Oxygen is quite flammable and dangerous under the wrong conditions, so with respect to cost and safety, LN2 is a good choice. The only danger, other than frostbite, is asphyxiation. Nitrogen is odorless and colorless, and so goes undetected in the work environment. A buildup of nitrogen in the atmosphere such that the oxygen content goes below about 18% may cause dizziness, unconsciousness, or even death.
This should not be so alarming, however, as to prevent an operation from giving it a try. Liquid nitrogen has been used successfully in machining operations, turning in particular, where a system called Ice-Fly is readily available from Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (Allentown, PA). The liquid nitrogen not only cools, but also "freezes" the part, if it is a small enough mass, making it more rigid and thus minimizing deflection that may occur with delicate parts. Liquid nitrogen is not for the run-of-the-mill type of grinding operation; it's often reserved for toxic workpiece material, like beryllium and depleted uranium, where large tanks of contaminated liquid need to be avoided.
Once the proper fluid has been selected, then comes the challenge of applying the fluid to the grinding wheel and workpiece interface. It's essential to apply the fluid properly, otherwise all of the benefits of the chemistry are lost. A key parameter is to have the velocity of the fluid equal-to or slightly greater than the grinding wheel's peripheral speed. It is important not only to have the velocity correct, but also to have the stream of fluid remain laminar.
Laminar flow will ensure that the divergence of the fluid stream is minimized. John Webster is a great proponent of laminar flow nozzles, supplying them through his company, Cool-Grind Technologies LLC (Storrs, CT). A further assistance to the flow of fluid is the "Megasonic" nozzle designed by Kiyoshi Suzuki of the Nippon Institute of Technology in Japan. Using an ultra-high-frequency, ultrasonic cone to pulse energy through the fluid as it exits the nozzle, Suzuki has shown that the stream of fluid may be made coherent, as well as assist in de-loading the wheel surface. Further research done in Japan has shown that microbubbles in the fluid benefit both wheel life and surface integrity. On the other hand, consultant Ken Doenges (Warrenville, IL) sees bubbles in the fluid as detrimental, and supplies sensors to recognize fluid aeration, so that it may be detected and eliminated. Perhaps the jury is still out on fluid with bubbles.
It's important to note that employing a large volume of grinding-fluid flow does not mean that the grinding fluid will effectively get into the arc of cut. Open-structure vitrified grinding wheels can "pump" 50–70 gpm (189–265 L/min) through their open pores quite easily. Not only does this take a large quantity of fluid through the arc of cut, but upon exit the flow of fluid, out of the pores, helps to clean and de-load the wheel periphery. It is a different matter for a plated wheel, where there is no porosity; the maximum amount of flow of fluid through the arc of cut is minimal. For example, a 1" (25-mm) wide wheel, made of 60 US-mesh cBN, has a "gap", between the arc of cut and the bottom of the plated matrix, of approximately 0.003" (0.076 mm). Even at high wheel speeds, say 24,000 fpm, (120 m/sec), the maximum flow of fluid through the arc of cut is in the order of only 3.75 gpm (14.2 L/min). It is pointless and costly to pump hundreds of gallons of fluid into a grinding machine in the hope that doing so will push some of it into the arc of cut.
Let us assume that the best fluid has been purchased, and the proper nozzle arrangement has been employed to apply the fluid. The limit of the grinding process now becomes the amount of energy that can be dissipated in the arc of cut. Should the grinding cycle be too aggressive, even under the best fluid conditions, the fluid will boil off and the process will perform no better than dry grinding. The part will burn, there will be burrs, the grinding wheel will load up with material, and the surface integrity of the workpiece will be very poor.
Here is an important concept to understand when purchasing a new grinding machine: Doubling spindle power does not mean that the grinding cycle time can be reduced by half. If, with a 10-hp (7.5-kW) machine the grinding cycle has been optimized and an increase in productivity is required, a 20-hp (15-kW) machine will not be able to double the feed rate. It will put twice the amount of energy into the same area of the arc of cut, which means that the grinding fluid will have to dissipate twice the amount of energy over the same area of cut. A quart cannot be put into a pint pot without a mess. Yet the industry still sees an increase in spindle power as an avenue to increased productivity. That is not always the case.
When choosing a grinding fluid, another area of concern is the fluid's noncutting properties. These include odor, color, skin irritation, fungus, foam, mist, bacteria, residues, cost of disposal, and the fluid's reaction with resin-bonded grinding wheel bonds and the polymers and rubber compounds that make up the seals and windows of the machine tool. The heavy environmental regulations under which industry must operate in the US has many fluid companies concentrating more on the noncutting properties, in order to be compliant, rather than the cutting functions of lower power, longer wheel life, better part quality, and surface integrity, which are the primary requirements for a successful grinding fluid.
The choice of a grinding fluid depends upon both its cutting and noncutting characteristics. There is no substitute, however, for data, and those industries with large central systems will not convert from one fluid to another on a whim. Manufacturing Engineering magazine presented an article in its February 2000 issue entitled "Customize Your Grinding Fluids," which showed how fluid performance can be measured. The grinding fluid is only a part of the total piece-part cost. Only with test data in hand can a decision be made that meets the economic, ecological, and productivity requirements of an application. Without data there is only opinion.
Grinding and abrasive machining is going to be a wet process for a long time to come. Where large-chip machining is moving toward dry and near-dry applications, abrasive processes are remaining wet. From straight oils to water-based and glycol-based fluids, there is a spectrum of fluids available to manufacturers. A fluid suited to each and every application is available to work in an optimum fashion with either the type of abrasive being used or the material being ground. Much R&D is going into improving grinding fluids today. With grinding and abrasive machining being a materials-driven process, the fluids must keep pace with materials technology. The proper fluid will serve the user well if it is properly applied and properly maintained. If, however, a shop purchases the most inexpensive fluid and improperly applies it to the arc of cut, it may as well be just muddy water.
Many of the R&D programs referred to in this article were reported at the Tenth ISAAT at the SME International Grinding Conference held in Dearborn, MI in September 2007. The ISAAT proceedings are a good source of information on the latest in abrasives and grinding research.
Published Date : 2/1/2008
Manufacturing Engineering Media - SME
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Hair flipping... do you do it?
۩Osiris۩ Loves Isis forever 2009/10/13 05:57:59
Yes. I do it to let guys know I am interested and I do it on purpose.
Yes, I have been told I do it, but it is just a nervous habit.
No, I know how that is percieved so I don't do it.
I do it sometimes... depends on how much I've had to drink! LOL
None of the above
Add Photos & Videos
Ladies - Hair flipping (or hair twirling) is a subliminal signal that there is a sexual interest and a form of flirting... do you do it? Intentionally? Habitually? Sub-consciously?
From the internet
Hair-flipping and its terrible consequences.
Most women with shoulder-length or longer hair will flip it from time to time. I am using this term in its most general sense. I take it to mean anything from brushing strands out of their eyes to a full flip after putting on a jacket. I have studied this curious action for quite some time now, and the reasons are many and varied. Some of them are:
- to remove visual obstruction
- to stop the jacket or some other article of clothing from pinning the hair down
- to brush away hairs that are sticking to one's neck or face
- out of habit
One unintentional effect of hair-flipping is to make me fall in love with you. I don't know why it is so, it just is. When a woman flips her hair, the whole scene goes into bullet-time for me. Her fingers seem to run effortlessly through the shining, unique strands. A breeze appears out of nowhere and gently sculpts the delicate waves of shimmering silk into a vision of glory. In short, it looks exactly like a television commercial for some hair product. I am devastated and floored by such a fleeting, yet wondrous display of femininity.
So if you are one of those who is in the habit of flipping your hair, don't blame me if I develop a crush on you.
Here's another one...
Lots of women have flirting down to a science. So does Dr. Monica Moore.
Let's say you're a single guy. And let's say you notice a woman across the aisle who just smiled in your direction. She looks at you again, then lowers her eyes. She smoothes her hair, tilts her head slightly, exposing her neck. You're intrigued, but before you find the courage to speak to her, you need to know: Is she flirting with you?
Although it might be easier to identify flirting in, say, a singles' bar, there are consistent and identifiable messages that women send to signal interest in men, according to Dr. Monica Moore, an associate professor in the department of behavioral and social sciences at Webster University in St. Louis. After spending more than 1,000 hours of observation in singles' bars, shopping malls, and libraries, Moore has cataloged fifty-two behaviors that she defines as flirtatious - behaviors designed to attract and keep the attention of a potential mate. Her test? Within fifteen seconds of the observed "signal," the man responds - coming closer or touching, for instance - or the behavior isn't counted.
Although these flirting behaviors are mostly what you might expect - there's the hair flip, the lip lick, the pout, the coy smile - Moore's findings seem to contradict some enduring myths about singles and sexual success. First, it turns out that attractiveness is not the best predictor for who will be approached - flirting is. "What we found is that a high-signaling but less attractive woman will be far more successful than a low-signaling but very attractive woman," Moore says. And, second, when a man approaches a woman to ask for that first dance, it is not an act of bravery after all, but an action that has been preapproved by the woman.
"A man rarely approaches a strange woman without receiving some indication beforehand - almost always a nonverbal cue," writes anthropologist David Givens, author of Love Signals and the upcoming book Why Humans Are (due this fall). In fact, it's estimated that two-thirds of all approaches are initiated by women - so says independent researcher Tim Perper, author of Sex Signals: The Biology of Love. While he's quick to point out that a great many men do not wait for preapproval (girls, if you're alone in a restaurant or bar, they figure you're fair game), Perper and Moore concur: Women play a dominant role in courtship.
That notion isn't new. Theorizing on sexual selection back in 1872, Darwin developed the concept of "female choice"; since then, scientists have advanced the theory. "Of course we're female-selective," says anthropologist Helen Fisher, author of 1992's Anatomy of Love. "All you have to do is spend a few days with women and you'll see that."
Moore is a bit more circumspect. "Courtship is a process," she says. "No one person ever totally dominates or controls it." Although her credentials are serious - she's a dually trained experimental and clinical psychologist - Moore is aware that some regard the stuudy of courtship as, well, frivolous. That might explain why she recounts her research with compulsive care, qualifying every anecdote, explaining data collection and methodology, offering caveats and pitfalls. But after eighteen years of studying the courtship behaviors of women, the cautious academician will say this much: Women are more important players in courtship than is commonly acknowledged. And when men complain that they're the sex burdened with the risks of romantic approach, Moore says, "They've got it all wrong."
Back in 1978, Monica Moore needed a dissertation topic. Wanting to avoid the rat laboratory where she'd spent two years at the master's level, she was trying to decide between the broad categories of food and sex. Sex won out after she heard about the research of Heather Fowler Remoff.
Says Moore: "[She] asked women a very interesting question: 'What is it about the man you're currently seeing that makes him sexy?' That question really launched her into reams and reams of data because women were extremely forthcoming and told not only about their current partner, but about all the partners they'd had in the past. And I was struck that these women felt so firmly about their role in the courtship process." If this data pointed toward female choice in courtship, she says, "I thought that you ought to be able to see women making these choices." Flirting was the logical behavior to study.
Since publishing her first study in 1985, then a follow-up predictive study in 1989, Moore has become an unwitting, if ever-circumspect, spokesperson for flirting strategies; she gives a reluctant "yes" to hosting singles' seminars and appearing on radio and television programs (including Connie Chung's), and fields hundreds of media calls every year. Especially around Valentine's Day.
Moore admits that her basic findings - that when women primp, parade, and smile, men respond - are not surprising. But if the mechanics of flirting are fairly obvious, then why is she swamped every Valentine's Day? And why does Perper need to explain to men in his singles' workshops what hair flips and coy glances mean? Why are we humans so eager to have our most basic behaviors confirmed for us?
"There are a lot of things in modern society that make us insecure," Moore says. "It used to be that the boy had to ask the parents' permission to sit on the front porch with the girl. Things were much more regimented. And when we have a lot of options, we feel insecure, even if we know what to do."
Perper agrees, and he coaches women in singles' groups along these lines. "I think that fear blocks this basic pattern of going up and talking to another human being. Women will think, I'm too fat, I'm too old. But men are peculiar. They don't think you're too old or fat. They look at you and say, 'Oh! Somebody talked to me!' Because they're probably just as bored, lonely, or scared as you are. The other problem is that men just don't trust these signals," Perper says. "It's starting to be miraculous that people get together at all."
Trust doesn't seem to be at issue this evening. It's Ladies' Night at Generations nightclub, a loud, dark bar just outside St. Louis. Moore, an attractive fortysomething blonde, is in her academic element. Sitting unobtrusively at a table away from the bar, she offers further proof of her findings: After spending two or three nights a week in singles' bars for two years, neither she nor her researchers were approached. "We weren't signaling," she says, "and we sat in pairs of one man and one woman. Singles don't pay attention to couples."
To our left, up near the bar, sit two women. Just five minutes ago they sat expressionless, arms crossed, leaning back in their chairs. Now, the redhead is talking to a man, and the transformation is amazing. "It's like a light bulb's been switched on," Moore says. The redhead leans forward in her chair, slaps her knee, laughs, and tosses her hair, all while keeping her shoulders angled toward the handsome guy standing on the other side of a railing near her table.
If Moore were collecting data tonight, instead of instructing me on the nuances of flirting, she might be speaking into a concealed microphone, recording the movements of this randomly selected woman. Based on the behaviors of more than 200 such subjects, Moore's catalog documents numerous signals, including hair flips, tosses, and nods; smiles, laughs, and whispers; "solitary dances," primping, and parading. Not to mention three distinct types of glances (you've probably seen - or performed - all of them): the room-encompassing glance, the darting glance, and the longer "gaze fixate" glance.
Moore and her team of researchers also caught women caressing different portions of their own bodies (leg, arm, torso), pouting, applying lipstick, and exhibiting playful behaviors and "aid solicitations," such as holding out a cigarette for a light or waiting for a chair to be pulled out. "Are these conscious tricks?" Perper asks. "Well, let's just say they're not all planned. A gaze has to be conscious, but there's no simple answer about a lot of these behaviors."
Spontaneous or preplanned, some of the behaviors in Moore's catalog are not easily recognized as flirting. Take the "palming" gesture the redhead now shows. According to Givens, gestures like palming and the "neck presentation" are the same displays of submission exhibited by other mammals, such as wolves, to demonstrate approachability. "If you're at a party, you'll remove your necktie to show the neck dimple," says Givens. "It's a way of making yourself less threatening." Submissive displays are so central to our behavior, Givens says, that one of our most common courtship strategies seems to be to regress - and behave like children.
"Think of how a five-year-old will ask Mom for a piece of candy, with the same head tilt, lifting his shoulders, eyes down," Givens says. "It's a way of showing harmlessness. And [these sorts of displays] are the same with all mammals and primates." One surprising aspect of his research, he admits, is that these courting cues appear to be universal for heterosexuals and homosexuals. "Even the toughest, most threatening-looking guy in black leather will give very submissive cues to the other guy he's interested in."
But a neck presentation doesn't necessarily indicate true submission. It's a theatrical display, Moore points out, "used to control someone else's behavior." As for the catalog of flirting behaviors, she cautions against overinterpretation: "You can never look at one signal and say, 'Oh, she's interested in me.' You've got to have a lot of signals across time."
Perper agrees: "Just because a woman did one of Monica Moore's head tosses doesn't mean she wants to run off to Sweden with you." On the other hand, Perper says, "I tell men to be more open to the signals women send. When many women do these things, they are not accidental. They express interest! I tell the men, 'She's giving you a yellow light!' and they say, 'Oh yeah?' The men are very suspicious of this stuff."
For women, knowing about Moore's research could make one terribly self-conscious - or turn one into a terrific flirt. "I used the courtship signals to lure in my husband," Moore confides. But doesn't she think that the universality of these gestures makes us women seem predictable?
She glances over at the redhead, who is leaning forward to whisper in the handsome guy's ear. "I find flirting very beautiful behavior," she says. "A courting woman laughs more; she smiles more. When a woman uses parade, she throws back her shoulders, puts up her head. All of these behaviors make her look very attractive."
The redhead eases back into her chair and casually pulls her curly hair above her head, showing her neck. Handsome moves in. "If you look at this from an evolutionary perspective," Moore says, "women are going to do what works."
Tim Perper sums it up this way: "There's a lot more here than just bar pickups. What I am looking at is love, how people fall in love - not just flirtation, but flirtation as a sociable and pleasurable thing in itself or as a precursor to a lifetime of happiness with another person."
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2014/07/29 16:50:31
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Geeky Girl Glam: Katniss, the Girl On Fire
By Allison Emm Mar 15, 2013
6 of 14
Capitol Coal
Line your eyes with an intense black eyeliner. If I were doing this on my own smaller eyes, I would focus mostly on the outer corners. Darker colors in the inner corners can make eyes appear even smaller. This is not a problem for Jenna’s much larger eyes, so I’m bringing the liner all the way in for a more dramatic look.
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1. A
The formula for hydrogen sulfide is H2S; this means that its molar mass is equal to 2(1) + 32 = 34 g/mol. The closest answer choice, and the correct answer, is A, which is thus slightly more than 1 mole. Don’t try to use the standard molar volume for a gas in this problem, even though the problem asks about a gas, because the volume of the gas is not mentioned at all.
2. C
This is a simple question: round the atomic masses that you get from the periodic table to calculate the molar mass of C2H5OH. The answer is 2(12) + 6(1) + 16, which is equal to slightly more than 46 g/mol.
3. A
Because there are two starting amounts, you might have guessed that one of them would act as a limiting reagent. The reaction is written below, and you’ll need to start by finding all the molar masses to make your determinations. Round off the numbers. The number of moles of nitrogen is 14 g (1 mol/28 g/mol) = 0.5 mol, and hydrogen = 15 g (1 mol/2 g/mol) = 7.5 mol. Now check to see which of the reactants is the limiting reagent. If you started with 0.5 mole of N2, in order to consume this amount of nitrogen completely, you’d need to use 3(0.5) = 1.5 moles of hydrogen. You have much more hydrogen than that (you have 7.5 moles), so nitrogen is the limiting reagent. The question asks you how much ammonia would be produced, so now you know which reactant amount to use to calculate that, and the answer is 2(0.5 mol) = 1.0 moles, which is equal to 17 g of NH3, answer choice A.
Molar masses 28 2 17
Reaction N2 + 3H2 2NH3
No. of moles 0.5 mol available limiting reactant 1.5 mol used 6.0 moles excess! 7.5 mol available 1.0 mole produced
Amounts 14 g 15 g Slightly more than 17 g
4. D
This question gives you the grams of water but asks for atoms of hydrogen. You’ll need to find the number of water molecules and then double it since H2O contains 2 atoms of H for every 1 molecule of water. The molar mass of water is 2(1) + 16 = 18 g/mol. The number of moles of water, then, is 12 g H2O (1 mol/18 g/mol) = .66 mol of 6 (as in 6.021023) is 41023 molecules of water. Doubling that you get 81023 hydrogen atoms.
5. B
This question is a percent composition question, so you’ll be looking for the molecule that has the largest mass of H compared to its whole molar mass. Examine the analysis below, and it’s clear that water has the highest percent composition of hydrogen.
1. Hydrogen’s atomic weight = 1, chlorine’s atomic weight = 35, so hydrogen makes up 1/36, or 2.7%, of the compound.
2. Hydrogen’s atomic weight = 1, oxygen’s atomic weight = 16; there are two hydrogens here, so it makes up 2/18 of the total weight, or 11%.
3. Hydrogen’s atomic weight = 1, phosphorus’s weight = 31, oxygen’s weight = 16, so after you add up the total weight to get 3(1) + 31 + 4(16) = 98, hydrogen makes up 3/98 = 3%.
4. Hydrogen’s weight = 1, sulfur’s = 32, and oxygen’s = 16. The total weight is equal to 2(1) + 32 + 4(16) = 98, and hydrogen makes up 2% of this.
5. Hydrogen’s weight = 1, fluorine’s weight = 19, so hydrogen makes up 1/19, or 5.2%, of the molecule by weight.
As you can see, choice B, in which hydrogen makes up 11% of the total compound, is the correct answer.
6. F, T
(Do not fill in CE.) The first statement is false—in most chemical reactions, most times the number of moles of the compounds involved is not equal. The second statement, however, is true. Once a limiting reagent has been consumed in the course of a reaction, the reaction can no longer proceed.
7. A
To solve this problem, first turn the percentages into grams: C becomes 96 g carbon, so the remaining 4% is hydrogen, so there are 4 g of hydrogen present. Now convert these masses into moles: the moles of C = 96 g (1 mol/12 g/mol) = 8 mol. For hydrogen, H = 4 g (1 mol/1 g/mol) = 4 mol. The C:H ratio is 8:4; remember that the empirical formula is the formula that shows the relative numbers of the kinds of atoms in a molecule, so this simplifies to 2:1, and the empirical formula is C2H.
8. E
Turn the percentages into grams and find the number of moles of each element. Since the compound is 48% C and 4% H, it must also be 48% O to make the percentages total 100%. Simplify the mole:mole ratio to get the empirical formula. Calculate the empirical molar mass. The molecular mass will be some multiple of the empirical mass. Mol C = 48 g (1 mol/12 g/mol) = 4 mol. Mol H = 4 g (1 mol/1 g/mol) = 4 mol. Mol O = 48 g (1 mol/16 g/mol) = 3 mol. The empirical formula is then C4H4O3. The empirical molar mass = 4(12) + 4(1) + 3(16) = 100, so the molecular formula is twice the empirical formula, or C8H8O6.
9. B
This is not a limiting reactant problem since only one amount is given here, 7.0 g of ethene. First find the number of moles of the substance, in this case ethene: 7 g (1 mol/28 g/mol) = 0.25 mol, then use mole:mole to determine the moles of the rest of the compounds involved in the reaction. To find the grams of CO2, you would do the following: 1 mol44 g/mol = 44 g CO2.
Molar mass 28 32 44 18
Balanced equation C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
No. of moles 0.25 1.25 0.5 0.5
Amount 7 g 22 g
10. D
Here, determine the moles of methane and use the mole:mole ratio to determine the number of moles, then grams of CF4 that can be produced.
Molar mass 16 38 88 20
Balanced equation CH4 + 4F4 CF4 4HF
No. of moles 0.5 2 0.5 2
Amount 8 g 44 g
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The SparkPeople Blog
'Can I Measure Calories Burned during Strength Training with a Heart Rate Monitor?'
By: , SparkPeople Blogger
7/11/2012 12:00 AM : 5 comments : 11,318 Views
See More: fitness, you asked, exercise,
heart rate monitor (HRM) is capable of estimating calorie burn pretty accurately—but only for aerobic (cardio) exercise, not for strength training. Here's why:
A HRM won't give you an accurate idea of how many calories you burn during strength training because the relationship between heart rate and calorie expenditure is not the same during strength training as during cardio exercise, which is what the HRM's estimate is based on. Unless your weight training is very vigorous circuit training, the heart rate monitor will be overestimating your calorie burn by a fair amount.
The problem is a technical one. Calorie burning isn't determined by heart rate; it's determined by the number of muscle cells that are activated to perform a given activity. It's the working cells that actually use the energy (calories) and consume oxygen. When working muscle cells need more energy and oxygen, your heart rate goes up to deliver these things to the cells via the blood stream.
Any muscle that performs a high intensity or maximum effort (strength training) will trigger an increase in heart rate and blood flow. But if only a single muscle group is on the receiving end to utilize that extra oxygen (doing a strength exercise that isolates your biceps, for example), only a relatively small amount of oxygen (and calories) will actually be consumed.
So while a series of strength training exercises may elevate your heart rate like aerobic exercise does, you're not actually using as much oxygen and burning as many calories as you would be if you were steadily using several large muscles all at once, as when walking, running, swimming, or doing aerobics for example.
The heart rate monitor doesn’t know whether your increase in heart rate is due to several large muscle groups working (cardio), an isolated muscle group lifting a weight (strength training), or even if adrenaline or excitement is increasing your heart rate. It just knows your heart rate, and the formulas it uses to estimate calories are based on studies of aerobic exercise, not other activities. So, it's going to overestimate your calorie expenditure when the rise in heart rate is stimulated by using isolated muscles at maximum intensity, which is what occurs during strength training.
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Famous Books by Antonym
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Pitcher in the Wheat
Human Apartment
The Violet Number
Subject of the Mosquitoes
A Contrived Painting of the Scientist as an Elderly Woman
The Tomatoes of Forgiveness
Giant Men
Some Noise off the Eastern Back
The Apparent Woman
A Union of Geniuses
The Life of a Philanthropist
A Welcome to Legs
The Whirlpoolfoot
Free-Range Meat Industry-10
.083rd Day
The Blue Dishonorable Emblem of Cowardice
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Monty Python Members
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Top 100 Football Clubs 2011/12
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Tuesday, July 29, 2014
Other Stanton's Categories
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Sing Praise To God Who Reigns Above
Sing Praise To God Who Reigns Above
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Sheet Music
Voicing/Format Handbells 3-5 Octaves
Publisher American Guild of English Hb Ringer
Arranger Mcchesney, Kevin
Grade 3
Price: $3.95
Unavailable for Digital Delivery
Catalog #AG35181
UPC code: 024257003621
First published in 1993 as a 2 or 3 octave number, the arranger has rewritten the work for a 3-5 octave handbell choir. A driving setting of the MIT FREUDEN ZART hymn tune, it features extensive use of mallets and other stopped sounds. Totally compatible with the earlier 2-3 octave edition, it is a stand-out number for a festival or any multi-choir event where different sized sets are involved.
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st: simple sum() question
From Shehzad Ali <>
Subject st: simple sum() question
Date 15 Apr 2009 15:47:56 +0100
I have a simple question about summing across observations. I have 100 patients (variable: patient_id) in the dataset, each had clinic visits (variable: clinic) and hospital visits (variable: hospital) recorded at weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. The dataset is long and hence I have 400 observations (one observation per patient per time point).
I want to sum the clinic visits for each patient (across all 4 visits) bearing in mind that some patients had less than 4 visits. So effectively I want to generate a new variable that will produce the sum of clinic visits for each patient.
Any help would be appreciated.
Thank you,
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Bookmark and Share
st: What is Statalist for?
From "Seed, Paul" <>
To "" <>
Subject st: What is Statalist for?
Date Mon, 10 Jun 2013 21:28:16 +0000
Nick Cox recently posted :
Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2013 17:30:17 +0100
From: Nick Cox <>
Subject: Re: st: Just and Pope Production model-What are the commands?
Statalist is not primarily a way to get personal help in public; it is
about building a forum of questions and answers that may be useful to
as many people as possible.
In short, please add helpful references and/or links to maximise the
information here.
This interesting thought could perhaps be put in the FAQ, section 0.1.
Paul T Seed, Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics,
Division of Women's Health, King's College London
Women's Health Academic Centre, King's Health Partners
(+44) (0) 20 7188 3642.
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Kip, Running
By Genevieve Williams
The runners are lithe and young. None are older than sixteen. Nothing about their hair or clothing dangles in excess, though they ornament themselves in other ways: hair cut in patterns like ornamental lawns, tint cascading through the patterns like advertising. Tattoos adorn them like jewelry or ripple across their bodies like silk scarves, wet and shining in the omnipresent April rain.
Kip, small and subtle, gathers with the rest of them on top of the platform shelter at Pike Station, 120 feet above the Street. There are fourteen runners besides herself, eying her and each other as though plotting how best to throw their competition off a building. Like her, they're masked and mirrored: a combination of camouflaged clothing, surveillance-reflective skins, and sensor-scrambling biosign suppressors will make watchful eyes slide right off them. Trainjumping is illegal, as are most of the other things runners do to win a race. Freerunning, bubble-riding, running along slidewalk rails—all of it.
Johnny has the starting gun. His silver, bullet-shaped dirigible—one of very few allowed in Seattle airspace, Johnny is a rich kid—is moored nearby, ready to carry him and assorted hangers-on, hollabacks, and boytoys to the finish point atop Northgate Research Center, some eight miles away. Lily is among the girlfriends, bottle-redhead, dressed in green. She's there for Narciso, but Kip pretends Lily's there for her.
"'Kay," Johnny says. "Rules, you know 'em: no driving, no fares. No throwing the competition off a maglev, skyscraper, airship, bubblevator, or taxicab. You run or you freeride. No exceptions." A high-pitched whine emanates from the tracks below, announcing the impending arrival of the northbound to Seattle Center. "First to reach the finish point wins. Wait for the flash." Johnny raises his right hand above his head. There's a black oblong shape in it, gleaming wet: not a real gun, but a flashbox that makes a hell of a bang when it goes off. Their eyes are pinned to it, and Johnny grins: he sincerely loves this shit.
The train arrives. Johnny presses the firing button. Something bright pops out the top of the gun like a muzzle-flash, and the bang cuts through the noise echoing up the city canyons: the whine of the maglevs, the hiss and patter of the rain, and all the celebratory racket of a Friday night.
Almost as one, the runners leap from the shelter roof. When the train leaves the station, they'll be on it, heading for the labyrinthine transfer station beneath the eye of the ancient, decaying Space Needle.
Kip, though, leaps extra far, vaulting the train entirely to drop fifty feet into a different, dirtier, older rail system. She knows the city's interconnected transit systems like the veins on the backs of her hands; she knows a better route than the one the others will take.
In freefall, she realizes she's not alone. Narciso has taken the plunge with her.
Lily wasn't in Kip's class, in any sense of the word. Kip knew this instinctively, if not logically, and it was not simply a matter of their never encountering one another in school, or in parties, or in games, or in any of the other locales where the ten-to-sixteens of the city or the world might find themselves. Lily sang full-throated arias with almost purely natural ability, serenading Narciso and the other runners at the afterparties; Kip's favorite singers owed their politics, songwriting, and gullet-scraping hollers to a guy from Kip's great-grandmother's generation named Jello Biafra. Lily read books with titles like The Importance of Being Earnest and The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, seemed to understand them, and looked down her nose at the know-along adaptations they did in school. Kip read, too, but none of her friends knew it, and nothing any teacher would assign. Lily did light bloodborne intoxicants, but nothing more. Kip bought blackmarket ID masks and lived with the resulting sensory deprivation in order to take advantage of their considerable benefits. Upper city versus understory; Kip knew the distinctions as only a fifteen-year-old could. She and Lily never should have met, never should have known of one another's existence.
Lily stood out at the races. She might have anyway, but in addition to pale skin unmarked by tattoos or scars accidental or deliberate, long hair in a cascade of sculpted false red ringlets that nonetheless looked absolutely right on her, and a wardrobe more confident than her age would suggest, she moved in stark contrast to the runners' light quickness. Graceful as they, she possessed a slow languor that made Kip's skin prickle with unaccustomed heat.
There were plenty of good freerunners in Seattle, but Narciso, on whose arm Lily arrived one night like a movie queen, was the only one her own age who Kip had never beaten.
That night, Lily looked at Kip with wide brown eyes. Kip could not look away. She felt exactly as though she had leaped from a platform with no train to catch her.
Kip spreads her arms. Wings like a flying squirrel's patagium unfurl to slow her descent. To her left, Narciso's doing the same thing, except with a contraption that looks something like a giant umbrella.
The crosstown pulls in below them, slower and easier to time than a maglev. It's still a near thing. This system isn't on the maglev's schedule, which is perfectly optimized to shuttle uptown commuters, who never come below the 80th story if they can help it, to their hilltop enclaves. Runners trying this very trick have been known to be crushed under the steel wheels. Trainrunning isn't a sport for the slight of heart.
But she lands on the train car's wet roof without incident, tucking her arms close to her chest to draw in the wings, and dropping monkeylike to the car's roof. Her bare toes cling like a gecko's as the crosstown departs with a squeal and an ancient, polluting roar.
Narciso is one car down, his slippers and gloves gripping the surface. He grins at her, slick black lenses shiny over his eyes, and peels one hand away to wave. Kip doesn't wave back.
Kip discovered trainjumping when she was eight, on a rare night out on the Street with her mother, her aunt, her grandmother, and her older sister. Her mother held her hand from the funicular station at the bottom of Queen Anne all the way to the dinner theater by the canal. The Street's cracks spread in intertwingled spiderwebs, a beautifully incomprehensible interaction of weather and upheaval and wear. Kip sought sense in them, but found only detritus: weeds pushing through the cracks with the stupendous determination of several millions of years of evolution; the last fragmented degradations of a thousand kinds of trash dropped thoughtlessly from uptown, biodegrading noiselessly in the depths of the Street.
Kip ignored the dinner and the show, her mind playing in fascinated obsession with that lattice of cracked asphalt. The lines that joined, separated, and reconnected further than she could see were the city in miniature: the train tracks, the slidewalk routes, the carefully circumscribed way to get from her family's understory apartment to the gymnasium where she went for face time with her schoolmates. The lines had no beginning and no end. They admitted deviation.
As they waited for the funicular after the show, Kip looked up. This station was the end of the line, open to the world above all the way to the sky, though it was impossible to tell whether those tiny lights were stars, or just the illuminations of uptown. Kip stared unblinking past the edge of the platform shelter, willing them to twinkle, until her eyes stung.
The train rolled in with much creaking of brakes and ancient cables. The doors opened, spilling light onto the tilted platform, though no passengers: no one came to the Street at this time of night.
The darkness above deepened in its contrast to the fluorescent light from inside the car. An even darker shadow flickered across the narrow space between the platform shelter and the car.
Kip might have imagined it; except, when they reached the stop halfway up Queen Anne, where they would take the slidewalk home to what Kip's grandmother called their lower-lower-middle-class apartment, there was another flicker. It passed from the top of the car to the platform shelter, and in the late-night silence Kip was positive she heard the light patter of running feet.
"Come along, Kip," her mother said, because even this far above the Street, it wasn't safe after dark. Shining multifaceted orbs, like the eyes of giant flies, floated in the dark, watching them and everyone else. Except that shadow that had passed and gone so quickly that Kip still was not sure she had seen it, despite seeing it twice.
Kip jumped her first train three years later, and met her first fellow runner two weeks after that, and thence entered into the secret culture that ran above and across the rails and rooftops of every major city in the world. It carried routes, schedules, secret passages, and jackable doors in its collective memory and traded in illegal masks, physical and chemical, to hide itself from the constant observers Kip had never really noticed in her life until she spotted something they hadn't seen. It had been going on for decades, as every metropolis of half a million or more became a tightly interconnected lattice of highly efficient mass transit routes, and simultaneously built up, up, up. Every city was a game of Chutes and Ladders—the game Kip played at the overly bright, excessively padded gymnasium—writ large.
Kip's clinging to the roof of the crosstown and feeling pretty good; from the look of things, Narciso's the only other runner to plot this route. Even if she doesn't win the race, if she outdashes him she'll be happy. He's taller and has a longer stride, but she's lighter and nimbler, which in her mind makes things about even.
Then: off schedule, and nowhere near a station, the train slows.
Kip puts her ear against the cool metal of the car's roof. The train's hum gets much louder, but she can also hear the announcement inside the car: "Due to a mechanical failure, this train is out of service. All passengers must exit to the emergency platform on the left side of the train and take the Broadway slidewalk to Broadway & Roy Station. We apologize for the inconvenience."
"Shit," Kip says, thrown. On the car ahead, Narciso mouths the same thing, small comfort. Even if the next train plows up the ass of this one, she's going to miss her northbound connection; slidewalks, by definition, are not fast. Stuck on top of a stopped train twelve stories above the Street doesn't suggest a hell of a lot of options.
Above her, though, is the maglev: a branch of the same system that has carried the competition to Seattle Center by now, where they navigate its tangle of imperfectly internetworked systems and, probably, piss off evening commuters.
Kip knows she's lost the race. But she still wants to beat Narciso, who disappears over the side of the train and joins the small flood on the slidewalk.
Kip's lip curls. Another option floods her mind like prophecy.
The emergency platform and the slidewalk run alongside a building dark and shiny as black glass. Beads of semi-permeable plastic skim its surface like water droplets, carrying people inside them. Some, summoned by stranded passengers with the necessary connections, converge on the platform. As one of them ascends, expanded like a pregnant belly from the small crowd inside, Kip leaps and grabs a handful of the bubble-stuff and lets it carry her aloft. No one notices, including the bubble itself: the mask she bought really is top quality.
As the bubble slides past the maglev rail, Kip clambers up the outside, slipping a little on the bubble's wet surface. Now people notice. Their exclamations sound like kittens in a bag. Kip ignores them; attempting to catch a maglev in motion is an excellent way to get killed, and her timing must be perfect. She takes a breath and thinks of Lily's deep red hair.
The instant she spots approaching lights, she launches herself from the top of the bubble. It's like jumping off a pillow. The train's still approaching as she drops; when she lands, it's on the second to last car.
She's back in motion. The maglev is an express going south, not north, at 125 miles per hour; but even an express stops on occasion. At the next station, she can switch directions.
Kip jumped her first race when she was twelve. She couldn't get enough of it. She buzzed her hair, to her mother's distress, and assembled fitted clothes of slick material that wouldn't snag. Prices jumped as people who didn't even know what trainjumping was caught onto the clothing trend. She got the Sticky Fingers mod that gave her hands and feet a grip like a gecko's. She assembled a cocktail of masks that blocked positive ID from the surveillance net, and painted her face and arms with black and dark-blue stripes before each race. She had design and motion patterns all picked out for when she got to the top of the waiting list at Firebird Design, the best tattoo house in the city. She was short, something genetic modification still couldn't do a thing about, but she was long-muscled and lean, and being small was sometimes an advantage.
She got so she could pick out other runners on her networks and in the gymnasium; they had no net of their own, initially for pragmatic reasons—freerunning and trainjumping were illegal—and later for idealistic ones. But once you did it for awhile you could spot your own kind. They moved through the world as though it existed for their purpose; every building was a jungle gym, every obstacle a toy.
Kip would stand on the roof of Tytos Tower, one of the tallest buildings in Seattle, home to two dozen high-powered law firms, and think to herself that runners were the secret masters of the city. They knew things about it that it didn't know about itself.
Her performance in the races improved. She began to win.
The problem is, the maglev doesn't stop at any of the stations. Her only mistake so far might mean she won't finish the race at all: this train has finished its service run and is heading for home. It whips south, descending from Capitol Hill and skating the edge of Old Downtown before heading south down the Duwamish Valley: penthouses above, ancient industrial wasteland of empty warehouses and illegal nightclubs and theaters below. Then it whisks underground and stops at the Terminus with a whine just on the edge of hearing.
The Terminus is in what used to be called Tukwila. It's close to twenty miles from Northgate, and it might as well be on the moon: jumpers call it the Terminus because there are no connections here. End of the line.
"Shit," Kip says, again, and hops off.
The first time she raced against Narciso, they'd followed the same route from start to finish. She'd chased him through a network of concrete walkways that opened onto a treed plaza, a city park and incidentally also the race's finish point. Johnny had laid out a red target circle that lit up when the winner landed on it.
She'd been running, eyes on Narciso's black tank top and his brown arms and his dark, dark hair, when he leaped into the air with a flash of white slippers and landed in an athletic crouch. The red circle lit up around him.
Narciso always beat her after that. And once the race was over, he'd come up to her at the afterparty, his arm slung loosely over Lily's neck, and grin. "Tough luck, kid. Next time, eh?" And Lily would smile at her in a way that made Kip think of pity, and she'd hate them both.
But later, lying in bed, waiting for sleep to come, she'd forget the look on Lily's face and think of her hair, the paleness of her skin, the sharp line of her jaw. How all that would feel, under her fingers.
If she could beat Narciso. If only.
But right now, stuck in the deserted Terminus, Kip can only imagine how he'll grin and do a backflip or some other such stupid, flashy shit into the finish point. She wants to beat him so badly that the desire tastes like blood in her mouth.
No train will come to the Terminus for another ten minutes. Kip runs along the service platform. She could go out to the Street and hail a taxicab, the luxury conveyance of the uptowner who wants to explore the theaters, bars, fleshpots, and strange temples of the Street, but not too closely. But the cabs' impressive on-board security systems, which include a surface wired to deliver a 10,000-volt charge and automatic evasive maneuvers to foreign contact, prevent her from hopping onto their roofs as she would onto a train, and actually getting into and paying for a cab is specifically and explicitly against the rules of the race.
Kip knows how she'll feel if she wins the race on those terms.
Something tickles at the back of her head. She turns her attention to it, and it blooms into a full-scale announcement:
"There is a power outage in the Seattle Center area. Affected transit routes have been re-routed, re-scheduled, or cancelled. Please plan accordingly."
It must be one hell of an outage if they're bothering to announce it on the citywide net instead of just quietly re-routing people. Which means an effect big enough that people would actually notice. Which means a lot of dead trains.
Which means she's back in the game.
The service door will bloom alarms if she opens it, but the ceiling and the wall of the Terminus don't quite meet: ventilation. It's small, but so is she. She scales the wall, squeezes through the gap, and rolls and splashes into a gutter on the Street.
She pops to her feet and starts running. This is a quiet, deserted area: a part of the Street called the Underground, even though it isn't. Fast movement attracts attention. Her instincts, trained for the freerunning environment, are wrong here. A skinny man lurches out of a doorway like a zombie. She dodges him and runs up the middle of the street, in the dim light that filters down from the understory, then up the first staircase she sees.
There are people here, enough to remind her that it's Friday night in the world that still waits for the weekend to have a good time. The rain has stopped. And there, just to the north, is Skyway Station. Routes and timetables slam together behind Kip's eyes. She fades into the shadow of a building, scales a wall to a narrow ledge overlooking the station, waits perhaps twenty seconds, and drops onto the Street-level light rail, pressing her body against the roof to avoid notice.
It's not nearly as fast as the maglev, but ten minutes later she's back in the city core and riding a bubble up a building to the maglev, which will take her directly past Lake Union. The bubble is slow, so she has time to consider that right now, as she positions herself to jump off at the platform, a train is leaving the Terminus; right now, as the bubble rises blindly past and she leaps out to the shelter roof, it's accelerating out of the tunnel; right now, as she hops aboard a maglev northbound from Sixth and Pine Tower, that other train is rising toward the understory. She's beaten it by five minutes.
It might be enough.
And as she crouches there, the wind tearing at her scalp, fingers and toes gripping against the force of the train's acceleration, she spots another lithe, dark shape crouched against the top of the car ahead. Lights flash above them in rapid succession and she sharpens her gaze. She just knows that it's Narciso.
She crawls forward, fighting the wind of the train's speed that peels her fingers from the cold metal, seeing Lily's face and how different it will be if she reaches the finish point before Narciso.
The train slows around a curve, slinging her weight to one side as it swings east of Lake Union and then hits the northbound straightaway. Two stops until Northgate, which will be closest to the finish point. Four minutes.
The maglev decelerates with a falling hum. Some instinct makes Narciso turn. He sees her. He grins that grin, the one that's so charming, and shouts something. All she catches of it is "caught up."
She wants to throw him off the damn train. Onto the platform. He wouldn't be hurt. He'd catch the next one. And then he'd lose.
Narciso sees what she's thinking, maybe catches a bit of it in the aether of the net. The grin fades. And then, when the train's braking shoves her forward like a giant hand, sliding sideways off the car, her fingers and toes peeling from the surface like old tape, he reaches out and she thinks it's to shove her away or throw her off, but she ducks and her balance goes and she rolls sideways, off the maglev for the second time that night and into the endless glass and metal canyon of Lake City Way.
She spreads her wings, and looks down.
You never do this when jumping. Look at the ground and you'll hit it, that's the way the word goes. A red line across the city map in her mind: Roosevelt slidewalk, below and to the right. Crowded, but a damn sight nearer than the Street.
Her feet hit the slidewalk's moving rail. People stare as she runs, jumping over their hands to avoid mashing fingers, hopping over their heads from one side to the other. The maglev passes overhead with a magnetic whine and shoots away to the north. She ignores it and keeps running.
The slidewalk empties out. She jumps onto its moving surface and runs, runs, runs. She runs all the way to the damn Research Center. It glitters in the lights of the moon and the city, walled on all sides by nightclubs, galleries, restaurants, and luxury homes except where the maglev line cuts through.
She passes the maglev station. The train has been and gone. But when she glances up again, to the lip of the canyon that is the roof of the towers of the Northgate complex, there is a slim shape running. Ahead of her, where the slidewalk ends, stands a building artfully draped in vines growing from somewhere above and falling across the sheer, glossy wall like hair across a girl's bare back.
Kip catches the vines and climbs. The buildings are shorter here, slanting toward the water, a sprawled last-century office park with a disused helipad on one of the roofs. Kip reaches the top, runs across a flat roof, leaps a gap, runs through an asphalt field planted in parallel white lines, leaps another gap. To her left, along another row of buildings, Narciso is doing the same thing. Further away to the west comes the rest of the pack, delayed at Seattle Center by the power outage.
Kip grins. Now it's a race.
There's a crowd gathered on the helipad. The red finishing dot lies right in the middle of the old landing target. Kip's gaze locks onto it. Narciso has fallen back from her peripheral vision. She leaps another gap. Across one more roof and there's the final leap, biggest she's ever jumped, by the time it occurs to her that she might not make it she's already hurtling through the air, a war-whoop tearing from her lungs, she hits the other side rolling, she's up again and she pelts to the finish point and leaps onto the dot. It lights up. Only then does the silence recede into cheering.
They'd cheer anyone, they would. But she grins all the same, and looks for Lily's face in the crowd. See? she wants to say. See? See?
The crowd rushes. Things grow confused. The other racers arrive. Narciso grins at her and hugs her. Around them melt a hundred hearts, but Kip doesn't care. Johnny's saying something about posting their reels and the small mob begins to ooze toward an open-air Street-level place on the lakeshore for the afterparty, but Kip trails behind. She's just behind Lily, who's following the crowd with her head down.
Kip's heart stops. She trots a few steps and touches Lily's arm. Lily turns and smiles, and Kip tries to smile back, but she can't, because she's seen that smile on Lily before, and it's the way she smiles at everyone who isn't Narciso.
"Good job," Lily says, in a friendly way. Her heels click on the concrete.
Narciso comes up next to her. "Hey," he says softly. And Lily takes his hand, and they wander away from the crowd, to some other corner of the helipad, where the breeze off the lake will ruffle Lily's hair.
Kip stands very still. So still that no one notices. Oh, she could scream, cry, fling up her hands. But it's occurred to her that she has built this entire fantasy, as complex and far-reaching as the cracks in the ancient road, and neither Lily nor Narciso know a thing about it.
She feels like she's standing on the roof of a tall tower, looking down at an entire city that doesn't know she's there, imagining herself its secret master.
Then she goes home.
Genevieve Williams is a freelance writer, an academic librarian, and a Clarion West graduate. She lives in Seattle. For more about her and her work, see her website. To contact her, send her email at
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video gaming
Short film: PLAY
Article: Short film: PLAY
Without giving away too much, David Kaplan and Eric Zimmerman’s splashy PLAY envisions a society in which a gaming singularity is achieved where technology has advanced to permit portable yet fully immersive virtual realities in which the line between “video games” and reality is blurred to the point of nonrecognition. Things quickly spiral into a…
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Friday, March 5, 2010
Substitute Teaching: We are Experts at Improv!
My fellow substitute teachers: don't quit your day job, but we most likely could moonlight on "Saturday Night Live"!
Substitute teaching is alot like doing improvisational comedy. In fact, at times it is a comedy of errors. We are thrown material and must make it work. The key is to take the lead from a good comic, if a joke (in our case: lesson) bombs, shake it off and move on. Our audience may grasp it the next time.
Realize that we are given a script in the form of a lesson plan. Some scripts are better than others, but it's all have to go on. Many lesson plans you encounter will be sketchy at best. What makes you a good substitute is improvise with the tools at hand and contents from your "Mary Poppins" bag of back up classroom activities. (see previous posts for ideas).
Substitute teaching beckons me back to my days of competing in high school and collegiate speech tournaments. My favorite categories to compete were Impromptu and Extemporaneous - subbing is similarly thinking on the fly. Substitute teachers try to keep one step ahead of our students. Don't show the kids you messed up, move on like any professional comic or performer. So, go dust your self off and get back on that horse!
Note to students: give your sub a break and don't throw tomatoes if you don't get our joke (lesson)! :)
1. I like this idea for a blog - very clever!
2. Yes, we are like comedians. We must be ready to put on a show and captivate the students for $118.00 a day. Instead of telling jokes though we use our common sense and knowledge to teach. When you have a shitty lesson plan, just think about the frozen latte you will buy when schools over.
3. I just wrote a book called "361 Things a Substitute Teacher Learned at School: A Sub's Mini Guide". Check it out on Amazon:
Don't make errors if you don't have to.
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Want to tell a friend about "Billabong Men's Invert USCG PFD Vest"? It's easy. Just enter the information requested below, click the "SUBMIT EMAIL" button, and your message is on its way.
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Hot on HuffPost Tech:
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AOL Tech
People Going Lights Out Worldwide Tonight for Earth Hour
Sure, you've heard of Earth Day, but have you heard of Earth Hour? No, it isn't just a more abbreviated time of environmental remembrance for those with particularly busy schedules. It's a global event organized by the World Wildlife Fund and hosted annually on the last Saturday of every March -- that just happens to be tonight.
The event started in 2007, when 2.2 million Sydney, Australia residents turned out their lights for an hour. It has been growing ever since and this year people worldwide are asked to put out any non-essential lights tonight from 8:30 until 9:30. That's local time, to be clear, so no worries about daylight savings or trying to figure out when sundown is in Australia.
There seems to be quite a bit of traction behind the event this year, with even Google getting in to the action. And we think you should too -- it's certainly easy enough. Just remember: only turn off the non-essential lights. Headlights definitely do not fall in that group. [From: My Earth Hour, via: Google, The Boston Globe]
Tags: earth hour, EarthHour, environmentalism, google, world wildlife fund, WorldWildlifeFund, wwf
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On TV this week, Sept. 13-17
On TV this week
SEASON FINALE Bachelor Pad, 8 p.m., ABC Don't worry, folks, everything works out great for people of such high social caliber.
SEASON PREMIERE 90210, 8 p.m., CW OMG, they're like, tooootally gonna bulldoze the Peach Pit. Wait, what year is it?
SEASON PREMIERE Gossip Girl, 9 p.m., CW The cast members' quest to all land roles in R-rated movies continues.
SEASON FINALE The Closer, 9 p.m., TNT Brenda has to work with a counterterrorism unit to stop a possible attack. Don't take career advice from Jack Bauer.
The World of Jenks, 10:30 p.m., MTV A 24-year-old filmmaker profiles platinum-selling singers, homeless women, autistic adults and (we hope) the nitwit who decided to produce Jersey Shore.
SEASON PREMIERE One Tree Hill, 8 p.m., CW Brooke and Julian get engaged and Haley gets pregnant, although not all at the same time.
SEASON FINALE Minute to Win It, 8 p.m., NBC Two injured Iraq War veterans team up to win $1 million.
SEASON PREMIERE Life Unexpected, 9 p.m., CW Ryan and Cate are back from their honeymoon to find big changes at the radio station. Hey, "the honeymoon's over" isn't a cliche for nothing.
Fashion's Night Out 2010, 10 p.m., CBS A one-hour special celebrating fashion you can't afford, featuring people you don't know, like Vogue editor Anna Wintour. You can dream, though.
SEASON PREMIERE Parenthood, 10 p.m., NBC Adam has a hard time balancing work and family demands. Wait, why would you watch this show to escape your dreary life issues?
SERIES PREMIERE Sextuplets Take New York, 10 p.m., TLC A reality show aiming to split up another marriage now that the Gosselins went bye-bye.
SEASON FINALE Covert Affairs, 10 p.m., USA Annie has to work with former boyfriend Ben Mercer, who mysteriously vanished before he shows up one day at CIA HQ. Those agents really know what they're doing.
SEASON PREMIERE Survivor: Nicaragua, 8 p.m., CBS One tribe only has people older than 40, the other only has people younger than 30; once again, the thirtysomethings are squeezed out. Typical.
SEASON FINALE America's Got Talent, 8 p.m., NBC If Nick Cannon is the one saying you've got talent, does it really count?
SEASON FINALE Big Brother, 9 p.m., CBS For yet another season, we reward the most obnoxious person on TV with a cash prize.
SEASON FINALE Dark Blue, 9 p.m., TNT The first clue that a flower-importing business is actually running drugs: All the flowers are poppies.
SEASON FINALE Top Chef, 10 p.m., Bravo Despite hating the finalists because most of them had never tasted any Asian food, we're square just so long as Angelo doesn't win. Drama queen.
SEASON FINALE Chasing Mummies, 10 p.m., History The question remains: Are mummies really that difficult to catch?
SEASON FINALE The Real World, 10 p.m., MTV This crew will be leaving New Orleans better than they found it — mostly by not being in the city anymore.
SERIES PREMIERE Outlaw, 10 p.m., NBC Someone really wants Jimmy Smits to have his own show. The one set in Miami didn't work out, so now he's a do-gooder Supreme Court justice.
SERIES PREMIERE Top Chef: Just Desserts, 11 p.m., Bravo Gail Simmons annoys her way into hosting a spin-off that focuses on desserts, because no one on Top Chef likes making those. That should tell you something about Top Chef.
SEASON FINALE The Squad: Prison Police, 10 p.m., A&E A manhunt for an escaped felon escalates when the squad finds out he may be trying to get revenge on a former lover. If these guys were good prison police, we have to think he wouldn't have escaped in the first place.
SEASON PREMIERE It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, 10 p.m., FX This Fildelfya-style version of Seinfeld opens its sixth season by tackling gay marriage. Like a city with a New Year's Day tradition of drunken men prancing around city hall in drag would support that.
SEASON PREMIERE The League, 10:30 p.m., FX Andre wants the draft to be in Las Vegas this time. Yeah, like that's a real big sports town.
SERIES FINALE As the World Turns, 2 p.m., CBS After 54 years, the world stops turning. If only General Hospital could have resuscitated it.
SERIES PREMIERE Fish Hooks, 7:45 p.m., Disney A cartoon about three teenaged fish in a pet-store tank, lamenting the monotony of their life when they should be bemoaning the fact they still haven't gotten out of their tiny hometown.
SEASON PREMIERE Star Wars: The Clone Wars, 9 p.m., Cartoon If only George Lucas had let the makers of this cartoon run the ship for the prequels. Sigh.
SEASON PREMIERE Real Time With Bill Maher, 10 p.m., HBO Rumor has it, Bill is a tad unhappy with the state of things.
SEASON PREMIERE 20/20, 10 p.m., ABC Making you afraid of supermarket meat and airline maintenance since 1978.
— Joshua Gillin [email protected]
On TV this week, Sept. 13-17 09/12/10 [Last modified: Sunday, September 12, 2010 11:33pm]
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Researchers have dispersed tiny platelets of aluminum oxide in a polymer to make a material that is tough, stretchy, and lightweight. The material could lead to longer-lasting bone and dental implants and lighter, more fuel-efficient car and airplane parts. It could also be used to make bendable, transparent electronics.
In 2007, University of Michigan researchers engineered clay-reinforced polymers that were extremely strong but brittle: it takes a lot of energy to deform them, but when they do deform, they break abruptly. Researchers at MIT succeeded in making stiff but less brittle clay-polymer composites, which will tolerate some stretching before they break. (See “Ultra-Tough Nanotech Materials.”)
Ludwig Gauckler, the professor of materials at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, in Switzerland, who led the new work, says that his group’s composite is better still. It’s five times as strong as the material made at MIT, he says, yet it’s still stretchy. A film of the composite is already as strong as aluminum foil, Gauckler says, but if stretched, it can expand by up to 25 percent of its size; aluminum foil would break at 2 percent.
An added advantage of the hybrid material is that it’s light, says Harvard materials scientist Andre Studart, who was involved in the work. The material is half to a quarter as heavy as steel of the same strength, Studart says, and it would make a good substitute for fiberglass, which is commonly used in car parts. Because the material’s strength comes from the platelets diffused through it, Studart says, “it will be strong in two directions and not only in one direction, as in the case of fiber-reinforced material.”
To assemble their material, the researchers disperse aluminum oxide platelets in ethanol and spread the mixture over water. The platelets arrange themselves into a single layer on the surface of the water. Then the researchers dip a glass plate into the solution, transferring the platelets to the glass. Finally, they deposit a layer of the biocompatible polymer chitosan on top of the platelets. The researchers repeat this process until the thickness of the final composite is a few tens of micrometers, and then they peel the material off the glass plate with a razor blade.
In designing the material, the researchers carefully studied the mechanical structure of nacre, the shiny layer on the inside of seashells, and tried to improve it. Nacre has platelets made of calcium carbonate arranged in layers inside a protein-based polymer. “There’s something very special about the size of these platelets,” Studart says. “Nacre uses specific platelet length and thickness to achieve the high strength and [stretchability] that you see in metals.”
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Credit: J. Woltersdorf and E. Pippel, MPI for Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
Tagged: Computing, Materials, nanotechnology, materials, nanocomposite
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