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Look of the Day: French Beauty
There's no two ways about it: emily inglis is a French beauty. Check her out on a terrace in Cannes, sipping a glass of sangria. Lucky! She looks amazingly fresh in her white dress, nude blazer, and tan sandals. The animal print scarf and body chain break up the look by pulling in major sass. Très chic.
Here's what she's wearing:
Dress: DKNY
Jacket: Zara
Shoes: Zara
Congrats to emily inglis!
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Forgive Me
She waited for him in the white satin robe that he loved. Jennifer wanted Darin to find her looking the way he loved to see her. Beautiful. Comfortable. He always marveled at the way that she could make the most casual clothes look fantastic. She sighed at the thought of him and tucked her legs up under her body and waited for him.
Darin walked around the office; flicking lights off and making sure all the computers were shut down. He locked the doors up tight and made his way to his car. He looked back at the huge building sitting against the dark sky and felt so proud. He worked so hard for so long and finally has something to show for it… a college professor.
Jennifer walked to the window and looked out, anticipating Darin. She walked through the house and made sure everything was perfect. She looked at the house and smiled, they really did such a great job on it. Her and Darin did a lot of the work themselves and their families helped out a lot. They were lucky, very lucky.
Darin rounded the last corner and saw his house sit massively against the sky. The lawn was well manicured and it looked so friendly. The size and all of its luxuries didn’t take away from the comfort.
She recognized his headlights coming up the drive. She smiled and breathed in deeply. She is also so excited to see him after all this time nothing has changed. She sat on the couch and waited for him.
He parks in the garage and comes in through the side door. He can see her on the couch looking towards the front door. He chuckles because he knows she’s waiting for him to come through that door. He sneaks quietly across the floor and comes up behind her. Slowly lowering his head he plants soft kisses on her exposed neck and shoulder. “Mmm… honey, you’re home,” she moans as her arms slip up and around his neck. “Yes, baby,” he says between kisses, “I’m home.” Jennifer tightens her grip on Darin’s neck and pulls him onto her. “You know, she says… I had planned a surprise for you, but this wasn’t exactly it.” He sits up on her and unknots the belt of her robe. As he slips the belt through the loops her robe falls open and exposes her swollen breasts. She leans up just a bit and lets the robe fall off her shoulders. Darin leans into her and takes her nipples into his mouth. She throws her head back in passion and closes her eyes as she feels his hot mouth on her and his strong arms supporting her back. His mouth moves fast on her breasts as if he can’t get enough of her. Her skin is sweet and soft in his mouth and she tastes beautifully. He breathlessly lies her back on the couch and looks at her. “Baby!” she says in complete shock. “You are so amazing and I love you madly.” She grabs his neck and pulls herself up to him and kisses him as wildly as she sucked her nipples and kissed her breasts. She throws her weight to him and nearly topples him over. “Jen!” Darin moans loudly, “what are you…” She silences him with her mouth and slides her body on top of his. She unbuttons his shirt quickly and laughs as a few pop off and land on the floor. “I guess I’ll be doing a little sewing later,” she laughs as her mouth licks his chest and her fingers gingerly unbutton his jeans. She lingers for so long on his chest and stomach. “Mmm… honey,” she growls as she slips his pants down to his ankles and exposes his beautiful cock. “Have I ever told you that you have the most beautiful cock in the world?” He begins to talk again and she silences him with her mouth. She grinds her wet pussy into his leg as she kisses his mouth and caresses his body. His hands find her ass and help her move up and down onto him. They kiss and rock together for what seems like hours.
She reached down and helps herself to his thick cock. Taking it into her hands and guiding it to her pussy. She wets it between her lips and rolls it on and around her clit. Jennifer sat herself up on her knees and hovered over Darin. Looking down on him, she held his eyes with hers and smiled. “Oh, how I love that smile, baby,” Darin said as he caressed and touched Jennifer’s body. She closed her eyes loosely as she fell with all her weight onto his cock. Slamming into her with much force, Darin grunts softly and holds her tight. The shock of him inside of her overwhelms her and she breathlessly begins to writhe all around his cock. He is amazed by her passion and loses himself in her.
He lifts her body gently and sits up, his back now against the couch. She smiles at him and wraps her long arms around his neck, leaning into him and pressing her forehead to his. She looks into his eyes and he stares back into hers as she grinds and grinds onto him. His cock going wonderfully deep inside of her. She feels his hands on her ass and thighs. “Mmm…Darin,” she whispers into his ear, “fuck me. I’m begging you to fuck me.”
He grabs her waist tightly and begins to meet her thrusts digging his hips into her as her thighs squeeze against his body. Lifting her and watching her, Darin begins so suckle and bite her breasts. Her head falls back and her hair falls off her shoulders. His cock goes deeper and deeper into her with each movement. His mouth finds her collarbone and then her neck. Kissing and licking her as if his thirst for her could never be quenched.
Jennifer slows down the pace a bit and just slowly, slowly rolls around in Darin’s lap. She takes his face in her hands and just stares at him while his cock rolls around in her. She can feel him swelling in her, growing larger and larger as their passion increases. “I love you, precious,” she whispers lightly in his ear, tracing her finger along his jawbone. Jennifer continues to speak into Darin’s ear, “I love how you make love to me and you make me feel so beautiful.” She sees him blush and he tries to quiet her, but she won’t hear of it. “You are a fantastic lover, Darin,” she moans as his cock rolls around in her wet pussy.
“I can’t take much more of this,” Darin says to her, “you are making me crazy.” Knowing how passionate he is and wanting to make his orgasm phenomenal she begins to be a little more explicit. “Darin,” Jennifer says breathlessly, “I want you.”
“My god, Darin, I want to feel you explode into me… all your hot cum shooting into me.” She hangs her head and looks at him through the top of her eyes, grinding into him and squeezing his cock as tight as she can. He begins to pump her, harder and harder. His breath turns to gasps and his thrusts are short and deep. “Stop.” She says. “I can’t…” Darin tries to get words out, but she won’t let him. Her mouth his hot and hard on his, biting his lips, sucking his tongue. “Don’t cum,” she says in a sinister voice. “You aren’t allowed.”
“What?!” Darin says in disbelief, “Not allowed?” He begins to fuck her madly, crazily. He watches her bounce up and down and her breasts rise and sink with her breath. Jennifer stops moving and squeezes Darin with her thighs. “I said stop,” she said, grinning at him. She reaches back and slips a hand beneath her, cupping Darin’s balls and pulling softly. He lets out a loud squeal and looks at her. “Do as I say,” she tells him, leaving his cock in her. “Do not cum yet.”
Darin is turned on by her control and his cock swells and throbs, almost like an ache, a pain, but much better. Jennifer feels his cock growing in her and wants so bad for him to fuck her and cum inside of her, but at the same time she wants him to have an orgasm that he could never forget.
She takes his hand in hers and runs it along her body. “Darin, I want you to rub my clit,” she instructs. “I want you to do it like this,” she says, taking his finger and showing him how. “Touch my lips and between them,” she says, gasping at his touch. “Barely rub your finger over the top of my clit, tease it.”
“Tease me, Darin,” she says in a sultry voice. “Then press harder, in circles.”
“Tease my pussy, Darin,” she says, shoving his hand between her legs. “Put your fingers into me.” She helps him touch her. Showing him how and teaching him. He always touches her in the right places and always makes her feel fantastic, but the idea of being in control and telling him what to do excites her.
Jennifer takes Darin’s hands into her and pulls them away from her clit. She slips them up her body and cups her breasts. Then she guides his hands to her mouth and takes his wet fingers into her, tasting herself. “Kiss me,” he says, “let me taste you from your lips, Jennifer.” She leans into him and kisses him madly, pressing her lips firmly to his, tasting his tongue and her pussy together. “I love you, Darin.” She says, “so much.”
Jennifer slides Darin’s thick cock out of her and falls to the floor between his legs. “Baby,” he groans, “oh wow, baby.” She begins to suck and lick her wetness from his cock. Biting his cock through her lips and pressing her tongue hard on him she devours his cock. “Mmmm…. Darin,” she moans loudly, “I LOVE having your cock in my mouth.” She cups his balls in her free hand and begins to caress them with her thumb. Letting his cock slip past her tongue and into her mouth, she swallows when the head reaches her throat. “Baby,” he says sounding shocked, “I love THAT.” His fingers lace through her hair and he holds her head as she slides up and down on his cock. She slips him out of her mouth and says, “I love YOU.”
She climbs back into his lap and whispers, “I want you to cum inside of me, Darin.”
“I want you to make love to me until you cum inside of me.”
“I want to take all of your cum into me,” she says, “give it to me.” Darin lays her down softly and spreads her legs wide. Caressing her things and her belly, he beings to make sweet love to her. Jennifer lies back and relaxes, taking her breasts in her hands and smoothing them. Rubbing her palms in her nipples as Darin begins to enter her. “Your cock is so wonderfully hard, Darin,” Jennifer says sweetly, “I love it.” She runs her hands all over his chest and then takes them back to her breasts. Touching him. Touching her. Feeling him inside of her. “Tell me, Darin,” she asks quietly, “tell me how your cock feels in me. I want to know how you feel in me.” Darin moans with delight, “Baby, you make me feel beautiful. That’s how I feel in you. Beautiful. Perfect.”
Jennifer reaches down and rubs her clit as Darin slips in and out of her. She can feel him getting close and wants to cum with him. Her clit trembles at her touch and her belly quivers. Her pussy clamps down tightly on Darin’s cock and a surge rushes through her nipples. “Oh Darin,” she nearly screams. Jennifer’s hands clasp Darin’s ass cheeks and helps him into her. Slamming into her he can feel his balls tighten and his cock swell. A fantastic rush of wetness surrounds Darin’s cock as he erupts into her. She grabs him tightly with her own orgasm, taking all of his cock and his cum into her. He kisses her wildly as their bodies fall limp. Sweat runs between her breasts and with a swipe of his tongue, Darin laps it up and ends his lick at her nipple.
His head falls to her chest and she runs her fingers around in his hair. Kissing his forehead she tells him, “Darin, you are so sexy and I love you so much.” He sighs and smiles. Sweat dripping from his brow. He’s so out of breath he just nods and kisses her breasts.
“Now for that surprise, love,” she says forcing him up off of her. “But honey…” he whines. Smiling, she takes his hand, “I think you’ll like it.” Jennifer wraps her robe around her and makes a tight not with the best around her waist, not bothering to lace it through the loops.
She guides him to their master bathroom and opens the door. The scent of vanilla and roses drifts out the door. “What have you done, honey?” Darin asks. He reaches for the light switch, but Jennifer stops him. “Wait, honey,” she says reaching around in the darkness. A match lights and Darin catches a glimpse of their bathroom. He sees more candles and his eyes follow Jennifer as she lights more. The bathroom fills with dim candle light and the scent of roses and vanilla is light. “I love those smells together, baby,” he says. “Smells good, doesn’t it?” she agrees. He looks into the tub and notices the jets are lightly rolling the water around. The bubbles catch the candlelight and toss it around the tub. Fresh as well as dried rose petals litter the water. “Baby,” Darin says looking at Jennifer in the candlelight, “you are precious.” She winks at him and leads him to the tub. She holds his hands as he steps in. The warm water mingles between his toes and his nearly hot on his thighs and sensitive cock. Darin reaches up for Jennifer’s robe belt and she stops him. “No, honey,” she stops him, “just you.” With a confused look Darin asks, “You aren’t coming in?” Jennifer smiles widely and says, “No, baby. Just you.” She kneels next to the tub and begins to wash him. “Baby, no,” Darin tries to stop her. “No,” she says, grinning, “Darin, I want to.” Jennifer kisses Darin’s mouth and begins to run a soft cloth over his body. Tenderly washing him and gently scrubbing. Letting the warm water fall over his neck and back. Rinsing off anything bad that may have happened to him that day. ” I love you, baby,” Jennifer whispers running the hot cloth over his back. Darin’s face meeting hers he plants a kiss on her cheek, “I know you do, baby, I know you do.”
Jennifer rinses him and helps him out of the tub. Starting with his hair she dries him with a soft fluffy towel. Running it over his strong arms and his belly. Down his thighs to his toes she pats and dries. She stands before him, he’s naked, and she’s in her robe. They gaze at each other until he reaches for her face to kiss her. He lifts her head slightly and bends just a little to meet her lips. She pulls away and smiles, reaching out for his hand. She turns and leads him into their bedroom. He sees the same fresh rose petals sprinkled about their bed and onto the floor. “Baby,” Darin begins, “you spoil me.” Jennifer laughs and replies, “Baby, you deserve it.” She turns and sits Darin on the bed, he pulls her to him, parting her robe and kissing just below her belly button. She leans over and kisses him and pushes his shoulders back, sliding him up the bed. She sits to the side of him and slips the belt off her waist, running the soft satin on his body, his entire body. She reaches under the bed and pulls out a bottle of massage oil. Warming it first in her hands she begins to work his legs and thighs, she caresses and rubs him deep and hard. Planting little kisses before each of her touches she notices his cock begin to quiver and swell. “Roll over,” she tells him, “let me get your back.” She starts to rub his neck and shoulders with the oils, but just lets it run out on his back. Massaging down his back and to his butt she drags her tongue teasingly between his cheeks. The pads of her fingers dig deeply into his legs as she strokes his thighs and calves. She ends at his feet, caressing the ball of his foot and digging her finger deep into the arch. Rubbing between each toe, she gently lifts his leg and begins to kiss his ankle. She plants little, sweet kisses up one leg and down the other. She gently rolls him over and climbs on top of him. She takes his hands in hers and raises them over her head. Quickly, she reaches for the belt to her robe and binds his hands together and then to the headboard. “You still love me?” she asks, grinning mischievously. “Maybe,” he chuckles, wondering what she’s up to. She stands on the bed and towers over him letting her robe fall onto him. Her beautiful breasts hang wonderfully on her body, her skin creamy and taut and her beautiful pussy trimmed neatly. Standing over him, she begins to touch her breasts and her stomach. Pulling on her nipples with her fingers and moaning at the painful pleasure.
Darin’s cock grows large between his legs and he tugs at the belt to free his hands, wanting and needing to grab his cock and stroke it as he watches her. “Honey,” he says almost begging, “please free my hands.” Jennifer ignores him and continues to enjoy her body. She sinks to the bed gracefully and sits before Darin. She spreads her legs so wide and begins to fuck herself with her fingers. With her own hands, touching, entering, and feeling. Her pussy is wet and Darin can see the drips escaping between her lips falling to her thigh and then disappearing in a wet streak. Jennifer reaches between her legs and catches a drip of her pussy with her finger. Leaning forward she gingerly touches her fingers to her lover’s swollen cock, watching the pre-cum pour out at her touch. She looks Darin in the eyes and drags her wet finger down the length of his cock.
“Baby,” she says, “I love you.” Darin wants to reply, but his cock aches so bad he can’t speak all he can do is watch her. Jennifer fucks herself faster and harder with her fingers. Her hand disappears between her lips as her fingers get deeper. Her body is thrusting at her hand and Darin can feel the bed move with each of her thrusts. She gets louder and louder and he can’t take his eyes off her. She seems to not know he’s there as she reaps the pleasure from her touch. Her head flies back and one hand reaches for the bedpost for support. Darin tries to free him arms to help her in her wonderful experience, but he can’t get free. His cock is big, hard and aching. He wants to cum, he wants her to cum. His mind is racing as he watches her, wanting to enjoy her, but dying at not being able to touch himself. He can’t recall his cock ever feeling this way. He stares at his cock, watching it swell and throb, wondering what he can do for it. He watches her, waiting for her to cum and hoping she’ll touch him. He hears a squeal and looks up as Jennifer’s pussy begins to pour onto their bed, her fingers still working hard and fast, not wanting it to end. She falls back in pleasure, her legs still spread and her lips so wet. He can smell her and his cock is absolutely screaming for someone’s touch. She leans up, sweat dripping from her breasts to her belly, she’s winded her hair is damp. On her hands and knees she crawls to him. “Darin,” she says slipping a hand between her legs, “taste my cum, Darin. Taste it. Taste me.” She shoves a finger deep into her pussy and then immediately into his mouth. His lips and tongue pull at her fingers as she lifts them up and away, teasing him, then back down, satisfying him. “Jen,” Darin moans, “I have got to cum, please baby, my cock hurts.”
She ignores his requests and climbs up onto his face, smothering him with her pussy. “Taste me, Darin,” she demands, “eat me.” His lips and tongue go crazy on her pussy, it’s hot and wet and tastes wonderful. Jennifer grabs their headboard and grinds her pussy into his face. “Eat my pussy, Darin.” She cums again and again… wonderful, fast orgasms onto her lover’s face and into his mouth. She races off of him and kisses him hungrily, biting his lips and dragging his tongue out with her mouth.
She notices the marks on his wrists from tugging at the belt and she can see the head of his cock is huge and swollen. “Darin, honey,” she says as she unbinds his hands, “forgive me?” As soon as his hands are loose, he grabs her at her waist and flips her over as if she weighs nothing. He takes his cock in his hand and runs it up between her wet pussy, soaking it with her juices. Lying over her back he supports himself with one hand and with the other he drives his wet cock into her ass. Her body quivers under him and his back arches as he fucks her ass hard and deep. Ramming his cock into her, making her pay for tying him up and torturing him.
He leans over and nibbles and bites on her back and shoulders, stopping just to kiss her neck and whisper sweet words into her ear. He knows he’s about to cum, hard. He puts both hands on the bed and fucks her fast and deep. Her beautiful round ass shaking at each thrust and he can hear her moans and screams of pleasure. He takes one long slow stroke out and as he begins to explode into her he shoves his cock in her ass, deep, deep into her beautiful ass. Releasing all of himself into her he collapses and reaches his hands under her warm body, cupping her breasts.
“Honey,” he says completely breathless, ” I love you.”
She’s quietly smiling as he lifts himself off of her, spreading her legs and planting one sweet, sweet kiss on her pussy lips. Rolling her over he lies with her, holding her and kissing her. They lie melted together and wonderfully in love. Jennifer looks back and Darin and her eyes shine brightly.
“So?” she asks, “do you forgive me?”
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1. rememberme says:
I love your work, I would love to be able to be as creative with my writings as you are
I would love to be able to talk with you about how you come up with your ideas and how to become a better writer
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The Silk Road
by Alma Kunanbay
Nomads and nomadism have been intimately linked to Silk Road trade and culture since ancient times ("nomad" derives from Greek nomos, "pasture"), and, at the debut of the 21st century, still constitute a vital if all too often endangered economic and social force in large parts of Inner Eurasia. From Siberian reindeer herders and Mongolian horse breeders to Turkmen shepherds and Tibetan yak drivers, modern-day pastoralists preserve a way of life that embodies some of the Silk Road region's most time-tested and ingenious traditions.
Marking the frontiers of the great civilizations of China, Iran, India, and Greece, the historical borders of the nomadic world have been indefinite and diffuse. Nomads and settled peoples have long existed in a complementary relationship, and in the history of trans-Eurasian trade and cultural exchange, nomads have been like blood vessels that circulated the oxygen of ideas and distributed new technologies and products along the Silk Road. In particular, nomads provided temporary accommodation and security, stabling and fodder for the animals of merchants and blacksmiths for making horseshoes, kept vitally important wells, established markets for the exchange of goods — that is, everything without which international trade along such a huge road would not have survived long. Nomads can be proud of their historical achievements, which include movable dwellings, clothing suitable for riding horseback, felt and leather utensils, and the equine harness. They invented kumiss (fermented mare's milk), the art of hunting with birds of prey, and bowed stringed instruments that are the ancestors of the cello and violin.
Nomadism on the steppes of Eurasia is thought to have originated around 3,000 years ago. It was not, however, the first source of human livelihood on the steppes. Archaeological evidence shows that migratory herding had been preceded by a complex livestock-raising and agricultural economy. Nomadism arose in response to ecological and climatic factors: first and foremost, inadequate food and water resources, which led people to depend increasingly on hunting. They then began to migrate in pursuit of the animals they hunted, following the seasonal migrations of wild mammals in Eurasia's arid steppe zone. In turn, selective breeding created an ecological niche that favored domesticated animals over their wild counterparts.
Present-day nomadic groups — Buryats, Kalmyks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Mongols, Turkmens, and Yakuts, to name a few — practice diverse types of stockbreeding and patterns of migration, belong to different religions, and speak different languages. At root, however, they represent two distinct linguistic groups, Turkic and Mongolian, and this binary distinction resonates in other aspects of nomadic culture. For example, the dwellings of Turkic nomads have spherical roofs, while those of Mongolian groups have conic roofs. Turkic nomads orient the entrance of their dwelling to the east, while among Mongolians, the entrance always faces south. Turkic nomads wear soft footwear, drink clear tea, and slaughter sheep in a way that drains away the blood; Mongolian nomads wear hard footwear, drink tea mixed with milk, butter, salt, and flour, and slaughter sheep in such a way as to preserve the blood (which is made into blood sausage).
Nomad civilization has its own laws governing the organization of time and space, and nomads follow very sensitively the cycles of nature. In the words of one song, they are in continual pursuit of eternal spring. The primacy of movement serves as the basis of the nomads' entire worldview. For them, everything that is alive is in movement, and everything that moves is alive: the sun and moon, water and wind, birds, and animals.
The low fertility of the soil does not allow nomads and their herds to stay in any one area for a long time. Overgrazing can have dire results — at the extreme, removing a pasturage from economic use for a period of years. In order to maximize the yield of a pasturage, nomads have to judge precisely when to drive their herds from one pasture to the next, leaving the abandoned area to rejuvenate over the course of a year. Migration with livestock is an unavoidable fact of survival, and during the process of natural and forced selection, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and horses have been selected for their suitability for lengthy migrations. Indeed, the symbol of nomadism is the horse, whose praise is sung in songs, epic tales, and stories. The winged flying horse, called by various names — e.g., Tulpar, Jonon Khar — like Pegasus of the ancient Greeks, is a beloved character of legends and a source of poetic inspiration.
At the earliest signs of spring, nomads drive their cattle to spring pastures where the animals give birth to their young, and sheep have their spring dip and are shorn. Spring is a time of hope and the beginning of the new cycle of life marked by the observance of the New Year, called Nawruz (in Persian, "new day") among the Turks and Tsagan Sara (literally, "white sacred month") among the Mongols. Without lingering long, nomads drive their animals on to summer pastures, where the happiest time of the nomadic year begins. Summer is a season of fattening for the animals and is characterized by an abundance of food, games and holidays for the young, and meetings with relatives as different migratory paths crisscross. At the same time there are preparations for the hard winter ahead: sewing clothes, weaving rugs, beating felt. With the onset of the first cool days, nomads undertake their migration to fall pastures where they shear sheep and camels, prepare milk and meat for the winter, and return to winter quarters.
This nomadic cycle is not exactly the same each year, for the seasons themselves are not the same from one year to the next. Yet what remains constant for the nomad is the sensation of a natural rhythm of movement, stable forms of social organization, and abiding relationships among people. Success in nomadic life depends on mastery of a vast body of collective knowledge amassed over centuries. This knowledge, passed on from father to son and mother to daughter, embraces an entire complex of tradecraft, domestic know-how, and moral norms.
A nomad's memory preserves thousands of sounds, colors, and smells: the smell of smoke rising from the hearth of a yurt and flatbread frying in fat; of felt and fluffy hides warming from body heat in the cold night; of steppe grasses and flowers in the spring, especially wild tulips and irises; of the bitter dust of fall and the fresh snow of winter. Those smells bring back memories of places where the senses received their first lessons in the never-ending variety of life.
Nomadism would be impossible without transportable dwellings, and among Eurasian nomads, evidence of such dwellings comes from ancient times. Describing the campaign of the Scythians against the Persian armies of Darius in the 5th century B.C.E., the Greek historian Herodotus mentions felt dwellings on carts. Herodotus's observation is echoed in the description of "felt Turkic carts" by Friar Willem van Rubruck, who, as the envoy of Louis IX of France, traveled the Eurasian steppes in 1252–54 on his voyage to Karakorum, then the capital of the Mongol empire. The carts that carried such felt homes were 30 feet wide and pulled by 33 pairs of oxen. While probably quite comfortable, such structures were cumbersome to transport, and could only be moved at a very slow pace.
The yurt is the universal dwelling of nomads in Inner Eurasia and represents a unique achievement of human genius. As the name of a kind of dwelling, "yurt" entered general usage from Russian. In Central Asia itself "yurt" is a polysemous word that can mean "community," "family," "relatives," "people," "land," or "countryside." Turkic-speaking nomads call their dwellings kiyiz üy, "felt home." Mongolian speakers use the term ger.
For nomads, the yurt is rich in symbolism that represents both the macrocosmic and microcosmic world. The yurt duplicates the endless hemisphere of the sky, called Tengri, which is also the name of God among nomadic animists, with the round opening of the smoke hole symbolizing the sun. Set on the emerald green grass of a mountain slope, covered with white felt and richly ornamented, the yurt suggests a bird alighting on the slope to rest. At first glance quite simple, the yurt is at the heart of the traditional nomadic worldview. It provides a model and symbol of humanity and the universe, and is the key to understanding nomadic civilization.
Putting together a yurt is a magical act that for nomads represents the original creation: the transformation of Chaos into the Cosmos, Disorder into Order. Conversely, dismantling the yurt creates a reverse transformation. Each step in erecting a yurt has a symbolic meaning, of which participants in the process are keenly aware. Moreover, the yurt has been anthropomorphized so that its parts are described by the same words used to name parts of the human body. For example, the center of the yurt where the hearth is located is known as the "navel"; walls are "thighs"; the interior of the lattice frame is the "womb"; the roof is called "shoulders"; the opening in the smoke hole is an "eye"; the wooden frame is called "bones" or "skeleton," and the felt covering is "clothing." Herders say that each yurt has its own spirit, which is why guests bow their heads and pronounce greetings when entering a yurt, even if no one is home.
The inside of a yurt has a sacred character and is also imbued with its own symbolism. The spot opposite the entrance is the place of honor and is reserved for people who are closer to the Upper World by virtue of their social status, age, or artistic gifts. At the same time, this seat provides a vantage point from which the occupant can view the entire yurt, with men conventionally seated on the right side and women on the left. The spot close to the door is for people considered to be closest to the Lower World, for example, the poor and the sick.
The center or "navel" of the yurt is the hearth, which should never be crossed, even when no fire is burning. Violating this taboo may even be dangerous, as it can evoke retribution from the spirits. The hearth is a sacred territory, the place of fire through which the worldly axis passes as it unites the Upper, Middle, and Lower worlds. It is along this axis that life itself rotates, and, in particular, the life of the inhabitants of the felt dwelling.
In their traditional daily lives, nomads do not know an unadorned space. All of their surroundings, beginning with the internal appointments of the yurt, are adorned or ornamented by their own skilled hands. To "ornament" is to domesticate, to turn an object into a part of one's own cultural universe. Thus everything that is locally produced, from simple household necessities like drinking vessels and blankets to specially crafted items like horse harnesses and jewelry, represents an inviolable link between art and life. Moreover, ornaments are not simply decoration, but comprise a special language that is essential knowledge for an understanding of nomadic arts.
From a tactile point of view, all the objects used by nomads in their daily lives exemplify the qualities of dryness and warmth. Leather is warm and dry, as are rugs, textiles, and wood that has been worked. But the warmest of all is felt. One might even ask through what magical process felt preserves its warmth for what seems like thousands of years. A well-dressed felt withstands the merciless ravages of time and provides a link between the nomadic past and nomadic present.
The yurt is not just a place of residence, but a home full of life — a place of daily work and rest, of festivities and holidays, of socializing and taking meals. The nomadic diet is high in protein and consists mostly of meat and milk products. Such food provides the energy people need to engage in hard physical labor and symbolizes not only physical, but also spiritual survival. The daily meal, with its symphony of tastes, customs, and rituals played and replayed in the life of every nomad since childhood, serves as a cornerstone of self-identity, and the shared meal is in its turn at the very epicenter of traditional nomadic culture. The ritual of seating guests around the yurt neatly sums up the social and familial relations of people in any given group, demonstrating hierarchy and priorities.
Nomadic hospitality rituals are strongly regulated; they provide an opportunity to exchange news and for guests — at the behest of their host — to talk about themselves, their travels, and events in the place where they live. Genealogical ties between hosts and guests are thoroughly discussed, and elders recount historical legends and stories. Among the means of communication particular to life on the steppe is a unique form of transmitting information known as the "long ear": whatever is discussed around the dastarqan (tablecloth) can already be known the next day for hundreds of miles around. How, and by what means? Who knows!
Nomadic life is marked by eternal circles — the circle of the sun, the open steppe, the circumference of the yurt, the horned circular scroll of ornaments, the life cycle of the müshels or "twelve-year animal cycle." The completion of one circle leads to the beginning of the next, and each moment of transition is consciously and carefully marked by the appropriate customs, rituals, and holidays. One of the turning points is Nawruz, the beginning of the calendar year that occurs on the vernal equinox, March 21–22.
Preparations for Nawruz begin early; homes are cleaned, new clothes are sewn. On the eve of Nawruz, nomads light bonfires and jump over them, young people wander about with lighted torches, women gather to cook large pots of a soup called sumelak or Nawruz kozhe made of seven ingredients — water, salt, meat, wheat, millet, rice, and milk. Stirring the soup, they sing special songs and pronounce blessings. With the sunrise, they sit down to the first meal of the new year and, as they eat, wish one another a long life. Then they call upon relatives, who await them in their yurts with spreads of delicious food. The holiday continues with horse competitions. At meals, elders are offered a boiled sheep's head, there are songs, and bards engage in verbal dueling competitions. Meanwhile, young people play games like "White Bone," which consists of looking for a sheep's tibia bone that has been thrown into the open steppe — into a magical night full of laughter and freedom under a spring sky filled with stars.
The holiday has provided a short but joyous respite on the path of life, and as it recedes into memory, a new morning arises in the endless steppe, signifying yet another beginning, another rebirth. It is a rebirth in which nomads believe wholeheartedly, a rebirth that carries them through snowstorms and intense heat, losses and disappointments, betrayals and challenges, and all the tests of fate that lead to the future.
Alma Kunanbay specializes in ethnomusicology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. She is the author of more than 30 articles and two books, The Soul of Kazakhstan (with photographs by Wayne Eastep) and Boris Asafyev On Folk Music (with Izaly Zemtsovsky) and has taught at universities in the United States, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Portions of this article have been adapted from The Soul of Kazakhstan.
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Dangers of Drinking Too Much Water
Is There Such Thing as Drinking Too Much Water?
When exercising, you've got to watch out for dehydration caused by the combination of excessive sweating and not drinking enough water. To avoid the dizziness, headaches, and dry throat associated with this condition, you probably load up on water while working out, but you don't want to overdo it.
There is such a thing as drinking an excess of water. It's known as hyponatremia or water intoxication, and it's the opposite of dehydration. It basically means you have an abnormally low concentration of sodium in your blood. Guzzling a ton of water in a short amount of time can overload your kidneys and cause a drop in blood sodium levels. Sodium is important to your body because it's an electrolyte (just like potassium and chloride). Your cells need these minerals in order to pass electrical impulses to other cells for normal bodily functions. A drop in sodium levels in your blood can cause water to enter your brain, which will cause it to swell. Symptoms include fatigue, headache, disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, nausea, restlessness, seizures, and may result in a coma or death.
To hear about how to care for and prevent hyponatremia, read more.
If you're experiencing these symptoms, then your doctor may recommend you cut back on your fluid intake, and increase the level of sodium in your diet. If your symptoms are severe, you may need intravenous fluids to raise the sodium levels in your blood. Medication may be necessary to manage your nausea, headache, and dizziness.
To prevent water intoxication, don't consume more than 34 ounces of water per hour. When working out for extended periods of time, you may want to drink a sports drink that contains electrolytes. If you're wondering how much water you should be getting each day, check out Fit's Calculator.
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Vegas father grieves death of Air Force captain son - FOX5 Vegas - KVVU
Vegas father grieves death of Air Force captain son
Posted: Updated:
Air Force Capt. Reid Nishizuka (Courtesy: Ricky Nishizuka) Air Force Capt. Reid Nishizuka (Courtesy: Ricky Nishizuka)
A Las Vegas man is mourning the loss of his son, a captain in the United States Air Force.
FOX5 spoke to Ricky Nishizuka by phone. He lives in Las Vegas but was in Dover, DE, with his family honoring his late son, Air Force Capt. Reid Nishizuka, who lost his life in the line of duty when the plane he was flying crashed in Afghanistan on April 27.
"I opened the door, and my jaw dropped when I saw three officers in Air Force uniforms holding a little folder in their hand, and my heart just stopped," said Ricky Nishizuka, describing the day he got the visit no parent of a serviceman wants to receive. The officers were there to tell him his 30-year-old son had died overseas.
The Air Force captain and Hawaii native was just 10 days into his fifth deployment to the Middle East when the plane he was flying crashed, killing him and three other airmen. The Department of Defense is investigating what caused the crash. Initial reports indicate no enemy activity in the area when the plane went down.
The grieving father says Nishizuka died doing what he loved most - flying airplanes. "From when he was five years old, he'd spot planes in the sky and know exactly what kind of plane it was," Ricky Nishizuka said.
Flying is a passion Reid Nishizuka instilled in his younger brother, fellow Air Force Pilot Chad Nishizuka. Now he has the responsibility of seeing that his older brother's body returns safely to his hometown of Kailua, Hawaii. "Since I'm military as well, I'm able to escort him back. I'll be with him the entire time if we need to stop somewhere or transport him. I'll be with him at all times," Chad Nishizuka said.
Chad Nishizuka wasn't the only person inspired by the captain. Friends and family say he was a modern-day Renaissance man, whose only weakness was a good glass of wine.
Ricky Nishizuka says he will never stop being proud of his son's tireless dedication to his country. "He's just overall a great person, and I dearly miss him," he said.
Thursday, Dover Air Force Base hosted a small memorial for the four servicemen killed in the crash. The family will also have a funeral in Hawaii before Ricky Nishizuka returns home to Las Vegas.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80017
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feels. .
hide menu
Views: 35355
Favorited: 53
Submitted: 01/22/2014
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#6 - mffinmanu (01/23/2014) [-]
I have the coolest mustache right now
#36 - pappathethird (01/23/2014) [+] (2 replies)
lol, I'm taking these
#24 - datlaugh (01/23/2014) [+] (2 replies)
#18 - boomboomsha ONLINE (01/23/2014) [+] (1 reply)
he pulls her in a kayak while he's swimming?
User avatar #19 to #18 - idividedbyzero (01/23/2014) [-]
Go big or go home, man.
User avatar #4 - poetsofthefall ONLINE (01/23/2014) [+] (16 replies)
I'm all for gay people and their parades and functions and whatnot, but why do they have to prance around in their underwear? If any other group of people did that at a parade, they would probably be arrested.
#2 - drbrainbleach ONLINE (01/23/2014) [-]
User avatar #8 - idkdw (01/23/2014) [+] (4 replies)
Can't kids in wheelchairs still be able to sit on a swing and get pushed, without being on their wheelchair?
#61 - lordmoldywart (01/23/2014) [+] (1 reply)
Now that right here is happiness...
...or down syndrome, I'm not quite sure yet.
#40 - cjasper (01/23/2014) [-]
"dresses up as"
#5 - anonymous (01/23/2014) [-]
A little back-story for the charging one. They were one of the few places that kept power after Hurricane Sandy and they put extension cords out so that people could charge their phones and get in touch with their family to let them know they are okay, or handle any business they needed to.
#46 - communistninja (01/23/2014) [-]
There is a wheelchair park in my hometown
a kid from the town died from MLD..... her mom saw a drawing she had made for a tree house. which was her dream to have.
The town pooled together their money and build a park, with handicap swings, and they recreated the tree house from her deceased daughter's drawing
sad, but sweet at the same time
User avatar #37 - missmieze (01/23/2014) [+] (2 replies)
Im sorry but i still think that these wheelchair swings are fukken stupid....you can lift your child out of the chair and place it on the swing....its the same and everyone can use it....
i just dont get it
#27 - anonymous (01/23/2014) [-]
This was in a Brazilian Beach.
Not all of us are "Hu3Hu3Hu3 BR".
#21 - theplogyr (01/23/2014) [+] (13 replies)
>Accepting homosexuals
Ergo not Christians. I'm tired of uncultured fucks who don't know shit about even the religion they claim to adhere to. And they complete their shitty census claiming said religion, allowing the state to continue to support its institutions. Fuck you and your pretended mature shit like "Christian acceptance". Read up!
#53 to #21 - awesomesaucetime (01/23/2014) [-]
mwf my wife and i are bi and here devout christian aunt loved us like her own children to the day she died.
suck a fat cock
suck a fat cock
User avatar #90 - scoobi (01/23/2014) [-]
The last one.... so many feels
User avatar #82 - CrabFace (01/23/2014) [+] (1 reply)
"pushes her wheelchair for the run."
He's holding her.
#14 - jaergerjaquez **User deleted account** has deleted their comment [+] (1 reply)
Leave a comment
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80018
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hide menu
User avatar #4 - mastersaturday ONLINE (08/14/2013) [-]
Why? Because that shit is hard as fuck to memorize.
#30 to #4 - tinysea (08/15/2013) [-]
Here's one of the songs
It's the jack in the box song
it goes
x equals negative b
plus or minus square root
b squared minus 4ac
all over 2 A
User avatar #25 to #4 - nicolbolas (08/15/2013) [-]
we learned a song to the tune of "Row Your Boat" in algebra 2
oppostite of b
plus of minus square root of b squared
minus 4 times a times c
all divided by 2 a
Tests were a big hum along.
User avatar #35 to #25 - mlpokeyuan (08/15/2013) [-]
I learned this:
a negative boy was positive or negative about going to a radical party. He decided to be square and not miss out on 4 asian chicks. The party was over at 2 a.m."
User avatar #11 to #4 - Seventeen (08/14/2013) [-]
i've had that memorized since i was 11 or 12 because my dad drilled it into my head even though i didn't understand what it meant.
you can imagine how pissed i was when it was written with other formulas at the top of my GCSE maths exam 4 years later.
User avatar #10 to #4 - kingofants ONLINE (08/14/2013) [-]
No it's not.
User avatar #5 to #4 - kommandantvideo (08/14/2013) [-]
Don't you know the song?
User avatar #7 to #6 - kommandantvideo (08/14/2013) [-]
There's some little song to help remember the equation, like the alphabet song. I don't know it though, at least not by heart.
User avatar #15 to #7 - tragicrhapsody (08/15/2013) [-]
Say the whole formula to the tune to the pop goes the weasel
User avatar #16 to #15 - kommandantvideo (08/15/2013) [-]
That's what it is
#17 to #16 - tragicrhapsody (08/15/2013) [-]
no problem
no problem
Friends (0)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80019
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Celebrities See All
Quick Links
This week, Miami's La Gorce Country Club gave His Airness, Michael Jordan, ye olde royal boot for wearing, golfing in for 12 holes, and then refusing to change out of his cargo pants. You see, Jordan's bold fashion sense and preference for multiple, large pockets were both in direct violation of the club's dress code -- he must've missed the dutiful skywriters tracing and retracing "NO CARGO PANTS" in the Florida sky above the course 24/7.
Thing is, Jordan, a junior practitioner of Shaq Fu, has a long, denim-filled history of poor clothing choices and it's never caused a problem before, even when it should have. Since there is no What Not To Wear: NBA Edition, I'll play Stacy London and Clinton Kelly's fashion police to Air Jordan's wardrobe's infected eyesores.
Clothes: Pirate belt, dark tan baggy khakis, T-shirt cribbed from Beetlejuice.
Where it should've gotten him banned: Chess tournaments, the Museum of Modern Art, a nude beach for the colorblind.
Why it's a terrible outfit: The monochromatic look is tough to pull off, and largely only makes sense if you're in a Cure cover band. (Like this one, The Cured.) But Michael Jordan's repeated brash outspokenness against New Wave and it being "not real music" would clash almost as much as a brown belt and khakis with a shirt juxtaposing black and white so starkly. Almost.
Clothes: Leather sports coat, black T-shirt, oversized jeans
Where it should've gotten him banned: Callbacks for Swingers, mafia hideouts, John "Cougar" Mellencamp album covers.
Why it's a terrible outfit: Anywhere he goes, his head is going to look Photoshopped onto his body. I mean. Look at it. Even his body language here practically shouts, "Yeah, this is pretty terrible, but my oversized denim button-down shirt and denim Kangol cap were both in the wash."
Clothes: Head to toe in Smurf-colored Jordan brand sweats and sneakers, diamond friendship bracelet from Phil Jackson
Where it should've gotten him banned: Teletubbies conventions, the hottest runways in Paris, any of the countries participating in Live 8.
Why it's a terrible outfit: It's not terrible, if "I'm a walking thumb in a glove with a hole in it" is what you're going for. Oh. Jordan's publicist has just informed us this is what Jordan wears to go shop for more clothes at Aldi's. Yeah, I didn't know Aldi's sells clothes either.
Clothes: Cable-knit sweater, white T-shirt, peach-colored Kangol cap, Transformers giveaway watch won by mailing in six Life cereal box tops.
Where it should've gotten him banned: Two and a Half Men's wardrobe room (circa 2010), Sesame Street (the actual street), TED Talks, any Arby's.
Why it's a terrible outfit: This exact same outfit has caused Michael Jordan's showing up unexpectedly at kickball games in Charleston, South Carolina and bartending at Austin's Shangri-Las during SXSW has mistakenly caused bloggers to report him as a particularly jovial Bill Murray in blackface.
Clothes: Chicago White Sox uniform.
Where it should've gotten him banned: Major League Baseball.
Why it's a terrible outfit: Self-explanatory.
Clothes: A gray wizard's robe, Hitler mustache.
Where it should've gotten him banned from: Scott Gordon's bar mitzvah at the Hilton's.
Why it's a terrible outfit: It should go without saying, but it's completely tasteless: The wizard robe is concealing a pair of tacky, tacky cargo jeans. I mean, who needs that many pockets, really?
From Around the Web
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You gotta love the names that them military folk come up with. The black, slender shaped boxes is an ‘area denial system’, while the yellow thing is a shotgun outfitted with both a taser for close range combat and taser shotgun bullets for long range combat. We didn’t care so much about the price or availability, but the ‘wow’ factor. Some how I think you’ll agree.
Christen Costa
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80032
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Please give an HONEST opinion on multiplayer
#1pyrokinesis666Posted 11/13/2012 4:58:29 PM
Is better or worse than mw3.
i loved bo1, is this anything like mp in that
#2Mander1861Posted 11/13/2012 4:58:52 PM
Evolution is fact. Gamefaqs Life coach and mentor.
#3Turtlemayor333Posted 11/13/2012 4:58:55 PM
Better than MW3
Worse than Black Ops
#4fizzle2222Posted 11/13/2012 4:59:39 PM
better than MW3 for sure
--- - Stay Frosty~
#5duericPosted 11/13/2012 4:59:50 PM
IMHO, it is much closer to MW3 than Blops.
Same issues regarding connection, but better in general. If that makes any sense?
#6bozthemanPosted 11/13/2012 5:05:12 PM
Hated MW3, enjoying Black Ops 2. Spawning can be a mess sometimes. GOOD GAME.
#7BrockObamaPosted 11/13/2012 5:06:26 PM
I don't think this game is much like MW3 or Black Ops. BO2 feels like a pretty unique game to me.
Much better than MW3. Probably better than BO1, but that's closer.
#8Dakota_DevilPosted 11/13/2012 5:08:15 PM
From: Turtlemayor333 | #003
Better than MW3
Worse than Black Ops
This pretty much
From way downtown......BANG!
#9bazz_aaronPosted 11/13/2012 5:08:53 PM
Good design, but yet again rubbish maps. Small and cluttered and almost no variety in how they play.
#10vigorm0rtisPosted 11/13/2012 5:10:02 PM
Turtlemayor333 posted...
Better than MW3
Worse than Black Ops
Not sure about this yet. I mean, decidedly better than MW3, but I haven't played enough to decide whether it's worse than BO.
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Wii U tablet's original design had traditional analog sticks
Posted by: David Sanchez
See that header image above? Of course you do! Well, that's an early concept design for the Wii U controller. It didn't look too different, but you may have noticed some minor alterations in the more recent revision.
For starters, a few buttons are in different locations on the tablet device. But more importantly, look at those analog sticks on the original design! Those aren't circle pads like we see on the 3DS or the current Wii U controller model. Those are traditional analog sticks.
You can check out some more diagrams of the Wii U controller's earlier design right next to the revised version on NeoGAF. It's pretty cool seeing the slight changes made to the conept. Even the protruding grips were different.
Personally, I kind of wish Nintendo would have stuck with analog sticks. Still, the company may change things up before the Wii U's launch and show off a newly designed controller with regular analogs instead of circle pads. We'll find out for sure in the coming months.
Tags: Nintendo, Wii U
Anonymous User
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80038
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Dark Souls 2 reveals an additional 2 shields from the community designed collection, Praise the Sun!
Posted by: Andrew Clouther
Last week, we say the first two of the Dark Souls II ‘Shield Design Contest’ which went down last May. Not only will these shields appear in game, but they are also being created by the French blacksmiths Armédia. Not only is that a huge honor but it’s just downright awesome. If all of that wasn’t enough, the winners of the shield designing contest also take home a colelctor’s edition of Dark Souls II.
These two winners are Alexandre Etiennes Jonathan Du Casse and Denis “DasHurz” Bachmaier. Alexandre’s Phoenix Parma is a rounded shield with the emblem of a phoenix. The flavor test says: “Greatshield of the king’s loyal knight Syan. The king commissioned this greatshield specially for his loyal knight, but Syan met his demise before its completion.”
Ash Shield
Denis’ Sunlight Parma is a round shield honoring the Sunlight Warrior. The color alones makes me want to praise the sun. The flavor test says: “A small shield depicting a hero of yore. Perhaps these famed chapions are no more, or perhaps they have no desire appear in public view. But their very absence has made tales of their beave deeds all the more alluring, and this shiled memorializes one of their brethren.” Can you say, Solaire?
Sunligh Bro Shield
The last two shields will be revealed on January 31st, keep in tune!
Tags: Dark Souls II, culture
Anonymous User
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Five best video game spin-offs of all time
[Continued] Page 6
Pokemon Snap
I remember being rather disappointed when Pokemon Snap was first announced. I was a huge Pokemon fan, and it seemed rather stupid for Nintendo to be wasting time on some photography simulator, when they could've been making a full 3D Pokemon adventure. Then one day, I came across a demo station in Toys R Us and finally gave the game a shot.
I spent the rest of the week forcing my parents to drive me back to Toys R Us, just so I could keep playing the most addictive video game I'd ever encountered.
Pokemon Snap is hands down, the best Pokemon game ever created, and the fact that there hasn't yet been a sequel seems almost criminal. The game is essentially a rail shooter, though instead of shooting down dragoons (or whatever), players are tasked with snapping pictures of Pokemon. Back at the lab, Professor Oak goes through your snaps and rates them by how well you filled the frame, how many Pokemon are in the shot, and what actions the Pokemon are performing. Pikachu riding a surfboard? Mad points. The back of a Geodude's head after you've hit him in the head with an apple? Not so much.
Even though the actual game was rather short, there was something undeniably addictive about replaying the same levels over and over, trying every trick in the book to get a rare shot. Some Pokemon had to be enticed with food, others scared from hiding by shock balls, while real photo geniuses knew what environmental set-pieces could be struck, unlocking hidden paths and even forcing some Pokemon to evolve.
Really, it sounds crazy to someone who's never played it, but this game cannot be put down. Once I spent hours practicing the timing needed to arrive at the bridge just in time for a trio of Butterfree to fly into frame. That shot was a work of art my friends, and my only regret is not printing off a sheet of stickers from one of those Pokemon Snap kiosks they had at Blockbuster Video.
Best of all, there's no wrong way to play Pokemon Snap. My buddy once made it his goal to fill his photo album only with pictures of Pokemon who just had an apple chucked at their face. Professor Oak was a bit confused to see an album filled only with pictures of Pokemon abuse, but those photos were a work of Warhol-level genius.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80040
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Activity Feed
Rank: Newbie
Site Activity
Default-user nickk
I dont hate Microsoft and both them and Sony are just out for our money but sony was a lot smarter and didnt try to rip us off with drm (at least after MS did). I also dont mind kinect (and the $100 more) nor do I favor one console's game lineup over the other. The reason I picked ps4 this gen is plain and simple: they are giving us a console with a better GPU and faster RAM. Of course specs arent everything but theyre pretty damn important considering these consoles will be around for several years. And as you pointed out most games I want to play (battlefield, cod, elder scrolls etc) are always multiplatform. Many people quote developers who say the consoles are very similar, but theyre referring to the architecture (which itself isnt that similar), and obviously they make games for both and so dont want to bad-mouth one console. Yet others argue developers will code for the lowest common denominator (as they did this generation) which is wrong because similar architecture will allow ps4 to have better texture detail and/or higher frames per second. Even microsoft admitted sony has better specs (look it up). I currently have a 360 but will definitely be buying ps4 first, and perhaps xbox one in a few years.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80045
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How to Grow Hass Avocado Trees
Though there are over 900 varieties of avocado in the world, the majority of the avocados you find in the supermarket are Hass avocados. The Hass avocado is an avocado variety with a purplish-black skin color and a nutty flavor that ripens after it is picked. All Hass avocados are descended from a single mother tree of an unknown subspecies. You can grow a Hass avocado tree directly from the pit of a store-bought Hass avocado.
Step 1
Scrub your avocado seed to remove the outer coating.
Step 2
Insert three toothpicks into the seed at equal points around the center circumference of the seed of the way down from the narrow end of the seed.
Step 3
Place the seed into the mouth of a quart jar with the wide end pointing downward so that the toothpicks prevent the seed from falling into the jar. Fill the jar with water so that the bottom 1/3 of the seed is covered with the water.
Step 4
Wait until roots form from the lower part of the seed and the top begins to split open and sprout. Pot the avocado seedling so that the pit is halfway buried in a 6-inch container with well-drained potting soil. Place the container in a sunny windowsill.
Step 5
Re-pot the avocado in a slightly larger container after the plant becomes root bound. Avocados do well when they're slightly root bound. Transplant your avocado into a sunny location with well-drained soil if you live in zone 9 or warmer. If you live in zone 8 or cooler, leave your avocado tree in a container.
Step 6
Check the soil weekly by inserting your finger into the soil up to your second knuckle. Water the plant anytime the soil appears dry. Avocado plants like soil that is as damp as a wrung-out sponge.
Things You'll Need
• Hass avocado pit
• Toothpicks
• Quart jar
• Potting soil
• 6-inch container
• Watering can
• Texas A&M University: Avocado
• University of California: Ventura County Cooperative Extension - avocados
• Iowa State University Extension: On the Go With Avocados
Who Can Help
• Avocado Central: Hass Mother Tree
Keywords: Hass avocado, growing avocados, planting avocado pits
About this Author
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80069
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Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1963 Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray side view 644x231 custom Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1963 Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray
c22 300x225 Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1963 Corvette Sting Ray (rear view)
The 1963 Corvette introduced the Second Generation Corvette. It was also known as Chevrolet Corvette C2 and nick named “Sting Ray”. This generation extended for 5 years of production and was very famous for its new and innovative shapes. The 1963 model was the first year for a Corvette coupe and it featured a distinctive tapering rear deck (a feature that reappeared on the 1971 “Boat Tail” Buick Riviera) with, for 1963 only, a split rear window. The Sting Ray featured hidden headlamps, non-functional hood vents, and an independent rear suspension. The 1963 Corvette produced a maximum power of 360 HP featuring electronic ignition and the breakerless magnetic pulse-triggered Delcotronic.
In 1964, the maximum power of the engine was raised to 375 HP and the decorative hood vents were eliminated. Also, the rear split window was replaced by a full width rear window. This was the end of the very distinguished and unique split rear window.
1966 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray 427 300x152 Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1966 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Convertable
The 1965 model included a four-wheel disc brakes, as was a “big block” engine option, the 425 HP 396 cu in (6.49 L) V8. Side exhaust pipes were also optional in 1965 and continued through 1967. The 396 cu in (6.49 L) option cost US$292.70 while the fuel injected 327 cu in (5.36 L) engine cost US$538.00. Few people could justify spending US$245.00 more for 50 bhp (37 kW) less, even if the FI cars offered optional bigger brakes not available on carbureted models. With only 771 fuel-injected cars built in 1965, Chevrolet discontinued the option the following year.
Corvette Sting Ray 1966 wide 21 300x151 Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1966 Corvette Sting Ray
nfs mania nfs shift chevrolet corvette stingray 1967 300x168 Chevrolet Corvette 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967
1967 Corvette Sting Ray featured in “NEED FOR SPEED: SHIFT”
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1964 Corvette Sting Ray Featured in “Seven Pounds” movie starring “Will Smith”
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80083
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The Full Throttle wiki last edited by BeachThunder on 07/19/14 01:27AM View full history
Full Throttle, a graphical point-and-click adventure game, was developed and published by LucasArts. The game was released on April 30, 1995 in North America. It was designed and written by adventure game mastermind Tim Schafer , creator of other classic fan favorite adventure games such as The Secret of Monkey Island, Day of the Tentacle, Grim Fandango and Psychonauts.
Full Throttle was released on CD-ROM, featuring a full voice over soundtrack, quite unusual at this time. It was also one of the few LucasArts games at this time to use licensed music, provided by The Gone Jackals, a San Fransisco rock band. Several songs from their 1995 album, Bone to Pick, were featured in the game. Full Throttle also featured several voice acting professionals, such as Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, Steven Blum and Mark Hamill. Full Throttle was the first computer game to hire mostly Screen Actors Guild-registered professional voice actors instead of relying entirely on in-house talent, and also featured a few pieces of licensed music.
Full Throttle became a cult classic in its adventure game genre together with many other LucasArts and Tim Schafer video games. It also received rave reviews when it was released.
Full Throttle is a classic point and click PC adventure game, where the the player directs the character (Ben) around in a 2D playing field, left-clicking the mouse to direct Ben. Full Throttle uses a Pie menu, as a way to choose different ways to interact with other characters and objects in the game. A Pie Menu is a circular pop up menu which is activated by clicking and holding the left mouse button on any item or character to allow a roundish (Pie) menu with different selectable choices to appear. Pie menus are often context-sensitive, showing different options depending on what the mouse cursor was pointing at when the menu was requested.
Interaction system
Using this system interface: holding the left mouse button over an intractable item would bring up a graphic menu designed as a flaming skull (a biker tattoo), with icons featuring a fist ("use" or "hit"), eyes ("examine"), tongue ("speak" or "taste") and boot ("kick"). After the menu appears, the player clicks one of these icons to apply selection. The inventory (a horizontally stretched skull with a wide mouth containing the items) can be used by right-clicking anywhere on the screen.
Beside pointing and clicking Ben to desired locations and various actions, players can also ride a motorcycle in Full Throttle. This is done in certain portions of the game, where Ben is required to drive down canyon roads (the game takes place in the desert), fighting rival biker gang members. The fighting is done by using fists and kicks. When Ben beats an opponent he can then claim his reward from his beaten foe. This way Ben can upgrade his motorcycle fighting arsenal, going from bare fists to chains, planks and even a chainsaw.
The main protagonist in Full Throttle is Ben, the leader of biker gang outlaw group called the Polecats, one of the meanest and toughest gangs out on the road. Ben and his gang's adventure is set in a semi-apocalyptic future where hovercrafts is making it's way onto the vehicular industry, and motorized cars and motorcycles are considered ancient.
Full Throttle begins with Ben and his gang riding down Highway 9, when a huge, expensive-looking limousine lurks in the distance ahead of the gang.
Ben, in the lead, unceremoniously drives over the limousine, crushing the hood ornament. This excites the occupants, who later catch up with the gang to find out who they are. Ben and his gang relax at the Kick Stand bar where he is approached by Malcolm Corley, the CEO and founder of the last domestic motorcycle manufacturer in the country, Corley Motors.
Malcolm and Ripburger
Minutes later, all are laughing about Malcolm's past adventures when he was a biker. Before long, Corley's sinister vice president Adrian Ripburger enters the bar and asks to speak to Ben privately. He asks Ben to have the Polecats appear at the upcoming annual Corley Motors shareholder's meeting. When Ben declines, he is knocked out and thrown in a dumpster by Nestor and Bolus, personal bodyuards and hired goons of Adrian Ripburger, who seems to have designs on taking over the company.
Ben later wakes up, starts up his Bike, and rides fast for revenge! The front wheel has been loosened and Ben crashed hard. He wakes up at a crappy mechanics house, where he'd been brought by a reporter named Miranda, who manages to bring him there when unconscious. The mechanic on site is Maureen (Mo) who patches up his bike with a few parts she asks Ben to gather...
Ben later catches up with his gang in time to witness Ripburger cowardly murder Malcolm and later pin the murder on the Polecats. As a fugitive, Ben must cross the desert to find a way to clear his name, save his gang, and prevent Ripburger from turning Corley Motors into a hovercraft-minivan producer.
Ben Throttle
Ben and Father Torque.
Ben is the protagonist of the game and leader of the Polecats. Ben's name is only written as Ben Whatsisname in the game manual, and nowhere in the game is his last name referenced due to fears of legal action being taken from the makers of Biker Mice from Mars, an animated television series which featured a character by the name of Throttle.
Maureen "Mo" Corley
Maureen is Malcolm Corley's daughter and member of the chick biker gang The Vultures. She also works as a mechanic. Later, she inherits her father's company and abandons her biker lifestyle to run the company.
Malcolm Corley
Malcolm is the owner of Corley Motors, the last domestic motorcycle manufacturer, and highly regarded by all motorcycle gang. He's a legendary Motorcycle designer.
Adrian Ripburger
Adrian is the Vice-President of Corley Motors and the main antagonist of the game.
Bolus & Nestor
Bolus and Nestor are Malcolm Corley's bodyguards and personal drivers, though are secretly working for Adrian Ripburger as the thugs they are.
Father Torque
Father Torque is the former leader of the Polecats. As the "wise old man", he gives Ben advice on his journey. Looks like a Priest.
Suzi is the leader of the Vultures. She is the brains behind an operation to stop Adrian Ripburgers evil plans.
Todd Newlan
Todd lives in a trailer in Melonweed. He owns a junkyard. His best (and only) friend is his dog (Here poochie-pooch, pooch!).
Motorcycle Gangs
• The Polecats are the biker gang led by Ben. They spent most of the game off-screen in prison.
• The Cavefish are an underground biker gang/sect known for their eccentricities.
• The Rottwheelers are another biker gang whose members are considered dumb and ugly.
• The Vultures are a gang known for their secrecy.
Addition Information
• The Cavefish's suits are based on the Tusken Raiders/Sand People's suits from Star Wars: A New Hope (1977)
• Emmit, the trucker, has an Imperial logo tattoo (from the Star Wars universe) on his right arm
• Some of the Vultures are named after characters from LucasArts' Maniac Mansion (1987) for instance Wendy, Razor, and Sid.
• Roy Conrad, the man who voiced Ben, passed away January 18, 2002, at the age of 61.
• At one point Miranda says, 'Help me Ben, you're my only hope' which of course is a reference to Star Wars: A New Hope (1977).
• If players ask Emmet at the Melonweed Bar enough times, he'll let the player try out his 5-finger filet game.
Lucasarts sold a Corley Motors shirt that had Ben's motorcycle on the front with a character that could be a younger Malcom Corley standing next to it. Above the image read "Can't beat a Corley". The back had a large Corley Motors logo.
This edit will also create new pages on Giant Bomb for:
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80096
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It's not easy to perfectly nail that done-undone look, but when someone gets it right, she gets it right. Exhibit A: Iron Man 3 star Rebecca Hall. Check out her lovely lob, which embodied that effortlessly chic, perfectly piece-y, rock-star texture.
Cute, right? Here's a close-up view of the back:
Her hairstylist John D. (for Tresemme) shared his six-step process with us for how he styled this look:
1. Prep towel-dried hair by spraying a volumizing blow-dry lotion throughout the hair to add extra body.
2. Rough-dry hair with fingers to encourage the hair's natural wave. (If your hair is really coarse or curly, use a paddle brush to help smooth your strands out a bit.)
3. Spray hair with a heat-protect spray to protect against excess heat.
4. Create a wave pattern by wrapping small sections of hair around the curling iron. Release hair from the iron and tug on the ends while it's still warm to give the curl a loose, undone texture. Continue throughout the hair, starting from the back and working your way forward.
5. Once curling is complete, loosen up the waves with your hands to add some texture to the hair. Create a side part and tuck one side behind the ear.
6. Set the style by misting your hair with a finishing spray to lock in the piece-y texture.
There you go—that's how you re-create her envy-inducing, slightly wavy, you-know-you-want-to-run-your-fingers-through-them locks. Will you try it?
Photo credits: Getty Images
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80103
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Search Results for: jeffy
Jeffy is a creepy, creepy dude
“Could we have a conversation? When you go to let’s say a Christmas party and there are, you know, 150 people coming, and it’s at somebody’s house, and the invitation clearly says ‘you plus one,’ do you bring your runny-nosed kids?”
How did Jeffy get hired?
“I don’t remember hiring you. Who hired you? Seriously I don’t remember this happening. Holy cow, we didn’t hire him!”
Jeffy vs the camel
While most of us were busy working, Jeffy decided to ride a camel. It did not go well.
A shirt for Jeffy?
You know about my Israel shirt. And Pat and Glenn have theirs too. But what about Jeffy? This comes in from listeners Scott and Greg…
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80110
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Goodbye Old Kashgar
To Protect an Ancient City, China Moves to Raze It. The city is Kashgar, in the far west of China. I have read that Kashgar is the large city furthest from oceans on all directions. It’s a typical story of developers wanting to develop. You read articles like this about Beijing all the time (or did, I assume that most of the developing to be done has been done). One issue that I’m curious about though, my understanding is that China (and East Asia in general) has fewer buildings of great antiquity than in the West because so much of the monumental architecture was in wood. This results in ancient cities being viewed as relatively ephemeral, with the elements (especially fire) taking what humans don’t eventually tear down and reprocess. So there is very little of the earlier dynasties in the old imperial capital of Xi’an because the complexes of the imperial family and aristocrats were made of wood. Perhaps some of the reporting of how heartless Chinese bureaucrats are in regards to historic buildings suffers from a cultural gap whereby societies which materials like stone assume more permanence to architecture than those which rely in less durable medium such as wood.
Labels: , ,
1. This is right to the point. In Greece, you see more classic building or ruines than Roman ones because Roman buldings were made of bricks which are less durable as stones. Wood is worse than all others. Only place you can see some thousands years old wood buildings is cold and dry northwestern China. A wooden pagoda in northwestern china is example here
2. Urumqi is generally considered the furthest city from water, not Kashgar.
It’s less a story of developers wanting to develop than it is a story of China trying to smash the indigenous Uighur culture and further strengthen the Han grip on Xinjiang by sending in Han migrants, just as China is doing to Tibet. See the section of the NYT article about areas deemed unfit for Uighur architecture. The part about Chinese officials suffering sleepless nights over the thought of Uighurs dying in an earthquake is also classic.
3. Kashgar is one of the areas in China where you’d most expect to find ancient buildings — an entirely different ecology. It’s politically Chinese now but never has been Han (what we mean when we say “Chinese”), and it is much more like a trade city of comparable size in Uzbekistan or even Iran than it is like anything in China proper.
Political repression is the motive. There’s been unrest among the Uighurs for decades, and the Chinese very fluently capitalized on the 9/11 hysteria to justify escalating their repression.
4. The obvious reason that the best domestic neolitihic site in Britain is Skara Brae in Orkney is that Orkney has no trees.
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Originally Posted by indiansword View Post
so far what i have done is i have downloaded the ENTIRE web files from my ftp to the computer and scanned them with different AVs, but no such luck.
Sounds like a drive by infection pest. I looked around and found these:
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Deleted in Boise
by | January 27, 2009
A couple of weeks ago, Idaho Governor Butch Otter was in the midst of his annual address to the state legislature when he suddenly appeared confused, paused for an embarrassingly long time, then resumed. He later said he had lost his place. (You can watch Otter's moment of confusion here, starting at about minute 1:30).
It was only after Dan Popkey of the Idaho Statesman did a thorough reporting job that the truth came out: Otter was thrown off because the teleprompter showed him Version 8 of the speech, not the Version 9 that he was expecting.
That was more than just a technical issue -- Version 8 contained some controversial language recommending that localities in Idaho have the option of taxing themselves to provide for new roads and bridges. Right now they lack that power, so this would be a rather momentous change.
But legislative leaders didn't like the idea, and somewhere between Version 8 and Version 9 the local option language quietly disappeared. However, nobody remembered to inform the teleprompter people. Otter saw the words in there, and didn't know what to do. Finally he just skipped them.
When Popkey reported all this, however, local governments got excited. They realized that Otter almost certainly did favor local option -- he just agreed to take it out of the speech to avoid creating a public ruckus.
It's anybody's guess what will happen next, but the assumption in Idaho local government seems to be that local option is coming, one way or another. There may be some teleprompter reform on the horizon as well.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80214
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Answering the Call: 2. Gandalf
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2. Gandalf
"I must admit some surprise that you would come to me with your concerns, Aragorn, son of Arathorn. On your last visit, you were asking us to take on a burden, one we still carry. I am aware, as well, that Elrond raised you as a son, and Mithrandir has taken you into his confidence many a time. Why do you not turn to them now?"
Aragorn tried not to shift in response as he sat in the sumptuous chair in the receiving room of King Thranduil's palace, where he was met by Thranduil and his son, Legolas. The King of Mirkwood had every right to question his sudden appearance. He had already imposed on them the watch of the dreadful creature Gollum, and he was not here to relieve them of that duty. That Aragorn found himself in this room seeking advice surprised him as much as it did Thranduil. He had set out for Rivendell, but when obstacle after obstacle had blocked his path, he had been forced to admit he was being led east rather than west and had eventually turned his feet toward Mirkwood.
Vague yet pressing feelings of concern had set his feet on their path south, but by the time he had arrived in Mirkwood, his unease had developed into a sense of doom so deep and so urgent he could deny it no longer. Despite this, he was suddenly reluctant to utter a word. One did not come to the King of Mirkwood to speak of long-lost Rings. In fact, one did not speak of this Ring at all, if one respected Its power. More importantly, to convey his worries to King Thranduil meant relinquishing his denial as to what evil approached them all. Yet he knew in his blood, the same blood that once ran through Isildur's veins, what doom loomed over them: the Ring was no longer safely hidden in the Shire.
The Ring had been claimed.
Legolas interrupted when the man provided no answer to the King's questions. "Aragorn, has my father told you what gift Mithrandir has brought to the Greenwood?"
"No, he has not," Aragorn answered slowly. He waited out a cold twist in his stomach before continuing. "A gift, you say? Do I guess rightly that this gift is tied to the burgeoning peace I sensed upon my entrance into the forest? Never have I been so at ease in Mirkwood in all my years. But I have not spoken to the wizard since he asked me to find the creature Gollum. I have searched for Gandalf lately without success."
Legolas looked to his father, who began the tale hesitantly. "Mithrandir has purged the Shadow that long hung over this land and restored the Greenwood. The Orcs have been ousted; the spiders are gone. The Great Wood has been cleansed." Thranduil looked pleased but wary.
Aragorn struggled to hide his shock. Many thoughts crowded his mind; questions vied to be asked. He could only manage the simplest. "How? How could Gandalf do this?"
Thranduil glanced at Legolas, misgivings revealed for a brief moment. "We are unsure," Thranduil said cautiously.
A shiver ran up Aragorn's spine as realization settled upon him, as clear suddenly as the click of puzzle pieces snapping into place. His stomach fluttered while he prepared to ask a dreaded question. "You have spoken to Gandalf recently then?" They both nodded. "Did he seem... different in any way?"
Again, the shared glance before Thranduil answered, a decision between them apparently made. "Yes, Legolas and I both sensed a difference about Mithrandir, on more than occasion," he said slowly. "I have not been able to identify the source." He seemed to want to say more, but remained silent.
Legolas nodded. "Like my father, I too am at a loss to describe it."
Aragorn closed his eyes for a moment. He could not believe it. No, he would not. Gandalf would never. He tried to maintain his denial, but it collapsed under the weight of his instincts. A deep grief washed over him.
Everything had changed.
A mentor and friend for all his life, in that moment, Aragorn relinquished all hope of counsel from the wizard. He could ask naught of him now. Indeed, he might have already become the enemy.
He forced himself to ask more questions, hesitant as he was to learn the answers. "You say on more than one occasion. How often has he been here of late?"
Thranduil looked upon Aragorn intently, judgment and decision in his eyes. "He was a visitor not more than three months past, at which time he announced his intentions to clear the Greenwood. He was here again more recently, on my request to be a guest at a feast in his honor. All the elves of the Greenwood are grateful for what he has done - however it came to be," he finished in a whisper.
"Of course," Aragorn muttered distractedly. Suddenly there was much to do. He needed to return to the North immediately, warn the Rangers, and try to organize a defense of sorts. They would have no notion of what to expect, but they had to be prepared for the worst. Some words of Thranduil then caught his attention. "You say, 'however this came to be.' Do you have thoughts on how? Or as to the source of this 'difference' you have felt?"
Thranduil sighed after a moment. "I apologize. I have not the proper words to describe it. Perhaps some of the wizard's own words would better explain. They were ...not Mithrandir's words as I am accustomed to hearing them." He paused, hesitant then resolute. "We focus our warriors' efforts now on the small bands of Orcs that remain near Dol Guldur, aiming to rid the Greenwood entirely of Orcs and Spiders. Mithrandir seemed surprised, even ...patronizing, of my expectation that in time the Shadow could be banished entirely from the Wood."
Aragorn frowned in confusion. "Mithrandir seemed to think this an impossible task? Perhaps it is, if even he could not do it."
"Not so much impossible as too much to expect. His own words were, 'Evil has always been with us. And it shall continue to be so. We need only find a way to live with it with the least repercussions.'"
Aragorn sat back with wide eyes. "Indeed, those are not Gandalf's words."
"There was also," Aragorn heard a strain in his voice as the King continued, "the issue of the direction taken by the banished Orcs." As Legolas looked down guiltily, Aragorn was surprised to find the expression reflected in the King's face. "They go east," Thranduil said quietly.
"East? East of Mirkwood? That would take them into the lands of ...Erebor and Dale..."
"I brought this matter to Mithrandir and he merely questioned my concern for the Dwarves, which I will readily admit has often been lacking. But as I told Mithrandir," he continued, his voice growing in strength with his defensiveness, "no matter my opinion of Dwarves, I do not wish death upon them. The Dwarves should not pay for our peace." He became subdued then. "Mithrandir pointed out that he could send them west, if I felt too strongly about the toll on the Dwarves."
"There were other words," Legolas added tentatively as Aragorn silently absorbed the implications of Gandalf's words. "They do not seem to mean much on their own, but I feel in my heart they are important." He looked to his father now and saw no reprimand, so he continued. "I asked Mithrandir on his last visit how he came to be able to do this in our land. He said that he was able... his words were, 'By that precious power with which I have been gifted.'"
Immediately, the phrase touched a memory in Aragorn. His thoughts turned of their own accord to Gollum, and then he heard the sibilant rasp: my precioussss. Aragorn's blood turned to ice. He was silent for long moments, then suddenly sprung forward in his seat. "Lord, I am sorry to have taken your time, but I must beg your leave to depart at once. I must make haste for the North."
Thranduil and Legolas looked at Aragorn with confusion. "Did you not come here with great concerns?" Thranduil asked with annoyance. "Urgent concerns?"
"I did, lord. And I see that they are all the more urgent now. You have told me much already. More than I hoped to learn or desired to know, I daresay. I feel I must not say more - yet," he hastened to add. "I apologize for my abruptness," he continued as he donned his cloak, "but circumstances are more dire than I had feared."
Thranduil looked at Aragorn shrewdly. "These concerns of yours pertain to Mithrandir, do they not?" Reluctantly, Aragorn nodded.
"He is not the same being we once knew, is he?" Legolas asked. Aragorn shook his head. Legolas paused, then asked, "You will tell us more when you are able?" His son's quick acceptance of Aragorn's answer raised Thranduil's eyebrows.
"Yes, I swear to you," Aragorn said to the younger elf. When Legolas simply nodded, Aragorn appreciated the trust he showed in not pressing him for answers and hoped the King would extend his trust in him as far. "With good fortune, my suspicions will come to naught, or at the very least, the danger will soon pass." He knew there was likely no good fortune to be had regardless of the result, but he would not spread such words of doom just yet. "I will then be able to tell you all I know."
Thranduil looked calculatingly at him for a moment and rose from his chair with a deep sigh. "I will tell you openly, Aragorn, that in my heart I feel that what has come to pass is not for good, this change in Mithrandir, though his deeds belie that. He has freed us, yes. But his eyes tell me there will be a price for that freedom."
"Indeed," Aragorn said quietly. "A price we may all pay."
"Then I give you leave to do what you must. May the blessings of the Valar go with you," Thranduil said in farewell, briefly resting his hand on the man's shoulder.
Legolas looked upon Aragorn, heir of Isildur, his friend of many years, and suddenly felt a keen longing and foreboding. "May the stars always shine upon you, son of Arathorn."
Aragorn bowed to them both and left the land of the Greenwood.
Frodo turned to Gandalf hesitantly as they finished their tea. The wizard's appearances at Bag End had become less frequent of late, so the four hobbits were glad to share the afternoon with their long-time friend. "Gandalf, we were wondering..." Frodo glanced across the table at his cousins and Sam, who were looking encouragingly at him. The three younger hobbits had refused to go to Gandalf with this question. As much as they had discussed their thoughts among each other, they would only agree to Frodo speaking with Gandalf. They would not admit it, but Frodo knew they were afraid. There was a shimmer of fear in him as well, though he could not say exactly why. He knew only what his friends did. The wizard they had grown up knowing had changed. The friend they had trusted implicitly, they had begun to doubt.
He turned back to Gandalf. He hadn't felt so young in many years. "You told us about how you wiped out all the Orcs in the land of the Elves in the East, Mirkwood. And you told us about the Rangers who had been protecting the Shire for years, and how brave and strong and loyal they were. You also told us how we had to share them now, so they might protect all of the Northern lands from the armies of Orcs that were coming west." Frodo drew a deep breath. "Now... now you tell us that many Rangers died trying to keep the Orcs out of our lands..."
"Your question, Frodo?" Gandalf asked a bit impatiently.
"We were wondering why you did not simply rid the Northern lands of the Orcs as you did in the forest of Mirkwood. Why did all those Rangers have to die if you could do that? We - we don't understand."
Gandalf sighed. "I know it is hard for you to understand. Hobbits are simple folk who have no interest in war and such things. What you must learn is there is always a price for peace. The peace you have enjoyed here in the Shire has always had a price. I have only now revealed that cost to you. This recent battle was the latest payment for the tranquility of the Shire. Yes, Rangers died, many of them, some I have known for quite some time. They fought valiantly. But there were simply too many of the Enemy's forces. And that, my dear hobbits, is the answer to your question. There were simply too many for me to handle on my own. I needed the Rangers to help. I had the best of them, led by their Chief, guarding your borders from this army. But there were far more than even I expected. There were few survivors, unfortunately. Even the Chief was lost, and he was a dear friend, one destined for great things. Middle-earth's fate has changed with the loss of such a man." He sighed again. Frodo thought he looked sad for a moment, but it was gone before he could be sure, replaced by a harder look Frodo was becoming accustomed to as he saw it more often on his old friend's face.
"But all things happen with a purpose, and I believe we shall someday come to know the purpose in these terrible events." He stood up as much as he was able in the hobbit hole and put more cheer into his voice. "Perhaps there are others meant for great things now, who would not have had the chance to rise to their full potential. In the meantime, we shall have to do with what we have. And you still have me. By that precious power with which I have been gifted, I shall do my best to keep you safe, for you are among the few things dear to me. But you must trust me. You do trust me, don't you?"
The hobbit's slight hesitation did not escape the wizard's notice, but Frodo answered enthusiastically, "Of course, Gandalf. Why would we not trust you? We've known you all our lives. What could you possibly do to make us not trust you?"
Gandalf looked intently at Frodo for a moment, doubts whispering in his mind, but he brushed them off. The hobbits could not suspect anything. They trusted him utterly. If there were one people he knew well, it was Hobbits. He would not worry about the hobbits. They would trust and support him as he rose to his full potential.
Story Information
Author: docmon
Status: Reviewed
Completion: Complete
Era: 3rd Age - Ring War
Genre: Drama
Rating: General
Last Updated: 12/15/08
Original Post: 10/25/05
Go to Answering the Call overview
Answering the Call
Mar'isu - 15 Feb 06 - 10:02 PM
Ch. 2: Gandalf
O . . . M . . . G. Wow. This is frightening and so true. You managed to keep him in character, 'using the Ring out of a desire to do good'
Answering the Call
docmon - 16 Feb 06 - 9:41 AM
Ch. 2: Gandalf
Why, thank you, Mar'isu! I'm glad it rung true for you. I always wondered at that point, when he said something similar himself, what would he do in a 'desire to do good' and how terrible could it be? Well, perhaps I have a rabid imagination, or maybe it could be quite horrible.
Glad I frightened you, too! ;-) Thanks again for taking the time to comment.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80225
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Figure 3: Effects of penetration of lactophoricin-I (N-23-T) into DPPC and DPPG monolayers on surface pressure and electric surface potential ( ); the and the values calculated as difference in the and the ordinate of the isotherms registered on lactophoricin-I (N-23-T) solution (1 μM) and the pure water subphase (cf. Figures 1(a) and 1(b))—at identical cross-sectional areas ( ) per the phospholipid molecule, are plotted as a function of surface pressure of the pure phospholipid monolayer, .
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10:00 AM PST 11/14/2012 by Matthew Belloni , Stephen Galloway
Page 1
Ramona Rosales
Six talented screenwriters spill secrets of their hot movies and reveal whether the CIA gave notes to Kathryn Bigelow.
The Hollywood Reporter: We've seen the impact this Innocence of Muslims film has had around the world. Are writers and directors responsible for the reaction to their work?
Mark Boal: I've seen it. It's hard to have that in the same conversation as the kind of stuff we do.
Judd Apatow: It's meant to incite a riot, so it's not really a creative endeavor. It's like picketing outside a funeral.
Boal: Of course, there's a responsibility, but that means different things to different people. I feel, first, a responsibility to tell a good story, and there's also a responsibility to not play fast and loose with history. And there's an ethical duty if you're writing about people -- which I was -- who are still participating in the events that you're writing about. Most of the characters in my movie are still working. There is a responsibility to protect their identity.
THR: You're also making popular entertainment. When it comes down to a battle between story and truth, how do you choose?
Boal: It's always entertainment, but that's not mutually exclusive. It's not a documentary, but in some ways it's more exciting than a documentary because you can bring things to life in a more vivid way.
David Magee: All of us are very careful about how we portray different people's sensibilities, even if we're critiquing how people are behaving in the world. That film was all about irresponsibility and trying to get a negative reaction.
THR: Mark, did the CIA get to read your script?
Boal: Look, we made the movie independently. When you make a movie with a studio, and it involves the military, there's some give and take creatively. We decided to forgo all that -- forgo the access to helicopters, forgo the bases -- and make the movie in the Middle East without any sort of government involvement. So there was no official government vetting.
THR: Do you show Osama bin Laden in the film?
Boal: It's an interesting creative choice, and I would love to have this conversation with you after you've seen the movie.
Boal: I wouldn't even know how to begin to do that movie, to be honest with you. I like to write about things that I know or people that I've met or field research I've done.
Apatow: It helped that you hired Alan Arkin to play bin Laden. (Laughter.)
THR: Would you make a film about Hitler?
THR: Are there some subjects filmmakers should not touch?
John Krasinski: The idea of manipulating your audience to believe something is incredibly dangerous. But to delve into certain subject matter is always important. The end is not, "This is what I believe happened; you should all take this as truth." And that's where we are getting into trouble with Innocence of Muslims and, in Michael's opinion, Downfall.
Terrio: In Argo, it would be very easy to depict the Iranians as just these nameless people out there who vaguely want to kill you. We had no interest in doing that, so right from the beginning, Ben Affleck and I talked about how we had to have some context for what was going on in Iranian society, that you had to understand this isn't just a generic image of what we think of as "the Arab street." You need to understand the source of the rage.
VIDEO: 'Zero Dark Thirty' Trailer
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designated by the Tribunal, provided that (1) only one counsel shall be permitted to appear at the trial for any defendant, unless by special permission of the Tribunal, and (2) no delay of trial will be allowed for making such substitution or association.
Rule 3. Service of Additional Documents.
If, before the trial, the Chief Prosecutors offer amendments or additions to the Indictment, such amendments or additions, including any accompanying documents shall be lodged with the Tribunal and copies of the same, translated into a language which they each understand, shall be furnished to the defendants in custody as soon as practicable and notice given in accordance with Rule 2 (b) to those not in custody.
Rule 4. Production of Evidence for the Defense.
(a) The Defense may apply to the Tribunal for the production of witnesses or of documents by written application to the General Secretary of the Tribunal. The application shall state where the witness or document is thought to be located, together with a statement of their last known location. It shall also state the facts proposed to be proved by the witness or the document and the reasons why such facts are relevant to the Defense.
(b) If the witness or the document is not within the area controlled by the occupation authorities, the Tribunal may request the Signatory and adhering Governments to arrange for the production, if possible, of any such witnesses and any such documents as the Tribunal may deem necessary to proper presentation of the Defense.
(c) If the witness or the document is within the area controlled by the occupation authorities, the General Secretary shall, if the Tribunal is not in session, communicate the application to the Chief Prosecutors and, if they make no objection, the General Secretary shall issue a summons for the attendance of such witness or the production of such documents, informing the Tribunal of the action taken. If any Chief Prosecutor objects to the issuance of a summons, or if the Tribunal is in session, the General Secretary shall submit the application to the Tribunal, which shall decide whether or not the summons shall issue.
(d) A summons shall be served in such manner as may be provided by the appropriate occupation authority to ensure its enforcement and the General Secretary shall inform the Tribunal of the steps taken.
(e) Upon application to the General Secretary of the Tribunal, a defendant shall be furnished with a copy, translated into language which he understands, of all documents referred to in the Indictment so far as they may be. made available by the Chief
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More Human Than Human
└ Tags: ,
Discussion (78) ¬
1. Takum
Explaining how clothes work, hmm?
2. LoftyFox
LOL nice! Almost looks like Fender in the last panel! XD
• iSKUNK!
Has echoes of Wolfram’s getup in [i]Newshounds,[/i] too.
3. Just-This-Guy
An animal wearing pants?!?! BLASPHEMY!
4. Loki Impisi
He should wear mechanic pants. The ones with the tightening cords around the ankles. And they must be orange. Yes. Orange.
5. Asteri
*facepalm* nice try peanut..
you know, he knows a lot about clothing for someone who doesn’t wear clothes :D
oh, btw, Miles is awesome XD
6. Taay
pffffftttt. pants are for squares. everyone knows that!
great work peanut, spreading the anti-pants agenda! woo!
• chrisQ
…aye ! – real guys wear kilts !!! … don’t look at me like that, it’s true: (check out the army camouflage one!)… it’s great stuff – every real guy should wear one !(attention: not suited for emo douchebags^^)… :D
7. foxfireattack
Pants are optional :D
• wingedwolfgirl
Sad though,
Pants on Miles would have looked HAWT!
• BlueAnubis
True, but you think anything near Miles looks “HAWT!” on account of it being near Miles.
• Puddlecub
Therefore, ice would look HAWT! being next to Miles.
Miles is cute, but yeah…
8. Fuzzy
A cap will make him blend right in.
9. Fuzzypaws
He looks best in the shirt! Hm, shirt and tie maybe, I wonder!
• Loki Impisi
(He would look like Bill from left 4 dead)
• Fell wolf
You mean Louis.
10. Tj Folf
Okay, listen to this: collared shirt, AND the tie!
• MagicalSarai
I choose Turtleneck Miles for the win!
11. Sleet
Donkey Kong, is that you?
12. CalaverX11
13. Raiettei
Why wear pants?
They only get in the way most of the time, anyway…
14. Edge ferret
bah who needs pants ::walks around pantless::
15. Flame
Peanut sounds like he works at “Volencia”. ROFL XD
16. Spirit of the Wolf
Peanut has just become the hero for so many conspirators the world round… or Rick has. Either way, I enjoyed the last panel most.
17. Draco_2k
Social commentary ftw.
18. Tachyon
I agree with the tie analogy, I wore one for 5 years in my after school job… and my high school.
• Spirit of the Wolf
For some reason, every time I read the ‘tie rant’, I hear Peanut using a GLaDOS voice.
Look up Portal if you have no idea what I’m talking about.
• Tachyon
This is the Internet, of course we know what you’re talking about.
19. Tapewolf
Pants only. Though I’m sure that’s the implication.
20. TLV
Anyone stop to consider the reason there are no pants is because they would smother his tail?
• Tapewolf
So you wear them backwards. Or:
• Severedevil
Securing a zipper on the back of your body sounds very difficult.
• Spirit of the Wolf
lawl!! I am LOVING that comic! Not only has it gotten me to start my own “List of Things to Hug” it has now made my day that much better.
Of course, I still love Housepets, too x.x
• wingedwolfgirl
Yeah for DMFA!
Someone ACTUALLY HAS an explanation to the tail/pants issue.
I am happy now :3
why is Peanut telling Miles to put clothes on i wonder?
22. james319
it IS true that peanut has been making people look good for the past while XD
23. SuperNova
He could wear sleeveless jacket or pants. Either way he gets to have pockets.
24. Theolis Wolfpaw
Miles should totally wear the collared shirt
25. Spirit of the Wolf
I honestly wouldn’t mind seeing Miles in a green blazer or waistcoat. That would be bad-ass.
26. SuperNova
Somehow, I know that they will think of him as a werewolf if he wears a lab coat.
27. Tigergulp
WOO! Viva le nudity! (throws clothes out window)
*stands proud in the buff*
• BlueAnubis
*Goes blind and them fumbles with his cell phone*
… Uh, yah, officer, I’d like to make a report.
• chrisQ
…*shoves past staring crowd* “wait let me get this on camera first”^^… :P
• wingedwolfgirl
*Runs the opposite direction*
• DZ
*types action using keyboard*
• Chiry
w00t! *does the no pants dance*
• Spirit of the Wolf
Bill! BILL!!
Stop staking out Miles’ party and come get THIS guy over HERE!!
28. Dreama
I love how he’s wearing DK’s tie in the end. XD
29. BillyMT
Fred Flintstone never wore pants with his tie, and no one ever complained…
*cues the sound of a million minds being sizzled by the thought*
30. Sylum
lol Rob zombie reference?
Miles the grey wolf looks funny with clothes on.
32. Profesor Rod
Anthropomorph levels raising!!! :D
33. RockstarRaccoon
Dude, someone should TOTALLY make a “Dress up Miles” game in flash. That would be AWESOME. O!O
34. R-One
“Is there any reason none of these configurations contain pants?”
Roflmao, very good question there at the end. And liar, we know Peanuts a genius when it comes to makeovers, we have proof! :D
35. HonoreDerzey
OMG!!! Hey, while reading the last three panels imagine “Elevator Music” playing!
36. Rawrimaducky
Unwritten rule of life #126- Animals in cartoons/comics shouldn’t wear pants.
37. LimeWolf
The scary part is that Peanut is absolutely correct about the true function of these clothes. Especially the tie.
Pants serve no true function. Therefore, they have every right to be excluded.
38. wingedwolfgirl
Furrys in Paints.
I’ve always wondered about that.
And now I hear the Flistone song for some unexplainable reason.
39. redwolfmatt
i like the turtle-neck myself <3 but the tie's prolly' better for summer apparel
40. J.J.
How do you expect to do “The No Pants Dance” if your wearing pants?
Gezz… Besides I’d stick with the blue shirt; it’s causal and rugged all at the same time.
41. Clarke Macbeth
Why is it that anthropomorphic characters never seem to (or rarely) wear pairs of pants? Can someone please explain this to me.
42. Zachs Kappler
“Except now if you wear the collar popped at any time you are considered very ill-mannered.”
Or Elvis….
43. Jack
he should wear daisy duke shorts lol XD
44. Musimba
Miles can go into my closet. I have the perfect western tux, complete with cowboy hat and boots with spurs for him.
I may be a lion, but I dress well.
45. D_Leo
Because you got a lot of fangirls, that’s why, Miles.
46. radioblueheart
I love a good White Zombie reference! “More Human Than Human!!!”
47. Xu-kitty
Personally, I like the shirt.
48. Wolfspawn
I proclaim wearing hotpants :P They’re short and not that hot ^^ Oh well, at least not as warm!
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Outlines of English and American Literature
Anglo-Norman or Middle-English Period (1066-1350)
by Long, William J.
Specimens of the Language
A glance at the following selections will show how Anglo-Saxon was slowly approaching our English speech of to-day. The first is from a religious book called Ancren Riwle (Rule of the Anchoresses, cir. 1225). The second, written about a century later, is from the riming chronicle, or verse history, of Robert Manning or Robert of Brunne. In it we note the appearance of rime, a new thing in English poetry, borrowed from the French, and also a few words, such as "solace," which are of foreign origin:
"Hwoso hevide iseid to Eve, theo heo werp hire eien therone, 'A!
wend te awei; thu worpest eien o thi death!' hwat heved heo
ionswered? 'Me leove sire, ther havest wouh. Hwarof kalenges tu me?
The eppel that ich loke on is forbode me to etene, and nout forto
"Whoso had said (or, if anyone had said) to Eve when she cast her
eye theron (i.e. on the apple) 'Ah! turn thou away; thou castest
eyes on thy death!' what would she have answered? 'My dear sir,
thou art wrong. Of what blamest thou me? The apple which I look
upon is forbidden me to eat, not to behold.'"
Lordynges that be now here,
If ye wille listene and lere [1]
All the story of Inglande,
Als Robert Mannyng wryten it fand,
And on Inglysch has it schewed,
Not for the lered [2] but for the lewed, [3]
For tho that on this land wonn [4]
That ne Latin ne Frankys conn, [5]
For to hauf solace and gamen
In felauschip when they sitt samen; [6]
And it is wisdom for to wytten [7]
The state of the land, and haf it wryten.
[Footnote 1: learn]
[Footnote 2: learned]
[Footnote 3: simple or ignorant]
[Footnote 4: those that dwell]
[Footnote 5: That neither Latin nor French know]
[Footnote 6: together]
[Footnote 7: know]
The Norman Conquest
For a century after the Norman conquest native poetry disappeared from England, as a river may sink into the earth to reappear elsewhere with added volume and new characteristics. During all this time French was the language not only of literature but of society and business; and if anyone had declared at the beginning of the twelfth century, when Norman institutions were firmly established in England, that the time was approaching when the conquerors would forget their fatherland and their mother tongue, he would surely have been called dreamer or madman. Yet the unexpected was precisely what happened, and the Norman conquest is remarkable alike for what it did and for what it failed to do.
It accomplished, first, the nationalization of England, uniting the petty Saxon earldoms into one powerful kingdom; and second, it brought into English life, grown sad and stern, like a man without hope, the spirit of youth, of enthusiasm, of eager adventure after the unknown,--in a word, the spirit of romance, which is but another name for that quest of some Holy Grail in which youth is forever engaged.
Norman Literature
One who reads the literature that the conquerors brought to England must be struck by the contrast between the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman-French spirit. For example, here is the death of a national hero as portrayed in The Song of Roland, an old French epic, which the Normans first put into polished verse:
Li quens Rollans se jut desuz un pin,
Envers Espaigne en ad turnet son vis,
De plusurs choscs a remembrer le prist....
"Then Roland placed himself beneath a pine tree. Towards Spain he turned his face. Of many things took he remembrance: of various lands where he had made conquests; of sweet France and his kindred; of Charlemagne, his feudal lord, who had nurtured him. He could not refrain from sighs and tears; neither could he forget himself in need. He confessed his sins and besought the Lord's mercy. He raised his right glove and offered it to God; Saint Gabriel from his hand received the offering. Then upon his breast he bowed his head; he joined his hands and went to his end. God sent down his cherubim, and Saint Michael who delivers from peril. Together with Saint Gabriel they departed, bearing the Count's soul to Paradise."
We have not put Roland's ceremonious exit into rime and meter; neither do we offer any criticism of a scene in which the death of a national hero stirs no interest or emotion, not even with the help of Gabriel and the cherubim. One is reminded by contrast of Scyld, who fares forth alone in his Viking ship to meet the mystery of death; or of that last scene of human grief and grandeur in Beowulf where a few thanes bury their dead chief on a headland by the gray sea, riding their war steeds around the memorial mound with a chant of sorrow and victory.
The contrast is even more marked in the mass of Norman literature: in romances of the maidens that sink underground in autumn, to reappear as flowers in spring; of Alexander's journey to the bottom of the sea in a crystal barrel, to view the mermaids and monsters; of Guy of Warwick, who slew the giant Colbrant and overthrew all the knights of Europe, just to win a smile from his Felice; of that other hero who had offended his lady by forgetting one of the commandments of love, and who vowed to fill a barrel with his tears, and did it. The Saxons were as serious in speech as in action, and their poetry is a true reflection of their daily life; but the Normans, brave and resourceful as they were in war and statesmanship, turned to literature for amusement, and indulged their lively fancy in fables, satires, garrulous romances, like children reveling in the lore of elves and fairies. As the prattle of a child was the power that awakened Silas Marner from his stupor of despair, so this Norman element of gayety, of exuberant romanticism, was precisely what was needed to rouse the sterner Saxon mind from its gloom and lethargy.
The New Nation
So much, then, the Normans accomplished: they brought nationality into English life, and romance into English literature. Without essentially changing the Saxon spirit they enlarged its thought, aroused its hope, gave it wider horizons. They bound England with their laws, covered it with their feudal institutions, filled it with their ideas and their language; then, as an anticlimax, they disappeared from English history, and their institutions were modified to suit the Saxon temperament. The race conquered in war became in peace the conquerors. The Normans speedily forgot France, and even warred against it. They began to speak English, dropping its cumbersome Teutonic inflections, and adding to it the wealth of their own fine language. They ended by adopting England as their country, and glorifying it above all others. "There is no land in the world," writes a poet of the thirteenth century, "where so many good kings and saints have lived as in the isle of the English. Some were holy martyrs who died cheerfully for God; others had strength or courage like to that of Arthur, Edmund and Cnut."
This poet, who was a Norman monk at Westminster Abbey, wrote about the glories of England in the French language, and celebrated as the national heroes a Celt, a Saxon and a Dane. [Footnote: The significance of this old poem was pointed out by Jusserand, Literary History of the English People, Vol. I, p. 112.]
So in the space of two centuries a new nation had arisen, combining the best elements of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French people, with a considerable mixture of Celtic and Danish elements. Out of the union of these races and tongues came modern English life and letters.
Terms Defined
Referenced Works
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Kick the bucket
Also Can Be Phrased:
Kicked the bucket
Brief Definition:
To die
Further Explanation:
To kick the bucket is an informal way of stating that somebody has died. It's origins come from a method of committing suicide where a person hangs himself by standing on a bucket, tightening a noose around their neck, and then ultimately kicking the bucket from under their feet. Despite the origins, the idiom does NOT mean that a person committed suicide, it simply means that they died.
Once I kick the bucket, you'll finally be able to drive my car.
Jessica, it would make your grandmother very happy if you have kids before she kicks the bucket.
John kicked the bucket a year ago, but we are still finding credit cards that he owes money on!
Idiom Ratings
Popularity (Scale 1 to 5):
Formality (Scale 1 to 5):
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Female Agents
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Les Femmes de l'ombre
Cinema poster
Country FRA.jpg France
Directed by Jean-Paul Salomé
Release Date 2008
Language French
Studio Les Chauves-Souris
Main Cast
Character Actor
Louise Desfontaines Sophie Marceau
Jeanne Faussier Julie Depardieu
Suzy Desprez Marie Gillain
Gaëlle Lemenech Déborah François
Karl Heindrich Moritz Bleibtreu
Maria Luzzato Maya Sansa
Pierre Desfontaines Julien Boisselier
Eddy Vincent Rottiers
Lieutenant Becker Volker Bruch
Melchior Robin Renucci
Female Agents (original: Les Femmes de l'ombre) is a 2008 French film about female resistance fighters in the Second World War. In 1944, a member of the French Resistance, Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) flees to London after her husband's summary execution. She is recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Maurice Buckmaster (Colin David Reese), a British agent, to give her a special assignment - a English scientist (Conrad Cecil) working with weapons research has been captured by Axis forces and is being held in a French hospital. Louise is ordered to put together a team of female and assist maquisards led by her brother Pierre (Julien Boisselier) to find the scientist and smuggle him to safety before he can be forced to tell Nazi intelligence what he knows. Louise's band of heroines includes Gaelle Lemenech (Déborah François), who knows about demolition; Jeanne Faussier (Julie Depardieu), a streetwalker more interested in her own survival than the future of France; Suzy Desprez (Marie Gillain), a nightclub entertainer who was romantically involved with a German officer and Maria Luzzato (Maya Sansa), a Jewish Italian radio operator and and the final member of the team. The women parachute into Normandy and mission begins well, but there are soon complications. Their SOE bosses give the women a new, almost suicidal objective: they must move on to Paris to eliminate Colonel Heindrich (Moritz Bleibtreu), the head of Nazi counter-intelligence, who has gleaned too much information about the Landings. Female Agents was inspired by the true story of Lise Villameur, who served with French resistance forces during the Second World War.
The following weapons were used in the film Female Agents:
FN Model 1900
Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) had used in the movie a FN Model 1900 pistol, as also Gaëlle Lemenech (Déborah François).
FN Model 1900, .32 ACP
Sophie Marceau-FN Model 1900.jpg
The suppressor is, contrary to its appearance, mounted correctly. The Model 1900's barrel is on the bottom of the slide, rather than the top like most handguns.
MAB Model D
Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) opens the door with a MAB Model D in her hand.
MAB Model D Type I - .32 ACP
Browning Hi-Power
Pierre Desfontaines (Julien Boisselier) uses a Browning HP pistol.
Browning Hi Power with "Beer Can" adjustable sights - 9x19mm
FA BrowningHP2.jpg
Colt M1911A1 pistol
Jeanne Faussier (Julie Depardieu) and Eddy (Vincent Rottiers) uses a M1911A1 pistol.
War time issued (WWII) Colt M1911A1 Pistol - .45 acp
Vincent Rottiers-M1911.jpg
Beretta M1934
Suzy Deprez (Marie Gillain) and Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) use a Beretta M1934 pistol.
Beretta M1934
Imitation of Beretta M1934
Colt Model 1903/1908
Maria Luzzato (Maya Sansa) is armed with a Colt Model 1903/1908 pistol. This weapon is seen in Jeanne Faussier´s (Julie Depardieu) hand.
Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless Pistol Blued - .32 ACP
FN Model 1910
In a secret hideout of weapons maquisards was except M1911A1 also FN Model 1910 pistols and a Smith & Wesson Victory Model revolvers.
FN Model 1910 with wood grips - .380 ACP
Col. Heindrich (Moritz Bleibtreu) views a weapons discovered by the Gestapo.
Smith & Wesson Victory Model
Smith & Wesson Victory Model
Luger P08
German NCO holds a Luger P08 pistol during a firefight with the maquisards.
Luger P08 pistol - 9x19mm Parabellum
Walther PP pistol
Standartenführer SS Karl Heindrich (Moritz Bleibtreu) wears a Walther PP pistol.
Walther PP
Walther P38
Lieutenant Becker (Volker Bruch) can be seen with a Walther P38 pistol.
Submachine guns
Sten Mk II
Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau), her brother Pierre (Julien Boisselier), and other maquisards used a Sten Mk II submachine guns.
Sten Mk II Submachine gun - 9x19mm
Sophie Marceau-Sten .jpg
Julien Boisselier-Sten.jpg
Eddy (Vincent Rottiers) with a machine gun in hand, leads the captured German soldier.
German MP40 submachine gun was used by a German soldiers and also members of the resistance.
Jeanne Faussier (Julie Depardieu) downs a "Boche" (German) with an German submachine gun.
SS man from escort was armed with a submachine gun.
German military police patrol with MP40 submachine guns on the chest.
Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (SMLE)
Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) uses a Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (SMLE) rifle to cover her husband at the station.
Lee-Enfield No. 4 MK 1 .303 British
View from the side.
The distinctive front sight of the No. 4 can be seen in this screenshot.
MAS-36 Sporterized
For the action in the subway Louise Desfontaines (Sophie Marceau) uses a suppressed Sporterized MAS-36 rifle with a scope.
Sporterized MAS-36 - 7.5x54mm French
Louise and Melchior (Robin Renucci) inspect a "sporterized" MAS-36 sniper rifle.
Louise in the "subway-action" with her sniper rifle.
Karabiner 98k
The German soldiers can be seen with a Karabiner 98k rifles.
Karabiner 98k - German manufacture 1937 date - 7.92x57mm Mauser
Machine guns
Soldier in a sidecar is armed with MG34 machine gun.
German soldiers with a MG34 machine gun in a sidecar.
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Passing the Torch of Burning Man
At the end of every summer, Burning Man brings 50,000 celebrants to the desert. It has become an institution and a valuable business.
FEELING IT: At the end of every summer, Burning Man brings 50,000 celebrants to the desert. And that's worth something.
Founded in 1986, Burning Man is an annual weeklong event in Nevada's Black Rock Desert at which some 50,000 people build a temporary city and celebrate with art, music, and a burning of a 40-foot effigy known as "the Man." Created by Larry Harvey, it has become an institution and, as it happens, a valuable business. As told to Issie Lapowsky.
I suffer from an excess of idealism. Ideals are great. They orient you. But you can't live on a star. You have to be very realistic about the human condition.
My five partners and I were all of an age when you begin thinking of the future without you. Burning Man was like our child. We wondered what would happen to it when we were gone. None of us wanted to sell it, and there was no guarantee our heirs would be as purpose-driven as we are.
So we decided that over the next few years, we would give the assets to a nonprofit, the Burning Man Project. We came up with the idea that as individuals, we would "profit enough" from the deal. The problem was: What's enough?
It became all about who should get credit. Everyone remembers their own contributions, but we abbreviate what other people do, and there were hurt feelings. No one got into Burning Man for the money, but money can become a placeholder for people's sense of value. We had lots of angry meetings.
But we figured out the money. People were only struggling with each other because they were struggling with themselves. They were trying to balance what makes life worth living with how much money they needed to enjoy life. But we looked down into the abyss and saw what could happen if we proceeded selfishly. We'd betray everything we believed in and injure one another, and for what? To gain the world and lose our souls?
IMAGE: Keith Carlsen/Getty
Last updated: Jun 28, 2012
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Aureal – Vortex2 SuperQuad Digital PCI Sound Card review
3D sound card
Photo of Aureal – Vortex2 SuperQuad Digital PCI Sound Card
£depends - the card is branded by several major OEMs. See if you can spot them..
While the quest for the perfect 3D graphics card goes on, there’s just as much activity in the 3D sound card market, driven by gamers who want the ultimate in immersive gaming experiences. This latest card from Aureal is based on the company’s own Vortex2 3D positioning chip and comes with support for the A3D API as well as Microsoft’s DirectSound, DirectSound 3D, DirectInput and DirectMusic protocols. Although primarily intended for Windows 95 and Windows 98 users, the card also comes with drivers for Windows NT and Dos (within a Windows box).
A half-length PCI card, the Vortex2 SuperQuad Digital PCI is fairly heavily populated with capacitors, although virtually the only chip on the board is the Vortex 2 processor itself, which isn’t exactly a large piece of silicon. There are plenty of connectors on the backplate, including a microphone socket, line in port, two line outs ports (doubling as front/rear speaker connectors for four-way audio), joystick/midi and S/PDIF digital, with additional CD, TAD (i.e. modem answerphone) and AUX connectors on the board itself.
Depending on the software API used, it is possible to obtain almost 100 simultaneous digital audio streams, with various special effects and a 320-voice software-based wavetable synthesizer available too. In addition to its PC audio capabilities, which include 48kHz full-duplex stereo recording and playback, the Aureal card can also record digital audio through its S/PDIF optical digital port, allowing users to record from, for example, a Minidisc player directly to their hard drive. A hardware wavetable daughterboard is an optional extra.
Company: Aureal
Contact: 01604 859333
Using the A3D demo sound files supplied on the driver CD, the results from this card are impressive. Sounds really do appear to be coming from all sorts of directions around the user, and the actual quality of the audio is excellent. This isn't really a suitable card for business users - you're unlikely to ever use all its features - but the gaming community will probably embrace it with open arms, and will be willing to pay for its high-quality 3D positional capabilities.
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Double Honour for Prof. Karl Zilles
Prof. Karl Zilles has been investigating the structure and function of the human control centre. The neuroscientist is mapping the cerebral cortex, amongst other areas, and generating a three-dimensional brain atlas on the basis of these data. At the 20th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) in Hamburg in June 2014, the JARA senior Professor received the OHBM Glass Brain Award for his life’s work. In addition, the international science society elected him president for the next three years. more
Odorants in Urine Trigger Complex Behaviour in Mice
The research findings of Prof. Marc Spehr have been published in "Cell".
Prof. Dr. Katrin Amunts Honoured by MIT Technology Review
Science magazine
names JARA-BRAIN scientist "key player".
Human Brain Project
JARA Involved in European Megaproject on Human Brain Simulation
PostDoc position
JARA section HPC advertises a vacancy as PostDoc – Scientific Visualization of Large-Scale Simulation Data
JARA FIT Annual Report
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Healthwatch on 08/12/13
Air date:
Mon, 08/12/2013 - 11:00am - 11:30am
Short Description:
Eating on the Wild Side with Jo Robinson
Eating on the Wild Side with Jo Robinson
In Eating on the Wild Side investigative journalist Jo Robinson describes how 400 generations of farmers have made food less nutritious. Wild apples, for example, have from three to 100 times more antioxidants than Galas and Honeycrisps, and are five times more effective in killing cancer cells. How do we begin to recoup the losses of essential nutrients? By "eating on the wild side"--choosing present-day fruits and vegetables that come closest to the nutritional bounty of their wild ancestors. Robinson explains that many of these jewels of nutrition are hiding in plain sight in our supermarkets, farmers markets, and U-pick orchards. Eating on the Wild Side provides the world's most extensive list of these superlative varieties. Drawing on her five-year review of recently published studies, Robinson introduces simple, scientifically proven methods of storage and preparation that will preserve and even enhance their health benefits as well.
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Great Blue Herons Die at Solar Project
Dead great blue heron at the Genesis solar project | Photo: Genesis Solar
ReWire reported Wednesday that a surprising number of water birds are being found dead and injured at a pair of solar energy facilities in the California desert. Since publishing that story we've learned that the toll is greater than we reported: two great blue herons have been found dead at one of the projects.
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According to compliance documents provided to ReWire by the California Energy Commission late Wednesday, the mortalities were discovered on June 28 and July 8 at the the 250-megawatt Genesis Solar Energy Project being built by NextEra about 25 miles west of Blythe in Riverside County.
Great blue herons are very large wading birds ranging from three to four and a half feet tall with wingspans in excess of six feet. Frequently seen in wetlands along the Colorado River and the Salton Sea, great blue herons are often spotted at the artificial Lake Tamarisk 25 miles west of the Genesis site, and project biologists have recorded a few sightings of the birds in the air above the site in the last year.
A happier great blue heron photo | Photo: Lip Kee/Flickr/Creative Commons License
The documents the CEC provided ReWire were standard Avian and Wildlife Reporting Forms required under the project's Avian [a.k.a. "bird"] Protection Plan. According to those documents, the June 28 heron mortality was discovered when biologists found the dead bird leaning up against a chain link fence on the site designed to keep wildlife away from the project's evaporation ponds. Biologists noted that the bird showed no signs of blunt force trauma or entanglement in the fence.
In the July 8 incident, a dead heron was found inside an electrical building at one of the project's power blocks. Biologists offered no other comments on the bird's appearance in that document.
Both birds were buried near the site without necropsy, according to the reports.
CEC also provided ReWire with reports describing two additional water-oriented bird mortalities. These involved a cliff swallow and a yellow-headed blackbird, both species associated with open water habitats. Both birds were found in proximity to the site's evaporation ponds on July 1.
Like great blue herons, both cliff swallows and yellow-headed blackbirds generally just migrate through the desert surrounding the Genesis site. What prompted the four birds to visit the site is unknown, though as we speculated in Wednesday's piece, reflections from the project's mirrors could conceivably have persuaded the birds that water could be found on the site. The project's evaporation ponds are netted to keep birds out. That netting likely provides partial concealment of any water in the ponds to birds passing overhead, but that may have made little difference once the birds landed.
In the meantime, ReWire is learning of similar bird mortalities at solar sites other than Genesis and (mentioned Wednesday) Desert Sunlight, about 30 miles west. We'll check them out and keep you posted.
- Water Birds Turning Up Dead at Solar Projects in the Desert
- Endangered Bird Found Dead at Desert Solar Power Facility
- Government Study: Big Renewable Energy Projects Threaten Wildlife
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80536
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Comments on: Gospel Doctrine Lesson 17: How We Taught This Topic in the Past Where our past is never very long ago Tue, 29 Jul 2014 16:24:06 +0000 hourly 1 By: Easton Wed, 06 May 2009 15:38:57 +0000 Great stuff. Thanks again, Ardis.
By: Ardis E. Parshall Tue, 05 May 2009 16:00:47 +0000 I just wish I had better answers —
Tithing was one of those things outsiders harped on as unAmerican because they pretended it was extracted by force from little people who couldn’t afford to pay it, and used to support despots and tyrants in luxury while those despots and tyrants plotted their treason against the U.S. For samples of the rhetoric, you can probably find some by going to Utah Digital Newspapers and searching for the word “tithing.” Go directly to the hits that come from the Salt Lake Tribune in the 19th century, and you’ll no doubt find some doozies.
I don’t remember offhand where you would find this in published sources, but check your book indexes and google around for the story of the 1870 income tax fight between Brigham Young and the federal tax assessor John P. Taggart. Taggart calculated the value of everything produced in Utah Territory in 1869, figured one-tenth of that, and assessed it to Brigham Young as if he had received a full tithe of everything owned by Mormon and non-Mormon, as his *personal* income. Ridiculous as that was, it was a serious claim that had to be fought, and fought hard. Even when Taggart’s superiors in Washington told him he was crazy, he continued to try to collect tax on what he insisted BY must have received as tithing.
By: Easton Tue, 05 May 2009 15:37:00 +0000 Interesting. I didn’t know that tithing was considered unAmerican to the outside (Utah) world. Where would I find more info on that? How was that considered scandalous?
As an aside, I apologize if I’m taking too much of your time. I seem to be the only one interested in this presently.
By: Ardis E. Parshall Tue, 05 May 2009 14:43:58 +0000 I am unaware of any misgivings, Easton, among church members who were actually going to the temple. Of course, I haven’t read every private diary where a private misgiving might have been recorded, and certainly tithing was THE thing, second only to polygamy, which was attacked as unjust and unAmerican by editors and politicians, but I don’t know of any public dissent or discomfort by believing Mormons.
By: Easton Tue, 05 May 2009 14:03:55 +0000 Was there any indication that the brethren, or even the members had any misgivings about making tithing a requirement for temple entrance in 1881?
I imagine that some in the Church might have seen this as placing a financial requirement for entrance to the temple, which would have been an affront to certain scriptural interpretations.
By: Easton Mon, 04 May 2009 19:58:02 +0000 Ardis – No additional research!? You so deftly saw right through my attempts to get you to plan my lesson. Thank you for that info, especially the final quote. What a great human touch.
By: Ardis E. Parshall Mon, 04 May 2009 15:48:46 +0000 Easton, the expectation that a convert would tithe his existing property upon baptism was not a very long-lived practice. It ended before the move to Utah, the period with which I am most familiar, and I can’t tell you without researching (something i can’t really do right now) more about that.
Fast Days for most of the 19th century were actually Thursdays rather than Sundays. That often comes as a surprise to people. (If Arrington actually mentions Fast Sundays in this context, then he is talking about the very end of the century.) A testimony meeting was held in the early afternoon, after which the fasting people went home to dinner. Farmers and other physical laborers saved their lightest work for that day, if possible, because, fasting, they didn’t have the usual strength for working. If Fast Day services were especially well attended, I wonder if that didn’t have something to do with their popularity — the day was already a kind of half-holiday. A cynic might say that fasting and attending meetings was a way of getting out of work; one more focused on a faithful living of Mormon life might say that the Fast Meeting was the culmination of the fast, turning the practice from a mundane skipping of meals to a sacrament.
Fast Day was changed from Thursday to Sunday when Mormondom needed to accommodate the outside world to a greater extent — city workers, and workers of any kidn employed by others, had little freedom to take off on Thursday to attend to religious duties.
Members who paid their tithing “in kind” by donating livestock or agricultural products or firewood or fodder without converting it into cash delivered their goods to their bishops in small communities, or to the Tithing House in Salt Lake (most small communities had some facility, whether it was a barn and stockyard or granary or other warehouse) to store such donations until they were distributed to the needy, used to pay church bills, spoiled, or otherwise disposed of. Tithepayers were given credit on the books for the dollar value of their donations.
The preferred tithing donation for much of the 19th century was wheat — a bushel of wheat had a fixed value as solid as gold, and of course it stored well. You could pay your wheat into the storehouse in Salt Lake (not just for tithing, but as a form of paying into the bank) and withdraw wheat from the storehouse in, say, Cedar City.
Caring for tithing occupied a huge amount of a bishop’s time, and bishops were allowed a sort of stipend for their own labors and those of a clerk in accounting for and caring for tithing donations.
In a near cashless society, as utah was for much of the 19th century, you might pay or be paid by means of “tithing scrip,” paper receipts for a certain dollar value that could only be redeemed at the Tithing Office (well, you might also use them in other financial transactions, if you could get someone to accept them).
You read some stories in church history about fathers, like David O. McKay’s, who insisted that the best of their hay or eggs or whatever be paid as tithing. That wasn’t always the case — people being people, just as you see today when people donate to the food bank all the dusty, dented cans of stuff they wouldn’t eat themselves, a lot of people in the 19th century paid their tithing with rancid butter, spoiled beef, or wilted produce. If I were teaching this lesson (my co-teacher is), I had planned to use this quotation from Ned Desaules, who was “donated” to the St. George Temple as a carpenter to work off the labor assessed to his United Order community. He wrote to his aunt in Salt Lake on April 25, 1876:
By: Easton Mon, 04 May 2009 15:20:09 +0000 Hi Ardis,
For my class next week, I’d like to spend a little time on how tithing was observed in the 19th century. I’m interested in how the saints gave their surplus property and then 10 percent of thier interest as dictated in D&C 119. What did that mean for the saints?
Also, I read in Arrington’s “The Mormon Experience” that Fast Sundays were the highest attended sacrament meetings of the month. That was surprising to me given the complaints I frequently hear from others.
So do you have any additional info on that stuff?
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Thumbnail Image
I’m sure you remember that advice from all of those commercials. Buy a ShamWow® today! It’s like a towel, sponge, placemat, and everything else you could ever want, all in one! Um, yes, that. But also, that one commercial from your local oil change stop, telling you to change your oil every 3,000 miles. Otherwise, sludge deposits will build up, wear and tear from moving parts will cause friction and possible mechanical failure, and Western Civilization will collapse as we know it. So I’ll bet you’re thinking, old predictable Max! This blog post will be about listening to that advice and keeping your car in good shape, right?
Yes, you should regularly change your oil, for the reasons above – except maybe not the one about collapse of society. However, changing your oil every 3,000 miles is simply not necessary. How frequently it actually must be changed depends on your car; read your owner’s manual or consult your local mechanic. Either way, most new cars have a number far north of 3,000. Changing so frequently may not hurt your car, but it will hurt your wallet. The companies that sell and change oil probably aren’t going to run up and down the streets telling you to buy less of their products, so now that you’re informed, tell your friends how they can save some green! And now that you all have more money to throw around, let me tell you about this great investment oppor [EDITOR’S NOTE: End of blog. Max, stop trying to scam our blog readers. I feel that you’re getting worse and worse as an employee as time goes on!]
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In this adaptation of Charles Dickens' classic and finest novel, young orphan Pip (Jeremy Irvine, War Horse) is given a chance to rise from his humble beginnings thanks to a mysterious benefactor. Moving through London's class-ridden world as a gentleman, Pip uses his new found position to pursue the beautiful Estella (Holliday Grainger), a spoiled heiress he's loved since childhood. Yet the shocking truth behind his great fortune will have devastating consequences for everything he holds dear. The high caliber ensemble cast also includes Helena Bonham Carter (The King's Speech, Alice in Wonderland) as Miss Havisham, Ralph Fiennes (Schindler's List, The English Patient) as the convict Magwitch and Robbie Coltrane (Harry Potter) as Jaggers. Directed by Mike Newell (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Four Weddings and a Funeral). Official Web Site
Mike Newell
Helena Bonham Carter, Ralph Fiennes, Holliday Grainger, Jeremy Irvine, Robbie Coltrane, Jason Flemyng, Sally Hawkins, Ewan Bremner
MPAA Rating:
Run Time:
2hrs 8mins
Release Year:
Country Of Origin:
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80623
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Trespass Notice
Health and Safety
Public Safety
(541) 463-5558
Primary Contact:
Jace Smith
Contact Email:
Responsible Executive Authority:
Vice President, College Services
This procedure to describes the circumstances under which a trespass warning may be issued, the procedure that will be followed, and the rights of those issued a trespass warning. Lane Community College is required to make adequate provision for the safety and security of students and staff.
Lane Community College is permitted by Oregon Revised Statutes 341.290 to control the use of, and access to college grounds, buildings, equipment, and other college property. Persons may be removed or excluded from the college for violation of college policy, Oregon law, or federal law.
Persons who receive a Trespass Notice from a Public Safety officer, or other officer of the college, must remain off all college property unless given specific permission to enter. Such permission may be requested from the Chief Public Safety Officer, (541) 463-5558.
For students, the Chief Public Safety Officer and the Executive Dean of Academic Affairs (or their designees), will be notified when a Trespass Notice is issued.
Trespass Notices may be issued under two conditions.
1) When an individual has a relationship with the institution (student, staff, and faculty) and their behavior is disruptive to campus operations or poses a risk to the campus, a Public Safety Officer may require the individual to leave for the day (Temporary Trespass Notice). In this case the person (student, staff, or faculty) will be referred to their respective administrative process for follow up when they return to the campus.
2) Permanent Trespass Notices are issued for violations of college policy, the Student Code of Conduct, or Oregon or federal law for actions which pose a threat to the campus community, or which create a disruption of the College learning environment and/or College activities. Typically, but not always, these notices are issued to non-affiliated persons.
Persons who violate the Trespass Notice will be subject to arrest and prosecution for criminal trespass as provided by Oregon Revised Statutes 164.245.
Campus members are notified on a specific and individual case-by-case manner about trespassed persons. This notification is dictated when the safety of others is obviously compromised by the potential presence or return to campus of an individual. Such notifications may be generated by Public Safety or by the Three Assessment Team, or by other College officers and representatives in collaboration with Public Safety, when such interests and concerns (community safety) are present.
Trespass - Unauthorized entry on land
Date Adopted:
Thursday, May 1, 2003
Date Last Reviewed:
Friday, May 30, 2014
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Want to tell a friend about Battery for Gateway M-6848? It's easy. Just enter the information requested below, click the "E-mail a Friend" button, and your message is on its way.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80658
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Friday, 28 September 2012
All prizes, like all titles, are dangerous
In 1926, on discovering that his novel, "Arrowsmith," had been awarded what was then called the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, author Sinclair Lewis wrote the following letter to the Pulitzer Prize Committee and declined the honour. He remains the only person to have done so.
For Release Thursday, May 26th, 1926
To the Pulitzer Prize Committee,
Courtesy of Mr. Frank D. Fackenthal, Secretary,
Columbia University
New York City
I wish to acknowledge your choice of my novel "Arrowsmith" for the Pulitzer Prize. That prize I must refuse, and my refusal would be meaningless unless I explained the reasons.
That there is such a limitation of the award is little understood. Because of the condensed manner in which the announcement is usually reported, and because certain publishers have trumpeted that any novel which has received the Pulitzer Prize has thus been established without qualification as the best novel, the public has come to believe that the prize is the highest honor which an American novelist can receive.
The Pulitzer Prize for Novels signifies, already, much more than a convenient thousand dollars to be accepted even by such writers as smile secretly at the actual wording of the terms. It is tending to become a sanctified tradition. There is a general belief that the administrators of the prize are a pontifical body with the discernment and power to grant the prize as the ultimate proof of merit. It is believed that they are always guided by a committee of responsible critics, though in the case both of this and other Pulitzer Prizes, the administrators can, and sometimes do, quite arbitrarily reject the recommendations of their supposed advisers.
If already the Pulitzer Prize is so important, it is not absurd to suggest that in another generation it may, with the actual terms of the award ignored, become the one thing for which any ambitious novelist will strive; and the administrators of the prize may become a supreme court, a college of cardinals, so rooted and so sacred that to challenge them will be to commit blasphemy. Such is the French Academy, and we have had the spectacle of even an Anatole France intriguing for election.
I am, sirs,
Yours sincerely,
Sinclair Lewis
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Afro-Americana Imprints, 1535-1922
This collection is created from the Library Company of Philadelphia's acclaimed Afro-Americana Collection. When complete, this unique online resource will provide researchers with more than 12,000 printed works. These essential books, pamphlets and broadsides, including many lesser-known imprints, hold an unparalleled record of African American history, literature and culture. This collection spans nearly 400 years, from the early 16th to the early 20th century. Critically important subjects covered include the West's discovery and exploitation of Africa; the rise of slavery in the New World along with the growth and success of abolitionist movements; the development of racial thought and racism; descriptions of African American life -- slave and free -- throughout the Americas; and slavery and race in fiction and drama. Also featured are printed works of African American individuals and organizations. **At present, the online collection is only 8% complete.**
Can be cross-searched by keyword with African American Newspapers, African American Periodicals and other Archive of Americana series, using the Archive of Americana link below.
Text Collection
Stable URL
More Information
Page maintained by Sigrid Anderson Cordell
Last modified: 02/18/2013
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80677
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How to give Centos drivers for Embedded SATA Raid controller on HP Proliant
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http://www.linuxquestions.org – hey friends I forced my workplace to forgo windows and opt for linux for web and mail server. I'm setting up Centos 5.4 on it and I ran into a problem. The server machine is a HP Proliant DL120 G5 (quad core processor, 4GB Ram, two SATA drives, 150GB each attached to the hardware RAID Controller on board). RAID is enabled in the BIOS. Now, I pop in the Centos disk and go through the installation process. When I get to the stage where I partition my hard drive, it is showing one hard drive, not as traditional sda... but as mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45. So I looked around and figured that I need to give Centos the raid drivers. I downloaded it from: http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport...434ebbcadf9db5 I follow the instructions and download the aarahci-1.4.17015-1.rhel5.i686.dd.gz file and unzipped it using gunzip. Then on another nix system, i do this: dd if=aarahci-1.4.17015-1.rhel5.i686.dd of=/dev/sdb bs=1440k Note that I am using a usb floppy drive, hence the sdb. After that, during centos setup, i type: linux updates dd It asks me where the driver is located. I tell it and the installation continues in the graphical mode. But I still get mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45 as my drive. I tried to continue to install centos on it. It was successfull but when i do a "df -h" it gives me /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p1 as /boot /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p2 as / /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p3 as /var /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p4 as /external /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p5 as /swap /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p6 as /home Well i know why it's giving these, because i set it up that way, but i was hoping it would somehow change to the normal /dev/sda, /dev/sdb. That means that the driver i provided did not work. I have another IBM server (5U) with raid scsi drive and it shows the usual /dev/sda. It also has hardware raid. So i know that there is something wrong with the /dev/mapper/ddf1_4035305a86......a354a45p1 format. First, is there any way that I can put the aarahci-1.4.17015-1.rhel5.i686.dd (floppy image) on a CD?. I really need to set this up with raid. I know i could simply disable raid in bios and then i would get two normal hard drives sda and sdb. But it has to be a raid setup. Any way to slipstream the driver into the centos dvd? The hp link i provided above, under installation instructions, there are some instructions titled "Important". But I couldn't get it to work. What do they achieve? Guys, any help will be greatly greatly appreciated. Please... I need to get this server up and running soon. I am still and newbie but I learn fast and took on this task, believing I could do it. I am sure with all your help, I will be able to do it. Thanks in advance. (HowTos)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80678
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This tunable indicates the current number of configured hugetlb pages in the kernel. Super user can dynamically request more (or free some pre-configured) hugepages. The allocation (or deallocation) of hugetlb pages is possible only if there are enough physically contiguous free pages in system (freeing of hugepages is possible only if there are enough hugetlb pages free that can be transferred back to regular memory pool). Pages that are used as hugetlb pages are reserved inside the kernel and cannot be used for other purposes.
Use the following command to dynamically allocate/deallocate hugepages:
echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
This command will try to configure 20 hugepages in the system. The success or failure of allocation depends on the amount of physically contiguous memory that is preset in system at this time. System administrators may want to put this command in one of the local rc init files. This will enable the kernel to request hugepages early in the boot process (when the possibility of getting physical contiguous pages is still very high). In either case, administrators will want to verify the number of hugepages actually allocated by checking the tunable.
Comment viewing options
For Linux hugepages information chk out :
good info
good info
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80709
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Results tagged “Taliban”
If you do, then pick any of the sections below:
Or simply go to the aggregated tag results from:
Burning of Korans Complicates US Pullout Plan in Afghanistan
US says it's steadfast in rebuilding Afghanistan
Afghan anger over Koran burning an emblem of nation's culture war
Killings of US military advisers in Kabul 'unacceptable': Pentagon
New light on drone war's death toll
Afghan troops kill 2 US Army officers in Kabul
Secret US cable warned of Pakistani havens
Pakistan - Hizb-e-Islami hails appeal
Afghanistan: Riots over Koran Burning Subside, But Does Anger Still Simmer?
US Deaths in Afghanistan Came During Security Vetting
Afghanistan - Scholars want protestors to exercise restraint
Suicide assault team attacks police in Peshawar
The Abdullah Azzam Brigade claimed the attack and said it was carried out to avenge the death of Badr Mansoor, an al Qaeda and Taliban leader who was killed in a US drone strike on Feb. 9.
Beheadings in Afghanistan Are Grim Reminder of Extremes of Taliban Law
Afghan Protests Over Burning of Korans Spread for 3d Day
Karzai demands quick transfer of US-run jail
Karzai claims indirect contact with Mullah Omar
Talk of peace stirs up Qaeda-Taliban tensions
Of 'moderate' Taliban and their willingness to 'talk'
Pakistan - Malik says 27 terrorist groups involved in Benazir's murder
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80720
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80735
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New! Read & write lyrics explanations
• Highlight lyrics and explain them to earn Karma points.
Completely colorblind, these red lights are going unseen
Fall behind with words unsaid you know they're always obscene
She fell out; her broken legs won't let her walk away
From this town that couldn't give a single shit either way
And her fears, they bled before she's convinced that they're real
What are you looking for?
Are you looking for something more?
It's not me
It's not me
Lost her way from everything she swore she knew, a friend
Run away from start to finish though it never ends
In her mind she is blinded by all she sees
Close your eyes; just pretend the bullet isn't there
No surprise; no need to pretend that no one really cares
But in her eyes you will find the very best in me
What are you looking for?
Are you looking for something more?
It's not me
It's not me
When did it all unwind?
Are you prepared for what you'll find?
It's not me
It's not me
Lyrics taken from
Correct | Report
Please input the reason why these lyrics are bad:
• s
SheixcookJun 8, 2009 at 7:04 pm
She used to see him through the eyes of love, forgiving his faults and forgetting his flaws until she began not doing just it but maybe trying to change what he was to cover maybe her own flaws
• b
bluastroblueMay 25, 2009 at 10:28 am
He's singing a song about a girl he met in a big big city where she had went to look for her life but failed. Now she's unable to move on, unable to walk away from the place she got hurt, and she's hanging on the only thing she still got; a man she met some place. But the man isn't her salvation, because he has done some bad mistakes in his life before, and he knows he cannot her he even though he would like. Now she's stuck in running circles in her head and she's not strong enough to cut down the circle.
• m
MyDoggySpace677Feb 21, 2009 at 11:58 pm
He never really knew he loved her until she called it quits and he really never knew how BIG of an advantage he got in the game until it was over.
• c
chickadee19Aug 12, 2008 at 3:44 am
this is a tale about two people; a man and a woman
they both have their flaws; they both feel no one cares
and they find each other in their time of need
together they complete each other and make each other whole
despite their flaws, they overcome what everyone has always said about them
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80751
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By Lee Blessing
Directed by Pete Rydberg
What's it about? Dogs. Arts Funding. Reincarnation. Two acts that make you laugh, gasp and perhaps cry just a little.
Produced by Mercury Players at the Bartell Theatre in the Evjue, 113 E Mifflin, Madison, WI 53703
Performances: September 17 - October 1, 2005
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80762
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Welcome to the MANGA Forum.
character history
Ri-Kun's picture
i've rp'ed as shuichi shindo, ritsuka aoyagi and mizuki ashiya. those are so far characters in anime and manga i'm most like. from gravitation, loveless and hana-kimi. and what about you??? do you know these? and who are you like?
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80766
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Lucky Number 7
by on
Know Your Numbers
It doesn’t matter if you are preparing for the SAT, GRE, or GMAT, if you want to excel on the math portion of the exam you have to know your numbers. Memorizing multiplication tables is only half the battle. If you want a top score, you should be able to see the number 41,394 and know that it is divisible by 6 without consulting a calculator. While calculators are allowed on the SAT and GRE, they often reduce momentum. If you become too reliant on your calculator you are liable to second guess yourself during the exam and spend time using it unnecessarily.
Practicing the rules of divisibility will help you factor large numbers and increase your ability to power through the quantitative portion of the exam successfully. By the time exam day rolls around you should know that 41,394 is divisible by 6 because if you add up all the integers you get 21 and if integers add up to a number divisible by 3 then the number itself is divisible by 3. Since the number 41,394 is also even, it is clearly divisible by 2 and if a number is divisible by 2 and 3 then it is divisible by 6.
Divisibility strategies vary from number to number, but are typically simple and (kinda, sorta) fun. But when it comes to simple divisibility solutions, lucky number 7, never feels lucky on exam day. To some mathematical minds the number 7 is so tricky that they believe there is no “trick” to figuring out if something is divisible by 7.
Our GMAT guru, Craig Ryan begs to differ…
Divisibility by 7
According to Craig, divisibility by 7 can be tested by a recursive method.
A number of the form 10x + y is divisible by 7 if and only if x − 2y is divisible by 7.
In other words, subtract twice the last digit from the number formed by the remaining digits. Continue to do this until a small number (below 20 in absolute value) is obtained. The original number is divisible by 7 if and only if the number obtained using this procedure is divisible by 7.
For example, the number 371:
10x + y
if and only if x − 2y is divisible by 7
x= 37 (the first two digits)
y= 1
37 − (2×1) = 37 − 2 = 35
3 − (2 × 5) = 3 − 10 = −7
Since −7 is divisible by 7, we know 371 is divisible by 7.
How about a larger number?
Let’s try 2,968:
296 –(2×8) = 280
28 – (2×0) = 28
2 – (2×8) = -14
-1 – (2×4) = -7
If you know your multiplication tables then you should know after the first solution round that 28(0) is divisible by 7 and thus be able eliminate the final 3 steps.
Once you understand the rules of divisibility, factorization of large numbers is much more manageable. With manageability comes speed, with speed efficiency, and with efficiency comes success.
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Pipe Maze
From the Super Mario Wiki
(Redirected from Pipe Land)
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This article is about the seventh world from Super Mario Bros. 3. For information about the minigame from Mario Party, see here.
Pipe Maze
Pipe maze.PNG
Greater Location Mushroom World
Ruler Unnamed Mushroom King
Inhabitants Piranha Plants, Koopas
First Appearance Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988)
Latest Appearance Super Mario All-Stars Limited Edition (2010)
Pipe Maze (known as Pipe Land in the International NES revision, alternatively known as Tube City in the Nintendo Power Strategy Guide) is the seventh world in Super Mario Bros. 3. Pipe Maze consists of nine levels, two Fortresses, three Toad Houses, two Spade Panels, a Mushroom King's palace, and two special Piranha Plant levels. The world consists of many islands linked by a confusing network of pipes. The levels in this world often have complex pipe networks within. The kingdom is known to have landscapes, such as plains, deserts, and more, with several pipes. Besides the Piranha Plant denizens, the denizens of the world are implied to be Vikings, due to the King wearing a viking's helmet and overall resembling a nordic viking.
The labyrinth world of Pipe Maze is conquered by Ludwig von Koopa, who turns the king into a Piranha Plant (a Yoshi in the remakes) and all of its islands resemble Warp Pipes.
According to Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3, it was located to the east of Grass Land, and to the west of Iced Land.
Level Info[edit]
World 7-1[edit]
Hammer Mario in level 7-1.
This is a wraparound level, meaning if Mario goes out of one side of the screen, he'll reappear on the other. Plenty of pipes are found here along with Piranha Plants and Koopas.
World 7-2[edit]
The second pipe in the level leads to an underground pool filled with coins, many of which can only be collected by Frog Mario.There is also a P-Switch in the far left end of the pool. After returning back through the pipe, Mario continues walking to the right and jumps over the pit with a crack in it. After a wooden block and a Nipper Plant, Mario must duck in the highest pipe, then make his way to the right-most pipe, going up it. Afterward, he appears in a valley of pipes, above which are many invisible Jump Blocks which Mario must hit. Afterward, Mario ducks in the pipe to the right, grabs a power-up, comes out, ducks in the pipe to the left, and finally exits the one on the right. Then he crosses the valley on the newly made bridge of Jump Blocks; on the sixth Block from the left, Mario can jump extra-high to grab a 1-Up Mushroom. Afterwards, the lowest pipe from the left of the right wall is the pipe leading to the exit pipe.
World 7-3[edit]
This stage is very simple, except for the Lakitu. However, halfway through the level a Starman chain can make this easier. Also, later in the level there is a pipe with unlimited Goombas, which invincible Mario can kill for many 1-Ups. Each of the ? Blocks on the sides of the pipe has a Starman, which can be used to defeat some Goombas. A Lakitu will then appear and chase Mario while throwing eggs.
World 7-4[edit]
This water stage introduces Spiny Cheep-Cheeps. Also, this level boasts a huge maze of Jelectros. The Big Bertha and Blooper Nannies also infest the water. Before entering the pipe at the start of the level, Mario can fly over the wall to an area containing two 1-ups in bricks.
World 7-5[edit]
This level is a series of rooms. The first and second have nothing worthwhile, but in the third room, the player should hit all the Invisible Blocks inthe gaps in the floor. Then, at the last gap, jump through. The second pipe from the right has a exit not blocked by a block, and if Mario goes all the way to the left and goes in that pipe, he'll be lead to a power-up. After the pipe, Mario must go left, then fall through the second gap and go through another pipe. As a powered-up Mario, he must smash through the blocks to a pipe, then hop in. In this room, Mario must expose invisible blocks to make a solid path on the top, from platform to platform. Right by the pipe at the end, to the left, is a block with a 1-Up. Mario can then exit through the pipe, go across the other bridge he made, then take one last pipe into the out side.
World 7-PiranhaPlant-Map-SMA4.gifPiranha Plant[edit]
This stage is optional, but helpful. Mario must adventure over Munchers and all kinds of foliage. If he has a spare Starman, it'll aid him greatly. The smallest pipe at the end leads to a room with a P-Wing.
World 7-Fortress1-SMB3.pngFortress[edit]
This castle has a secret. If Mario enters powered-up, he can smash away the fourth row of blocks by the metal block, eventually uncovering a P-Switch that, when stomped, will turn the floor into a coin smorgasbord. There is also a secret room that contains a Tanooki Suit here. The only way to reach Boom-Boom's room is by flying near the left side of the large checkerboard-floor chamber, and entering the pipe hanging from the ceiling. This level is the only level without enemies (excluding Boom-Boom).
Only 200 seconds are given to complete this fortress.
World 7-6[edit]
This is another wraparound stage, but fairly simple. Mario needs to use the Arrow Lifts to ride on to get through the level while avoiding Spikes and Piranha Plants. If he uses the P-wing in the beginning, Mario can simply fly over the wall and get to the end of the level.
World 7-7[edit]
This stage has a line-up of Munchers. Mario needs to use every Starman found in the stage and run across the Munchers to get through the level. He can let the Stars roam for a bit before grabbing them, effectively heightening his invincibility time. Also, it is possible to use a P-Wing to fly over the Munchers.
World 7-8[edit]
This stage has more Piranha Plants and Venus Fire Traps. A Starman and/or a P-Wing work great here. There is a Starman in the first ? Block, allowing Mario to weed-whack the plants. Plus, the second walking Ptooie guards a pipe to a secret room, which has a Hammer Suit! Use it to smash Mario's way to the exit, and dodge fire attacks from Venus Fire Traps and Nipper Plants. Mario also finds a Coin Heaven by jumping and hitting a red jump block.
Mario will encounter a fire breathing Nipper Plant at the end of World 7-8. There is only one of these Fire Breathing Nipper Plants in the entire game, making it the rarest enemy encountered in Super Mario Bros. 3.
World 7-9[edit]
This level is a maze of tubing. There are quite a few secrets, and quite a few baddies. Mario can collect coins by smashing the blocks below them. There are many several rich coin deposits in this stage, but the player should watch the timer.
World 7-Fortress1-SMB3.pngFortress 2[edit]
Hammer Mario can breeze through this befuddling Fortress, but other Marios might have a harder time. Almost all the Fortress enemies are here. There are lava and pipes too. Boom Boom waits at the end as always.
World 7-PiranhaPlant-Map-SMA4.gifPiranha Plant 2[edit]
Mario can jump right over the first stretch of Munchers. Cross a field of Munchers using sparsely-placed ♩ Blocks and claim the Super Mushroom prize at the end.
World 7-AirshipAirship[edit]
An Anchor is highly recommended, as the Airship can traipse all over the world, and Mario cannot. This Airship has Rocket Engines waiting to singe Mario's rear as he balances on Bolt Lifts. Rocky Wrenches are here too, and Ludwig von Koopa awaits Mario at the end. Mario can tackle him like all his other siblings, but like Roy, he'll paralyze the plumber by jumping around.
Additionally, at the end of the airship Mario will get a letter from Bowser, saying that he kidnapped the princess.
The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3[edit]
Pipe Land in The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3.
In The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, Pipe Land, which was sometimes referred to as the Pipe Maze, appeared in a few episodes. Underneath Pipe Land is vast underground maze filled with pipes and rivers. It is populated by various enemies such as Thwomps, Boo Diddleys, Venus Fire Traps and even a Boom Boom.
Oh, Brother!: Using the Power Shower, Kooky and Bowser were scheming to wash all the coins floating around in the Pipe Maze into a dungeon where they could collect them. When the Power Shower sprung a leak, Kooky captured Mario by pulling him through the Pipe Maze using his Plumber Pole. Kooky then hypnotized Mario using his Lame Brainer so that he would mindlessly repair the invention. Luigi attempted to swim through the Pipe Maze to rescue Mario, but after a being chased by a Boss Bass, he returned to Toad's House to don a Frog Suit. As Frog Luigi, Luigi eluded all the enemies in the Pipe Maze and found his way to the Koopas' dungeon. After Luigi rescued Mario and defeated the Koopas, the Power Shower was dismantled, and all the stolen coins were returned to the Pipe Maze.
King Koopa and Mighty Plumber in Pipe Land's underground maze.
Misadventure of Mighty Plumber: In this episode Bowser wanted to rob the Pipe Land Coin Treasury. After Cheatsy brough Mighty Plumber to life from the TV, Bowser tricked him by saying that Mario and Luigi were trying to rob the treasury. Mighty Plumber followed Bowser through Pipe Land's underground maze, keeping Mario and Luigi out of Bowser's hair. After Bowser plundered the vault, he locked Mighty Plumber inside along with Mario and Luigi. With some help assistance from Mario and Luigi, Mighty Plumber escaped, took the coins back, and was returned to the TV. Mario and Luigi later returned the coins to the treasury.
Misadventures in Babysitting: The Pipe Maze was also featured in this episode. Junior, a spoiled child from Brooklyn whom Mario and Luigi accidentally wound up babysitting, found a warp leading to the Mushroom Kingdom. There he quickly befriended Bully, Cheatsy, and Kooky. The Koopalings used Junior as bait to lure Mario and Luigi into a volcano. However, they Koopalings betrayed Junior and tossed him into the Pipe Maze, where he was scared off by various enemies. Eavesdropping on the Koopalings, Mario and Luigi learned about where Junior went, and travelled into the Pipe Maze to find him. At the same time, Kooky began filling the Pipe Maze with lava. However, Mario and Luigi were able to find Raccoon Power, and were able to use it to free Junior from the Pipe Maze.
Nintendo Comics System[edit]
Pipe Land is the setting of the Nintendo Comics System story The Revenge of Pipe Ooze!, which reveals the world hosts The Annual Dirk Drain-Head Role-Playing Game.
Nintendo Adventure Books[edit]
One of the Game Overs in Leaping Lizards has Luigi end up lost and disoriented in the Pipe Maze (referred to as Pipe Land) if he falls into a body of water and is sucked into a pipe due to having an Anchor in his pocket.
In Pipe Down!, Ludwig von Koopa sets up a base in the Pipe Maze (now called Pipe World) and intends on debuting his basketball-themed opera, Dribbling Beauty, there; using a pair of magic shoes sent to her as a birthday present, Ludwig abducts Princess Toadstool to star in the opera as the "Prime Slamdunkerina". Along with a stage, Ludwig also has a Piranha Plant string quartet, a giant magical pipe organ, and a jukebox in his secret chamber. The Mario Bros. can reach Pipe World by either going down a tunnel beneath the Mushroom Palace, or by using one they discover in the Koopahari Desert.
Names in Other Languages[edit]
Language Name Meaning
Japanese ワールド７ 土管の国
Wārudo7 Dokan no Kuni
World 7: Pipe Land
(Pipe Maze in-game)
Spanish Mundo de las Tuberias Pipe World
German Röhrenisland Pipe Island
Italian Labirinto dei Condotti Pipe Labyrinth
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Marja-Leena Rathje
Home ::: experiment no.4
experiment no.4
This is becoming a mini series of playful experiments!
Marja-Leena | 29/07/2007 | 7 comments
themes: Found Objects, Photoworks
These are interesting. Are they experiments in form, or are you still concerned with the 2D effect, i.e. as print/photography material? Because all illustration online is by necessity 2D it is difficult to know. At first I thought that you were interested in the sculptural qualities, but then thinking about your interest in rock forms and how that informs you printmaking, I wondered if these images were serving the same purpose -?
Olga asks a good question. Regardless of the answer, I do like the series so far.
I'm just now catching up on this series. Fascinating. I've no idea what they really are — they look like metallic bone fragments! Or maybe roots wrapped in plastic wrap and spray painted with metallic paint! A very fine mystery....
Olga - Good, very articulate questions, thank you! I wish I had such articulate answers. As I've mentioned, I've been experimenting, exploring and playing with these images, but haven't had enough time with them yet with summer distractions. Interesting that you see a connection with rocks. I'm definitely interested in the sculptural and textural but I don't yet know how and in what way I will use these images in prints, if at all.
Dave, glad you like these.
MB, glad these intrigue! They are indeed metallic. All will be revealed, perhaps when I can answer Olga's question more satisfactorily!
This is one I like best so far, it quite made me start! The shapes are so graceful.
These are developing into a really interesting set - jaws, mask,sharpness. From the texture, I am going to guess that they are found on beaches.
Lucy and Anna, thanks! As I keep saying, I don't know where these are heading yet. They are still just digital images but they are growing on me. I just need some time to work on these more but summer is distracting me!
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Join 237,000 weekly readers and receive practical marketing advice for FREE.
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Jun 27, 2005
Blog Post
Warning: Two US States Enact (Bad) New Email Laws
SUMMARY: No summary available.
by Anne Holland, President
This weekend, my email in-box practically exploded under the weight of incoming queries, concerns, and mailer debates about two new US state email laws that have come up pretty much out of the blue.
On July 1st, new child protection email laws go into effect in both Michigan and Utah. I'm not a lawyer, but here's my rough take on the facts thus far.
-- Individuals who are minors (under 18) or who give minors access to their email accounts (i.e., parents) and live in UT or MI can add those email addresses to a registry in the appropriate state.
-- Institutions such as schools can add their entire domain to the registry.
-- No "commercial" emailer can send a message that contains anything illegal for kids to view or use to even a single recipient on those registries. This includes messages about alcohol, tobacco, porn, gambling, and prescription drugs.
-- Plus, your message can't hotlink to a Web page that contains info about anything illegal. So, if your link goes to and there's info about tobacco on that page, then you might be breaking the law. (This angle is what worries mailers the most.)
-- The laws are in effect regardless of whether you're a permission mailer. If an individual requests to be on your list, you still can't mail any illegal content to them nor link to any illegal content.
Both laws are fairly vaguely worded, leaving details open to interpretation. So knowing how to obey isn't easy. (Can you say "Bad Law?") And no one has any idea how forcefully the states will go about stopping mailers who mess up.
The key is, because of this vagueness, the laws at this time affect nearly every mailer in the US who either:
A) Mails content only suitable for adults, or
B) Hotlinks to a Web page that might contain an ad, an article or perhaps even just a hotlink to content that's only suitable for adults. (And some argue that could be Yahoo's home page, what with links to personals, etc.)
I'm working to put together a special report on these new laws for our next issue. This could be a hue and cry about nothing, or it could turn into a huge pain for otherwise legitimate mailers.
In the meantime, don't say I didn't warn you.
Or call 877-895-1717
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The International Workingmen’s Association, 1870
Confidential Communication on Bakunin
Written: March 28, 1870, (in German) by Marx as the IWMA’s corresponding secretary for Germany, and sent confidentially to Dr. Ludwig Kugelmann – who was then to circulate it to leaders in the German Social-Democratic Workers’ party.
The Russian Bakunin (although I have known him since 1843, I pass over everything that is not absolutely necessary for an understanding of the following) had a meeting with Marx in London shortly after the founding of the International. Marx received him in the International, for which Bakunin promised to work to the best of his ability. Bakunin went to Italy, received there the Provisional Statutes and the Address to the Working Classes, which Marx sent him, replied “very enthusiastically,” and did nothing. After years during which one heard nothing from him, he emerged again in Switzerland, There, he joined not the International but the Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté [The League of Peace and Liberty, founded 1867 – members included Victor Hugo and Giuseppe Garibaldi]. After the congress of this Peace League (Geneva 1867), Bakunin gets himself elected to its executive committee, but in it he finds opponents who not only do not allow him any “dictatorial” influence but also watch him as a “Russian suspect.” Shortly after the Brussels Congress of the International (September 1868), the Peace League held its congress in bern. This time, B. appeared as a firebrand and – it is to be remarked in passing – denounced the Occidental bourgeoisie in the same tone that the Muscovite optimists use to attack Western civilization in order to minimize their own barbarism. He proposed a series of resolutions which, absurd in themselves, were designed to instill fear in the bourgeoisie cretins and to allow Herr Bakunin to leave the Peace League and to enter the International with eclat. It suffices to say that the program he proposed at the Bern Congress contained such absurdities as “equality” of “classes,” “abolition of the right of inheritance as the beginning of the social revolution,” etc. – senseless prattle, a garland of hollow notions which pretended to be chilling; in short, an insipid improvization designed to achieve a certain monetary effect. Bakunin’s friends in Paris (where a Russian [Grigory Vyrubov] is co-publisher of the Revue Positiviste) and in London publicly announced his withdrawl from the Peace League as an evenement [event] and proclaimed his grotesque program – this olla podrida [spiced-up stew] of polished commonplaces – as something strangely fearsome and original.
In the meantime, B. joined the Branche Romande [Romanish Branch] of the International (in Geneva). It took him years before he decided on this step. But it was only a few days before Herr Bakunin decided to overthrow the International and transform it into his instrument.
Behind the back of the London General Council – which was informed only after everything was seemingly ready – he established the so-called Alliance des Democrates Socialistes. The program of this Alliance was none other than the one B. had proposed at the Bern Peace [League] Congress. Thus, from the outset, the Alliance showed itself to be a propaganda organization of specifically Bakuninist private mysticism, and B. himself, one of the most ignorant of men in the field of social theory, suddenly figures here as a sect founder. However, the theoretical program of this Alliance was pure farce. Its serious side lay in its practical organization. For this Alliance was to be an international one, with its central committee in Geneva, that is, under Bakunin’s personal direction. At the same time it was to be an “integral” part of the International Working Men’s Association. Its branches were to be represented at the “next Congress" of the International (in Basel) on the one hand, and to have its own separate sessions alongside the former on the other hand, etc., etc.
The human material chiefly at Bakunin’s disposal consisted of the then-majority of the Federal Romanish Committee of he International in Geneva. J. Ph. Becker, whose propaganda seal occassionally runs away with his head, was pushed forward. In Italy and Spain, Bakunin had some allies.
The General Council in London had been thoroughly informed. But it quietly let Bakunin go on until the moment when he was forced by J. Ph. Becker to submit the statutes (and program) of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy to the General Council for approval. Thereupon followed a far-reaching decision – entirely “judicial” and “objective,” yet in its “basic considerations” full of irony – which concluded as follows:
1. The General Council does not admit the Alliance as a branch of the International.
2. All paragraphs of the statutes of the Alliance which deal with the relationship of the International are declared null and void.
In the basic considerations it was demonstrated clearly and strikingly that the Alliance is nothing but a machine for the disorganization of the International.
This came as an unexpected blow. Bakunin had already transformed L’Égalite, the central organ of the French-speaking members of the International in Switzerland, into his organ; in addition, he founded in Locle a little private journal – Progres. Progres still plays that role under the editorship of fanatical Bakunin follower, Guillaume.
After several weeks of reflection.the Central Committee of the Alliance – under the signature of Perron, a Genevan – finally sent a reply to the General Council. In it, the Alliance, out of zeal for the cause, offered to sacrifice its independent organization, but only on one condition, namely, a declaration by the General Council that it recognizes the Alliance’s “radical” principles.
The General Council replied:
It is not its function to sit in theoretical judgment on the programs of the various sections. Its only task is to see to it that the latter are not in direct contradiction with its Statutes and their spirit. Hence the General Council must insist that the absurd phrase “equality of the classes” be stricken out and replaced by the phrase “abolition of classes” (which was done). For the rest, the members of the Alliance can join the International, after the dissolution of its own independent international organization and after a list of the various branches has been supplied to the General Council (which, let it be noted, was never done).
With this, the incident was closed. The Alliance dissolved itself nominally, but factually continued under the leadership of Bakunin, who at the same time dominated the Geneva Comite Romand Federal of the International. Added to its lists of organs there was the Federacion in Barcelona (and after the Basel Congress, also the Eguaglianza in Naples).
Bakunin then sought to achieve his aim – to transform the International into his private instrument – by other means. Through the Geneva Romanish Committee of the General Council he proposed that the “question of inheritance" be put on the agenda of the Basel Congress. The General Council agreed, in order to be able to hit Bakunin on the head directly. Bakunin’s plan was this: When the Basel Congress accepts the “principles” (?) he proposed in Bern, he will show the world that he has not gone over to the International, but the International has gone over to him. The simple consequence: The London General Council (whose opposition to the rehashing of the St.-Simonist vieillerie [rubbish] was known to Bakunin) must resign and the Basel Congress would move the General Council to Geneva; that is, the International would fall under the dictatorship of Bakunin.
Bakunin put his full conspiracy into motion, in order to assure himself of a majority in the Basel Congress. Even fake mandates were not lacking, such as those of Herr Guillaume for Locle, etc. Bakunin himself importuned mandates from Naples and Lyon. All sorts of calumnies against the General Council were spread. Some were told that it was dominated by the element bourgeois and others that it was the seat of communisme autoritaire.
The result of the Basel Congress is known. Bakunin’s proposal did not go through, and the General Council remained in London.
The anger of this defeat – Bakunin had perhaps tied up a hoped-for success with private speculations in “his heart’s spirit and feeling” – was aired in irritated utterances in L’Égalité and Progres. These papers in the meantime assumed more and more the form of official oracles. Now one and now the other of the Swiss sections [of the International] was put under excommunication because, despite Bakunin’s express instructions, it participated in political movements, etc. Finally the long restrained fury against the General Council broke into the open. Progres and L’Égalité sneered, attacked, declared that the General Council did not fulfill its duties, for example, in connection with the quarterly bulletins; the General Council must rid itself of direct control over England and establish a separate central committee to occupy itself with English affairs; the resolutions of the General Council in regard to the Fenian prisoners were an infringement of its functions, since it is not supposed to concern itself with the local political questions. Furthermore, Progres and L’Égalité took the side of Schweitzer, and the General Council was categorically challenged to declare itself officially and publicly on the Liebknecht-Schweitzer question. The journal Le Travail (in Paris), into which Schweitzer’s Paris friends smuggled articles favorably to him, was praised for this by Progress and L’Égalité, the latter demanding that Le Travail make common cause against the General Council.
Hence the time has come for taking decisive steps. The enclosed is an exact copy of the General Council’s circular to the Romanish Central Committee in Geneva. The document [written in French] is too long to translate into German.
composed around January 1, 1870
In its extraordinary session of January 1, 1870, the General Council resolved:
1. We read in L’Égalité of December 11, 1869:
“It is certain that the General Council is neglecting extremely important matters. We remind the General Council of its obligations under Article I of the Regulations: The General Council is obliged to carry out the decisions of the Congress.... We could put enough questions to the General Council for its replies to make up quite a lengthy document. They will come later.... Meanwhile... etc.”
The General Council does not know of any article, either in the Statutes or in the Rules, which obliges it to enter into correspondence or into polemics with L’Égalité or to provide “answers” to “questions” from any newspapers.
Only the Swiss Romanish Federal Council represents the branch societies in the General Council. When the Federal Council directs questions or reprimands to us, and does it by the only legitimate means – that is, through its secretary – the General Council will always be ready to reply. But the Romanish Federal Council has the right neither to abdicate its functions to L’Égalité and Progres not to permit them to be usurped by these newspapers.
Generally, speaking, the General Council’s correspondence with national and local committees cannot be published without doing great harm to the general interests of the International.
Hence if other organs of the International were to follow the example of Progres and L’Égalité, the General Council would be faced with the alternative of either discrediting itself publicly by its silence or violating its obligations by replying publicly.
L’Égalité joined Progres (a paper which has not hitherto declared itself an organ of the International, and which is also note sent to the General Council) to demand explanations from the General Council. that is almost a League of Public Welfare! [The latter was a feudal association from 1464 France, founded to oppose policies of Louis XI.]
2. Assuming that the questions put by L’Égalité come from the Romanish Federal Council, we are going to answer them, but only on condition that such questions are never put to us again in such a manner.
3. The Question of a Bulletin.
In the Resolutions of the Geneva Congress, which are inserted in the Rules, it is laid down that the national committees shall send the General Council document dealing with the proletarian movement and that the General Council shall thereupon publish them as bulletins in the different languages as often as its means permit. (“As often as its means permit, the General Council shall publish a report, etc.”)
The General Council’s obligation was thus made dependent on conditions which have never been fulfilled. Even the statistical inquiry provided for in the Rules, decided on by conservative general congresses, and requested by the General Council year after year, has never been made. As for means, the General Council would long ago have ceased to exist without the regional contributions from England and the personal sacrifices of its members.
Thus the Rule adopted by the Geneva Congress has remained a dead letter.
In regard to the Basel Congress, it did not discuss fulfillment of these existing Rules, but only the opportunity of issuing a bulletin in good time, and it did not make any resolutions on this. (See German account, published in Basel under the eyes of the congress.)
For the rest, the General Council believes that the basic purpose of the bulletin is at the moment perfectly fulfilled by the various organs of the International published in various languages and exchanged among them. It would be absurd to do by expensive reports what is being done already without cost. Moreover, a bulletin which published what is not printed in the organs of the International would only help our enemies to see behind the scenes.
4. The Question of the Separation of the General Council from the Federal Council of England.
Long before the founding of L’Égalité, this proposal used to be made repeatedly in the General Council by two of its English members. It was always rejected almost unanimously.
Although revolutionary initiative will probably come from France, England alone can serve as the lever for a serious economic revolution. It is the only country where there are no longer any peasants and where landed property is concentrated in a few hands. It is the only country where the capitalist form – that is, labor combined on a large scale under capitalist entrepreneurs – has taken over practically the whole of production. It is the only country where the great majority of the population consists of wage laborers. It is the only country where the class struggle and organization of the working class by the trade unions have attained a certain degree of maturity and universality. It is the only country where, thanks to its domination of the world market, ever revolution in economic relationships must directly affect the whole world. While on the one hand landlordism and capitalism have their classic seat in this country, the material conditions for their destruction are on the other hand the most mature here. The General Council is now in the fortunate position of having its hand directly on this great lever of proletarian revolution, what folly, yea, one might almost say what crime, it would be to let this lever fall into purely English hands!
The English have at their disposal all necessary material preconditions for a social revolution. What they lack is the spirit of generalization and revolutionary passion. Only the General Council can provide them with this, and thus accelerate a truly revolutionary movement here and, in consequence, everywhere. The great successes we have already achieved in this respect are attested by the most intelligent and most eminent newspapers of the ruling classes, such as, for example, the Pall Mall Gazette, the Saturday Review, the Spectator, and the Fortnightly Review, not to mention the so-called radicals in the House of Commons and the House of Lords who until recently still exerted a great influence on the leaders of the English workers. They accuse us publicly of having poisoned and practically stifled the “English spirit” of the working class and of having driven it to revolutionary socialism.
The only way of bringing about this change is to do what the General Council of the International Association is doing. As the General Council, we are able to initiate measures (for example, the founding of the Land and Labor League) which later, after their execution, appear to the public as spontaneous movements of the English working class.
If a Federal Council were to be established outside the General Council, what would be the immediate effects? The Federal Council would find itself placed between the General Council of the International and the General Council of the Trade Unions, and would have no authority. Furthermore, the General Council of the International would have its great lever taken out of its hands. If we preferred noisy quackery to serious action behind the scenes, we would perhaps commit the mistake of replying publicly to L’Égalité’s question why “the General Council permits such a burdensome accumulation of functions".
England should not simply be compared to other countries. It must be considered as the metropolis of capital.
5. The Question of the General Council’s Resolution on the Irish Amnesty.
While England is the bulwark of landlordism and capitalism, Ireland is the only point where the great blow against official England can really be struck.
First, Ireland is the bulwark of English landlordism. If it fell in Ireland, it would also fall in England. In Ireland this is a hundred times easier, because the economic struggle there is concentrated exclusively in landed property, because the struggle there is at the same time a national one, and because the people there are more revolutionary and more embittered than in England. In Ireland, landlordism is maintained solely by the English army. The moment the forced union between the two countries ends, a social revolution will break out in Ireland, even if in outmoded form. English landlordism would not only lose a substantial source of its wealth, but also its greatest moral force – that of representing the domination of England over Ireland. On the other hand, by maintaining the power of their landlords in Ireland, the English proletariat makes them invulnerable in England itself.
He regards him practically in the same way the the poor whites in the southern states of North America regard the black slaves. This antagonism between the proletarians in England is artificially nourished and kept alive by the bourgeoisie. It knows that this split is the true secret of maintaining its power.
Furthermore, Ireland is the only pretext the English Government has for maintaining a large standing army, which in case of necessity, as has happened before, can be loosed against the English workers after getting its military training in Ireland.
The position of the International on the Irish Question is thus clear. Its first task is to hasten the social revolution in England. To this end, the decisive blow must be struck in Ireland.
The General Council’s resolution on the Irish amnesty serves only as an introduction to other resolutions which will affirm that, apart from ordinary international justice, it is a precondition for the emancipation of the English working class to transform the present forced union (that is, the enslavement of Ireland) into an equal and free confederation, if possible, or complete separation, if need be.
For the rest, the naive doctrines of L’Égalité and Progres about the connection, or rather the nonexistence of any connection, between the social and political movements have never, to the best of our knowledge, been recognized by any of our International congresses. They run counter to our Statutes, which state: “That the economical emancipation of the working classes is therefore the great end to which every political movement ought to be subordinate as a means.” The words “as a means” were left out in the French translation made in 1864 by the Paris Committee. When questioned by the General Council, the Paris Committee excused itself by the difficulties of its political position. There are other mutilations of the original text of the Statutes. The first clause of the Statutes reads as follows: “... The struggle for the emancipation of the working classes means... a struggle... for equal rights nd duties, and the abolition of all class rule.” The Paris translation speaks of “equal rights and duties;” that is, it reproduces general phrases found virtually in all democratic manifestoes of the hundred years and differently interpreted by different classes, but omits the concrete demand: The abolition of all class rule. Further, in the second clause of the Statutes one reads: “That the economical subjection of the man of labor to the monopolizer of the means of labor – that is, the sources of life,” etc. The Paris translation substitutes the word “capital” for “the means of labor – that is, the sources of life,” although the latter expression included the land as well as the other means of labor. The original and authentic text was restored in the French translation published as a pamphlet in Brussels by La Rive Gauche in 1866. 6. The Question of Liebknecht-Schweitzer. L’Égalité writes: “Both of these groups belong to the International.” This is false. The Eisenach group (which Proges and L’Égalité would like to transform into Citizen Liebknecht’s group) belongs to the International. The Schweitzer group does not belong to it. Schweitzer even explained at length in his newspaper, Social-Demokrat, why the Lassallean organization could not join the International without destroying itself. He spoke the truth without realizing it. His artificial, sectarian organization stands in opposition to the historical and spontaneous organization of the working class. Progres and L’Égalité have summoned the General Council to declare publicly its “opinion” on the personal differences between Liebknecht and Schweitzer. Since Citizen Johann Phillip Becker (who is slandered as much as Liebknecht in Schweitzer’s paper) is a member of L’Égalité’s editorial board, it seems truly strange that its editors are not better informed about the facts. The should have known Liebknecht, in the Demokratisches Wochenblatt, publicly invited Schweitzer to accept the General Council as arbiter over their differences, and that Schweitzer has no less publicly refused to recognize the authority of the General Council. For its part, the General Council has left no stone unturned to put an end to this scandal. It instructed its secretary for Germany to enter into correspondence with Schweitzer; this has been done for two years, but all efforts by the Council have broken down in the face of Schweitzer’s firm resolve to preserve his autocratic power, together with his sectarian organization, at all costs. It is up to the General Council to determine the favorable moment when its public intervention in this conflict will do more good than harm. 7. Since L’Égalité’s accusations are public and could be considered as emanating from the Romanish Federal Council in Geneva, the General Council is to communication this reply to all committees corresponding with it. By Order of the General CouncilThe French Committee (despite the fact that Bakunin has intrigued mightily in Lyon and Marseilles and has won over a few young hotheads), as well as the Conseil General Belge (Brussels), have declared themselves in entire agreement with the General Council rescript.
The copy for Geneva (because the secretary for Switzerland, Jung, was very busy) has been somewhat delayed. hence it crossed an official statement which Perret, the secretary of the Geneva Romanish Central Committee, sent to the General Council.
For the crisis broke out in Geneva before the arrival of our letter there. Some of the editors of L’Égalité rebelled against the Bakuninist-dictated direction. Bakunin and his followers (among them six Egalite editors) wanted to force the Geneva Committee to dismiss the recalcitrants. But the Geneva Committee had long been tired of Bakunin’s despotism and was reluctant to be dragged in against the General Council, in opposition to the German Swiss Committee. Hence it endorsed the Egalite editors who had displeased Bakunin. Whereupon the six other editors submitted their resignation from the editorial board, hoping thereby to bring the paper to a standstill.
In reply to our communication the Geneva Central Committee stated that Egalite’s attack took place against its wishes, that is had never approved the policy it preached, that the paper would henceforth be edited under strict supervision, etc.
Thereupon Bakunin withdrew from Geneva to Tessin. Now he has control – at least as afar as Switzerland is concerned – only over Progres (Locle).
Soon thereafter, Herzen died. Bakunin, who from the time when he began to pose as the leader of the European labor movement slandered his old friend and patron Herzen, upon the latter’s death immediately began to trumpet his eulogies. Why? Because Herzen, despite his personal wealth, received from the pseudo socialist Pan-Slavic party, which was friendly to him, 25,000 francs annually for propaganda. Through his loud eulogies, Bakunin managed to have this money directed to him and thereby entered into “Herzen’s inheritance” – malgre sa haine de l’heritage [despite his hatred of the right of inheritance] – pecuniarily and morally sine beneficio inventarii [without legal permission of the estate].
At the same time, a young Russian refugee colony settled in Geneva, consisting of students, who were really honest and who showed their honesty by adopting opposition to Pan-Slavism as the main point of their program.
They are publishing a journal, La Voix du Peuple, in Geneva.
About two weeks ago they applied to London, sending in their program and asking approval for the establishment of a Russian branch. The approval was granted.
In a separate letter to Marx, they requested him to represent them provisionally in the General Council. This, too, was accepted. At the same time they indicated – and seemed thereby to want to apologize to Marx – that their next step must be to tear off Bakunin’s mask publicly, because that man speaks two entirely different languages, one in Russia and another in Europe.
Thus the game of this highly dangerous intrigant – at least on the terrain of the International – will soon be played out.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80810
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Documentation Center
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Remove data from output buffer
An interface object or an array of interface objects.
flushoutput(obj) removes data from the output buffer associated with obj.
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After the output buffer is flushed, the BytesToOutput property is automatically configured to 0.
If flushoutput is called during an asynchronous (nonblocking) write operation, the data currently stored in the output buffer is flushed and the write operation is aborted. Additionally, the callback function specified for the OutputEmptyFcn property is executed. You can write data asynchronously to the instrument using the fprintf or fwrite functions.
The output buffer is automatically flushed when you connect an object to the instrument with the fopen function.
You can clear the input buffer with the flushinput function. You can clear the hardware buffer for GPIB and VXI instruments with the clrdevice function.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80838
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collagenase clostridium histolyticum, Xiaflex: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing
collagenase clostridium histolyticum, Xiaflex
Pharmacy Author:
Medical and Pharmacy Editor:
GENERIC NAME: collagenase clostridium histolyticum
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Xiaflex is an injectable formulation of purified collagenase derived from the bacterium, clostridium histolyticum. It is used for treating Dupuytren's contracture. A Dupuytren's contraction is caused by an abnormal accumulation of collagen (scar) in the tissue beneath the skin of the palm of the hand. The collagen binds the tissue to the skin of the palm, limiting the movement of the skin over the underlying tissues and preventing extension of the fingers. Collagenase is an enzyme that breaks down collagen. Xiaflex breaks down excessive collagen by disrupting its chemical structure. Reducing the accumulation of collagen improves movement of the affected fingers. The FDA approved Xiaflex in February 2010.
PREPARATIONS: Powder for Injection: Single use vial, 0.9 mg
STORAGE: Vials should be refrigerate at 2-8 C (36-46 F) prior to mixing with diluents but should not be frozen After diluting, it should be kept at room temperature for one hour at 20-25 C (68-77 F) or refrigerated for up to 4 hours at 2-8 C (36-46 F).
PRESCRIBED FOR: Xiaflex is used for the treatment of adult patients with Dupuytren's contracture with a palpable cord of collagen.
DOSING: The recommended dose is 0.58 mg per injection into a palpable cord. Re-injection may occur 4 weeks after the initial injection if the contracture remains. Injections may be repeated up to 3 times per cord at 4 week intervals.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: In clinical trials many patients treated with Xiaflex developed bruising or bleeding at the injection site. Therefore, Xiaflex should be used with caution in patients with an abnormal tendency to bleed or who are taking drugs that cause bleeding. Except for low dose aspirin, Xiaflex has not been tested in patients receiving drugs that reduce the ability of blood to clot.
PREGNANCY: Use in pregnant women has not been adequately evaluated. It should be used only if it is clearly needed.
NURSING MOTHERS: Xiaflex has not been studied in women who are breastfeeding.
SIDE EFFECTS: The most common adverse reactions of Xiaflex are fluid retention (swelling of the injected hand), contusion (bruising), injection site bleeding, injection site swelling, pain in the treated hand, and tenderness. Tendon rupture or other serious injury to the injected hand may occur. Allergic reactions and development of antibodies to Xiaflex also may occur.
Reference: FDA Prescribing Information
Last Editorial Review: 3/27/2012 7:26:55 PM
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80856
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noun \ˈmēn\
: a person's appearance or facial expression
Full Definition of MIEN
: appearance, aspect <dresses of formal mien>
Examples of MIEN
1. He has the mien of an ancient warrior.
Origin of MIEN
by shortening & alteration from 1demean
First Known Use: 1522
Next Word in the Dictionary: mifepristone
Previous Word in the Dictionary: midyear
All Words Near: mien
Seen & Heard
What made you want to look up mien? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80858
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AppGamer's Scores
• Games
For 337 reviews, this publication has graded:
• 59% higher than the average critic
• 14% same as the average critic
• 27% lower than the average critic
Average Game review score: 76
Highest review score: 100 Modern Combat 3: Fallen Nation
Lowest review score: 30 King's Orders: Savages - Chapter One
Score distribution:
1. Negative: 12 out of 337
337 game reviews
• 55 Metascore
• 40 Critic Score
Such a shame that they couldn't have done something with Paperboy, because all they have done is taken a game from the 80's, tried to put it on your iPhone and they've created a disappointingly awful throw away experience. This is one delivery I'd be happy to miss.
• 41 Metascore
• 30 Critic Score
It's a wasted opportunity and doesn't do anything for the Monty Python name.
• 53 Metascore
• 30 Critic Score
Rayman 2 the Great Escape should stay on platforms akin to those for which it was intended, because this is essentially locking it back up behind bars to reminisce about sitting on the floor in front of the TV with a joypad in its magical floating hands.
• 46 Metascore
• 30 Critic Score
It's frustrating, awkward and most importantly; not enjoyable.
• 52 Metascore
• 30 Critic Score
• 51 Metascore
• 30 Critic Score
While RIP Rally satisfies the basics of a twin stick shooter and does, at least, try to be a little different with the car theme, it simply falls down for being too drab and badly balanced. The handling and adverts just tip it over the 'do not buy' edge.
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[Metroactive Movies]
[ Movies Index | Metro | Metroactive Central | Archives ]
Reinventing Reality
movie Hard Hat: The near future will pack a world of entertainment into a headset, according to "Synthetic Pleasures."
'Synthetic Pleasures' explores the virtual future
By Heather Zimmerman
HAPPILY, THE SLICK, techno-infused documentary Synthetic Pleasures doesn't merely offer another venture into the uncharted wilds of cyberspace, although that's inevitably where it ends up. On the way to its inescapable virtual destination, however, the film provides a provocative tour of the unique and occasionally peculiar culture that has grown up around modern technology. Synthetic Pleasures contends that we're slowly reinventing reality--particularly nature and our environment--a trend especially apparent in the sanitized and convenient versions of nature we're now able to create, such as an indoor, snow-covered "mountain" designed for year-round skiing.
The film suggests that such re-creations of nature may soon be as appealing as the real thing, perhaps even more so, not to mention more readily accessible. The most powerful example this reinvention of nature is Japan's Ocean Dome, a giant indoor amusement park that re-creates a tropical beach, complete with computer-generated typhoons. The film also uses a quick journey through Las Vegas, focusing on casinos like the Egyptian-themed Luxor and Caesar's Palace, to note that a walk along the Strip is becoming akin to a trip both around the world and through history.
The chances for transformation seem limitless. As if to demonstrate such transformations, Synthetic Pleasures turns to more and more computer-generated footage, particularly clips depicting impossibly altered--often faceless--incarnations of the human body. Unfortunately, the film becomes mired in a profusion of computer-animated images that lose much of their potential meaning when linked together in a number of seemingly endless sequences.
Even though there are lots of interviews with experts or trailblazers in the field of technology, often it's only their words that we hear, voiced-over other footage and clips of computer-generated images. These disembodied voice-overs generally provide compelling thoughts and information, but without the visual context of a speaker, the words seem like abstract thoughts, pieces of random information put forth by the film rather than the ideas and opinions of individuals. By the end, Synthetic Pleasure's distinctively artificial aspects give the impression that you may have already entered the virtual, futuristic world that the film proposes.
Synthetic Pleasures(Unrated; 83 min.), a documentary by Iara Lee, produced by George Gund.
[ Metro | Metroactive Central | Archives ]
From the August 29-September 4, 1996 issue of Metro
This page was designed and created by the Boulevards team.
Copyright © 1996 Metro Publishing, Inc.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80890
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Mister Goodcat
Peter's home of all things life
Tuesday, 8/31/2010 1:13 PM
by Peter Kuhn
Fixing the memory leaks in BlogEngine.NET 1.6.1
Tuesday, 8/31/2010 1:13 PM by Peter Kuhn | 12 Comments
As I wrote in my previous post, BlogEngine.NET has some heavy memory leaks in version 1.6.1 that caused my test installation to allocate several hundred additional kilobytes on each post view. As a result, either your server will crawl or even come to a halt after a while, or if you had set an application pool recycle threshold, you'll see recycling happening constantly.
I decided to do a bit of profiling on the project, and after that didn't bring up good clues, I bit the bullet and searched through the source to look out for the usual suspects. For that, I had downloaded the source code for 1.6.1 which hasn't been released as a separate package, but can easily be found here (I didn't want to use the trunk). In the end it turned out that I didn't even need the sources, because all the issues are part of the code in the App_Code folder and can be fixed directly there. Ok, here are my findings: More...
Tuesday, 8/31/2010 3:25 AM
by Peter Kuhn
The joys of setting up a blog
Tuesday, 8/31/2010 3:25 AM by Peter Kuhn | 0 Comments
Hi and welcome to the first post of my new blog. When I thought about having a blog, I had some things in mind I wanted to blog about; however, I had no idea what the initial blog post should look like. That changed rapidly when I tried to set up my own blog engine, and so the first post will be a description of my struggles with SubText and BlogEngine.NET.
When I had to choose a blog engine to use, I not only checked for the features I wanted, but also tried to get an impression of the activity of the project as well as the provided support. That ruled out some of the candidates, and after using some demo installations, in the end that left me with SubText and BlogEngine.NET. Mostly because I had used it before in a hosted environment, I chose SubText (version 2.5).
However, setting it up myself was harder than I thought. More...
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80909
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International Stuttering Awareness Day Online Conference, 2002
Don't Let Stuttering Stop You...
(from creating the life you want in
professional development
personal fulfillment.)
Judith Maginnis Kuster, chair of the Online Conference
Other ISAD2002 information and events are available here.
Welcome to the fifth!! International Online Conference on Stuttering, chaired by Judith Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Online conferences have been an integral part of International Stuttering Awareness Day which began in 1998. ISAD is organized by Michael Sugarman, Oakland, California, and recognizes the growing alliance between speech-language professionals and consumers, who are learning from each other and working together to share, give support, and educate one another and the general public on the impact that stuttering has on individuals' lives.
This year's conference focuses on general issues about stuttering. It is designed for people who stutter, their families and employers, the professionals who work with them, students in training and their instructors. Thank you for your participation. Your comments about the conference are also welcome.
Beginning October 1 there are 5 panels and 30 invited papers linked below for you to read at your leisure. There is also a section - "The Professor is In" - where you can ask questions of several professionals. The contributions in this conference reflect professional and consumer interests about stuttering and are presented by over 60 individuals representing 14 different countries on 6 different continents (with one who has been to Antarctica as well!). Each paper also has a threaded discussion page for your comments and questions. By October 22, 2002, International Stuttering Awareness Day, the authors of the papers will respond as they wish. Feel free to post your questions/comments at any time and check back on International Stuttering Awareness Day for any response from the author. Contributors to the conference are solely responsible for the information they provide. The conference organizer and Minnesota State University cannot be responsible for nor can we attest to the accuracy or efficacy of the information others provide. The authors' papers will be permanently archived on the Stuttering Home Page for you to read at any time. (
Instructions - please read! The papers are linked to the button to the left and are also hyperlinked. After you have opened the paper, the link will turn green to remind you that you've already opened that paper. The questions/comments page may be accessed at the top or bottom of each paper, or from the link after the title of the paper in the index. Please read the instructions on how to post questions at the top of each of the question/comments pages. For those who want to test out a threaded discussion before posting or commenting, I have made a testing out threaded discussions page. For AOL users (and perhaps some other ISPs) your post may not appear until the following day due to a "dynamic caching" feature of AOL.
Office Hours - the experts
Several university professors have agreed to serve as a panel to answer appropriately-posed questions about stuttering. This is primarily designed for parents and people who stutter to learn from the "experts," and is not for lengthy discussion or for students assigned to "post something to the online conference."
Office Hours: The Professor Is In, featuring Steve Hood, Judy Kuster, Dick Mallard, Walt Manning, Larry Molt, Bob Quesal, Nan Ratner, Peter Ramig, Lynne Shields, Ken St. Louis, John Tetnowski, Dale Williams, and Scott Yaruss. Questions/comments
Panel Discussions
This section contains an open panel discussion and 2-4 page papers by several authors about three different topic areas. Questions/comments may be directed to any individual or to the entire group.
Exciting Ideas and Events from Around the World by Anita Blom (Sweden), Helena Forne-Waestlund (Sweden), Benny Ravid (Israel), Peter Reitzes and Elizabeth Mendez (USA) Michael Sugarman (USA), Luc Tielens (Belgium), Pol Anrys (Belgium), Beatriz Biain de Touzet and Claudia Diaz (Argentina), and also provides a link for anyone who wishes to post ISAD 2002 event notices Questions/comments
Women and Stuttering by Kari Kelso (California, USA), Brett Kluetz (Colorado, USA), Vanna Nicks (California, USA) and Nora O'Connor (California, USA) Questions/comments
Out of Africa: Emerging Self-Help, featuring Moussa Dao (Burkina Faso, W. Africa), Joseph Lukong (Cameroon, W. Africa), and Daniel Othieno (Uganda, Africa). Questions/comments
Wedding Vows by Alan Badmington (Wales) and Mike Hughes (Canada Questions/comments
Love Makes the World Go 'Round: Spouses Meeting on the Internet Tobe Richards (England) and ChrisBadgett-Richards (USA/England), Paul Goldstein (USA/Norway) and Liv Marit Dalen (Norway) Questions/comments
Invited Papers and Posters
This section contains papers by members of the professional community and also by consumers from around the world. The papers focus on a variety of topics of interest to the presenters.
Our Time - a theater company for people who stutter. by Taro Alexander (New York, USA) Questions/comments
Stuttering In Cameroon by Jonas Berinyuy, Joseph Lukong and Acheng Moungui Thomas (Cameroon, AFRICA) Questions/comments
Stuttering And The Effects Of "Family": a personal journey toward wholeness. by Ames and Linda Bleda (New Mexico, USA) Questions/comments
Stuttering in Burkina Faso by Moussa Dao (Burkina Faso, WEST AFRICA) Questions/comments
Getting on with Life by Adam Demello, and Another Kind of Letting Go by Louise B. Heite (Alaska, USA) Questions/comments
Tough Love and Other Shady Stuttering Practices, Then and Now by Judith Duchan (New York, USA) Questions/comments
Working From The Inside Out: A "Soul-Directed" Approach To Stuttering Therapy by Marjorie Foer (Rhode Island, USA) Questions/comments
The Doctoral Student Summit: Exploring solutions for the future by Kevin Eldridge, Brett Kluetz, and Joseph Donaher (USA) Questions/comments
Stuttering in the classroom; the teacher's role ( La disfluencia en el aula; rol del docente). by Silvana Franchini, Cristina Reppetti and Maria Eugenia Ramirez (Argentina) Questions/comments
A different kind of electronic device for stuttering therapy for children by Barry Guitar (Vermont, USA) and Nancy Tozier (Maine, USA)Questions/comments
One chronic stutterer's path to fluency and his supposition by Huang Haiyin (China) Questions/comments
The Gift of Stuttering by Russ Hicks (Texas, USA) Questions/comments
The Brains of Adult Stutterers: Are They Different from Nonstutterers?. by Janis C. Ingham and Roger Ingham (California, USA) Questions/comments
Changing Thinking, Changing Action, Changing Behaviour: strategies for dealing with stuttered feelings, stuttered speech and stuttered communication by Mark Irwin (Australia) Questions/comments
Filling Your Fluency Files Affordably by Judith Kuster (Minnesota, USA) Questions/comments
The relevance of speech therapy: A physician's viewpoint from a clinical and neuroscience perspective by Nathan Lavid (California, USA) Questions/comments
Real change can be constructed: Personal Contruct Therapy in Stuttering Therapy by Margaret Leahy (Ireland) Questions/comments
A Biblical Approach to Treating Stuttering by Richard Mallard (Texas, USA) Questions/comments
Voice and Stuttering Therapy: Finding Common Ground. by Bruce Poburka (Minnesota, USA) Questions/comments
Some people just don't get it. by Bob Quesal (Illinois, USA) Questions/comments
Training Future Speech-Language Pathologists: How Will Fluency Disorders Fare?. by Lee Reeves (Texas, USA) Questions/comments
"Nobody wants to hear about your stuttering..." (A guide to finding acceptance and success in the mainstream for stutterers). by Chris Roach (Texas, USA) Questions/comments
Parents: A Source of Comfort and Support by Sophie Bell Sacca (New York, USA) and David and Nicola Bell (Arizona, USA) Questions/comments
An Interview with Caroline: You can do something about teasing! by Lynne Shields and Caroline (Missouri, USA), Questions/comments
The Use of Altered Speech Feedback in Stuttering Management by Greg Snyder (North Carolina, USA), Questions/comments
Zen and the Art of Stuttering Therapy. by Andreas Starke (Germany) Questions/comments
Readiness for stuttering therapy through improved self-esteem by John A. Tetnowski, Michael Latulas, & Jennifer Bathel (Louisiana, USA) Questions/comments
Provision Of Speech-Language Services In The Schools: Working With The Law by Kathleen Whitmire (Maryland, USA) Questions/comments
Why I Hate All Listeners and Other Reflections by Dale Williams, (Florida, USA) Questions/comments
To Go Beyond the Fear by Mary Wood (Canada) Questions/comments
This year's conference is supported by a grant from the MnSCU Center for Teaching and Learning.
Conference Available to Read Off-Line
PC users with limited access to internet connections, may wish to DOWNLOAD THE CONFERENCE
Viren Gandi from India has created a single file of all the conference papers that can be downloaded on a PC to be read offline. When the files are downloaded, it creates the same structure as it is on Internet with Dir Names as www. And also it creates an Opening Page. When you click on it, it opens the ISAD5 Main Conference Page and then you can browse complete ISAD5 Offline as it is on Internet, but without access to all the questions/comments and answers. I am not a PC user but was able to download it on a PC and it worked. I also asked two others to test it, and it worked for one but not the other. So there are no guarentees, but feel free to try it if you have a PC and don't have easy online access. If you have questions, please address them to Viren Gandi (
If you want to participate in the discussion, or read the discussions, you will have to return online to the conference.
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Europe may not be ready, or even able, to thread the needle delicately enough to keep from dragging the global economy down with it, writes John Mauldin of Thoughts from the Frontline.
How fragile is the recovery? The rest of the developed world is either in recession or soon will be.
This chart is from friend Prieur du Plessis of Plexus Asset Management in South Africa. Notice that every major region is slipping into contraction except the US.
Other details provided by SISR (sadly, I lost the e-mail of the person who provided this, so I can’t credit him) show that outside of the US and Canada, the rest of the developed world is watching their PMI (manufacturing production) numbers go into contraction.
Of the emerging world, only India and South Africa are growing. The contraction in both Germany and France is getting worse month by month.
How long can the US resist a global slowdown? My answer would be, for longer than you might think, absent the potential shock coming from Europe. But the above data does set the stage for the rest of the letter.
Now, a few quick observations. Last week, we saw truly a global effort by the central banks of the world (the US, Europe, Japan, Switzerland, Canada, and China). But then, what else did you expect them to do?
Their main tool is to provide liquidity, and that is what they promised. They lowered the cost of coming to the "window," and certainly lowered the "shame" factor in doing so. Going to the central bank could be seen as a sign of weakness and, at higher rates, banks might be reluctant to do so. At the new rate it is reasonably economical, and the central banks have signaled it is more than OK.
Second, this effort also included China, which cut its bank reserve requirements by 0.5%. David Kotok pointed out to me something unusual about this. Normally, China makes it moves with a number ending in "7," like 27 or 47, as 7 is good luck.
For those paying attention, this was China’s way of saying "We are part of the team," rather than acting on their own, as they usually do. Now, it makes sense that if you include Canada in the "club," you should include China.
The stock markets of the world went into an ecstatic frenzy, capping off a very positive week. But I would remind my enthusiastic friends of a few things. Let’s look at what really happened. We just recovered from a very oversold condition, and are still down almost 7% from this summer.
And this has happened before. Let’s rewind the clock to October 2008, deep in the credit crisis. This is a report from Jim Lehrer of PBS:
World stock markets staged a comeback today. They did so as key governments moved to support troubled banks.
On Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average scored its largest point gain ever, soaring 936 points to close above 9,387. The Nasdaq was up more than 194 points to close at 1,844. Overseas, stock indexes rose 8% in Britain, 11% in France and Germany. Markets across Asia also shot higher, including a gain of 10% in Hong Kong.
News of European efforts to end the banking and credit crisis helped ignite the rally. On Sunday, nations that use the euro agreed on coordinated steps. Today, Britain was first to act. It was followed by Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and the Netherlands.
The good news is that last week’s action may (and I emphasize may) help stave off a true bank credit crisis on the order of 2008. That is, if the central banks of the various European countries follow through (more on that below).
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Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions About Christianity, Answered Honestly!
What is Inductive Bible Study
-by Tony Warren
in·duc·tive, in·duk'tiv, v.t. [L. induco, inductum.] out of; inducing principles; to introduce from; to initiate; logic: in inferring conclusions or principles from facts; the act of reasoning based on evidence in facts, to come to logical conclusions; the act of persuasion by inference from particulars; Diverse from deductive reasoning in that it doesn't begin with an hypothesis, but starts with specifics rather than premise.
o some degree, what you are told inductive Bible study means will depend upon which Theologian you are asking. But fundamentally, it is a term of logic that means interpreting scripture with no pre-judgment, from the text itself, through analyzing the evidence and drawing out of it logical conclusions. Biblical Induction literally means 'out of,' or introduced "from" the Bible. The Bible being the source of specifics from which general evidence (and thus doctrine) is derived.
Though not known by this title, this is how 'faithful' Christians have gleaned truth from scripture since Bible study began. For it is by God's use of repeated examples in scripture that He illustrates to His servants the true interpretation, that they may (by comparing scripture with scripture) come to sound conclusions based upon those received Biblical examples. By the Spirit, using inductive reasoning from the word, we both can and should come to consistently defensible and trustworthy interpretations. Though many Christians claim the Bible is totally perplexing, it is not the word that is so confusing, it is man who doesn't rightly divide, or righteously judge the word that he is reading. And this because of his own sinful nature that inevitably hardens his heart to distasteful or difficult doctrines, that he won't understand them.
1st Corinthians 14:31-33
• And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets.
Therefore, let no man claim that the scriptures are so complicated that man cannot know for sure what they teach. The Bible can be understood by man, because God is not the author of confusion to man. The true believer has the Spirit of Christ dwelling within him, and as a workman that need not be ashamed (2nd Timothy 2:13), he will be guided into truth. for the Bible is the only book whose Author is always present when it is read. With careful study through His Spirit, we are guided into truth. And this can be expedited by a sound hermeneutic or system of inductive reasoning.
Indeed we may reasonably define it as the operation of the mind of Christ in us, by which through this system we infer from that which is known true (the Word of God), upon that which to us is an unknown (what the scripture means), to come to sound conclusions. That is Biblical induction. And this is how we come to very dependable judgments about the evidence of scripture. It is not unlike a court of law where a juror would take in and examine the evidence from the scene, careful to make mental notes, that he would come to a righteous conclusion based upon induction of that evidence.
True inductive Bible study never starts with an hypothesis. And it has only one presupposition, which is:
'..the word of God alone is innerrant, authoritative over all ideas, and informative in faith, practice and doctrine. Thus it is the only qualified source of interpretation of scripture.'
It is no different from the historical Church rule that the ultimate authority and source of Biblical interpretation is Sola Scriptura. In simple terms, it is the study of scripture in true humility, from the unadulterated texts or testimony gleaned from Holy Canon alone. In this manner we uncover the proofs, examine the evidences, and use God given logic and reason wherein the scriptures will both reveal and interpret themselves.
Genesis 40:8
God's servant Joseph knew the truth. And in our day, even as it was then, interpretations do belong to God rather than man. When we use the inductive system, we take the interpretations 'out of' the texts themselves, so that if any interpretation we hold conflicts with the facts of scripture, it cannot have been inducted 'from' scripture. That is how we yield ourselves to a sound, Biblical authoritative exegesis. And in this way we are also showing regard for God's reproof of unsound theology, and allowing the scripture itself to be the ultimate arbiter of what is truth. This is the prudent and circumspect nature of the child of God who receives correction in his study. It is the Spirit of humility to receive our father's teachings, rather than invent our own.
Proverbs 15:5
Effective Bible study cannot begin with a supposition or conclusion from which we search the scriptures (backward) for evidence to support these preconceived views. It must begin with the evidence, which must then be followed meticulously to 'wherever' it leads. Far too many Theologians today are looking through scripture in order to justify what they already believe, rather than honestly looking to receive what scripture itself declares. This is the difference between "inductive" and "deductive" studies. Inductive Bible study is superior to deductive study in that (unlike deductive) there is no hypothesizing, supposition, or assuming, and no inference by reasoning from the general to the specific. Induction makes sound inferences from the specifics of scripture through the evidence of scripture. In other words, from the specific to the general. Or more Biblically succinct, 'from the facts of scripture, to the conclusion about scripture, via the collective evidence of scripture.'
Part of the logic and rationale in Biblical induction is to find specific consistent examples, and to use them as standards, the criteria, or evidences of law. For example, by Christ being revealed in scripture as the good Shepherd, we better understand sheep representing those He cares for. Or by poisonous serpents representing those of Satan, we better understand why God's servants are given power that serpents cannot harm them (Matthew 23:13; Luke 10:19; Mark 16). The understanding of these truths are all based upon Biblical induction, or the gleaning of general truths 'out of' the source for truth, which is the Bible. We are thus learning what is the true God breathed interpretation, by these repeated models or examples found in scripture.
1st Corinthians 10:9-11
Why were these things inspired written of God? Clearly they were examples or models for us, that we could glean from them general truths and interpretations. Here, that the serpent (Satan) is the adversary and destroyer that will hurt them who dare to tempt/test the Lord God. By these continued models we are induced or persuaded of the truth hidden in these scripture.
Another example can be seen in how scripture prophesied that a sin bearer would come, and the iniquity of His people would be laid upon Him (Isaiah 53). From many scriptures (all taken as true and compared in harmony with each other), we conclude by the myriad of evidences, that Christ 'was' that sin bearer and that He fulfilled that prophecy of the coming Messiah. We know that this is true not by hypothesis, guesswork, or conjecture, but by sound inductive Bible study, using Biblical facts as the source, and applying evidences so that scripture interprets itself. This system will explicitly point to this correct Biblical conclusion. That is inductive reasoning where the truth of interpretation is induced out of the Biblical facts of the Old and New Testament scriptures. As contrasted with deductive Bible study (which is reading an interpretation into the Bible text by assumption), inductive Study is drawing an interpretation 'out of' the Bible text. Thus it didn't come from you, but from the authoritative word of God itself. The frame below gives a few simple examples of the process in 'rudimentary' Biblical induction.
Simplistic Inductive Bible Study Illustration
Facts EvidencesConclusion
1.Only God is without sin Christ was sinless Christ is God
2.Christ called Peter SatanSatan means AdversaryChrist meant Peter was
being adversarial
3.No one is justified by his own worksMan is justified by worksMan is justified by the work of Christ in him.
This illustrates the use of Biblical facts and Biblical evidence to come to conclusions consistent with the facts in the 'whole' of God's Word. This illustration is of course overly simplistic, but the more Biblical facts and evidences you add to the equation, the more sure you can be that you have come to God's truth, and not your own interpretation. For example, in that first illustration of Christ, we could continue to induce from scripture that (evidence #2) God is the Alpha and Omega, and beside Him there is no other Saviour, and (evidence #3) Christ also said that He was Alpha and Omega and was the Saviour, and (evidence #4) God said Christ is the Creator of heaven and earth and all that was therein, and (evidence #5) also says that God was the Creator of heaven and earth and all that was made. We could continue evidence after evidence, and by Biblical induction, we see that all of these infallible proofs of law should lead us to the same inescapable conclusion that we saw in that first simplistic illustration. Namely, that Jesus is God.
Of course I say it 'should,' because if any professed Christian is of a mind and spirit not to hear what the scriptures say, then the system of interpretation is all a moot point. Nobility or what is simply honesty, is that we do not handle the scriptures deceitfully. And this is a gift of God. And without that gift, no amount of scripture references are enough to convince anyone of anything that they do not wish to believe.
Acts 17:11-12
More noble or honest, and that is why they didn't simply hold onto their congregation's traditions and beliefs, but searched the scripture with an open (all readiness of) mind to it, and thus came to believe.
When Christians ask "why are there so many different interpretations in the Church," the answers are often as varied as the Churches. There is vain Church traditions or habits, there's sloppy exegesis, laziness in reading, etc., etc. But the lack of the Spirit of truth which would lead one to sound conclusions can never be ruled out. Because without the Spirit working within us, we can pridefully (deceitfully) declare that scripture means anything that is our will to declare.
Jeremiah 17:9
Even to the point where we deceive ourselves, because who can know man's heart but God? Satan is the master deceiver not because he comes looking like a Devil, but because He comes looking as an messenger of light, a minister of righteousness, or a wolf in sheep's clothing. And if professed Christians (which can include anyone) have not the Spirit of Christ, no witness of scripture will be sufficient to convince them of the truth, even when it seems plainly written. The word of God can only be truly understood in inductive Bible study through a personal communion with God, through the Spirit. The Lord first softening the wicked's hardened heart, preparing it for reception of the word.
Ezekiel 11:19
The simple truth is, every man who professes to being a Christian, is not a true Christian. A true Christian will have the serious intention of doing the will of God, with a heart that 'receives' scripture honestly or nobly, rather than rationalizing it away that he may believe what "he wants."
The goal in inductive Bible study is to approach the scriptures with an earnestness that we not only read it, but are spiritually taught by it. Because if we are simply reading our preconceived ideas into scripture, or looking for justification of doctrines that we already hold, we are not seeking truth. We are merely seeking justification. True inductive reasoning in Bible study will eliminate this by having the starting point be one where the student confesses that, 'he knows nothing but the Biblical facts, and is willing to be taught out of those facts.' Then we can get a legitimate God breathed interpretation of scripture, rather than vainly reading our own personal beliefs into it.
Many Theologians claim that the Bible is not a book of logic, however I believe that the Bible is the most rational logical book on the face of the earth. Not in man's definition of logic, science, or rational thinking, but in God's understanding of system, logic and rational thinking. What is foolishness to man is the wisdom of God and the wisdom of man is foolishness to God. To man the Bible is not truth, but foolishness. But indeed, how could a book be inspired penned by so many different prophets, whose lives are separated by so many hundreds of years, where they have no knowledge of one another, and yet have every word and teaching be in total consistency with every other prophets' words and teachings. How could such a unique, ordered and congruous book be without logic or sound reasoning? It makes no sense. To come to such a conclusion would in itself be illogical and irrational. You could have two people of the same view speak one day apart and chances are they will end up contradicting each other in something. much less written words over hundreds of years. Truly, the Bible testifies of itself that it is true.
Real logic and rational thinking is in understanding that if the Bible is the inspired and infallible word from the mind of God (a Christian given), then it can only be interpreted by the author, God. And this is the 'key' to understanding Canon, because the author is not man.
Isaiah 55:8-9
Our thinking is not God's thinking, nor our interpretations God's interpretations. So although methods of inductive Bible study come in a variety of flavors and styles depending upon the Theologian, one thing remains constant. The most basic principle of inductive Bible Study is that the scripture alone is the source, harmonious, and innerrant. For the test of any sound exegesis is its order of invariables that bring about a consistent hermeneutic. All grounded in the only presupposition, which is that scripture alone is source and ultimate interpreter.
• Secular history (no matter how allegedly trustworthy) can neither define nor interpret scripture. Scripture in fact both defines and interprets history. Secular history and the presuppositions thereby, must be subordinate to scripture.
• The Bible (thee inspired word of God) is the final arbiter for Christian doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness. Man's ideas, whether scientific, historical, or archaeological, must in all areas be subject to the word of God.
• Rightly dividing the word means cutting or proportioning it correctly, taking things both in context, and by the examples shown in comparing scripture with scripture. It is by the use of Biblical precepts and models that we discern what God means by any given passage.
• Besides being its own interpreter, the Bible, compared with itself, can be used as its own dictionary. Words can be defined by searching through the scripture to see how God uses the same words in other passages. With prayer and supplication seeking wisdom and understanding, we can often set forth the meaning by the use and context.
• The Holy Spirit is the true teacher of what scripture means, and by Grace of God it works within us to humility, and moves us to surrender to its authority. It is by this working that we 'receive' what God has inspired written, and are persuaded to look honestly at scripture.
• Our conclusions are induced only from the Biblical facts and evidences of what we find in scripture. Never by politics, culture, traditions habit, nations, Church leaders or other outside influences.
• There is often a deeper spiritual meaning to scripture underlying the literal, which is only discerned by a careful and measured exegesis. A thorough examination of like-examples, in context, is a good sound basis for coming to correct conclusions concerning spiritual with spiritual.
This is all by process of a sound inductive Bible Study. It is in this way that we (from the specific facts) interpret the scriptures righteously, with sound judgment. In other words, rightly dividing, or cutting it justly/righteously.
2nd Timothy 2:15
Rightly dividing means justly proportioning. Just as one would cut a pie in equal slices that everyone receive a 'just' cut. In other words, honestly judging. By comparing piece with piece. These are things that the willful sinner will not do, because he lusts to do his 'own' will, rather than the will of God. And that because he does not have the Spirit of God to discern truthful interpretation.
1st Corinthians 2:12-14
Logic, science, knowledge, wisdom and reason, not as man defines it (which is foolishness to God), but as God defines it. By careful exegesis, and comparing that which is spiritual by that which is spiritual, we come to understand as God desires us to. Something that the natural man cannot do.
In closing, let me say that there are many contemporary Theologians today who are purporting inductive Bible study, but who lean toward the historical, experiential, or the emotional rather than a textual analysis. I do not shrink from declaring that "this is folly." We must never give way to experience, secular history, science, archeology, or the self serving attempts of modernist Theologians to place themselves into the shoes of the Biblical participants in order to glean what they were thinking (as if we could). The fact is, they didn't 'think' the scriptures, God did. We must instead follow the text religiously and without outside influences that lead to deviations from doctrine and understanding. It is this solid Biblical analysis of text that characterizes sound inductive Bible study. The key word here being 'sound,' because anyone can claim to study the Bible in an inductive fashion, but the proof is in the examples and evidences presented.
When we study Biblically, we take in or glean solid evidence from the scripture (the specific source), that we then have legitimate basis to come to Biblical truth. In other words, conclusions based upon our study and observations of the evidences and laws. This is the only real way to come to truth, and has been done for years without the fancy name of an 'inductive Bible Study.' The true strength of sound inductive study is that it interprets the Bible not by man's idea of what it means, but by the Biblical evidence. It is a vehicle to help Christians to both grow in Grace, and to uncover the meaning of difficult texts for themselves. In doing so, it inherently shows the foolishness of depending upon Church leaders, Pastors, Teachers, or any man for absolute truth. The Bible is the written evidence that interpretations indeed do belong to God.
We pray that the Lord who is rich in mercy and Gracious above all, guide you into the magnificent truths of His Holy Word.
Copyright ©2002 Tony Warren
For other studies free for the Receiving, Visit our web Site
The Mountain Retreat! http://www.mountainretreatorg.net
Created 10/17/02 / Last Modified 10/22/02
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Skip to main content
1 hr. 36 min.
Plot Summary
Several women (Penelope Ann Miller, Liisa Repo-Martell) who were raped by a police officer band together to bring their assailant to justice.
Cast: Penelope Ann Miller , Reed Diamond , Liisa Repo-Martell , Andrew Jackson , Shannon Lawson , Marnie McPhail , Sean McCann , Ross Petty
Director: Mike Robe
Genres: Drama
Scared Silent (2002)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80962
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Poison (1991)
Inspired by the writings of Jean Genet, Poison deftly interweaves a trio of transgressive tales Hero, Horror and Homo that build toward a devastating climax.
Help mrmovietimes.com Fight Cancer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/80974
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The Museum of Hoaxes
hoax archive hoax archive hoax archive hoax archive hoax archive
The Tempest Prognosticator (aka Leech Barometer)
Status: Real device (whether it worked is undetermined)
image Students of the history of meteorology may be aware of the Tempest Prognosticator of Dr. George Merryweather, but it was news to me. The Tempest Prognosticator was a device invented in the mid-nineteenth century that allowed the forecast of storms, via leeches. Apparently there's been some debate about whether this contraption actually existed, but author Paul Collins, on his blog, confirms that it did. In fact, it was displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Here's how it worked:
Paul Collins also reports that some guy has built a working replica of the Prognsticator, and has it on display at the Barometer World Museum in Devon, England. No word on whether it actually worked.
Categories: AnimalsTechnology
Posted by The Curator on Mon Jan 09, 2006
So ...
Does the working model work?
Posted by Big Gary in the northern hemisphere in Dallas, Texas on Mon Jan 09, 2006 at 06:10 PM
What, exactly does this thing "prognosticate"? Thunderstorms? I Did a bit of leech reading on the internet (Wikipedia and other sites) and no mention of leeches being influenced by the atmospheres electromagnetic state. I'm not saying it's BS, but it does have a suspicious fertelizer aroma to it.
Posted by JoeSixpack on Tue Jan 10, 2006 at 09:37 AM
I saw the working model on TV. It was presented by Adam Hart Davis.
Here's a link to it
Posted by Chris Clark on Wed Feb 08, 2006 at 12:01 AM
Commenting is not available in this channel entry.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81035
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You are not alone! Ever since I got rid of my pillow top mattress pad, I've been struggling with this. (I threw it out when I thought I might have bedbugs--fortunately I did not!)
So, in my case, it appears the solution may be to buy another mattress pad! Maybe try that if you haven't already?
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Image: Mars panorama
NASA / JPL-Caltech / UA
Phoenix Mars Lander's two fanlike solar panels and its robotic arm, tipped with a scoop, are visible in this portion from the lander's first 360-degree panorama.
updated 5/29/2008 8:15:56 PM ET 2008-05-30T00:15:56
"We have now achieved a major milestone for this mission," Phoenix project manager Barry Goldstein of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory said via a video link in a mission briefing held here at the University of Arizona.
Phoenix beamed back images that confirmed it had successfully unstowed its scoop-tipped arm, as it steadily settles in at its northern polar home following its successful Sunday landing.
"I'm ecstatic to let you know that [the robotic arm deployment] was successful," said Matt Robinson, the robotic arm flight software lead at JPL. "It is raring to go. It's busted loose now and we're ready to go."
Phoenix also sent back a completed black-and-white panorama mosaic of its landing site, showing the deployed solar arrays, robotic arm, meteorological mast and the flat terrain stretching out toward the horizon. The $422 million spacecraft is designed to dig down into the Martian arctic soils to the layers of water ice thought to lie beneath the surface.
"We have a very hummocky terrain," Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona said, describing the polygonal-shaped bumps that cover the arctic landscape and are separated by trenches in the soil. The shapes are believed to be formed by the expansion and contraction of the water ice underneath.
The images also show a scattering of "flat, tablelike rocks," as Smith described them.
The Phoenix science team has begun naming the rocks they find to keep track of them, using a fairy tale and folklore theme (so that the science team can have a little fun, Smith said). The rocks that have been named so far include Humpty Dumpty, the King's Men and Alice (in reference to Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland").
The science team plans to use the robotic arm to move some of the rocks, which are only a few inches across, to see what's underneath them. They will also investigate the origin of the rocks.
"The rocks don't come with labels, it's a little hard to tell where they came from," Smith said.
But first, mission controllers plan to test out the robotic arm's joints in higher and lower temperatures on the Red Planet, "and that's because the robotic arm is going to be required to move at a range of temperatures," Robinson explained. Weather reports from the surface so far show a high temperature at the landing site of -22 degrees Fahrenheit (-30 degrees Celsius) to a low of -112 F (-80 C).
Scientists have divided the terrain into two parts: a "national park" area that mission scientists will leave untouched until they have better characterized the environment, and an area they can use to test out the robotic arm's digging capabilities.
"It's more of a Superfund site over there, so we're allowed to mess that part up a bit," Smith said.
Digging likely won't start until the middle of next week, mission scientists said.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81058
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Respiration data - a way of estimating growth rates of Antarctic sponges
Gatti, S; Brey, T; Arntz, WE
Antarctic sponges are supposed to grow very slowly because of low ambient water temperatures and scarce, seasonally strongly varying food supply. Sponges build hard structures (i. e. silicious spicules) that are possibly permanent. However, so far no method exists to use them for age analysis. It is not possible to distinguish any classes in size frequency distributions. Thus, it is currently impossible to assess growth or age via direct methods as done in molluscs, echinoderms, or fish. An indirect method provides a rough first estimate of growth rates and the age of abundant Antarctic sponges: During recent expeditions of RV Polarstern mass specific respiration rates of two species of Demospongiae (Stylocordyla borealis and Cinachyra antartica) were established. Oxygen consumption was measured as decreasing oxygen concentration in an intermittant flow system using micro-optodes (oxygen acts a quencher of luminophore fluorescence, i. e. fluorescence lifetime measured by the optodes is a function of oxygen concentration). Oxygen consumption of the very small individuals was distinctly higher than values inferred from respiration/mass relationships of boreal species, whereas values for larger individuals were comparable to boreal, tropical, or deep sea sponges. First results show a correlation between body mass (W) [mg afdw] and respiration R [ml O2 mg-1 afdw] log R = 0.0456 - 1.1083 * log W with r2 = 0.678; n=69 (for Cinachyra antarctica). To estimate the maximum capacity of oxygen consumption ETS (the activity of the electron transport system) was measured for several species of Antarctic sponges. Correlations between observed oxygen consumption and theoretically possible oxygen consumption will facilitate estimation of oxygen consumption of those species not used in respiration experiments. Production, P/B ratios and, subsequently, age can be inferred from the above data and population size frequency data using well established empirical relationships.
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Scan and Match – A New Feature recently added on Google Play Music
It has been almost one year when Google introduced its Google Play Store for music lovers. They added lots of songs in their music services including the hits from big music houses like EMI and Universal etc.
Introduction of Scan and Match Service
Now, Google added a feature which helps user in finding the music of their taste on Google Play Music store. It lets the users to upload the song files they like directly on cloud on a specified file/folder. Later on, whenever user wants he/she can just listen the song with the help of some online streaming music players.
You must login into your Google account while uploading and listening the music. For the time being, you can store up to 20K music files on your Google Play Music account. And the time consumed for the uploading completely depends on your net speed as well as the size of that particular music file.
This scan and match service is quite alike with the matching services offered by other leading music stores from Apple and Amazon. Apple is offering iTunes Match as well as there is a Cloud Player service from Amazon.
However, Google is offering this service for no cost. In case of Apple or Amazon the user has to pay a subscription fee of approx USD 25 each year.
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© 2013 New Gadget. All rights reserved.
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The following is an actual user-submitted question:
Q: A little over a month ago my purse was stolen. In this last week I have received several calls from creditors regarding old accounts. How do I find out if someone is trying to open accounts in my name?
A: We're sorry to hear this. If you're receiving calls about activity on accounts you haven't used in a while, there's a good chance someone may be using items stolen from your purse for identity theft. We've written a couple of other blog posts that you may find helpful, and we'll include those links below. Most importantly, you need to see what's going on with your credit report, and protect yourself from any future financial hardship. An identity theft protection service like Trusted ID or Identity Guard can help you do both. You may also want to order a credit freeze, to prevent further damage, as outlined in the article below, "What to do if someone has stolen your identity."
Also, if you're receiving calls about old accounts, it's a good idea not to give the caller any information. Tell them you'll call them back. It's possible these people aren't who they say they are. Find the phone number of the creditor in question by using the contact information on your old statements (or via the company's website), and call them to confirm what's going on, and put a hold on those accounts.
related posts:
What to do if someone has stolen your identity
My wallet was stolen, what should I do?
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1. Impatient
2. Information-hungry
3. Control freaks
Remember these three personality traits of web customers, and you’re on track to have a great website.
Interruption advertising plagues our lives; television through loud and crass ads, junk mail in our letterbox and glossy catalogues in our newspapers. We understand and expect these formats.
The web is different though. Commercialisation through advertising has taken a little while to kick in online, and so we’ve developed surfing habits which differ from our interactions with other forms of media.
Surfing is perhaps a bad term for our web habits, it’s a bit more like a sprint. Online we scan, we don’t read. We click before pages load completely. We lazily use the scroll wheel on the mouse to get to the bottom. We focus on pictures, and ignore paragraphs.
You should consider your web customers as time poor – because they simply have so many web pages to get through, and there’s no shortage of interesting things to look at.
Satisfying your online clientele is easy than you think:
1. Most important information at the top of pages (impatience)
2. Don’t leave out the answers to the most commonly asked questions, like prices (information-hungry)
3. Easy navigation, focus boxes for specials (control freaks)
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DISCLAIMER: This story contains adult content.
Chapter 9
Even when you smile back __________________________________________________________________________
I was in competition for his attention. He didn't come to my bedroom every night any longer. Yet he still came and when he did I'd almost forget that he'd probably spent the whole day before with her...Fatine. Rumor had spread quickly among Kerma that she had put a curse on him. She was always so kind and polite. She seemed so innocent but in the most deceitful way. It made me respect Nyla a lot more. At least you knew Nyla's personality the moment you met her. Fatine was sneaky. She was a seductress and a witch...
And he'd kiss me and I'd forget Fatine.
I'd forget that he had probably just kissed her before.
His kisses were so soft and I didn't own them. His lips didn't belong to me. When I kissed him, I was kissing her. We shared him.
A year had passed since the Pharaoh threatened King Mursili. Things had quickly begun to change. Tension was in the kingdom and everyone seemed to be on edge. Everyone was preparing for the worst and I was no different.
I had begun selling a lot of the gifts that Mursili had gotten me. He'd sent me fine cosmetics, expensive jewelry and stocks of gold. I had begun to make a small fortune for myself. It was enough to get independent. Of course I had to keep it all a secret. I didn't want Taharqa to know that I had actually received some of the gifts that King Mursili had sent me. I needed him to think that he sent them all back. It was important to protect his ego and when it came to me and his so called "property" he was very egotistical.
I had made enough money to hire a few more servants around my quarters. It seemed the worth of someone in Egypt depended on how much you owned. That included servants. I made sure they were all young boys. I didn't females too much and I didn't trust older people. It just seemed easier. It was a demographic that I understood and that made sense.
"Master, a visitor..."
It was Heb who came to me with news. I was sitting in my room by the balcony playing with Aya when they walked in. Heb was followed by my newest servant. He was a young servant boy that I had gotten on a discount from the market. He was handsome when I first met. I was struck by how beautiful his face was and how focused his eyes were. His name was Chek and he was a pure darkskin Nubian with flawless skin.
"Heb, lock the doors and make sure no one interrupts us."
Heb nodded and walked to the door to do so. He came back when it was secure and offered Chek a drink but Chek immediately refused the drink.
"I have done what you asked me," Chek stated.
"You have gathered up news of what's going on," I stated and crossed my arms, "Quickly tell me everything that you know. I have to find out what's happening."
It was important in these days to have ears. For some reason I felt that Taharqa had been secretive about things. It was forbidden for me to intrude on his "political" business. He had sent a messenger to me to tell me that. He couldn't even tell me to mind my business to his my face. He sent a messenger. Then Taharqa went on to being busy again. It was so easy for him to be busy. Fatine was always close at his ankles nowadays. They had a relationship and it definitely seemed somewhat more romantic than the relationship he had with Nyla. He seemed interested with her. Still he hadn't married her though. It was strange and I wondered why but I didn't question it. Time was ticking though. What if he did marry Fatine? What if he made her his first wife? She'd have power in the palace and power over his consorts. She could influence him to get rid of me.
I shook my head at the thought of being left out on the street, "Heb, bring Chek some food and wine. He's had a long journey from Egypt."
Heb walked away.
Chek nodded, "You are far too kind. I don't deserve it however. I fear the information I gathered may not be enough. Thebes was very busy you see and some of the information I found was hard to gather.
"Tell me what you know."
"The Royal Prince Chenen of the Emeric Dynasty arrived in Thebes as commanded by the Pharaoh. He came with an iron fist however because the Pharaoh had provided him with a large army and had given him complete control of the Nubian forces already stationed in Egypt. Chenen seized the young prince of the old Egyptian Dynasty away from King Mursili who was supposedly in Egypt for personal reasons."
My heart turned. God...I couldn't believe Chenen had m
"How did he seize them?
"He stormed Mursili's palaces when the King Mursili returned to the Hittite capital Hattusa. He ravaged Mursili's palaces looking for the boy and found him. The Egyptian people were in an uproar as you know they adored the young prince of the old dynasty. The young prince was a symbol of Egypt. It was advised to the Pharaoh to return him safely here to Kerma. That way he wouldn't pose much of a threat under the watch of the Pharaoh himself."
When will he be here?"
"His caravan arrives in two days."
My heart stopped. The Egyptian prince would arrive in two days? The idea of it stirred me. Yes, he was a HUGE threat to Taharqa. He was a threat in Egypt because the Egyptian people wanted to be ruled by an Egyptian.
"What is the boy's name?"
"His name is Prince Kerheb. He will arrive and be placed in the temples of the High Priests of Re and Amun. That way he will be under the watchful eye of the Pharaoh while still being able to be alive and be a symbol for his people."
"The Egyptians will be satisfied with that right?"
The way my servant looked at me made believe there was clearly more to the story. I could see even Heb had intently begun listening to the conversation. This Prince Kerheb was major. I had just assumed that him being in Kerma would be better for relations with the Egyptians. To have their prince in Kerma would have symbolized clearly that they were under Nubian rule.
"What's happened?"
"It's Prince Chenen..."
"What about him?"
"He' s ruling Thebes with an iron fist. I believe he is afraid that the Egyptians will unify and take back their country. He had sanctioned a curfew for the people and has begun a ban of huge gatherings. I been to the streets, sir and this is not a good thing. The people think the Nubians are Tyrants. There is even more animosity than before the Nubians army inhabited Egypt."
"I was afraid of that."
I shook my head.
Why was Chenen treating Egypt with such a military hand? I didn't understand it. I just assumed he had been sent to secure Egypt's place in a positive way. We had already conquered them by force? Why did he have to rule them by force as well?
I had been invited to drink alcoholic drinks with Nyla. It wasn't completely uncommon for her to invite me somewhere. Most of the time I took the offer. Nyla wasn't as bad as I believed she was in the beginning. She was a woman of purpose and strength She loved Nubian and maybe that bothered me the most. She seemed sometimes not to be human. It was as though sometimes she'd rather speak for the majority rather than speak for herself. I found it hard to see her as a person.
"And Chenen is ruling with an iron fist huh?" she asked.
I had told her what I heard. It was an extremely hot day. I had told her what I heard because I was sure Taharqa had been keeping her in the dark about it as well. It was important for me to share information that I got with her because she had begun to share information that she got around the palace with me. And if anyone knew what was happening around the palace that would be Nitokare. Nitokare would report it to Nyla and I'd have a little lunch date with Nyla confirming everything.
That is how I found out how close Fatine and Taharqa had been getting. They had kissed. They had caressed but no sex. That was important.
"Yes, do you suppose Taharqa instructed him to do so?"
"No," Nyla stated, "Prince Chenen has always been a hothead. He's always been very stubborn."
"Really he seemed so sweet?"
"Sweet?" Nyla asked and cleared her throat, "You are a bad judge of character my friend. Chenen is jealous of Taharqa. He probably was kind to you because he knew it'd make Taharqa look even worse to people if he continued a public relationship with you."
"God, is everything a plot here?"
"No, Chenen isn't smart enough to plot."
"What do you mean?"
"The Pharaoh didn't instruct Chenen to go into Egypt and cause even more tension with the Egyptians. The only one that can talk him into doing anything is the former Kandace Amanirenas. I bet this is all her doing. She's probably just trying to make it difficult for Taharqa and he's too blind to see."
"What? Why would she do that?"
Nyla shook her head, "I've said too much..."
"No please."
She took a drink. I could tell she wasn't going to press on the issue involving Amanirenas in particular any longer. At that point I knew there was more going on in the palace then she had let on. There was more going on the palace than any of us had planned on being a part of.
Nyla leaned into me, "This palace is a dangerous, dangerous place Menice. You are wise to be as you are and stick to yourself but even in silence you can be a target. It is possible that the Egyptians may organize. If they do, the Egyptian navy is without comparison. We'd need the Hittite army as an ally. With tension being what it is, it is important for Taharqa to marry a Hittite Princess. Menice you know that we can't let this happen..."
"I told you I'd think about it."
"While you think they get closer and closer. We must act now. Think POLITICS!"
"You don't know how it is do you Nyla," I stated, "You don't know how to love. The extreme foolishness you feel when you are drifted in it. The feeling that pisses you off. You want to shake it but it doesn't go away. I wish you knew, you've always been too concerned with your pride and your business. You've been too concerned with politics. This has nothing to do with politics when emotion is involved. He looks at you and everything he's done goes away. He's so innocent and you wonder how someone with that special stare...that special...listless...stare can HURT YOU! Look at me, I can almost bring my tears now. And I tell myself be strong because you know what is going to happen. He is going to hurt you. You knew he was going to hurt you even when it started back then, but for some reason you stuck with it thinking somehow it'd be different. You figured somehow it'd be worth it. However at the end of the day all you'll have is pain. You know it all along. You know when he smiles at you today he is going to rip out your heart and replace you with someone better, younger and more beautiful. You know that he'd never take you serious. You know that this smile won't last forever. This is just something he is going through. Maybe it's just a phase or a temporary distraction. And you know that. You know that when he smiles at you but for some reason...for some strange...stupid...insecure reason...you choose to smile back."
The softness in Nyla's face sealed up. I could see she was even uncomfortable talking about emotion. She didn't live like that. She was so different from me. She was such a different kind of creature.
"Those things don't mean anything to me. I need her gone. For the Kingdom and you need to make up your mind sir and put all this emotion behind you. The king is coming."
She was just like my mother. She was all about business. How could she be so cold? I saw how she took her posture standing from her seat. The smile that spread across her face almost hid the impression behind it. Yes she didn't care about my emotion. No one cared about my emotion.
Still it didn't hide the fact that we had something in common.
The other woman.
King Taharqa had joined us at this time. He had come with his Medjay and Fatine. She was dressed richly today. It was clear that he had been giving her new gifts. I saw around her neck a huge necklace made out of jade. The stone was so rare around these parts. I knew Nyla noticed it as well because she gave me look that stated the same. It was almost like she was telling me, "Look fool. This goes to you wasting time." She was right.
"No need to stand," Taharqa stated, "As you were."
Nyla smiled immediately, "My husband, it's nice to finally meet your acquaintance. I haven't seen you in forever."
I could see he didn't even seem to notice much of Nyla and quickly added, "Have you attended to the High Priests Nyla? They needed a royal figure for their ceremonies and I just haven't had the time."
She was moved aside to business. She nodded though. It was her place as the Queen. It was what she had married him for wasn't it? She wanted to serve her country.
Then his eyes had wandered to me. Why had he kept me around? It was so awkard with Fatine there and him. I could tell it was awkward for him to.
"Menice I didn't expect you here," Taharqa stated, "I had no idea you and the Queen were associates."
"Not many people here willing to associate with me I guess. Really, I figured I come to this patio often. It is a good view of Kerma. The city is endless from here it seems. I don't have anything else to do anyway."
"Really?" Fatine stated, "In all of Kerma you couldn't find any place you'd be of use?"
Any place I'd be in use.
"I was going to call on you this morning," Taharqa replied looking at me.
"You don't have to say that," I replied.
I moved away. He was right there. He let her disrespect me and he said nothing. It was like he didn't care about my emotions. And I was an emotional creature.
"Menice, I'm not saying anything to cope to your feelings," he stated, "I just...I just have been busy. You know I'd come see you if I had the time. It's just things are really complicated and I don't want to complicate them any further. Something is happening..."
"Chenen...he has gone to Egypt and he's changing things. He's not following my instructions. He has stopped sending messengers back to me several weeks ago."
I could feel my anger building up. So what did this mean?
"You can control Chenen," I stated.
"What if I can't? He has half of my navy. This leaves Kerma vulnerable. If I continue this spat with the Hittite it can put us at risk for war. We have assumed this isn't the wisest action for us to take."
"We? Is it her?"
I looked over at Taharqa. I couldn't help but to get angry.
"Let me finish my explanation."
"Explanation that will lead to what. Exactly what are you saying?"
All of my tact had gone out the window. What was scary was that he hadn't possessed me. He hadn't screamed out that I was HIS and I'd obey his rules. Taharqa's face just looked sad. It was almost like he was giving up on me or something. My stomach began to turn. All of a sudden I saw those streets again. All of a sudden I saw the rats and the dirt. All of a sudden I saw me struggling each day to find food for myself. I would be a disappointment to my mother.
I'd kill myself before I went back to that.
He answered me swiftly, "We may not be able to continue our relationship at this specific time. It'd be too risky in public."
"Taharqa...what are you saying."
"I love you but it's politics. Nubia demands I sacrifice our relationship for you. Mursili would go to war for you and there was a time that I would as well...but with Chenen going astray there is no way I can do that. You don't understand..."
"So am I tossed out on the street."
"Of course not. You can stay in the palace as long as you want. I would love to maintain you as a friend but until I can recall my navy from Egypt and until I can regain peace with the Hittite, we are going to have to be just that..."
Nyla was the quick to speak, "My king..."
"CAN'T YOU SEE WE ARE BUSY!" He barked at her.
She quickly withdrew. I could feel him walking up to me but my eyes were on the ground. I wanted to cry. I wanted to cry so much but the anger was just building up in me. Had he just abandoned me?
He walked up behind me and grabbed me. In the middle of the garden I could feel his embrace and I felt almost a minute like every word he just said was a lie.
"You promised me you'd find my shooting star," I said.
"I will. It will just be for a while and just to the public. You know how I feel about you," he replied his voice getting softer as though he was trying to ease the blow.
"King Taharqa, you have a messenger," Fatine interrupted.
I hadn't even known what she was talking about. Taharqa's grip didn't loosen of me though. It wasn't helping though. It was making me actually cry now. Why couldn't he just do it in a cold way? Why was he leaving me to think there was hope between us? Why did he have to be this cruel? It hurt because I knew deep inside his crooked mind he actually believed his soft words. He actually believed we'd come back to each other. Or at least I thought he believed those things.
"I'm busy Fatine," he stated.
My heart warmed up a little bit as he dismissed her. He was stroking me by the hair. He was squeezing me. I was telling he didn't want to let me go.
He continued to whisper softly in my ear, "They want me to send you to Hattusa as a gift of peace to King Mursili. I can't though. I won't let you go. Will you wait for me..."
"Tell me you'll wait for me...promise me," he continued.
Fatine's voice grew louder and more urgent, "My king it is an emergency. It is urgent news. The messenger states Chenen has declared himself...Pharaoh of Egypt..."
His grip loosened. It didn't even loosen but he walked away from me as though I didn't even matter. The shock had come to me as well though. Chenen had declared himself Pharaoh? Was that his whole plan this whole time? He'd convince Taharqa to give him backing to go into Egypt so that he can take it away from Taharqa? No wonder he was so heavy handed in Egypt. He was building a fortress for war. This had to be his plan this whole time.
Taharqa went away with the messenger and his horde of followers. All of a sudden I didn't matter. He didn't even say goodbye to me. He didn't even give me another look. I had been replaced again by politics.
He walked away into my memory.
All this because of politics.
That left Nyla, Fatine and I with Nyla's slew of handmaidens all around us.
I looked at Nyla in a strange way. No she wouldn't do anything in such a public place. Plus she stated she needed me for the plan she had. She wouldn't dare. Fatine was completely comfortable however. If only she knew what type of plans Nyla had for her, she wouldn't have the grin on his face that she did now.
"Isn't this ridiculous?" Fatine stated, "Prince Chenen has betrayed us. Our alliance with the Hittite are falling apart."
"OUR alliance?" Nyla laughed, "Amazing that you stay here a year and you consider yourself a Nubian. Aren't you a Hittite?"
"I love Nubia and when I am married to the King..."
"Oh you believes you'll marry him?" Nyla asked shaking her head and smiling, "Darling, I believe the King has only one in his mind and that isn't you. It's that boy over there. Don't you know that yet?"
Fatine smiled, "I have no problem with his relationship with Menice. Menice, I can assure you...I don't. He is a king. I am his lesser. I will please him in any way he sees fit and allow him pleasures in anyway he seeks.
She had put all her pride aside. She was so beautiful.
A regular Egyptian would kill for a wife who was so passive and so soft on the eyes.
"Kandace... let her leave, I'm done," I stated.
A part of me didn't want Kandace Nyla sticking up for me anymore. I didn't want to owe her anything. A part of me felt like Fatine was probably just as dumb and clueless as she was letting on. Then there was still that part of me that wondered what Nyla would do with all her servants around. We were outside though. It was the middle of the day. Just how desperate was Nyla to have Fatine gone?
Nyla was still there though with her head shaking
"He doesn't prefer women. You come over here thinking you can claim everything. You play so innocent girl but I see that look a mile away."
"Oh he has no problem with women," Fatine stated, almost dropping the innocent look, "He proved it the other day when we made love. I thought you of course would know that, my Queen...being his wife and all. I suppose not."
With that Fatine smiled and started to walk away. It was just like that. She had just walked away like she hadn't said anything. My heart had broken into pieces. I didn't need to hear this. He hadn't even touched me or Nyla but he had already made love to Fatine? He'd had sex with her already? What did this mean?
Nyla waited until Fatine had cleared the courtyard before she came up to me. I was surprised to actually see her lend me a towel to wipe my tears. I was surprised when she looked down on me with sympathy. I had misjudged her I figured. She wasn't the heartless politician that I thought her to be. The Queen actually seemed to care...
"He is yours...emotionally and mine politically," Nyla stated, "Even if he is hers physically, that may turn to something else. That girl isn't as innocent as she puts on. Admit it you may not have another year. You may not have another day..."
My mother had trusted Nyla in that letter.
It was time that I did as well.
I nodded my head and crossed my arms. I had to do it. I had to take things into my own hands.
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Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 11:09:32 -0600 From: Chris Candler Subject: Incest / Happy Birthday With Love Happy Birthday With Love By: Chris Candler Notice: Usual Disclaimers Apply. Younger Brother: Jake / Age 13 / Blonde Hair / Blue Eyes / 95 lbs / 4.5 "cut Older Brother: Adam / Age 17 / Brown Hair / Brown Eyes / 190 lbs / 7.5 "cut Since the age of 9 Jake was head over heels in love with his brother Adam. The two boys shared a room as they lived in a small house with only two bedrooms and two bathrooms, the first being occupied by their parents. The two brothers were very close despite their age. Adam always included Jake in everything he did. Adam's friends didn't care for Jake since he was always around and this prevented the girls from getting the attention of Adam. Adam was a very good looking young man; he was into football, baseball, and basketball on his high school varsity team. At 190 lbs of pure muscle and well hung, the girls were always trying to get his attention. Adam didn't pay any attention to any of them; in fact, he didn't seem to care about sex one way or another. All Adam was interested in was his sports, getting good grades, and enjoying time with his family. One day during summer break, Jake and Adam were in their basement retreat playing video games. Adam's cell phone rang and it was his best friend at school Chris. "Hey man, how are you doing?" Chris asked. "Hey! What's up man? I haven't heard from you in about a week." Adam said excitedly. "Sorry man. My girl's parents were out of town so I spent the whole week at her place. I think it was the best week of my life. Hey, a bunch of us are hanging out at the mall and wanted to know if we could come over and hang out with you. What do you think?" Said Chris "That's cool man. I would love to see you guys. I am in the basement; the parents are out for a couple of days so just come on in the door will be unlocked." "Cool... We'll be there in about 10 minutes. See you soon!" Chris said. After a short wait a group of six of his friends showed up while he and Jake were playing Madden football. There were three girls and three guys. This was the typical jock and cheerleader crew that Adam hung out with at school. Immediately the head cheerleader Brittany saw Jake and gave him a disgusted sneer. It was clear that she didn't like the younger boy as he stood in the way of getting the football captain for herself. Jake excused himself to give Adam some privacy with his friends, as Jake knew he needed time to himself. Jake was in love with his brother, but was never one to smother him. Jake went upstairs to curl up on the couch to read a romance novel. He was getting into the book when suddenly Brittany grabbed him by the shirt with a dirty look on her face. "Look you little faggot, you need to get away from Adam, and you are getting in my way. If you don't back off I will make your life miserable." Jake looked on in total shock and fear. He had no idea what he had done to her to get this kind of reaction but he knew that was not going to back down to a snotty stuck up bitch. "Look! Adam is my brother and he hangs out with my by choice, just because you can't get him with your slutty charms doesn't mean a whore like you can push him out of my life. He is my brother and there is nothing you can do about it so you may as well pass your cunt out to someone who actually wants it." Jake said with pure anger and hate. With those words Brittany's face turned a dark shade of purple and she slapped Jake across his face as hard as she could. Jake fell to the floor crying loudly while she reiterated her statement to stay away from Adam. In the basement Adam heard an argument and then heard his brother sobbing. In a panic Adam rushed up the stairs to find Brittany standing over his brother who was crying hard. Adam noticed a big hand print across his younger brothers left cheek. Adam, confused as to what had happened approached the two. Brittany didn't notice Adam behind her while she was telling him to stay away from Adam. His anger rose to a point that nobody had ever seen. Adam was always the calm level headed one, but this was beyond his control. Adam grabbed Brittany by the hair and flung her to the floor. "Bitch! You have no right to talk to my brother like that and you had no right to lay your hands on him. If you ever touch him again I WILL kill you. Do you understand me?" Adam said fueled with anger. "That faggot won't get away from you for five seconds. You need to get away from him and get a real woman!" Brittany replied. With those words Adam's anger rose even more. Upon hearing the words faggot and the animosity towards his brother, Adam reared back and bunched her dead in the face. Adam grabbed her by the hair and drug her to the front door and tossed her into the yard. "Look bitch, stay the fuck away from me and my brother. If you ever come near me again you can expect much worse than a punch to the nose!" At this point the remainder of Adam's friends was watching the scene. Even though his friends didn't care much for Jake they shouted and clapped knowing the stuck up bitch got what she deserved. His friends dispersed to give him some time with his brother. Adam went into the living room where his brother was still crying. He picked up his brother's slight frame and carried him up to their room carefully laying Jake on his own bed. Adam curled up behind his brother holding him trying to give comfort to his younger brother who he loved dearly. Jake cried for about an hour before falling asleep in his arms. A week later it was Jake's birthday and Adam was excited as he had gotten his brother a letter jacket with his jersey number sewed into the back of the jacket. Even though the jackets were very expensive Adam had saved up for a month just to get Jake a special gift. As Jake was opening his presents from his parents, mostly clothes, he was enjoying just being with his family and in particular; his brother. Adam had hidden Jake's present and was going to present it last. "Hey Jake, I got you something that is very special to me and I hope you like it." Adam said to his brother. Adam left the room and returned with a large box. He gave the box to Jake who opened it. Looking at the jacket Jake burst into tears and took off for their bedroom. Adam felt hurt, he didn't know what happened but he took off after his brother with hurt and concern in his mind. Adam opened the door to their room to find Jake lying face down on his bed sobbing. Adam didn't know why his gift would cause such a reaction. He thought his brother would enjoy being a part of his team. Jake had been there at every practice and every game cheering his brother on. Adam was full of joy to have his brother there supporting him. Adam crossed the room and sat down beside his brother. "Jake, what did I do? I am sorry if you didn't like the gift I just thought you would like to have something that is important to me." "It's not that Adam, I love the gift it is me who is the problem. I can't take it anymore. I have been hiding my feelings for years and I just can't do this! Adam I am in love with you. I think of you all day and seeing you brings me joy and breaks my heart at the same time. I didn't tell you because I didn't want you to hate me. I am SO sorry Adam but I can't help how I feel" Jake said between sobs. Adam leaned down and placed a chaste kiss on Jake's lips. Jake looked into his eyes in shock. Adam grabbed Jake by the back of his head and gave Jake a passionate kiss his tongue tracing the lips of the younger boy. Jake opened his lips allowing access as their tongues mingled it felt...right. Jake pulled out of the kiss with a surprised look at his brother. They sat in silence for what seemed like an eternity. "Jake, I have been in love with you since the day you were born. Why do you think I always keep you near? Why do you think I don't date? I was hoping that one day you would feel the same way so I wanted to save myself for that eventuality. I knew you were in love with my. The way you look at me, the way you hug me. I could feel the love in you. I had to wait because I didn't want to force something on you. I had to wait though it was hard for me. I couldn't live without you. I know it was hard to admit how you feel but I am overjoyed that you did." Adam said as he began to tear up. "You have no idea how much I wished for you to love me. I wanted you as a lover not just a brother. I love you so much my heart aches for you. I can't tell you how happy I am right now but where do we go from here?" Jake replied. Adam looked into his brother's eyes with love and with lust. He knew what he wanted and knew that for once in his life it was possible. "Well, since we know how we both feel, tonight when we go to bed I will give you another present that I had always hoped I could give you. I have saved myself just for you. 17 years of waiting was worth it for this moment alone. I want to be with you. I want to make love to you." Hours later just before bed the boys decided to shower together. The boys stepped under the hot spray of the shower and began to soap each other. As Jake soaped Adam's body Adam's cock began to harden. Jake lovingly cleaned his brother's cock. As Adam's monster rose to its full 7.5" Jake was ready. He was ready to show the years of love he had stored for his brother. Jake rinsed his brother clean and pushed Adam to the wall. Jake dropped to his knew and stared at the object that he had dreamt about for so long. Leaning forward, Jake gently circled the head of Adam's cock teasing the ring around the head. Adam gasped as his brother teased his cock. Without warning Jake took his cock down his throat in one gulp as he ignored the attempt to gag. Jake swallowed the entire cock until his face was buried in the older brother's pubes. No sooner that he took his entire length Adam shuddered; his whole body tensing he had the most powerful orgasm of his young life. 8 powerful shots went down his brother's throat. Jake pulled back until just the head of Adam's cock was in his mother. He wanted to taste his brother's seed. Lovingly swallowing Adam's essence he was in heaven. Jake got up from his knees and planted a passionate kiss on his brother's lips tasting his own cum Adam's cock hardened once again. As Adam broke away from his kiss tears formed in his eyes. "Jake I can't tell you how much that meant to me. Words can't describe how that felt. I have never felt that good in my entire life. What can I do to repay you? You have given me so much. I love you more than words can describe." Adam said to his brother. "There is only one thing I want from you. Only one gift I could ever ask of you. I want you to fuck me...I want you to make love to me...I want you to make me yours. Please Adam I need you inside me." The boys quickly finished their shower. They took turns drying each other and quickly went to the bedroom. The boys lay on Adam's bed and stared into each other's eyes. Adam was going to breed his little brother, he was going to claim him and make him his. "Jake, I want this bad, but it is going to hurt a lot. Neither of us has don't this but I have read about the pain the first time. I can't bear to hurt you. I only want you to know how it is going to be. I want you to be sure about this. If this is what you want you have to promise me that you will tell me if it hurts too much to continue. Promise me" Adam said. "I promise Adam. I want every part of you. I want you inside be a part of me. I know there will be a lot of pain but my love for you is worth the pain. I need you in me. I want you to be one with me. Please make love to me." Jake pleaded to his brother. Adam leaned over to his night stand and pulled out a tube of lube. He gently laid his brother on his back so he could see into his eyes. Adam lifted Jake's legs towards his head exposing his pink virgin hole. Adam dove into his brother's ass gently teasing his untouched pucker. Jake moaned in pleasure at this new sensation. Adam gently entered his brother's hole with his tongue, fucking him with his mouth. Jake squirmed under his brother's actions and moaned in delight. Adam pulled his face out of his brother's ass and covered his fingers with lube. Inserting his long finger gently into his brother he found the small, hard bump. Adam massaged his brother's prostate causing Jake to leak large amounts of precum on his stomach. Adam inserted a second finger and Jake winced in pain. Adam held his fingers in the tight hole until Jake became accustom to the stretching. When Jake was used to the fingers Adam inserted a third finger and again waited for Jake to become comfortable. "Fuck me Adam! I can't wait anymore I need you inside me. Fuck me please I need it!" Adam coated his cock with copious amounts of lube. As Adam positioned his cock at the virgin hole he gently pushed. Jake winced as the large head entered his ass. The head popped passed the tight ring and Adam held still. Jake's eyes rolled back in his head as he moaned loudly. Adam had to cover his brother's mouth with a kiss to keep him from waking their parents. Adam slowly entered his brother's ass inch by inch pausing when he saw Jake wince. Reading his facial expressions Adam continued into the furnace of Jake's tunnel. Finally Adams balls rested against his brother's ass. Adam held still for awhile. "Fuck me. I am ready for you. Fuck me hard. I need you bad. Please I can't wait!" Jake said in a raspy voice. Adam began pumping his rather large cock in and out of his brother's willing ass. Picking up speed as his brother began to moan deep in his chest. Adam knew he wouldn't last long. He felt the signs of his impending orgasm and wanted his brother to join him in his pleasure. "Jake I'm about to cum. I want you to cum with me!" Adam said breathlessly Adam began to pump his brother's cock bring him to edge. While Adam rubbed his brother's prostate with his large cock he brought his brother to orgasm. "Adam, I'm cumming! Cum with me!" Adam pumped harder in his brother's ass while jerking his brother's cock. Adams balls drew up tight and he felt the cum flowing into his cock. Jake began to shoot cum all over his face, neck, and stomach. Jake's muscles tensed causing his ass to milk Adam's cock. Adam exploded in his brother's hole filling him with his cum...with his love. Adam collapsed on his brother and they were both breathing heavy. Adam looked into Jake's eyes and kissed him gently on the lips. "Happy birthday my love..." Adam was still laying on top of his brother with his cock buried deep in his brother's ass. The bedroom door opened and their stood their dad with an empty look on his face. Both of the boys looked at their father; they were frozen in fear and uncertainty. Their father approached the naked boys disregarding the situation. He leaned down and kissed both of his sons gently on the forehead. "We were wondering when you would get around to it. You two have been in love for so long it is about time you realize the love between you. I'll leave you to it. Just be careful of each other, I don't want to see my boys hurt. I love you both." Their dad said. Both boys looked on as their dad left the room chuckling. Both boys were in shock at the acceptance of their new found relationship. They turned to each other and kissed deeply. Both boys were filled with love; love for each other, and love of the acceptance of their parents. Now they knew they could share each other without fear. Jake and Adam both went to the same schools that were close to each other. When they had graduated college and had good jobs the boys bought a house together and shared many years with each other. The love only grew stronger. They grew older together in pure bliss. Comments or Suggestions: Join my Google! Group Group Web Site: Group E-Mail:
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Date: Thu, 10 Feb 2011 17:04:35 +0100 From: John Price Subject: John's Early Learning Chapter 5 John's Early Learning by John P Copyright 2011 Chapter 5 Uncle Fred was becoming more frequently absent when I visited Grandma's house. I don't think he was avoiding me but the beer drew him more and more. I don't consider it had anything to do with me or our activities; it was, I suppose, just going out for a beer and then staying for another, and another and... He had no obligations, no wife, no girlfriend, nobody to tell him to stop drinking excep Grandma. Occasionally his sister Edna would visit with her preacher husband Joe and they, along with Grandma, would kneel and pray! That was it for my uncle! He would depart within minutes, particularly when they pointed out his sinning and the demon drink. Which was all well and good but it meant I had to go without the wonderful sex I had been getting. However, it happened that one Saturday, after my chores at Grandma's were finished, she announced she was going to visit Aunt Suey, whoever she was. My uncle was at home at that time and he must have decided to have his way with me at home. While Grandma was occupied with getting ready to go out, he whispered to leave soon and wait out of sight. When Grandma left, I had to follow her and make sure she got on the bus. Then he said to return to the house. This I did and duly returned, where he was waiting for me. He ushered me in and groped my bum as we entered the living room. I sat while he disappeared into Grandma's bedroom and closed the curtains. This was new to me. I'd only ever enjoyed my sex in the great outdoors and it looked like I was going to get it indoors, on a bed or in it. After a few minutes, he called out for me to come into the bedroom where I found him without clothes and in an obviously semi-erect state. There it was again, that thick rod of flesh, 8 inches long and with light ginger pubic hair around it. I stared at it like I always did; it hypnotised me. He watched me with faint amusement, conscious of the effect his large cock was having on me, in fact always had on me! I was still dressed and my little cock was tenting out my pants. Why was I always stiff when I was around this man? Why did he have such an effect on me? He wasn't menacing or threatening but I was always in awe of this adult. I knew in my mind that he wouldn't hurt me, I never even considered the idea. But I felt I was dominated, not in a bad way, but as a child with a loving adult who would guide me, making sure I didn't hurt myself if he could help it. I just stood there, waiting for the next move. He began to undress me, jacket first, then shirt and vest and finally my pants and underpants. My only contribution to becoming naked like he wanted was to kick off my shoes. While on his knees, he kissed my chest, my little breasts, and his tongue licked around one of my now erect nipples. It tickled and I shivered. My arms went around his neck and I hugged him to me. His hands were behind me now, feeling me up, stroking my almost hairless bum-cheeks. My stiff little cock, together with my little bag of balls, pressed against his hairy chest and it felt so weird. His tongue ran along my chest to the other nipple and he bathed it, sucking and licking, occasionally nibbling it. His fingers were now seeking out my bum-crack and I opened my legs because I knew what he wanted to do. Two of his fingers found my little rose and he gently ran them around it, making me tremble slightly. Why did he keep doing that? Was he going to bum me? Or did he just want his fingers in me? The fingers were made wet by a quick insertion in his mouth and then just as quickly returned to my bum-hole. A fingertip tried to penetrate my little hole but was apparently rejected by my sphincter. His mouth moved south and I felt the warm wet mouth envelop my 4-inch dick. How could it get any better? Bum-hole tickled and penis enclosed in a warm, wet, sucking mouth! I was in 14-year-old heaven! After a couple of minutes of this, he got up off his knees and pulled me towards the bed. I lay down on my back and he lay next to me. He turned me towards him and his mouth found mine. He pressed his mouth against my lips, pushing the tip of his tongue between them so that I was forced to accept it. As was expected of me, I began to suck it and, because it made me more worked up, I duelled with it, finally pushing it out and following it with my own tongue into his mouth. He sucked it like he did with my dick and the feeling was exquisite. His hairy chest was crushed against my hairless little tits, coarse hair on his belly pushed against my naked belly and stiff dick. His enormous cock tried to poke between my legs and I opened them a little in case he wanted to push it between them like he had once before. He felt the movement and his thick cock entered the space I had made. His hands had returned to my bum-cheeks and he stroked gently but firmly. Our tongues continued back and forth and my sucking of his tongue was making me want the cock! I wanted that cock in my mouth. I don't know why because I couldn't take it all; all I could manage in my little mouth was the head and maybe an inch of shaft. Ah, at last! He turned himself around so we were top-to-toe and I was presented at last with that magnificent weapon. The lack of a scrotum and balls was still puzzling me; I could only surmise that his balls were inside him somewhere. That thought was put to one side as he took my whole 4-inches into his mouth and used his fingers to fondle my little ball-sack. I didn't need prompting this time; without him telling me, I ran my tongue around the head of his hard cock, feeling the silky skin. I opened his piss-slit with the tip of my tongue and placed my hand around the thick shaft. My thumb and fingers didn't meet because of the girth but I wanked the inches of his shaft that were still visible. Just like the last time we were doing sex together, he went onto his back, holding me tight and taking me with him. One of his hands crept round behind me again and found my bum-hole. He must have already wet one of his fingers because he tried once again to gain entrance but this time he managed to put the tip in. Once in, he wiggled it about but couldn't go further because my sphincter didn't relax. I didn't know at the time what to do and, with hindsight, he must not have known either. His head moved a bit further and I felt his nose against my bum as he took my whole ball-sack into his mouth. Ever so gently, he rolled my balls around with his tongue. After a minute or so, his breathing came faster and he switched to my little dick again. My hips were humping involuntarily now and then he left my dick and said something which I found very odd. "Don't come in my mouth, will you?" What? What did that mean? Why would I want to shoot my spunk into his mouth? That would be nasty, wouldn't it? I know I was only 14, but I figured that nobody would do a thing like that. EEuuugh! He must have sensed that I was close to shooting my spunk because he slid me off him onto my back, took his mouth off me and started to wank me off. His two fingers and thumb raced up and down my little dick until the feeling came over me that the white stuff was coming. My breathing increased rapidly and I held onto his wrist as my hips jumped and a massive orgasm washed over me. I opened my eyes to watch a few small white blobs and some clear liquid shoot out of my very red helmet and land on my hairless belly. After a few seconds, I had to hold his wrist still so he'd stop wanking me. I was so sensitive that it started to hurt. Wow! This sex stuff was absolutely fantastic! His hand moved quickly to his own shaft and he began to stroke it, his hand able to close completely around the thick weapon. I watched, hypnotised by the size of what was before me. I watched the head, waiting, waiting, knowing that a massive amount of spunk would soon be shooting out of it. It only lasted seconds before he groaned, pulled the foreskin all the way back and held it there. I watched in fascination as the head erupted. The piss-slit opened, he groaned again and the long thick manhood spewed copious amounts of lovely white thick fluid. It came in torrents, his cock jerking with every shot, all over my belly. It was hot, thick, white, creamy. And there was so much! I thought it must have carried on for about 20 seconds but probably not. It just seemed that way to a gauche 14-year-old boy with no real experience before his uncle had shown him how to do naughty sex things. Finally the big cock slowed to a dribble and he wiped the drops on my belly where the rest of that magnificent load had fallen. I was speechless. All this spunk on my belly had come out of my Uncle Fred - and I had helped him to do it. He had sex with me and all this happened because of me! I was the little girl he dreamed of, I suppose, and I was happy to fulfill that role if that made him happy. I just wish he had come in my pussy like he wanted. I wouldn't have minded having his baby, I don't think. Stupid idea, really, I wasn't a girl and I couldn't have a baby but I so much wanted to be what he wanted me to be. Pleasing him was the only thing that mattered and what we had been doing proved to me that I had been successful. After that day, we only managed to meet occasionally because of his drinking habits and it began to tail off over time. I missed it terribly at first but I'd started messing with a boy at school and wanking and sucking him helped me over the withdrawal symptons I was suffering. Since those days, I have been submissive to all men, always provided that they initiated the sexual activity. A man had only to take my hand and press it to his crotch and, without a word from him, I would sink to my knees, take out his cock and suck him till he shot in my mouth, swallowing all he had to offer. Was it my uncle's fault that I was like this? I don't know; I don't feel abused, violated, molested. It was the Spring of my life and I just LOVED what we did. I don't feel like a victim; how could I? I chased after him when he wasn't around. It couldn't possibly be HIS fault but always in my mind was the excuse, "He made me do it. I was just a kid, so it wasn't my fault, was it?" It's a drug, an obsession. I can't get enough cocks, enough spunk. The 4 years I have been retired now means that I'm stuck at home with my wife, no valid reason to go out alone and therefore no more cock-sucking. And I miss it terribly. END All my stories can be found here:
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Kyocera FS-C8100DN
Novell Technology Partner
product details
The FS-C8100DN is a 32 PPM color / 32 PPM monochrome workgroup printer with a standard network interface and duplex. It has standard dual 500 sheet paper drawers, 100 sheet multipurpose tray and comes 256MB of RAM. Optional additions include a 40GB hard disk drive, finishing / paper handling options and a data security kit.
product compatibility
• Open Enterprise Server
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10
• NetWare
• x86
quick clicks
regional availability
• North America
language availability
• English
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81179
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Welcome to the
Becoming a Man of Valor
In Stock
Price: $11.99
About This Product Gone are the days of chivalry and knights, but that hasn't changed God's vision of you as a man of valor. Integrity and honor are elusive in a world that's lost its moral compass, yet every man should strive to possess those qualities.
Integrity, in Latin, means being a whole person. Having integrity, being complete with no cracks or fissures, means we will act at all times according to our faith. This example is found in the gospel of John in the way Jesus interacts with others. Mark R. Laaser claims if we truly studied the interactions Jesus had with people and the words He said to them, we would have a psychology textbook so powerful it would transform lives.
Laaser takes you on a journey to engage this wisdom from the life of Jesus. You can aspire to be the man God calls you to be--a man of integrity and honor. 128 pages.
Sample: Becoming a Man of Valor
Additional Information Table of Contents: Becoming a Man of Valor
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81194
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View Single Post
Old 02-20-04, 06:43 PM #6
Registered User
Join Date: Jul 2003
Posts: 20
Please read this bugreport:
It contains a dirty solution that works with forcedeth v18 (but not with v.20 or higher). The forcedeth crew is currently too busy with RL stuff, but may code this in their driver yet.
I have emailed NVIDIA about this, two seperate engineers replied a few times, but really didn't have anything useful to add. At first the linux driver didn't contain WOL functionality, later on they reversed that statement.
However, it doesn't work. I still have to try to take a new kernel, rip out forcedeth, and patch it with forcedeth v.18 so I can upgrade my kernel, but still use WOL.
If you are wanting to use WOL, make sure your box is stable. Use a kernel without local-APIC, or turn off the CPU disconnect in the BIOS or just fix the problem with Ross Dickson's patches.
My page about broken stuff:
Please let me know how you get along.
sphere is offline Reply With Quote
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81219
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'What You're About to See Can't be Caged'
The Rock Can Knockers Festival
with Velvet Fire/Mister Mirkin/In Bloom/Alana Gentry/Sofa King and the Shackletons
DP's Night
Club Costa Mesa
Saturday, Feb. 6
We had been cracking jokes about this show for weeks because the promo fliers featured a topless girl whose bountiful bosom was covered only by a body painting of two dog heads, their noses strategically placed where, we assumed, her nipples were. Other attractions listed: belly dancers, fire dancers, and a $200 wet T-shirt contest. Okay, we'll say it: while we're certain that the promoters' hearts are in the right place-the show was done as a charity event; anyone who brought a can of food got $2 knocked off the $7 cover-we're not quite sure if using women to lure a crowd of testosterone-riddled, slobbering males with teeny minds and even teenier weenies was necessarily the classiest way to feed the hungry. While we didn't hang around long enough to witness the wet T-shirt deal, we hope it involved both genders.On to music! Which didn't start off promisingly. We turned up just as the Shackletons were blowing out a cover of the Cure's "Just Like Heaven" to a depressingly unfestive fest crowd-there was a lot of elbow room. As covers go, it wasn't bad, but that's all we saw of them. What was up with Sofa King? Their singer kept doing this weird swirly thing with his left hand (no, you perv, he wasn't doing that-we know what that looks like), and when he sang (growled, actually), he sounded like he had a bad case of cottonmouth, rendering everything totally indecipherable. Their music was standard strip-bar fare: a lot of plodding blues chords in search of a cohesive song to build a nest in. Almost every tune, for some reason, sounded like the Doors' "5 to 1." Then, near the end of their set, somebody wisely triggered the back door alarm . . . ah! Originality at last! The alarm was clearly the band's best asset, its incessant, shrill pitch complementing Sofa King's dull downer drone. The alarm solo rocked. As for the band-well, even the plastic ivy plants around the club's rafters were more lifelike. Much, much cooler was Alana Gentry, a singer/songwriter type who was neither waify nor boring; she was sort of the anti-Jewel or a better Sheryl Crow, full of earthy, throaty, weathered vocals and lyrics that rang out like she's lived every verb. She was good-really good-but at this point, we decided we don't like the new bar configuration at DP's, which is farther away from the stage than when this joint was the Tiki Bar. Too many people were hanging out back there during her set, gulping down brew and BBQ, loudly yammering and not really caring about what was going on onstage as long as they had a cold one in their hands. It blew that Gentry had to compete with that, but worse were all the horn-dog boys who hooted and hollered at her at the end. Um, no, children, she was not part of the wet T-shirt contest. Idiots. It wasn't hard to figure out that In Bloom are divinely inspired by Nirvana: they're a trio, they're appropriately Pixies-ish, they have that name, and their first song was a snazzy "Love Buzz" cover. A good, heavy, eardrum-raping band, with an inventive guitar player who crafted some peachy distortion effects and even mimicked turntable scratching techniques with his axe. Sweeeet. Then along came Mister Mirkin to spoil it. Their longhaired lead warbler attempted to endear himself to us by (1) announcing that their drummer was off "slapping the salami," which, come to think of it, would have been far more entertaining to watch than this band, and (2) taking his shirt off, even though it was quite chilly inside and the lights in no way could have been that hot, so we were left to stare at his extremely unimpressive, scraggly chest hair while suffering through a series of obnoxious guitar farts and cantankerous caterwauling. It hurt so much that we marched into our office Monday morning and filed a worker's-comp claim. We reviewed a Velvet Fire gig last year, and, 12 months on, they're still churning out semi-charming Mott the Hoople-isms and glammy guitar fuzzies. Their lead singer is dressing better. None of that, though, excused the guy who intro'd them by saying, with apparent seriousness, "What you're about to see can't be caged or tamed-it's something you live." No, we couldn't make this stuff up! When they did their ditty about masturbation and their singer slid his hands down the front of his pants, we figured we'd better leave-fast-or else that image would haunt us for the rest of our lives. Then again, better that than a wet T-shirt contest. Special note to the Go Forth Getters posse: we wanted to check you out, but we had heard you were supposed to go on around 4, which didn't happen. Meanwhile, patience! Stop pestering us for ink! You'll get yours, eventually. Everyone will. Bwa-ha-ha-ha!Send tapes, CDs, show dates and comp tickets that we'll just turn around and scalp to Locals Only, OC Weekly, P.O. Box 10788, Costa Mesa, CA 92627.
My Voice Nation Help
Anaheim Concert Tickets
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View Quotations by: Authors Subjects Tag Country Date Range
Quotations by Tag for Political
Tag: "Political" Page 1 of 1
The significance of RANKIN was in its mere existence, for it reflected a political sophistication no less intense than that of the English, and it indicated the political importance that the Americans attached to the possession of German soil rather than the Balkans. If the United States refused to go along with the British plans for a Balkan strategy after OVERLORD it was not because it was unconcerned about the alleged danger of Bolshevism, bu...
Gabriel Kolko Gabriel Kolko (born August 17, 1932) is an American historian and author.
Kolko was born in Paterson, New Jersey, attended Kent State University (B.A. 1954) and the University of Wisconsin (M.S. 1955), married Joyce Manning in 1955, and received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1962. Following graduation he taught at the University of Pennsylvania and at SUNY-Buffalo. He joined the York University History Department in 1970 and is now an emeritus professor of history there.
Author Information from Wikipedia
1. Thou shalt not believe in a military victory.
2. Thou shall not believe in a political victory.
7. Thou...
Martin Luther King
Theodore Roosevelt
Twenty-sixth President, United States of America
... I have come to see any American president as a person on a tightrope: on any issue, he can lean only so far to the left or right before the political laws of gravity begin to punish him. The genius of the Tea Party is that it didn't try to move the tightrope walker, it moved the tightrope itself, successfully pulling the national conversation and the entire political establishment far to the right." -- Van Jones
Van Jones Former Special Advisor to the Obama White House and advocate for Green jobs.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81260
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Open MPI logo
Open MPI User's Mailing List Archives
From: Brian Barrett (brbarret_at_[hidden])
Date: 2006-04-05 18:58:28
On Apr 5, 2006, at 6:37 AM, spil@ phys wrote:
> Hi,
> i have suse linux 10 (x86_64) and when i try to build open MPI
> (version
> 1.0.1) an error occurs. When i run
> ./configure .. i receive the following error:
> *** Final output
> configure: creating ./config.status
> config.status: creating opal/mca/maffinity/Makefile
> config.status: error: cannot find input file: opal/mca/maffinity/
> I would appreciate having some help. Thank you.
This generally indicates that you do not have a complete tarball of
Open MPI. I would try starting from a fresh tarball and see if that
Brian Barrett
Open MPI developer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81263
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Upcoming: Looking Glass bgpd gets a second control socket, at a to-be-specified location control-socket /var/www/logs/bgpd.sock restricted as indicated by the "restricted" keyword, the socket does only allow for certain messages, namely, the "show" operations running the httpd in a chroot (default on OpenBSD), a cgi would just call a bgpctl binary inside the chroot, giving the path to the socket and the commands /somewhere/bgpctl -s /log/bgpd.sock $commands
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81265
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Rome is bigger than Rome
Rome is bigger than Rome
There is not a shadow of doubt in my mind that the Roman empire was what John had in mind when he penned the Revelation. The book is chocked full of allusions to Roman culture. In fact, if you do not understand Rome, you will not understand the Revelation. That is why I think many commentators blow it so badly when they try to read the Revelation.
Just a few examples for you. The most striking condemnations of Rome in the Revelation are the allusions to the synagogue, depths, and seat of Satan (chapters 2-3). The connection is most clear in the letter to the church of Pergamum, which is called “the throne of Satan.” Pergamum was the imperial Roman capital of the province and thus, the central “throne” of the region.
In chapter 4, John sees the following:
There has been no shortage of varied opinions on this appearance of God but to me, there is a straightforward explanation plucked from Roman practice. When a conquering general returned to Rome for his triumph, his face and hands were painted red and he was clothed in the purple of the imperator. At the end of his triumpal procession, he would ascend the steps to the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and sit enthroned, surrounded by the radiance of his spoils.
The parallel here should be obvious. The jasper is an opaque reddish jewel which reflects light rather than refracts it. Likewise, the sardinos is a deep, purplish red which is also opaque. As John sees the Ancient of Days, he sees a Roman conqueror…something greater than a Roman conqueror in fact. The proto-conqueror if you will, of which Rome is a lesser copy.
There are more parallels, but these two should suffice to indicate that Rome is definitely looming large on John’s horizon as he composes the Apocalypse. The problem I have with most futurist (and I am a futurist) is that they want to reject the preterist and spiritualist interpretations out of hand, and they miss that the Revelation addressed an immediate need, not some mystical future need.
That being said, I want to address Joel’s statements concerning the Beast kingdom. Many of the commentators I have read of all persuasions miss the great truth of Nebuchadnezzar’s and Daniel’s visions. These kingdoms are unique, but they are not separate. Each blends into the other, each builds on the other. The Beast kingdom (the futurist antichrist) is in fact, Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome and something more. Rome absorbed the kingdom of the Greeks, which absorbed the kingdom of the Persians which absorbed the kingdom of the Babylonians. The individual kingdoms did not disappear but rather melded and contorted into something at the core of the next.
Rome is not dead. It continues to live in our world today. The Roman Republic is the foundation of the government of the USA; the Latin language is the core of most of the Western languages spoken in the world. When the Beast emerges, he will be both Rome and something bigger than Rome. He will be both Rome and Babylon, but also something other than either.
I know of at least one unpublished commentator who has put forward the theory that he will emerge from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire so that he can combine all of the former kingdoms in his person and rule. He even goes so far as to say that he will be of Jewish and Muslim blood by adopt Christianity as his religion, thus uniting the world’s monotheistic religions into one as he declares himself to be the Coming Anointed One of all.
But that is neither here nor there. I haven’t dug into his theories enough to really argue it with any clarity. I simply mention him in passing.
In brief then, I think all of us can agree that the demons (speaking figuratively) that John faced were both Rome and bigger than Rome. Thus, the Revelation faces a Rome that is bigger than Rome. I think it is just wishful thinking on the part of some protestants to target Rome specifically and bend the entirety of the Revelation to the opposition of Catholicism. I think that requires as much twisting and turning as the historicist position, which forces historical parallels for the convenience of the system.
Does Rome still exist today? Yes. Is it the Roman Catholic Church? I won’t pretend to say that I don’t believe that some of old Rome still exists there, but the Church and Empire are not equitable. That is all so much sensationalism that the likes of Luther used to whip their congregants into political fury over.
Don’t get me wrong. I think Luther was right to oppose the excesses and heresies of the Church that he loved. To his dying day, he pledged loyalty to the Church although he felt that Catholicism had long since abandoned its truth. But is the Pope the Great Satan? I don’t think so. To be honest, the current pope is a man of frightening power and possessed of a capacity for things we should rightly fear, but he is not the Antichrist.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81282
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'Her' review: Just another boy-meets-operating system love story
Amy Adams, left, and Joaquin Phoenix in a scene from "Her." (Warner Bros. Pictures)
Email the author | Follow on Twitter
on January 07, 2014 at 12:31 PM, updated January 08, 2014 at 4:16 PM
There have been movies before about emotional relationships between humans and artificial beings, from Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" to Ridley Scott's "Blade Runner." (And let's not forget the original "The Stepford Wives.") But none has ever seemed realer and more possible, both emotionally and technologically, than Spike Jonze's "Her."
In it, a reserved, mustached Joaquin Phoenix plays Theodore Twombly, who has been carrying a gloom cloud with him ever since breaking up with his wife several months earlier. Theodore works for (A URL that appears to be available), composing heartfelt missives for other people's family members and lovers. "Her" is set in a very-near-future Los Angeles, and Theodore's job is just one example of the subtle ways Jonze sees technology eliminating the need for interpersonal connection.
The most blatant metaphor for this is Samantha, the highly advanced new operating system Theodore purchases. Think Siri raised to the power of a hundred. Samantha, equipped with the sexy, scratchy voice of Scarlett Johansson, possesses intuition and consciousness, which are super helpful when Theodore needs someone to talk to but problematic when Samantha starts to become a more persistent version of those apps that are always prompting you to update them.
At first, while Theodore is flashing back to happier days with his wife (Rooney Mara) — he still hasn't signed the divorce papers — Samantha is the perfect rebound, seemingly programmed to simulate the blissful early stages of a love affair. She can "see" through his smartphone camera and talk to him through an ear piece, enabling the two to engage in romantic rituals like making up stories about the couples sitting near them in a shopping mall. They fall quickly in what feels like real and mutual love.
The world they explore together is recognizable but tweaked. The city resembles an Apple store with the color turned way down, and the fashions combine a 1980s revival with the high-waisted look that's been catching on in real life. This ironic retro-futurism, and the persistently melancholic tone, threaten to turn "Her" into a standard piece of hipster miserabilism.
But in the movie's favor, appropriately enough, are its human elements. The performances by Phoenix, generally engaged in dialogue with a bodiless voice, and Johansson, who creates emotional depth without an actor's most valuable tool, a face. Adams, as a newly single neighbor of Theodore's, demonstrates range with a character who's a million miles removed from her "American Hustle" con woman. She plays the moused-up beauty as well as Cameron Diaz did back in Jonze's "Being John Malkovich," if not better.
As the relationship between Theodore and Samantha evolves, it hews too closely to the expected arc of a romantic drama. In a desire to show how such a pairing could produce the same joys, sorrows, jealousies and insecurities as a human-to-human one, the movie edges close to parody, which it doesn't want to be. Still, there are memorable scenes, including one where a physical surrogate comes over to enable a sort of direct sexual experience between a man and his operating system. (Like most threesome scenes in serious movies, it doesn't go well.)
Jonze's visions for the future, from the website where Theodore works to the "Class Mom" videogame Adams' character has designed, feel disturbingly spot-on. And despite a deus ex machina ending, he has contributed an of-the-moment attempt at answering eternal questions about the nature of love.
Grade: B+
Rated: R
Running time: 126 minutes
Playing at: Multiple locations; opens Thursday, Jan. 9
Cast and crew: Joaquin Phoenix, Scarlett Johansson, Amy Adams, Rooney Mara, Olivia Wilde; directed by Spike Jonze.
The lowdown: Can a love affair between a man and his operating system ever really work? That's the question poignantly asked in director Spike Jonze's new film, which finds lonely Joaquin Phoenix bonding with the disembodied voice of Scarlett Johansson.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81283
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Women in Technology
Hear us Roar
Subject: Love the JCP
Date: 2004-05-10 12:27:07
From: satyak
Response to: Love the JCP
Thanks for the comments. XML being structured data, XML's applications go beyond "cross platform data transfer". XML is being used in quite unexpected domains including inside of a given program space never crossing the boundaries. Take configuration files. The data never crosses the process boundary. One can argue that configuration files can benefit from XSDs. This is a choice and doesn't have to be mandatory.
Another example is data transformation where data is read from a database and transformed to become an html page in a web environment. The data can be retrieved either as an object or dom depending on the eventual transformation. Again although one can define an XSD for it, lot of times one doesn't need it. Having this choice simplifies the development effort.
Take another case where one has to send an email in html format on the back end based on certain program data. Here one should be able to populate a corresponding complex object and apply xslt to the resulting xml. Again one can publish XSD, but I don't think the value of it is as significant as the case you have quoted.
Databases are becoming increasingly XML aware. For example, with reasonable approximations you can send a large XML to a database and have the database automatically do multiple inserts for the entire data one time. In this scenario one can create java objects in memory to match the schema and insert the object tree directly into the database one time. Again having XSDs for all possible cases will be a proliferation of files not to mention the factory generated code in your applications.
Same with work flow applications where multiple components work on a single data set as it passes through a work flow stream. Defining XSDs, in my opinion, is going to make the maintenance process quite cumbersome as there are so many aspects of the same data structure needs to be maintained.
I also think that XSD is one way of defining structured data. Object languages like Java and C# is another way to define structured data. Both have their strengths and weaknesses. I have felt that having XSD optional would have been nice. Some of the postings here have suggested other means to serialize java objects as xml if one doesn't need the XSD support. Perhaps not a bad idea.
These aspects can not be new and I am sure well discussed in the JCP, and they have good reasons to base JAXB on XSD to cover the more common cases and still be an efficient implementation. But that leaves a gap for cases where XSDs are not that necessary and the programmer has to seek alternatives.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81290
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Linked by jal_ on Wed 31st Aug 2011 21:20 UTC
Permalink for comment 488357
RE: Err
by rcaudill on Sat 3rd Sep 2011 13:52 UTC in reply to "Err"
Member since:
So, you have a project consisting of about three people and a dead cow, and you fight like this? In public? On OSNews?
We had a project consisting of about 3 developers and now there is one. All this happened a long time ago.
Reply Parent Score: 1
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81291
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Permalink for comment
by enloop on Tue 29th Jun 2004 01:43 UTC
You can achieve the same affect by simply building most of the options as modules. That's what Linux distributions do, since they don't know what kind of machines they'll be running on. If something isn't needed, it isn't loaded.
The risk to kernel compilers comes, for example, from not knowing what kinds of network card they have or what kind of drives they use. That's the level of detail needed.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81293
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Thread beginning with comment 387916
To view parent comment, click here.
RE[3]: Oh no..
by dagw on Tue 6th Oct 2009 14:07 UTC in reply to "RE[2]: Oh no.."
Member since:
I don't see why someone else should be able to sell much cheaper hardware with MY software and undercut my business.
Trivial solution. stop selling your software without your hardware. If your software only comes pre-installed on your hardware and there is no way for me to buy your software separately, then I cannot (re-)sell it. Problem solved.
Reply Parent Score: 4
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81305
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Channel 19
Todd Dills
| July 19, 2010
Check out the latest edition of the DTI, or Defense Technology International, journal, and you’ll get an electronic whiff of the latest experiment in a self-driving truck — this one from Lockheed Martin and steered by the company’s Convoy Active Safety Technology, or CAST, being employed on a few prototype U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center trucks on Ft. Hood, Texas. Like the VORAD systems on some commercial rigs on the roads today, the trucks use radar and various sensors to control themselves.
And hey, it turns out that when we’re not actually responsible for operating a vehicle moving at normal operating speeds, we can scan for roadside bombs with a 25 percent better rate of accuracy or detection — a big improvement, I’d say, but worth the $5.3 million of U.S. taxpayer monies have helped fund the project? There’s probably no better substitute/supplement than a couple good extra pairs of eyes out there — the potential to keep lives out of harm’s way, reducing risks, is what’s most exciting about it all, in the end.
In any case, automated supply convoys could be in Afghanistan’s future, to say nothing of where the tech might go in on-road situations in country. Hit the link above for more, but don’t expect to see any driver-less rig passing you on the right anytime soon. As a Wired story about the CAST technology noted, Lockheed plans to test the vehicle in live combat zones but it’s “not built for going off-road.” Might be a problem in more than a few places, no doubt.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81307
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David Ortiz wins appeal, credited with second hit vs. Yu Darvish
Ronald Martinez
David Ortiz has won his appeal, devaluing hits and leaving errors in an even more tenuous position as a stat than they were in before.
David Ortiz has won his appeal, and has been credited with a second hit in the May 9th game between the Red Sox and Rangers. You know, the one where Yu Darvish almost no-hit the Sox.
Obviously this would be a much bigger deal had Darvish actually gone on to complete his no-hitter. The incident in question took place in the seventh inning, when Ortiz hit a pop fly to right field. Alex Rios came in, but held up as second baseman Rougned Odor seemed to settle under the ball with plenty of time to spare. Odor, however, lost the ball, and ended up letting it fall to the ground. The play was ruled an error on Rios.
As it happens, David Ortiz actually got a more concrete hit in the ninth inning, so this is a fairly minor change. But let's pause for a second and consider just how stupid this whole situation is.
Let's ignore the fact that Ortiz went through an appeals process to be credited for a hit in a game the Red Sox lost 8-0. Given all the man does and has done at the plate, I see no reason to begrudge him his stat-chasing. Particularly in a game as individual in nature as baseball. This isn't basketball where you can pursue stats at the detriment of your team, except perhaps when it comes to something like extending a single into a double or trying to steal second.
(Neither of those things are exactly Ortiz' forte, you may notice.)
But really, what does a play like this say about the value of these statistics? Oh a hit? Of an error?
I'm not breaking any new ground by pointing out the problem with errors, I know, but this case just seems particularly egregious. An error is taken to mean a mistake by the defense. It's used by networks local and national as a way to quantify a player's defense. Similarly, things like WHIP and ERA are used to determine a pitcher's quality.
So what are we saying when we declare this a hit? When something like this is allowed to break up a no-hitter? It's ridiculous. This event was not to David Ortiz' credit. He did not hit the ball well. It certainly shouldn't diminish Yu Darvish's performance either. Short of a strikeout, there are few better outcomes for a pitcher than a ball that goes a mile high and doesn't come within a hundred feet of the outfield wall. But David Ortiz ends up getting credit for a positive at bat, Yu Darvish for a negative one. Had David Ortiz scored, the run would have counted against Darvish's ERA.
Meanwhile, Alex Rios and Rougned Odor come away none the worse for wear, at least when it comes to errors. If Alex Rios called off Odor and then did nothing, it's his fault. If Odor got in over his head and didn't back down, it's his. Somehow, though, baseball's scoring system has managed to put agency in the hands of the other two players involved.
Is it a big deal? Not in this context, no. But baseball has been going about changing rules left and right this year, so why not change this one? Outfield errors in particular are a joke even when compared to the already questionable reputation of errors in general. And so long as things like no-hitters--which the baseball community has decided are historically significant--are at the whim of such a clearly flawed system, it's only a matter of time before we end up with another embarrassing shame of a situation like we had with Jim Joyce and Armando Galarraga.
If we're going to keep track of errors at all (hardly a necessary thing, honestly), it's time to start holding outfielders accountable for plays they clearly should have made. Whether they actually make contact with the ball or not should not be the deciding factor. It's ridiculous to call David Ortiz' pop fly a hit. It's ridiculous to say that this was competent defending. So let's start calling it like it is before it ruins what could otherwise be a great moment.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81311
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Definition of game engine in English:
game engine
Line breaks: game en¦gine
The basic software of a computer game or video game.
More example sentences
• There's a group of crazy Danish coders who actually did write a game engine in ML.
• The editor I used to create each level was technically more complicated than the actual game engine.
• First, there is the underlying game engine itself.
Definition of game engine in:
Get more from Oxford Dictionaries
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Word of the day antebellum
Pronunciation: ˌantɪˈbɛləm
occurring or existing before a particular war…
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81322
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Rule 4001-6 Service of Motions under F.R.B.P 4001.
In addition to the parties identified in F.R.B.P. 4001, the following motions must also be served upon creditors listed on the schedules as holding claims secured by the asset(s) identified in the motion:
(a) A motion for relief from the stay;
(b) A motion seeking an order prohibiting or conditioning the use, sale, or lease of property;
(c) A motion to use cash collateral;
(d) A motion for authority to obtain credit;
(e) Any agreement regarding any of the preceding motions;
(f) A motion to extend, continue or impose the automatic stay; or
(g) A motion to confirm the termination or absence of the automatic stay.
Part IV - The Debtor: Duties and Benefits
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81333
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Go to home page
Prior Page Page Up
Parthian Stations
by Isidore of Charax
Wilfred H. Schoff's original 1914 London edition includes the following sections:
Parthian Stations by Isidore of Charax
Journey Around Parthia by Isidore of Charax
Description of the World by Isidore of Charax
From an Unknown Work by Isidore of Charax
Commentary by Wilfred H. Schoff
Notes by Wilfred H. Schoff
Parallel Passages from the Chinese Annals from Hirth, China and the Roman Orient
A Modern Account from Curzon, Persia, I
Trade Routes of Modern Persia from Curzon, Persia, II
Transcribed from the Original London Edition, 1914
Through Mesopotamia and Babylonia 171 Schoeni
" Apolloniatis 33 "
" Chalonitis 21 "
" Media 22 "
" Cambadena 31 "
" Upper Media 38 "
" Media Rhagiana 58 "
" Choarena 19 "
" Comisena 58 "
" Hyrcania 60 "
" Astauena 60 "
" Parthyena 25 "
" Apauarticena 27 "
" Margiana 30 "
" Aria 30 "
" Anaua 55 "
" Zarangiana 21 "
" Sacastana 63 "
" Arachosia 36 "
Total 858 Schoeni
Mesopotamia and Babylonia 171 Schoeni
1. For those who cross the Euphrates, next to Zeugma is the city of Apamia, and then the village of Daeara. It is 3 schoeni distant from Apamia and the river Euphrates. Then Charax Sidae, called by the Greeks the city of Anthemusias, 5 schoeni: beyond which is Coraea, in Batana, a fortified place: 3 schoeni. To the right of this place is Mannuorrha Auyreth, a fortified place, and a well, from which the inhabitants get drinking water, 5 schoeni. Then Commisimbela, a fortified place: by which flows the river Bilecha, 4 schoeni. Then Alagma, a fortified place, a royal station, 3 schoeni; beyond which is Ichnae, a Greek city, founded by the Macedonians: it is situated on the river Balicha: 3 schoeni. Then Nicephorium by the Euphrates, a Greek city, founded by King Alexander, 5 schoeni. Farther on, by the river, is Galahatha, a deserted village, 4 schoeni. Then the village of Chumbana, 1 schoenus; farther on Thillada Mirrhada, a royal station , 4 schoeni. Then a royal place, a temple of Artemis, founded by Darius, a small town; close by is the canal of Semiramis, and the Euphrates is dammed with rocks, in order that by being thus checked it may overflow the fields; but also in summer it wrecks the boats; to this place, 7 schoeni. Then Allan, a walled village, 4 schoeni. Then Phaliga, a village on the Euphrates (that means in Greek half-way), 6 schoeni. From Antioch to this place, 120 schoeni; and from thence to Seleucia, which is on the Tigris, 100 schoeni. Nearby Phaliga is the walled village of Nabagath, and by it flows the river Aburas, which empties into the Euphrates; there the legions cross over to the Roman territory beyond the river. Then the village of Asich, 4 schoeni; beyond which is the city of Dura Nicanoris, founded by the Macedonians, also called by the Greeks Europus, 6 schoeni. Then Merrha, a fortified place, a walled village, 5 schoeni. Then the city of Giddan, 5 schoeni. Then Belesi Biblada, 7 schoeni. Beyond is an island in the Euphrates, 6 schoeni; there was the treasure of Phraates, who cut the throats of his concubines, when Tiridates who was exiled, invaded [the land]. Then Anatho, an island in the Euphrates, of 4 stadia, on which is a city, 4 schoeni; beyond which is Thilabus, an island in the Euphrates; there is the treasure of the Parthians, 2 schoeni. Then Izan, a city on an island, 12 schoeni. Then Aipolis, [the city of Is] where there are bituminous springs, 16 schoeni. Beyond is the city of Besechana, in which is a temple of Atargatis, 12 schoeni. Then Neapolis by the Euphrates, 22 schoeni. From that place those leaving the Euphrates and passing through Narmalchan come to Seleucia on the Tigris, 9 schoeni. To this place [extend] Mesopotamia and Babylonia; and from Zeugma to Seleucia there are 171 schoeni.
2. From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
3. From that place, Chalonitis, 21 schoeni; in which there are 5 villages, in which there are stations, and a Greek city, Chala, 15 schoeni beyond Apolloniatis. Then, after 5 schoeni, a mountain which is called Zagrus, which forms the boundary between the district of Chalonitis and that of the Medes.
4. From that place, [Lower] Media, which extends 22 schoeni. The beginning is at the district of Carina; in which there are 5 villages in which there are stations, but no city.
5. From that place, Cambadene, which extends 31 schoeni, in which there are 5 villages, in which there are stations, and a city, Bagistana, situated on a mountain; there is a statue and a pillar of Semiramis.
6. From that place, Upper Media, 38 schoeni; and at 3 schoeni from the very beginning of it is the city of Concobar; there is a temple of Artemis, 3 schoeni. Then Bazigraban, which is a custom house, 3 schoeni. Thence to Adrapana, the royal residence of those who ruled in Ecbatana, and which Tigranes the Armenian destroyed, 4 schoeni. Then Ecbatana, the metropolis of Media and the treasury, and a temple, sacred to Anaitis; they sacrifice there always; 12 schoeni. And beyond that place are 3 villages in which there are stations.
7. From that place [Rhagiana] Media, [58] schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena [19 schoeni]; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
9. Beyond is Comisena, 58 schoeni, in which there are 8 villages in which there are stations, but there is no city.
10. Beyond is Hyrcania, 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.
11. Beyond is Astauena, 60 schoeni, in which there are 12 villages in which there are stations; and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there.
12. Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni. Then the city of Siroc after 5 schoeni. Of villages it has no more than one, which is called Saphri.
13. Beyond is Apauarcticena, 27 schoeni, in which is the city of Apauarctica. Then the city of Ragau and two villages.
14. Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages.
15. Beyond is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.
16. Beyond is Anauon, a region of Aria, 55 schoeni, in which is a very great city, Phra, and the city of Bis, and the city of Gari and the city of Nia; but there is no village.
17. Beyond is Zarangiana, 21 schoeni. There are the city of Parin and the city of Coroc.
The Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax.
20. (A fragment quoted from Athenæs, III, 46.) Isidore of Charax in his description of Parthia says there is a certain island in the Persian Gulf where many pearls are found; and that round about the island there are rafts made of reeds, from which men dive into the sea to a depth of 20 fathoms and bring up double-shelled oysters. They say that when there are frequent thunderstorms and heavy rains, the oyster produces the most young, and they get the most, the best and the largest pearls; and in the winter the shells are accustomed to sink into holes in the bottom, but in the summer they swim about all night with their shells open, but they close in the daytime. And when they cling to stones and rocks in the waves they take root and then, remaining fixed, produce the pearls. These are engendered and nourished by something that adheres to their flesh. It grows in the mouth of the oyster and has claws and brings in food. It is like a small crab and is called "Guardian of the oyster." Its flesh penetrates through the center of the shell like a root; the pearl being engendered close to it, grows through the solid portion of the shell and keeps growing as long as it continues to adhere to the shell. But when the flesh gets under the excrescence and cuts its way onward, it gently separates the pearl from the shell and then, when the pearl is surrounded by flesh, it is no longer nourished in such manner as to grow further, but the flesh makes it smoother, more transparent and more pure. And when the oyster lives at the bottom, it produces the clearest and largest pearls; but those that float on the surface, because they are affected by the rays of the sun, produce smaller pearls, of poorer color. The pearl divers run into danger when they thrust their hands straight into the open oyster, for it closes up and their fingers are often cut off, and sometimes they perish on the spot; but those who take them by thrusting their hands under from one side, easily pull the shells off from the rocks.
21. (Pliny, Natural History, II, 112.) "Our part of the earth, of which I propose to give an account, floating as it were in the ocean which surrounds it, stretches out to the greatest extent from east to west, viz., from India to the Pillars consecrated to Hercules at Gades, being a distance of 8568 miles, according to the statement of Artemidorus, or according to that of Isidore, 9818 miles."
22. (Ibid., II, 112.) "The breadth of the earth from south to north, is commonly supposed to be about one-half only of its length, viz., 4490 miles;" (then follow parts of these measurements from the southern extremities to the mouth of Tanais). "Beyond the Tanais the most diligent authors have not been able to obtain any accurate measurement. Artemidorus supposes that everything beyond is undiscovered, since he confesses that, about the Tanais, the tribes of the Sarmatae dwell, who extend toward the North Pole. Isidore adds 1250 miles, as the distance to Thule; but this is mere conjecture."
23. (Ibid., V, 9.) "The whole distance (of Asia) to the Tanais, including Egypt, is, according to Artemidorus and Isidore, 6375 miles.
24. (Ibid., IV, 37.) "Artemidorus and Isidore have given the length of it (Europe) from the Tanais to Gades, as 8214 miles."
25. (Ibid., V, 6.) "Isidore speaks of the distance from Tingi to Canopus as being 3599 miles. Artemidorus makes this last distance forty miles less than Isidore."
26. (Ibid. V, 43.) "From Chalcedon to Sigeum, Isidore makes the distance 322 ½ miles."
27. (Ibid., V, 35.) "Timosthenes states that the circumference of this island [Cyprus] is 427 miles, Isidore 375."
28. (Ibid., V, 36.) "The fairest of them all is the free island of Rhodes, 125, or if we would rather believe Isidore, 103 miles in circumference . . . . . . It is distant from Alexandria in Egypt, according to Isidore, 583 miles; but according to Eratosthenes, 469. Mucianus says that its distance from Cyprus is 166."
29. (Ibid., V, 37.) "The coast of Ionia has Samos, a free island, eighty-seven miles in circumference, or, according to Isidore, 100."
30. (Ibid., V, 38.) "The free island of Chios . . . . . . is 125 miles in circumference, according to the ancient writers; Isidore, however, makes it nine more.
31. (Ibid., V, 39.) "The circumference of the whole island [Lesbos] is, according to Isidore, 168 miles; but the older writers say 195."
32. (Ibid., IV, 5.) "The Peloponnesus . . . . . . situate between two seas, the Aegean and the Ionian, is in shape like the leaf of a plane-tree, in consequence of the angular indentations made in its shores. According to Isidore, it is 563 miles in circumference; and nearly as much again, allowing for the coast-line on the shores of its bays."
33. (Ibid., IV, 30.) "This island [Britain] is distant from Gesoriacum, on the coast of the nation of the Morini, at the spot where the passage across is shortest, fifty miles. Pytheas and Isidore say that its circumference is 4875 miles."
34. (Fragment quoted from Lucianus, Macrob. ch. 15.) "Artaxerxes, another king of the Persians, whom Isidore of Charax the historian states to have ruled in the time of his parents, after a life of ninety-three years, was treacherously murdered through a plot of his brother Gosithras."
35. (Id. ib. ch. 18:) "Goaesus, so says Isidore of Charax, who in his time was king of the Omani in the Incense Land, after he had lived one hundred and fifteen years, died of disease."
The Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax, fragmentary as it is, is one of the very few records of the overland trade-route in the period of struggle between Parthia and Rome. As the title indicates, it gives an itinerary of the caravan trail from Antioch to the borders of India, naming the supply stations, or, as they would now be called, the caravanserais maintained by the Parthian Government for the convenience of merchants. While the record contains little more than the names of the stations and the intervening distances, an examination of the route followed leads to numerous inferences concerning the relations of the Parthian monarchy with its subject states and with neighboring foreign powers.
This record may be dated from internal evidence as of the reign of Augustus, probably very close to the Christian era. In its manuscript form, the Parthian Stations seems to be a mere summary or transcription from some larger work, and another extract quoted by Athenaeus and ascribed to Isidore, mentions the title as a "Journey around Parthia," while various fragments quoted in the Natural History of Pliny indicate that Isidore was the author of some general work on geography. His very home is a matter of inference. The manuscript speaks of him as Isidore "of Charax," which means merely "palisaded town." But it seems clear that the place meant is Charax Spasini, the commercial port at the head of the Persian Gulf, and C. Müller points out that the author of the "description of the world" mentioned by Pliny (VI, 31) as having been commissioned by Augustus "to gather all necessary information in the east when his eldest son was about to set out for Armenia to take the command against the Parthians and Arabians," is no other than our Isidore. The manuscript of Pliny in that place refers this work to Dionysius, but as both Muller and Bernhardy have shown, this is a mistake and Isidore is probably meant.
As to the date of the work of Isidore, as it mentions the second revolution of Tiridates against the Parthian king Phraates, which took place in 26 B.C., it must be later than that date; and a subsequent reference to a king named Goaesus of the "Incense Land" in South Arabia, while his dates are not definitely known, suggests as Glaser has shown, a time very near the Christian era.
The route followed in the Parthian Stations beginning at Antioch, crosses the Euphrates at Zeugma, the modern Birijik. This was on the high-road to Edessa and Armenia. After crossing the Euphrates the Parthian route made a direct line, avoiding the long bend in the river, which it reached lower down and followed until Neapolis, where it left the Euphrates and crossed overland to Seleucia on the Tigris. Thence it ascended the hills of Media, crossed the Caspian Gates, and followed the fertile valleys eastward through the modern Khorassan to the Herat river. Here, instead of proceeding eastward to Bactria and the Pamirs, the Parthian route turned southward to Lake Helmund and Kandahar, where the record ends.
If the route laid down in the Parthian Stations was the high-road of commerce under the Parthian Empire, it suggests not only a thorough regulation of commerce throughout its own dominions, but also a lack of trade control in other states generally counted as tributary to the Parthians, who evidently attended to their own commercial affairs. Isidore speaks of the two revolts against Phraates who, we are told by various Roman historians, was expelled from the capital and forced to flee to the Scythians, by whom he was given aid, returned and reestablished himself on his throne. The Scythian king is not named, but he probably ruled over the Saka Scythians, who had been driven westward from Chinese territory by the Yue-chi, who had set up in the former Greek kingdom of Bactria a powerful kingdom under the Kushan dynasty some fifty years before Isidore's time. The Saka tribes had migrated ahead of the Yue-chi and had settled in the Helmund valley, acknowledging some sort of dependence upon the Parthian dynasty. In Indian history we find the Indo-Parthians overrunning the Cambay district in the first century A.D. and a combination known in Indian records as Sakas, Yavanas and Pallavas, raiding much farther south in the two centuries following. These are no doubt the same tribes that lent aid to Phraates against his rebellious subjects. The subservience of the Saka Scythians to the Parthian dynasty must have been little more than nominal. Their chieftains in India acknowledged the over-lordship of the Kushan monarchies and they seem to have been free lances. In matters commercial we may infer that they not only served as the eastern terminus of the Parthian trade route, but that they cooperated with the Kushan kings in maintaining trade relations through Carmania and Persia with the Arab states of Mesene and Characene at the head of the Persian Gulf. Along this route a trade in Chinese silks was carried on between the Pamirs and Charax Spasini, whence the merchandise went by sailing vessels around Arabia, and finally reached the Levant through the mart of Petra. Such trade as passed through Parthia and came directly under the control of the Parthian monarchy went over the route sketched by Isidore, ending at Antioch; and it is interesting to note that the Parthian route includes the space between Kandahar and Lake Helmund, which had also to be traveled by those bound for the Persian Gulf. It is clear that the southern kingdoms tributary to the Parthian state were in large measure independent in their commercial affairs, and that some understanding to this effect existed with the Parthian capital; otherwise the diversion of trade between the northern and southern routes at Lake Helmund could not peacefully have occurred.1
The Parthian Stations marks the ancient trade-route of the Medes and the Assyrians. The rise of the power of Persia diverted much of the trade to the Royal Road, leading to Susa and thence to Lake Helmund. Under the Parthians it was evidently a state policy to encourage the passage of goods from Lake Helmund over the old northern route; but the understanding between the Kushan monarchy and the Nabatæn princes made it impracticable for Parthia to establish a commercial monopoly through its capital on the Tigris.
We may infer that the author of the Journey Around Parthia, meaning the Parthian Empire, described both these important over-land highways. It is very regrettable that his work should have perished except in fugitive quotations, and that we have remaining only a brief itinerary of the northern route.
The policy of the Roman Empire during the two centuries following the Christian era was to encourage direct sea trade with India, cutting out all overland routes through Parthia and thus avoiding the annoyance of fiscal dependence on that consistent enemy of Rome.
In connection with the work of Isidore, the relations between Parthia and Rome immediately preceding his time may be borne in mind. When Crassus became consul in Rome in 55 B.C., he was appointed to command in the east, his headquarters being at Antioch, the former Seleucid capital; and he announced his intention of carrying the Roman arms to Bactria, India and the eastern ocean. The Arab sheikhs bordering on the province of Syria, some of whom had been allied with Rome, changed sides as they did not desire further aggressions from the west. Crassus crossed the Euphrates at Zeugma, where the Parthian Stations begins its account. Instead of following the road to Edessa and Armenia at the foot of the hills or keeping close to the Euphrates river, he marched straight overland, still along the route of Isidore, and was disastrously defeated at Carrhæ (Harran) half his army being killed and a quarter of his men being captured and transported by the Parthians to the distant oasis of Merv. The advantage gained by the Parthians was followed up in 51 B.C. by an invasion of Syria under Pacorus, son of the Parthian king Orodes, in which the Roman arms were all but driven from the eastern Mediterranean. The Parthians failed to establish themselves in the invaded territory and retired the next year. Again in 40 B.C. during the Roman civil war, the Parthians attacked Syria, subdued Antioch and invaded Phœnicia, Palestine and Asia Minor. After a strenuous campaign directed by Mark Antony, his general Ventidius inflicted a great defeat on the Parthians in a battle at the Euphrates, in which Pacorus was killed. At this juncture Orodes, the Parthian king, abdicated in favor of one of his sons Phraates IV, (the same mentioned by Isidore) by whom he was soon murdered. Mark Antony then invaded Parthia with an army of about 100,000 men, this being in 37 B.C. His crossing of the Euphrates being opposed in strength, he turned into Armenia and carried on a year's campaign in upper Media, from which he was compelled to retire. Phraates then invaded Media and expelled the Romans, returning to his capital in triumph, where his cruelty and excesses led to a revolt of his subjects in 33 B.C. Phraates was compelled to quit the country and Tiridates was proclaimed king by the insurgents. Phraates soon returned, however, with an army supplied by his Scythian allies, and drove out Tiridates, who fled from the Parthian dominions and surrendered in Syria to Octavian, later the Emperor Augustus, who was then, 30 B.C., in Syria on his return from Egypt. Tiridates took with him as hostage a young son of Phraates whom he had kidnapped. Octavian returned the young prince but kept Tiridates in Syria under pension, his policy being to control this very useful pretender to the Parthian throne. Once again, in 26 B.C., Tiridates invaded Parthian territory and established himself under the title of Arsaces Philoromaeus. Some coins of that year bearing his superscription may he found in modern collections. His second assumption of power lasted only a few months, when he was once more expelled and joined Augustus in Spain.
In 20 B.C., after long negotiations with Augustus, Phraates IV restored the Roman standards captured from Crassus 35 years before, and the peace so established was not seriously disturbed until Trajan's invasion of the Parthian dominion in the second century A.D. A few minor differences, it is true, over Armenian affairs led to campaigns between Rome and Parthia during the first century, but without marked effect on boundaries or trade relations. The warfare between 55 and 20 B.C. had left the two empires with a wholesome respect for each other; and Augustus left it as a principle of imperial policy that the west bank of the Euphrates was the proper limit for the Roman Empire beyond which the power of Rome could not with advantage be extended.
The following manuscripts contain the text of Isidore:
Codex Parisinus 443, (Suppl. p 106, 2-111, 9)
" Vaticanus (fol. 236 R.-238 R. lin. 12)
" Monacensis (fol. 50 sq.)
" Parisinus 571, fol. 417 R.-418
Printed editions of Isidore of Charax have been as follows:
Hoeschelius 1600
Hudson (Oxford) 1703
Zosimiadon (Vienna) 1806
Fabricius (Dresden) 1849
Müller (Paris) 1853
The text followed in the present edition is that of C. Müller in his Geographi Græci Minores, Paris 1853, vol. 1. pp. 244-256.
SUMMARY. The SCHOENUS or Parasang was a Persian measure, perhaps not altogether fixed, and may be calculated as somewhere between 3¼ and 3½ miles; more or less, perhaps, an hour's travel by caravan. According to Strabo, it was equal to 40 stadia, but varied from 30 to 60.
(Strabo XV, I, II.) "When I ascended the hills, the measures of these schoeni were not everywhere uniform, so that the same number sometimes designated a greater, sometimes a less actual extent of road, a variation which dates from the earliest time and exists in our days."
Masson notes Isidore's schoenus in Persia was about 2½ miles; on the Euphrates, 3¼. Cf. Herodotus I, 66.
The STATHMOS was also a measure of distance, but irregular, depending on the nature of the country and the capability of the beasts of burden.
Athenæs (XI, 103) speaks of Amyntas as the author of a work on the Stations of Asia; Eratosthenes based some of his geographical calculations on the "Register of the Stathmi."
The modern FARSAKH in Persia is approximately the same, 3½ to 4 miles.
In general the route followed in Isidore's itinerary is from Antioch to Birijik, thence down the Euphrates to Hit and across to Seleucia on the Tigris, a short distance below Bagdad; thence by the modern caravan route from Bagdad to Hamadan, Teheran and Nishapur, thence southward to Herat and Lake Helmund, and eastward to Kandahar.
§ 1. ZEUGMA and APAMIA (not to be confused with the Zeugma by Thapsacus where Alexander crossed the river; cf. Strabo, XVI, 1, 23. Zeugma means simply ford, or crossing).
This is mentioned by Pliny, V, 21; "Zeugma, 72 miles from Samosata, a fine crossing of the Euphrates. Seleucus Nicator joined it to Apamia on the opposite bank by a bridge."
Strabo mentions not Apamia, but Seleucia as opposite Zeugma (XVI, 2, 3); so Polybius V, 43, 1.
Stephanus Byz. speaks of "Seleucus by Apamia in Syria."
Pliny (VI, 30), speaks of Apamia alone.
Whether two places or two names for the same place is not known.
This crossing is at the modern Birijik (37° N., 38° E.)
§ 1. DAEARA: in the Peutinger Tables this is Thiar.
§ 1. ANTHEMUSIAS; see also Tacitus, Ann. VI, 41; Pliny, V, 21; Steph. Byz.
§ 1. BELECHA, or BALICHA: this is the modern Belikh or Balikh, flowing from north to south, and joining the Euphrates below Rakka.
§ 1. ICHNAE: see also Plutarch, Crassus 25, Dio Cassius XL, 12.
§ 1. NICEPHORIUM: a Greek city, founded by Alexander, (or according to Appian, Syr. 57 by Seleucus Nicator) near the junction of the Balikh with the Euphrates: the modern Rakka (35° 50' N., 39° 5' E.) cf. Pliny, V, 21; V, 30; Strabo, (XVI, 1, 2, 3) Dio Cassius CL, 13. Later it was known as Callinicum; cf. Ammianus Marcellinus XXIII, 3.
§ 1. THILLADA MIRRHADA, perhaps the modern Khmeida.
§ 1. ROYAL PALACE AND SHRINE, perhaps Zelebiyeh, opposite the fortress of Zenobia, (Halebiyeh), a castle 315 feet high.
§ 1. CANAL OF SEMIRAMIS: this was an irrigation ditch; Chesney reported traces of such a canal below Zelebiyeh.
It was at no great distance from this point on Isidore's itinerary that the great defeat of the Roman army under Crassus by the Parthians took place in B.C. 53.
§ 1. PHALIGA and NABAGATH: these are practically identical with the Roman Circesium, the Arab Karkisiya, the modem Buseira. (35° 8' N., 40° 25' E.)
§ 1. ABURAS RIVER: the modern Khabur. cf. Pliny XXXI, 22. XXXII, 7. (Chabura); Ptolemy, (Chaboras); Ezekiel, 1, 1. (Chabor); Idrisi (El Chabur); Abulfeda (El Chaburi). In the Peutinger tables, Fons Scabore, Xenophon, Araxes. Under Diocletian, Circesium by the Chabura was made the frontier station of the Roman Empire. It was captured by Chosroes and repaired by Justinian.
§ 1. ASICH, the Zeitha of Ptolemy and Ammianus Marcellinus. Perhaps the mounds of Jemma. cf. Ammianus Marcellinus, XXIII, 5; "here we saw the tomb of the emperor Gordian, which is visible for a long way off." It still shows a wall and ditch, enclosing numerous ruins.
§ 1. DURA NICANORIS, perhaps the Theltha of Ptolemy, the modern Tel Abu'l Hassan.
§ 1. MERRHA or MERRHAN, the modern Irzi; very near to the Corsote of Xenophon, where Cyrus provisioned his army; and where the Emperor Julian stopped to hunt wild deer for his forces.
§ 1. GIDDAN is perhaps the modern Jabariyeh. The island station is uncertain, there being numerous islands in this part of the river; perhaps Karabileh, said to show ruins.
§ 1. ANATHO is the modern 'Ana (34° 25' N., 42° E.) which is on the bank of the river, whereas the Anatho of Isidore was on an island, evidently Lubbad just below 'Ana, where there is a ruined fortress; c. f. Ammianus Marcellinus, XXIV. Formerly the island was connected with both banks by bridges.
§ 1. THILABUS or Olabus; perhaps the modern Haditha.
§ 1. IZAN or Izannesopolis, possibly the island El Uzz.
§ 1. AIPOLIS, the modern Hit (33° 26' N., 42° 48' E.). Here are the bituminous springs, often referred to by Greek and Roman writers; cf. Herodotus I, 179.
§ 1. PHRAATES (Phraates IV, 37 B.C.) Parthian King, son of Orodes I. Murdered his father and all his thirty brothers
(Justin XLII, 5; Plut. Crass 33; Dio Cass. XLIX, 33). Attacked by Mark Antony in 36 B.C. he repulsed the Romans; invaded Armenia and Atropatene and gained territory from Augustus. His many cruelties led to the revolt of the Parthians under Tiridates in 32 B.C., only put down by help of the Scythians. In 20 B.C. returned the Roman eagles captured from Crassus; acknowledged Roman supremacy in Armenia, and sent five sons as hostages to Augustus, under advice of an Italian concubine whom he married under name of "Goddess Musa"; her son, Phraates V, or Phraataces, he appointed his successor. Was murdered by Musa and Phraataces, 4 B.C. (Josephus, Ant. XVIII, 2, 4; Encycl. Brit. XXI, 533.)
§ 1. TIRIDATES (sometimes called Tiridates II) was set up by the Parthians in 32 B.C. against Phraates IV, but expelled when Phraates returned with the help of the Scythians. (Dio Cass. LI, 18; Justin XLIII, 5; cf. Horace, Od. I, 26.) Tiridates fled to Syria, where Augustus allowed him to stay, but refused to support him. He invaded Parthia again; coins of 26 B.C. were issued by him under the title of "Arsakes Philoromaios." Once more expelled, he took a son of Phraates to Augustus in Spain. The boy was returned, but Augustus refused to surrender "the fugitive slave Tiridates" (Justin XLIII, 5; Dio LIII, 33; Encycl. Brit. XXVI, 1010), whom he kept under pension in Syria as an ever-useful pretender to the Parthian throne in case Phraates should again become troublesome. Cf. W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Coins of Parthia in the British Museum, XXXVIII, and plate XXIII.
§ 1. SELEUCIA on the Tigris.
Strabo says: "In former times the capital of Assyria was Babylon; it is now called Seleucia upon the Tigris. Near it is a large village called Ctesiphon. This the Parthian kings usually made their winter residence, with a view to sparing the Seleucians the burden of furnishing quarters for the Scythian soldiery. In consequence of the power (if Parthia, Ctesiphon may be considered as a city rather than a village; from its size it is capable of lodging a great multitude of people; it has been adorned with public buildings by the Parthians and has furnished merchandise and given rise to arts profitable to its masters. The kings usually passed the winter there, on account of the salubrity of the air, and the summer at Ecbatana and in Hyrcania, induced by the ancient renown of these places. (XXI, 1, 16.)
"Babylon . . . . is situated in a plain . . . . . The tomb of Belus is there. At present it is in ruins, having been demolished, as it is said, by Xerxes . . . . . Alexander intended to repair it. It was a great undertaking . . . . . so that he was not able to execute what he had attempted, before disease hurried him rapidly to his end. None of the persons who succeeded him attended to this undertaking; other works also were neglected, and the city was dilapidated, partly by the Persians, partly by time, and through the indifference of the Macedonians to things of this kind, particularly after Seleucus Nicator had fortified Seleucia on the Tigris near Babylon, at the distance of about 300 stadia.
"Both this prince and all his successors directed their care to that city, and transferred to it the seat of empire. At present it is larger than Babylon, which is in great part deserted . . . . .
"On account of the scarcity of timber, the beams and pillars of the houses are made of palm wood. They wind ropes of twisted reed round the pillars, paint them over with colors and draw designs upon them; they cover the doors with a coat of asphaltum. These are lofty and all the houses are vaulted on account of the want of timber. For the country is bare; a great part of it is covered with shrubs and produces nothing but the palm. This tree grows in the greatest abundance in Babylonia . . . . . They do not use tiles for their houses, because there are no great rains. (XVI, 1, 5.)
"The country is intersected by many rivers, the largest of which are the Euphrates and the Tigris. . . . . The Tigris is navigable upwards from its mouth to) Seleucia. . . . The Euphrates also is navigable up to Babylon. . . . . The Persians, through fear of incursions from without, and for the purpose of preventing vessels from ascending these rivers, constructed artificial cataracts. Alexander, on arriving there, destroyed as many of them as he could. . . . . But he bestowed great care upon the canals; for the Euphrates, at the commencement of summer, overflows. It begins to fill in the spring, when the snow in Armenia melts; the ploughed land, therefore, would be covered with water and be submerged, unless the overflow of the superabundant water were diverted by trenches and canals, as in Egypt the waters of the Nile are diverted. Hence the origin of canals. Great labor is requisite for their maintenance, for the soil is deep, soft and yielding, so that it would easily be swept away by the stream; the fields would be laid bare, the canals filled, and the accumulation of mud would soon obstruct their mouths." (XVI, I, 9.)
§ 1. 171 Schoeni.
There are discrepancies in the distances given from Apamia to Seleucia. The sum of the distances from Apamia to Phaliga, as given in the text, is 54 schoeni, and that from Phaliga to Seleucia 100, whereas the entire distance is stated as 171.
Müller revises these figures by inserting 7 schoeni at the canal of Semiramis, where there is evidently an omission; and by altering the second section from Phaliga to Seleucia, summarized in the text as 100, to agree with its footing of 110; which added to 61 in the first stage tallies with the 171 of the summary. It is suspected, however, that there are at least two corrections to be made in the local distances; that between Anatho and Thilabus, appearing in the text as 2, may perhaps be 12; while that between Izan and Aipolis, 16 in the text, may be 6. In the absence of archælogical explorations of all these sites, it is impossible to determine such questions definitely.
§ 2. APOLLONIATIS: cf. Strabo (anciently Sittacene.)
§ 2. ARTEMITA or Chalasar: cf. Strabo (XVI, 1, 17); Ptolemy VI, 1; Peutinger Tables — perhaps the modern Karastar, 7 m. east of Bakuba, where there are extensive ruins. The ancient capital of the Seleucidæ was Apollonia, near Shehrban; under the Parthians, Artemita displaced it.
§ 2. SILLA RIVER, the modern Diala; Ammianus Marcellinus, XXIII, 6. Dialas; Steph. Byz., Delas.
§ 3. CHALONITIS; cf. Strabo, XI, 14, 8, XVI, 1, 1; Pliny, VI, 30, XXVII, 31. Polybius, V, 54.
§ 3. CHALA, the modern Halvan. The Celonæ of earlier writers; here Xerxes located a colony of Bœotians. According to Masson there are extensive ruins of an ancient city near the modern town.
§ 3. ZAGRUS, now Jebel Tak. The great highway between Assyria and Media led through the gates of Zagrus (Cf. Ritter, Erdkunde, IX, 387.)
§ 4. CARINA, the modern Kerent or Kerind.
§ 5. CAMBADENE: For the city of Cambadene (not mentioned in the text) A. V. W. Jackson suggests Kermanshah (34° 20' N., 46° 55' E.) Persia Past and Present, 230.
§ 5. BAGISTANA: the text is corrupt, having Baptana. This is Behistun (34° 30' N., 47° 5' E.) near the modern Kermanshah.
§ 5. THE MOUNTAIN OF SEMIRAMIS (Diodorus II, 13) is the modern Tak-i-Bostan. (Cf. Rawlinson, Third Monarchy, I.) The rock of Behistun was made a memorial of conquest by many monarchs, Babylonian, Assyrian, Median, Persian and Parthian. The principal inscriptions are of Darius Hystaspes. Others are of the Parthian Gotarzes. Cf. also Tacitus.
§ 6. CONCOBAR: Chaone of Diodorus, Ptolemy and Steph. Byz.—while Polybius has Chauonitis, a province of Media. Abulfeda, Kenkobar; the modern Kungawar, (34º 38' N., 47° 55' E.) cf. Ritter IX, 345. Jackson, Persia Past and Present, 236. Many ruins exist at this site. Diodorus ascribes the shrine to Semiramis. There are colossal ruins at the summit of the hill on which the town stands, which probably represent the ancient temple. (C. Masson.)
§ 6. ADRAPANA; the modern Arteman, on the southern slope of Elwend near its base, well adapted for a royal residence. (Rawlinson, Third Monarchy, I.)
§ 6. BATANI; a corrupt reading, Ecbatana being the only possible rendering.
§ 6. TIGRANES the ARMENIAN, ally of Mithridates of Pontus, and enemy of both Rome and Parthia; in his youth a hostage in Parthia, acceded to his throne under promise to cede territory, which he subsequently attacked and reoccupied, and between B.C. 92 and 88 invaded and took possession of Parthian territory in upper Mesopotamia. Cf. Strabo, XI, 14, 15; Justin, XXXVIII, 3, 1; Plutarch, Lucullus, 14, 15; Rawlinson, Sixth Monarchy, IX. Tigranes died B.C. 55, at the age of 85 (Lucian, Macrob. 15.)
§ 6. BATANA; perhaps a corrupt reading; evidently Ecbatana, the Hagmatan of the Medes and Persians, the modern Hamadan, (34° 50' N., 48° 18' E.) This is the Achmetha of Ezra VI, 2. See also Judith, I, 1-4. The summer residence of the Persian and Parthian Kings. It was surrounded by seven walls; the citadel was a royal treasury. The splendid palace was sacked and its gold and silver ornaments, to the value of 4000 talents, coined into money by Antiochus the Great of Syria; see Herodotus 1, 98; Polybius, X, 27. Diodorus (XVII, 80) says the treasure deposited at Ecbatana was 180,000 talents (about $200,000,000.) Cf. Rawlinson, Third Monarchy I.
§ 6. ANAITIS, the Anahita of the Persians, borrowed from Babylonia. The ancient Accadian Ana, god of the sky, became the Semitic Anu, whose female double was Anat, the earth—the female principle—with attributes similar to Ishtar. Sometimes identified with Artemis. Cf. the Nanaia of Elam, (2 Maccabees I, 13-15; Polybius XXXI, II; Josephus, Ant. Jud, XII, 9) and the Nana of Babylon. (Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, 116, 245; Roscher, Lexicon der Griech. u. Röm. Mythologie, III, 4.) The cult was widespread throughout the Parthian dominions. As to its dissolute customs, cf. Strabo, XI, 8, 12; XI, 14, 16; XII, 3, 37; Plutarch, Artaxerxes, 27; also Frazer, Golden Bough, (3) I, 16, 37; W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, 325; Sayce, Hibbert Lectures, 192. The Annals of Ashurbanipal (668-626 B.C.) speak of the recovery of Nanna from Elam upon his subjugation of that country, "a place not suitable for her," where she "had been angry for 1635 years."
See also Curzon, Persia, I, 5; Flandin and Coste, Perse Ancienne, I, pl. 20-3; Dieulafoy, L'Art Antique de la Perse, V, 7-11.
§ 7. MEDIA RHAGIANA. A very fertile strip between the Elburz range and the salt desert to the south, about 150 miles long, from the Caspian Gates to the modern Kasvin.
§ 7. RHAGA, or Rhages. The name survives in the modern Rei, but the site seems to be some distance N.E., at the modern Kaleh Erij (35° 25' N., 51° 35' E.) near Veramin, where there are ruins at the southern base of the Elburz range. According to Arrian, Rhaga was one day's march (about 30 miles) from the Caspian Gates, long an important trade center and the chief residence of the Mazdean priesthood. Scene of the disastrous defeat of Yezdigerd IV, the last of the Sassanian Kings, by the Arabs (A. 1). 641). The Rhagæ of Arrian, (Anab. III, 20.) Rages (Tobit I,) Ragan (Judith I). The Parthian name of the city was Arsacia (Strabo, XI, 13, 6) Cf. Rawlinson, Third Monarchy I.
§ 7. CHARAX, is probably the modern ruin of Uewanukif, near the Caspian Gates. Both Rhaga and Charax are now represented by the modern Teheran. Charax means "palisade" or "palisaded earthwork." Charax Mediæ is of course not to be confused with Charax Spasini.
§ 7. The MARDI, a poor but warlike people of the Elburz range, were attacked and subdued by Phraates I, soon after his accession in B.C. 181. They were subjects of the Seleucidæ. Seleucus IV (Philopator) then ruling in Syria, was too much weakened by his father's great war with Rome (B.C. 197-190) to offer resistance to the Parthians. Cf. Rawlinson's Sixth Monarchy, IV; Justin XL1, 5; Arrian Anab. III, 24; Strabo XI, 8, 1 & 8; Herodotus 1, 126. This occupation of a strong position west of the Caspian Gates, commanding the Seleucian city of Rhaga, was followed up by the next Parthian king, Mithridates I, who greatly extended his dominions at the expense of the Seleucidæ.
§ 7. CASPIAN MOUNTAIN; This is the Elburz range.
§ 7. CASPIAN GATES, a remarkable pass between Eastern and Western Asia, through which all trade and all military expeditions had to pass. The Caspian Gates were one of the principal strategic points of ancient history, commanding, as they did, the highway between the East and West. At this point the Elburz mountains, which run generally from east to west, send out a long spur south-westerly into the desert and in this spur there are several openings through which travelers may go to avoid the detour into the desert. The modern route runs through the Girduni Sudurrah pass, which Curzon interprets as Sirdarah—Ser-i-dareh, ("Head of the valley"). The descriptions of the pass given in the classic writers show clearly that the modern route is not the one then used, but that the Caspian Gates of that period were probably identical with the Teng-i-Suluk, about four miles north of the present route. (35° 20' N., 52° E.) Cf. Curzon, Persia I, 293-5 and authorities there quoted; also Pliny, VI, 14.
The name was derived from the tribe of the Caspii, who gave their name also to the Caspian Sea, known to Greek writers as the Hyrcanian Sea; cf. Rawlinson, Sixth Monarchy, IV.
§ 8. CHOARENA. The name survives in the modern Chawar.
§ 8. APAMIA. Cf. Strabo, XI, 9, 1, XI, 13, 6; Ptolemy, VI, 5. A Greek city founded by the Macedonians.
§ 11. ASTAUENA; Cf. Ptolemy, VI, 9; also Asbana Urbs of the Peutinger Tables, XII, C.
§ 11. ARSACES, founder of the Parthian dynasty, chieftain of a tribe of Iranian nomads east of the Caspian, who asserted independence of Diodotus, King of Bactria, who had separated from the Seleucid empire; Seleucus II, with civil war and a war with Egypt, could not prevent the loss of both provinces. Arsaces was proclaimed king in 248 B.C. He and his successors rapidly absorbed the Seleucid dominions, and by 129 B.C. their rule extended to the Euphrates. Their following included Scythian, Parthian and Greek elements. (Eusebius Chron. i, 207. Canon. ii, 120; Appian, Syr. 65; Arrian, Parthica; Justin xli, 4, 5; Rawlinson, Sixth Monarchy; Encycl. Brit. XX, 870-1. Wrode [sic, Wroth], Catalogue of the Coins of Parthia in the British Museum.)
§ 11. ASAAC (probably Arsak), now Kuchan in the upper Atrek valley. (37º 8' N., 58° 20' E.)
§ 11. EVERLASTING FIRE; The Arsacid dynasty embraced the Zarathushtrian religion; their language "a mixture of Scythian and Median" (Iranian) is called Pehlevi (a later form of Parthawa.) Pliny (II, 109) speaks of the naphtha springs of "Austacene Parthiæ."
§ 12. PARTHAUNISA or NISAEA, the modern Naishapur. (36° 12' N. 58° 50' E.)
§ 13. APAUARCTICENA; Cf. Pliny vi, 16. This is the Zapaortenon of Justin, xli, 5.
§ 13. APAUARCTICA; Cf. ARTACANA of Ptolemy. Possibly Dara, built by the Parthian King Tiridates about B.C. 230 as his residence, supplanting the Greek city of Hecatompylos; very near the modern Meshed.
§ 14. ANTIOCHIA MARGIANA; Cf. Pliny VI, 18; the modern Mervrud. (35° 50' N., 63° 5' E.).
§ 15. ARIA. This was the Haraina of the Vendidad.
§ 15. ARTACAUAN; Cf. Artacoana of Arrian, Anab. III, 25; Pliny VI, 25; Artacaëna, Strabo, XI, 10, 1; Articaundna, Ptolemy VI, 17. This site was evidently very near to or almost identical with the modern Herat.
§ 15. ALEXANDRIA OF THE ARII; Cf. Pliny VI, 21. Strabo, XI, 8, 9; 10, 1; Ammianus Marcellinus XXIII, 6, 69; the modern Herat. (34° 25' N., 62° 15' E.).
§ 16. PHRA, the modern Fara; the Phrada of Steph. Byz. (32° 20' N., 62° 9' E.).
§ 16. GARI maybe the modern GIRISHK, Cf. the Harakhraiti of the Vendidad (?).
§ 16. NIA; the modern Neh. (31° 30' N., 60° 5' E.).
§ 17. ZARANGIANA, the Sarangians of Herodotus (III, 93), the 14th satrapy of Darius; the Zarangæns of Arrian (Anab. III, 25); the Drangians of Diodorus (XVII, 78) (?). Pliny puts the Sarangæ and the Drangæ side by side (VI, 27). The name signifies "lake dwellers," referring to Lake Helmund; zareh=lake. Cf. Strabo XV, 2, 8.
§ 18. SACASTANA of the Scythian Sacæ. This is the modern Seistan. The Sacæ, formerly residents of Central Asia, were driven out by the Yue-chi and forced across the Pamirs into Bactria. About 100 B.C. the Yue-chi followed them, overran Bactria and upper India, and established the Kushan monarchy. The Sacæ, driven before them, occupied the country around Lake Helmund, and overran the lower Indus valley, and the Cutch and Cambay coasts of Western India. They were tributary in some degree to the Parthian monarchy, and in Indian history they appear as the "Indo-Parthians." Gondophares of the Acts of St. Thomas was an Indo-Parthians prince; the Periplus, about 80 A.D., mentions his quarrelling successors in the Indus delta, and a Saka satrap, Nahapana, who established a powerful state in the Cambay district and instituted the Saka era of 78 A.D. Cf. Strabo, XI, 8, 2-5. Schoff, Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, 184-7.
§ 18. PARAETACENA; Cf. Herodotus I, 101; Ptolemy VI, 4.
The word is Persian in origin and means simply "mountainous."
§ 18. MIN. This seems to have been the Saka name for their race. The name appears in two cities in India mentioned in the Periplus as Min-nagara, "city of the Min": one in the Indus delta and the other in the Cambay region. Cf. Schoff, Periplus, 165, 180.
§ 18. SIGAL, the royal residence. Cf. Nimrus of the Rustam story in the Shah Nama. The location of the site is not determined.
Concerning this fertile delta of the Helmund, Major Sykes, (Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, 361) says:
"Before entering the province of Sistán it may perhaps not be out of place to outline the various interesting historical and physical problems by which we are confronted.
"In the Sháh Náma Sistán is the home of the famous family of champions, who seated the Keiánian dynasty on the throne of Persia. Their most brilliant scion was Rustam, whose matchless daring forms the main theme of Firdusi's great epic, and who is as much the national hero to-day as he was a thousand years or more ago, everything in Persia that is not understood, such as the Sassanian rock sculptures at Persepolis, being attributed to this champion, who like the Homeric heroes, was as mighty a trencherman as warrior, and almost equally respected for his prowess in both fields.
"At the period referred to above, Sagistán, as Sistán was then called, practically meant the low country to the west of Kandahár, Zabulistán being the name for the upland country, now the home of the Berbers. During the latter years of Rustam—he lived well over a century—the Persian capital was shifted from the banks of the Helmund to Fárs, and in due course history takes the place of legend.
"With regard to the historical existence of Rustam, I think we may at all events admit that there was a champion or a family of champions, who led the hosts of Iran, and furthermore, that as their history is given so circumstantially almost down to historical times, there is every probability that their exploits have a substratum of truth. Moreover, in those days, a man bigger and heavier than his adversaries, always inspired a very wholesome fear, for not only could he deal deadlier blows, but, equally important, he could carry heavier armour; in fact he was like a battleship and his opponents resembled cruisers.
"The Sarangians, mentioned by Herodotus as belonging to the 14th satrapy, occupied Sistán during the reign of Darius, and the Greek historians who narrated the conquests of Alexander the Great, gave the name of Drangiana to what is now, roughly speaking, Southern Afghanistan. This province was traversed by the world-conqueror on his way to Bactria and by Krateros on his march from Karachi to Karmania. But the most ancient traveller who actually visited and described these provinces, albeit very briefly, is Isidorus of Charax, who was a contemporary of Augustus, and whose account is of such value that I quote it in a footnote.2 We thus see that Fara and Neh were important towns, while Gari may be Girishk. Zarangia is the same as Sarangia, and includes Persian Sistán. The town of Zirra is apparently the same word which still survives in the name of the great lagoon mentioned below.
"Sakastani, or the land of the Sakæ, is evidently the same word as the Sistán of today. The Sakæ have disappeared from this part of Asia, hut I understand that the theory connecting them with the Saxons is held in certain quarters."
Major Sykes (Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, p. 14) says:
"Neh, first mentioned as Nie by Isidorus of Charax, is undoubtedly a site of great antiquity, and must have been a place of importance, lying as it does on the direct line between Bandar Abbás and the Khorasán, and within the first cultivated area struck by caravans after leaving Narmáshir. At the present time nine routes radiate from the town. Ancient Neh, which no traveller had hitherto discovered, is undoubtedly what is known as Kala Sháh Duzd, three miles to the east of the more modern fort; it is built on a hill only accessible on the west side, and is carefully guarded by numerous sangars. The track about half-way up enters the line of bastioned wall by passing under a little fort which was almost a duplicate of Kala Zarri. Above, lying up the steep hill-side, were thousands of houses, built of unhewn stone fitted together with mortar, the summit being some 600 feet above the plain. The other faces are perpendicular, but the water-supply seemed insufficient, there being only tanks, so far as could be seen. The area covered was quite four acres, and these are certainly the most important ruins which I have examined in Eastern Persia.
"Legend has it that Shah Duzd, or King Thief, forced Zál tin pay tribute, until Rustam grew up, when the overlord was challenged to single combat. All their weapons having been exhausted, they wrestled until, by mutual consent, a halt was made for refreshment. Rustam of subtlety indulged sparingly, but his less careful opponent drank his fill, and was easily worsted, thereby sealing his own doom.
"Neh grows ample supplies for its own consumption, but as it feeds all the caravans passing in other directions, it imports grain largely from Sistán; this accounts for the number of its mills. Its population is perhaps 5000 or rather less."
§ 18. ALEXANDRIA. It is very possible that both Alexandria and Alexandropolis in this §18 are interpolations of some scribe and that they are intended for the Alexandropolis of §19, the modern Kandahar.
§ 19. ARACHOSIA. (White India.) Substantially the modern Afghanistan. Cf. Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, 1, 434. The modern Arab name is Arrokadsch. Cf. Strabo, III, 10, 1.
§ 19. ALEXANDROPOLIS, the modern Kandahar. (31° 39' N., 65° 48' E.) See Arrian, Anab. III, 28.
§ 19. ARACHOTUS RIVER, the modern Argandáb.
Strabo says of this region generally (XV, 2-8):
"The greater part of the country inhabited by the Icthyophagi is on a level with the sea. No trees except palms and a kind of thorn, and the tamarisk grow there. There is also a scarcity of water and of food produced by cultivation. Both they and their cattle subsist upon fish and are supplied by rain water and wells. The flesh of the animals has the smell of fish. Their dwellings are built with the bones of large whales and shells, the ribs furnishing beams and supports, and the jaw-bones door-ways. The vertebral bones serve as mortars in which fish, which have been previously dried in the sun, are pounded. Of this, with the addition of flour, cakes are made; for they have grinding mills (for corn), although they have no iron. This, however, is not so surprising, because it is possible for them to import it from other parts. But how do they hollow out the mills again when worn away? With the same stones, they say, with which their arrows and javelins, which are hardened in the fire are sharpened. Some fish are dressed in ovens, but the greater part is eaten raw. The fish are taken in nets made of the bark of the palm.
"Above the Icthyophagi is situated Gedrosia (Makran), a country less exposed to the heat of the sun than India, but more so than the rest of Asia. As it is without fruits and water, except in summer, it is not much better than the country of the Icthyophagi. But it produces aromatics, particularly nard and myrrh, in such quantity that the army of Alexander used them on the march for tent coverings and beds; they thus breathed an air full of odors, and at the same time more salubrious.
"The summer was purposely chosen for leaving India, for at that season it rains in Gedrosia, and the rivers and wells are filled, but in winter they fail. The rain falls in the higher parts to the north, and near the mountains; when the rivers fill, the plains near the sea are watered, and the wells are also filled. Alexander sent persons before him into the desert country to dig wells and to prepare stations for himself and his fleet.
"Having separated his forces into three divisions, he set out with one division through Gedrosia, keeping at the utmost from the sea not more than 500 stadia, in order to secure the coast for his fleet; but he frequently approached the sea-side, although the beach was impracticable and rugged. The second division he sent forward under the command of Craterus through the interior, with a view of reducing Ariana, and of proceeding to the same places to which he was himself directing his march. The third division, the fleet, he intrusted to Nearchus and Onesicritus, his master pilot, giving them orders to take up convenient positions in following him, and to sail along the coast parallel to his line of march."
In another section (XV, 2, 5), Strabo observes:
"Nearchus says that while Alexander was on his march, he himself commenced his voyage, in the autumn, about the achronical rising of the Pleiades, the wind not being before favorable. The Barbarians however, taking courage at the departure of the king, became daring, and attempted to throw off their subjection, attacked them and endeavored to drive them out of the country. But Craterus set out from the Hydaspes, and proceeded through the country of the Arachoti and of the Drangæ into Carmania.
"Alexander was greatly distressed throughout the whole march, as his road lay through a barren country. The supplies of provisions which he obtained came from a distance and were scanty and unfrequent, so much so that the army suffered greatly from hunger, the beasts of burden dropped down and the baggage was abandoned, both on the march and in the camp. The army was saved by eating dates and the marrow of the palm tree.
"Alexander, however (says Nearchus), although acquainted with the hardships of the enterprise, was ambitious of conducting this large army in safety, as a conqueror, through the same country where, according to the prevailing report, Semiramis escaped by flight from India with about twenty and Cyrus with about seven men."
This is the modern trade route from Afghanistan by Lake Helmund and Kerman to the head of the Persian Gulf.
Strabo, (XI, 8, 8-9) further observes:
"Eratosthenes says that the Bactrians lie along the Arachoti and Massagetæ on the west near the Oxus, and that the Sacæ and Sogdiani, through the whole extent of their territory, are opposite to India, but the Bactrii in part only, for the greater part of their country lies parallel to the Parapamisus; that the Sacæ and Sogdiani are separated by the Iaxartes, and the Sogdiani and Bactriani by the Oxus; that Tapyri occupy the country between the Hyrcani and Arii; that around the shores of the sea, next to the Hyrcani, are Amardi, Anariacæ, Cadusii, Albani, Caspii, Vitii, and perhaps other tribes extending as far as the Scythians; that on the other side of the Hyrcani are Derbices, that the Caducii are contiguous both to the Medes and Matiani below the Parachoathras.
"These are the distances which he gives:
From the Caspian Sea to the Cyrus about 1,800
Thence to the Caspain Gates 5,600
Thence to Alexandria in the territory of the Arii 6,400
Thence to the city Bactra, which is called also Zariaspa 3,870
Thence no the river Iaxartes, which Alexander reached, about 5,000
Making a total of 22,670
"He also assigns the following distances from the Caspian Gates to India:
To Hecatompylos 1,960
To Alexandreia in the country of the Arii (Ariana) 4,530
Thence to Prophthasia in Dranga
(or according to others, 1,500)
Thence to the city Arachoti 4,120
Thence to Ortospana on the three roads from Bactra 2,000
Thence to the confines of India 1,000
Which together amount to 15,300
The location of these tribes shows clearly the race migrations that occurred between the time of Eratosthenes and that of Isidore. The Sacæ, which he has east of the Iaxartes, the modern Syr-Daria, Isidore has settled in the Helmund Valley. The Sogdiani, whom Eratosthenes places between the Sacæ and the Oxus (the modern Amu-Daria) have likewise moved south and west and nun Isidore's time are under the dominion of the Kushan kings in Bactria.
The Arachosii appear in the Periplus about A.D. 80 as one of the tribes inland from the Indus Valley, north of whom were the "nation of the Bactrians", by which was meant the Kushan dominions.
The Periplus has an interesting note of the commercial importance of the Greek civilization in that regin [sic], when it speaks of the silver coins of the Greek dynasty in Bactria as still current in the ports of the Cambay region, more than 200 years after they were issued.
The fact that through the province of Arachosia runs one of the principal trade routes between Persia and India made it always politically important and commercially prosperous.
The following references from the Periplus are of interest in connection with the itinerary of Isidore:
(Quoted from Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, pp. 41, 183, 189.)
(P. 41). "The country inland from Barygaza is inhabited by numerous tribes, such as the Ararttii, the Arachosii, the Gandaræi and the people of Poclais, in which is Bucephalus Alexandria. Above these is the very warlike nation of the Bactrians, who are ruled by a Kushan king.3 And Alexander, setting out from these parts, penetrated to the Ganges, leaving aside Damirica and the southern part of India; and to the present day ancient drachmæ are current in Barygaza, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodotus and Menander."
(P. 183). "ARATTII. This is a Prakrit form of the Sanscrit Arashtra, who were a people of the Punjab; in fact the name Aratta is often synonymous with the Panjab in Hindu literature."
(P. 183). "ARACHOSII. This people occupied the country around the modern Kandahar (31° 27' N., 65° 43' E.). McCrindle (Ancient India, 88) says 'Arachosia extended westward beyond the meridian of Kandahar, and was skirted on the east by the river Indus. On the north it stretched to the western section of the Hindu Kush and on the south to Gedrosia. 'The province was rich and populous, and the fact that it was traversed by one of the mains routes by which Persia communicated with India added greatly its importance.'"
(P. 183). "GANDARAEI (Sanskrit, Gandhara). This people dwelt on both sides of the Kabul River, above its junction with the Indus; the modern Peshawur district. In earlier times they extended east of the Indus, where their eastern capital was located—Takshasila, a large and prosperous city, called by the Greeks Taxila.
"(See also Holdich, Gates of India, 99, 114, 179, 185; Vincent Smith, Early History of India, 32, 43, 50, 52, 54; Foucher, Notes sur la Géographie Ancienne du Gandhara.)
"The trade-route briefly referred to in the mention of Gandhara and Pushkalavati was that leading to Bactria, whence it branched westward to the Caspian and the Euphrates, and eastward through Turkestan to China, the 'Land of This' of § 64 of the Periplus."
(P. 189). "CASPAPYRA. This is the Greek form of the Sanskrit Kasyapapura, 'city of the Kasyapa.' The same word survives in the modern Kashmir, which is from the Sanscrit Kasypamata (pronounced Pamara), and meaning 'home of the Kasyapa' (one of the 'previous Buddhas'). According to the division of the Greek geographers, Gandhara was the country below Kabul, while Kasyapamata was the adjoining district in India proper. (See Lassen, I, 142; II, 631.)
"It was from a town named Caspapyra, that Scylax of Caryanda began his voyage of discovery at the command of the Persian king Darius. The story is given by Herodotus (IV, 44) He refers to the place as being 'in the Pactyan land,' and Hecatæus calls it 'a city of the Gandaræans.' It could not have been far above the modern Attock (33° 53' N., 72° 15' E.). Vincent Smith (Early History, 32) doubts the connection of the name with Kashmir; but while outside the present limits of that district, it is not impossible that its earlier extension was wider. The fact that the Periplus distinguishes it from Gandhara points in that direction."
§ 20. This passage from Isidore, quoted by Athenæus, seems to be from his complete work, whereas the Parthian Stations, as we have it, is rather a condensed summary.
§ 21-33. These fragments, quoted by Pliny in his Natural History, indicate that Isidore was the author of a considerable work on geography, now lost.
§ 34. ARTAXERXES, possibly Artaxerxes Ochus of the Achæmenid line, who was poisoned in 338 B.C. by his general, Bagoas; but this seems rather to be some Artaxerxes of the tributary kingdom of Persia in Parthian times. The statements of Isidore do not accord with the fate of Ochus, and the event is said to have occurred in the generation before Isidore, which was three centuries later than the Achæmenid period.
§ 35. GOÆSUS. (Compare Geez, the ancient language of the Abyssinians), King of the Omanitæ in the Incense Land. This lies in South Arabia, on either side of the Kuria Muria or Zenobian Islands. (Glaser has quoted inscriptions showing that after an alliance between the Incense Land and the Sabæans, their enemies, the Homerites and the Chatramotitæ were victorious, the latter seizing the rich and productive frankincense territory, and the Abaseni migrating to the coast of Africa, where they established the kingdom of Abyssinia, long a bitter enemy of the Homerites in Arabia. Goæsus must have been one of the last kings of the Abaseni in Arabia. Cf. Glaser, Die Abessinier iu Arabien und Afrika, 90-92; Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, 116-143.
Footnotes to Commentary and Notes by Wilfred H. Schoff:
1. In the Shah Nama the contempt of Persia for the Parthians is evident; "the throne did not belong to any one" and "men said that they had no longer a kingdom on the earth". [Return]
2. This is § 16 of the Mansiones Parthicae or Parthian Stations. [Return]
3. An amended reading suggested by Kennedy, and according well with historical facts and probabilities. [Return]
(Quoted from Hirth, China and the Roman Orient.)
Shih-chi. ch. 123, written about 91 B.C.
"When the first embassy was sent from China to An-hsi (=Ar-sak, Parthia) the King of Parthia ordered 20,000 cavalry to meet them on the eastern frontier. The eastern frontier was several thousand li (practically the same as stadia, 10 to the mile) from the King's capital. Proceeding to the north one came across several tens of cities, with very many inhabitants, allied to that country. After the Chinese embassy had returned they sent forth an embassy to follow the Chinese embassy, to come and see the extent and greatness of the Chinese Empire. They offered to the Chinese court large birds' eggs, and jugglers from Li-kan (=Re-kam, Petra)."
Ch'ien-han-shu, ch. 96a, written about 90 A.D. and embracing events from 206 B.C. to 25 A.D.
"The King of the country of Parthia rules at the city of P'an-tu (=Parthuva, Hecatompylos); its distance from Ch'ang-an is 11,600 li. The country is not subject to a tu-hu (Chinese governor in Central-Asiatic possessions). It bounds north on K'ang-chü, east on Wu-i-shan-li (Arachosia), west on T'iao-chih (Chaldaea). The soil, climate, products, and popular customs are the same as those of Wu-i and Chi-pin (Kashmir). They also make coins of silver, which have the king's face on the obverse, and the face of his consort on the reverse. When the king dies, they cast new coins. They have the ta-ma-ch'uo (ostrich). Several hundred small and large cities are subject to it, and the country is several thousand li in extent; that is a very large country. It lies on the banks of the Kwei-shui (Oxus). The wagons and ships of their merchants go to the neighboring countries. They write on parchment, and draw up documents in rows running sideways."
Ibid. ch. 96a.
"When the emperor Wu-ti (140-86 B.C.) first sent an embassy to Parthia, the King ordered a general to meet him on the eastern frontier with 20,000 cavalry. The eastern frontier was several thousand li distant from the King's capital. Proceeding to the north one came across several tens of cities, the inhabitants of which were allied with that country. As they sent forth an embassy to follow the Chinese embassy, they came to see the country of China. They offered to the Chinese court large birds'-eggs, and jugglers from Petra, at which His Majesty was highly pleased. In the east of Parthia are the Ta-yueh-chi (Tochari)."
Ibid. ch. 96a.
"Wu-i-shan-li (apparently includes both Arachosia and Persia) is in the west, conterminous with Li-Kan (Arabia Petræa) and T'iao-chih (Chaldaea).4 Going somewhat over 100 days you come to the country of T'iao-chih, bordering on the Western sea, hot and low, but growing rice in fields. There are large birds, eggs, resembling urns. The country is densely populated; it used to be governed by petty rulers, but Parthia, reducing them to vassalage, made it a dependent state. They have clever jugglers. From T'iao-chih by water you may go west over 100 days to come near the place where the sun sets, they say."
Hou-han-shu, ch. 88; partly written during the 5th century A.D. and embracing the period 25 to 220 A.D.
"From Parthia you go west 3,400 li to the country of A-man (Akhmatan, Ecbatana); from A-man you go west 3,600 li to the country of Ssu-pin (Ctesiphon); from Ssu-pin you go south, crossing a river, and again southwest to the country of Yü-lo (Hira, the Babylonian Lake at the head of the Pallacopas canal). 960 li, the extreme west frontier of Parthia; from here you travel south by sea, and so reach Ta-ts'in (Syria). In this country there are many of the precious and rare things of the western sea.
"The city of the country of T'iao-chih (Chaldaea) is situated on a peninsula (shan, also meaning bill or island); its circumference is over forty li and it borders on the western sea (Hira Lake). The waters of the sea crookedly surround it. In the south, east and northeast, the road is cut off; only in the north-west there is access to it by a land-road. The country is hot and low. It produces lions, rhinoceros, zebu, peacocks, and large birds (ostriches) whose eggs are like urns. If you turn to the north and then towards the east again go on horseback some 60 days, you come to Parthia, to which afterwards it became subject as a vasal state under a military governor who had control of all the small cities.
"The country of Parthia has its residence at the city of Ho-tu (Vologesia, Hecatompylos?); it is 25,000 li distant from Lo-yang (Singanfu). In the north it bounds on K'ang-chü, and in the south, on Wu-i-shan-li. The size of the country is several thousand li. There are several hundred small cities with a vast number of inhabitants and soldiers. On its eastern frontier is the city of Mu-lu (Mouru, Merv) which is called Little Parthia. It is 20,000 li distant from Lo-yang. In the first year of Chang-ho, of the Emperor Chang-ti (87 A.D.) they sent an embassy offering lions and fu-pa. The fu-pa has the shape of a unicorn, but has no horn. In the 9th year of Yung-yüan of Ho-ti (97 A.D.) the general Pan Ch'ao sent Kan-ying as an ambassador to Ta-ts'in, who arrived in T'iao-chih, on the coast of the great sea. When about to take his passage across the sea, the sailors of the western frontier of Parthia told Kan-ying: 'The sea is vast and great; with favorable winds it is possible to cross within three months; but if you meet slow winds, it may also take you two years. It is for this reason that those who go to sea take on board a supply of three years' provisions. There is something in the sea which is apt to make a man home-sick, and several have thus lost their lives. 'When Kan-ying heard this, he stopped . . . .
"In the 13th year (101 A.D.) the king of Parthia, Man-k'ü (Pacorus?) again offered as tribute lions and large birds from T'iao-chih (ostriches), which henceforth were named An-hsi-chiao (Parthian birds) . . . .
"The country of Ta-ts'in (Syria) is also called Li-chien (Li-kin, Re-kam, Petra) and, as being situated on the western part of the sea, Hai-hsi-kuo (country of the western part of the sea). Its territory amounts to several thousand li; it contains over four hundred cities, and of dependent states there are several times ten . . . . . The country contains much gold, silver and rare precious stones, . . . . . corals, amber, glass, . . . . . gold-embroidered rugs and thin silk cloth of various colors. They make gold-colored cloth and asbestos cloth. They further have 'fine cloth,' also called 'down of the water sheep'; it is made from the cocoons of wild silk-worms. They collect all kinds of fragrant substances, the juice of which they boil into su-ho (storax). All the rare gems of other foreign countries come from there. They make coins of gold and silver. Ten units of silver are worth one of gold. They traffic by sea with Parthia and India, the profit of which trade is ten-fold. They are honest in their transactions, and there are no double prices . . . . . Their kings always desired to send embassies to China, but the Parthians wished to carry on trade with them in Chinese silks, and it is for this reason that they were cut off from communication. This lasted till the ninth year of the Yen-hsi period during the Emperor Huan-ti's reign (166 A.D.) when the king of Ta-ts'in, An-tun (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) sent an embassy who from the frontier of Jih-nan (Annam) offered ivory, rhinoceros horns and tortoise shell. From that time dates the direct intercourse with this country. The list of their tribute contained no jewels whatever, which fact throws doubt on the tradition.5
"It is further said that, coming from the land-road of Parthia, you make a round at sea and, taking a northern turn, come out from the western part of the sea, whence you proceed to Ta-ts'in.6 One is not alarmed by robbers, but the road becomes unsafe by fierce tigers and lions who will attack passengers, and unless these be traveling in caravans of a hundred men or more, or be protected by military equipment, they may be devoured by those beasts . . . . .
"The articles made of rare precious stones produced in this country are sham curiosities and mostly not genuine, whence they are not here mentioned."
Sung-shu, ch. 97, written about 500 A.D. and embracing the period 420-478 A.D.
"As regards Ta-ts'in (Syria) and T'ien-chu (India), far out on the western ocean, we have to say that, although the envoys of the two Han dynasties have experienced the special difficulties of this road, yet traffic in merchandise has been effected, and goods have been sent out to the foreign tribes, the force of winds driving them far away acroas [sic] the waves of the sea. There are lofty ranges of mountains quite different from those we know and a great variety of populous tribes having different names and bearing uncommon designations, they being of a class quite different from our own. All the precious things of land and water come from there, as well as the gems made of rhinoceros horns and chrysoprase, serpent pearls and asbestos cloth, there being innumerable varieties of these curiosities; and also the doctrine of the abstraction of mind in devotion to the lord of the world (Buddha)—all this having caused navigation and trade to be extended to those parts."
Wei-shu, ch. 102, written before 572 A.D. and embracing the period 386-556 A.D.
"It is said that from the western boundary of Parthia, following the crooked shape of the sea-coast, you can also go to Ta-ts'in, bending around over 10,000 li."
Footnotes to Parallel Passages:
4. The two names, Dr. Hirth suggests may have denoted the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the Seleucid dominions. [Return]
5. These were probably merchants trading from the East African coast, and not official ambassadors. [Return]
6. This trade route follows the overhand route through the Caspian Gates to Ctesiphon and Seleucia, thence to Hira Lake and the head of the Persian Gulf, thence by ship around Arabia to Leuce Come, the Nabatæan Red Sea port, and overland to the capital, Petra. [Return]
The following modern descriptions of Persia and its trade-routes are of interest in connection with the itinerary of Isidore:
(Quoted from Curzon, Persia, I, 50-I, and 264.)
"From Bagdad to the Persian frontier, five miles beyond the Turkish station of Khanikin is ninety miles, the road running for the most part over a level desert and the halting-places being as follows:
Beni Saad or Orta Khan (15 miles), Yakubish (14), Shahrabad (26), Kizil Robat (18), Khanikin (17). There is no postal service, and the traveler, who must engage his baggage animals at Bagdad, halts in khans (the Turkish equivalent to caravanserais) and rest-houses. After passing through the custom-house on the Persian border he finds the following route extended before him:
Name of Station Distance in
Approx. distance
in miles
Khanikin (1000 ft.) --- ---
Kasr-i-Shirin (1700 ft) 6 18
Sarpul 5 18
Kerind (5250 ft.) 8 29
Harunabad 6 20
Mahidasht 6 22
Kermanshah (5000 ft.) 4 14
Bisitun (Behistun) 6 21
Sahneh 4 16
Kangavar 5 18
Saidabad 6 23
Hamadan 6 25
Mili Gird 7 25
Zerreh 4 16
Nuvaran 9 32
Shamiran 4 14
Khushkek 5 19
Khanabad 6 22
Robat Kerim 8 32
Teheran (3800 ft.) 7 (112) 28 (412)
"The total distance between Bagdad and Teheran is thus 90 + 408 miles, or close upon 500 miles.
"This journey is one of threefold and exceptional interest. It crosses the mighty Zagros range between Khanikin and Kermanshah, the steepest part of the pass, known as the Teng-i-Girra, between Sarpul and Kerind, being fully comparable with the kotals of the Bushire-Shiraz line, in winter, frequently impassable from snow. By this ascent the traveler is brought up from the level plains of Assyria and Chaldæa to the great Iranian plateau, which he does not again quit until he leaves Persia. Secondly, he passes through the important and flourishing Persian cities of Kermanshah and Hamadan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which are situated in exceedingly productive tracts of country. Lastly, at Bisitun and at Tak-i-Bostan (four miles from Kermanshah) he encounters some of the most celebrated remains of Persian antiquity; and in the rock carvings, sculptures and inscriptions which look down upon him from the chiselled surface of the mountain side, he both reads a tale of bygone splendor and observes the most important historical document, albeit in stone, next to the Damietta Stone, that has been discovered and deciphered in this century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
"Nishapur . . . . . is the meeting point of several important roads in addition to the two from Meshed. On the south a road comes in from Turshiz, and on the north a track runs via Madan (where are the turquoise mines) to Kuchan; while in a more westerly direction stretches the old, long-forgotten trade route to the Caspian, which is believed to have been a link in the great chain of overland connections in the middle ages between China and India and the European continent. It rain from Nishapur to the Arab city of Isferayin in the plain of the same name then struck westwards and passing through the mountains of the defile known as the Dahaneh-i-Gurgan, through which the river Gurgan forces its way, descended the slope to the Caspian. The stages on this route are recorded on the itineraries of Isidore of Charax and of El Istakhri, and the caravanserais built by Shah Abbas the Great are still standing, though in ruins."
Curzon, Persia, II, 583-4.
Route No. of Stages
or Days
1. Julfa—Tabriz 4
2. Tabriz—Teheran (via Mianeh, Zinjan, Kazvin) 14-16
3. Teheran—Ispahan (via Kum, Kashan) 10-12
4. Ispahan—Shiraz (via Kumisheh, Yezdikhast, Dehbid,) 12
Ispahan—Shiraz (via the summer route from Yezdikhast) 10
5. Shiraz—Bushire (via Kazerun) 10
6. Teheran—Moshed via Semnan, Shahrud, Nishapur) 22
7. Teheran—Resht (via Kazvin) 9-10
8. Teheran—Bagdad (via Hamadan, Kermanshah, Khanikin) 24
9. Teheran—Meshed-i-Ser 6
10. Teheran—Astrabad (via Sari) 14
11. Ispahan—Yezd 10
12. Kashan—Kerman 25
13. Yezd—Kerman 12
14. Kerman—Bam 11
15. Kerman—Bandar Abbas 20
16. Tabriz—Astara (via Ardebil) 7
17. Tabriz—Resht (summer route via Masullah and Fumen) 12
18. Tabriz—Bagdad (via Suleimanieh) 20
19. Hamadan—Sinna 4
20. Hamadan—Shushter 15
21. Resht—Astrabad 14
This page last updated 26 Jan 2011
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Will The Real Atheists Please Stop Kneeling
Your Thoughts?
About Daniel Fincke
• http://clergyguy.blogspot.com Clergy Guy
Daniel, I’m going to have to read this again after I’ve had my coffee–there’s a lot to it.
Just to clear up something, I’m not wishing I could find the nerve to become an atheist. I have some confusion about God, but I do not deny God’s existence. However, I do have some massive problems with the church.
It was interesting how you said reformers have often been accused of atheism. I seem to recall in my Christian history class that the early Christians were sometimes considered atheists because they did not believe in the popular gods of the culture.
As usual you have more to say than I can grasp in on sitting, so I’ll be back.
• Daniel Fincke
Well, I consider it a thing where you can keep calling us atheists really one of you as long as we can keep calling you really one of us. In a way it’s the highest compliment we can pay each other, no? ;)
• http://clergyguy.blogspot.com Clergy Guy
Well, if you put it that way….
And I did mean it as a compliment in my entry
• http://atheistsandchristians.com Mike aka MonolithTMA
Good post. I too will re-read it later.
On a side not, I’ve had several Christian friends tell me that I’m still a Christian, which is interesting because I don’t believe any of the proper Christian things any more. I think they react this way because I still treat people with kindness, love and respect.
• Daniel Fincke
Yes, I knew you meant to be complimentary Clergy Guy and so I took it flatteringly (insofar as I could presume I was among the new atheist friends to whom you meant to refer).
Mike, I think the issue comes down to this: when someone is trying to claim you is it because they admire you (or things about you) and think that those traits should be associated with what they think is the truth and the good life, then yes, it’s a compliment and not something to be upset about. If they’re telling you you’re just in a phase then there might be a controlling attitude they have which is not coping well with your stubborn refusal to submit your will and become like them. (This door swings both for the atheist and the religious when telling the other it’s just a matter of time ’til they’ll come back—or come around for the first time as the case may be).
Finally, apart from any virtues, I have a friend who teases me that I’m still a Christian simply because Christian structures of thought and Christian priorities (like to evangelize rather than just keep my beliefs to myself) and Christian guilt, etc. all are deeply engrained in me. While I became far, far more laissez-faire and changed many a philosophical, ethical, political, and psychological outlook when I left Christianity, there are some definite continuities of habit and attitude.
And, as I’ve mentioned before, in this post http://http://freethoughtblogs.com/camelswithhammers/2011/02/17/apostasy-as-a-religious-act-or-when-a-camel-picks-up-a-hammer/2009/08/20/the-complicated-relationship-of-an-apostate-to-his-religious-friends-and-his-reilgious-past/ I have a friend who says my language drips with religious allusions more than anyone else he knows. And that’s almost always unconscious on my part. It’s just the way my mind works.
• Mandy
As to your last 2 paragraphs I know exactly how you feel! But I do think that having that tendency helps make a much stronger argument – especially in the area of ethics. I will definately be reading more!
• Daniel Fincke
Thanks, Mandy! It’s nice to see you here!
• http://atheistsandchristians.com Mike aka MonolithTMA
I do take it as a compliment, though I also try to point out how it could be taken offensively.
• Boz
ClergyMan said:
It sounds like ClergyMan is using the word “Atheists” in this passage as a derogatory term, to describe the slothful behaviour of church attendees.
• Daniel Fincke
I took him to mean atheists to mean the ones who don’t believe in anything. The idea was that the slothful self-centeredness of those in the pews betrayed a real lack of commitment to anything of higher importance. Then he contrasted these people with the actual atheists who by their passion for truth show they actually do believe in something of higher importance and in that way were less “atheistic” (where atheistic has connotations of nihilistic).
All of which I think is somewhat true. If “God is truth” then it makes sense for Clergy Guy, if that is indeed his perspective, to surmise that the atheists who love truth are unwittingly closer to God than the closed-minded, apathetic, lazy Christians who don’t.
• reason2live
I just stumbled on this site and I finally feel I have found a “home” for my thoughts…I will be sharing this with my friends (lazy Catholics and zealot atheists)with the goal of finding my way away from Catholicism and toward my rebirth as a true Aetheist…or is that aethiest?
The politics of God has always led to persecution of any of those who dared to ask questions framed outside of theological parameters. How many time can one person hear that “God works in mysterious ways” before you realize its just a shell game. There are no answers to be found any longer by looking to the church or its clergy. Only no one within these parishes will dare to stand up and profess their doubts because of fear. If nothing else, they simply do not want to take there bet off the table in case the ‘talking snake’ story is true. They religiously show up every week as though some deity is tabulating the time spent with their butts-in-the-pew for each Christian in the world. I wonder how different the world would be if collectively all non-believers got up off the kneelers and kept their money in their pockets.
• http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001373579092 martalayton
First, Dan, thanks for your pointer to ClergyGuy. I shall have to check out his blog, as he sounds like an interesting person whose thoughts i’d like to rad.
On the issue of whether those wishy-washy, mealy mouthed pew-sitters (isn’t that Dawkins’s description of agnosticism?) are the real atheists, I think there’s a real difference between just not caring and caring enough to decide God doesn’t exist. There’s even an important distinction between the don’t-care brigade that seems to fill up every house of worship and agnostics, who have considered the evidence or the need for evidence and decided to withhold judgment on the matter for whatever reason. I would say that true atheists and the theists who do care about truth and the logical implications of their views (I’d count myself in that group, and from what little I’ve read of his blog just now, ClergyGuy as well) are much closer to each other than either of us are to the don’t-care brigade. Thinking of this topic, I’m reminded of Elie Wiesel’s famous quote, that the opposite of love is not hate but indifference.
Regarding your idea that everyone who cares about truth must become an atheist rather than simply a deist, I’m not sure I accept that analysis. For one thing, there’s the practical benefit of having people willing to work within a tradition to try to counteract the negative consequences of bad beliefs. Even the prisoner who escaped the cave felt the drive to go back into the cave to try to lead his fellows out. Setting aside the issue of whether religious traditions have any value in themselves (which you and I disagree on, and I don’t have time to go into anyway), I’d think you’d want people who could show the pew-sitter why truth was worth pursuing. That seems a necessary first step to being critical of the tradition, and those pew-sitters are much more likely to take the issue seriously if it’s coming from “one of them” than someone trying to tear down what they still hold precious.
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How to Help Children with Science Projects Without Doing It for Them
by Courtney Corda
Courtney Corda
"Science Mom" Courtney Corda is the Vice President of Science Buddies. Read more »
Sorry, Courtney Corda is no longer taking questions.
Science Fair season means that parents everywhere are preparing to help their children with their projects. When your child works on a science project, she is putting the scientific method into action and learning more about how to actively understand the world around her. Her assignment is clear, but as a parent, how involved should you be? Where is the line between too helpful and just right? The following guidelines can help you support your child in an appropriate way.
1. Keep in Mind the Goal of a Science Project
Science projects let children explore a topic and, at the same time, demonstrate certain curriculum-based and grade-appropriate skills and concepts. It is important to keep in mind that your sixth grader is not being asked to conduct a Nobel-prize-worthy experiment. What your child will learn may be something you already know, but your child needs to go through the process of hands-on exploration to really see and comprehend the scientific principle studied.
2. Help your Student Locate an Appropriate Project
It can be tempting to guide students into an area of science that matches your own interests, but your student will find greater joy and put more effort into her project if it ties into something she likes or about which she is curious. Also, keep in mind that science can be found in the most unlikely places, as these sports-and music-related project ideas demonstrate:
Which Team Batting Statistic Predicts Run Production Best?
Guitar Jingle: Discovering the Locations of Harmonics
If your child already has a science question in mind or an area of science she wants to explore, go with that! If not, using the Science Buddies Topic Selection Wizard tool can help your student find a science project that matches her interests and grade level.
3. Be a Chauffeur and a Sounding Board
During the research and planning stages of the project, your child will need your assistance in many ways. While you should not sit down and perform the research, you can help get the ball rolling by talking to your child about the selected project and any materials she has already read in preparation. Help her brainstorm a list of keywords for additional research and suggest strategies for online searching or drive her to the library.
You might also help your child find some good YouTube videos or DVDs related to her topic. You'll need to help procure materials, too! During these early stages, be available as a sounding board so that you are aware of how the project is progressing. It’s okay to ask questions like “What will you use to measure it?” or “How many trials do you plan to run?” but be careful not to take control of the process; let your child work out the steps, figure out what is needed and do the legwork herself.
4. Leave the Experiment in Your Child's Hands
After an age-appropriate project has been selected, your child should be able to perform the experiment independently. That doesn't mean you can't watch; you'll both have fun if you're able to peek over a shoulder during particularly cool moments of the experiment. Depending on the nature of the experiment, your child might need a bit of family help to pull it off. My son recently ran a marble through a 20-foot long track. He operated the stopwatch at the end of the track and directed his assistants: me (who held the track steady), my husband (who started the marble on my son’s cue), and my daughter (who recorded the times called out by my son) to help with additional steps.
5. Let Your Child Interpret and Showcase the Results
Whether your student proves or disproves her hypothesis, something happened in the experiment and there are results to be analyzed and conclusions to draw. Your child should make any charts or graphs that will be used in conveying her results herself.
Many science projects culminate with the creation of a project display board that summarizes and shares all stages of the project. Don't take over! Your student has gathered all the information that is needed for the board and will need to make choices about the design, layout and presentation. Encourage her to look at pictures of project display boards online to get some ideas. Help your child stay on track in terms of timing, but let her take charge as she brings the project to a close. For example, you might sit with your child and the family calendar and map out in advance which afternoons she’ll set aside to work on the display board or practice her oral presentation when other activities won’t interfere.
Ultimately, a science project should be a rewarding experience for your child. As you watch her engage in a project that lets her actively ask questions, explore, learn and grow, you will have plenty of opportunity to be proud of her as a student. And you may find that talking about the project offers fertile ground for bonding over science, which is a wonderful thing!
Sorry, Courtney Corda is no longer taking questions. Feel free to comment on the article and let us know what you think about the topic.
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Lance Ulanoff
Twitter is about to become a much more robust platform for doing, well, whatever it is we do on Twitter every day. I usually call it "micro-blogging," but it's really so much more than that. It's my random thought register, a place where whatever notion is flitting through my mind—no matter how brief or unusual—is often delivered to an audience of 17,000 followers.
Most of the people I follow—meaning those that I actually pay attention to—use it in much the same way. Yes, there are the feeds, which deliver hard news headlines, but the beauty of Twitter is what lies in between the news reports. In any case, I keep track of all things Twitter related with TweetDeck, a desktop Twitter management utility I've been using since 2008.
For those unfamiliar with the Adobe Air-based app, TweetDeck, let me explain. TweetDeck lets you customize your Twitter world in an organized, columnar view, with unfiltered Tweets from those you follow in the first column, Tweets that mention you in the second column, and Direct or private-line Tweets to you in the third. You can add columns based on keywords, specific Twitter members, other accounts, etc. It builds in a lot of the other third-party functions/apps you might use, such as photo uploading to Twitpic, the URL shortener, and even Tweet translation services. There are a ton of other features, too: It's a remarkably rich app.
All in all, TweetDeck is my one-stop desktop source for all things Twitter. I almost never visit the Twitter site. Its single-column view is way too linear for me, and I don't like Twitter's form of ReTweets, which don't let me edit before posting.
I'm not unaware, obviously, of all that Twitter's been doing to incorporate more powerful functions into its site. Twitter Lists, a feature that lets you organize or "group" people you follow or, are nifty. The new location-based service sounds great, though I'm not a huge fan of telling people where I am all the time. Some of the on-page pop-up information you can get for people on Twitter is pretty nice, too. I only see these things when I manage to exceed the Twitter API rate limit on TweetDeck and it stops showing new Tweets and letting me post any of my own. Then I grumpily march back over to Twitter.
Earlier this week, Twitter announced an ad platform, which company execs hope will help propel the rapidly growing social networking service into financial black. I have my doubts about the plan, which, oddly, will pull down underperforming ads. That sounds like a fundamental misunderstanding of how marketing and advertising traditionally work. I could be wrong; perhaps it will be a huge success because all of the Promoted Tweets will by hyper-contextual, super real-time, and a lot more than simple brand-building messages. We'll see.
However, this is just phase one in what is clearly a plan to reinvent Twitter. One of the company's chief investors, Fred Wilson, laid it all out in horrifyingly stark terms. Reading this post, I felt like I was sitting in the dentist's chair and he was bending over me, drill in hand, murmuring gently, "This won't hurt a bit."
In a nutshell, Wilson says that third-party companies like TweetDeck need to stop "filling holes" in Twitter and start building some innovation that leverage Twitter. Why? The new Twitter will probably act a lot like TweetDeck and offer heavy amounts of information, customization, and utility all in one page. Another article I read walks through all the third-party services likely headed to the scrap heap. As far as Wilson is concerned, this is all good.
He likens the scenario to the way desktop publishing saved the Mac in the 1980s. I liken it to Microsoft Windows 95 (and subsequent OS releases) killing the huge parts of the software and utility market in the mid-90s.
Back then, a vast army of third-party companies were all busy filling holes in the Windows platform. They extended memory, compressed disks, managed the health of your system, etc. This was big business. There were also lots and lots of productivity apps.
When Windows 95 came along, it incorporated many of these third-party utility functions inside the OS. Those companies tried to put on a brave face and said Microsoft's entrance simply validated the market. That was right before they went out of business. In the word processing market, it was a combination of Microsoft's partner connections, market strength, and product quality that did in virtually all of its competitors. Later, Microsoft would, inadvertently I hope, kill categories simply by upgrading the OS. When Windows XP arrived, my favorite Personal Information Manager was cooked. I had to switch to Outlook. Thousands of others did the same.
It's taken years for third-party companies to remerge in these categories, and most only make it by giving away their products.
Twitter is the new Microsoft in my analogy. Its plans will kill a lot of third-party products, and there is no guarantee that what Twitter will provide will be any better than what's already out there. Based on my official Twitter for Blackberry and ReTweet experiences, I think it could be worse. But Twitter has the power. All it needs to do is make a few subtle tweaks to the Twitter API and whichever third-party tool it wants to get rid of will stop working.
I don't know if there's anything I can do to stop Twitter, but I think the time is now to launch my "Save TweetDeck" campaign. Will you join me?
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Schedule and Count
When should short duration counts be conducted? Research suggests that the best time to count is when bicycle and pedestrian traffic volumes are highest.1 This should reduce error in estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists/Pedestrians (AADBP). For North American climates with severe to moderate winters, this time period is usually May through October as illustrated in the graph of annual average daily bicyclist (AADB) estimation error in Colorado below. This is likely to apply to typical Midwestern North American climates.
Because many programs have not included permanent bicycle and pedestrian counts, short count programs often choose to count on the same day of the year every year. For example, the National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Project recommends counting in mid-September every year. However, if a robust set of permanent counters are in place with which to compute factors, it may not be necessary to count the same location every year. For example, a given site might only be counted once every three years, as is common in motor vehicle short duration count programs. This can greatly increase the number of sites that can be measured.
The specific months/seasons of the year for short-duration counts should be chosen to represent average or typical use levels, which can be readily determined from permanent continuous counters (thereby underscoring the importance of these automatic continuous counters). In most climates in the U.S., the spring and fall months are considered the most representative of annual average non-motorized traffic levels (e.g., the NBPD projects recommends mid-May and mid-September).
Short-duration counts may be collected during other months/seasons of the year that are not considered average or typical; however, a factoring process will be necessary to adjust these counts to best represent an annualized estimate of non-motorized traffic.
1Nordback, K., W. Marshall, et al. (2013). Estimating Annual Average Daily Bicyclists: Error and Accuracy. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C., National Academies.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/81394
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"be consistent"
Re^2: 65280 returned on system ( )
by rhymejerky (Beadle)
on Jun 07, 2006 at 18:45 UTC ( #554116=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to Re: 65280 returned on system ( )
in thread 65280 returned on system ( )
I put the statement if (-e "file.vbs") in the script to check for the file existence and the script didn't complain about not finding it. I even tried to call the vbs directly from a web browser (http://localhost/file.vbs) and the browser prompt me to open or save that file, so I think it is finding the vbs file.
Comment on Re^2: 65280 returned on system ( )
Re^3: 65280 returned on system ( )
by BrowserUk (Pope) on Jun 07, 2006 at 18:56 UTC
Being able to see the file is not the same as having permission to be able to execute it, or to call all the system APIs that it calls.
To verify if this is a permissions problem, log onto the machine as the IIS user id (usually IUSR_<servername>), and then try running the vbs script from the command line.
In the absence of evidence, opinion is indistinguishable from prejudice.
Re^3: 65280 returned on system ( )
by girarde (Friar) on Jun 07, 2006 at 18:56 UTC
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Think about Loose Coupling
Comment on
Pepper...once you try Pibb you'll only remember what Pepper tasted like. I remember the first time I had Mr. was at Lost Valley Boy Scout Camp...the soda machine in front the of the Grace Site Trading Post over 15 years ago.
Don't get me wrong: When the Pibb is gone Pepper will do in a pinch.
Although the new Pibb Xtra is a bit too sweet for my tastes plus not to mention I can't get Pibb here...I have to have it shipped in because of the lame licensing agreements the bottlers have.
Sean Shrum
In reply to Re: Re: Number of beverage containers currently on my desk by S_Shrum
in thread Number of beverage containers currently on my desk by vroom
and: <code> code here </code>
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