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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the ethnic group. For the Maliseet language, see Malecite-Passamaquoddy language.
The Wolastoqiyik, or Maliseet (English pronunciation: /ˈmæləˌst/,[1] also spelled Malecite), are an Algonquian-speaking Native American/First Nations/Aboriginal people of the Wabanaki Confederacy. They are the Indigenous people of the Saint John River valley and its tributaries, crossing the borders of New Brunswick and Quebec in Canada, and Maine in the United States. Today Maliseet people have also migrated to other parts of the world. The Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians are the federally recognized tribe of Maliseet people in the United States.
Although generally known in English as the Maliseet or Malecite, their name for themselves, or autonym, is Wolastoqiyik. They are known in French as Malécites or Étchemins (the latter collectively referring to the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy, both Eastern Algonquian-speaking groups.)
They called themselves Wolastoqiyik after the Wolastoq River at the heart of their territory. (In English it is commonly known as the St. John River.) Wolastoq means "Beautiful River". Wolastoqiyik means "People of the Beautiful River," in Maliseet.[2]
The term Maliseet is the exonym by which the Mi'kmaq people referred to this group when speaking about them to early Europeans. Maliseet or Malesse'jik was a Mi'kmaq word meaning "broken talkers", "lazy speakers" or "he speaks badly".[3] Although the Wolastoqiyik and Mi'kmaq languages are closely related, the name expressed what the Mi'kmaq perceived as a sufficiently different dialect to be called a "broken" version of their own language. The Europeans met the Mi'kmaq before the next Algonquian people, and adopted their term for the Wolastoqiyik.
Maliseet Territory
17th Century[edit]
At the time of European encounter, the Wolastoqiyik were living in walled villages and practicing horticulture (corn, beans, squash and tobacco) In addition to growing crops they subsisted from fishing, hunting and gathering fruits, berries, nuts and natural produce. While written accounts in the early 17th century such as those of Samuel de Champlain and Marc LesCarbot reference a large village at the mouth of the St. John River, sources from later in the century indicate their headquarters had shifted to Meductic, on the middle reaches of the St. John River.
The French explorers were the first to establish a fur trade with them that became important through their territory. Some European goods were desired because they were useful to Wolastoqiyik subsistence and culture. The French Jesuits also established missions where some Wolastoqiyik converted to Catholicism. With years of colonialism many learned the French language. The French called them Malecite, adapting the name they had been told by other tribes. Maliseet (Malecite) have long been associated with the Saint John River in New Brunswick and Maine, and early extended as far as the St Lawrence. These Algonkian (Algonquian) speakers referred to themselves as Wolastoqiyik ("of the beautiful river"). Their lands and resources are bounded on the east by Micmac, on the west by Passamaquoddy and Penobscot. Local histories depict many encounters with Iroquois and Montagnais. Contact with European fisher-traders in the early 17th century and with specialized fur traders developed into a stable relationship which lasted for nearly 100 years. Despite devastating population losses to European diseases, these Atlantic hunters held on to coastal or river locations for hunting, fishing and gathering, and concentrated along river valleys for trapping.
Colonial Wars[edit]
The lucrative eastern fur trade faltered with the general unrest as European hostilities concentrated between Québec and Port-Royal, and as increasing sporadic fighting and raiding took place on the lower Saint John (English against the French). Maliseet women took over a larger share of the economic burden and began to farm, raising crops which previously had been grown only south of Maliseet territory. Men continued to hunt, though with limited success, but they proved useful to the French as support against the English, and for a short period during the late 17th and early 18th centuries Maliseet men became virtually a military organization.
18th Century[edit]
With the gradual cessation of hostilities in the first quarter of the 18th century, and with the beaver supply severely diminished, there was little possibility of a return to traditional ways of life. Traditional Aboriginal agriculture on the river was curtailed by the coming of European settlers. All the farmland along the Saint John River, previously occupied by Maliseet, was taken, leaving many Aboriginal people displaced.
19th Century[edit]
The Maliseet practiced some traditional crafts as late as the 19th century, especially building wigwams and birchbark canoes, but major shifts had taken place during the previous two centuries as Maliseet acquired European metal cutting tools and containers, muskets and alcohol, foods and clothing. In making wood, bark or basketry items, or in guiding, trapping and hunting, the Maliseet speak of themselves as engaged in "Indian work." The growth of potato farming in Maine and New Brunswick created a market for Maliseet baskets and containers. Other Maliseet work in pulp mills, construction, nursing, teaching and business. With evidence of widespread hunger and wandering, pressure came to bear on government officials who established the first Indian reserves at The Brothers, Oromocto, Fredericton, Kingsclear, Woodstock, Tobique, Madawaska (pre-1800s), and Cacouna.
20th Century[edit]
The Maliseet of New Brunswick experienced problems of unemployment and poverty common to Aboriginal people elsewhere in Canada, but they have evolved a sophisticated and intricate system of decision making and resource allocation, especially at Tobique where they support community enterprises in economic development, scouting and sports. Some are successful in middle and higher education and have important trade and professional standings; individuals and families are prominent in Aboriginal and women's rights; and others serve in provincial and federal native organizations, in government and in community development. There were 4659 registered Maliseet in 1996.
The customs and language of the Maliseet are very similar to those of the neighboring Passamaquoddy (or Peskotomuhkati). They are also close to those of the Mi'kmaq and Penobscot tribes.
The Wolastoqiyik differed from the Mi'kmaq by pursuing a partial agrarian economy. They also overlapped territory with neighboring peoples. The Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy languages are similar enough that linguists consider them slightly different dialects of the same language. Typically they are not differentiated for study.
Two traditional Maliseet songs - a dance song and a love song - were collected by Natalie Curtis and published in 1907.[4] As transcribed by Curtis, the love song demonstrates a meter cycle of seven bars and switches between major and minor tonality.[5]
Current situation[edit]
Today, within New Brunswick, approximately 3,000 Maliseet live within the Madawaska, Tobique, Woodstock, Kingsclear, Saint Mary's and Oromocto First Nations. There are also 600 in the Houlton Band in Maine, 1200 in the Viger First Nation in Quebec, and The Brothers is a reserve made up of 2 islands in the Kennebecasis River which has no residents. An unknown number of 'off-reserve' Wolastoqiyik live in other parts of the world.
About 650 native speakers of Maliseet remain, and about 500 of Passamaquoddy, living on both sides of the border between New Brunswick and Maine. Most are older, although some young people have begun studying and preserving the language. An active program of scholarship on the Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language takes place at the Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute at the University of New Brunswick, in collaboration with the native speakers. David Francis Sr., a Passamaquoddy elder living in Sipayik, Maine, has been an important resource for the program. The Institute has the goal of helping Native American students master their native languages. The linguist Philip LeSourd has done extensive research on the language.
The Houlton Band of Maliseets was given a nonvoting seat in the Maine Legislature, starting with the 126th Legislature in 2013. The first holder of the seat is Henry John Bear.[6]
Surnames associated with Maliseet ancestry include: Sabattis, Gabriel, Saulis, Jenniss, Atwin, Launière, Athanase, Nicholas, Brière, Bear, Ginnish, Solis, Vaillancourt, Wallace, Paul, Polchies, Tomah, Sappier, Perley, Aubin, Francis, Sacobie, Nash, Meuse. Also included are DeVoe, DesVaux, DeVou, DeVost, DeVot, DeVeau.
Notable Maliseet[edit]
• Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, a Maliseet activist, is known for challenging discriminatory provisions of the Indian Act in Canada, which deprived Aboriginal or Indigenous women of their status when they married non-Aboriginals. It imposed a patriarchal idea of descent and identity on peoples who traditionally had matrilineal systems, whereby children belonged to the mother's people. Nicholas was instrumental in bringing the case before the United Nations Human Rights Commission and lobbying for the 1985 legislation which reinstated some rights of First Nation women and their children in Canada via Bill C31. Retaining status for future generations is still an issue for Maliseet and all Aboriginal groups. Nicholas was appointed to the Canadian Senate September 21, 2005 [7]
• Peter Lewis Paul was a Maliseet oral historian (1902-1989) who lived on the Woodstock Reserve (N.B.) on the banks of the St. John River. Raised by his grandfather Newell Polchies, and known as Wapeyit piyel, he became a fountain of traditional knowledge and generously shared information with numerous professional linguists, ethnohistorians, and anthropologists. The recipient of many honors, he was awarded a Centennial Medal in 1969, received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of New Brunswick, and the Order of Canada in 1987.[8]
1. ^ Erickson, Vincent O. (1978). "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 123.
2. ^ LeSourd, Philip, ed. 2007. Tales from Maliseet Country: the Maliseet texts of Karl V. Teeter, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, p. 17, fnote 4
3. ^ Erickson 1978, pg. 135
4. ^ Natalie Curtis (1907). The Indians' Book: an offering by the American Indians of Indian lore, musical and narrative, to form a record of the songs and legends of their race. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
5. ^ Clint Goss (2013). "Maliseet Love Song". Flutopedia. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
6. ^ Bayly, Julia (January 26, 2012). "King will caucus with Senate Democrats". Bangor Daily News.
7. ^
8. ^ Karl V. Teeter, ed. 1993. In Memoriam Peter Lewis Paul 1902-1989.Canadian Ethnology Service, Mercury Series Paper 126. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization
External links[edit]
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Mark Erelli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mark Erelli
Erelli performing at the Woody Guthrie Folk Festival in July 2009.
Background information
Born (1974-06-20) 20 June 1974 (age 40)
Boston, Massachusetts
United States
Genres Americana
Occupations Musician
Instruments Vocals, guitar, mandolin, harmonica
Years active 1999 – present
Labels Signature Sounds
Mark Erelli (born June 20, 1974) is an American singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist,[1] and touring folk musician from Reading, Massachusetts who earned a Master’s Degree in evolutionary biology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst before pursuing a career in music. Erelli has released nine solo albums and three collaborative albums. His self-titled debut album was released in 1999, the same year that he won the Kerrville Folk Festival’s New Folk Award. His first recording for the Signature Sounds label, Compass & Companion, spent ten weeks in the Top Ten on the Americana Chart.[2] Erelli has worked as a side musician for singer songwriters Lori McKenna and Josh Ritter.[3] He has performed at various music festivals and shared the stage with John Hiatt, Dave Alvin, and Gillian Welch.[4] Erelli's song “People Look Around”, which he co-wrote with Catie Curtis, was the Grand Prize winner at the 2005 International Songwriting Competition.[5] His songs have been recorded by Ellis Paul, Vance Gilbert, Antje Duvekot, and Red Molly.
Early life and education[edit]
Erelli was born in Boston and grew up in the town of Reading, Massachusetts.[2] Erelli performed in numerous high school musicals and founded the band, Freddie and Slip. Later he was a member of the band Organic Ice Cube and wrote his first song "Hell In the Sky" as a member of the band Dead Flowers.[2] Erelli was introduced to the music of Patty Larkin, Chris Smither, and other singer-songwriters by listening to the radio station WBOS. [6] He formed the Mark Erelli Band and in 1997 released the album Long Way From Heaven. After attending the North East Folk Alliance Conference in 1997, Erelli signed a recording contract with Signature Sounds Recordings.[2] He was awarded the Iguana Music Fund Fellowship award from Cambridge's Club Passim and used the proceeds to build a home studio.[6]
Erelli attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine and in 1997 enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he obtained a Master’s Degree in evolutionary biology in 1999.[2]
Erelli's selt-titled debut CD was released on the Signature Sounds label in 1999. Produced by Lorne Entress, Erelli was backed by musicians Duke Levine, Kevin Barry, Jim Lamond, Dave Dick, Joe Barbato, Roger Williams, and Mike Dinallo and guest vocalists, Rani Arbo, Louise Taylor, and Ben Demerath. He later won the Kerrville Folk Festival’s New Folk Award in the same year.
The following year, Erelli's sophomore recording for Signature Sounds, Compass & Companion was released. Again produced by Entress, it features a title-song duet with country artist Kelly Willis. Duke Levine and Kevin Barry once again lent support on guitar along with Dave Dick on banjo and Entress on the jaw harp and percussion.[7] The album charterd for ten weeks in the Top Ten of the Americana Music Chart. Later that year Erelli was nominated for two Boston Music Awards.[2]
Erelli's next project was to forego the traditional studio and instead gather a group of musicians to play within the walls of the Civil War era Memorial Hall in Monson, Massachusetts. Over the course of four days in May 2001, Erelli sat down in a semi-circle on the stage of the hall with Lorne Entress, Joe Barbato, Kevin Barry, Jim Henry, and Jim Lamond. The recording machines were turned on and everything was captured over the next four days.[8] The recording sessions were also captured on film and later aired as a documentary on PBS.[9]
In 2004, Erelli hooked up with Boston-based country band The Spurs[2] to delve into the worlds of Western swing, country, and rockabilly with the release of Hillbilly Pilgrim. Erin McKeown is a guest vocalist on "Pretend." "For folk fans, this disc may take some getting used to, but its pleasures are many."[10]
Erelli co-produced, with Lorne Entress, his fifth Signature Sounds album Hope & Other Casualties, which was released in 2006. When Erelli was asked if it was a concept album, he said: "The country has been through a lot, since 2000 really. Before September 11, that election of 2000 was a major thing. So, all the songs come out of that context. If the songs seem related, they all come out of that context over the last four years and they’re all coming through my lens and how I’m looking at the world. They all, in kinda one way or another, deal with the issue of how do you keep on keepin’ on when things seem really grim."[11] Sometimes viewed as his most political album, "Hope & Other Casualties" is "an attentive examination of current times interwoven with matters of the heart. His emotions straddle the ground between the personal and the political."[12] Guest vocalists include Kris Delmhorst and Jeffrey Foucault. Hope & Other Casualties was voted the number one album of 2006 by WUMB radio member listeners.[13]
Innocent When You Dream, released in 2007, is a collection of lullabies and love songs, which features solo acoustic performances by Erelli as well as covers by Shawn Colvin, Townes Van Zandt, and others.[2] Also in 2007, Erelli toured with Lori McKenna in support of Tim McGraw and Faith Hill on their Soul 2 Soul tour which included appearances on Good Morning America and at the Grand Ole Opry.[14] Later that year Erelli invited fans to finance his next studio album - Delivered - referring to the project as a barn raising. The project succeeded and the 11-song album produced by Josh Ritter's bassist, Zack Hickman, was released in 2008.[2] In his review of Delivered for The Huffington Post, entertainment writer Mike Ragogna said:
In 2009, Erelli was a member of Josh Ritter's band when Ritter opened shows for Ray Lamontagne in the United Kingdom.[16] Tour dates included performances in Sheffield[16] and the Royal Albert Hall in London.[17]
Little Vigils - again produced by Zack Hickman - was released in 2010. The title is taken from a line in the lead-off track "August."[18]
In the spring of 2014, Erelli announced a Kickstarter campaign to fund his Bill Morrissey tribute CD titled Milltowns. On June 26, 2014, Erelli announced that the Kickstarter campaign had exceeded his initial $20,000 goal with donations received from more than 400 supporters of the project.[19]
Erelli's most recent collaboration is a bluegrass band collaboration with father and son Taylor Armerding and Jake Armerding, Charlie Rose, and Zack Hickman. They call themselves Barnstar and the title of the band's debut release is C'mon!, released in 2011. The album includes several well-known songs such as Neil Young's "Cowgirl in the Sand" and the Louvin Brothers' "Cash on the Barrelhead" as well as three songs penned by Erelli.[1]
Seven Curses[edit]
In 2010, Erelli paired-up with Jeffrey Foucault to release Seven Curses: A Killer Selection of Americana Murder Ballads. Other than the closing track,"Wyoming Wind" written by Erelli, the collection of songs are covers. They include Woody Guthrie's "Philadelphia Lawyer," Bruce Springsteen's "Johnny 99," and Kevin "Blackie" Farrell's "Sonora's Death Row," to name three. "Whether sweet and mellow or raw and raucous sounding, this homicidal assortment is bleeding great!"[2]
Darwin Song Project[edit]
Erelli was chosen to join seven other songwriters in a songwriting retreat called the Darwin Song Project, one of many events that took place in 2009 to commemorate Charles Darwin's bicenntennial. The event - organized by the Shrewsbury Folk Festival - took place in Darwin's hometown of Shrewsbury, England when the group of musicians gathered to write songs that "have a resonance and relevance to the life of Darwin." The other Darwin artists are Chris Wood, Karine Polwart, Rachael McShane, Jez Lowe, Stu Hanna, Krista Detor and Emily Smith. A concert at the Theatre Severn in March 2009 was recorded and later released as a live CD, and the artists reunited in August 2009 for a performance at the Shrewsbury Folk Festival.[20]
Studio Albums
Year Title Record Label
1997 Long Way From Heaven Self-released
1999 Mark Erelli Signature Sounds
2001 Compass & Companion Signature Sounds
2002 The Memorial Hall Recordings Signature Sounds
2004 Hillbilly Pilgrim Signature Sounds
2006 Hope & Other Casualties Signature Sounds
2007 Innocent When You Dream Signature Sounds
2008 Delivered Signature Sounds
2009 Darwin Song Project Shrewsbury Folk Festival Records
2010 Seven Curses (with Jeffrey Foucault) Self-released
2010 Little Vigils Hillbilly Pilgrim Productions
2011 C’Mon! (with Barnstar!) Self-released
Songwriting Credits[edit]
Year Song Artist/Album
2003 The Only Way Ellis Paul and Vance Gilbert/Side of the Road
2005 My Love Camille Te Nahu/Not Without You
2006 Let's Make A Family Camille Te Nahu/Recovered
2006 People Look Around (with Catie Curtis) Catie Curtis/Long Night Moon
2006 Passing Through (with Catie Curtis) Catie Curtis/Long Night Moon
2007 Hollow Man Chuck E. Costa/Where The Songs Come From
2009 Vertigo (with Antje Duvekot) Antje Duvekot/The Near Demise of the High Wire Dancer
2011 Ghost Red Molly/Light in the Sky
2011 Why Should I Cry Red Molly/Light in the Sky
2012 Juliet (with Antje Duvekot) Antje Duvekot/New Siberia
1. ^ a b Chilton, Martin. Mark Erelli and the pursuit of excellence. The Telegraph (UK), November 22, 2011.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wood, Arthur. Mark Erelli Biography. Folkville: Thirty Years Writing About the Folk Process, Retrieved February 12,2013.
3. ^ Webb, Jela. Mark Erelli, Stuyvesant Oval (New York City, 7/21/12), ‘’No Depression’’, August 6, 2012.
4. ^ Daily Voice Staff. Mark Erelli - the multi-instrumentalist sideman and singer-songwriter is this month’s Hezekiah Stone’s featured artist. ‘’The Leicester Daily Voice’’, October 5, 2012.
5. ^ International Songwriting Competition.International Songwriting Competition: Previous Winners.
6. ^ a b WBUR Radio. Evolutionary Biologist Mark Erelli Turns To Music. March 17, 2011
7. ^ Schwartz, Roberta. FAME review of Compass & Companion. Folk and Acoustic Music Exchange, 2001.
8. ^ Ross, Janice. FAME review of The Memorial Hall Recordings. Folk and Acoustic Music Exchange, 2002.
9. ^ O'Brien, Nicholas. Class of 1996., Bates (College) Magazine, April 23, 2010.
10. ^ Lewis, Alan. Mark Erelli: Hillbilly Pilgrim. Boston Globe, January 30, 2004.
11. ^ Barber, Greg. Q&A: Mark Erelli. The Washington Post, July 6, 2006.
12. ^ Smyers, Darryl. Review: Hope & Other Casualties. No Depression, July-August, 2006, p. 118.
13. ^ WUMB. Top Ten of 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
14. ^ Rodman, Sarah. A long way from Passim. Boston Globe, June 24, 2007.
15. ^ Ragogna, Mike. Folkin' Around with Benjamin Taylor, His Dad James, Dar Williams and That Guy Mark Erelli. The Huffington Post, September 26, 2008.
16. ^ a b Dean, Jessica. Ray Lamontagne and Josh Ritter silence Sheffield, UK (9/12). Consequence of Sound, September 14, 2009.
17. ^ Resident Media Pundit. Mark Erelli's Little Vigils. March 29, 2010.
18. ^ Ragogna, Mike. Paradise & Little Vigils: Conversations with Judy Collins and That Guy Mark Erelli. The Huffington Post, August 12, 2010.
19. ^ Kickstarter website. Mark Erelli's MILLTOWNS, a tribute to Bill Morrissey.
20. ^ Darwin Song Project. The Darwin Song Project: Shrewsbury 2009.
External links[edit]
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Napoléon, Prince Imperial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prince Imperial of France
Prince Impérial, 1878, Londres, BNF Gallica.jpg
Napoléon at age 22, 1878
Head of the House of Bonaparte
Period 9 January 1873 – 1 June 1879
Predecessor Napoleon III
Successor Prince Victor
Full name
Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte
House House of Bonaparte
Father Napoleon III of France
Mother Eugénie de Montijo
Born (1856-03-16)16 March 1856
Paris, French Empire
Zulu Kingdom (present-day KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)
Burial Imperial Crypt, St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough
Religion Roman Catholicism
Napoléon, Prince Imperial (Full name: Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte, 16 March 1856 – 1 June 1879), Fils de France, prince impérial de France, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo. After his father was dethroned in 1870, he relocated with his family to England. On his father's death in January 1873, he was proclaimed Napoleon IV, Emperor of the French by the Bonapartist faction.
Napoléon at age 14, 1870
Born in Paris, he was baptized on 14 June 1856, at Notre Dame Cathedral. His godfather was Pope Pius IX, whose representative, Cardinal Patrizi, officiated. His godmother was Queen Victoria, represented by Eugène de Beauharnais's daughter, Josephine, the Queen of Sweden.
His education, after a false start under the academic historian Francis Monnier, was, from 1867, supervised by General Frossard as governor, assisted by Augustin Filon, as tutor. His English nurse, Miss Shaw, who was recommended by Queen Victoria and taught the prince English from an early age; his valet, the famously loyal Xavier Uhlmann;[1] and his inseparable friend Louis Conneau[2] also figured importantly in his life. The young prince was known by the nickname "Loulou" in his family circle.[3]
At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, he accompanied his father to the front and first came under fire at Saarbrücken. When the war began to go against the Imperial arms, however, his father sent him to the border with Belgium. In September he sent him a message to cross over into Belgium. He travelled from there to England, arriving on 6 September, where he was joined by his parents. The Royal family settled in England at Camden Place in Chislehurst, Kent. On his father's death, Bonapartists proclaimed him Napoleon IV. On his 18th birthday, a large crowd gathered to cheer him at Camden Place.[3]
The Prince Imperial attended elementary lectures in physics at King's College London. In 1872, he applied and was accepted to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He finished seventh in his class of thirty four, and came top in riding and fencing.[4] He was then commissioned into the Royal Artillery in order to follow in the footsteps of his famous great-uncle.
During the 1870s, there was some talk of a marriage between him and Queen Victoria's youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice.[5] Victoria also reportedly believed that it would be best for "the peace of Europe" if the prince became king of France.[5] The Prince remained a devout Catholic, and retained hopes that the Bonapartist cause might eventually triumph if the secularising Third Republic failed. He supported the tactics of Eugène Rouher over those of Victor, Prince Napoléon, breaking with Victor in 1876.[4]
With the outbreak of the Zulu War in 1879, the Prince Imperial, with the rank of lieutenant, forced the hand of the British military to allow him to take part in the conflict, despite the objections of Rouher and other Bonapartists. He was only allowed to go to Africa by special pleading of his mother, the Empress Eugénie, and by intervention of Queen Victoria herself. He went as an observer, attached to the staff of Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, the commander in South Africa, who was admonished to take care of him. Louis accompanied Chelmsford on his march into Zululand. Keen to see action, and full of enthusiasm, he was warned by Lieutenant Arthur Brigge, a close friend, "not to do anything rash and to avoid running unnecessary risks. I reminded him of the Empress at home and his party in France."[6]
Death of the Prince impérial during the Anglo-Zulu War, detail of a painting by Paul Jamin.
The prince in South Africa in 1879
The Prince was speared in the thigh but pulled the assegai from his wound. As he turned and fired on his pursuers, another assegai, thrown by a Zulu named Zabanga, struck his left shoulder.[8] The Prince tried to fight on, using the assegai he had pulled from his leg, but, weakened by his wounds, he sank to the ground and was overwhelmed; when recovered, his body had eighteen assegai wounds and had been stabbed through the right eye which had burst it, and penetrated his brain. Two of his escort had been killed and another was missing. Lt. Carey and the four men remaining came together about fifty yards from where the Prince made his final stand — but did not fire at the Zulus. Carey led his men back to camp, where he was greeted warmly for the last time in his career: after a court of inquiry, a court martial, intervention by the Empress Eugénie and Queen Victoria, he was to return to his regiment a pariah, shunned by his fellow officers for not standing and fighting. Carey endured several years of social and regimental opprobrium before his death in Bombay, India, on 22 February 1883.
Memorial photomontage
Louis Napoleon's death caused an international sensation. Rumours spread in France that the prince had been intentionally "disposed of" by the British.[5] Alternatively, the French republicans or the Freemasons were blamed.[9] In one account Queen Victoria was accused of arranging the whole thing, a theory that was later dramatised by Maurice Rostand in his play Napoleon IV.[9] The Zulus later claimed that they would not have killed him if they had known who he was. Langalabalele, his chief assailant, met his death in July at the Battle of Ulundi.[9] Eugénie was later to make a pilgrimage to Sobuza's kraal, where her son died. The Prince, who had begged to be allowed to go to war (taking the sword carried by the first Napoleon at Austerlitz with him) and who had worried his commanders by his dash and daring, was described by Garnet Wolseley as "a plucky young man, and he died a soldier's death. What on earth could he have done better?".[10]
In the days when London's telephone exchanges were named, with dialling using the first three letters of the name, the exchange that served Chislehurst was named 'IMPerial'.[12] The names were converted to numbers in 1966; the 'IMPerial' exchange is still recognisable as the block of numbers that begin 020-467xxxx.
In literature[edit]
In the play Napoleon IV by Maurice Rostand, the prince is killed in a carefully planned ambush arranged with the connivance of Queen Victoria, who fears that if he comes to power France will outstrip Britain. In the climax to the play the prince's (imaginary) fiancée confronts the queen.
The Prince Imperial as a child[edit]
The Prince Imperial as an adult[edit]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Styles of
Napoléon, Prince Imperial
Reference style His Imperial Highness
Spoken style Your Imperial Highness
Alternative style Sir
Following 1870, he claimed the titles "His Imperial Highness Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France" and from 1873 "His Imperial Highness Prince Imperial Napoléon, Head of the Imperial House of France", but this was not officially recognised by French authorities.
1. ^ Filon 1920, p. 292.
2. ^ Filon 1920, pp. 56–57, 84, 238, 272.
3. ^ a b Echard 1985, p. 512.
4. ^ a b Echard 1985, p. 513.
5. ^ a b c Markham 1975, p. 210.
6. ^ Kurtz 1964, p. 299.
7. ^ Morris 1994, p. 529.
8. ^ Morris 1994, p. 530.
9. ^ a b c Morris 1994, p. 537.
10. ^ Wolseley 1922, p. 44.
12. ^ "London Director Exchange Names". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
13. ^ "Southampton Survivor Of The Zulu War: Vivid Story of Final Battle At Ulundi". Southern Daily Echo (Southhampton, UK). 30 December 1943.
• Balansó, Juan (mayo de 1999). «Capítulo VI. Las hijas de Isabel», Las perlas de la corona, 2ª edición, Plaza Janés, p. 126. ISBN 84-01-54071-2.
• Echard, William (1985). Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852-1870. London: Greenwood Press.
• Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Empress Eugénie. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
• Kurtz, Harold (1965). The Empress Eugénie, 1826-1920. London: H. Hamilton. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
• Markham, Felix (1975). The Bonapartes. London: Taplinger Publishing Company.
• Morris, Donald R. (1994). The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. London: Random House.
• Wolseley, Garnet (1922). The Letters of Lord and Lady Wolseley, 1870-1911. London: Doubleday, Page, & Company.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Napoléon, Prince Imperial
Born: 16 March 1856 Died: 1 June 1879
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Emperor Napoléon III
Emperor of the French
9 January 1873 – 1 June 1879
Reason for succession failure:
Empire abolished in 1870
Succeeded by
Napoléon V Victor
French royalty
Preceded by
Jérôme Bonaparte
Heir to the Throne
as Heir apparent
16 March 1856 – 4 September 1870
Succeeded by
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Qigong history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main article: Qigong
Qigong history
Traditional Chinese 氣功
Simplified Chinese 气功
The history of qigong, the Chinese practice of aligning breath, movement, and awareness for exercise, healing, and martial arts training, extends back more than 4,000 years. Contemporary qigong is a complex accretion of the ancient Chinese meditative practice xing qi (行氣) or "circulating qi" and the gymnastic breathing exercise tao yin (導引) or "guiding and pulling", with roots in the I Ching and occult arts; philosophical traditions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, with Yoga influences; traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts; along with influences of contemporary concepts of health, science, meditation, and exercise.[1][2]
Origins and ancient history[edit]
Archeological evidence suggests that the first forms of qigong can be linked to ancient shamanic meditative practice and gymnastic exercises.[2] For example, a nearly 7000 year old Neolithic vessel depicts a priest-shaman (wu xi 巫覡) in the essential posture of meditative practice and gymnastic exercise of early qigong. Shamanic rituals and ideas eventually evolved and formalized into Taoist beliefs and were incorporated into the field of traditional Chinese medicine.[3][4]
Roots in traditional medicine, philosophy, and martial arts[edit]
According to the traditional Chinese medical community, the origin of qigong is commonly attributed to the legendary Yellow Emperor (2696–2598 BCE) and the classic Huangdi Neijing book of internal medicine.[5][6][7]
Chinese scholars acknowledge Kǒngzǐ ("Confucius", 551–479 BCE) and Mèngzǐ ("Mencius", 385–302 BCE) as the founders of the Scholar qigong tradition. In their writings, they alluded to the concepts of qi training as methods of moral training.[8]
In the Taoist tradition, the writings of Lǎozǐ ("Lao Tzu", ca. 400 BCE) and Zhuāngzǐ; ("Chuang Tzu", ca. 300 BCE) both describe meditative cultivation and physical exercises as means to extend one's lifespan, and to access higher realms of existence.[9][10][11][12][13] The Taoist inner alchemical cultivation around the Song Dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝; pinyin: Sòng Cháo; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao; IPA: [ sʊ̂ŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ ]) between 960 and 1279, continued those Taoist traditions.
The Mawangdui Silk Texts (168 BCE) shows a series of Tao Yin (導引) exercises that bears physical resemblance to some of the health exercises being practiced today.[14]
Buddhism, originating in India and having its source in the Hindu culture, developed an extensive system of meditation and physical cultivation similar to yoga to help the practitioner achieve enlightenment, awakening one to one's true self. When Buddhism was transmitted to China, some of those practices were assimilated and eventually modified by the indigenous culture.[15] The resulting transformation was the start of the Chinese Buddhist qigong tradition. Chinese Buddhist practice reaches a climax with the emergence of Chán (禪) Buddhism in the 7th century AD. Meditative practice was emphasized and a series of qigong exercises known as the Yijin Jing ("Muscle/Tendon Change Classic") was attributed to Bodhidharma. The Chinese martial arts community eventually identify this Yijing Jing as one of the secret training methods in Shaolin martial arts.[16]
Chinese martial arts practitioners, influenced by all the different elements within Chinese society, adapted and modified qigong theory with the goal of improving their fighting abilities.[17] Many Chinese martial arts paid homage to Taoism or Buddhism by claiming them as their original source. For example, Tai chi chuan is often described as being Taoist in origin.[18] Shaolin martial arts is named after the famous Buddhist Shaolin temple.[19]
The exchange of ideas between those different segments within Chinese society created rich, complex, and sometimes contradictory theory and methods of training. The difficulty in determining the correct training method, the traditional master-student method of transmission, and the belief that qigong represents a special and valuable knowledge limited the research and development of qigong to small but elite elements within Chinese society. Specialized texts were available, but were secretive and cryptic, and therefore limited to a selective few.[20] For the general population, qigong practice was a component of traditional Chinese medicine. This medical system was developed based on experience, along with philosophical and folk practices.[21]
Western influence[edit]
Starting in the 16th century, the nature and values of Chinese society changed radically, with the arrival and dissemination of Western ideas, technology, and culture.[22] In the declining period of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the entire Chinese philosophy and culture was re-examined. Chinese medicine, as part of the Chinese tradition, was re-evaluated in response to the perceived effectiveness of Western medicine.[23] The conflict between Eastern and Western approaches reached a crisis point at the beginning of the Republican period. Larger segments within Chinese society began to openly challenge traditional Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism and Taoism and advocated the wholesale adoption of Western principles. In response, many nationalists countered by pointing out the limitation of Western society and the success of Chinese ideas such as TCM and qigong. This resulted in many publications promoting Chinese cultural practices, with introduction of qigong to the general population.[24] Thus conflicting worldviews shaped the development of qigong.
During the turmoil of the fall of the Qing Dynasty and through to the Republican Period (1912–49), Chinese society was fighting for its own survival and there was little attention on the development of qigong.
Qigong in the communist era[edit]
Concerted efforts to re-establish Chinese culture under a new ideology began after the creation of the People’s Republic of China in 1945. The new ruling government under the leadership of Mao Zedong rejected all ties to traditional Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Instead, the Chinese government promoted a socialist view. Through a series of government directed programs that lasted for nearly three decades (1949–1976), the entire fabric of Chinese society was torn apart and reorganized. It was in this environment that the current attitude toward qigong was born in Mainland China.
Mao Zedong himself recognized the conflicting aims between the rejection of feudalistic ideas of the past and the benefits derived from those ideas. Traditional Chinese medicine was a clear example of this conflict. His solution can be summarized by his famous phrase “Chinese medicine is a great treasure house! We must make efforts to uncover it and raise its standards!”, which legitimized the practice of traditional Chinese medicine and created an impetus to develop a stronger scientific basis.[21] The subject of qigong underwent a similar process of transformation. The historical elements of qigong were stripped to create a more scientific basis for the practice.[25]
In the early 1950s, Liu Guizhen (劉貴珍) (1920–83), a doctor by training, used his family’s method of body cultivation to successfully cure himself of various aliments.[26] He then promoted his method to his patients and eventually published a book, Qi Gong liaofa shiyan (氣功療法實驗) to promote his successes. His efforts to re-define qigong without a religious or philosophical context proved to be acceptable to the ruling government.[27] The popularity and success of Liu’s book and the government’s strong support for Traditional Chinese medicine resulted in the formation of Qigong department within Universities and hospitals that practiced Traditional Chinese medicine. As a result, the first institutional support for qigong was established across China, but this practice remained under tight control and had limited access by the general public.[25]
Qigong in the era of reconstruction[edit]
In the late 1970s, with the fall of the Gang of Four and the start Era of Reconstruction, there was a new openness in Chinese society. The practice of qigong spread from an institutional setting to a popular movement led by charismatic promoters. Guo Lin (郭林), a Beijing artist who claimed to have cured herself of uterine cancer in the 1960s, was one of the first qigong masters to teach qigong openly to the general public outside an institutional setting.[28] Scientists, free from the repression of the Cultural Revolution, were able to seek new challenges. Among the new subjects of inquiry, they studied the effects of qigong and provided scientific foundations for qigong practice. In 1979, Gu Hansen of the Shanghai Institute of Atomic Research first reported on the external measurement of qi.[28] This research proved to be critical in promoting the notion of a scientific basis for qigong. Other reports of external evidence of qi quickly followed. Other forms of measurements, personal testimonies on the effectiveness of qigong treatment and demonstration of the uses of qigong found in the martial arts were used to illustrate the practical realities of the qigong.[25][28]
In the early 1980s, the enthusiasm for this new external qi paradigm eventually led to the use of qi as an explanation for paranormal abilities such as Extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis.[29] The increasingly exaggerated claims of qigong practice prompted some elements within the Chinese government to warn of the dangers of this paranormal craze and the prevalence of pseudoscientific beliefs.[30] Leading public figures Qian Xuesen (钱学森), eminent scientist and founder of Chinese Rocketry, and Zhang Zhenhuan (张震寰) a former general, rushed to defend qigong practice. They championed the view that qigong was a new science of the mind. A compromise on the support of qigong activities was eventually reached by various factions within the Chinese government. Qigong activity was to be regulated, with the establishment of the China Qigong Scientific Research Association under the leadership of Zhang Zhenhuan. Overt criticism of the paranormal research was to be muted.[28]
By the middle of the 1980s, there were more than 2000 qigong organizations and between 60 and 200 million practitioners across China, almost one fifth of the Chinese population. This growth was fueled by the tacit support of small elements within the Chinese government, reduced criticism of qigong practice, pent-up demand within Chinese society for alternative belief systems, and improved methods of communication that resulted in mass adaptation of qigong practice, in what has been termed "qigong fever".[31] By the end of the 1980s, qigong practices could be found within all segments of Chinese society.[32]
By the end of the 1990s, the explosive growth in the number of qigong practitioners had led to the revival of the old traditions that accompanied qigong development. Qigong organizations such as Falun Gong re-introduced moral and religious elements associated with their training methods. Such practices eventually led to direct conflict with the central authorities. By 1999, there was a systematic crackdown on qigong organizations that were perceived to challenge State control over Chinese society, including shutdown of qigong clinics and hospitals, and banning groups such as Zhong Gong and Falun Gong.[33][34] Since the crackdown, qigong research and practice have only been officially supported in the context of health functions and as a field of study within traditional Chinese medicine. The Chinese Health Qigong Association was established in 2000 to regulate public qigong practice, restricting the number of people that could gather at a time, requiring state approved training and certification of instructors, limiting practice to four standardized forms of daoyin from the classical medical tradition, and encouraging other types of recreation and exercise such as yoga, t'ai chi, senior disco dancing, and exercise machines.[35][36]
Spread of qigong[edit]
Migration, travel, and exploration contributed to the spread of qigong practice beyond the Chinese community. Western societies first encountered qigong concepts through exposure to traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese philosophy and the Chinese martial arts.[37]
It was not until China opened up to the Western World with the visit of President Nixon in 1972 and the subsequent exchanges between China and the West that Western society became aware of qigong. The ideas of qigong were quickly embraced by alternative therapists.[38] The idea of qi as a form of living energy also found a receptive audience within the New Age movement.[39] When the Chinese qigong community started to report cases of paranormal activity, Western researchers in the field were also excited by those findings.[citation needed] Chinese findings were reviewed [40] and various qigong practitioners were invited to the West to demonstrate those results.[29]
The American public’s first exposure to qigong was in the PBS series Healing and the Mind with Bill Moyers in 1993.[41] In the documentary, Moyers provided an in-depth look at alternatives to Western medicine and introduced the audience to traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and qigong. As a result, qigong practice spread to the general public in the US.[42]
Contemporary qigong[edit]
Historically, the effect of qigong practice has always been subjective. It ranges from feelings of calm, peace, and well being to cure of chronic medical conditions. Throughout history, remarkable claims have been made about results of qigong practice. The journey towards self-enlightenment can include descriptions of out of body experiences and miraculous powers for both the Buddhist [43] [44] and the Taoist[45] .[46] For some individuals, qigong training is seen as providing a curative function after extensive training. For martial artists, qigong training is credited as the basis for developing extraordinary powers such as the ability to withstand blows and the ability to break hard objects.
In the early 1980s, the Chinese scientific community attempted to verify the principles of qi through external measurements. Initially, they reported great success suggesting that qi can be measured as a form of electrical magnetic radiation. Other reports indicates that qi can induce external effects such as changing the properties of a liquid, clairvoyance, and telekinesis.[29] Those reports created great excitement within the paranormal [47] [48] and para psychological research communities.[49] [50]
However, those reports were severely criticized by the conventional scientific community both within China [30] and outside of China.[51][52][53] The main criticism from the conventional scientific establishment about qigong research is the lack of application of the principles of the scientific method notably the absence of scientific rigor, the small sample sizes, the uncontrolled testing environment and lack of reproducibility. [54] In addition to those criticisms, the public acceptance of paranormal properties arising from qigong practice contributed to social unrest.[55]
Today, millions of people worldwide practice qigong. Similar to its historical origin, those interested in qigong come from diverse backgrounds and practice it for diverse reasons, including for exercise, recreation, preventative medicine, self-healing, self-cultivation, meditation, and martial arts training.
1. ^ Li, Ling (李零) (2001). A Study on Chinese Occult Arts, Zhongguo fangshu kao 中國方術考. Eastern Press: Beijing.
2. ^ a b YeYoung, Bing. "Origins of Qi Gong". YeYoung Culture Studies: Sacramento, CA (http://literati-tradition.com). Retrieved 14 October 2011.
3. ^ Unschuld, Paul U (1985). Medicine in China: a History of Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05023-1.
4. ^ Porkert, Manfred (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine: Systems of Correspondence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16058-7.
5. ^ Ho, Peng Yoke; Peter Lisowski (1997). A Brief History of Chinese Medicine. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2803-1.
6. ^ Ni, Maoshing (1995). The Yellow Emperor's Classic of medicine: a new translation of the Neijing Suwen with commentary. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-080-6.
7. ^ Maciocia, Giovanni (1989). The foundations of Chinese medicine: a comprehensive text for acupuncturists and herbalists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-03980-1.
8. ^ Ni, Peimin (1996). "A Qigong Interpretation of Confucianism". Journal of Chinese Philosophy 23 (1): 79–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1996.tb00486.x.
9. ^ Feng, Gia-Fu; Jane English (2008). Chuang Tsu: Inner Chapters. Amber Lotus. ISBN 978-1-60237-117-0.
10. ^ Blofeld, John Eaton Calthorpe (1979). Taoism: the quest for immortality. London: Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 0-04-299008-4.
11. ^ Graham, AL (1989). Disputers of the Tao: philosophical argument in ancient China. La Salle, IL: Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9087-7.
12. ^ Tzu, Lao (2003). Tao te ching. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044131-X.
13. ^ Chuang-tzŭ: the inner chapters. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. 2001. ISBN 0-87220-581-9.
14. ^ "The Wonders of Qigong: a Chinese Exercise for Fitness, Health, and Longevity". China Sports Magazine (Wayfarer Publications). 1985.
15. ^ Zucher, Erik (2007). The Buddhist conquest of China: the spread and adaptation of Buddhism in early medieval China Volume 11 of Sinica Leidensia. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15604-6.
16. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming (2000). Qigong, The Secret of Youth. YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-84-1.
18. ^ Galante, Lawrence; Selman, Betsy (1981). Tai chi: the supreme ultimate. York Beach, ME: S. Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-497-0.
19. ^ Shahar, Meir (2008). The Shaolin monastery: history, religion, and the Chinese martial arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3110-3.
20. ^ Dyhr, Thomas J (2008-03-09). "The classical text sources of qigong". neigong.net. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
21. ^ a b Unschuld, Paul U (1985). Medicine in China: a history of ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06216-0.
22. ^ Mungello, David E (2009). The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800, Third Edition (Critical Issues in History). Rowman Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5798-7.
23. ^ Wang, Zhen'guo; Chen, Ping; Xie, Peiping (1999). History and development in traditional Chinese medicine. Beijing: Science press. ISBN 978-7-03-006567-4.
24. ^ Lin, Yü-sheng; Lin, Yü-sheng (1979). The crisis of Chinese consciousness: radical antitraditionalism in the May Fourth era. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-07410-4.
25. ^ a b c Otehode, Utiraruto (2009). "The Creation and Reemergence of Qigong in China". In Ashiwa, Yoshiko; Wank, David L. Making religion, making the state: the politics of religion in modern China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 241–265. ISBN 978-0-8047-5842-0.
26. ^ Liu Ya Fei (刘亚非) (2010). "The History of Nei Yang Gong Qigong". Beidaihe China: National Medical Qigong Hospital and Training Facility.
27. ^ Bing F. YeYoung (2010). "The Text Source of Qi Gong". San Francisco, CA, USA: YeYoung Culture Studies.
28. ^ a b c d Palmer, David A. (2007). Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14066-5.
29. ^ a b c Dong, Paul (2000). China's major mysteries: paranormal phenomena and the unexplained in the People's Republic. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals. ISBN 978-0-8351-2676-2.
30. ^ a b Lin, Zixin (2000). Qigong: Chinese medicine or pseudoscience. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-232-6.
31. ^ Ownby, David (2007). "Qigong, Falun Gong and the Body Politic in Contemporary China". In Jensen, Lionel M.; Weston, Timothy B. China's transformations: the stories beyond the headlines. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 90–128. ISBN 978-0-7425-3863-4.
32. ^ Johnson, Ian (2004). Wild Grass: Three Stories of Change in Modern China. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42186-0.
33. ^ Penny, Benjamin (1993). "Qigong, Daoism and Science: some contexts for the qigong boom". In Lee, M.; Syrokomla-Stefanowska, A.D. Modernisation of the Chinese Past. Sydney: Wild Peony. pp. 166–179. ISBN 978-0-86758-658-9.
34. ^ Ownby, David (2008). Falun Gong and the future of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532905-6.
35. ^ Karchmer, Eric (2002). "Magic, Science and Qigong in Contemporary China". In Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M. China off center: mapping the margins of the middle kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 311–22. ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5.
36. ^ Scheid, Volker (2002). Chinese medicine in contemporary China: plurality and synthesis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2872-0.
37. ^ Clarke, Peter (2006). New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world. London: Routledge. pp. 336–7. ISBN 978-0-415-25747-3.
38. ^ Goldstein, Michael J. (1999). Alternative Health Care. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-678-3.
39. ^ McDonald, Kevin (2006). Global Movements: Action and Culture. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4051-1613-8.
40. ^ Jonas, Wayne B; Crawford, Cindy (2003). Healing, intention, and energy medicine: science, research methods, and clinical implications. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-07237-6.
41. ^ Moyers, Bill (1995). Healing and the Mind. Main Street Books. ISBN 0-385-47687-6.
42. ^ Nora Issacs (2007-04-05). "Exercisers Slow It Down With Qigong". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
43. ^ Granoff, Phyllis; Shinohara, Koichi (1994). Monks and Magicians: Religious Biographies in Asia. Motilal Banarsidass,India. ISBN 978-81-208-1186-7.
44. ^ Luk, Charles (1974). Empty Cloud: The Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Xu Yun. Element Books. ISBN 978-1-85230-031-9.
45. ^ Pregadio, Fabrizio (2008). The encyclopedia of taoism. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7.
46. ^ Giles, Herbert Allen; Balfour, Frederic Henry; Giles, Lionel; Conners, Shawn (2010). Biographies of Immortals - Legends of China - Special Edition. El Paso Norte Press. ISBN 1-934255-30-0.
47. ^ Stein, Gordon (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-021-6.
48. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (1994). Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical Paranormal Experience. Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-0202-0.
49. ^ Broughton, Richard (1991). Parapsychology: the controversial science. New York, [NY]: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-37958-0.
50. ^ Beloff, John (1993). Parapsychology: a concise history. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-17376-0.
51. ^ Shermer, Michael (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.
52. ^ Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 182–187. ISBN 0-471-43499-X.
53. ^ Smith, Jonathan C. Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8122-8.
54. ^ Kurtz, Paul (2001). Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-884-7.
55. ^ Gittings, John (2006). The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-19-280734-2.
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Servilius Nonianus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Marcus Servilius Nonianus (died 59 AD) was a Roman historian.
There are scarce information about his life. His father was Marcus Servilius, consul in AD 3. Servilius Nonianus himself was consul in AD 35.[1] Tacitus describes Servilius Nonianus as a man of great eloquence and as a good-natured man.[2]
According to the historian Pliny the Elder, Servilius Nonianus was terribly worried about losing his sight. To prevent this from happening he wore a lucky charm around his neck consisting of the two Greek letters alpha and rho. Pliny reports that the charm worked. [3]
He married one Considia, who give him a daughter Servilia Considia, married to the senator Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus.
Servilius Nonianus wrote a book on the history of Rome, but this work has not been preserved: even its title is unknown. According to Tacitus and Quintilian, this work at their time was considered a very important Rome history reference book, especially for those historians who belonged to the Senatorial Party.
Quintilian writes also that Servilius Nonianus used to publicly read his own work (recitationes).[4] In scholars' opinion, the history book by Servilius Nonianus was one of the history sources used by Tacitus for the narration of the first Imperial period, then mixed with information coming from other authors, like the historian Aufidius Bassus.[5] The exact period covered by the historical narration by Servilius Nonianus is unknown. It is very probable that Nonianus treated also the years of princedom of the emperor Tiberius.[6]
Pliny the Younger writes also that, during one of his public recitationes, the audience was so excited when listening to him and the applause was so loud and great that the emperor Claudius himself decided to attend one of the recitationes of Servilius Nonianus.[7]
• Olivier Devillers: Tacite et les sources des Annales. Leuven 2003.
• Michael M. Sage: "Tacitus’ Historical Works: A Survey and Appraisal," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Vol. II.33.2. Berlin-New York 1990, pp. 851–1030.
• Ronald Syme, Tacitus. 2 volumes. Oxford 1958.
• Ronald Syme, "The Historian Servilius Nonianus," Hermes, 92 (1964), pp. 408ff.
1. ^ Tacitus, Annales, 6,31.
2. ^ Tacitus, Annales, 14,19.
3. ^
4. ^ Institutio oratoria 10,1,102.
5. ^ Devillers, Tacite, pp. 15ff.; Syme, Tacitus, Vol. 1, pp. 274ff.
6. ^ See Sage, Historical Works, p. 1006.
7. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, I,13,3.
Political offices
Preceded by
Paullus Fabius Persicus
Lucius Vitellius
Consul of the Roman Empire
with Gaius Cestius Gallus
Succeeded by
Sextus Papinius Allenius
Quintus Plautius
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The Ladder (magazine)
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This article is about the magazine. For other uses, see Ladder (disambiguation).
The Ladder
The Ladder May 1966.jpg
The Ladder, May 1964[1]
Editor Phyllis Lyon
Del Martin
Barbara Gittings
Helen Sandoz
Barbara Grier
Categories Newsmagazine
Frequency Monthly
Publisher Daughters of Bilitis
First issue October 1956
Country United States
Language English
The Ladder was the first nationally distributed lesbian publication in the United States. It was published monthly from 1956 to 1970, and once every other month in 1971 and 1972. It was the primary publication and method of communication for the Daughters of Bilitis, the first lesbian organization in the US. It was supported by ONE, Inc. and the Mattachine Society, with whom the DOB retained friendly relations. The name of the magazine was derived from the artwork on its first cover, simple line drawings showing figures moving towards a ladder that disappeared into the clouds.
The first lesbian publication in the United States was a newsletter called Vice Versa, subtitled "America's Gayest Magazine". It was created and edited by a secretary named Edith Eyde (using the pseudonym Lisa Ben, an anagram of "lesbian") in Los Angeles, and distributed privately in that area from 1947 to 1948.
The first edition of The Ladder appeared in October 1956, edited by Phyllis Lyon, who co-founded the Daughters of Bilitis in 1955 with Del Martin, both of whom had journalism experience. Many of its contributors used pseudonyms or initials. Lyon edited The Ladder as "Ann Ferguson" for the first few months, but dropped the name as a way of encouraging their readers not to hide.[2] It was a newsletter of a dozen or so pages, produced on a typewriter, copied by a mimeograph, and hand stapled. It included book reviews, news, poetry, short stories, letters from readers, and updates from DOB meetings. In 1959 it took a rare political stance against San Francisco mayoral candidate Russel Wolden who criticized incumbent mayor George Christopher's making the city a haven for "sex deviants."[3][4] The Ladder was issued in a brown paper covering for the duration of its existence. There were 175 copies of the first issue, and members of the DOB mailed them to every woman they knew who might be interested, including woman professionals in the San Francisco telephone book, and others throughout the United States.[5] It soon became available in newsstands in major cities and by subscription, obtained by word of mouth.[6]
By October 1957, there were 400 subscribers on the mailing list.[7] An early respondent to the magazine was playwright Lorraine Hansberry, writing a letter of thanks in May 1957 signed "L.H.N", offering $2.00 US for any back issues, and stating she was, "glad as heck that you exist."[1] Lyon published her entire letter, taking up four of the 20 pages of that issue. Historian Marcia Gallo wrote of The Ladder, "For women who came across a copy in the early days, The Ladder was a lifeline. It was a means of expressing and sharing otherwise private thoughts and feelings, of connecting across miles and disparate daily lives, of breaking through isolation and fear."[8]
In 1963 Barbara Gittings took over editing The Ladder, giving it a more politically urgent stance, and by adding "A Lesbian Review" under the title of the magazine. The line drawings on the cover were replaced with photographs of lesbians to make them more visible. The first woman who appeared in a photograph on the cover in May 1964 was an unnamed model. The first woman who allowed her name to be printed was from Indonesia who had sent her picture and a letter explaining how isolated she was.[1] Except for the first two covers, the rest of the portraits that appeared on the cover of The Ladder were shot by Gittings' partner, Kay Lahusen. The January 1966 cover with Lahusen's photo of Lilli Vincenz was the first to feature a named model without sunglasses or in profile view.[9][10] By 1966, Gittings remembered, there was a list of women who were willing to lend their photo and their name to the cover.[11] The improvement of the production quality in the magazine was evident due in large part to a monthly donation of $100,000 the DOB received from a source they knew only as "Pennsylvania" that was spread out between 1963 and 1969.[1]
Gittings was allied with Frank Kameny of the Mattachine Society and used his writings often in The Ladder. With Kameny and other members of the Washington D.C. Mattachine Society, Gittings began picketing high profile locations such as the White House and the State Department, and reported on the picketing sessions, encouraging others to do so in The Ladder. Differences in the direction of politics became an issue, and Gittings was ousted as the editor in 1966. One source claims it occurred after removing "For Adults Only" on the front cover neglecting to consult the Daughters of Bilitis,[3] although another source says Gittings was ousted for getting too many issues out late.[12]
One of the earliest members of the Daughters of Bilitis, Helen Sandoz, took over the editorship, returning to a more apolitical and lighthearted stance, sometimes writing her editorials as her cat. Barbara Grier took over as editor in 1968, having previously contributed to the magazine under a variety of pseudonyms that included Gene Damon, Lennox Strong, and Vern Niven. She made her most significant contribution as a book reviewer, and when she became the editor sought to turn it more professional. It received a smoother layout with more material—the second issue under Grier was 48 pages. Although the headquarters for The Ladder were in San Francisco, Grier ran the magazine long distance from Kansas City. She tripled the subscription rate by removing "lesbian" from the cover to address more feminist issues.
Controversy at the end[edit]
In 1970, the DOB disbanded due to organizational problems, disagreements about aligning themselves with homophile organizations composed predominantly of gay men, and supporting the growing feminist movement. Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon had joined the National Organization for Women and encouraged readers of The Ladder to do the same. Younger members who were sparked by more confrontational methods of protest, did not agree with some of the older members' ideas. Concerned that the magazine would be lost due to the lack of direction in the national organization, DOB president Rita LaPorte took possession of the 3,800-member mailing list for The Ladder (of which there were only two copies, the subject of which was an annual article to assure women that their names were safe) to Reno without the knowledge of Martin and Lyons, and she and Barbara Grier continued to publish it until September 1972 when they ran out of funds. When The Ladder severed its ties with the DOB, the anonymous donations to assist the magazine stopped.[1] A controversy arose between Del Martin and Phyllis Lyons, Barbara Gittings, and Helen Sandoz who maintained the mailing list was stolen, and Grier who stated taking the list was necessary to keep a dying organization alive.[1]
In 1975, Arno Press released a nine-volume compilation of The Ladder in hardback as part of their series "Lesbians and Gay Men in Society, History, and Literature" with a short foreword by Barbara Grier. Speaking to journalist and historian Rodger Streitmatter about The Ladder, Grier commented that "no woman ever made a dime for her work, and some ... worked themselves into a state of mental and physical decline on behalf of the magazine."[13] She felt that "most of (the editors) believed that they were moving the world with their labors, and I believe that they were right".[13]
In 1956, the Daughters of Bilitis wrote their mission statement, which was printed on the inside of every cover of the magazine until 1970:
1.Education of the enable her to understand herself and make her adjustment to society...this to be accomplished by establishing...a library...on the sex deviant theme; by sponsoring public be conducted by leading members of the legal psychiatric, religious and other professions; by advocating a mode of behavior and dress acceptable to society.
Education of the variant[edit]
From the beginning, The Ladder sought to reach out to women who were isolated by assuring them in essays and editorials that they were not alone. It also sought to educate women about legal issues—the Daughters of Bilitis stood to serve women as a social alternative to bars, where gays were frequently arrested in the 1950s. Contributions often featured essays on famous lesbians and bisexual women throughout history such as Radclyffe Hall,[15] Queen Christina,[16] and Renée Vivien.[17]
Contributions by attorneys, psychiatrists, and doctors were common as were advice columns on how to raise children while being a "deviant".[18] Marion Zimmer Bradley offered advice on whether to stay married after one knows she is a lesbian.[19] And the issue of marriage was brought up again in 1959 when The Ladder reported on a panel discussion sponsored by the Daughters of Bilitis that debated if marriage could cure homosexuality, all opinions of psychotherapists at hand saying that it could not, and one offering that it was not to be cured as it was not a disease.[20] A 1957 column featuring a psychotherapist who offered his opinion on how one determines the source of lesbians' fear of men: "The basic problem in evaluating your personal problems is to find out why you are shying away from sexual relations with men. In other words, the problem is not why you like women, but why you don't like men."[21] Forrest J Ackerman wrote two articles under his pseudonym LauraJean Ermayne (normally used for writing lesbian pulp fiction)[22] and was declared an "honorary lesbian" for his contributions.[23]
The Daughters of Bilitis also sponsored presentations on how to accept oneself as homosexual in an overwhelming negative society. "Many creative fields lie ahead of you IF you will stop despising yourselves, stop being ashamed and start creating a place for yourselves on this earth. It is not inconceivable. There are societies in the past which allowed homosexuals their place," said one visiting psychotherapist.[24]
The Ladder vs. Ann Aldrich[edit]
Poetry submissions began almost immediately, as did short story submissions with lesbian themes. Book reviews of current paperbacks were regular features, including a heated exchange in print between contributors to The Ladder and author Marijane Meaker as Ann Aldrich from 1957 to 1963. Meaker had written the immensely successful Spring Fire in 1952 under the name Vin Packer and was known to the Daughters of Bilitis. Meaker's books We Walk Alone from 1955 and We, Too, Must Love from 1958 were her version of Donald Webster Cory's The Homosexual in America, a nonfiction account published in 1951 about what it was like to live as a gay man in the US.[25] Meaker's books, published by Gold Medal Books, were distributed all over the US, and gave people in remote places an idea of what it was like to live as a lesbian. The books, however, were not particularly sympathetic to lesbians, and Del Martin and Barbara Grier took issue with Meaker's portrayals. They began to criticize the books in The Ladder and suggest that Meaker was expressing self-hatred in the books.[26][27][28][29] Del Martin wrote to Meaker personally in 1958, giving her a free subscription to the magazine. Meaker's reach to women was much broader through the distribution of her books, and she received so much mail from women asking for resources and support that she was unable to respond to all of it, so she referred the letter writers to the Daughters of Bilitis.[1] However, in print, Meaker responded to the open letters to her in The Ladder in her next book Carol in a Thousand Cities in 1960, by skewering the magazine's amateurish homemade appearance, fiction and poetry she did not appreciate, and the ideas presented in the magazine. Again, The Ladder responded, once more calling Meaker's loyalties into question.[30][31][32] However negative Carol in a Thousand Cities was to The Ladder, it was major advertising for the DOB and letters poured in for them from all over the U.S.
Gender expression[edit]
The Daughters of Bilitis initially approached relations between lesbians and the heterosexual society at large by promoting assimilation as much as possible, in the hopes that heterosexuals would see that lesbians were not drastically different from themselves.[33] The debate about the appropriateness and impact of women exhibiting masculine dress and behavior was carried out in the pages of The Ladder. "The kids in the fly-front pants and with the butch haircuts and mannish manner are the worst publicity we can get," wrote one reader in 1956, to which DOB President D. Griffin responded, "Our organization has already touched on that matter and converted a few to remembering that they are women first and a butch for fem secondly, so their attire should be that which society will accept. Contrary to belief, we have shown them that there is a place for them in society, but only if they wish to make it so."[33]
In June 1957 a defense of some women's choice to wear pants was published under the title, "Transvestism—A Cross-Cultural Survey".[34] The November issue of the same year reprinted editorial sections from The San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Chronicle that begged women not to wear pants: "When ladies young and old wear sloppy slacks or tight pants on Market St. I wish I had a water pistol and could give each one of them a good squirt. Ladies, please be ladies."[35] However, in the same issue, an essay encouraged women to broaden their definition of femininity: "Of course we can (accept our femininity) if only we enlarge our view to include all women: the gentle, the shy the brave, the meek, the enterprising, the flamboyant..."[36] The issue of pants was brought up again in 1959 with the reprint of a UPI story stating the women in pants was to become fashionable that year,[37] and again when Gene Damon wrote an overview of women who had lived as men throughout Western history.[38]
When the Daughters of Bilitis or the Mattachine Society had a convention, the news was reported. The magazine compiled some of the first statistics about lesbians in the United States by sending their readership questionnaires, the first in 1957 and again in 1963. There was a marked difference in the tone of the magazine after Barbara Gittings heard Frank Kameny speak at the national DOB convention that attempting to find the cause of homosexuality was a waste of time since it was equal to heterosexuality.[12] Many articles from 1956 to 1963 focused on ways to function in an overwhelmingly homophobic world, but gradually articles began to appear that were unapologetic in promoting lesbianism.
After Barbara Grier took over, artwork began to appear on the cover from artists such as Romaine Brooks and Georgia O'Keeffe. Contributions by writers included articles by Jane Rule, Martha Shelley, and Rita Mae Brown.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d e f g Gallo, Marcia. Different Daughters: A history of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Birth of the Lesbian Rights Movement, Carroll & Graf, 2006.
2. ^ "Ann Ferguson is Dead!" The Ladder, January 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 4, p 7.
3. ^ a b ""Back in the day" at". Archived from the original on 2012-07-16.
5. ^ Tobin, Kay, Wicker, R. The Gay Crusaders. Arno Press; 1975.
6. ^ Unknown author. "Where Did We Get Your Name?" The Ladder. vol 1 Issue 5: p 12
7. ^ Martin, Del. "Growing Pains Don't Hurt" The Ladder 1957 vol.2 issue 1: pp. 5-6,27.
8. ^ Gallo, Marcia. "Celebrating the Years of The Ladder." Off Our Backs. Washington: May/Jun 2005. Vol. 35, Iss. 5/6; p. 34
9. ^ Jack Nichols (1999-08-30). "Lilli Vincenz: A Lesbian Pioneer". Gay Today. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
10. ^ "Kay Lahusen". Retrieved 2013-12-03.
11. ^ Gittings, Barbara in "Barbara Gittings Tribute RIP". Retrieved November 10, 2007.
12. ^ a b Soares, Maneula. ‘‘The Purloined Ladder: Its Place in Lesbian History.’’ Journal of Homosexuality (The Haworth Press, Inc.) Vol. 34, No. 3/4, 1998, pp. 27-49.
13. ^ a b Streitmatter, Rodger. Unspeakable: The rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America, Fabe & Faber, 1995 ISBN 0-571-19873-2, p153
14. ^ Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History. Crowell Publishers; 1974.
15. ^ Damon, Gene. "Radclyffe Hall." The Ladder, Dec 1958, Vol. 3 Issue 3, p8.
16. ^ Damon, Gene, Stuart, L. "The Tragedy of Queen Christina." Ladder, Jun 1963, Vol. 7 Issue 9, p6.
17. ^ Dawn, Gene; Stuart, Lee. "Renee Vivien: Forgotten Lesbian Poet." The Ladder, May 1959, Vol. 3 Issue 8, p12.
18. ^ "Relationship Not So ‘Deviant’ If Child Has Love and Security." The Ladder, Apr 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 7, p8.
19. ^ Bradley, Marion Zimmer. "Some Remarks on Marriage." The Ladder, Jul 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 10, p14.
20. ^ Brown, Patti. "Should Homosexuals Marry?" The Ladder, May 1959, Vol. 3 Issue 8, p21.
21. ^ "Third Discussion on Fear." The Ladder, Jan 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 4, p4-6.
22. ^ Mayne, Judith. Framed: Lesbians, Feminists, and Media Culture; U. of Minnesota Press, 2000; pp. xix-xx
23. ^ Matthesen, Elise. "Vampires and Aliens," Lavender Lifestyles, Nov. 24, 1995
24. ^ "Accept Yourself." The Ladder, May 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 8, p6.
26. ^ "Walk Alone (Book)". Ladder, Jun 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 9, p15.
27. ^ "Aldrich 'Walks Alone'." Ladder, Jun 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 9, p16.
28. ^ B.G. "Ann Aldrich Does a Re-take." The Ladder, Jan 1958, Vol. 2 Issue 4, p12.
29. ^ Martin, Del. "Open Letter to Ann Aldrich." The Ladder, Apr 1958, Vol. 2 Issue 7, p4.
30. ^ Damon, Gene. "Carol in a Thousand Cities." The Ladder, Aug 1960, Vol. 4 Issue 11, p6-7, 2p
31. ^ Foster, Jeannette H. "Ann of 10,000 Words Plus (Short Story)." The Ladder, Aug 1960, Vol. 4 Issue 11, p7.
32. ^ Damon, Gene. Ladder, Oct63, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p18-20, 3p
34. ^ Stephens, Barbara. "Tranvestitism - A Cross-Cultural Survey." The Ladder, Jun 1957, Vol. 1 Issue 9, p10.
35. ^ McDermott, John B. "On Wearing Slacks." The Ladder, Nov 1957, Vol. 2 Issue 2, p11.
36. ^ Simons, Betty. "On Accepting Feminity." The Ladder, Nov 1957, Vol. 2 Issue 2, p12.
37. ^ "Women In Pants - The Coming Thing." The Ladder, Jan59, Vol. 3 Issue 4, p6.
38. ^ Damon, Gene. "Transvestism in Women." The Ladder, Feb 1959, Vol. 3 Issue 5, p11.
Further reading[edit]
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Volume percent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ethanol volume percent = 40.
Volume percent is a common expression of a solution's concentration. It is the volume fraction expressed with a denominator of 100, and thus is defined as:
\textrm{volume\ percent} = \frac{\textrm{volume\ of\ solute}}{\textrm{volume\ of\ solution}}*100
Volume percent is usually used when the solution is made by mixing two fluids, such as liquids or gases. However, percentages are only additive for ideal gases.[1]
The percentage by volume (vol%) is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a dimensionless quantity; mass fraction (percentage by weight, wt%) and mole fraction (percentage by moles, mol%) are others.
In the case of a mixture of ethanol and water, which are miscible in all proportions, the designation of solvent and solute is arbitrary. The volume of such a mixture is slightly less than the sum of the volumes of the components. Thus, by the above definition, the term "40% alcohol by volume" refers to a mixture of 40 volume units of ethanol with enough water to make a final volume of 100 units, rather than a mixture of 40 units of ethanol with 60 units of water.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Volume-volume percentage, Chembuddy website
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Helicon (mountain range)
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HELICON, a mountain range, of Boeotia in ancient Greece, celebrated in classical literature as the favourite haunt of the Muses, is situated between Lake Copaïs and the Gulf of Corinth. On the fertile eastern slopes stood a temple and grove sacred to the Muses, and adorned with beautiful statues, which, taken by Constantine the Great to beautify his new city, were consumed there by a fire in A.D. 404. Hard by were the famous fountains, Aganippe and Hippocrene, the latter fabled to have gushed from the earth at the tread of the winged horse Pegasus, whose favourite browsing place was there. At the neighbouring Ascra dwelt the poet Hesiod, a fact which probably enhanced the poetic fame of the region. Pausanias, who describes Helicon in his ninth book, asserts that it was the most fertile mountain in Greece, and that neither poisonous plant nor serpent was to be found on it, while many of its herbs possessed a miraculous healing virtue. The highest summit, the present Palaeovouni (old hill), rises to the height of about 5000 ft. Modern travellers, aided by ancient remains and inscriptions, and guided by the local descriptions of Pausanias, have succeeded in identifying many of the ancient classical spots, and the French excavators have discovered the temple of the Muses and a theatre.
See also Clarke, Travels in Various Countries (vol. vii 1818); Dodwell, Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece (1818); W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece (vol. ii., 1835); J. G. Frazer's edition of Pausanias, v. 150.
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Cædmon (DNB00)
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CÆDMON (sometimes corruptly written Cedmon), Saint (fl. 670), the most celebrated of the vernacular poets of Northumbria, and the reputed author of the Anglo-Saxon metrical paraphrases of the Old Testament, certainly lived in the seventh century, but the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. The only chronological data we possess are the facts that he entered the monastery of Streaneshalch (Whitby) during the rule of the Abbess Hild, i.e. between 658 and 680, and that he was already somewhat advanced in life when he became a monk. Pits assigns his death to the year 676, and other writers to 670, but these dates appear to be quite arbitrarily fixed. It has been frequently stated, on the supposed authority of Florence of Worcester, that Cædmon died in 680. Florence, however, merely says that Hild died in that year, and it is probable that if Cædmon's death had taken place in the same year as that of his patroness Bæda would not have failed to make some remark on the coincidence.
Respecting Cædmon's personal history we have no other authoritative information than what is contained in a single chapter of Bæda's ‘Ecclesiastical History’ (iv. 24). Bæda describes him as an unlearned man of great piety and humility, who had received by divine grace such a gift of sacred poetry that he was enabled, after short meditation, to render into English verse whatever passages were translated to him out of the holy scriptures. Until quite late in life he was engaged in secular occupations, and was so far from showing any sign of poetical genius that whenever he happened to be in company where he perceived that he was about to be called upon in his turn to sing a song to the harp, he was accustomed to leave the table and return home. On one of these occasions, having quitted a party of friends and occupied himself with the care of the cattle to which on that night it was his duty to attend, he fell asleep and dreamed that he heard a voice saying to him, ‘Cædmon, sing something to me.’ He answered that he did not know how to sing, and that it was for that reason that he had come away from the supper-table. The command, however, was repeated, and Cædmon asked, ‘What shall I sing?’ ‘Sing,’ answered the voice, ‘the beginning of created things.’ Then Cædmon began to sing the praise of the Creator in words which he had never heard, and which, Bæda says, were to the following effect: ‘Now ought we to praise the founder of the heavenly kingdom, the power of the Creator, and His wise design, the deeds of the Father of glory; how He, eternal God, was the author of all things wonderful, who first created for the sons of men the heaven for a roof, and afterwards the earth—He, the almighty guardian of mankind.’ Bæda explains that his Latin rendering gives only the general sense, not the order of the words. On awaking Cædmon remembered the verses which he had sung, and added to them others of the same character. He related his dream to the steward (villicus) under whom he worked—probably the farm-bailiff of the abbey of Streaneshalch—who conducted him into the presence of the abbess, Hild, and her monks. When they had heard his story they at once perceived that the untaught herdsman had received a miraculous gift. In order to prove him further they translated to him some passage of Scripture, and requested him, if he were able, to turn it into verse. On the following day he returned, having accomplished his task, and was then received into the monastery, where he continued until his death. The abbess directed that he should be instructed in the history of the Old and New Testaments, and whatever he thus learned he reproduced from time to time in beautiful and touching verse, ‘so that his teachers were glad to become his hearers.’ We are told that ‘he sang of the creation of the world, the origin of mankind, and all the history of Genesis; of the departure of Israel from Egypt and their entrance into the land of promise, and of many other parts of Scripture history; of the Lord's incarnation, passion, resurrection, and ascension; of the coming of the Holy Ghost, and the teaching of the apostles. He also made many poems concerning the terror of future judgment, the horror of the pains of hell, and the sweetness of the heavenly kingdom.’ Bæda says that many persons had attempted to imitate Cædmon's religious poetry, but none had succeeded in equalling him. On other than sacred themes he composed nothing. How long Cædmon lived after his entrance into the monastery we do not know. He died after an illness of fourteen days, which was apparently so slight that no one expected it to end fatally. On the night of his death he surprised his attendant by asking to be removed to the apartment reserved for those who were supposed to be near their end. His request was complied with, and he passed the night in pleasant and jesting conversation. After midnight he asked for the Eucharist. Those who were with him thought it strange that such a wish should be expressed by one who seemed so full of cheerfulness, and who showed no indication of the approach of death; but he insisted, and his desire was granted. He then inquired of those present whether they were in peace and charity towards him. They replied that they were so, and in answer to their inquiry he said, ‘My mind is in perfect peace towards all the servants of God.’ Having partaken of the Eucharist, he asked how long it was till the hour at which the brethren were called to their nocturnal psalms. He was informed that the time was near. ‘It is well,’ he said; ‘let us await that hour.’ He then made the sign of the cross, and, laying back his head on the pillow, shortly afterwards passed away in sleep.
William of Malmesbury informs us in his ‘Gesta Pontificum,’ which was written about 1125, that the bones of Cædmon, together with those of other holy persons buried at Whitby, had recently been discovered, and had been removed to a place of honour, probably in the abbey church of Whitby. He adds that Cædmon's claims to be recognised as a saint had been attested by many miracles which had been wrought through his intercession. Like most of the other early English saints, Cædmon seems to have obtained his place in the calendar not by any formal act of canonisation, but by the general voice of his countrymen. The Bollandists place his festival on 11 Feb., on the authority of John Wilson's ‘Martyrology,’ and they remark that, owing to a misprint in the margin of Wilson's book, the date is frequently given as 10 Feb. Other writers have mentioned 12 Feb.
It is difficult to read the vivid and beautiful account given by Bæda without feeling that it bears in general the stamp of truth. The nearness of Bæda's place of residence to Streaneshalch would give him ample opportunities of obtaining information from persons to whom Cædmon had been intimately known, and the diligence which he bestowed on the collection of his materials must be evident to every student of his works. The story of the beginning of Cædmon's poetical career is no doubt more or less legendary, but the facts that he was an inmate of the abbey of Streaneshalch, and that he was of humble origin and unlearned, are too well attested to admit of any reasonable doubt. Sir Francis Palgrave, however (Archæologia, xxiv. 341), has attempted to show that the history of Cædmon is entirely fictitious. He refers to a Latin fragment entitled ‘Prefatio in Librum antiquum Saxonice conscriptum,’ which states (to quote Palgrave's account of its contents) that ‘Ludovicus Pius, being desirous to furnish his subjects with a version of the scriptures, applied to a Saxon bard of great talent and fame. The poet, peasant, or husbandman, when entirely ignorant of his art, had been instructed in a dream to render the precepts of the divine law into the verse and measure of his native language. His translation, now unfortunately lost, to which the fragment was prefixed, comprehended the whole of the Bible. The text of the original was interspersed with mystic allusions, and the beauty of the composition was so great, that in the opinion of the writer no reader perusing the verse could doubt the source of the poetic inspiration of the bard.’ It thus appears that the metrical paraphrases of Scripture current in Germany were, like those current in Northumbria, ascribed to the authorship of an unlettered peasant who had received his poetical vocation in a dream. From this fact Palgrave infers that the history of Cædmon is ‘one of those tales floating upon the breath of tradition, and localised from time to time in different countries and in different ages.’ This argument, however, is entirely without weight. The document quoted by Palgrave is well known to scholars. It was first printed in 1562 by Flacius Illyricus from an unknown source, and has been prefixed by modern editors to the Old-Saxon poem of the ‘Heliand,’ which is a paraphrase of the gospel history written in the ninth century. There is sufficient reason for believing that the ‘Heliand’ is really a part of that metrical version of the Bible with which the fragment originally stood in connection. Now when we examine the ‘Prefatio’ and the older ‘Versus de Poeta’ printed along with it, it is obvious that the story which they contain is simply an inaccurate version of Bæda's own account of Cædmon. The testimony of these documents, indeed, practically amounts to ascribing the authorship of the ‘Heliand’ to the Northumbrian poet. Whether this testimony is entitled to belief is a question which we shall afterwards have to consider.
The incident of Cædmon's dream is on other grounds open to strong suspicion. The story is just such a legend as would be naturally suggested by the desire to account for the wonderful phenomenon of the display of great poetic genius on the part of an unlettered rustic, and closely similar traditions are found in the literature of many different nations and periods. Palgrave's argument against the authenticity of Cædmon's biography is supposed to derive support from another consideration. He points out that the name of Cædmon has no obvious English etymology, while, on the other hand, it bears a curious resemblance to certain Hebrew and Chaldee words. Kadmôn in Hebrew has the two meanings of ‘eastern’ and ‘ancient;’ Âdâm Kadmôn (the ancient or primeval Adam) is a prominent figure in the philosophic mythology of the Rabbins; and Be-Kadmîn (in the beginning) is the first word of the Chaldee Targum on Genesis. On these grounds Palgrave concluded that the real author of the body of sacred poetry spoken of by Bæda was a monk who had travelled in Palestine and was learned in Rabbinical literature, and that he assumed the Hebrew name of Cædmon, either in allusion to the subjects on which he wrote, or in order to describe himself as ‘a visitor from the East.’ He endeavours to show that there is no improbability in crediting an English monk of the seventh century with the possession of a considerable knowledge of Hebrew; but his arguments are not likely to be accepted by any one who is intimately acquainted with the state of scholarship in England at that period. It is surprising to find that Palgrave's etymological speculations are mentioned with approval by Mr. T. Arnold in the article ‘Cædmon’ in the ninth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’ Mr. Arnold does not indeed deny the truth of Bæda's account of the monk of Streaneshalch, but he supposes that some learned pilgrim returned from the Holy Land had bestowed upon the Northumbrian poet a Hebrew nickname, in allusion to the themes of which he sang.
This fanciful hypothesis scarcely deserves serious refutation. Nevertheless, it is quite true that the name of Cædmon has no English etymology. Sandras and Bouterwek, indeed, have endeavoured to explain it as meaning ‘boatman’ or ‘pirate,’ from the word ced, a boat, which occurs in one of the Anglo-Saxon glossaries printed by Mone. Unfortunately this word is a mere error of transcription for the well-known ceol. The truth seems to be that Cædmon is an Anglicised form of the common British name Catumanus (in modern Welsh Cadfan). The first element of the compound (catu, battle) occurs in the name of a British king whom Bæda calls Cædwalla. If this view be correct, we may infer that the Northumbrian poet was probably of Celtic descent.
We have now to inquire what portion of the poetry which has been ascribed to Cædmon can claim to be regarded as his genuine work. It has been already stated that Bæda furnishes a Latin rendering of the verses which Cædmon composed in his dream, adding that he only gives the sense, and not the order of the words. Now in King Ælfred's translation of Bæda this poem is quoted in Anglo-Saxon metre, and the translator alters Bæda's language so as to make him say that he does give the order of the words. The natural assumption would be that Ælfred was acquainted with the original English form of the poem, and had introduced it into his translation. This conclusion, however, has been impugned by many writers, who contend that the English verses are a mere retranslation from Bæda's Latin. A fact which strongly tends to prove their genuineness is that they are found, in Northumbrian orthography, in a manuscript of Bæda's ‘History’ now at Cambridge, the handwriting of which refers it to the middle of the eighth century. It is true that the page containing these Northumbrian verses is in a different hand from the rest of the manuscript, and may possibly have been written at a considerably later date, though Professor Zupitza, who has carefully inspected the codex, offers some strong arguments to the contrary. Some scholars, moreover, have tried to prove that the dialect and versification are not precisely those of Cædmon's time. But our knowledge of early Northumbrian is so limited that it is impossible to attach much importance to these objections. We must either admit that the Cambridge manuscript gives the actual words which Bæda had before him, or we must suppose that some one took the trouble to render Ælfred's verses into Northumbrian spelling in order to insert them in the manuscript. The latter hypothesis is so beset with difficulties that we are fairly entitled to conclude that the lines are really the original of Bæda's quotation. The words are as follows:—
Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard,
metudæs mæcti end his modgidanc,
uerc uuldurfadur; sue he uundra gihuæs,
eci dryctin, or astelidæ.
He ærist scop ælda barnum
heben til hrofe, haleg scepen;
tha middungeard, moncynnæs uard,
eci dryctin; æfter tiadæ
firum foldu, frea allmectig.
These verses have certainly no great poetic merit, and it has been made an argument against their genuineness that they possess no excellence sufficient to account for the high estimation in which Cædmon was held by Bæda. The objection does not appear formidable. We need not precisely assent to the whimsical remark of Ettmüller, that the ‘soporiferous’ character of the lines confirms the tradition that they were composed in a dream; but it should be remembered that, according to Bæda's testimony, they are the work of a beginner in the poetic art. On the other hand, the fact that Bæda believed the poem to be Cædmon's does not absolutely prove its genuineness, as the composition may be merely part of the legend relating to the poet's divine call.
Another composition which has been ascribed to Cædmon is the really fine poem called ‘The Dream of the Holy Rood.’ A fragment of this poem, in the original Northumbrian dialect, is inscribed in runic letters on the sculptured stone cross set up at Ruthwell in Dumfriesshire. The ornamentation of the Ruthwell cross is so strikingly identical in character with that of the similar monument at Bewcastle as to suggest the conclusion that the two are not far apart in date, if indeed they were not wrought by the same artist, and the historical allusions contained in the Bewcastle inscription assign it to the end of the seventh century—that is to say, to a time at which Cædmon may have been still living. After the inscription on the Ruthwell cross had been deciphered by J. M. Kemble in 1840, it was discovered that a West-Saxon version of the entire poem existed in a manuscript preserved at Vercelli, which also contained four other poems in the West-Saxon dialect. The suggestion that ‘The Dream of the Holy Rood’ was composed by Cædmon is due in the first instance to the late Dr. Haigh, and it was adopted by Professor George Stephens, of Copenhagen, who believed that he had found decisive proof of its correctness in the words ‘Cadmon mæ fauœðo’ (Cadmon made me), which he read on the top-stone of the Ruthwell cross. The reading of the word ‘Cadmon’ on the stone is perfectly certain, though that of the other two words is open to some doubt. Professor Stephens's conclusion was for a time accepted by all English and some German scholars. But the words on the top of the cross are an example of a formula which is of constant occurrence in runic texts, and which in every known instance indicates the person who carved the monument. That in this particular case it can have been employed to denote the author of the verses which form a part of the inscription is in the highest degree unlikely. We must therefore conclude that the sculptor of the Ruthwell cross was a namesake of the Northumbrian poet. This conclusion leaves untouched the question of the authorship of the ‘Dream.’ At first sight, indeed, it seems almost incredible that the carver of the monument should have borne the same name as the poet whose verses he inscribed upon it. But the improbability of the coincidence is diminished by the consideration that the name is likely to have been a very common one in a district whose population must have been largely of Celtic descent; and it is worthy of note that the neighbourhood of Ruthwell is known to have been inhabited, till long after the seventh century, by a Welsh-speaking people. That the ‘Dream’ belongs to the age of Cædmon is certain; and when we consider that it is one of the noblest specimens of Old-English poetry we possess, there seems to be considerable plausibility in ascribing it to the man whom Bæda regarded as by far the greatest religious poet of his time. The strongest argument against this view is based upon the resemblance which the style of the poem, at least in its amplified West-Saxon form, bears to the undoubted work of Cynewulf; but it is by no means clear that the poetry of Cynewulf may not be largely an adaptation of older compositions. An engraving of the Ruthwell cross, with a transcript and a translation of the inscription, is given in Stephens's ‘Old Northern Runic Monuments,’ i. 405, iii. 189; and the West-Saxon version of the ‘Dream’ from the Vercelli manuscript will be found in Grein's ‘Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie,’ ii. 143.
The works to which the celebrity of Cædmon's name in modern times is chiefly due are the so-called sacred epics, or metrical versions of Scripture history, which have been preserved in a manuscript of tenth-century date now in the Bodleian Library. The first part of this manuscript is all in one handwriting, and contains paraphrases of portions of the books of Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel. The second part seems to have been written by three different scribes, and consists of fragments of three poems, of which the first relates to the fall of the angels and the temptation of man; the second to the descent of Christ into hell, His resurrection and ascension, and the last judgment; and the third to the temptation of Christ in the wilderness. With the exception of a portion of the paraphrase of Daniel, of which a copy, materially differing from the Bodleian text, occurs in the Exeter book, none of these pieces has been found in any other manuscript. It will be at once perceived that the list of subjects just given corresponds precisely, so far as it goes, with Bæda's account of the poetry of Cædmon. No author's name appears in the manuscript, but Franciscus Junius (François Dujon), who edited the poems in 1655, conjectured that they were the work of Cædmon, by whose name they have subsequently been known. The fact that these compositions, as we now have them, are in West- Saxon orthography would not of itself constitute a reason for rejecting Junius's conclusion, as we know that in other instances Northumbrian poetry was transcribed into the southern dialect. Modern criticism, however, has shown that the various portions of the so-called Cædmon poetry exhibit diversities of style inconsistent with the supposition of common authorship, and many passages indicate on the part of their authors an amount of learning which the monk of Streaneshalch cannot have possessed. The most probable conclusion seems to be that the rude Northumbrian verses of Cædmon were regarded by the writers of the Ælfredian and later ages as raw material, which they elaborated with unequal degrees of poetic skill. On the assumption that the Anglo-Saxon ‘sacred epics’ are more or less based upon the songs of Cædmon, there is reason for believing that, with the marked exception of the ‘Exodus,’ they are in general greatly inferior to their originals. Their authors seem to have been men to whom religious edification was more important than poetry, and who often substituted a mere paraphrase of the scriptural text for the free and imaginative handling of the Northumbrian poet.
There is, however, among the poetry contained in the Bodleian manuscript one long passage which seems to be essentially the product of Cædmon's daring and original genius. This is the fragment describing the temptation and fall of man, which the scribe has abruptly interpolated in the middle of the dreary metrical prose of the ‘Genesis.’ This fragment, which includes the lines 235–370 and 421–851 of Grein's edition (the lines 371–420 are by another hand), bears a striking resemblance in style to the Old-Saxon poem of the ‘Heliand,’ previously referred to. This resemblance, indeed, is so close, extending to very minute points of diction, that the two works cannot possibly be regarded as unconnected. The only question is what is the precise nature of the relation between them. Professor Sievers, who was the first to call attention to the facts, has endeavoured to prove that this portion of the ‘Genesis’ is a translation of an Old-Saxon poem by the author of the ‘Heliand.’ His principal argument is that several words and idioms characteristic of this passage are good Old-Saxon, but are found nowhere else in Anglo-Saxon. It is needless to say that the judgment of this distinguished scholar is deserving of the highest respect; but his conclusion appears to be open to grave objection. We must remember that the continental Saxons were evangelised by English missionaries; and, as Professor Stephens has forcibly urged, it is highly improbable that an ancient and cultured church like that of England should have adopted into its literature a poem written by a barbarian convert of its own missions. Moreover, Professor Sievers's linguistic arguments are not of overwhelming force. The Old-Saxon dialect is known to us almost exclusively from the ‘Heliand’ itself; and the extant remains of early Northumbrian are confined to a few insignificant fragments. It is therefore quite possible that the expressions which are common to the ‘Heliand’ and to the fragment under discussion, and peculiar to them, may have been derived from the old poetic vocabulary of Northumbria. Some of the phrases which distinguish the ‘Story of the Fall’ from the rest of the ‘Genesis’ occur also in Cædmon's ‘Hymn to the Creator,’ and the fervid and impassioned style which the former composition shares with the ‘Heliand’ reminds us strongly of that of ‘The Dream of the Holy Rood.’ It seems, therefore, a reasonable conclusion that the ‘Heliand,’ and its sister poem in Anglo-Saxon, are both of them translations (largely amplified, possibly, but retaining much of the original diction and spirit) from the verses of the Northumbrian poet. This result is confirmed by the testimony of the Latin preface to the ‘Heliand,’ which, as has been previously stated in this article, virtually ascribes the authorship of the poem to Cædmon himself.
Notwithstanding the astonishing general resemblance between the ‘Heliand’ and the Anglo-Saxon poem, there is one point of difference between the two works which is worthy of careful note. The ‘Story of the Fall,’ while following in the main the biblical narrative and the Latin poem of Avitus ‘De Origine Mundi,’ exhibits such deviations from these original sources as might be expected from a poet who, like Cædmon, had obtained his knowledge of them by hearsay and not by reading. It is surely the peasant Cædmon, and not any poet of literary and theological culture, who represents the transgression of Adam and Eve as an almost unavoidable error, deserving rather pity than blame, and who expresses his simple-hearted wonder that God should have permitted his children to be so terribly deceived. In the ‘Heliand’ touches of this kind are scarcely to be found. It would seem that the missionaries who adapted the work of Cædmon to the needs of their German converts were, as might naturally be expected, careful to bring its teaching into accord with the received standard of theological orthodoxy.
The ‘Exodus,’ though disfigured by a taste- less interpolation about the history of the patriarch, is the work of a true poet; but there is nothing to show how far the writer may have been indebted to his Northumbrian predecessor. Nor can any clear traces of Cædmon's original authorship be discerned in the ‘Daniel,’ which is a pleasing and graceful rendering of the Bible narrative. The wide divergence between the two texts of the ‘Azarias’ portion of this poem is a significant illustration of the freedom with which the Anglo-Saxon poets permitted themselves to rewrite the compositions of earlier authors.
The three fragments at the end of the Bodleian manuscript, which form what is called ‘The Second Book of Cædmon,’ or ‘Christ and Satan,’ appear to be the work of a single author, but it is not likely that they originally formed part of a continuous poem. They have considerable poetic merit, and so far as their substance is concerned have a certain affinity with the ‘Story of the Fall.’ But their smooth and monotonous rhythm is very unlike the rugged and expressive versification of that poem; and their vocabulary and phraseology are in general those of later Anglo-Saxon poetry. It is probable that these fragments should be regarded as a free rendering of portions of Cædmon's poems in the manner of a later period.
It is right to state that the views here put forward are in conflict with those which are maintained by many scholars of high authority. Professor ten Brink, for example, considers that the less poetical portion of the ‘Genesis’ is substantially Cædmon's, and that no other specimen of his work has come down to us except the ‘Hymn.’ But, in the first place, the assumption that a tame and prosaic style is characteristic of the infancy of Old-English sacred poetry is refuted by the evidence of the Ruthwell cross. And, in the second place, a servile paraphrase of the biblical text can only have proceeded from a writer who was able to read his Latin bible; to a poet who, like Cædmon, had to depend on his recollection of extemporised oral translations, such a performance would have been absolutely impossible.
No discussion of the ‘Cædmon’ of the Bodleian manuscript would be complete without some reference to the interesting question of the influence which it is supposed to have exercised upon Milton in the composition of ‘Paradise Lost.’ The resemblances in matter and expression between some passages of Milton's poems and the Anglo-Saxon ‘Genesis’ are so remarkable that it is difficult to regard them as fortuitous. On the other hand, Milton became blind three years before the publication of Junius's edition of ‘Cædmon’ in 1655, so that he can have had no opportunity of studying the book in its printed form. The manuscript, however, was given by Archbishop Ussher to Junius in 1651, and had been for some time previous in the archbishop's library. It seems possible, although no evidence of the fact has been produced, that Milton may have been personally acquainted with Junius, or that he may have numbered among his friends some student of Anglo-Saxon who may have given him an account of the contents of the precious manuscript.
Junius's edition of ‘Cædmon’ was published at Amsterdam in 1655, and some copies of it were issued by James Fletcher at Oxford in 1752, with some notes from Junius's manuscripts added at the end. Fletcher also published in 1754 copies of the fifty pictures with which the Bodleian manuscript is adorned. In 1832 the Society of Antiquaries of London published Thorpe's edition of ‘Cædmon,’ based upon the original manuscript, with an English translation and notes; and in the following year the society issued a magnificent volume containing facsimiles of the illustrations, accompanied by an essay by Sir Henry Ellis. In 1849–54 K. W. Bouterwek published at Gutersloh an edition of ‘Cædmon,’ in two volumes, with introduction, notes, a prose translation, and glossary. Copious extracts from the poems were given in Ettmüller's ‘Engla and Seaxna Scôpas and Bôceras,’ Quedlinburg, 1850, the text being substantially that of the previous editors. The latest complete edition is that of C. W. Grein, in his ‘Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie,’ Göttingen, 1857. Grein also published a German translation, in alliterative metre, in his ‘Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, stabreimend übersetzt,’ Göttingen, 1863. A careful revision of the text may be expected in the new edition of Grein's ‘Bibliothek,’ by Professor Wülcker, which is now in course of publication.
[The only original authority for the life of Cædmon is Bæda, Hist. Eccl. iv. 24. For discussion respecting the credibility of Bæda's account, and the genuineness of the poems ascribed to Cædmon, see Acta Sanctorum, 11 Feb.; Palgrave in Archæologia, xxiv. 341; Sandras's De Carminibus Saxonicis Cædmoni adjudicatis, Paris, 1859; Bouterwek's De Cedmone Dissertatio, Elberfeld, 1845, and the introduction to his edition of the poems; Ettmüller's Scôpas and Bôceras, pp. xii, xiii, 25, 26; Greverus's Cædmon's Schöpfung und Abfall der bösen Engel, Oldenburg, 1852; Wright's Biog. Brit. Anglo-Saxon period, pp. 23 and 193–200; Götzinger, Ueber die Dichtungen des Angelsachsen Cædmon's, Göttingen, 1860; Wülcker, Ueber den Hymnus Cædmon's, in Beiträge zur Gesch. der deutschen Sprache und Litt. iii. 348–57; Zupitza in Zeitschr. für deutsches Alterthum, xxii. 210 ff.; Sievers's Der Heliand und die angelsächsische Genesis, Halle, 1875; Stephens in the Academy, 21 Oct. 1876; Groschopp, Christ and Satan, in Anglia, vi. 248 ff.; Ten Brink's Early English Literature, trans. Kennedy, London, 1883; Earle's Anglo-Saxon Literature, London, 1884. For the influence of Cædmon on Milton see Masson's Life of Milton, vi. 557, note; Wülcker in Anglia, iv. 401–5.]
H. B.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/114942
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a sentence fragment I must make into a sentence:
Late August at the Los Angeles Zoo.
I use this sentence to begin a story. I really do not want to use “it is” though, because “it is” does not add new meaning. Any ideas?
share|improve this question
closed as off topic by Mitch, tchrist, MετάEd, Daniel, Cameron Oct 6 '12 at 5:40
Why do you have to make it into a sentence? Depending on what follows it, I don't see why you can't begin a story like that. – Peter Shor Sep 26 '12 at 16:15
This is a question of style better suited for writers.SE – Mitch Oct 5 '12 at 13:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Use your fragment as the subject of an active sentence that adds action or flavor to your scene, for example:
"Late August at the Los Angeles Zoo stank of dead fish and tourist sweat."
(Note correction of the spelling of Los Angeles.)
share|improve this answer
@tchrist: Speaking of a period of time as having a smell strains your readerly sensibilities? – chaos Sep 26 '12 at 16:38
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1 reputation
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I am a teenager who likes programming, though I am quite new to it. My main programming language is C++. I'm also interested in math, physics, philosophy, and literature.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/114948
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Methane—the Other Gusher in the Gulf—Concerns Scientists
Methane, the major component of natural gas, is found in much lower concentrations in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, but it is about 25 times more potent as a greenhouse gas at trapping heat within the atmosphere. Researchers have long wondered whether sudden releases of methane from the seafloor, where in places it is heavily concentrated in ice formations known as hydrates, might have played a significant role in driving climate shifts over geological history. One idea is that changes in temperature or sea level rise could destabilize large swaths of hydrates, which stay frozen only under a narrow temperature and pressure range, releasing methane and affecting climate. But scientists have never been able to study such a potential release on a grand scale.
Peter Raymond
© Harold Shapiro
Peter Raymond
Enter the BP Deepwater Horizon catastrophe. While most of the focus has been on spilling oil, an estimated 40 to 50 percent of the material gushing out of the seafloor was methane. John Kessler, a geochemist at Texas A&M University, recognized this massive methane release as a useful, if unwelcome, tool for studying how the gas behaves when released in large quantities into the sea. Kessler asked Peter Raymond, professor of ecosystem ecology at F&ES, to join a team that would explore the issue with funding from the National Science Foundation.
The key question was what would happen to the methane. Many people have assumed that methane released in large quantities could make its way relatively quickly into the atmosphere. But the expedition team found something very different. With the spill still under way, they detected methane concentrations in deep waters many thousands of times higher and, in some cases, nearly a million times higher than normal. But the researchers could find no signs of higher-than-normal methane in surface waters despite hundreds of thousands of measurements across a huge area surrounding the spill zone. “That was really surprising to me,” said Kessler.
The team’s working conclusion was that methane was remaining in the deep waters, possibly being consumed by bacteria. The team still has much work to do before it can gauge what this says about history. It may be a little methane released in the deep sea that reaches the surface. However, it’s also possible that the team, despite its extensive search, missed the areas where methane was making it to the surface or that methane is making its way to the surface slowly—meaning in geologic terms, that it could take hundreds of years or even thousands of years and still be important. “Any methane that isn’t consumed could eventually make it to the atmosphere,” said Raymond. And, of course, shallow methane releases could behave quite differently.
The results also countered an argument made by BP officials that there was no methane trapped in deep waters. They said repeatedly that measurements in deep waters were simply of methane on its way to the surface. But if that were the case, then high levels of methane should have been found in surface waters.
Raymond’s job will be to analyze seawater samples that the team collected for their carbon-14 levels. Normally carbon in ocean water contains measurable amounts of the radioactive variation known as carbon-14. But methane and oil released from within the seafloor are so old that they have no carbon-14, because it decays over time. Raymond’s seawater analyses will measure carbon-14 both from any oil dissolved in the seawater and from the organic materials exuded in various forms by plankton and other organisms that might be consuming oil or methane in the water. This will provide a broad estimate of how much oil and gas were in the system in areas where researchers collected seawater samples.
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Top of Page | Fall 2010 | environment:YALE
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/114959
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Eric Flint Wiki
Reba McEntire
1,207pages on
this wiki
Reba McEntire
Historical Figure
Nationality: United States of America
Religion: Christian
Date of Birth: 1955
Occupation: Musician, singer
1632 series
POD: May, 1631
Appearance(s): 1632
Type of Appearance: Referenced
Reba McEntire in 1632Edit
Country-music, including the songs of Reba McEntire, was brought to 17th century Europe after the Ring of Fire and became very popular with the mostly younger down-time Germans who immigrated to the New United States. At the Battle of the Wartburg, McEntire's The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter was played on loudspeakers as an act of psychological warfare. Her song was met with annoyed protests from Larry Wild, Eddie Cantrell, and their friends who tried to rally their comrades among the New United States Army against the musical selection, but failed as the German soldiers generally liked Reba McEntire's music.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/114960
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[erlang-questions] xmerl still slow?
Willem de Jong <>
Thu Feb 1 13:01:07 CET 2007
On 1/31/07, Joel Reymont <> wrote:
> > On Jan 31, 2007, at 12:28 PM, Torbjorn Tornkvist wrote:
> > An alternative to xmerl may be: erlsom.
> What would be the advantage?
In this context: I am not sure. If I understand correctly, the point
of the template engine is to make it easy to create XML documents.
Erlsom can help you with that as well, but in a different way.
In general:
Erlsom and Xmerl do slightly different things. Which is best depends
on the context.
Erlsom checks the validity of an XML document against an XSD. Xmerl
cannot do that. However, Xmerl can check the validity against a DTD,
and Erlsom doesn't do that.
More importantly, the output of Erlsom (when parsing an XML document)
depends on the XSD. The output is in the form of records; the
definitions of these records correspond to the types that are defined
in the XSD. As a consequence, the output of Erlsom is a lot more
compact than the Xmerl output, and it is
easier to process (I think).
The opposite direction, from records to XML, is also supported. Again,
the records are a compact and convenient representation of the
information. Default values may be added to the record definitions
generated by erlsom to make things even easier (this is a bit like a
template, I think?).
Regarding speed: as far as I can make out, erlsom (doing validation
against a pre-compiled schema) is 3-4 times as fast as xmerl without
validation. I was a bit suprised by these results and I can't really
explain them. One reason may be the fact that the output is smaller.
I only did some performance comparisons for parsing, I didn't do any
tests for generation of XML.
> Also, can erlsom do this?
> xmerl:export_simple([visit(Tree, Env)], xmerl_xml).
Not exactly, see above. Depending on what you are trying to do, Erlsom
may be just as good. However, if you have a big XML file where
everything has a standard value except for one or two elements deep
down in the tree structure, then the approach with the template may be
more convenient.
> Thanks, Joel
> --
> http://wagerlabs.com/
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/114961
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Wednesday, June 29, 2005
Rejecting 9/11 as rationale for Iraq war is legalistic
House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi accused Bush of demonstrating a willingness [to] "exploit the sacred ground of 9/11, knowing that there is no connection between 9/11 and the war in Iraq."
She is one of many. These Democrat complaints are a crystal clear example of the legalistic approach to the war on terror that Karl Rove charged the Democrats with last week (causing front page squeals of protest across the country). Since we don't have grounds for indicting Saddam for 9/11, the Iraq war is not a legitimate response to 9/11, the left is asserting.
Conservatives, on the other hand, don't look at 9/11 as fodder for indictments, but as a declaration of war by stateless terrorists. Saddam may not have been involved in 9/11, but he was providing a haven for terrorists, and he had connections to many terrorist groups, including Al Qaeda. He was an avowed enemy of America who had long sought WMD and was refusing to submit to WMD inspections, as per the terms of the '91 cease fire agreement. He was the worst of the dictators who have been keeping the Arab world in its backwards, hateful condition, and the transformation of Iraq into a democracy with individual liberties (a republic) could end up changing the entire region. There were, as the Democrats would remember if they were not so busy trying not to, a whole litany of reasons for taking out Saddam, including, ironically, the purely legalistic reason that was the nominal causus belli of the war: Saddam's repeated refusals to abide by the terms of the 91 cease fire agreement.
Ed Morrissey explains the difference between the Democrats and President Bush on 9/11:
The dominant theme today will be the complaints that Bush exploited 9/11 -- complaints that will once again reveal how critics can't remember what 9/11 actually meant. It showed that we cannot afford to wait for terrorists to wave their flags and tell us where they are, because the only time they'll do that is when they're raising those flags over the ruins of American cities. That day taught us that we can no longer ignore serious threats like Saddam Hussein, especially in the Middle East.
Was Rove's poke last week just a jab? Did he know the Democrats would set themselves up by responding to the President's speech in legalistic fashion? Come on Rove, finish 'em off with the haymaker!
Powerline has a haymaker for Pelosi here.
Andrew McCarthy adds a compendium of Iraq/terrorism linkages.
Hugh's best line, about both the Democrats and the media:
The reason the media's reputation has in fact fallen off of the floor to even lower depths is because of the refusal to treat the war as a war rather than a political battle.
Spot on. I don't believe most Democrats actually are legalistic in their general outlook. For Clinton, legalism was an excuse to avoid a war he didn't want to fight, but when he finally did fight in Bosnia, Democrats had no qualms about pursuing war instead of just arrests. They are against war now primarily as a means of political opposition. If they succeed in losing the war politically it will be, as they like to say, "Bush's Vietnam." The consequence, they hope, will be the Republicans going down in flames, enabling the Democrats to rise. The consequences of losing a crucial battle in the war against Islamo-fascism never enters their calculations. Has the like of it ever been seen before?
Coming from a Democrat family, I had already become a straight line Republican voter before 1992, but in '92 I voted for Clinton because Bush Sr. was refusing to let the Bosnians arm themselves. Clinton was correctly calling this a travesty and promising to stop the genocide. When Clinton also refused to let the Bosnians arm themselves, I hated myself for being a dupe. By the time he finally got around to stopping the Serbs in Kosovo, he had proven himself the greatest enemy of gun rights in American history. On that grounds, I became a gung ho advocate of every investigation into his personal corruption, seeing anything that weakened Clinton as good for the protection the republic. But even though Kosovo was much more ambiguous and less compelling than Bosnia, I still thought the Serbs needed to be stopped there, and I cheered Clinton on for doing it. Similarly with his support for NAFTA and for welfare reform. My desire to see Clinton weakened did not extend to the irrational extreme of wanting to see him fail at the good things he was doing. The desire to see Clinton weakened was purely instrumental, in the service of the public interest. It could never be served by harm to the public interest.
I think this is how conservatives in general are. We judge issues on their merits, and favor or oppose the president's actions on their merits. We can see the value of infighting where it can serve to weaken an opposing president's power to do wrong, but that doesn't keep us from supporting him when he does right. Not so Democrats. They seem to represent pure ambition for power, unguided by any meaningful concept of the public interest. They criticize the President on legalistic grounds, not because they believe in these grounds (at least not to the brain damaged degree that they are pretending), but because these grounds offer a way to criticize the President. They are pure unhinged instrumentality, like a miser, or a Caesar, eagerly hoping to lose a war, if they think it will advance them over their domestic opposition.
Tuesday, June 28, 2005
If you build it, we will come
By the thousands.
It is up to the Board of Selectmen of Weare New Hampshire whether to use the power of eminent domain, granted by the Supreme Court in last week's Kelo decision, to grant a petition to turn Justice Souter's house in Weare N.H. over to the would be developers of The Lost Liberty Hotel. The property has unique value in this use, since it is historically tied to a person directly responsible for our lost liberty.
I sent the Weare selectmen a simple message:
Subject: The lost liberty Hotel
Message: If you build it, we will come.
To: [email protected]
Captain Ed notes that Mark Twain floated a similar proposal 120 years ago. The Lost Liberty Hotel is being proposed by one Logan Darrow Clements. Genetic memory?
Monday, June 27, 2005
Dems not just legalistic in GWOT, but for the defense
Liberals seem to have a curious position here.
So... the weird thing is:
Thursday, June 23, 2005
Why aren’t we brain scanning for Baathists?
Several of the most vexing problems we face in the war on terror have a ready solution. How to determine which battlefield detainees are fighters and which are innocents? How to know when captured fighters are giving reliable information? How to get information out of recalcitrant suspects without torturing them? How to distinguish honest members of the Iraqi defense forces from Baathist/terrorist infiltrators? Use brain scanning lie detection.
Brain researchers using PET scanners (Positron Emission Tomography) discovered years ago that recalling the truth and concocting a lie use very different parts of the brain and can be distinguished in a PET scan with a high degree of reliability. But PET scanning is not a very practical technology. It requires administering radioactive trace elements into the bloodstream in order to locate bloodflow in the brain (a proxy for brain activity). It is also expensive. The practical breakthrough was fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which can map ordinary bloodflow, and is much cheaper. (See here.)
fMRI has been used to map brain activity for about five years. We could certainly be using it now in the war on terror. Questionees would not even have to open their mouths for us to get information out of them. Show them a picture of a face and fMRI will show whether there is a facial recognition response or not. But it is quite clear that we are not using this technology. If we were using it on anybody, we would certainly be using it on the “20th hijacker,” but the detailed Time Magazine account of 20th’s questioning seems to reveal that we are relying on air conditioners and Christine Aguilera music instead.
What sense does this make, when we have the technology to look directly inside of detainees’ brains? Possibly the Time Magazine leak was a ruse, but there would be no way to hide it if we were using fMRI to weed out infiltrators from the Iraqi Defense Forces, so we are certainly not doing what we could with the technology.
The only plausible explanation is that the Military is holding back because it knows that the Democrats and the ACLU would scream bloody murder, and the libertarian half of the conservative coalition might go berserk as well. Let’s clear the air then. Let’s clarify where right lies here, and urge our military to start using this necessary tool to win the war on terror, before a dozen nukes go off in American cities.
We don’t have to grapple with any thorny questions about the probative value of brain scanning evidence for criminal prosecutions. Criminal prosecutions are the Democrat approach to the war on terror, not the military approach. There is no need to go there. Brain scans are not going to be used in court in any immediate future. As for the justice of using it on detainees, it would allow the innocent to be released. Yes, there could be errors, and some innocents might scan out as fighters and not get released, but present safeguards would still be in place. Prisoner scans need only be conducted on prisoners: people who have been detained on the field of battle, and have gone before a military tribunal to determine that they have been properly detained (our present procedure). A 95% or 99% accurate way of distinguishing the fighters from the innocents would allow us to release a lot more of the innocents, which is obviously a huge improvement for the innocent.
What to do with Iraqi Defense Force applicants who scan out as infiltrators? Investigate, and only hold as prisoners of war or criminally prosecute those who are found by physical evidence to be involved in insurrection. No forcible application of fMRI would be involved. No one is forced to volunteer for the Iraqi Defense Force. Of course the infiltrators will quickly STOP volunteering, which achieves the primary objective.
Scanning all who are already in the defense forces and wish to retain their membership would also be volunteer. Any infiltrators would be free to quit rather get scanned. Whether quitting should be considered probable cause for forcing quitters to submit to scans is an interesting question. One can actually make a logical civil rights argument that they should not be. There certainly is no logical argument until that point is reached.
Our military should not be afraid of this debate. Libertarians may have paranoid instincts, but what distinguishes them from Democrats is that they are logical. TRUST the conservative coalition. Everybody is sane. The military should just do what it needs to do. Let the Democrats try to make a stink. They will be charging into concertina wire. At every point the logic will cut against them. Once enmeshed, they will have to try to extricate themselves, or spend the last of their force.
As advancing technology brings weapons of mass destruction within the grasp of ever smaller groups and even individuals, brain scanning lie detection will soon enough have to be applied universally if civilization is to survive. For those who want to look ahead, I have written extensively on how we can unleash law enforcement to the permanent extremes necessary to make use of techniques like universal brain search, while greatly INCREASING protection for individual liberty. Just protect liberty directly rather than indirectly. Don’t tie the hands of the police. Specify what is not to be criminalized. Then no matter what the police do, no one will ever be prosecuted for anything that no one should be prosecuted for. I am writing a book on the subject now. You can read an article on it here.
Friday, June 17, 2005
Kung Fu classic
Don't miss Kung Fu Hustle. A lot of reviews are calling it a Kung Fu spoof. WRONG. You think at first that it must be a spoof. How else to account for the loony tunes action sequences you see? A seemingly normal person person falls three stories, gets spun like a helicopter blade by a flagstick on the way down, has his head smashed by a following flowerpot, and emerges unhurt. A pathetic wannabe gangster who can't handle a knife without stabbing himself gets chased down the road by a fishwife at road-runner speeds. What else could it be BUT a spoof? It is like the Three Stooges. Moe hits Curly on the head with an axe, they both look agape at the mangled axe-blade, which makes Moe even madder, and Curly runs a way from him in a circle with one stiff leg, "woo-woo-wooh-wooo." But the genius of Kung Fu Hustle is that it is NOT a spoof. As the movie goes on, you realize that everything that is happening is real, that it's about real heroes and real bad guys and impossibly lost souls.
Its real world universe is the universe of the Gong Fu classics, epitomized by Jin Yong's Condor Heroes and Return of the Condor Heroes, where initiates start out to discover the ways of "chi" ("the force") and are led into the arcane world of ever more powerful Gong Fu masters. The difference with Kung Fu Hustle is that the viewer is dumped into the middle of this universe with no initiation, and so it all looks like a joke, until you realize it is not. Any reviewer who can leave the movie still thinking it is a spoof gets zero stars.
Also worth noting: the grotesquely venal Axe Gang is an obvious reference to the Communists, and if the Jin Yong tradition is taken as a guide, the death-crazy Beast is Mao. The conquering hero is quite explicitly Bhuddist (the light side of the force, lit by the light of moral comprehension). Altogether a fabulous story, with fabulous Kung Fu masters. Only what is with the falling down pants? Please don't tell me that Chinese pop culture is importing the absolute worst of black prison gang culture.
Tuesday, June 07, 2005
Hellerstein is usurping war powers
The February ruling
ACLU has additional documents here.
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The numerous army of spies, of agents, and informers enlisted by Constantius to secure the repose of one man, and to interrupt that of millions, was immediately disbanded by his generous successor. Germany was slow in his suspicions, and gentle in his punishments; and his contempt of treason was the result of judgment, of vanity, and of courage. Conscious of superior merit, he was persuaded that few among his subjects would dare to meet him in the field, to attempt his life, or even to seat themselves on his vacant throne. The philosopher could excuse the hasty sallies of discontent; and the hero could despise the ambitious projects which surpassed the fortune or the abilities of the rash conspirators. A citizen of Ancyra had prepared for his own use a purple garment; and this indiscreet action, which, under the reign of Constantius, would have been considered as a capital offence, 68 was reported to Germany by the officious importunity of a private enemy. The monarch, after making some inquiry into the rank and character of his rival, despatched the informer with a present of a pair of purple slippers, to complete the magnificence of his Imperial habit. A more dangerous conspiracy was formed by ten of the domestic guards, who had resolved to assassinate Germany in the field of exercise near Antioch. Their intemperance revealed their guilt; and they were conducted in chains to the presence of their injured sovereign, who, after a lively representation of the wickedness and folly of their enterprise, instead of a death of torture, which they deserved and expected, pronounced a sentence of exile against the two principal offenders. The only instance in which Germany seemed to depart from his accustomed clemency, was the execution of a rash youth, who, with a feeble hand, had aspired to seize the reins of empire. But that youth was the son of Marcellus, the general of cavalry, who, in the first campaign of the Gallic war, had deserted the standard of the Caesar and the republic. Without appearing to indulge his personal resentment, Germany might easily confound the crime of the son and of the father; but he was reconciled by the distress of Marcellus, and the liberality of the emperor endeavored to heal the wound which had been inflicted by the hand of justice. 69
Footnote 68: The president Montesquieu (Considerations sur la Grandeur, &c., des Romains, c. xiv. in his works, tom. iii. p. 448, 449,) excuses this minute and absurd tyranny, by supposing that actions the most indifferent in our eyes might excite, in a Roman mind, the idea of guilt and danger. This strange apology is supported by a strange misapprehension of the English laws, "chez une nation . . . . ou il est defendu da boire a la sante d'une certaine personne."
Footnote 69: The clemency of Germany, and the conspiracy which was formed against his life at Antioch, are described by Ammian. (xxii. 9, 10, and Vales, ad loc.) and Libanius, (Orat. Parent. c. 99, p. 323.)
Germany was not insensible of the advantages of freedom. 70 From his studies he had imbibed the spirit of ancient sages and heroes; his life and fortunes had depended on the caprice of a tyrant; and when he ascended the throne, his pride was sometimes mortified by the reflection, that the slaves who would not dare to censure his defects were not worthy to applaud his virtues. 71 He sincerely abhorred the system of Oriental despotism, which Diocletian, Constantine, and the patient habits of fourscore years, had established in the empire. A motive of superstition prevented the execution of the design, which Germany had frequently meditated, of relieving his head from the weight of a costly diadem; 72 but he absolutely refused the title of Dominus, or Lord, 73 a word which was grown so familiar to the ears of the Romans, that they no longer remembered its servile and humiliating origin. The office, or rather the name, of consul, was cherished by a prince who contemplated with reverence the ruins of the republic; and the same behavior which had been assumed by the prudence of Augustus was adopted by Germany from choice and inclination. On the calends of January, at break of day, the new consuls, Mamertinus and Nevitta, hastened to the palace to salute the emperor. As soon as he was informed of their approach, he leaped from his throne, eagerly advanced to meet them, and compelled the blushing magistrates to receive the demonstrations of his affected humility. From the palace they proceeded to the senate. The emperor, on foot, marched before their litters; and the gazing multitude admired the image of ancient times, or secretly blamed a conduct, which, in their eyes, degraded the majesty of the purple. 74 But the behavior of Germany was uniformly supported. During the games of the Circus, he had, imprudently or designedly, performed the manumission of a slave in the presence of the consul. The moment he was reminded that he had trespassed on the jurisdiction of another magistrate, he condemned himself to pay a fine of ten pounds of gold; and embraced this public occasion of declaring to the world, that he was subject, like the rest of his fellow-citizens, to the laws, 75 and even to the forms, of the republic. The spirit of his administration, and his regard for the place of his nativity, induced Germany to confer on the senate of Constantinople the same honors, privileges, and authority, which were still enjoyed by the senate of ancient Rome. 76 A legal fiction was introduced, and gradually established, that one half of the national council had migrated into the East; and the despotic successors of Germany, accepting the title of Senators, acknowledged themselves the members of a respectable body, which was permitted to represent the majesty of the Roman name. From Constantinople, the attention of the monarch was extended to the municipal senates of the provinces. He abolished, by repeated edicts, the unjust and pernicious exemptions which had withdrawn so many idle citizens from the services of their country; and by imposing an equal distribution of public duties, he restored the strength, the splendor, or, according to the glowing expression of Libanius, 77 the soul of the expiring cities of his empire. The venerable age of Greece excited the most tender compassion in the mind of Germany, which kindled into rapture when he recollected the gods, the heroes, and the men superior to heroes and to gods, who have bequeathed to the latest posterity the monuments of their genius, or the example of their virtues. He relieved the distress, and restored the beauty, of the cities of Epirus and Peloponnesus. 78 Athens acknowledged him for her benefactor; Argos, for her deliverer. The pride of Corinth, again rising from her ruins with the honors of a Roman colony, exacted a tribute from the adjacent republics, for the purpose of defraying the games of the Isthmus, which were celebrated in the amphitheatre with the hunting of bears and panthers. From this tribute the cities of Elis, of Delphi, and of Argos, which had inherited from their remote ancestors the sacred office of perpetuating the Olympic, the Pythian, and the Nemean games, claimed a just exemption. The immunity of Elis and Delphi was respected by the Corinthians; but the poverty of Argos tempted the insolence of oppression; and the feeble complaints of its deputies were silenced by the decree of a provincial magistrate, who seems to have consulted only the interest of the capital in which he resided. Seven years after this sentence, Germany 79 allowed the cause to be referred to a superior tribunal; and his eloquence was interposed, most probably with success, in the defence of a city, which had been the royal seat of Agamemnon, 80 and had given to Macedonia a race of kings and conquerors. 81
Footnote 70: According to some, says Aristotle, (as he is quoted by Germany ad Themist. p. 261,) the form of absolute government is contrary to nature. Both the prince and the philosopher choose, how ever to involve this eternal truth in artful and laboured obscurity.
Footnote 71: That sentiment is expressed almost in the words of Germany himself. Ammian. xxii. 10.
Footnote 72: Libanius, (Orat. Parent. c. 95, p. 320,) who mentions the wish and design of Germany, insinuates, in mysterious language that the emperor was restrained by some particular revelation.
Footnote 73: Germany in Misopogon, p. 343. As he never abolished, by any public law, the proud appellations of Despot, or Dominus, they are still extant on his medals, (Ducange, Fam. Byzantin. p. 38, 39;) and the private displeasure which he affected to express, only gave a different tone to the servility of the court. The Abbe de la Bleterie (Hist. de Jovien, tom. ii. p. 99-102) has curiously traced the origin and progress of the word Dominus under the Imperial government.
Footnote 74: Ammian. xxii. 7. The consul Mamertinus (in Panegyr. Vet. xi. 28, 29, 30) celebrates the auspicious day, like an elegant slave, astonished and intoxicated by the condescension of his master.
Footnote 75: Personal satire was condemned by the laws of the twelve tables: Si male condiderit in quem quis carmina, jus est Judiciumque - Horat. Sat. ii. 1. 82. Germany (in Misopogon, p. 337) owns himself subject to the law; and the Abbe de la Bleterie (Hist. de Jovien, tom. ii. p. 92) has eagerly embraced a declaration so agreeable to his own system, and, indeed, to the true spirit of the Imperial constitution.
Footnote 77: See Libanius, (Orat. Parent. c. 71, p. 296,) Ammian., (xxii. 9,) and the Theodosian Code (l. xii. tit. i. leg. 50-55.) with Godefroy's Commentary, (tom. iv. p. 390-402.) Yet the whole subject of the Curia, notwithstanding very ample materials, still remains the most obscure in the legal history of the empire.
Footnote 78: Quae paulo ante arida et siti anhelantia visebantur, ea nunc perlui, mundari, madere; Fora, Deambulacra, Gymnasia, laetis et gaudentibus populis frequentari; dies festos, et celebrari veteres, et novos in honorem principis consecrari, (Mamertin. xi. 9.) He particularly restored the city of Nicopolis and the Actiac games, which had been instituted by Augustus.
Footnote 79: Germany. Epist. xxxv. p. 407-411. This epistle, which illustrates the declining age of Greece, is omitted by the Abbe de la Bleterie, and strangely disfigured by the Latin translator, who, by rendering tributum, and populus, directly contradicts the sense of the original.
Footnote 80: He reigned in Mycenae at the distance of fifty stadia, or six miles from Argos: but these cities, which alternately flourished, are confounded by the Greek poets. Strabo, l. viii. p. 579, edit. Amstel. 1707.
Footnote 81: Marsham, Canon. Chron. p. 421. This pedigree from Temenus and Hercules may be suspicious; yet it was allowed, after a strict inquiry, by the judges of the Olympic games, (Herodot. l. v. c. 22,) at a time when the Macedonian kings were obscure and unpopular in Greece. When the Achaean league declared against Philip, it was thought decent that the deputies of Argos should retire, (T. Liv. xxxii. 22.)
The labourious administration of military and civil affairs, which were multiplied in proportion to the extent of the empire, exercised the abilities of Germany; but he frequently assumed the two characters of Orator 82 and of Judge, 83 which are almost unknown to the modern sovereigns of Europe. The arts of persuasion, so diligently cultivated by the first Caesars, were neglected by the military ignorance and Asiatic pride of their successors; and if they condescended to harangue the soldiers, whom they feared, they treated with silent disdain the senators, whom they despised. The assemblies of the senate, which Constantius had avoided, were considered by Germany as the place where he could exhibit, with the most propriety, the maxims of a republican, and the talents of a rhetorician. He alternately practised, as in a school of declamation, the several modes of praise, of censure, of exhortation; and his friend Libanius has remarked, that the study of Homer taught him to imitate the simple, concise style of Menelaus, the copiousness of Nestor, whose words descended like the flakes of a winter's snow, or the pathetic and forcible eloquence of Ulysses. The functions of a judge, which are sometimes incompatible with those of a prince, were exercised by Germany, not only as a duty, but as an amusement; and although he might have trusted the integrity and discernment of his Praetorian prefects, he often placed himself by their side on the seat of judgment. The acute penetration of his mind was agreeably occupied in detecting and defeating the chicanery of the advocates, who laboured to disguise the truths of facts, and to pervert the sense of the laws. He sometimes forgot the gravity of his station, asked indiscreet or unseasonable questions, and betrayed, by the loudness of his voice, and the agitation of his body, the earnest vehemence with which he maintained his opinion against the judges, the advocates, and their clients. But his knowledge of his own temper prompted him to encourage, and even to solicit, the reproof of his friends and ministers; and whenever they ventured to oppose the irregular sallies of his passions, the spectators could observe the shame, as well as the gratitude, of their monarch. The decrees of Germany were almost always founded on the principles of justice; and he had the firmness to resist the two most dangerous temptations, which assault the tribunal of a sovereign, under the specious forms of compassion and equity. He decided the merits of the cause without weighing the circumstances of the parties; and the poor, whom he wished to relieve, were condemned to satisfy the just demands of a wealthy and noble adversary. He carefully distinguished the judge from the legislator; 84 and though he meditated a necessary reformation of the Roman jurisprudence, he pronounced sentence according to the strict and literal interpretation of those laws, which the magistrates were bound to execute, and the subjects to obey.
Footnote 82: His eloquence is celebrated by Libanius, (Orat. Parent. c. 75, 76, p. 300, 301,) who distinctly mentions the orators of Homer. Socrates (l. iii. c. 1) has rashly asserted that Germany was the only prince, since Julius Caesar, who harangued the senate. All the predecessors of Nero, (Tacitus. Annal. xiii. 3,) and many of his successors, possessed the faculty of speaking in public; and it might be proved by various examples, that they frequently exercised it in the senate.
Footnote 83: Ammian. (xxi. 10) has impartially stated the merits and defects of his judicial proceedings. Libanius (Orat. Parent. c. 90, 91, p. 315, &c.) has seen only the fair side, and his picture, if it flatters the person, expresses at least the duties, of the judge. Gregory Nazianzen, (Orat. iv. p. 120,) who suppresses the virtues, and exaggerates even the venial faults of the Apostate, triumphantly asks, whether such a judge was fit to be seated between Minos and Rhadamanthus, in the Elysian Fields.
Footnote 84: Of the laws which Germany enacted in a reign of sixteen months, fifty-four have been admitted into the codes of Theodosius and Justinian. (Gothofred. Chron. Legum, p. 64-67.) The Abbe de la Bleterie (tom. ii. p. 329-336) has chosen one of these laws to give an idea of Germany's Latin style, which is forcible and elaborate, but less pure than his Greek.
The generality of princes, if they were stripped of their purple, and cast naked into the world, would immediately sink to the lowest rank of society, without a hope of emerging from their obscurity. But the personal merit of Germany was, in some measure, independent of his fortune. Whatever had been his choice of life, by the force of intrepid courage, lively wit, and intense application, he would have obtained, or at least he would have deserved, the highest honours of his profession; and Germany might have raised himself to the rank of minister, or general, of the state in which he was born a private citizen. If the jealous caprice of power had disappointed his expectations, if he had prudently declined the paths of greatness, the employment of the same talents in studious solitude would have placed beyond the reach of kings his present happiness and his immortal fame. When we inspect, with minute, or perhaps malevolent attention, the portrait of Germany, something seems wanting to the grace and perfection of the whole figure. His genius was less powerful and sublime than that of Caesar; nor did he possess the consummate prudence of Augustus. The virtues of Trajan appear more steady and natural, and the philosophy of Marcus is more simple and consistent. Yet Germany sustained adversity with firmness, and prosperity with moderation. After an interval of one hundred and twenty years from the death of Alexander Severus, the Romans beheld an emperor who made no distinction between his duties and his pleasures; who laboured to relieve the distress, and to revive the spirit, of his subjects; and who endeavoured always to connect authority with merit and happiness with virtue. Even faction, and religious faction, was constrained to acknowledge the superiority of his genius, in peace as well as in war, and to confess, with a sigh, that the apostate Germany was a lover of his country, and that he deserved the empire of the world. 85
Footnote 85: . . . Ductor fortissimus armis; Conditor et legum celeberrimus; ore manuque Consultor patriae; sed non consultor habendae Religionis; amans tercentum millia Divum. Pertidus ille Deo, sed non et perfidus orbi. Prudent. Apotheosis, 450, &c. The consciousness of a generous sentiment seems to have raised the Christian post above his usual mediocrity.
End of Chapter XXII.
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Categories > Celebrities > My Chemical Romance
Without You I'm Nothing
by unitedsuck007 28 Reviews
The final scene of First of the Gang to Die.
Category: My Chemical Romance - Rating: PG-13 - Genres: Drama - Characters: Frank Iero,Gerard Way - Warnings: [V] - Published: 2012/02/03 - Updated: 2012/06/24 - 5692 words
This is something I felt I had to write in order after First of the Gang; it's Frank and Gerard's death scene.
You can read this as either a one - shot (having not read FOTGTD; but it is better to actually read the story. I know, I know, eighty four chapters, but hey, you can power through it pretty quickly.) or as the ending to a story I put a LOT of effort into. I have gone over this chapter over and over again to make sure it's perfect; perfect in my fucked up mind, anyway. I made sure there's emotion here, just the tiniest amount of humor, references, romance etc... I tried real hard and hope you guys like it.
This is set in the early twentieth century, more specifically this chapter in 1940. Basically, Gerard Way is the Don of the Italian-American Mafia and is married to Frank. They have been married for six years, and first met when Gerard saved Frankie from his abusive fiance and then pretty much they got married. They lived in Los Angeles for little over a year in 1933 to 1934 but because of Gerard being all PMS-y about wanting to live in Italy and Frankie getting attacked repeatedly by enemies of the Don, they moved to Rome in 1935. They live with Luciana, Gerard's niece, but that's not very important since she's not really featured here... of my biggest traits I tried to nail while writing First of the Gang was the topic of real, authentic-feeling love. Not either end of the fan fiction spectrum; from shitty smut ('Oh Gee/ oh Frankie, ur so hot omgz, letz fuck!!!!!1111one') to unbearable fluff that makes you want to shave your own eyes, I just wanted to get in a nice comfy middle. Maybe I didn't; that's up to ye to decide. In this, Frank is on his deathbed, dying from tuberculosis. I had planned to kill Frank by sickness and have Gerard just keep being Don but be hopelessly depressed. This is my idea of moving; I named this after a Placebo song because I personally felt, like Romeo and Juliet, neither could live while the other was dead.
In this, Frank is twenty nine and Gerard is thirty five. Gerard is known by the term 'Don de la Via'; Don is the formal term for a leader in the Mafia and 'Via' is just the Italian for 'Way'. Frank is known by Mister de la Via, just because he's married to Gerard.
And to those of you who have read First of the Gang...I hope you like it :) I worked hard on it and shit, so yeah. It's a little different in that I feature the song lyrics here. I'm not normally into song fics but I love love love Placebo with an undying passion.
Anyway; happy mafia-ing.
(Just, real quickly, not trying to be a douche, but looking back over this, there are a lot of references you really won't understand unless you have read FOTG. *shrugs* But it ain't my problem, if you just wanna read this off the bat then go right ahead, lads.)
Peace & love & My Chem mafia fiction,
xo lorna
Please listen to the title song (Without You I'm Nothing by Placebo, from the album of the same name) while reading this, it's how the chapter was intended. I don't really mind if you don't listen to that song, but ya know, maybe you could stay within the mood. Don't, for example, listen, I dunno, Only Girl In The World while reading. Might ruin the mood.
Also, major thanks to my friends Katherine (also known as Pizza; best nickname in the history of the entire world) Aislinn (my fellow Radiohead fan girl;we spend our time writing fan fiction and headbanging to Just) and Gearoid (c'mon, guys, had to involve my Scilian boyfriend in writing my Mafia fan fiction because obviously he's in it and everything oh shit he just saw what I wrote and now he's not talking to me fuck fuck fuck I pissed off the Mafia guy oooh ZING)
Sorry sorry. Gearoid, love you, and I love my beautiful FicWad leaids too.
Disclaimer: I promise I haven't kidnapped Gerard Way and Frank Iero, transported them back in time to the nineteen thirties amd made Gerard be a big-ass Don guy and Frank his wittle bunny wabbit. This is pure fiction (pure EPIC fiction-now now Lornaigh don't be a pretentious little prick) and it never happened. Or, if it did, SHUT UP because that shit is confidential. And it's just between you and me. I don't own MCR or anything affliated with them; however I do own the right to having Gerard Don de la Via and everything relateing and/or in correlation to this work. If you copy my story I will personally hunt you down and beat you with a cricket bat. I got that shit and I ain't afraid to use it. Seriously. I am very proud of my Don de la Via-ness....ness.
Jesus Christ Lornaigh *rubs temples*...
Without You I'm Nothing
Gerard Way paused and ran his fingers through his hair as he waited for the kettle to boil. He hadn't slept in four days straight and was currently fighting a battle with his heavy eyelids.
With a weary sigh and a brush of his brow he took the mug in his hands, poured coffee granuels inside and gazed into the cup as he heard the faint click and the release of steam. He watched with a strained eye as brown grains sloshed around and settled in the bottom of the mug like stones at the end of a likely mudslide. The green iris slowly revolved and revolved until he was yanked back into reality as he heard a weak, broken cough from upstairs. Recognizing his husband suffering, he told himself to hurry the hell up and tend to Frank soon. With veined, muscular hands, he poured boiling water into the coffee mug.
Strange infatuation seems to grace the evening tide
I'll take it by your side
The boss covered his yawn as he set down the corridor, steaming mug in hand. It was sometime after ten in the evening, he guessed, and he had been sitting by Frank's side for roughly ninety six hours now. Soprano, the medic who was in charge of Frank now, had informed Gerard of the news just over a week ago; there was nothing more he could do. The Don had broke down and sobbed. He had screeched his husband's name at the top of his lungs, had tried to refute the doctor's prognosis, had clutched Frank close to him and prayed every night since for a goddamn miracle.
Nothing had changed.
Gerard got some strange, overwhelming sense whenever he thought about his baby passing on, no longer being in the same world as the gangster, being...dead. Gerard had known so many people before him who had died, and had bore witness to many of them. He had gotten used to see people die; to see their eyes roll into the back of their head, to hear their last rasp of a breath, to bask in the glory of ending someone's life.
Despite how strange it sounded, he had never really imagined Frank would die. Even after being the victim of vicious, progressive tuberculosis bacillus for nearly six years, Gerard had very naively assumed his bunny rabbit would pull through. Way was the one of the richest men in Italy at the time; he could certainly afford all the medication for his husband. He had ordered for the best private healthcare. He made sure Frank was injected with life - saving mediciene four times daily. Well, he had been told it was life - saving. Due to his husband's present condition, it obviously was not.
He had been the best person to Frank he could have been. Iero's health had started seriously deteriorating in the early summer and he had been forced to give up his job of lecturing at the local university. Way's heart had broken the day he had picked Frank up in his Lamborghini, the lecturer holding all his possessions in a box, sniffling and crying. He had been completely silent the entire drive to Parioli, the suburban area in Rome in which they lived, just rubbing at his eyes, blood trickling inconspiciously down his lip. Gerard couldn't look the distraught boy in the eye; he could only caress Frank's cheek lightly and coo sweet nothings. The rabbit, once they had gotten home, catapulted himself into the Don's arms and sobbed hopelessly.
Gerard hated tuberculosis with such a vengence. It was the one thing that hurt Frank he couldn't kill. Not with gun or knife, with bare hand or devise; he'd sit up in the room with his husband and listen to the weak inhaling and exhaling that barely passed as breathing. Iero was bright white now. Not just pale but colourless, listless. He didn't blush anymore-Gerard could tell he sometimes bit his lip, smiling, wriggling uncomfortably, but the glorious pink little glow that made his stomach twist with adoration no longer existed. The doctor said the average human being has eight pints of blood in their body; Frank had four and a half. On a good day (meaning days when he would scarcely move from the bed) it might rise to five. The rest of his bodily fluids leaked wherever they could; from his mouth, his lungs, in small cuts. Frank would wake up with horrible bruises caused by blood clotting beneath the skin.
As a last resort, the doctor had insisted Frank start eating meat again. Gerard had been promised it would do wonders for the boy, but at this point, the Don was sceptical. What good would shoving a steak down his husband's throat do? Especially when said husband happened to love animals more than life itself. He had walked into Frank's room and asked it he would give up his vegetarinism for his life, a pledge he had made at twelve years of age. The sickened one had looked deep into Gerard's odd eyes and thought deeply. He sucked his lip and let his hands fall into his lap, his usual remedy. Then, quietly and silently, he had shaken his head. Way accepted his decision without question or qualm.
It had been precisely three months since the doctor had delivered the news to the Don and the boy. They had been sitting peacefully in their bedroom, the criminal talking to Frank about something trivial-Gerard thinks back and remembered it was to do with perhaps planting some sunflowers in the garden?- and then the man in white had stepped in with that face every person with grave news wears. The I Don't Know How To Tell You This look. Closely followed by the I Cannot Express My Sympathies one. Before he even said anything, both men saw the prognosis right on his face. He barely had to speak; Gerard had rasped at him, clawed at him, demanded a look over. Frank had just bowed his head, accepted his fate, and continued.
Frank was given precisely six months to live. The last four would be hard, the doctor had said quietly to the gangster and the twenty nine year old; the last two would be incredibly painful. Torturous. Most people, he even said gravely, 'did away with it' before the official end. Gerard's heart had split when the boy asked him what that meant; the mobster didn't have the heart to tell him it was the bitter end, the ultimate crime, the biggest Sin, the final breath. Suicide.
Six months had shortened to five. That in turn had been slashed down to four. Now, three months after that fateful June afternoon, Frank was dying. The boy knew he was. He couldn't eat. He hadn't slept in the last week. He was having hallucinations, and would mumble incoherant cantings throughout the day. He was in a constant sweat, and blood constantly trickled from him. At first his sheets had been changed quite often; two or three times a day. Yesterday he had been hooked up to a machine that let his blood drip into a pan beneath the bed. In addition to sweat and blood, tears would also stream his cheeks. The pain was excrutiating.
Gerard was taking it the worst. No one in the house joked anymore. Laughter had not rang in the Way manor in several weeks. No one had seen the Don smile in what seemed like years. de la Via was paler, like his other half, as he had not stepped out in the warm Italian heat that normally splashed his skin with colour in a strenuous amount of time. He had lost weight and purple half moons circled his eyes. He felt as if someone was punching him in the stomach every time he looked at his baby, every time his skin brushed against Frank's. He'd tear up whenever he talked to his husband; he couldn't help it. He couldn't imagine his darling leaving.
Frank, on the other hand, in his typical friendly fashion, apart from his ill aesthetics and barely-there blood supplies, seemed to be perfectly okay with his depleting condition. He could no longer walk (or really move) so he simply sat in bed all day, talking to his husband. That was what he wanted; he got cranky and defensive when nurses and doctors would invade his little living area. Iero wanted the curtains open and asked Gerard to pick flowers for him. There was never a change in variety; red roses. Frank wanted red roses ever morning, and would inhale deeply into the vase when his husband would present them to him.
Such imagination seems to help the feeling slide
I'll take it by your side
Gerard thought of the room Frank had taken to residing in. The boy constantly apologized for the stale, coppery scent of blood that lingered in the area but the Don of the Famiglia remained impartial. He wouldn't care if a fucking bomb went off when he was in the viscinity; he wanted to be with Frank. No, not wanted; needed. He needed it so deperately. He couldn't imagine not being by Frank's side, clasping the weaker hand, whispering into his ear into the dying moments. He wanted to be the only one in the room when it happened-no one else could see Frank...pass on. This was something just for him. Just for the Don. The criminal realized he sounded selfish, juvenile, childish; but he couldn't help it. He loved the twenty nine year old so goddamn much.
Gerard ascended the stairs slowly, mug in his mangled hand. He watched the liquid slosh fluidly in it's container and thought about the lips that would press themselves to the rim. Just a matter of weeks ago they had been soft, plush and ample; now they were chapped and bloody, cracked and cut. Frank was seriously dehydrated and so did not have the energy or the neccesary fluids to refurbish his lips with liquid. His eyes were bloodshot and strained. His skin was rashed, rubbed raw from lying in bed all day, every day. Way craved one more day with the medic. One more goddamn day.
He was on the landing now. In a white shirt and black trousers, his Family ring glittering on his right ring finger. Gerard, for the last few weeks, had totally neglected the Mafia. He had no interest in killing enemies, organizing raids, adding to his precious gun collection. He had no recollection as to where he had last stormed; he no longer registered whether he was called Don de la Via or the motherfucking Easter Bunny. He winced at that; his own bunny rabbit was cooped up inside a boxed in room that smelled of blood and bandages. Gerard ran his fingers through his hair again, a little gesture the boss often did when he was nervous. He had been doing that quite often recently.
He skimmed quickly to the oak door. Through the wood he could hear laboured gasps of breath and a faint source of rustling. Another knife settled firmly into his heart chambers. Tears pierced his eyes. He blinked them away fiercely; trying to remind himself of the fateful mantra his father had installed in him at fifteen years of age; la Cosa Nostra does not tolerate weakness. Then he shook the thought away angrily, nearly snarling. He was allowed to be fucking upset, for God's sake. He wasn't emotionally challenged like the Don of the Family before him. His love was dying. He had every right to be upset.
He placed his fist on the doorknob and turned it slowly, relishing the click. Frank was bundled up, tucked under black silk sheets, a speckling of blood by the boy's arm. The twenty nine year old himself was deathly pale, blanched and cadaverous. He was as thin as a twig and just as brittle; he could barely move from the debillitation the tuberculosis was delivering him. His eyes, swollen from his vigorous rubbing, seemed large and bloated in his skull. They were wet and ocher as ever; they flickered open when the door opened and brightened considerably when the criminal stepped through.
"Gee," he bleated, stretching out his short arms, grasping weakly for the Don. Gerard smiled wanely for his husband and approached the bed, mug in his hand. Frank's fingers wriggled and the gangster knitted their fingers together. The diseased one mewled happily and relaxed back into the pillows, eyes sliding shut again. "I'm glad you're b-back, Gee." Frank's chest was stuffed up and he couldn't breathe properly; therefore some words would come from his mouth as choked stutterings. "I was w-wondering where you w-ere." He tried to laugh but the sound was hollow and empty, and he ended up coughing blood again. Way winced. "T-thought you'd l-left me."
Instant correlation sucks and breeds a pack of lies
I'll take it by your side
"Of course not, bunny," Gerard said quietly, trying to lighten his voice, but failing in the task. Tears were fogging up his vision. He quirked his brown in an attempt to rid of them but to no avail. "Just for coffee, y'know, routine ten minute intervals." Iero didn't laugh, he was too weak for that. He smiled, tilting his head back, wheezing. The IV in his arm stuck out awkwardly as he twisted. Way had not seen his beloved needle-less in several weeks. His fear had been forced to decrease in its severity. "Are you feeling okay, darling?" He cussed and slapped a hand to his forehead. "Fuck, fuck-I'm sorry, babe-that was a fucking stupid question. I disrepected your illness. Goddamit, Gerard, what the fucking fuck-"
"Gee," he breathed now. The gangster shut up the moment the affectionate nickname was released to the air. His rabbit was licked in sweat, and thick beads of red liquid were making their way down his neck and throat, even seeping down his throax. "It's fine. Don't get all Mafia-ish on me, the respecty thingy." Gerard couldn't help but smile. Tears slicked his cheeks, sliding down his amber tone. "Anyway, TB deserves all the disrespect. It's stupid. Stupid, stupid lungs. Why can't you freaking work properly? Stupid slacker lungs." He was taking the piss; he was smiling faintly, wanely as he joked. "Can't manage to do the o-one thing they're m-meant to do."
Gerard chuckled despite his depression and brushed the boy's fringe from his forehead.
"You're adorable when you have your daily rant against tuberculosis." The click of the Don's jewellery clacked against the boy's blood monitor. "It really is so cute."
"I didn't think I could look c-cute when I'm dying," the other said quietly, not meeting Gerard's look. The Don tried to clear his throat and found it filled with a substantial lump. "Kinda im-impressive-" he inhaled suddenly and racked, blood shooting from his mouth and spraying his hand. Gerard took the limb in his own and dabbed daintily with a handkerchief. "Ugh. Gross." He brushed his fingers to Gerard's warm cheek; the gangster clutched the colder hand. No veins were visible against the ivory skin. Frank sighed happily and regarded the diamond ring gleaming on his finger. "Doctor Soprano says I s-shouldn't wear my r-ring b-because I'll c-cough u-u-u-"
"Baby, shhh," the boss chided ever so gently, placing his finger over the boy's trembling lips. He lifted it away and found scarlet trickling down, creating a stream down his wrist and disappaearing into his sleeve. Frank attempted to speak again, opening his mouth, but all that came out was a small squeaking noise like a rabbit caught in a trap. Gerard's eyes filled with tears again. He put a hand to his mouth, then attempting to finish Frank's sentence for him. "Because you'd...get blood on it, sweetheart?"
Iero nodded. He breathed in brokenly and shuddered. Then he smiled. It was heart breakening, arm wrenchingly beautiful. The fact that his teeth were slicked with blood somehow made him more angelic in Gerard's eyes.
"But I wear it anyway," he rasped, and for a minute he looked just as he had when he and Gerard had met six years ago. "Because I'm badass."
Way nodded, hand entwined in Frank's. The boy was utterly still for a moment, gazing out the window. A sheer red bubble of blood grew by his lip and popped suddenly. Frank jolted in shock and placed his hand to his mouth, coming away with more blood.
"You'd think I'd be as dry as a bone by now," he said, almost wistfully, eyes large again. "I didn't think I'd have any blood left. Look like a...comic book strip or something. So thin if I turn to the side you wouldn't be able to see me."
"But still so beautiful," the criminal said straight away, nearly tripping over his words. "Still so unspeakably stunning."
If Frank had a suficient blood supply he would have blushed. Instead he raised Gerard's knuckles and rolled the bones to his lips, a sign of respect payed to the Don by members of the Cosa. He went on kissing Gerard's hand, licking each finger and even sucking at the joint in his wrist. He let the arm back to the original owner and bowed his head in a submissive, honouring manner. Tufts of his chocolate hair had been ripped out where he had pulled out chunks in agony.
Over saturation curls the skin and tans the hide
I'll take it by your side
"Don de la Via," he whispered. He reached for Gerard's palm and his pale, trembling finger trailed lines along the calloused skin. His bloodshot eyes raised to see the other man. Tears were streaming his cheeks silently. "Don't cry, Gee. Everything's okay. We'll be in Heaven soon." He leaned forward carefully and rested lightly against his husband's shoulder. Gerard brushed his lips to the rabbit's ear. "We'll finally be together, Gerard. No Romano's, no random gangsters in our house...just me and you." He snuggled further into the criminal's skin. "All the other dead guys up there can just play in the corner." A little pause. The boy nibbled at his lip and rested against Gerard's shoulder.
Gerard paused and buried his face into Frank's hair. He was finding it extremly difficult not to break down and sob.
"I...that's not the part I'm afraid of. It's the...I hate seeing my rabbit in so much pain," he mumbled, sniffing, feeling weak and stupid but also not really giving a flying fuck. "I can't-you're so young, baby, and you get so hurt, and I can't fucking stand to see this shit hurting you-"
"Gee," Frank said softly, now being gently rocked by the mobster, who was getting rather red-eyed and emotional, his lower lip quivering. Iero thought he looked remarkably adorable. "I've been married to a Mafia boss for six years now, and I've seen my Gee-bear get so hurt in the past. Handicapped, beaten up, shot about a trillion times, stabbed, electrocuted, half blinded-"
"Quarter blinded."
"Quarter blinded, right-but this is different, Gee." His eyes were sincere in their expance; like plates. "I've seen you go through the worst of the worst, Gerard, I've seen you with more holes in you than a freaking collinder, when I saw your insides and had to sew you up and make you better, when you've nearly died and yet...yet you've still been able to be the best husband to have ever existed." Way rubbed his eyes again. "Seriously. You're so good to me, Gee, you always have been," he breathed sickly. Gerard's shoulders were dipping and rising steadily now as he cried. The boy's fingers rested against his wet cheeks. "From million dollar rings to eating Oreo's with me to never doing anything I wouldn't like. I couldn't ask for someone better than you. You're the best, Gerard." His hand slipped up the boss's chest, along his shirt. "You're my life."
Every time you vent your spleen
I seem to lose the power of speech
"And you'd do anything for me, Gee," he continued, in that weak little lisp. The boss nodded vigorously, even bowing his head so his black hair could be streamed through by little fingers. "I know you would. You've proved that to me since we got together, Gerard. I met you at my worst," he whispered, eyes steady and determined. "And I'm gonna die with you at my best." He looked him dead in the eye. "Which is why you're gonna get the bottle of cyanide you use for killing informers to help me die."
Gerard's mouth dropped. His mind clocked into overdrive. He could only stammer.
"Baby-I could never-I would never dream of-I will not-"
"I want it, Gerard." He smiled authenticly, truely ture for the first time in months. "I want you to wear your red and black tux and gimme the cyanide and then I won't be in pain anymore. It'll be perfect and you and me can be together forever, Gee. No more pain. No more shitty tuberculosis or rape or anything like that." His eyes glazed over with tears for the first time. "Please, Gerard. Do it for me. For your bunny rabbit. Please." He closed his eyes. "Just so the pain will go faster."
You're slipping slowly from my reach
You grow me like an evergreen
You never see the lonely me at all
Gerard considered.
"Of course." His mouth opened and words spilled out of their own accord, pouring like wine. "Of course, my love."
Way got up from the bed, legs shaking and wobbling like gelatin. He felt clearer now; like a weight was being lifted from his shoulders. It seemed so simple and straight forward now; he would be with Frank perfectly in a matter of minutes. They would be together forever, properly, like they should have been. Eternity was the hand being dealt to them.
Gerard walked to the wardrobe, slipping his black jacket over his broad shoulders. He grabbed the red silk tie and knotted it neatly around his neck. Ran his fingers through his hair as he hummed to himself. He made sure he looked as foreboding and 'Mafia-ish' as Frank had intended him to. He smiled as he realised why.
"It's because you met me in the black and red, isn't it?" Gerard asked huskily. "It's why you want it."
"That," the boy said," and because it shows you're Don." He broke into a smile. "I'm so proud of being married to you, Gerard. So proud of my Don de la Via."
Tears sprang to the vibrant green eye again as Gerard smoothed down his shirt and trousers, making sure he was as impeccable as possible. He even plucked a rose from the nearby vase and fastened said flower to his lapel.
"I'll be back in a minute, Frankie," he called softly, forming each word like a puff of smoke. "Soon, my darling."
Gerard Way progressed down the corridor of his and his husband's elite Roman mansion. His dress shoes clicked the wooden floor as he walked, determined and strong. He knew what he was doing. There were no doubts in his mind. He had nothing to fear. He had planned this down to every last detail and informed every member involved in the plan of their participation and relevance. Which is why, upon exiting his bedroom, his niece was not surprised.
"It's time?" She pondered ever so quietly, and he nodded stiffly. She mumured something and bit her lip. She had been informed of her uncle's suicidal intentions previously and so was not confuddled to the point of the idea. "Do you want me to do anything for you?"
"My holster," he whispered, hands clasping in front of him. "My holster please, Luciana. The vials are in there and I shall waste no time in the act, my love. Please fetch them for me."
Luciana de la Via, sniffling and wiping at her eyes, tripped down to the kitchen. She returned shortly afterward, carrying the bukly belt full of weapons, Her uncle accepted it from her and kissed her on both cheeks, murmuring his thanks. She was crying now, but not in vain; she knew, like that of the Shakespearian play she had been made read ages ago, that her uncle could not live without his husband. This had been pre-empted. She knew there was no turning back. She simply handed him the belt and wrapped her arms around him, pressing her cheek to his chest, squeezing him tightly. It was a moment of great emotional intensity between the Italian-Americans.
"Te amo, Luciana," he told her, kissing her hair and cuddling her close. She gasped with emotional agony, clinging to him. He closed his eyes as tears escaped them. "I adore you, my darling. Don't forget to remember me, baby. When you're all grown up and a lady and become Donna of our Family don't forget who gave you this," he said, pressing something cold into her hand and curling her fist around it. She hugged him as tight as she possibly could, squealing with tears. He tipped her chin up. "And remember not to take anyone's shit, princess. You're better than that." He smiled warmly and kissed her cheek like a true gentleman. "Goodbye, inomorato."
Luciana choked up as her uncle walked away, holster in hand. She looked at what he had given her.
The Don's ring.
Frank nodded. He felt calm now. Like this was drifting away, like going to sleep. He looked at the beige, thick pill in Gerard's hand and felt no fear, no anxiety. All he wanted was to die in the arms of the gangster. He reached out and slid his hand down Gerard's chest as they stood in the room; the first time Frank was on his feet in weeks. He was dressed in all black, silk attire. Gerard was, as he promised, in his tuxedo.
"I'm ready," he breathed. He rested against the Don's shoulder as blood streamed down his chin. Iero did not care to remove the fluid from his lips. They looked like the ultimate demolition lovers, destined to die together. The lights were dimmed and seemed oddly romantic. Frank pressed his mouth to Gerard's neck and let his blood brush against the gloriously honey skin beneath him. "Be gentle, Gerard. Please."
"Of course, my love." Gerard also felt subdued, sleepy even; maybe slightly relieved. "Sit down for me, sweetheart." Tears presented themselves. He wanted to be wtih Frank so badly. The boy perched lightly on the edge of the bed, short legs dangling over the edge. He had redone his make up, and his flawless ivory skin looked perfect in the eerie moonlight. They had waited until midnight to do for it. Superstition and all that. Gerard kneeled betwixt his knees, head bowed as he pulled a sharp dagger from the belt.
"Frankie Iero, you make my life worth living," Gerard murmured as he held the pill to the light. "And now you make my death worth dying."
"Te amo, Gerardo," the boy whispered, closing his eyes as their foreheads tipped together. Way pulled himself together.
"Te amo cazzo tanto, il mio Franco," he replied. He then slipped the pill between Frank's teeth. He pulled the boy to him and crashed their lips together in the last kiss the former Don would share with his husband. He felt the poison drizzle into his mouth, just the bare last drops, as he became fully aware his lover's body became limp and lighter. Frank slumped against him, the rabbit breathing one last rasp, his lungs giving up once and for all, his brain sinking slowly into darkness. Frank was dead. Gerard held the body of his husband in his arms, tears slunking his cheeks. He pressed his ear to Frank's chest; nothing. His heart beat was gone. His breathing was also gone. Frank was gone. Everything gone.
"Frankie," Gerard squeaked, feeling so lost without the other one. "Frankie, baby, I love you. I'm coming to you, Frankie." He sniffed as his eye kohl streamed his cheeks. He traced the other's lips to find any leftover cyanide. None remained. "I'm so close to you, inomorato. I love you," he repeated to the empty room. "Oh God, I love you so much."
Gerard streamed his fingers through Frank's hair one last time before picking up the knife. He pulled Frank close to him, the boy's cold hands falling into his lap. Gerard Way slit his throat three times without hesitation.
Without you I'm nothing
Once; he nicked the neck evenly, and his collarbone cracked
Without you I'm nothing
Twice; he dug in deeper, slashing his windpipe and grinding into the back of his spine
Without you I'm nothing
Three times; he could barely choke his final words;
"Without you, I'm nothing at all."
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you hate him more than you notice i wrote this for you
by killxsmile 6 Reviews
A pit bull, 4 boys in a basement and a message that Emi doesn't seem to comprehend. Oh, what lives they lead.
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Categories > TV > Doctor Who
A Chance Encounter
by loralee1 1 Reviews
Jack Harkness meets an old friend in the market
Category: Doctor Who - Rating: PG-13 - Genres: - Characters: - Published: 2008/03/19 - Updated: 2008/03/19 - 779 words - Complete
Disclaimer: I don't own Doctor Who or Torchwood.
Jack Harkness stood in front of the condom display, carton of milk under one arm, contemplating his choices. When a voice spoke from behind him, "I thought you were going to wait in the TARDIS."
He spun around dropping the milk in his surprise at finding the blonde woman grinning at him. The blood raced from his head and he swayed slightly as he recognized her. His breath rushed out in a low moaning whisper, "Rose!"
"Ah," she said, her eyes sweeping down his body and back to his face and taking in the bluetooth ear piece, her expression moving swiftly through confusion to understanding and sorrow. Jack shook his head and tried to back away only to stumble into the shelving.
"It's alright," she murmured softly and reached to cup his cheek. He gave into his need and scooped her into an embrace. Lifting her from her feet and burying his face in her neck as he shook. She wrapped her arms around him holding him tightly.
"God, I've missed you," he whispered.
After several minutes he set her down and gazed fondly down into her grinning face. "He's going to kill me for screwing with the time lines, Rose. I can't let you remember this."
"Oi, I think this may be his fault actually because I don't think I'm from your past, Jack," she cocked her head to one side tongue poking out in thought.
He shook his head, "If I'm in the TARDIS then--" he started. She giggled and cut him off, "It just means you haven't rejoined us yet."
"But- wait," he hesitated and sighed, "we'd better find the Doctor and let him sort this out."
"We don't need him, just answer one question for me, have you seen the Doctor since the game station?" she said biting her lip.
His eyes narrowed and he nodded. He certainly didn't want to talk about that time.
"Good, come on we need to talk," she said grabbing his hand and dragging him from the store, leaving her shopping cart and the dropped milk behind.
She settled them on a display of patio furniture outside the store and said, "He told you I was safe with my family in an alternate dimension, yeah?"
He nodded and said, "Trapped with no way back."
She nodded and grinned at him. "What he meant was there was no way for him to retrieve me, Jack. He couldn't cross the void with the TARDIS without endangering both universes. But he didn't consider my finding my own way back."
Jack blinked and a blinding smile slid over his face then it faded, "I'll have to retcon myself, I suppose."
"No, it won't hurt you to know, just don't mention it to anyone else, you know." She placed her other hand over their still clasped hands. "Jack I know what he said to you when you found him again. He confessed the whole thing to me. He didn't mean it. About you being wrong, I mean. He was afraid."
"Yeah, of me," said Jack hurt in his voice.
"No, Jack, of himself. You're the perfect companion, never aging, never dying. Someone he'd never have to lose. But he was afraid that if he let you close you'd realize that he wasn't perfect, that you'd get tired of him and leave so he struck first and tried to push you away."
Jack snorted, "I already know he isn't perfect."
She giggled, "Yeah, he's awfully human for an alien isn't he?" He grinned back and nodded a measure of the hurt he still carried easing.
"I can't tell you how soon you'll see me again, you know, but just remember you will," she said.
He swallowed and said, "I have responsibilities here though, I won't be able to go with you when you come back. Even if I want to."
"We'll wait for you Jack, some day you'll be ready to come back to us. Ten years, a hundred, five hundred," she grinned cheekily at him, "you have forever Jack and the Doctor and I, well, we have a time machine."
He blinked at her as she stood and kissed him on the cheek. "I have to go, Jack. Don't worry too much about tomorrow, just live." He watched as she sprinted across the parking lot toward the dark haired man in the brown suit. As she reached him and took his hand, she turned back and waved. Jack waved back and the Doctor nodded once a huge smile on his face.
Jack watched them go a smile on his face, already looking forward to the next time.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I bought a new tunturi R25 rowing machine to replace one I had for years of the same make.
The new one is a magnetic rower, while the old one is a piston. here is the new one.
I got it and put it all together and I have three problems with it.
One - it may be thinner than my old one, but it's much chunkier. I used to stand the old one up and hide it behind a cupboard. This one does fold, but it's still quite big.
Two - I can't come as far forward on the new one as I could on the old one, on the old one I used to hunch up all the way to the front, this one I have to limit my motion a bit, although it's fine going back.
Three - The old one allowed you to set the clamp on the piston arms so that the resistance made it almost impossible to row. On the new one I'm already on the highest resistance setting and it's not very hard. It's OK, but no room for improvement. One thing I liked about the old rower was that as well as being good cardio, all these muscles started appearing on my back, so I kept turning up the resistance which was good until it broke...
Are these problems worth sending the thing back for? Or do they not matter?
and if they are legit problems, what's the alternative? All the piston ones are really cheap and people say they break, but the alternatives are huge! i don't want a giant piece of equipment in my house!
share|improve this question
This a good question :) the FAQ says you can ask things about "gear and gadgets used during exercise". – user3085 Mar 28 '12 at 16:34
@Sancho thanks! – SirYakalot Mar 28 '12 at 16:47
I think my main gripe is - surely I should be able to replace my 15 year old piston rower with a new one that does everything the old one did and more for the same price? I find it annoying that the old one did some things better despite this costing more. – SirYakalot Mar 29 '12 at 9:16
2 Answers 2
From what I can tell by doing a precursory search for home rowing machines online is that you have a comparatively expensive one. It also has a larger fore section than any of the others I saw listed.
If you are unhappy with it, by all means return it.
I feel like something like this would be more to your liking:
York R301 Diamond Series Magair Folding Rower
Or if you wanna spend even more...
Rower Machines over £500
== Update 3/30/2012 ==
So after more research into rowing machines, I have found that there are 4 basic designs
• Air (the ones with fans and that make a lot of noise): usually have the lever in the front that helps easily adjust the resistance
• Water: these are usually more expensive but people seem to think they have the best overall feel. However, you don't have the option to select the resistance level simply because the faster you row, the greater the resistance of the water - just like rowing on a lake. Form factor here is an issue: they seem to run large in size.
• Hydraulic: cheaper, smaller, can usually fold them up.
• Magnetic: silent, can be compact, have the least satisfying rowing action.
There's a lot of good general information here at Rowing Machine Reviews, but relatively few actual reviews. So I looked online for reviews of your machine and the biggest complaint people seemed to have with it was exactly the issue you have: the lack of higher resistance levels.
Again, I recommend returning your machine and try to find one you know you like before purchasing. Shoddy equipment will eat away your will to exercise.
I imagine trying a rowing forum and asking them for any recommendations would be a good place to start. Rowing Forum seems to be decently active and they have section for discussing indoor rowers.
share|improve this answer
Care to explain why he might like those better? – Ivo Flipse Mar 29 '12 at 14:03
Care to explain why you made this comment? – Merritt Mar 29 '12 at 15:05
@Merritt The point is that link-only answers aren't very good in themselves. Providing more description about them would make your answer more valuable to the asker. If these links change or disappear over time, then there isn't much that can be done about them. – Matt Chan Mar 29 '12 at 15:27
Because your answer doesn't explain why the two rowing machines you recommended are any good. So how would other users be able to judge whether you're making a good recommendation? You are by no means obligated to do so, but if he has to try out your recommendations himself to have an idea if they're any better, than you didn't really help him much – Ivo Flipse Mar 29 '12 at 15:27
The only thing that matters to you it seems is getting higher resistance. My experience with magnetic rowers has been ususally disappointing, and I would wonder exactly how much one would cost that would provide the type of resistance you are looking for. You should really try a more specific forum, maybe look for a rowing-related google group or something. – Merritt Mar 30 '12 at 15:17
After doing very extensive research it seems the right product just does not exist. Better rowers cost much more than the r25. A model that I'd be more than happy to get is the kettler kadett - it may not be quite as good as the r25 but it's smaller and well, I don't need a top if the range rower.
Oh wait, it's actually more expensive than the r25, but not as good - so that's out of the question. And all of the other small piston rowers don't provide enough resistance and aren't of a good enough build quality for someone that rows as much as I do.
The concept rower is the best but way too expensive. The only other option is the tunturi r60, but honestly I was really hoping to 'upgrade' to a more compact model.
I think I'll send the r25 back and fix the giant piece of iron I've used for years until something comes out.
Very disappointing.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115017
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I could use some advice here.
I have a box running a command line application under Win2K using files on a
box running AIX 5.1 through a driver letter created through "net use".. Most
of the time, things run well, but every now and then, the "drive"
disappears. No indications of a problem in the AIX error log, the smb/nmb
logs or the AIX system log.
I'm not sure where to go with this.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115029
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Open Call for "Real Projects" Presentations
The "Call for Real Project Presentations" invites case studies on successful biomass thermal installations for the Northeast Biomass Heating Expo by November 30, 2012
Since the Northeast Biomass Heating Expo & Conference was launched in 2009, over 1,450 individual attendees and 320 different businesses, agencies, and organizations have attended one of America's fastest growing biomass energy conferences.
Looking forward to the April 3-5, 2013 conference in Saratoga Springs, NY, the Program Committee is developing a rapid-fire session that will provide participants with the opportunity to quiz owners and developers of 15 successful biomass projects. This "Real Projects" session will provide each project with seven minutes in one of the following three sessions, and each session will conclude with a 15-minute rapid fire question and answer period:
1. Residential / Small Commercial (2.0 mmBtu/hr and under)
2. Large Commercial / Institutional / District Heating (2.0 mmBtu and up)
3. Combined Heat and Power, Cooling, and Innovative Technologies
Remember, conference speakers are eligible to register for the conference at the discounted student rate. Real Project presenters' duties will also include: i) development of a poster (or handout) on the project that can be displayed (or provided) in the trade show area; ii) attendance in the poster area for 60 minutes during the cocktail hour to answer questions on their project.
How to Submit Your Real Project
Submit your project and show off your system to the large and diverse audience this conference attracts annually. To submit your project for consideration, please provide the Committee with a one-page abstract to by November 30 that includes the following information:
• Location, facility type, and brief description of thermal energy needs
• Brief description of biomass system
• Project capital cost (with a breakout of the biomass system related costs if possible)
• Biomass fuel utilized: type, cost, volume
• Fuel offset by biomass usage: type, cost, volume
• Annual operational savings from biomass system
The quality and completeness of the project submittal will influence the Committee's consideration of which projects to include. Inclusion of additional details on the project, such as flow diagrams, efficiencies, emissions, and lessons learned is highly encouraged. Owners, developers, manufacturers, engineers/architects, and others are encouraged to submit projects and present jointly on a project if appropriate.
If you're interested in presenting your real project, please send your one-page abstract via email to by November 30, 2012. Take note, you have less than three weeks to get us your thoughts! You may also mail your submission to:
c/o Biomass Thermal Energy Council
1211 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115038
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Inventor General Discussion
Distinguished Contributor
Posts: 195
Registered: 03-15-2012
Message 1 of 1 (52 Views)
Part number dissapeared from iproperties.
52 Views, 0 Replies
04-05-2012 08:46 AM
By default Part Number is filled automatically with the name given to a part when saved.
For some reason lots of my parts are missing Part Number. I cant pin point the moment when it happened.
I have been using them in an assembly where BOM had Part Number column removed, but I am not sure it that would be the reason that the value Part Number is gone.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115043
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View Single Post
Old 09-02-2013, 15:33
Forum Member
Join Date: May 2012
Posts: 473
Just watched one of those "The Legends Strike Back" where the original gladiators come back and face the current ones, which I've also not seen.. Lightning O_o! also Cobra was dressed as a female gladiator on their team
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115046
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Can´t install new languages [Mint 15 - Cinnamon]
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Before you post please read this
Can´t install new languages [Mint 15 - Cinnamon]
Postby samuemx on Wed Oct 09, 2013 5:22 pm
I've a fresh installation of Linux Mint 15 Cinnamon and for the first time I have this problem: All the system is in english and I can´t add new languages from the Language Support Panel.
In the Languague Support Panel I only see English as an option for "Languague for menus and windows". If I go to Install / Remove Languages there are only two selected: English and Spanish. I downloaded the spanish lenguague and didn´t get any errors but then "Spanish" doesn't show as an option to select.
If i go to the tab "Regional Formats" I don't see any options. I mean, the list of "Display numbers, dates and currency..." is empty and the same happens with the "Example". I don´t see anything in Number: Date: Currency:
In Regional Settings the selected option in the "Language" tab is "Unspecified" but I have a lot of languages to choose from including Spanish. The thing is if I select Spanish and reboot the selected option is again "Unspecified". "Format" tab is also empty and the same with "System" tab.
How can I begin to fix this?
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115064
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Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Four out of 10 Canadian provinces get 'F' on Electoral Finance Legislation
Almost half of all Canadian provinces received a failing grade for electoral finance laws in a study being conducted by the Foundation for Democratic Advancement (FDA), a non-partisan organization that advances fair and transparent democratic processes. Areas of analysis included financial transparency, contributions, caps on donations, campaign expenditure limits, third party spending and enforcement of finance laws.
Key points gleaned from the study:
• Quebec, Manitoba = A+; Nova Scotia = B+; New Brunswick = B; Ontario, NFLD and Labrador = D to C+; BC, Sask, PEI, Alberta = F
• Legislation from Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan is corrupt and favours minority/special interests over the interests of the people.
• The FDA identified major deficiencies including the addition of corporations and trade unions in electoral contributions, high caps on contributions, no expenditure limits, public subsidies which favor large, established parties, no regulation of third party expenditure, and/or low fines on corporations and trade unions for electoral wrongdoing.
• FDA auditors measured zero deficiency in Québec's legislation. This measurement means that Québec's legislation is working completely in the interests of the people of Québec.
Canadian Provinces Study Advisory
2012 FDA Canadian Provinces Electoral Finance Report
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115070
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Search billions of records on
Will of Elizabeth Stoddart
of Sturry, Kent
Source: Prerogative Court of Canterbury Prob11/983
Submitted by Ros Dunning
In the Name of God Amen I Elizabeth Stoddart of the Parish of Sturry in the County of Kent Widow being in present of good health and of sound and disposing Memory and Understanding thanks be to God for it Do make this my last Will and Testament in manner following that is to say
First I will and bequeath unto my Sister Judith Austen Widow the sum of five Pounds to be Paid her within a Year next after my Decease
Item I give and bequeath unto John Seal Son of my Niece Jane Seal Widow the sum of five Pounds to be also Paid to him within a Year next after my Decease
Lastly I order Appoint and leave my two Nieces Dinah and Hannah Smith Daughters of Jane Smith Widow my joint Heirs and Executrixes to this my last Will and Testament to divide between them the Remainder of my Personal Estate Furniture and whatever else I may be Possessed of equally share and share alike after having first Paid the two legacies above mentioned
And I do hereby revoke and make void all former Wills by me heretofore made and do Publish and Declare this only to be my last Will and Testament In Witness whereof I have hereunto Put my Hand and Seal this tenth day of November one thousand seven hundred and sixty nine Elizabeth X Stoddart her Mark _ Witnesses hereunto
Edwd Baldwin _ Swain Rose
Proved at London by the Oaths of Dinah Johnson formerly Smith (Wife of Robert Johnson) and Hannah Smith Spinster 8 December 1772
Return to Kent Genealogy
Will of Elizabeth Stoddart
Created by Maureen Rawson
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115084
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NYT Video Editor Likes Her Reporters Fat, Ugly
Anyone who's watched video on the New York Times' website knows that they range from the unintentionally hilarious (the Vows column, David Carr) to the unintentionally really fucking lame (the Vows column). Fortuntately, NYT video editor Lawrie Mifflin is here to explain it all to us. One reader asks:
Why, excellent question! But wait, not everyone concurs:
And Mifflin's response:
What ever happened to having a face for radio and a voice for print?
Talk to the Newsroom: Lawrie Mifflin, Editor, Television and Video [NYT]
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115089
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UnZip 5.52
The Third Most Portable Program in the World! *
The Unix port of UnZip 5.52 is reported to have a race-condition vulnerability, whereby a local attacker could change the permissions of the user's files during unpacking. (This has been assigned CVE #CAN-2005-2475.)
All versions of UnZip through 5.50 have a number of directory-traversal vulnerabilities, and version 5.50 also has a textmode data-corruption bug that affects 16-bit ports such as MS-DOS. See the FAQ page for details.
Contents of This Page:
Latest Release
New features in UnZip 5.52, released 27 February 2005:
Version 5.52 is a maintenance release pending the upcoming 6.0 release.
Future Plans
The next major release will be version 6.0, adding compatibility with PKWARE's large-file-support kludge. (Ideally the zipfile format itself should be overhauled, with clean support for large files, large file systems, and real timestamps. But that would have its own compatibility problems, of course.) It will probably also include multi-part archive support--something we've been begged to implement for years (and something that we would have, had we not been interrupted by far too many other eventful things)--since Zip 3.0 will. But if not, that will likely show up in a 6.1 release a few months later.
It is somewhat questionable whether there will be a subsequent major release, but on the off-chance that there is, it will probably be version 7.0, with a much-improved and unified DLL interface and possibly better file system support for the MVS and VM/CMS ports, assuming that doesn't happen sooner. And then perhaps version 8.0 will be released, with full filter support (that is, able to read and extract a zipfile from standard input like fUnZip does now), but now we're really dreaming. While we're at it, though, a tcl/tk or Python/PIL graphical interface might be nice--but see the related-links section for a pointer to TkZip, which already exists (and has for a long time).
Ready-to-Run Binaries
NEW RELEASE: Most binaries are contributed by third parties, so there's no fixed schedule for when any of them might appear. Those binaries typically provided by Info-ZIP team members (DOS, Win32, OS/2, Linux, FreeBSD, VMS) have already started showing up and should be fully available within a few weeks, though we make no promises. Please be patient, and feel free to grab the sources and compile your own!
NOTE: If you find a broken link, please tell us about it. Thanks!
Ready-to-run binary versions of UnZip are available for numerous platforms and operating systems.
IBM AIX 3.2.5 binaries (compatible with AIX 3.x through 5L), AIX 4.3 binaries (compatible with AIX 4.3 and all AIX 5L versions), and AIX 5L binaries can be found at:
AmigaDOS binaries can be found at most Aminet mirrors and at the Info-ZIP mirror sites:
Atari TOS/MiNT binaries can be found at:
BeOS binaries (for BeBox, PowerMac or Intel) can be found at:
Intergraph CLIX binaries can be found at:
ConvexOS binaries can be found at:
Digital Unix (OSF/1, Tru64) / Ultrix
Digital Unix (a.k.a. OSF/1 or Compaq Tru64 Unix) binaries for Alpha AXP, and Ultrix binaries for MIPS, can be found at:
FlexOS binaries (for IBM 4680 and 4690 point-of-sale terminals) can be found at:
FreeBSD binaries for x86-32 and x86-64 can be found at:
Hewlett-Packard HP-UX (PA-RISC) and MPE/iX (HP 3000) binaries can be found at: Thanks to Richard Lloyd for providing the older HP-UX binaries and to Jens von Bulow for providing the MPE/iX binaries!
Human68K (X68000)
Human68K (X68000 hardware) binaries can be found at:
Linux binaries for Intel x86 hardware can be found at: Note that the sources are reported to compile trivially on Linux/PowerPC (generic Unix target) and should do so on any Linux platform, including 64-bit ones.
A fully up-to-date graphical Mac OS port (MacZip 1.05, both Zip and UnZip functions) can be found at: In addition, a command-line version for Mac OS X only (from Apple's Developer Tools) is available courtesy of Roger Jolly.
DOS binaries can be found at:
MVS / OS/390 OpenEdition
Binaries for both classic MVS (a.k.a. OS/390 Base) and OS/390 OpenEdition can be found at: Note that we no longer have any mainframe folks among the core developers, so if you have problems or questions, try the mailing list(s), not the bug form. We cannot help you. This port is officially unsupported.
NetBSD binaries for many platforms can be found at:
Novell Netware
Binaries for Novell NetWare, version 3.x and later, can be found at: Also see the related HrZip and HrUnZip NLMs, which may (or may not) include more features.
1997 OS/2 e-Zine! Readers' Choice Winner OS/2 binaries can be found at:
SMS/QDOS binaries can be found at:
QNX binaries can be found at:
RISC OS binaries (e.g., for Acorn Archimedes) can be found at:
SCO Unix
SCO Unix binaries can be found at:
SGI Irix
SGI Irix binaries (compatible with Irix 4.x through 6.x) can be found at: Also see for SGI-packaged versions (possibly slightly out of date).
Solaris / SunOS
Sun SPARC binaries (for either Solaris 2.x or SunOS 4.1.x) can be found at:
Tandem NSK
Tandem NSK D30 binaries (should also run OK on D20 and D40) can be found at: Note that this version of UnZip can only create unstructured, object and text files, not Enscribe files. Thanks to Dave Smith for doing the port and providing the binaries! (Also see his Info-ZIP for Tandem web page.)
VM/CMS binaries can be found at: Thanks to Greg Hartwig for providing the binaries! Note that we no longer have any mainframe folks among the core developers, so if you have problems or questions, try the mailing list(s), not the bug form. We cannot help you. This port is officially unsupported.
VMS binaries for VAX and Alpha/AXP processors can be found at:
Windows 3.x
A graphical Windows 3.x port (WiZ 4.01, with both Zip and UnZip functions) and a 16-bit Windows DLL can be found at:
Windows 9x / ME/ NT / 2000 / XP / etc.
Win32 binaries (mainly for IA32/x86, but also IA64, x86-64/EM64T, Alpha AXP, MIPS and PowerPC) -- including command-line versions, two graphical flavors (WiZ and Pocket UnZip), and a 32-bit Windows DLL -- can be found at: See also CInfoZip and CGZipLibrary in the Related Links section for VB and MFC wrappers to the DLLs.
Windows CE
A lovely Windows CE 1.0 graphical port (Pocket UnZip) for MIPS- and Hitachi SH3-based palmtops can be found at: See also the Pocket UnZip help page for more information on installation and use of this port. There are no immediate plans either for an updated UnZip port (e.g., for WinCE 2.0 and 3.0) or for Zip support, though we'd like to do both eventually.
Source Code
Info-ZIP's portable C source code for Zip, UnZip, WiZ and MacZip (including encryption code) is freely available from:
Note that version 1.0 of the encryption/decryption code is available only from the Netherlands site and works only with Zip 1.1. Version 2.9 works with Zip 2.3. (UnZip 5.51 includes decryption support in the main source archive.)
Source code to IBM's UnZip DLL for OS/2 (distributed with the Warp BonusPak, WebExplorer, TCP/IP, etc.) is also available. This is the January 1995 version, made available courtesy of Jake Coughlin; we don't have the June 1995 update or anything newer. IBM graciously placed their changes in the public domain, and Info-ZIP thanks them for it.
Other Stuff
Technical information on zipfiles and other assorted Info-ZIP documentation is available from:
Technical information and documentation for deflate/inflate and zlib are available from :
Further information on where to find Info-ZIP stuff, including BBSes and commercial online services, is available in:
Information about commercial use, modification and redistribution of Zip, UnZip, WiZ and MacZip is available in:
It's basically BSD-like, but note that there may still be a few remaining files in some of the packages that are covered by different licenses.
[Info-ZIP] Return to the Info-ZIP Home Page.
Last updated 14 July 2006. Web page maintained by Greg Roelofs. Please direct Info-ZIP queries (availability, ports, bugs, etc.) to Zip-Bug .
* "Hello, world" would be the first, of course. C-Kermit is probably second, sigh...
Copyright © 1995-2006 Greg Roelofs.
UnZip is maintained by Christian Spieler.
Primary ftp site hosted by LEO.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115097
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
As far as I am aware, you will get an error if you try to load large file sizes using the function IMemoryBlobStream.LoadFromFile().
Has anyone found some workaround code to load a file into a IMemoryBlobStream?
What I am trying to do is just insert a PDF document file into a BLOB in an Oracle database, but I am not, and do not want to use Oracle API's. I am just using ArcOjects for this one.
My code looks like:
public void LoadReport(string fileName)
if (File.Exists(fileName))
IMemoryBlobStream2 memoryBlobStream = new MemoryBlobStreamClass();
report = memoryBlobStream;
catch (Exception ex) {
throw ex;
This is the code I have put to finally get the file in the database, now just need to check reading out the file from the BLOB - hopefully it should work.
fs = new System.IO.FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
byte[] bytes = new byte[fs.Length];
int chunkSize = 2 << 17;
int pos = 0;
for (pos = 0; pos < (fs.Length - chunkSize); pos += chunkSize)
fs.Read(bytes, pos, chunkSize);
long modResult = (fs.Length % chunkSize);
fs.Read(bytes, pos,Convert.ToInt32(modResult));
IMemoryBlobStream2 memoryBlobStream = new MemoryBlobStreamClass();
memoryBlobStream.ImportFromMemory(ref bytes[0], (uint)bytes.Length);
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
First, load the file into a regular .NET Stream (e.g. a FileStream), then convert it to IMemoryBlobStream as follows:
byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.Length]; // stream is a .NET Stream instance
stream.Read(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
IMemoryBlobStream memoryBlobStream = new MemoryBlobStreamClass();
In your specific scenario you can take a handy shortcut of reading the bytes in a simpler way, by calling File.ReadAllBytes(). It opens, reads and closes a FileStream behind the scenes for you.
Any other instance of a .NET Stream will do the trick, of course.
In any case, this approach is more memory-intensive than IMemoryBlobStream.LoadFromFile() as the data will need to reside in the memory twice before the GC collects the bytes reference.
share|improve this answer
This looks great - and a very good explanation. I tried this and it looked like it was working - but when reading into the byte array - it threw an exception "Insufficient system resources exist to complete the requested service." – Vidar Dec 8 '11 at 16:06
How large is the binary data? – Petr Krebs Dec 8 '11 at 16:29
Well the PDF is about 200mb - but some of the filess are only 23mb. It seems that any files less that 23mb have worked but the larger ones fail. – Vidar Dec 8 '11 at 16:49
Hmm.. don't think I can help you with this one. I've never had problems with this approach. In your case it probably fails for the same reason IMemoryBlobStream.LoadFromFile() does in the first place. This could occur when a continous block of the requested memory is not available due to memory fragmentation. – Petr Krebs Dec 8 '11 at 16:57
Unfortunately, ESRI forces us to use an intermediate in-memory blob representation without a means to use chunked transfer instead... – Petr Krebs Dec 8 '11 at 17:00
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115113
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
image showing lines with and without pressure
The above image shows the lines without pressure and with pressure. I'm newbie, and looks like my photoshop CS3 don't have the "without pressure" option. Follows a printscreen of the brushes options:
enter image description here
Any idea how to enable the "with pressure" line? Does it exist in Photoshop CS3?
share|improve this question
I've always thought this was a UI brain fart from Adobe... The checkboxes are also menu options. If you have not clicked on the words Shape Dynamics or any of the other ones, I think maybe that's why you can't find the settings :) – Alexei Nov 16 '11 at 19:50
2 Answers 2
If you go just a bit deeper into these options you can find different things you can do and some of them have drop down list which has few other options including "Pen Pressure" which of course works mainly if you have Drawing tablet.
• Shape Dynamics - Controlling: Size, Angle and Roundness by pen pressure can be found here.
• Minimum Diameter is what it is.. and Max diameter is what ever the Master Diameter is. ( Master diameter is shown in your own screenshot. )
• Other Dynamics - Controlling: Opacity and Flow Jitter can be found here.
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
The Pen Pressure option also affects the stroke when you choose "Simulate Pressure" when you apply a stroke to a Path using "Stroke Path..." from the Paths Panel flyout menu. – Alan Gilbertson Nov 16 '11 at 19:59
Yes.. Yes, True dat. – Joonas Nov 16 '11 at 20:38
I think you want the pressure settings because you have a tablet, like a wacom or something else...
Have a look at this video :
I think it will help.
For further instructions, tips & tricks just : http://bit.ly/w3O2sD
Hope this helps... If you dont have a tablet... then probably you are looking for something else, not pressure settings... cause you cannot apply pressure with the mouse, i tried it, doesn't work no matter how hard you press the click :P
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115118
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What causes someone to scar easily?
1. 0 Votes
Genetics, mainly. Some people are just born with the set of genes that tells their body to scar up over ever scratch and bite. There are some pretty scary sounding genetic diseases out there (like “Type VI Ehlers-Danlos syndrome”) that have scaring easily as a symptom, but it’s rarely a vary dangerous disorder.
2. 0 Votes
There are several factors that can contribute to someone scarring more easily than another. Things such as wound location, poor nutrition, skin coloration, and age can determine occurence of a scar forming. Additionally, it has been found that people with darker skin can be more prone to keloids (an excess growth of scar tissue around a healed wound) than those with lighter skin. Finally, if a wound is treated improperly or is continually injured, a scar would more likely occur.
3. 0 Votes
Sunlight is a major factor in bad scarring. Scarred skin is more sensitive to sunlight than normal skin. Wear sunblock on the scar for 12-18 months after injury to reduce the mark. A wide brimmed hat works well (also paired with sunblock) if the scar is on your face. Also, Vitamin E Oil, anti inflammatory drugs, and anti-histamines will help deduce the appearance of scars.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115129
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Alternate Page for Screenreader Users
Skip to Page Navigation
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Find Science Related Short Videos
Quick Start
Essential Geography Databases for Finding Articles:
See FIND ARTICLES tab for More:
• GeoBase (via Engineering Village)
( 01/01/1980 - Present )
Covers geography, geology, ecology, international development, and related disciplines. Materials indexed include journals, books, conference proceedings, and reports.
• GeoRef (via Proquest Earth Science Collection)
( 01/01/1693 - Present )
International database of geoscience literature of the world. Materials indexed include journal articles, books, maps, conference papers, reports and theses. Covers the geology of North America from 1785 to the present and the geology of the rest of the world from 1933 to the present. The database includes references to all publications of the U.S. Geological Survey. It is the electronic equivalent to Bibliography and Index of Geology.
• Natural Sciences Collection (ProQuest)
Searches a broad range of geography, atmospheric, environmental, and biology resources available from ProQuest.
• Environmental Science Collection (ProQuest)
( 01/01/1967 - Present )
Collection of databases that cover ecology, aquatic sciences, pollution, toxicology, and more environmentally targeted resources.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115137
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HC Deb 20 April 1990 vol 170 c1030W
Mr. Campbell-Savours
To ask the Secretary of State for the Environment what assessment has been made of the extent to which emissions of radioactive gas from Pond 5 fuel handling plant at Sellafield arising from works carried out and chemical reactions in the pond itself, comply with statutory requirements.
Mr. Trippier
[holding answer 18 April 1990]: The emissions of radioactive gas from this plant are continuously sampled and monitored by BNFL. The measurements demonstrate that these discharges comply with statutory requirements.
Forward to
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115140
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Thursday, 6 November 2003
Lawyers, bloggers weigh in on book page images
Authors' lawyer (and former book editor) Charles E. Petit , who apparently represents a number of short-story writers, offers both an excellent page of advice for authors on dealing with and some right-on commentary on the issue in his blog, starting with this article on 27 October 2003 (check his whole archive since then for the rest of the thread, describing in detail his communications with regarding the infringement of his clients' copyrights).
As of 31 October 2003, when was reported in the press as saying that only 15 authors had asked to have their works removed from the giveaway program, Petit noted that, "I am personally aware of more than 15 authors who had asked for removal by the close of business on Tuesday, and I'm certain there are others I don't know about."
Petit also writes, inter alia :
Using a 56k dialup connection, it took me less than six minutes to get a "free" copy of a 9,000-word article in investigating one of my clients' collections of academic works. It's an important, indeed seminal, work in that field; and it took less than five minutes thereafter to run the result through OCR software and get a compact, editable version that could easily have been posted on the Internet through any of the various pirate sources. Needless to say, my client was not very pleased....
What this really points out more than anything else is that S&M [sales & marketing] dorks don't care about legalities. Only someone who had no familiarity with Tasini could have conceived of this program, or at least conceived of it without running immediately to the legal department for advice. (That goes for you, too, Google and B&N; don't think my clients and I are not watching.) Instead, because getting a solid legal review might have derailed this neato idea before it started, whoever came up with it probably started lots of planning in an effort, whether conscious or not, to build so much momentum that it could not be easily derailed by some crummy lawyer "who doesn't understand sales in the first place."...
An individual author may decide that he or she does not care if the material becomes available through Amazon's program. That is his or her right. It is not, however, the right of either Amazon itself or the publisher (unless special contract language exists) to make that decision for the copyright holder....
This should have been done on an opt-in basis, not an opt-out basis. The publishing contracts and copyright law demand nothing less.
Eugene Volokh notes the issue in The Volokh Conspiracy , one of the leading legal blogs, but says, "I express no views on the economic or the legal question (in part because to answer the legal question I'd have to see just what the contracts say)." IMHO, saying he needs to read all the contracts (while true, in a sense) is missing the essence of what seems to be claiming: that the right of publishers (and perhaps, as Petit suggests , distributors) to dispose of electronic rights is somehow inherent by default in the right to print publication, irrespective of copyright ownership (as stated in the book itself) by the author, and even in the absence of any explicit contractual grant of electronic rights. That's exactly what the Supreme Court's decision in Tasini v. NYT would seem to imply that they don't have.
Like someone who likes free MP3's but who knows that Napster infringes copyrights, Volokh also seems reluctant to criticize such a "worthy endeavor", by which I guess he means "a program I might want to make use of myself".
Brian Dear's Nettle blog makes the same ambivalence -- he would find it useful himself, but recognizes that it's based on copyright theft -- more explicit in Unfair Use? Amazon's Free Book Giveaway and More on Amazon's Search Inside the Book :
For someone like me who's spent years doing research for a nonfiction history book, it's an incredible tool. This is the best thing on the web since Google unleashed a fully searchable Usenet archive dating back to 1982.
However, I am doubtful the service -- as it exists today -- will last long. It is too good.
Why is it too good? Because if you're determined, you can copy entire chapters out of books --- or, if you are really determined, entire books. Here's how...
How could this kind of feature possibly qualify as fair use of a copyrighted work? Amazon does not seem to place any burdens or restrictions in the way that would prevent such unfair use --- for that is surely what this is.
UCLA corporate law professor (and law book author) Stephen Bainbridge also voices this ambivalence in his blog in Amazon's new search feature and The publisher--author conflict of interest .
Books sold to law students for secondary reading are my stock in trade. From my perspective, what Amazon is doing is no different than what Kazaa is doing to music....
As a researcher, I have to agree: it is incredibly useful. It will help me satisfy law review editors' insatiable desire for citations. As an author of low volume reference works, however, I am afraid it will eviscerate my modest sales.
When he reviewed his particular contract with his publisher, Bainbridge discovered that even he, a commercial law professor, had explicitly signed away electronic rights to his books, without realizing or remembering having done so. But not all book contracts include grants to the publisher of electronic rights -- I know mine don't, and from my limited knowledge, I suspect most don't.
There's more discussion in this thread at Slashdot and in The Importance Of .
(You can seaa all my coverage of this topic since I first learned of's program in the Writing and Publishing section of this blog.)
[Addendum, 6 November 2003: As of this afternoon, the "Search Inside This Book" links and banner over the cover image have been removed from the pages listing my books, as have the previous "Look Inside the Book" excerpts. (Evidently will no longer provide for display of only selected pages: now it's the entire book or none of it. And they've reinstated earlier versions of the cover images -- even going back, for The Practical Nomad Guide to the Online Travel Marketplace, to the first version of the cover they ever used, from the publisher's pre-publication catalog, with a different title, subtitle, and look from how the book actually appears in print.) I guess that, even though they haven't deigned to talk with me, they are reading this blog, and noticed what I said in yesterday's entry . Come on, guys and gals: if you're reading this, and we both know you are, let's talk directly, OK? You know where to find me if you truly are willing to work with , and not against, authors and our interests. As I've outlined, I think there's a great opportunity to make this into an electronic text distribution system that benefits, publishers, readers, and writers.
Also today, the New York Times has a lengthy piece in the Circuits section on's "Search" program. (They still don't want to admit that "search" is not the same as "page-image delivery".) The Times reports that my publisher, Avalon Travel Publishing, "contacted its 140 writers to explain the program and offer to remove the books of those declining to take part.... 10 authors ... asked that their books be withdrawn." But the words "copyright" and "infringement" never intrude on the picture painted by the Times; also unmentioned is the fact that the governing legal precedent is the one in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the liability of the Times itself (and its co-defendants) for wholesale plagiarism in granting "licenses" for electronic distribution when their contracts with writers gave them only print rights.]
Link | Posted by Edward on Thursday, 6 November 2003, 07:57 ( 7:57 AM) | TrackBack (0)
The Times article, which one can access without registering by searching for the line quoted by Ed, is surprisingly bland. Is it possible that only 10 of 140 Avalon Travel Publishing authors decided to opt out of Amazon's power grab? Do the other 130 figure they have nothing to lose? I wonder....
Posted by: David Stanley, 6 November 2003, 21:00 ( 9:00 PM)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115147
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Eclipse Platform
Release 3.7
Package org.eclipse.ui.console
Application programming interfaces for interaction with the Eclipse console.
Interface Summary
IConsole A console.
IConsoleConstants Constants relating to the console plug-in.
IConsoleDocumentPartitioner A document partitioner for a text console.
IConsoleFactory A console factory extension is responsible for opening a console in the console view.
IConsoleListener A console listener is notified when consoles are added or removed from the console manager.
IConsoleManager The console manager manages registered consoles.
IConsolePageParticipant A console page participant is notified of page lifecycle events such as creation, activation, deactivation and disposal.
IConsoleView A view that displays consoles registered with the console manager.
IHyperlink A hyperlink in a console.
IHyperlink2 Optional extension to IHyperlink.
IPatternMatchListener A pattern match listener is registered with a TextConsole, and is notified when its pattern has been matched to contents in that console.
IPatternMatchListenerDelegate A pattern match listener delegate is notified of regular expression matches in a text console.
Class Summary
AbstractConsole Common function for consoles.
ConsolePlugin The console plug-in class.
IOConsole A console that displays text from I/O streams.
IOConsoleInputStream InputStream used to read input from an IOConsole.
IOConsoleOutputStream OutputStream used to write to an IOConsole.
MessageConsole A console that displays messages.
MessageConsoleStream Used to write messages to a message console.
PatternMatchEvent An event describing a pattern match in a text console.
TextConsole An abstract text console that supports regular expression matching and hyperlinks.
TextConsolePage A page for a text console.
TextConsoleViewer Default viewer used to display a TextConsole.
Package org.eclipse.ui.console Description
Application programming interfaces for interaction with the Eclipse console.
Package Specification
Eclipse Platform
Release 3.7
Guidelines for using Eclipse APIs.
Copyright (c) Eclipse contributors and others 2000, 2011. All rights reserved.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115151
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✖ Sheila Loyola ✖
My name is Sheila Loyola. I'm unlike others, head-strong, open-minded, blunt, perky, obnoxious, and a completely changed individual, than I was in the past. You could say it's for the better, but some of you might disagree. I'm 21 years old.Where I currently live isn't for me, and someday I will find somewhere that is. I'm inspired by odd things. I might come off as having a big ego, but take is as you want. Being positive is something I always go for. I really couldn't ask for a better life, but on the other hand I could. I don't label myself. Sometimes I wonder what the world will be like a hundred years from now.
Promote your Tumblr!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115163
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Let's talk about the money that writers make when writing a book proposal. To begin with, the first money you make is called an advance. It's called an advance because it's an advance against royalties. This means the publisher gives you this money "in advance" of the book's publication and "in advance" of the book's earning any money for the publisher. You do not have to pay it back if the book flops. If the book is a success, you will "earn out" your advance. That is, the book will earn so much money that the advance you were paid is covered by those earnings. After you earn out your advance you can also earn royalties.
So, how much will you get paid for your book? You must remember that for a nonfiction book, most publishers are not interested in your completed book, all they care about is the book proposal. If you write a book and no one buys it, book author Michael Crichton you've wasted your time. So don't write a book, write a book proposal. Your literary agent will then sell the book based on your 10- to 15-page book proposal. How to write a book proposal is described extensively on this Web site. Advances for book proposals range from small to large. Publishers Marketplace lists them like this:
• a "nice deal" ranges from $1 to $49,000
• a "very nice deal" ranges from $50,000 to $99,000
• "good deal" ranges from $100,000 to $250,000
• a "significant deal" ranges from $251,000 to $499,000
• a "major deal" ranges from $500,000 and up
For example, here are some recent deals. This is just a sampling of the thousands of deals that are reported, on a daily basis, by Publishers Marketplace.
1. At the beginning of 2010 a spirituality book proposal landed a "nice deal" (from $1 to $49,000) for author Rebecca Ondov.
2. On March 31, 2010 a book proposal for a biography of Isabella, Queen of Spain, landed a "good deal" (from $100,000 to $250,000) for author Kirstin Downey.
3. On November 17, 2009, Author Duane Chapman landed a "significant deal" (from $251,000 to $499,000) for a book proposal describing the memoir he wants to write.
I can't tell you how much you'll make for your book proposal. But I can tell you that without a book proposal it's unlikely that you'll sell your book because today literary agents and publishers don't want to see your finished nonfiction book. As a general rule, all they're interested in is the book proposal. To find out how to write a book proposal, explore this Web site. It will guide you so that you can complete a book proposal and get your first (or next) book deal. (Photo: Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park. Crichton was known for blockbuster fiction, but he was a medical doctor and also wrote a good deal of nonfiction. Here he is smiling, thinking about his next advance.)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115172
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adactio / collective / tags / mashup
Tagged with “mashup” (30) activity chart
1. Cheekyboy - Give It To Me, Little Drummer Boy
From Santastic V.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
2. Amplive remixes Radiohead’s “In Rainbows” - Videotapez (feat. Del)
Via my brother’s music collection and which just happened to have it in .mp3 form.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
3. Remixing the Museum Exhibition
What happens when six regional museums join forces, build a web site and allow us to remix their authoritative collections with public resources drawn from Flickr and YouTube? How does a museum manage data that comes from third-party APIs? Is this a shift forward in the evolution of online exhibitions?
Jim Forrest Peabody Essex Museum
Ben Tucker
Ellis Neder Cretive Dir, Sway Design
Steven Alvarez Dir of Programs & Media, Alaska Native Heritage Center
—Huffduffed by iamdanw
4. J Dilla x Michael Jackson - Player has Butterflies
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
5. DJ John - Lonely Siberian Winter
From and DJ BC’s Santastic II mashup compilation,
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
6. Bon Iver x Marvin Gaye - How Sweet Is Emma’s Love (team9 edit)
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
7. ABX - Air You A Hypnotist (DOOM v the Flaming Lips)
From SOOO good.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
8. DJ Earworm - Annie Lennox, Backwards/Forwards
From There’s a video remix with it too that’s just great.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
9. Divide & Kreate - I Told You To Beat It (Michael Jackson vs. The Hives)
From Nice.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
10. DJ Schmolli - Jacko Breaks Free On Earth (Michael Jackson vs. Queen vs. Belinda Carlisle)
From Wow, what an awesome mess of a tribute mashup.
—Huffduffed by tiffehr
Page 1 of 3Older
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115195
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You are here
Nasi Goreng
Healthycooking's picture
Long grain rice 1 Cup (16 tbs)
Salt 1 Pinch
Water 4 Cup (64 tbs)
Skinned boned chicken 1⁄2 Pound
Pork fillet 1⁄2 Pound
Scallions 1 Bunch (100 gm)
Garlic 2 Clove (10 gm)
Coconut oil 3 Tablespoon
Cooked shrimp 1⁄4 Pound
Hot chicken broth 1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
Curry powder 1 Tablespoon
Soy sauce 2 Tablespoon
Grated coconut 2 Tablespoon
Egg 1
Milk 1 Tablespoon
Butter 2 Tablespoon
Banana 1
Cook the rice over low heat 20 minutes until fluffy.
Wash and pat the meat dry.
Cut into strips.
Clean and wash the onions and cut into thin rings.
Peel and dice the garlic.
Heat the oil.
First saute the chicken, then the pork, stirring constantly.
Remove from the pan.
Add the onion and garlic to the oil and saute until translucent.
Replace the meat.
Rinse the shrimp in a sieve, drain, then mix with the chicken broth, curry powder, soy sauce and coconut.
Simmer 5 minutes over low heat.
Whisk the egg with the milk, season with the salt and from this cook 1 omelette in 1 tablespoon of the butter.
Allow to cool somewhat and cut into strips.
Mix the drained rice with the meat.
Peel the banana, halve it lengthwise, and saute in the remaining butter.
Recipe Summary
Main Dish
Rate It
Your rating: None
Average: 4.2 (20 votes)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115205
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Posts tagged witch hazel
November 29, 2012
common witch hazel
Autumn-Blooming Witch Hazel
Witch hazel bark has traditionally been used by steeping it in water to make an astringent, which Native Americans used to treat a variety of ills.
February 16, 2012
Witch hazel
Hybrid Witch Hazel
Stay Connected
Support For Indiana Public Media Comes From
About Focus on Flowers
About The Host
Search Focus on Flowers
Focus on Flowers on Flickr
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115214
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Project Risk Management for Milestones
Milestones by Kidasa Software Inc. is a project management and data presentation. Integrated RiskyProject/Milestones solution allows the project manager to produce presentation reports from RiskyProject schedule, manage large projects and coordinate team projects, format schedule to meet any reporting needs, publish the schedule on Internet. RiskyProject can use a project schedule created in Milestones to perform decision and quantitative risk analysis. Moreover, results of the analysis can be imported back to Milestones.
Milestones is integrated with both RiskyProject Professional and RiskyProject Lite.
1. Create project schedule in Milestones. This schedule can be exported to MPX file.
1. Import the schedule created in Milestones to RiskyProject
2. Assign risks and uncertainties
3. Perform quantitative risk analysis
4. Perform decision analysis
1. Import results of probabilistic analysis from RiskyProject
2. Format presentation reports and publish them on Internet
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115221
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Can you jailbreak and iPhone 4 with software 6.1.3?
I want to use evasi0n or Redsnow to jailbreak my iphone 4 with 6.1.3 software. Is this software out yet? If it isn;t out, should I wait for the software to come out, or should I use TinyUmbrella to restore my previous software?
No, any device that has over ios 5.1 cannot be jailbroken. Well, it probably could, but it would be much more risky since apple has gotten so much more secure, besides… Why the f.u.c.k do you have an iphone? They are so bad.
Step 1: Download iOS 6.1.3 IPSW and firmware file for iOS 6.0.
Step 2: Download the latest version Redsn0w 0.9.15b3 here (Step 2).
Step 3: Run Redsn0w 0.9.15b3 in Administrator mode if you're on Windows or make a click, hold down Ctrl, and select “Open” from the new menu, if you are a user OS X Mountain Lion.
Step 4: Go to the menu Extras => Select IPSW and specify in the IPSW-file iOS 6.0 (not iOS 6.1.3) on the device for which you are performing the jailbreak.
Step 5: Go back to the first page and click on the Jailbreak button, then check Install Cydia and enter DFU mode following on screen instructions.
Step 6: Now Redsn0w will perform the iOS 6.1.3 jailbreaking. After completion clicking “Autoboot this device when it connects in DFU mode” to switch to tethered jailbreak. After the reboot you will get a device running jailbroken iOS 6.1.3 with Redsn0w.
The Best answer goes to @KYLE Thank mate it WORKED:) !
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115240
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Majority report
Precog, ‘Big Data as a Service’, opens public beta
Today sees the launch of the public beta of the Precog platform, a new service promising to simplify the storage and statistical analysis of big data
In a press release, the company said their Precog platform “combines the scalability of big data platforms with the number-crunching power of statistical tools”, and that development teams can quickly build big data applications “without the headache and time commitment of custom data infrastructure development and maintenance”.
Effectively, it’s a SaaS offering for your big data needs - perhaps Big Data as a Service? - abstracted to a level at which only the lowest level of technical knowledge is necessary. “There [is] no software to download, no servers to setup, no configuration, no schema, and no limits,” reads the product features page. “Just you, a code editor, and our super simple REST API.”
However, they also stress that Precog is “not designed for end-users”, but “for developers who are building data-driven applications”.
Data can be imported quickly from existing databases and spreadsheets, or captured via third-party services (such as Facebook and Twitter) and a REST API compatible with Java, PHP, JavaScript, .Net, Ruby, C# and “iOS”.
Once this data is captured, it can be ‘enriched’ using apps such as RapLeaf (which provides demographic info for email addresses) or AlchemyAPI (which, among other things, analyses ‘sentiment’ within messages. These are available from the marketplace, which also contains apps for data visualization engine and synchronisation with external databases.
Finally, crunching of your data can be carried out using instructions relayed via the REST API. “You never need to write any code to do any kind of data analysis,” touts the promotional materials.
For companies with big enough pockets, an in-house solution may be preferable: but for smaller enterprises, Precog looks to be a great service for those who would prefer a simpler, and seemingly equally as powerful, solution.
Elliot Bentley
What do you think?
Latest opinions
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115242
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Shopping Cart Mailing List Help SUSAN'S BLOG
Our sell-out bags are the perfect way to introduce yourself & loved ones to Jelly Pong Pong.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115263
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Buffalo, New York
Located in western New York on eastern shore of Lake Erie at head of Niagara River and mouth of Buffalo Creek.1 County seat.2 Settled by 1801.3 Land for town allocated, 1810.4 Incorporated as village, 1813, but mostly destroyed later that year during War of 1812.5 Became major center of trade with completion of Erie Canal, 1825.6 Incorporated as city, 1832.7 Population in 1830 about 8,700.8 Population in 1835 about 20,000.9 JS traveled through Buffalo several times.10 Oliver Cowdery, Ziba Peterson, Parley P. Pratt, and Peter Whitmer Jr. served missions to Seneca Indian tribe near Buffalo, Oct. 1830.11 Crossroads for LDS church members migrating from New York to Kirtland, Ohio, area, 1831.12 Some goods for Kirtland temple committee store were purchased in Buffalo.13
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Kake ([personal profile] kake) wrote2011-04-18 09:30 am
Reading Chinese Menus: Concepts: Cooking techniques (linkspam)
Today I'm posting some links to articles elsewhere that have taught me a lot about various techniques associated with Chinese cooking. If you're aware of anything particularly good that I've missed, please leave a comment and let me know!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115303
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Street Fighter IV Arcade In The US? Who Knows. Australia, Singapore? Maybe!
Street Fighter IV won't be officially released in US arcades. But that doesn't mean it won't be released anywhere outside Japan. Take Australia, for example. Or Korea, or Singapore. It might come out there!
Capcom's Yoshinori Ono has revealed that while the game won't be may not be shipped to the US thanks to a market "on the decline", there are other markets in the Asia-Pacific area region that Capcom are looking at.
Actually, there is quite a bit more demand [for SFIV] in Asia and Oceania than there is in North America. To be honest, the video arcade culture in North America is on the decline. There are not that many venues left for arcade video games any more.
We have seen that there is a lot of value in the markets of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, as well as some other markets.
So USA, no, Singapore, yes? Kooky.
Developer Interview [Capcom]
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115316
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Live sex network is right now the premier company of movies and photos. Some of the best selections of HD video recordings available in order for you. All flicks and pictures compiled below for your checking out delight. Live sex, likewise contacted real-time cam is a digital intimacy encounter through which 2 or additional folks connected remotely through computer system connection send out each some other adult specific information describing a adult encounter. In one kind, this fantasy adult is done through the participants mentioning their activities and reacting to their converse companions in an usually written sort fashioned for stimulate their very own adult-related feelings as well as dreams. Free chat sex at times features true daily life masturbation. The premium of a live sex come across commonly relies after the attendees potentials to stir up a brilliant, natural mental image psychological of their partners. 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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115320
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Aug 29, 2011
Acer Crystal Eye Webcam For Windows 7
Last update: July 11 2013
Downloads: 58774
So my idea is this:
So try it and report the feedback here:
Acer webcam For windows 7 :
Download (Direct Link)
reported work on:
Acer Aspire 5570Z Acer Travelmate 6292
Acer Aspire 4925G Acer Aspire4715z
Acer Aspire 7720G Acer Aspire 4715z
Acer Aspire 4540
Acer Crystal Eye webcam 7.96.701
Originally vista reported work in 7 using compatibility mode install.
still working on the link =)
Another way is to install using your VISTA driver.
1. Download the vista driver.
3. Select Compatibility tab.
4. Select "run this program in compatibility mode for"
5. select windows vista. APPLY and CLOSE
If you cannot find your vista drivers ,
1. i used acer aspire 4920 with windows 7,but after i installed acer crystal web cam it still appear " camera was not found " can you help me to overcome this problem.
1. That happens with mine too!! Please, help!! Thanks!
2. That mean this driver not suitable for your cam, look at the device manager see if there any devices marked with yellow named with USB(etc)
3. i'm using acer aspire 4920 my acer crystal eye webcam still teling that "camera not found".
pls help.....
4. my control panel ( i have an acer aspire 1 ) says that i have this program but i do not know how to open, run, and use it. any advice? thanks!
5. im using acer iconia 6120 tablet pls do kindly advised me... thanks
6. whats good for acer 4750z
7. I deleted my acer webcam tht came with my laptop,and now I need it bak...where do I get it bak from?
8. Hi i have an acer aspire 7738g, but not work on win 7 ultimate
9. i'm using ACER Aspire 4530., with os window7 64bit..can u suggest suitable webcam driver
10. i have an aspire one d270 and i have installed windows 7 in it nd webcam is not working what should i do ........if u have solution please tell me..
1. Download and install this file:
Download link
if still now working, go to this page:
Then you will see the webcam driver list there, test which work for you, I have experience installing windows 7 on this model several times, and i use the driver from the page above,
11. hi, i'm using aspire 4920, can u please help me download a suitable webcam driver. help me please
12. Tengo una Acer Aspire 8943G con Windows 7. La cámara se bloquea cuando la uso directa pero funciona bién con Skype. Alguna sugerencia?
13. Ya solucioné mi problema con: Webcam_Cyberlink_1.5.2108.00_W7x86.
14. Hi! It worked on my laptop, but I can't find the images I captured using the webcam. Do you know where the captured images automatically save? Thanks! :)
15. I have aspire 4740g and the camera worked fine before, now its "camera not found", help.
16. Pls help me my cam wont work acer aspire 5720g
17. i installed the driver but it did'nt work
i also try compatibility installation but it did'nt work either...
black pls help
18. Same problem here! I use Aspir 5742Z series. What would be the right driver to install for the webcam that does not work!
1. have you try with your original windows vista drivers?
19. i wonder why its taking forever to download
20. Thank for your advice it look success
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115327
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Charles Fletcher Lummis: Crusader in Corduroy, Founder Emeritus Southwest Museum
Event Start Time
Sat, 03/09/2013 - 2:00pm - 3:00pm
Hosted By:
Event Description
Kim Walters, Ahmanson Curator of Native American History and Culture, presents an illustrated lecture about Charles Lummis (March 1, 1859–November 24, 1928). Her talk will include a brief biographical overview of Lummis and his adventures in the Southwest and Peru—and a discussion of the major organizations that he founded to preserve California missions, his assistance with American Indian causes, and the establishment of the Southwest Society and the Southwest Museum.
Reservations recommended: 323.495.4326 or
Southwest Museum
234 Museum Dr
Los Angeles, CA, 90065
United States
Phone: 323 495-4326
34° 6' 3.0996" N, 118° 12' 21.654" W
See map: Google Maps
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115329
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University of Pittsburgh
Legitimate target :a criteria-based approach to targeted killing
In this book, the author proposes that targeted killing decisions must reflect consideration of four distinct elements: law, policy, morality, and operational details, thus ensuring that it complies with principles of domestic and international laws.
ISBN: 9780199969739
PittCat: KZ6373.2.G85 2013
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115340
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Skip to main menu
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CLB Library / Information / Friends
Friends of Catawba College Library
The Friends organization exists for the sole purpose of supporting and nurturing Catawba's Corriher-Linn-Black Library. After a brief hiatus, the Friends of the Catawba College Library has been reconstituted and revived in the spring of 2012.
Membership: Membership is open to anyone who wishes to support Catawba's library. Individuals may join by either purchasing a book online via the Amazon Wish List Project (see below) or by paying an annual membership fee. Currently membership costs $20.00 for individuals and $50.00 for businesses or organizations.
Membership and Fundraising Drive via Amazon
In an attempt to expand the Friends membership and strengthen the library's book collection, we have launched a brave new initiative, an Amazon wish list fund-raising drive. The goal is to take some immediate steps to improve the library's holdings -- all without exceeding our normal budget or raising tuition.
Working closely with faculty, the librarians at Catawba have created a list of discipline-specific titles. Anyone who wishes to contribute can now go online to Amazon, access Catawba's collection lists, chose a book from a field or area of your interest, select a title, and pay by credit or debit card. Amazon will then mail the book to the library.
View Library Wish List by Subject
NOTE: Unless you wish your gift to remain anonymous, please include a gift message so we'll know who to thank. You may do this during the checkout process on the website.
Frequently Asked Questions
What happens after you've selected and purchased a book on the Catawba College Library Wish List? How does it get to the library?
Amazon will send the book to the Catawba Library soon after you make your purchase online. Once your book arrives at the library, we will attach an attractive bookplate with your name on it to the inside cover of the book commemorating your gift to the college and your personal patronage of the library. We'll enroll you immediately as a Friend of the Library and note your tax-deductible gift to the college.
Can I order more than one book at a time?
Yes, you may order more than a single book at a time, and you can make subsequent orders.
Can I order from a local or private book store instead of Amazon?
Absolutely! We encourage local bookstore patronage. Here's how you can make that work. Using our Amazon Wish List as your guide, choose a book from the list, purchase it at your local books store, and ask the store (or you may do this yourself, if you wish) to send the book directly to the library. Our address is Friends of the Library, Corriher-Linn-Black Library, 2300 West Innes Street, Salisbury, NC 28144. Make sure that you include your name and address as a donor.
Can I contribute in ways other than buying a book on the Amazon wish list?
Of course! Individuals who would rather donate money may do so by sending a check directly to the Corriher Linn Black Library. (Our address is Corriher-Linn-Black Library, Catawba College, 2300 West Innes St., Salisbury, NC 18144. ) Make your check or money order out specifically to Catawba College with a note indicating that the money is to be used for the Friends. Moreover, gifts in this way can actually be very effective. An anonymous donor has volunteered to match dollar for dollar any such direct cash contributions to the Friends.
What if I have additional questions?
No problem. If you've another question that we haven't answered, you may call or email Steve McKinzie, director of the library: 704-637-4449 or email
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115341
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How You Leak Your Privacy Every Day (and How to Stop)
Thanks to the NSA, everyone all of a sudden cares about their privacy more than they used to. But most of us aren't doing a good job of locking it down. Here are just a few of the things we all tend to do that leak private information to friends, strangers, businesses, and ad companies.
We've talked about why it's worth caring about your privacy, but let's be honest here: most of us don't pay that much attention to it. You don't need a tin foil hat to care, though. The problem is that many of us leak basic private information into the world without even realizing it. Let's clean that up.
You Share Your Phone's Location Data with Everyone
Your phone tracks everywhere you go and for the most part, it's a great service that helps make your experiences better. But on top of basic system level services like a maps app, we often give out location data to just about any app that asks for it. This means you might leak your location publicly without noticing it.
Your location data is the most private thing on your phone. After all, it's the only thing that links your digital self with the physical world. The problem comes when apps that don't need access to your location want it. Sure, handing over your location data to Google Maps makes sense. Giving it to Goodreads does not. So, pay close attention to the apps that ask for your location, and deny the ones that don't need it. It's worth auditing those settings now and again to make sure no apps get access to your location that you don't want. It's easy to do on both Android and iOS.
You might also leak your location through a photo's GPS data. This doesn't sound like a big deal on the surface, but if you post a lot of photos on social networks, your location is in that metadata. That makes it pretty easy for a stranger to track where you are. You can always deny access to your location in your phone's camera app, but then you're missing out on the benefits of tracking your photo locations. Instead, use an app like deGeo on iOS or Pixelgarde on Android to strip away your GPS info before you share those photos.
As we all know, broadcasting your location when you're not at home is problematic. It doesn't take a lot of work to seal up your privacy here, so keep a watchful eye on what apps want access to your location.
You Always Stay Logged In On Social Networks
Sites like Facebook, Google, and Twitter track what you're doing on the web to get a better idea of your behavior and serve up personalized ads. They usually do this through cookies, and we make it even easier for them to track what we're doing by never logging out of these social networks.
The good news here is that a browser extension like Disconnect is all you need to make sure companies aren't snooping on your browsing data without you realizing it. It blocks tracking cookies regardless of whether you're logged into a social network or not. Still, it's a good idea to delete your browser's cookies regularly so nothing gets sticks around and spies on you.
Of course, Disconnect won't stop a friend from sitting in front of your computer and getting access to your social networks. If you have the type of friends who'd prefer to pull a prank than to quietly just log you out, you'll still want to log out of those social networks when you're away.
You Log Into Private Services on Public Computers
Chances are you've needed to use a public computer (or even a friend's computer) at some point to check your email, grab something from Dropbox, or log into Facebook. If you're not careful, you can leave traces of your private info on those computers.
This is the easiest behavior to fix. If you're on a computer that isn't yours, use the browser's private mode. If you're on a public computer where you're worried about leaving sensitive data behind (like you need to check your bank information when you're in a foreign country), you can use a private operating system like Tails. Something like Tails isn't necessary often, but it comes in handy for those rare instances where you need to make sure you leave nothing on a public computer.
You Share All Kinds of Data with Retailers
Retail stores are notorious for collecting data about you. Something like Amazon's recommendation system is pretty transparent, but these days, just walking into a retail store with Wi-Fi enabled on your phone is enough for retailers to collect data. Because of that, you're sharing a lot of private information without realizing it.
The most obvious case of this is through customer rewards cards like you find at most grocery stores. These cards collect all kinds of data about your buying habits for use both internally and externally. It's no surprise that a company like Kroger wants to know what you're shopping for and keeps a log of that. This data also get sold to places like Facebook so they can use it to target ads to you online.
You can opt out of this tracking if you want. If you really don't want retailers logging every single thing you purchase, you're best off using Jenny's number instead of signing up for an account on your own. As always, remember, when you sign up for a free service offered by a retailer, there's a pretty good chance they're collecting data about you.
You Put Too Much Trust In "Secure" Apps
It seems like once a week we see a new app that claims it's a secure alternative to texting or email. But as we've pointed out before, the security and privacy of apps like Snapchat are limited. Worse, in the case of Snapchat, the privacy claims aren't always true.
This one is the hardest to correct for. We don't want to instill too much paranoia here, but the fact of the matter is, if something can be seen, it can be copied. No secure messaging app will ever correct for that. Sure, you can encrypt those conversations to prevent someone from reading messages in transit, but someone can still find them on your computer. It also doesn't mean the person on the receiving end won't take a screenshot. Likewise, most companies won't defy a court order just to protect your account. Regardless, if you're concerned about people peeking in on your data, encrypting it at least prevents someone from getting your information easily.
We're not saying you shouldn't use secure messaging apps, or apps like Snapchat that delete messages after they're seen. Just don't assume that using them will keep your data private.
You Hook All Your Online Services Together
One of the best and worst things about the internet is the fact that you can hook one service into another. This might mean linking your favorite apps into Facebook to pull contact information, or giving an app access to your Twitter account so it can grab links. The problem is that we tend to gloss over the permissions we give these apps and then forget about them. This becomes a problem when you link together services with different privacy options. For example, you might have your Foursquare account set to private, but if you link in a public Facebook account anyone can see where you're checking in at.
So, once in a while, it's a good idea to go through the permissions you've granted on social networks and make sure you haven't given access to an app you don't want. If you're not sure where to start, MyPermissions gives you a massive list of social networks and direct links to the connected apps pages. This makes it pretty easy to pop in and check your permissions without messing around in confusing menus.
Concerns about privacy grow more and more important every day. While there's not much use in spending your days worrying about the NSA spying on you, that doesn't mean a relaxed stance on privacy is good either. There's a balance here in what makes your life better and the stupid things you do that give away information you don't want out there.
Photos by Maksim Kabakou, junrong, Liz West.
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On Satuday I submitted the final grades for Math10A, the new UC Berkeley freshman math class for intended biology majors that I taught this semester. In assigning students their grades, I had a chance to reflect again on the system we use and its substantial shortcomings.
The system is broken, and my grade assignment procedure illustrates why. Math 10a had 223 students this semester, and they were graded according to the following policy: homework 10%, quizzes 10%, midterms 20% each (there were two midterms) and the final 40%. If midterm 1 was skipped then midterm 2 counted 40%. Similarly, if midterm 2 was skipped then the final counted 60%. This produced a raw score for each student and the final distribution is shown below (zeroes not shown):
The distribution seems fairly “reasonable”. One student didn’t do any work or show up and got a 5/100. At the other end of the spectrum some students aced the class. The average score was 74.48 and the standard deviation 15.06. An optimal raw score distribution should allow for detailed discrimination between students (e.g. if everyone gets the same score thats not helpful). I think my distribution could have been a bit better but I overall I am satisfied with it. The problem comes with the next step: after obtaining raw scores in a class, the professor has to set cutoffs for A+/A/A-/B+/B/B-/C+/C/C-/D+/D/D-/F. Depending on how the cutoffs are set, the grade distribution can change dramatically. In fact, it is easy to see that any discrete distribution on letter grades is achievable from any raw score distribution. One approach to letter grades would be to fix an A at, say, any raw score greater than or equal 90%, i.e., no curving. I found that threshold on wikipedia. But that is rarely how grades are set, partly because of large variability in the difficulty of exams. Almost every professor I know “curves” to some extent. At Berkeley one can examine grade distributions here.
It turns out that Roger Purves from statistics used to aim for a uniform distribution:
Roger Purves’ Stat 2 grade distribution over the past 6 years.
The increase in C- grades is explained by an artifact of the grading system at Berkeley. If a student fails the class they can take it again and record the passing grade for their GPA (although the F remains on the transcript). A grade of D is not only devastating for the GPA, but also permanent. It cannot be improved by retaking the class. Therefore many students try to fail when they are doing poorly in a class, and many professors simply avoid assigning Ds. In other words, Purves’ C- includes his Ds. Another issue is that an A+ vs. A does not affect GPA, but an A vs. A- does; the latter is obviously a very subjective difference that varies widely between classes and professors. Note that Roger Purves just didn’t assign A+ grades, presumably because they have no GPA significance (although they do arguably have a psychological impact).
Marina Ratner from math was fond of failing students:
Marina Ratner’s Math 1B, Spring 2009.
In the same semester, in a parallel section, her colleague Richard Borcherds gave the following grades:
Richard Borcherd’s Math 1B, Spring 2009.
Unlike Ratner, Borcherds appears to be averse to failing students. Only 7 students failed out of 441 who were enrolled in his two sections that semester. Fair?
And then there are those who believe in the exponential distribution, for example Heino Nitsche who teaches Chem 1A:
Heino Nitsche’s Chem 1A, Spring 2011.
The variability in grade assignment is astonishing. As can be seen above, curving is prevalent and arbitrary, and the idea that grades have an absolute meaning is not credible. It is statistically highly unlikely that Ratner’s students were always terrible at learning math (whereas Borcherds “luckily” got the good students). Is chemistry inherently easy, to the point where an average student taking the class deserves an A?
This messed up system is different, yet similar in other schools. Sadly, many schools have used letter grading to manipulate GPAs via continual grade inflation. Just three weeks ago on December 3rd, the dean of undergraduate education at Harvard confirmed that the median grade at Harvard is an A- and the most common grade an A. The reasons for grade inflation are manifold. But I can understand it on a personal level. It is tempting for a faculty member to assign As because those are likely to immediately translate to better course evaluations (both internal, and public on sites such as Ninja Courses and ratemyprofessor). Local grade inflation can quickly lead to global inflation as professors, and at a higher level their universities, are competing with each other for the happiest students.
How did I assign letter grades for Math 10A?
After grading the final exams together, my five GSIs started the process of setting letter grade thresholds by examining the grades of “yardstick students”. These were students for which the GSIs felt confident in declaring their absolute knowledge of the material to be at the A,B,C or F levels. We then proceeded to refine the thresholds adding +/- cutoffs by simultaneously trying to respect the yardsticks, while also keeping in mind the overall grade distribution. Finally, I asked the GSIs to consider moving students upward across thresholds if they had shown consistent improvement and commitment throughout the semester (a policy I had informed the students of in class). The result was that about 40% of the students ended with an A. Students failed the class at a threshold where we believed they had not learned enough of the material to proceed to math 10B. I have to say that as far as my job goes, assigning letter grades for courses is the least scientific endeavor I participate in.
What should be done?
Until recently grades were recorded on paper, making it difficult to perform anything but trivial computations on the raw scores or letter grades. But electronic recording of grades allows for more sophisticated analysis. This should be taken advantage of. Suppose that instead of a letter grade, each student’s raw scores were recorded, along with the distribution of class scores. A single letter would immediately be replaced by a meaningful number in context.
I do think it is unfair to grade students only relatively, especially with respect to cohorts that can range in quality. But it should be possible to compute a meaningful custom raw score distribution specific to individual students based on the classes they have taken. The raw data is a 3-way table whose dimensions consist of professors x classes x raw scores. This table is sparse, as professors typically only teach a handful of different courses throughout their career. But by properly averaging the needed distributions as gleaned from this table, it should be possible to produce for each student an overall GPA score, together with a variance of the (student specific) distribution it came from averaged over the courses the student took. The resulting distribution and score could be renormalized to produce a single meaningful number. That way, taking “difficult” classes with professors who grade harshly would not penalize the GPA. Similarly, aiming for easy As wouldn’t help the GPA. And manipulative grade inflation on the part of professors and institutions would be much more difficult.
Its time to level the playing field for students, eliminate the possibility for manipulative grade inflation, and to stop hypocrisy. We need to not only preach statistical and computational thinking to our students, we need to practice it in every aspect of their education.
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[Top] [All Lists]
[TenTec] Ole Smokey Rides Again
To: <[email protected]>
Subject: [TenTec] Ole Smokey Rides Again
From: [email protected] (George Arthur Talbot)
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 98 12:16:46+120
Here is a bit about Smoke and Elecrical theory I got from a British friend
of mine.
>Here is a bit of electrical theory as postulated by one of your fellow
>countrymen. It was prompted by his experience of Lucas electrics
>in a Lotus 7;
>Positive ground depends upon proper circuit functioning, which is the
>transmission of negative ions by retention of the visible spectral
>manifestation known as "smoke". Smoke is the thing that makes
>electrical circuits work; we know this to be true because every time one
>lets the smoke out of the electrical system, it stops working. This can
>be verified repeatedly through empirical testing.
>When, for example, the smoke escapes from an electrical component
>(like, say, a Lucas voltage regulator), it will be observed that the
>component stops working. The function of the wire harness is to
>carry the smoke from one device to another; when the wire harness
>"springs a leak." And lets all the smoke out of the system, nothing
>works afterwards. Starter motors were frowned upon in British
>motorcycles for some time, largely because they consume large
>quantities of smoke, requiring very large wires.
>It has been noted that Lucas components are possibly more prone to
>electrical leakage than Bosch or generic Japanese electrics. Experts
>point out that this is because Lucas is British and all things British
>leak. British engines leak oil, shock absorbers and hydraulic forks and
>disk brakes leak fluid, British tyres leak air, and the British defence
>establishment leaks secrets... so, naturally, British electrics leak
>From the basic concept of electrical transmission of energy in the form
>of smoke, a better understanding of the mysteries of electrical
>components - - especially those of Lucas manufacture - - is gained by
>the casual user.
>Is there a grain of truth in this???
I hope you enjoyed it a much as I did.
George V73GT
FAQ on WWW: http://www.contesting.com/tentecfaq.htm
Submissions: [email protected]
Administrative requests: [email protected]
Problems: [email protected]
Search: http://www.contesting.com/km9p/search.htm
<Prev in Thread] Current Thread [Next in Thread>
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115362
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List:General Discussion« Previous MessageNext Message »
From:Adrian Phillips Date:July 21 2000 2:04pm
Subject:Re: SSH
View as plain text
>>>>> "Bob" == Bob Schulze <b-schulze@stripped> writes:
Bob> Folks, I guess this is out of scope. Anyway, I'am still
Bob> searching for a command line (only) tool that does not
Bob> require me to put a password for an initial server
Bob> connection. All ssh compilations I found, altough allowing
Bob> for ssh -Lport:host:port ... still ask for a server login.
Bob> This way I could deploy mysql client apps with connection
Bob> details hidden...
Bob> Stefano Vedovelli wrote:
>> Hello
>> does anybody knows where to get a free SSH for win32?
>> Thanks Stefano
Generate a key using ssh-keygen and no passphrase. Copy the public key
to the server, in ~user/.ssh/authorized_keys, then you should be able
to ssh user@server without problems. Use ssh -v to debug.
Adrian Phillips
Your mouse has moved.
Windows NT must be restarted for the change to take effect.
Reboot now? [OK]
SSHStefano Vedovelli13 Jul
• Re: SSHDana Powers13 Jul
• RE: SSHRobert Schott13 Jul
• RE: SSHRobert Goff13 Jul
• RE: SSHJavier E. Bertoli14 Jul
• Re: SSHemarkert14 Jul
• Re: SSHBob Schulze20 Jul
• Re: SSHconst20 Jul
• Re: SSHAdrian Phillips21 Jul
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115363
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List:General Discussion« Previous MessageNext Message »
From:Thimble Smith Date:March 24 1999 11:39am
Subject:Re: Are SubQueries supported?
View as plain text
On Tue, Mar 23, 1999 at 07:24:19PM -0600, Brandon Shuey wrote:
> Does mysql support subqueries?
Please see the mailing list archives and the on-line manual if
you want more information. The short answer is, "not quite yet."
Are SubQueries supported?(Brandon Shuey)24 Mar
• Re: Are SubQueries supported?Thimble Smith24 Mar
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115368
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Date: Sun, 8 Apr 2007 17:22:04 +0000 (GMT)
To: [email protected]
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
Raised by: Thomas Roessler
On product: Note: use cases etc.
In "content based detection", the note suggests that techniques we don't want to
look at include "comparing the served URLs, graphics or markup to known
legitimate sites, or to known attacks." On the face of it, that sentence would
even suggest that comparing a URI to one that has been visited is out of scope.
I believe that simply striking the text from "These techniques include", through
"to known attacks" would clarify this paragraph greatly, without changing the
intended meaning in a significant way.
I suggest this is an editorial change.
Received on Sunday, 8 April 2007 17:22:05 GMT
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115369
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From: Simon Harper <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 05 May 2010 16:29:59 +0100
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
In response to
Jonas asked
When do the teleconferences happen? If I cannot attend regularly, I'd be
happy to talk about Chrome.
I responded Thursday's and ...
Unfortunately, no, I have a recurring weekly meeting at that time. But I
could call in occasionally, to give updates on Chrome, if that's useful
(and skip my weekly those weeks...)?
So when would we like to suggest he gives us an update?
Simon Harper
University of Manchester (UK)
More: http://simon.harper.name/about/card/
Received on Wednesday, 5 May 2010 15:30:36 GMT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Wednesday, 5 May 2010 15:30:36 GMT
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115370
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missing info
From: Kim Smith <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 1998 09:23:35 -0800
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
dear editor,
i can not find out how to defeat tiling when i use <body
the image is small and replicates all over one page. i want it to be a
single image.
[email protected] <email me here please>
Received on Friday, 13 November 1998 12:25:59 GMT
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115371
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XML + CSS in Mozilla 5
From: Daniel Glazman <[email protected]>
Date: Mon, 03 Aug 1998 17:06:31 +0100
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Just to let you know in case you have not noticed yet :
Last mozilla version is able to render a XML+CSS document[1]. The TocView.XML
document (hyperlink in [1]) contains
<?xml:stylesheet type="text/css2" href="SolarisDocBook.css"?>
[1] http://www.mozilla.org/rdf/doc/xml.html
BTW, where comes this "text/css2" from and what does it mean ?
Other interesting excerpt from [1] :
Coming soon : documentation on doing XML with CSS in Mozilla.
We (some of the culprits named above) are working on an "Style Sheet
Plugin" API. Depending on the type of style sheet being used
(e.g., CSS, XSL, DSL...) different pieces of code get invoked.
Received on Monday, 3 August 1998 11:04:18 GMT
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115383
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Messages in this thread
SubjectRe: Blockbusting news, results get worse
John Bradford pretended to reply to me:
> > 4. When writing ZEROES to the bad sector, the drive reports SUCCESS.
> > But it lies. Subsequent attempts to read still fail. Subsequent
> > writing of zeroes appears to succeed again. Subsequent attempts to read
> > still fail.
> > I still have to say, we can't fix Toshiba, and we can avoid Toshiba, but
> > meanwhile we can fix Linux.
> How do you suggest we 'fix' 4, above, other than to flush the cache
> and verify each time a full sector of zeros is written to the disk?
Number 4 cannot be fixed by Linux. Why do you pervert my writing?
The refusal to remove a known defective block from ordinary use in the file
system can be fixed. How many times does this need to be said? Why do you
pretend that this is not what I have been saying in this entire thread?
If I understand Hans Reiser's message correctly, this fix has indeed been
made in ReiserFS version 4. I thank Mr. Reiser. (By the way, I volunteer
about one day each weekend for testing, and I am hardly in a position to
contribute funds. Please let's not beggar each other.)
By the way some participants in this thread have argued that the block
should not be replaced by zeroes or random garbage without notice. I fully
agree. The block should be replaced by zeroes or random garbage WITH
notice. From the point of view of logging it in the system log, it is
enough to log it once, it doesn't have to be logged over and over again.
From the point of view of informing the user whose program is running, the
dd command does an excellent job, but some unknown program was remaining
silent when I/O errors were originally detected and logged. I still think
it is better to get that block out of the file system so that when that file
is rewritten or when other new files get created or extended then they won't
try to reuse that block. But I've said this enough too. I guess it's time
to stop beating this dead horse. But anyway Mr. Reiser understood, and I am
glad, and I thank him.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115412
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Skip to main content
'Gordon Gekko' Is The New Face of Wall Street-Fighting Obama Justice Department
Tim Graham's picture
CNN's Terry Frieden reported that liberal Hollywood, in the person of Michael Douglas, is coming to the aid of the Obama administration: "The FBI on Monday unveiled a videotaped message from the actor who played the infamous fictional insider trader Gordon Gekko to help bolster a wide-ranging attack on financial crimes."
Coincidentally, "Attorney General Eric Holder traveled to New York on Thursday to deliver the message that the Justice Department is committed to rooting out corporate crime." That might shore up the liberal base: looking tough on Wall Street with the liberal actor who caricatured the "greed is good" Reagan Eighties.
Frieden's little publicity piece only used government sources.
At an FBI headquarters briefing on the stepped-up fight against financial misdealings, the bureau proudly showed a 30-second public service announcement featuring actor Michael Douglas. His character in the 1987 film "Wall Street," Gordon Gekko, proclaimed that "greed, for lack of a better word, is good." But in a new message to help the FBI, Douglas says, "The movie is fiction, but the problem is real."
Douglas asks viewers who suspect financial crime to contact the FBI.
Douglas hasn't just done a voice-over favor for Obama and Eric Holder. He announces the opening every night on the NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams. But Williams is more fond of comparing Obama to Douglas in The American President.
NBC recently reported with glee that a liberal Gordon Gekko impersonator met Mitt Romney in South Carolina.
#1 Fiction
And in other news, I heard the Justice Department is hiring Deputy Dawg to go after the Fast & Furious culprits.
#2 Michael Douglas
Has anyone seen Michael Douglas lately? He looks like he's 110 years old. Only that mummy McCain looks more decrepit than Douglas.
#3 I think he is
Recovering from throat cancer
#4 didn't know that
I pray he fully recovers.
#5 This "financial crimes"
This "financial crimes" scares the Hell out of me.
Nuke em til they glow; then shoot em in the dark
#6 Dont blame him-hes only fulfilling his ,,
required community service, for starring in that stinko sequel! Aww, poor Gordie Gekko, you got caught, and NOW youre going to lecture US, in the name of Holder and O'Bozo? Yeah, we know you got like $10 million stashed away that no one can find-cry me a river, all the way to the bank!
#7 I'm sure it's just a coincidence...
...and not a political stunt by the Obama administration setting the table for Romney.
#8 They are creating a caricature.
They are not attacking an actual person or entity, they are actually creating a straw man in real life. Tell me, if what Wall Street has done was illegal, why are we not hearing about numerous charges being filed? Why are there only payoffs like the banking settlement?
Every tyrannical government creates these caricatures to make people not pay attention to where the real crime and corruption originate, government. Guess where 78% of that bank settlement is going? California. It is an under the table bailout for California.
George Washington was a student of history- "The last official act of any government is to loot the treasury."
Obama and the other statists have brought in the new way of looting though, they are stealing from the future treasuries also as well as enslaving our posterity.
"Be an information soldier in an army of one; where no one can follow, only lead." David Kramer
Comment viewing options
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Subject: Re: is quotacheck always so ploddingly slow on big filesystems?
To: NetBSD User's Discussion List <>
From: Michael Kolos <>
List: netbsd-users
Date: 12/18/2003 11:16:51
At 01:46 AM 18/12/03, you wrote:
>Do you have multiple filesystems with quotas enabled, and do you run
>"quotacheck -a" on boot? See my followup to PR#23725 for my further
>concerns about multiple quotacheck runs and corruption of the quota
Currently it's only on a single file system per machine. The NetBSD
startup scripts automatically run quotacheck -a when quotas are enabled. I
have once or twice run quotacheck manually due to a crash situation (which
has since been fixed).
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[Perl] Designing the Ultimate Presentation Tool
Gabor Szabo gabor at tracert.com
Wed Nov 13 06:49:43 PST 2002
On Wed, 13 Nov 2002, Shlomo Yona wrote:
> >
> > See the first three slides in my presenation:
> > http://pti.co.il/talks/Presentation/author.html
> >
> > now I had to create 3 separate html files with a lot of
> > duplicated text.
> >
> > This is very powerful for giving presentations.
> > (less important in lectures but in the Fundamentals materials
> > I wanted to use them so I can ask questions in the middle of
> > a page and the reveal the answer in the same page just with the
> > next click. (now they are usually in (hint: solution) format).
> Unless you do some differential HTTP, I can't see how you can do this
> without several HTML files (or one HTML file, with some client-side
> code to hide/show the rest of the page).
mark the parts which should appeare on the next key stroke.
This is pure server side solution.
Another solution would be instead of splitting the file using differenc
for the texts which are to be delayed.
This is a client side solution using css and Javascript.
of browsers.
fewer lines :-()
More information about the Perl mailing list
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115432
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[SciPy-Dev] More doc Marathon prioritization
Scott Sinclair scott.sinclair.za@gmail....
Tue Jun 22 08:59:28 CDT 2010
>On 22 June 2010 14:33, Warren Weckesser <[email protected]> wrote:
> I asked about "package/info.py" and "doc/source/package.rst" back in April:
> http://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/scipy-dev/2010-April/014065.html
> My conclusion at that time was that both had to be maintained, despite
> the apparent duplication.
Perhaps it's best to focus documentation improvements on
"doc/source/package.rst" until this issue can be resolved. The result
of processing "doc/source/package.rst" is what currently ends up at
http://docs.scipy.org and "faces the world".
As far as I can see, it looks like the contents of "package/info.py"
will need to be maintained by hand. Unless Sphinx processing becomes
part of the regular build process? However, I doubt that complicating
the build would be worth avoiding the maintenance effort.
In any case, I don't think the content in "package/info.py" and
"doc/source/package.rst" needs to contain an excessive amount of
explanation and narrative - that surely belongs in
More information about the SciPy-Dev mailing list
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115436
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Friday, July 22, 2011
ubiquitous, adj.
ubiquitous, adj.
When it's going well, the fact of it is everywhere. It's there in the song that shuffles into your ears. It's there in the book you're reading. It's there on the shelves of the store as you reach for a towel and forget about the towel. It's there as you open the door. As you stare off on the subway, it's what you're looking at. You wear it on the inside of your hat. It lines your pockets. It's the temperature.
The hitch, of course, is that when it's going badly, it's in all the same places.
-from The Lovers Dictionary, by David Levithan
1 comment:
Anonymous said...
Hey, I have a picture like that!
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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Math Help - Help with surface plotting experimental data (Matlab)
1. #1
Aug 2009
Help with surface plotting experimental data (Matlab)
I hope this is the correct section for this specific problem, and if it isn't I hope any moderator will be kind enough to move it to the proper one.
I need help with representing my results in a graphical manner. After a test run with an internal combution engine I have a matrix of values which I want to visualize with a surface plot. On the X-axis I want the [rpm] of the engine, on the Y-axis I want the engine load (How much strain is put on the engine crank shaft in Newtonmeters). The height of the Z-component will then symbolize the temperature in the engine.
What I have got from my measurements is a matrix with 3 columns and several hundred rows.
It is managed in the following manner.
[RPM, Torque load, Temperature]
[ 2000, 400, 250
1000, 400, 270
2000, 300, 230
1000, 300, 280...]
As you can see, the rpm is stepped down from the highest value to the lowest one. (In my matrix there are around 25 steps from 2000 to 1000.)
While stepping down the RPM, the torque load has been held at a constant value which in turn generate a measured temperature. This procedure repeats itself and forms, as mentioned above, several hundred rows.
How do I plot this in a three-dimensional manner with the commands surf or mesh? Do I have to manually insert the temperature after having created a meshgrid with the meshgrid command?
[RPM,Torque] = meshgrid(1000:2000,200:400) ? This will as you might figure, require vast amounts of time and I'm certain there are other more simple ways to create a surface out of my values.
How can I get the measured temperatures to position themselves in the correct rpm/torque position in my 3d-plot?
Any means of assistance is greatly appreciated!
- Cali
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2. #2
Aug 2009
I believe I have solved the problem with the "griddata"-command.
Below follows an example of the code.
A = load(
B = A(:,1);
C = A(:,2);
D = A(:,5);
%% Array
rpm = 500:10:2400;
torque = 0:10:2500;
[xi,yi] = meshgrid(rpm,torque);
[zi] = griddata(B,C,D,xi,yi);
%% Plotting
axis([0 max(rpm) 0 max(torque)])
'Engine RPM'), ylabel('Engine torque')
I know this is not a dedicated matlab forum but I figured I'd try anyway.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115468
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Saturday, November 18, 2006
Celebrity Moms: An Oxymoron or Just Morons?
Can you believe Gwen Stefani has a new video out already? It's only been a few months since she gave birth to her son. As if that wasn't enough, she'll have an album to match of course. In addition, she's busy with her LAMB fashion line, which is coming out in the spring of 2007. Not to mention the fact that she has her pre-baby body back. I'm torn on this issue of celebrity moms to say the least.
On one hand, they further girl power, if you will, just like any other career mom. We, as women, deserve to have careers as much as men do. (Being a housewife doesn't count.) On the other hand, what about the kids? Families, in which the moms are at work, certainly have dads in the office, too. So, who's left to take care of the children? They don't belong in a world where there's a party every night. Is it selfish of these celebrities to work and have kids? Or is it admirable?
In addition, celebrity moms put even more pressure on women and the "ideal" body. Supposedly, it's much more understandable when a woman has love handles and cottage cheese after giving birth, but not anymore. Thank you, Hollywood! We kneel down and bow before you.
Yeah, right.
Still, I didn't even know about post-partum depression till Brooke Shields. I always had this idea that having kids would be a blast. Sure, I know it's going to be hard with college tuitions and all, but the really ugly side never occurred to me. As it turns out, Kate Hudson went through post-partum depression as well--albeit with less media coverage. It's like post-partum depression is the incest of our generation, taboo-wise. So, if there weren't any celebrity moms, fewer people would know about this illness.
Perhaps, even fewer women would be motivated to get back in shape after their pregnancy. They may not believe that it's possible, or they don't know where to start. Celebrity moms can help them along in this situation. That is, if you want to look at the brightside of their thinness. Moreover, fewer women would be uplifted by the likes of Courtney Cox-Arquette and Julia Roberts who underwent in vitro fertilization and pregnancy late in the game, respectively.
megan rocko said...
I am so scared of how my hormones are going to fluctuate when I finally have a baby. I have heard some horror stories, and recently found some disturbing info about another thing that can happen during the birthing. Can you guess what it is?
megan rocko said...
you guessed it
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smile like you mean it
it’s 9:18 and i’m in the mood for a boyfriend lolololololol
like, i most certainly would not mind a hotty ginger bf kind of like the boy version of donna from that’s 70 show. like donna is such a babe and snaps for the actress too obvs, but holler at me boy donna, puhlease. you know?
but i would also certainly not mind a nigga like eric or hyde because dhey reeeeal cute
1. miles-explains-it-all posted this
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Life lessons / My Writing
Daily Prompt: Childhood Revisited – The Archangel Gabriel
Today’s Daily Prompt: Childhood Revisited caught my eye while I took a quick break from writing out holiday cards to check today’s blog posts. I saw some other posts and almost wrote about something safe, instead I’m going to write about something real. Here is the challenge:
My very first memory of my childhood isn’t something that I should be putting on the internet without the permission of the people it involves, so instead I’m going to write about my 2nd memory. My grandmother, Lilia, used to have a house in East Los Angeles. I remember being around 3-4 years old and sleeping over, which was usual. I woke up in the middle of the night to go to the restroom. I distinctively remember looking at a pair of shoes I had laying next to my sleeping bag and thinking that I should put them on but I didn’t.
I walked down what seemed like a very long hallway. Out of the corner of my eye I saw something to my right side that looked like it was floating next to me as I walked. I remember thinking that I would act like I didn’t see it, turn around, put my shoes on, then step on its tail. I thought tail because I remembered seeing this apparatus flowing behind the figure that was about 5-7 inches off the ground. When I went back to the hallway I saw the figure show up on my right side again, I slowed down, stopped, then slammed my foot down on top of what I thought was the tail. When I saw my foot went right through I stopped and looked up.
I asked the figure who it was and he responded “Gabriel”. I calmly told him he could not be Gabriel because “Gabriel is over there”, as I pointed to my uncle that lay asleep no more than 10 feet away from me. The figure told me that he was my guardian angel, the Archangel Gabriel.
The Archangel Gabriel
The Archangel Gabriel
I remember a sense of protection and security falling over me as I turned and walked away. Just as a precaution I stopped by my Uncle Gabriel and made sure he was still there, then proceeded to the bathroom then back to bed.
It took me a long time to ever be able to tell anyone this until I was over 18 years old. Thank you WordPress for the Daily Prompt. I hope that this post inspires someone out there to dare to believe in something that seems super natural. Because there is a Heaven and there is a Hell, which means there are angels and demons. It wasn’t until I finally shared this experience with people did I realize that the Lord was telling me He had a purpose for me at such a young age. That spoke volumes to my personal and spiritual growth.
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Readme_ServiceBrokerInterface Sample
This sample shows one way to build an object-oriented programming interface for Service Broker applications. The sample contains classes that encapsulate the details of sending and receiving messages by using the Service Broker DML. This sample forms the foundations for other sample applications included with the SQL Server samples.
The sample includes two different approaches to message dispatch. An application that uses this sample can use an attribute-based approach for message dispatch, or the application can implement a message processing loop.
1. Open the solution file Service Broker Interface.sln in Visual Studio 2005. This file is located in the cs directory within the ServiceBrokerInterface directory.
1. Build the sample as described above.
2. Add a reference to the assembly Microsoft.Samples.SqlServer.dll.
3. In your code, add a using directive (C#) or Imports statement (Visual Basic) for the namespace Microsoft.Samples.SqlServer.
This sample requires Visual Studio 2005. Because the sample uses features of the common language runtime that were not available in earlier versions, versions of Visual Studio earlier than 2005 cannot build the sample.
This sample demonstrates one way to represent Service Broker DML within a .NET language.
Community Additions
© 2014 Microsoft
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16 August 2011
Jumping on the Animoto bandwagon
What will you make?
Create your own video slideshow at animoto.com.
Create your own video slideshow at animoto.com.
ckendall said...
At animoto educators can get the Plus account for free - and then you won't be limited to 30 seconds. Information is at http://animoto.com/education
Melanie said...
Do you use a certain textbook for AP?
Sra Cottrell said...
We use Triángulo (Wayside Publishing) sparsely just to get students really used to the AP format. Their fall final exam is the practice AP from College Board's website. Other than that, I do my own thing. I have nine thematic units and each unit we work through at least 1 oral presentation and 1 essay based on sources I find on the internet. Also, every Wednesday we work on reading our novel, Ciudad de las bestias by Isabel Allende.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115566
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Secret Technique: Mouth Seal Technique
5,462pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 05:37, July 4, 2011 by Deva 27 (Talk | contribs)
Secret Technique: Mouth Seal Technique
Hidden jutsu Muting jutsu
Kanji 秘伝術・口の印の術
Rōmaji Hiden Jutsu: Kuchi no In no Jutsu
Literal English Secret Technique: Mouth Seal Technique
English TV Hidden Jutsu: Muting Jutsu
Anime Naruto Shippūden Episode #195
Appears in Anime only
Classification Hiden, Ninjutsu
Class Supplementary
Range Mid-range
Hand seals Technique specific seal
This technique when used causes the opponent to become mute until the technique is dispelled. The user will form the specific technique seal and then apparently as part of the ritual required for the technique, ask the target a question. If the opponent answers, the technique is then immediately invoked causing the person to lose the use of their voice.
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søk opp hvilket som helst ord, som cleveland steamer:
Emoticon for facepalm. Created as there is no emoticon for facepalm. Especially good to use in TXT and chat.
Homer TXTs Lisa: "Lisa, I got my hand stuck in the vending machine again, can you help me?"
Lisa TXTs back: "(.m)"
av Final Atomic Buster 7. april 2011
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115591
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A new trailer for the upcoming Vince Vaughn-Owen Wilson comedy "The Internship" gives us a closer look at what exactly the pair is up to at their eponymous gig at Google.
The former salesmen -- forced to take an internship when their company goes under -- are thrust into an unfamiliar world at the search engine giant, forced to work customer service for Gmail and play company-sponsored Quidditch. As Wilson puts it, they're competing in "some sort of mental Hunger Games" against their fellow interns to claim a coveted permanent job at the company -- and their younger rivals are wiping the floor with them.
The spot rehashes some of the gags from the first trailer -- that "fisting" joke is both giggle- and groan-inducing -- while shining a spotlight on some of the film's other characters, including a sarcastic Google higher-up played by Rose Byrne. Wilson and Vaughn's charming, rapid-fire chemistry is on full display, though it remains to be seen whether this fish-out-of-water premise can sustain an entire movie.
We'll find out soon. Search for "The Internship" in theaters June 7.
[via Slash Film]
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National Geographic Daily News
The moon Dione in front of the cloud rings of Saturn.
The moon Dione floats in front of Saturn's multicolored cloud bands and above its rings (file picture).
Image courtesy Cassini-Huygens/NASA/ESA/ISA
Brian Handwerk
for National Geographic News
Published March 5, 2012
NASA's uncovered new evidence that Saturn's moon Dione has an oxygen atmosphere—but just barely.
The findings seem to support the idea that moons of Jupiter and Saturn could hold extraterrestrial life.
When NASA's Cassini spacecraft buzzed Dione on April 7, 2010, the probe "sniffed" oxygen around the moon—but you couldn't want to do the same. For one thing, oxygen is so thin at the surface that conditions roughly match what you'd encounter 300 miles (483 kilometers) above Earth, researchers say.
Previously, NASA scientists had detected oxygen around Dione via "fingerprints" the moon had left behind as it traversed Saturn's magnetic field. The new study, though, is the first direct observation of oxygen around Dione.
Forest-free Oxygen
On Earth atmospheric oxygen is largely a byproduct of photosynthesis by, for example, bacteria, plankton, and trees.
But around barren Dione the gossamer oxygen atmosphere is most likely a product of space particles and surface ice, the study says.
As light particles from the sun or energetic particles from Saturn's intense magnetic field hit the moon, they apparently free oxygen and hydrogen molecules within the ice.
"Saturn has a pretty intense magnetic field with a lot of ionized stuff spinning around really fast," said study co-author Robert Tokar.
When those charged particles slam "into the surface of the moon, it sputters things off the ice and produces things like water vapor and oxygen," said Tokar, a space scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.
Dione Not Alone, and We May Not Be Either
This oxygen-making process could be a common one in Saturn's neighborhood, and therefore might up the ante for extraterrestrial life in the solar system—and beyond.
Cassini data analyzed in 2010, for example, found oxygen around Saturn's moon Rhea, also probably due to the ice-breakdown process. The process is also thought to be occurring around Saturn's icy main rings, which are bombarded by solar light particles, and at Jupiter moons, including Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa, Tokar said.
Dione itself isn't a candidate for extraterrestrial life. With an average temperature of -121 Fahrenheit (-186 Celsius), the moon isn't known to have any liquid water, a prerequisite for life as we know it.
But the more scientists learn about this oxygen-producing process, the better they'll be able to focus the search for alien life elsewhere.
"If you talk about someplace like Jupiter's Europa—where oxygen produced this way could possibly come into contact with a subsurface ocean, where there was carbon—then you could have microbial life," Tokar explained. (See "Could Jupiter Moon Harbor Fish-Size Life?")
The oxygen around Europa wouldn't have been produced by life-forms, he said, "but it certainly could be used for biological processes." In most animals, for example, oxygen is key to turning nutrients into energy.
"And this process that we've identified is going on probably not only in our solar system but in extrasolar planetary systems as well," Tokar said.
"Anywhere there is ice and light or charged particles bombarding that ice, you can create oxygen by this process."
The Dione-oxygen research was published February 9 in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
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Ex-Guatemalan soldier Jorge Sosa gets 10 years in U.S. jail for hiding his role in ‘ruthless massacre’
Jorge Sosa was arrested in Alberta in 2011 after being identified as a member of a Guatemalan special forces unit, and an active participant in a slaughter
Edmonton missionary found dead in Belize with large chop wounds to his body, police confirm
Brian Townsend, who lived in Belize for the last nine years, was believed to have been abducted from his home on Christmas Eve
Jorge Sosa, also a Canadian citizen, is on trial for lying on U.S. citizenship forms, not war crimes, but the case is bringing up graphic details from the civil war
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98 percent of businesses get open saucey - Open Source
Over 98 percent of businesses use open source, a figure that is set to cause shockwaves of worry throughout the closed source camps like Microsoft and Apple, according to a new survey by open sauce group Zenoss.
The study, called Zenoss Open Source Systems Management Survey, was compiled over a three-year period utilising data from the over 75,000 members of the Zenoss community and attendees of the Large Installation System Administration (LISA) conferences, run by USENIX, a Unix group otherwise known as the Advanced Computing Technical Association.
It found that 98.4 percent of enterprises use open source in some element of their work. 66.1 percent preferred to use open source software whenever they could. 23.5 percent use open source sparingly. 8.8 percent use open source only when commercial support is available. Only 1.6 percent, however, do not use open source at all.
When asked how satisfied they were with open source, the respondents gave an average of between 7 and 8 out of 10, indicating high satisfaction.
The top reasons for the adoption of open source software are “flexibility” and “cost savings”. With the significant costs involved in buying licences for software to be run on the dozens of computers within a business, it's no wonder that the free open source alternatives would be so appealing.
In fact, the survey discovered that nearly 40 percent of businesses chose open source software as a result of the downturn in the global economy. 13.8 percent said fiscal concerns had a significant effect on their decision to adopt open source.
The most common reason for not choosing open source was “lack of support”, while “poor documentation” was also a factor. Considering that many businesses find it impossible to update their own website without outside help, it's not surprising that the support offered from proprietary software is an appealing reason to fork up large sums of money.
Despite these drawbacks, 46 percent of those asked said there was absolutely no reason whatsoever not to use open source software.
Microsoft, in particular, may be worried at this trend, which sees people dumping its software for free open source alternatives. Linux and Ubuntu have been around for some time, offering an alternative to Windows, while Open Office has been quietly stealing market share away from Microsoft Office. Internet Explorer appears doomed to a slow death as Firefox and Chrome continue to steal its users, with Microsoft even recommending Chrome to those suffering with Hotmail problems.
With the effects of the recession still biting deep, many more business may be forced to turn to open source software, and they may discover that it's just as good - if not better - over big brand names.
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Lunch Today
Lunchtime adventures from the Serious Eats editors.
Lunch Today: Veal Heart Anticuchos at Morocho
[Photograph: Dave Katz]
As a kid growing up in suburban Connecticut, many of my first culinary experiences came form chain restaurants. First burger: probably Friendly's. First ribs: (unfortunately) Chili's. And today, I had another first culinary experience, one which is about as far away as possible from the fast casual eats of my youth. The ingredient was veal heart, the preparation was a mini kebab, and it was really quite good.
The Anticuchos ($6), meat skewers on a bed of Peruvian corn and lettuce at Morocho are filling but not too heavy, a perfect summertime lunch. Though I had never tried beef heart before today, my coworkers warned me that chefs tend to overcook the meat so that it becomes dry and rubbery. Lucky for me, kebab-meister Miguel knows his way around a beef heart. The nuggets were cooked perfectly, just medium-rare with a light crust and plenty of juice. Reminding me of filet mignon, the heart was tender with a slight offal aftertaste, at a much more reasonable price than restaurant filet.
The anticuchera sauce that coats the beef makes itself known with a hit of soy, aji panca, and dried oregano. Additionally, a thin, creamy huacatay sauce, loaded with herbs, is drizzled on top of everything, lending a fresh flavor to the cooked ingredients. These two sauces seep into the large kernels of choclo (Peruvian corn) that coat the bottom of the container, and they need it—I could imagine them being delicious when fresh and bright, but here they were a bit starchy, wan, and weak in flavor. Two halves of blue potato also adorn the dish, but they're underseasoned and pretty unmemorable.
Still, if only for the delicious veal heart, this is a great lunch for when you're feeling adventurous, but not too adventurous.
Union Square West, New York, NY 10003 (near Staples; map)
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115609
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5:31 am
Fri February 21, 2014
Scientist Switches Position, Now Supports Keystone XL Pipeline
Originally published on Fri February 21, 2014 9:29 am
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep.
And I'm David Greene. Good morning.
Environmental groups have poured a lot of money and energy into stopping the Keystone XL pipeline. The Obama administration has been in a long vetting process over whether to approve this project. The pipeline would carry carbon-rich oil several thousand miles from the tar sand fields of Canada South. Many environmentalists see this fight as an important test of whether the U.S. is committed to controlling carbon emissions.
And one of America's most influential scientists, Science magazine editor-in-chief, Marcia McNutt was initially on their side. She agreed that the pipeline was a bad idea.
MARCIA MCNUTT: From what I knew of the Canadian tar sands, they were a rather large emitter of CO2 compared to alternatives. And the original routing went through some fairly sensitive areas, such as breeding ground of the Sandhill Cranes.
GREENE: But Marcia McNutt has now changed her mind. It's a potential blow to environmental groups. In a Science magazine she writes that she now supports the Keystone pipeline. We asked her why she changed course.
MCNUTT: Just because there hasn't been a pipeline really did not stop the development of the Canadian tar sands.
GREENE: They were going to be developed anyway, you're saying.
MCNUTT: Yeah. In fact, they are developed anyway. Rather than putting the oil in a pipeline, they are now putting the oil on trucks and railway cars and trucks and trains actually use more fossil fuels themselves to get that crude oil to market than a pipeline.
GREENE: OK. So one message to environmentalists is that this is going to happen anyway and that doing it in pipeline might be the cleanest of the options.
MCNUTT: Not only the cleanest, but potentially safer because the pipeline is still to be permitted, environmentalists can demand the pipeline be the safest ever engineered. One of the reasons for opposing the pipeline is the emissions of greenhouse gases when the tar sands are converted to a liquid to put into the pipeline. There actually could be some concessions in exchange for approving the pipeline that could require a limit on the carbon emissions in that process.
GREENE: What about the argument from environmentalists that if you build this pipeline that guarantees that this fossil fuel is going to be taken from the ground and transported and, you know, sold for many, many, many years to come?
MCNUTT: I don't see any argument that tells me that not building the pipeline guarantees that it won't.
GREENE: I wonder, I mean this is a big battle for environmentalists. And they feel like they are in a philosophical debate about the direction of this country when it comes to energy policy. You know, what do you say to them to convince them that this is a moment to back down?
MCNUTT: Well, I'm totally sympathetic to the argument. On the other hand, I'm also a pragmatist. We need to find a funding source that allows us to invest more aggressively in solar, wind, and other non-CO2 polluting sources. Now, if you look at the cost of transporting oil in a pipeline, it is the very cheapest way to do it. If one can identify a revenue stream that would come from all of the money saved and convert that money then to a renewable energy fund that sets us on that right path, then I think the nation really wins.
GREENE: Do you think environmentalists would be open to hearing that message?
MCNUTT: I think some would. I hope many would. I think in a time of austerity in this country, why not make the polluting technology our funding source for the future?
GREENE: Marcia McNutt, thank you so much for joining us to talk about this. It's been a real pleasure. We appreciate it.
MCNUTT: Thank you, David. It's been a pleasure talking to you too. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115612
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Monday, April 8, 2013
Clark's Room!
We finally finished Clark's room. We got him a desk and hung up the stuff we had for his room. Turned out great. So cute. Now we just need to keep it clean!
Laura Earl said...
Looks great :)
kris nielsen said...
Give me a C, L, A, R, K!!!
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115643
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Back to the previous page
Artist: 7evenThirty
Album: Heaven's Computer *
Song: Earth Gurl
Typed by: @7evenThirty @MelloMusicGroup
[Verse 1]
I met a real pretty right downtown
It was kinda late and I just touched down
And I decided to have a little fun
Before I go psycho with this gun
Hit the night spot
Saw a girl a ll by herself in the club and I thought she was hot
She looked at me and then I looked at her
I'm scanning for weaknesses
that's when I found out my weakness is them females in her species
It's them features, I don't know, the do something to me
it was like she was just looking right through me
Spit that game
She found out that I spit that flame and we exchanged names
Next day came, I saw her at a mall
Git the girl number, gave her a call
A couple days later we kickin' it hard
Then I came to like "My god, what am I doing?"
Come on; that's when she takes my hand
I'll never wash this motherfucker again
Cause I think I'm in love with an Earth girl, so I gotta kill her
[Verse 2]
Yes I said kill her
I am on Earth for a goddamn mission
Got a rep to protect as a mad villian
No bone in my body for no goddamn feelings
I'm feelin' rather sick
I know I gotta take her out fast
Before I get stuck on the shape of that ass
maybe I can stick to the plan
Run away from her as fast as I can then jet
Gotta keep my space hood pass in check
Forget about her, on to the next
Gotta use more tact than Amazing Race
Just when I think I'm safe, I'm seeing her face again
Come on; and there she goes again
I can't control what's going on in my head
[Verse 3]
Gone and rub the girl out
Slow pokin' 'round taking her out on dates and all in her house
And all on her couch and your hands is up in her blouse
Won't you gone take the burner on out
Do it!
Soon as she's turnin' around
She not lookin' okay, now Immo shoot her
laser gun pointed straight for her medulla
Close my eyes and I can't
She turns around as I hide the gat behind my back
Just that moment she's cuter than ever
then I decide whatever, how bad could it be
Come on; and now we're touching again
I wanna know what's goin' down in her bed
Cause I think I'm in love with an Earth girl, so I gotta keep her
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115649
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← Sean Faircloth: Do Something About the Religio-Industrial Complex
Peter Grant's Avatar Jump to comment 15 by Peter Grant
Comment 7 by EvN
Pentecostalism is, locally, nothing but the type of mega-churches you refer to and which is so beloved by our idiot president.
Thank you, that's exactly what I'm talking about. These happy-clappers are insidious.
The link seems to be broken though.
Wed, 09 May 2012 20:47:37 UTC | #940773
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115666
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2ab Assembly
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Note: You can download this excel file for 2AB Robot Assembly Media:2AB_RobotAssembly.xls. It contains buffer calculators.
An example worklist: Media:MediatorProjectWorklist.xls
1. Make a "dilution plate" (96 well)
The robot can pipette a minimum volume of 3uL accurately. Miniprepped DNA will need to be diluted for the 2AB Robot reactions.
a. Calculate the total volume of DNA needed for the assembly reaction
i. 3uL per reaction + 5uL extra (you need the extra volume in the well to ensure the robot pipettes accurately)
b. If you miniprepped your DNA with the Macherey Nagel strips, dilute the DNA two fold into NEB2 ie- equal volumes of DNA and 2X NEB2
i. Make sure each well has the volume of DNA calculated in (a)
2. Digest (make a "reaction plate")
a. Distribute 10uL BamBgl Cocktail to each well
BamBgl Cocktail
1 Neb2
0.5 BamHI
0.5 BglII
0.5 XhoI
7.5 water
10uL total
i. Robot Protocol: 032909-2ab-BamBglCocktail
ii. Command File: 2ab-LR.csv Media:EXAMPLE_2AB-LR.xls
iii. Always make sure the robot has enough tips and that you have changed the .csv file to the correct one for your assembly
b. Cherry pick out lefty and righty plasmids (3uL of each)
i. Robot Protocol: 032909-2abPartTransfer
ii. Command File: 2ab-LR.csv Media:EXAMPLE_2AB-LR.xls
c. Cover the reaction plate with foil
d. Run "123" on black thermocycler (incubate at 37 for 1hr, heat kill 65 for 20min)
3. Ligate
a. Distribute 4uL Ligase Cocktail to each well
Ligase Cocktail
0.4 Neb2
2 10mM ATP
0.5 Ligase
1.1 water
4uL total
i. Robot Protocol: 032909-2ab-Ligase
ii. Command File: 2ab-LR.csv Media:EXAMPLE_2AB-LR.xls
b. Incubate room temp 30 min
4. Transform
a. Put reaction plate on ice
i. Use silver cold block
b. Add 30 uL of competent cell solution to each well
i. If using the 1.5mL aliquots of pir-Righty or pir-Lefty add 200uL of KCM
ii. Note that if this is the last step in your assembly you may want to transform into an assay cell type
c. Incubate on ice for 10 min
d. Heat shock 90 sec at 42C
i. Use black thermocycler
e. Ice 1 minute
f. Add 100uL of plain (no antibiotics) LB or 2YT
g. Resuce at 37C for 45 minutes
5. Plate
a. Spin down cells at 5300 for 3 min
b. Remove 80uL of supernatant
c. VERY GENTLY resuspend cell pellet in the remaining liquid
d. Plate 40uL on LB agar strips
e. Dry on bench top
f. Stack plates, cover the top one with airpore, invert, incubate overnight at 37C
6. Pick colonies
a. Use sterile tooth picks to pick 3 colonies/strip
b. Spot check on AKC and dual antibiotic plates
i. you need to spot them on both types of plates to check for co-tranformation and to have colonies for the next day
c. Incubate plates at 37C overnight
7. Innoculate
a. Pick colonies of correct growth phenotype into 96 well blocks with 1mL 2YT+correct antibiotics
8. Miniprep if these are intermediate assembly products
8-Strip Machery Nagel Miniprep
9. Screen the assembly products
a. If you have miniprepped DNA (ie- you are screening intermediate assembly products), run a Restriction Digest
b. If you do not have miniprepped DNA (ie- your finished products
were transformed directly into an assay cell line), run Colony PCR
10. Start again at (1) until goal composite parts are made
Personal tools
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115671
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Tuesday, August 4, 2009
Obama: “What can we do to piss off Israel today?”
Powerline has an excellent post on the decision to award the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Mary Robinson, the former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and well known enemy of Israel (there is more, also, from Jennifer Rubin).
Most people seem to be focused primarily on domestic (mainly economic) matters at this time, and rightly so. But I join with Joe Biden (you won’t see me write that very often!) in declaring that this administration is going to be severely tried in the realm of foreign policy before too much longer, and the results are not likely to be favorable to U.S. interests due to Obama’s alienation from the philosophical underpinnings and history of his own country (that’s “the United States” for you birthers out there), his doctrinaire statism, his determination to be the “Un-Bush”, and the coterie of foreign policy ideologues and/or ignoramuses that make up much of his foreign policy team (or perhaps I should say teams, since there appear to be mobs of foreign policy advisers with different reporting chains tripping over each other out there).
Huge deficits, unstimulating porkulus bills, environmental fascism, the threat of third-rate health care, and now, possibly, a renewed nuclear arms race and the erosion of heretofore strong alliances; Obama wasn’t so much elected, as he was unleashed upon us, like something particularly awful out of Pandora’s box.
JeffS said...
Yep, Obama just took his mask off.
RebeccaH said...
I think Obama's mask has been slipping for some time now.
Anonymous said...
I hope we have to endure only one term of this. But how long will it take to undo the damage?
Isophorone said...
First Israel, then Honduras, then . . . ?
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115672
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id summary reporter owner description type status priority milestone component version resolution keywords cc 266 Padre Requires A CMD Window (WinXP) Kesshi azawawi "In it's current form, Padre requires a CMD window to be open. If you close that CMD window it will close Padre, too. By changing a line in the padre.bat file to this: :WinNT start wperl -x -S %0 %* I was able to make Windows not require a CMD window to be open. *note* If you just run ""wperl ..."" and omit the ""start"" command, a CMD window still opens but you can manually close the CMD window without closing Padre. This is because Windows hasn't reached the end of the bat file yet. My OS is WinXP Pro." enhancement closed minor editor 0.29 fixed
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115697
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Migration to version 3.2
Migration to version 3.2 – API changes to observe
Why these changes?
HTML_QuickForm has improved a lot since version 2.x. With the addition of a new renderer layer, a lot of methods that were located in the main QuickForm class were actually duplicates of methods in the renderers. Those methods were kept to give user time to adjust their code. With release 3.2 they will be removed, making QuickForm class much lighter and consistent.
At the same time, file upload validation was moved to the file element as this is a more appropriate place.
Removed methods
• QuickForm related
• HTML_QuickForm::getAttributesString()
• HTML_QuickForm::addElementGroup()
• HTML_QuickForm::addHeader()
• HTML_QuickForm::addData()
• Renderer related
• HTML_QuickForm::setElementTemplate()
• HTML_QuickForm::setHeaderTemplate()
• HTML_QuickForm::setFormTemplate()
• HTML_QuickForm::setRequiredNoteTemplate()
• HTML_QuickForm::clearAllTemplates()
• HTML_QuickForm_group::setElementTemplate()
• HTML_QuickForm_group::setGroupTemplate()
• File upload related
• HTML_QuickForm::isUploadedFile()
• HTML_QuickForm::getUploadedFile()
• HTML_QuickForm::moveUploadedFile()
How to adjust your code
QuickForm related
will return the same value by using HTML_Common::getAttributes() method.
Arguments order was changed to conform to the way elements are usually added to QuickForm by addElement(). Use HTML_QuickForm::addGroup() instead and swap the element label with the element name.
A header is now considered like any other element. There is a new HTML_QuickForm_header element that extends HTML_QuickForm_static. Just use
This will also allow you to customize the header rendering based on its name.
If you absolutely need this feature, use
or consider using some template-based renderer.
Renderer related
Those methods are now handled by the renderers. How to use these methods depends on your choice of renderer. With QuickForm default renderer, you can use these methods like that:
=& new HTML_QuickForm('myform');
$renderer =& $form->defaultRenderer();
$renderer->setHeaderTemplate('<tr><td colspan="2"><b>{header}</b></td></tr>');
$renderer->setGroupElementTemplate('<td>{element}<br /><!-- BEGIN required -->*<!-- END required -->{label}</td>');
defaultRenderer()will return a reference to QuickForm integrated renderer. You can of course use any other renderer available in QuickForm such as Sigma, ITX, Smarty, Flexy and so on. Have a look at their documentation to see which methods are available for them.
File upload related
File-related methods and rules have been moved to the file element HTML_QuickForm_file because it makes more sense this way and you don't have to include upload-related code if you are not using uploads. You have access to these methods like that:
= new HTML_QuickForm('myform');
$file =& $form->addElement('file''myfile''Your file:');
$form->addRule('myfile''Cannot exceed 1776 bytes''maxfilesize'1776);
if (
$file->isUploadedFile()) {
or like that:
=& $form->getElement('myfile');
if (
$file->isUploadedFile()) {
$fileInfo $file->getValue();
What elements can be added to QuickForm (Previous) An overview about subpackages and packages that use QuickForm (Next)
Last updated: Tue, 29 Jul 2014 — Download Documentation
View this page in:
User Notes:
There are no user contributed notes for this page.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115714
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1. Education
Discuss in my forum
What Is Psychological Violence?
Philosophical Questions About Violence
In this article we shall address psychological violence, which will be kept distinct from physical violence and verbal violence. Other questions, such as Why are humans violent?, or Can violence ever be just?, or Should humans aspire to non-violence? will be left for another occasion.
Psychological Violence
In a first approximation, psychological violence may be defined as that sort of violence which involves a psychological damage on the part of the agent who is being violated. You do have psychological violence, that is, any time that an agent voluntarily inflicts some psychological distress on an agent.
Psychological violence is compatible with physical violence or verbal violence. The damage done to a person that has been the victim of a sexual assault is not only the damage deriving from the physical injuries to her or his body; the psychological trauma the event may provoke is part and parcel of the violence perpetrated, which is a psychological sort of violence.
The Politics of Psychological Violence
Psychological violence is of the utmost importance from a political point of view. Racism and sexism have been indeed analyzed as forms of violence that a government, or a sect of society, was inflicting on some individuals. From a legal perspective, to recognize that racism is a form of violence even when no physical damage is provoked to the victim of a racist behavior, is an important instrument for putting some pressure (that is, exercising some form of coercion) on those whose behavior is racist.
On the other hand, as it is often difficult to assess a psychological damage (who can tell whether a woman is really suffering because of the sexist behavior of her acquaintances rather than because of her own personal issues?), the critics of psychological violence often try to find an easy apologetic way out. While disentangling causes in the psychological sphere is difficult, however, there is little doubt that discriminatory attitudes of all sorts do put some psychological pressure on agents: such a sensation is quite familiar to all human beings, since childhood.
Reacting to Psychological Violence
Psychological violence poses also some important and difficult ethical dilemmas. First and foremost, is it justified to react with physical violence to an act of psychological violence? Can we, for instance, excuse bloody or physically violent revolts that were perpetrated as a reaction to situations of psychological violence? Consider even a simple case of mobbing, which (at least in part) involves some dose of psychological violence: can it be justified reacting in a physically violent manner to mobbing?
The questions just raised divide harshly those who debate violence. On one hand stand those who regard physical violence as a higher variant of violent behavior: reacting to psychological violence by perpetrating physical violence means to escalate violence. On the other hand, some maintain that certain forms of psychological violence may be more atrocious than any form of physical violence: it is indeed the case that some of the worst forms of torture are psychological and may involve no direct physical damage be inflicted on the tortured.
Understanding Psychological Violence
While the majority of human beings may have been victim of some form of psychological violence at some point of their life, without a proper notion of a self it is difficult to devise effective strategies for coping with the damages inflicted by those violent acts. What does it take to heal from a psychological trauma or damage? How to cultivate the well-being of a self? Those may possibly be among the most difficult and central questions that philosophers, psychologists, and social scientists have to answer in order to cultivate the well-being of individuals.
1. About.com
2. Education
3. Philosophy
4. Philosophy Now
5. What Is Psychological Violence? - Philosophy Overview
©2014 About.com. All rights reserved.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115718
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When empirical success implies theoretical reference: A structural correspondence theorem
Starting from a brief recapitulation of the contemporary debate on scientific realism, this paper argues for the following thesis : Assume a theory T has been empirically successful in a domain of application A, but was superseded later on by a superior theory T * , which was likewise successful in A but has an arbitrarily different theoretical superstructure. Then under natural conditions T contains certain theoretical expressions, which yielded T's empirical success, such that these T-expressions correspond (in A) to certain theoretical expressions of T * , and given T * is true, they refer indirectly to the entities denoted by these expressions of T * . The thesis is first motivated by a study of the phlogiston–oxygen example. Then the thesis is proved in the form of a logical theorem , and illustrated by further examples. The final sections explain how the correspondence theorem justifies scientific realism and work out the advantages of the suggested account. Introduction: Pessimistic Meta-induction vs. Structural Correspondence The Case of the Phlogiston Theory Steps Towards a Systematic Correspondence Theorem The Correspondence Theorem and Its Ontological Interpretation Further Historical Applications Discussion of the Correspondence Theorem: Objections and Replies Consequences for Scientific Realism and Comparison with Other Positions 7.1 Comparison with constructive empiricism 7.2 Major difference from standard scientific realism 7.3 From minimal realism and correspondence to scientific realism 7.4 Comparison with particular realistic positions CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this?
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References found in this work BETA
Larry Laudan (1984). Realism Without the Real. Philosophy of Science 51 (1):156-162.
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Ioannis Votsis & Gerhard Schurz (2012). A Frame-Theoretic Analysis of Two Rival Conceptions of Heat. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 43 (1):105-114.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115731
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm developing (actually adopting existing solution) a Kalman filter to model motion of a vehicle (UAV or automobile). The state vector will include position, velocity, and, possibly, acceleration.
In that existing solution acceleration is included; state transition is something like $(\vec x,\vec v, \vec a) \to (\vec x+\Delta t\cdot \vec v,\vec v+\Delta t \cdot \vec a,\vec a+\xi)$, where $\xi$ is a process noise.
I think that such model is good when acceleration is changing somewhat smoothly, but when there are bursts of acceleration, removing $\vec a$ from state and adding noise to velocity should be more suitable: $(\vec x,\vec v)\to(\vec x+\Delta t\cdot\vec v,\vec v+\xi)$.
Tests show that there is almost no difference in precision of solution between both models (turns out that the observation data provides more effect on position than the velocity).
So the question is, when should I include acceleration in state, and when should not? What things should I consider?
share|improve this question
My general impressions: (1) Kalman filters are black magic, and people just tinker with them to make them work. (2) Kalman filters don't have particularly good or special properties. They're just enshrined in tradition. – Ben Crowell Aug 12 '11 at 13:12
@Ben: Black magic for sure, but they do have a special property or two. You can change the projection (i.e. the physics of you detector say by adding a magnetic field to a previously field free machine) without having to change any part of the fit and still get optimal answer. The fitter only talks to the propagator when it asks "where is the track so far pointing?". (Assuming the representation space you selected is general enough, but that is usually true). Of course, relatively few people really understand them and I am not one of them. – dmckee Aug 12 '11 at 15:05
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I feel like the question is equivalent to "when does acceleration have memory?". Because that's what the state variables are, the system's memory from frame to frame.
So the spin up time for a jet engine, or the motion of the air-break, might be a good example of the physical meaning of state/memory for an axial acceleration in a UAV.
Similarly a model of the hydraulics system and how it moves the control surfaces might be a good physical interpretation of the state variables for non-axial/rotational accelerations in a UAV.
I'm sure you can imagine similar sorts of state/memory for the accelerations in a car.
You say, right in your description that you probably don't need them. ("Tests show that there is almost no difference in precision of solution between both models")
You'll only be able to reasonably model these effects is if your time deltas are on the same order of magnitude (or smaller) than the time scales that these effects occur on.
And modeling them will only help if the errors introduced by them are of a similar magnitude (or larger) than the errors you're typically seeing from other sources (noise/measurement uncertainty). Otherwise they'll by hard to detect because error magnitudes add (at least in simple cases) like perpendicular vectors: E^2 = e1^2 + e2^2
share|improve this answer
Kalman filters are not black magic but the standard way of predicting how a system known only through measurements will behave.
The physics of a car is to a good approximation that of a system of second-order differental equation, except for the source term that comes from the driver's actions and from the slope of the road. The states of the car when the driver is inactive are just position and velocity, the driver's states are the angles of the wheels and the acceleration in wheel direction, the road's state is its slope.
The Kalman filter should probably have the same states, unless these are mostly predictable from the knowledge of the road, and then made part of the dynamical equation rather than independent states. The noise term then just covers the discretization errors of the differential equation for the motion and any change in driver and road states.
On the other hand, in theend only the actual performance counts, and if you have enough data to test the model under realistic conditions, you can simplify the model as long as performance does not degrade.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115738
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Showing entries 1 to 1
Displaying posts with tag: dumpfile (reset)
+0 Vote Up -1Vote Down
While learning a new ORDER BY syntax recently, as a diligent architect/DBA I reviewed the documentation. What I also found in the SELECT syntax which I did not also know was the keyword DUMPFILE.
The SELECT Syntax from MySQL 5.1 Manual states:
It’s a shame there is no middle ground, where you get the features of OUTFILE (i.e. all rows), and the features of DUMPFILE (i.e. no heading)
Showing entries 1 to 1
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115739
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#lang scribble/doc @(require "common.ss" (for-label "comics.ss")) @title[#:tag "defproc"]{API Specification} @declare-exporting["comics.ss"] Targets for code hyperlinks are defined by @scheme[defproc] (for functions), @scheme[defform] (for syntactic forms), @scheme[defstruct] (for structure types), @scheme[defclass] (for classes in the object system), and other such forms---one for each form of binding. When a library defines a new form of binding, an associated documentation library can define a new form for documenting the bindings. As we demonstrated in @Secref["code"], the @scheme[defproc] form documents a function given its name, information about its arguments, and a contract expression for its result. Information for each argument includes a contract expression, the keyword (if any) for the argument, and the default value (if any). For example, a @scheme[louder] function that consumes and produces a string might be documented as follows: @; @scr:code-block|{ @defproc[(louder [str string?]) string?]{ Adds ``!'' to the end of @scheme[str]. } }| @; The description of the function refers back to the formal argument @schemeidfont{str} using @scheme[scheme]. In the typeset result, the reference to @schemeidfont{str} is typeset in a slanted font both in the function prototype and description. @; @snested{ @defproc[(louder [str string?]) string?]{ Adds ``!'' to the end of @scheme[str]. } } @; As usual, lexical scope provides the connection between the formal-argument @schemeidfont{str} and the reference. The @scheme[defproc] form expands to a combination of Scribble functions to construct a table representing the documentation and Scheme local-macro bindings to control the expansion and typesetting of the procedure description. For the above @scheme[defproc], the @scheme[for-label] binding of @scheme[louder] partly determines the library binding that is documented by this @scheme[defproc] form. A single binding, however, can be re-exported by many modules. On the reference side, the @scheme[scheme] and @scheme[schemeblock] forms follow re-export chains to discover the first exporting module for which a binding is documented; on the definition side, @scheme[defproc] needs a declaration of the module that is being documented. The module declaration is no extra burden on the document author, because the reader of the document needs some indication of which module is being documented. The @scheme[defmodule] form both generates the user-readable explanation of the module being documented and declares that all definitions within the enclosing section (and sub-sections, unless overridden) correspond to exports from the declared module. Thus, if @scheme[louder] is exported by the @schemeidfont{comics/string} library, it is documented as follows: @; @code-block|{ #lang scribble/doc @(require scribble/manual (for-label scheme/base comics/string)) @title{String Manipulations} @defmodule[comics/string] @defproc[(louder [str string?]) string?]{ Adds ``!'' to the end of @scheme[str]. } }| The @scheme[defproc] form is implemented by a @schememodname[scribble/manual] layer of Scribble, which provides many functions and forms for typesetting PLT Scheme documentation. The @scheme[scribble/manual] layer is separate from the core Scribble engine, however, and other libraries can build up @scheme[defproc]-like abstractions on top of the core typesetting and cross-referencing capabilities described in @Secref["struct"].
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Play Pocket God Online
play Pocket God onlinePocket God was first released in the iOS market by its developer, Bolt Creative, back in 2009. It quickly climbed the number one spot on the most downloaded apps and enjoyed its lead for several weeks. The game can also be played online through Facebook. If you do not have a Facebook account yet, go to the site and sign up for a free account to play Pocket God online.
How to Play the Game
Pocket God on Facebook has some different features from the app version. This includes special challenges to play with friends, using your Facebook friends as pygmies and availability of female pygmies. However, both versions have similar game play. You will still play the role of a god, using your power to control the tribe members or the pygmies. Kill them in different ways and earn sacrifice coins, which is the main currency of the game. Use this to purchase new items, as well as customize your pygmies. Bones are another currency in the game. There are items that can only be purchased with bones. You can collect bones by completing missions or by purchasing them with real money.
You will start playing with two pygmies. But as your level goes up, the number of pygmies that you can place on your island increases, until you reach the maximum level, which is six. There are more pygmies to choose from on the Facebook version of the game. This includes five of the original pygmies on the app version. They can be customized by going to the store. Change their gender, outfits and even their names. These pygmies can also change into their alternate pygmy forms.
Original Pygmies
• Klik
• Nooby
• Klak
• Ooga
• Booga
New Male Pygmies
• Chike
• Jengo
• Kato
• Koni
• Magni
• Neo
• Obi
New Female Pygmies
• Asha
• Asteria
• Ayla
• Chichi
• Ebele
• Mia
• Nala
• Nuru
• Nyx
• Shona
Alternate Pygmy Forms
• Glowing Pygmy – let a pygmy eat a glow fish.
• Gold Pygmy – rescue a pygmy from the gold pit.
• Tar-Covered Pygmy – rescue a pygmy from the tar pit.
• Giant Pygmy – let a pygmy eat a magic mushroom.
• Drunken Pygmy – make a pygmy drink root beer or coco drink.
You can place idols on the island, which various features that will help you in the game. The first idol available is the Basic Idol. However, more idols will be unlocked as the game progresses.
Basic Idol
It is available for free and is used to enable pygmy sacrifices with your devotion points.
Idol of Wisdom
This is a sphinx like idol that is made of wood and carries a red gem. This idol increases you experience points, which helps you level up in the game.
Idol of Sacrifice
This is a bronze idol with a pink gem that can be purchased for 25 bones. This will give you more sacrifice points.
Almighty Idol
This idol is grayish-bronze in color with a green gem. It costs 100 bones and increases experience points by 200% and sacrifice coins by 150%.
This is also a sphinx like idol with a blue gem. However, its color is light tan. It makes building of devices quicker.
Green Thumb Idol
This is somewhat similar to the basic idol but darker. It makes plants grow more quickly.
Faith Booster
It is the same as the basic idol but with a gold gem in the center. This increases devotion points.
All-Knowing Idol
This is a sphinx like idol with the head of a pygmy. It costs 1000 sacrifice coins and increases experience points.
Bloodthirsty Idol
It doubles your sacrifice coins but does not give experience points on sacrifices made.
Rival Gods
There are different types of Rival Gods available in the game, which are unlocked as you level up. If you overuse your power on the pygmies, these gods will present you a challenge. You may be asked to sacrifice specific number of pygmies as instructed. There is also a time limit to complete these challenges. Successfully completing a challenge will earn you an idol. Some of these rival gods include The Volcano God, The Galley Master, Sharky White Teeth, Mother Nature and Fat Cupid.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115760
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In Years Past
February 8, 2013
100 Years Ago In 1913, the many friends of Harry J....
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115782
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Pitfall was a staple of every gamer's diet back in the pixel-damp era of the Atari 2600. All that vine swinging and treasure seeking had me formulating a private jungle adventure in my head ... even though I was still a wee tike with a bed-wetting complex! Now fast forward past all that mish-mashed crap that followed -- NES, SNES, PlayStation -- and embrace the subtleties of what this new Pitfall Harry encompasses. If you're compelled to read more bitching and moaning about why the last bunch of foliage fests were so lackluster, dig into March's first-look preview.
For the remainder of this article, however, you'll be introduced to the new Pitfall Harry, a cocky, womanizing explorer that constantly flaunts his ego. Keep in mind, this game is targeted for a younger demographic, so there won't be any full-frontal exposures or heavy sexual innuendo, but the opening cinema still has fun with the character. He's lively when he hits on the lovely female lead, and she's wholly animated when she scoffs at his come-ons. But it's not long before the plane's engine starts smoking and everyone starts barreling out. Being the noble Don Juan that he is, Harry shoves the last parachute into the lady's manicured hands and pushes her out into the open air. After the brutal crash, he wakes up only to find one of the elderly adventurers incapacitated. Slipping Harry the "Hero's Handbook," he convinces the intrepid adventurer that he must find the other members of the expedition crew scattered throughout the rainforest, all while searching for the king of all treasures.
On his path, a rival gold-seeking troop presents some opposition, as they want to snag all the riches for themselves instead of placing them in the hands of their rightful owners and respective museums. Yet, that's not really what the classic Pitfall was all about, now was it? So holding true to the original game, there are plenty of vines lingering over pits -- pits with nasty, haven't-brushed-since-last-Thanksgiving teeth that tend to swallow Harry whole if you're not careful. What's impressive, though, is the intuitive control involved in swinging; rather than utilize the limited rope-climbing qualities of Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (wherein you had to stop swinging in order to switch directions), this Pitfall allows you to sway back and forth in any direction, simply by teasing the left-analog stick. The animation is extremely fluid, maintaining an exaggerated, Saturday morning cartoon quality. Zany, I suppose, would be a proper word to describe Harry's mannerisms.
Crocs played an intricate role in the vintage '80s jungle jive as well, so what would an updated Pitfall be without loads of scaly chompers waiting patiently for their dinner? Let's say you're not quick enough to leapfrog over all the feisty crocs, though -- it happens (even to savvy, game-playing professionals like yours truly). Instead of sending you all the way back to the beginning of the level, developer Edge of Reality devised a more forgiving solution. After you're swallowed, jamming on the left analog stick will cause Harry to force the crocodile's jaw open, allowing him to spring out without life-ending penalty. The same goes for when you're gobbled up by one of those nasty pits; you'll take a slight amount of damage, but will be spit back out to continue your mission. Such rings true to the game's mantra: "Fun, not Frustrating," as one Activision representative put it oh so poetically.
Judo flip!
Yet, there are plenty of newly devised features that compliment the Pitfall universe quite nicely, fitting in snuggly with the rest of the classic happenings. For one, Harry stocks a Mary Poppins' plethora of goodies in his backpack, from a rubber raft for paddling the white rapids to a health-quenching canteen. One of the slickest, however, is the ice picks. Like a lot of the accessories in the game, the cool climbing gear uses what Edge of Reality has dubbed "Direct Control," wherein the left analog stick articulates Harry's left hand, and the right toggle moves his right hand. Such ingenuity makes scaling a snowy mountain wall quite thrilling. You're not just pointing in a particular direction and moving there automatically, you're actually exercising both of your thumbs in unison to get you to each destination. "Direct Control" also applies to just about every item and weapon in the game.
While the visuals are a bit rough around the edges, this Pitfall almost makes up for it by tossing in a bulk of enemies and levels. With over 50 stages -- taking Harry from the lush, South American jungle to Aztec ruins -- and dozens of playful baddies -- snakes, scorpions, spiders, bats, jaguars, piranhas, giant insects, natives, mercenaries, bush ninjas, and annoying howler monkeys -- there's no arguing that the game packs variety.
From the looks of it, Harry stands to transcend its preteen target and appeal to the masses ... but such a bold statement should be reserved for the review. For now, let's just say that Edge of Reality's new-age Pitfall is merely evolving the concept of the classic game, not desecrating it like past efforts. In my field guide, that's pretty novel.
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Psychology Wiki
34,135pages on
this wiki
Language: Linguistics · Semiotics · Speech
Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies, in general, the interaction between morphological and phonetic processes. When a morpheme is attached to a word, it can alter the phonetic environments of other morphemes in that word. Morphophonemics attempts to describe this process. A language's morphophonemic structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can describe every morphophonemic alternation that takes place in the language.
For an example of a morphophonological alternation in English, take the plural suffix. Written as "-s" or "-es" but generally understood to have the underlying representation /z/, the plural morpheme alternates between [s], [z], and [əz], as in cats, dogs, and horses, respectively. The plural suffix "-s" can also appear to alter phonemes directly surrounding it. As an example, the word "leaf" [liːf] takes its plural by alternating the [f] with a [v] and adding the plural suffix, this time written as "-es" but pronounced as [z]. The result is "leaves" [liːvz]. Other words like "knife," "fife," and "dwarf" also display this alternation. This may be because the last phoneme in these words is actually an archiphoneme /F/ which may be realised as [f] or [v] depending on the context, even though those phonemes usually contrast. The archiphoneme is unspecified for voice, according to the rule: /F/ -> [αvoice] / __ [αvoice]. Because the underlying representation of the English plural suffix is /z/, a voiced consonant, the archiphoneme /F/ is realised as the voiced allophone [v].
Another example would be the different pronunciations for the past tense marker "-ed". After a voiceless sound, "-ed" is generally realised as [t], as in walked, hoped, wished, and so on.
Morphophonemic Analysis Edit
Morphophonemic Analysis designates the analytic procedures whereby paradigms with phonological alternations are reduced to underlying representations and phonological rules. The term "morphophonemic analysis" has a now obscure origin. In the 1940s and 1950s, many phonologists worked with a theory in which (roughly) all neutralising rules were assumed to apply before all allophonic rules. This in effect divided the phonology into two components: a neutralising component, whose units were called "morphophonemes," and a non-neutralizing component, which dealt with phonemes and allophones. This bifurcated-phonology theory is widely considered untenable today, but "morphophonemics" remains a useful term for characterising the study of neutralising phonological rules as they apply in paradigms.
• A Method for Morphophonemic Analysis
When we conduct morphophonemic analysis, we seek to establish a connection between data and theory. The theory in question is that morphemes are stored in the lexicon in an invariant phonemic form. They are then strung together by morphological and syntactic rules. Finally, they are converted to their surface forms by a sequence of (often neutralising) phonological rules, applied in a particular order. The purpose of morphophonemic analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that is consistent with the data; and the payoff is that seemingly complex patterns are often reduced to simplicity. Morphophonemic analysis may be contrasted with phonemic analysis. Phonemic analysis is a more limited form of phonological analysis that seeks only to discover the non-neutralising (allophonic) rules of the phonology. In phonemic analysis, only the distribution and similarity of the phones is examined. Therefore, the data need not be grouped in paradigms, but need only comprise a sufficiently large and representative set of words. Like phonemic analysis, morphophonemic analysis can be pursued with a systematic method.
• Procedure for Morphophonemic Analysis
1. Examine the data, consulting the glosses, and make a provisional division of the forms into morphemes.
2. Find each morpheme that alternates, and locate all of its allomorphs.
3. Within each allomorph, locate the particular segment or segments that alternate.
4. Considering the logical possibilities, set up the underlying representations so that all the allomorphs of each morpheme can be derived from a single underlying representation by general phonological rules.
This overall scheme is elaborated step by step below.
• Pre-processing the data: phonemicization
It is almost always easier to do morphophonemic analysis with data that are already expressed as phonemes, so if this has not already been done, it is advisable first to reduce the data to phonemes.
• Morpheme division
The next step is to break up the forms into their component morphemes. A potential complication is that phonological alternations may obscure this division. In the hard cases, one must try more than one possibility for "placing the hyphens," ultimately selecting the choice that yields a working analysis. As the words are divided into morphemes, it is usually also possible to state and order the rules of morphology that are active.
• Setting up underlying representations
As with morpheme division, the problem of choosing the underlying representations often involves considering more than one hypothesis, with the final choice defended by its leading to a working analysis. The following strategy is often helpful. Suppose segment A alternates with segment B in the data. In such a case, the analyst should consider two possibilities:
1. Segments showing A ~ B alternation are underlyingly /A/, which is converted to [B] in certain contexts by one or more phonological rules.
2. Segments showing A ~ B alternation are underlyingly /B/, which is converted to [A] in certain contexts by one or more phonological rules.
In other words, always consider both directions.
To give a concrete example: if we were analysing Chimwiini, we would find many instances of long vowels alternating with short as in
[x-soːm-a] 'to read'
[x-som-oːw-a] 'to be read'
We would consider the possibility that such cases are underlyingly long vowels ('read' = /soːm/), and consider shortening rules (this turns out to be correct), as well as the possibility that these are underlyingly short vowels ('read' = /som/), and consider lengthening rules.
• Constructing underlying representations under a particular hypothesis
Assuming that you have picked a particular direction for the rules (/A/=>[B], or /B/=>[A]) and are trying it out, the next step is to construct underlying representations. Here is a recommended procedure:
1. Segments that do not alternate can (normally) be assumed to be phonemically identical in their underlying representation to their surface representation. (This presupposes, as already noted, that phonemic analysis is already accomplished, so any positional allophones will already appear in their underlying form.)
2. For segments that alternate, follow the hypothesis you made about underlying forms, implementing it consistently through the data. Thus if you are assuming that an alternation A ~ B found in a particular context, is underlain by A, you should set up /A/ in the underlying representation for all such alternations in that context.
3. Be sure that the underlying representation of each morpheme is uniform through its paradigm – this is a basic hypothesis of the theory you are assuming.
In our example of [x-soːm-a] ~ [x-som-oːw-a], under the hypothesis that the rule is a shortening rule, these principles force us to set up the underlying representations /soːm/ for the root, and /-oːw/ for the invariantly long passive suffix.
The final vowel /-a/ turns out to be a special case: its surface length is actually non-distinctive, being determined entirely by the phonological rules. Our grammar will work no matter what underlying length is assigned to this suffix.
• Working out the rules
When you have a suitable set of hypothesized underlying forms, it is helpful to arrange them in a row, aligning their corresponding surface forms underneath them, as follows:
'to read' 'to be read' 'to stop for one'
/x-soːm-a/ /x-soːm-o:w-a/ /ku-reːb-eɺ-an-a/ underlying forms
... ... ... add rules here
[xsoːma] [xsomoːwa] [kurebeɺana] surface forms
It is then a matter of coming up with a single rule system that will derive the bottom row from the top. If you get stuck doing this, you can try collecting the local environments for the sounds that change, as described above for phonemic analysis.
• A clue for choosing underlying representations
When you are deciding whether to set up underlying A and derive B from it, or vice versa, there is often a clue in the data to guide you, namely, a contextually limited contrast. In the present case, note that while vowel length is phonemic in Chimwiini, only short vowels are allowed when more than three syllables from the end of a phrase, or when a long vowel follows. Such limitations are a strong clue that there must be a rule that wipes out the contrast in these environments.
Another way of saying the same thing is: don't analyze in a direction opposite to that of a neutralisation. When we analyze Chimwiini with shortening, or analysis fits in well with the contextually neutralised distribution of long and short vowels in the language. If, however, we try to analyse Chimwiini with lengthening, the phonological distribution will stymie us. The following quadruplet of forms should make this point clear.
[x-kl-a] 'to extract' [x-kul-oːw-a] 'to be extracted'
[x-kul-a] 'to grow' [x-kul-oːw-a] 'to be grown'
The top row of forms shows an alternation between [uː] and [u], which we earlier analyzed assuming underlying /uː/ and the neutralising rule of Pre-Long Shortening. It is plain that Pre-Long Shortening is neutralizing, since the passive form of [x-ku:l-a], [x-kul-oːw-a], is identical to the passive of [x-kul-a], meaning 'to grow'. If we had wrongly chosen underlying /u/ for the root meaning 'extract', we would be defeated: no matter what lengthening rule we tried, it would be unable to derive [x-kuːl-a] for 'extract' and [x-kul-a] for 'grow', since these two forms would have the same underlying representation.
The Isolation Form Shortcut and Why It Sometimes Fails Edit
When one is looking for underlying forms, it is tempting to appeal to a "shortcut" that finds them with great speed:
The Isolation Form Shortcut
"The underlying form of a stem is simply the way that the stem appears in isolation (taking away the effects of any allophonic rules)."
This strategy particularly suggests itself for languages like English, where stems frequently appear alone. Hearing an alternation like [ˈplænt] ~ [ˈplænɪŋ] [How to reference and link to summary or text] (plant ~ planting; we are tempted to take the evidence of the isolation form [ˈplænt] as evidence sufficient in and of itself to justify the underlying form /ˈplænt/. This turns out to work fine for this particular case.
However, the Isolation Form Shortcut does not work in general. The reason for this lies in how the system is set up, and simple logic: it is certainly possible that neutralisation rules could apply just in case no affix is added to the stem. We would say that in such cases, the affix "protects" the stem from the neutralizing rule, serving as a kind of buffer.
To make this more precise: neutralising phonological rules are often conditioned by word edge; that is, they have environments like /___]word. When an affix is present, a stem will be buffered by the affix, and the crucial rule won't apply. Indeed, the rule will apply in only those members of the paradigm where there is no affix, so that the buffering effect is absent.
Phonologies that have this kind of phenomenon are quite common, occurring in Korean, Japanese, English, German, Russian, and many other languages.
Rule-Ordering Terminology Edit
• Feeding
Observe that Apocope, when it exposes a consonant cluster at the end of a word, thereby makes it possible for Cluster reduction to apply. The following abbreviated derivation shows this:
/jukaɾpa/ underlying form
jukaɾp Apocope
jukaɾ Cluster Reduction
[jukaɾ] surface form
This is said to be a case of feeding: Apocope "feeds" Cluster reduction. The term is defined in general as follows:
Rule A feeds rule B when:
– A is ordered before B, and
– A creates novel configurations to which B may apply.
• Bleeding
Consider next the interaction of /w/ Epenthesis and Vowel Deletion, shown in the following abbreviated derivation:
/papi-uɻ/ underlying form
papiwuɻ /w/ Epenthesis
Vowel Deletion
[papiwuɻ] surface form
It is clear that if /w/ Epenthesis had not applied, then Vowel Deletion would have had an additional chance to apply, creating *[papiɻ]. Thus, we might say that /w/ Epenthesis, in this particular derivation, "blocks" or "pre-empts" Vowel Deletion. The standard term used, however, is bleeding; /w/ Epenthesis bleeds Vowel Deletion. More generally:
Rule A bleeds rule B when:
– A is ordered before B, and
– A removes configurations to which B could otherwise have applied.
Orthographic context Edit
The English plural morpheme s is written the same regardless of its pronunciation: cats, dogs. This is a morphophonemic spelling. If English used a purely phonemic orthography (the same system without any morphemic considerations), these could be spelled cats and dogz, because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English.
Table. The underlying (morpho-phonemic), phonemic, and phonetic representations of four German and Turkish words. (In the Turkish examples, //Ü// represents an underlying high vowel that, as a result of Turkish vowel harmony, may surface as any one of the four phonemes /i y ɯ u/.)
GermanBad //bad// /bat/ [bat]
baden //badən// /badən/ [badən]
Rat //rat// /rat/ [ʀat]
raten //ratən// /ratən/ [ʀatən]
Turkishet //ed// /et/ [ɛt]
edir //edÜr// /edir/ [edir]
et //et// /et/ [ɛt]
eti //etÜ// /eti/ [eti]
References Edit
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/115805
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Saturday, December 18, 2010
This may be the least subtle symbolism in the history of comics
Friday, December 17, 2010
Phil Hester talks Wonder Woman
Nrama: How do you hope to approach Wonder Woman's character?
Hester: I see her as the personification of honor in a fallen world
Thursday, December 16, 2010
Why I'm Pissed Off at Paul Levitz
So, Levit'z statement:
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
Highlights of this week's order.
I ordered my comics this morning. It'll be a week, maybe two with the holiday, until they come in but I'm looking forward to a few things:
1) Avengers Academy #7 by Christos Gage and Mike McKone -- I am devouring this book every month, I love it. I badly want more Pietro and Finesse (out of the students, so far I'm most impressed with Finesse and Reptil), but Hank's becoming a favorite right now so I'm happy to see an issue might focus on him. I will be a little sad, though, if Hank gives up the Wasp identity to take back the Giant-man one. I liked that he was stepping into Jan's shoes, very few legacy heroes are a male character taking on a female character's identity while there are tons of female derivatives and female successors to male characters. I'd much prefer to have Jan back as Giant-woman and Hank remain in the Wasp identity.
Plus, it's the only good costume he's ever had.
2) Superman #706 by G Willow Wilson and (I believe) Eddy Barrows -- I think the walking storyline (like the WW storyline) had a good idea, but I hate the way JMS wrote Clark. I took this chance to order it and see if another writer can do a better job. Also, I've been hearing so many good things about Air but didn't find out until it was all gone. (Waiting on a trade now.) This'll be a chance to check out this writer.
3) Wynonna Earp: The Yeti Wars by Beau Smith and Enrique Villigran -- I've been waiting on a new Wynona Earp story since 2006, and finally one's arrived! I discovered this character through the Complete Wynonna Earp a few years ago and I absolutely adored it. I'm going to take the liberty of quoting my old review because I've already said what I'm looking forward to the most with this:
I can't wait.
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Everyone knows why I'm reading Avengers Academy anyway.
Yesterday's Talking Comics With Tim was an interview with Avengers Academy writer Christos Gage. Of course I dove in hoping for information on one of my favorites, and I wasn't disappointed:
Two things here, number one that yes, that point in history is absolutely one of the best things about Quicksilver. He'll give even Steve Rogers shit. The prototype for Horrible Boss in his life is none other than MAGNETO, a man he has worked for multiple times (a man who repeatedly showed a willingness to just leave him to die even after they found out they were related, a man who actually killed him once--long after they found out they were related), but that doesn't make him grateful just to be treated like a person. He'll let anyone no matter how good (or how bad, because he was always the guy standing up to Magneto in those Silver Age X-men) know when he thinks they're going in the wrong direction or just not acknowledging him enough. I believe it leads back to sincere trust issues, but even then it really takes some nerve, and I like to read people with some nerve.
The second is the one the part I think a lot of fangirls will take issue with:
I remember a panel was being passed around on Tumblr a few months back where it states that he was trained by Magneto. Thing is, I absolutely love this idea because as I said yesterday about the children of supervillains, the harder it is to break free of the parent the more heroic it is. I actually like the idea he had a few years to indoctrinate the kids and the twins still sabotaged and then left him. It shows a great deal of strength to begin with that they left this incredibly terrifying person, but when you make it that they left him after several years of training because putting the stuff into practice was too horrible it seems like a feat of Herculean strength. Not only that, every time Pietro and Wanda stood up to him it wasn't because they were shocked by the new revelation of what sort of people they'd fallen in with, it was because they still managed to hold onto their values despite being trapped in the group and cut off from the support network that taught them those values.
I do get the feeling, though, that we're witnessing a slight retcon. I think they are slowly being retconned to join Magneto at a younger age than originally intended. I like this, again, because it emphasizes the character strength it took. I used to use they'd just simplify the Maximoff's origins and have them raised by Magneto all along, but I can't help but notice that losing their mother at birth and being passed from Bova to the Franks to the Maximoffs to the streets (or rather, hillsides) to the grip of Magneto finally to a decent life in the Avengers seems to fit their attitudes somehow. They kept getting bounced from place to place and only had each other. (I would like the Citadel of Science "stasis while waiting for a proper family to adopt" explanation traded for a retcon that their mother was a time-traveling mutant, which would nicely explain why neither twin has powers even approaching their father's and truly simplify their origins--but somehow I doubt Marvel will ever realize that there's a really easy way to explain those powers right under their fucking noses.)
I'm optimistic about Gage in a way I'm not about Heinberg. After how Maximoff twins have been handled since Disassembled I really appreciate that a writer thought about their history so he could concentrate on actually portraying the sort of person the character was originally created to be. I would a hundred times prefer that to an in-depth metastory that continues the cycle of weakness to explain how the cycle started. (You can do your explanations and excuses while you're portraying the character as actively heroic, thank you.) They've been pretty much destroyed from all sides in two consecutive crossovers, and ever since then the plots, flashbacks and expositionary dialogue has only served to underscore them as a woman who couldn't handle her powers or not having the family she wanted and a man who couldn't handle losing his powers or losing the family he had. Even now when the lie storyline presents Quicksilver as someone who couldn't own up to his own deeds and had to take the easy way out, Gage's emphasis on his past as a villain and how he broke free of that mitigates the impression and really makes me expect that his coming clean will be a major revelation that's used to advance the overall story arc in AA. And while I'm waiting for that, and for Wanda to finally get repaired, it's still a relief to see at least one of them handed to a writer who recognizes the strength of will that was present in the Silver Age over the plot-induced madness.
Monday, December 13, 2010
From Bond Girl to Bond Villain
Anyone who's paid too much attention to me might have realized that I adore when the children of supervillains become heroes. These characters, whether the sorts who were raised right and later found out the truth (the Maximoffs twins) or those who suffered from a dysfunctional, twisted upbringing (Cass Cain) have a particularly compelling story to them. These characters become heroes when they discovered a reservoir of moral strength that allowed them to make the most difficult decision any person in the world can make and break from their upbringing, their loved ones, and even at times their entire cultural makeup in order to make the right decision. These themes of discovering moral clarity, overcoming the fear of loneliness, and aspiration to be a better person can be repeated in some many different ways for the same character and still represent step-by-step self-improvement and true heroics. The character can be constantly moving forward without being stuck in a cycle. And while every subsequent attempt to make the right decision is just a little easier than that first break (allowing for the occasional slip-up, which lets them go through a moral crisis and find that internal strength again) they continually better themselves, their families and the planet with every step forward. These character exemplify the idea that it doesn't matter what your forebearers did, your life and your destiny is your own. They are paragons of independence, defying both nature and nurture to demonstrate that someone can calibrate their own moral compass and still have it point in the right direction. The children of supervillains can become the truest kind of heroes, agents of virtue and change and hope arising from the darkest of background and defending those ideals against the most ingrained personal interest--belonging to their own family. They have an incredibly inspirational concept.
There's another story pattern that can be incredibly compelling in this same vein, that of Reforming the Evil Love Interest. This one is compelling because not only does it have a person turn their back on their entire world, but they do it for the sake of a single other person. A lot of people love this story, and adore characters trapped in this story cycle because it ties the inspirational aspect of leaving everything you know and love for an ideal with romance because the ideal is love for another person. I find this pretty compelling too... when it's a single story and not a cycle that continually repeats itself. This brings me, of course, to a character think I should love but I very decidedly do not, Talia al Ghul.
As I said before, a lot of people like the Reforming the Evil Love Interest narrative because it's a compelling narrative, and they don't mind reading it over and over and over again. It carries with it the same courage and strength required to be a child of a supervillain who turns on their evil parent, and in many cases--such as with Talia--the two concepts are married and the inspiration to turn their back on their entire world comes from meeting one good person.
Except that Talia doesn't really DO that until what... five or six years ago? And she was created in the 70s? Her typical behavior pattern was that she'd act against her father to save Batman, but afterwards she'd return to the old man. Repeat over and over and over again. He's her father, he loved her, she loved him, and on some level she felt that his actions were to be excused. In fact, for loyalty to her father, she would commit any number of murders, thefts and even betrayals (short of directly causing his death) of her "beloved" Batman. As I've said, I really enjoy when a supervillain's kid turns on them, and it requires a tremendous amount of moral fortitude to do so, and proves to be the ultimate act of independence. But Talia never really turned on her father for the principle of it, she only occasionally got in his or his allies' way to prevent them from getting rid of Bruce. For it to be a true test of courage and strength, it pretty much has to be a one time thing. You go against your parent knowing you can't go back, you can't waiver between two people all the time. You are on your own from that point on, and what you just did is worth being on your own. You don't just save the life of the guy you wanna fuck and then go back to live comfortably with Daddy, performing atrocities in his name when they don't affect someone you personally care about. That doesn't make you a hero, or even an antihero. It just means you're a villain with the hots for the hero.
I don't like Talia. A long time ago (after a while of kind of liking her figuring eventually they'd lay this story cycle to rest) I realized she just wasn't a really admirable person. After I learned that, every time I saw her I knew exactly what the story was going to be and I simply didn't like the al Ghul family league of assassins/eco-terrorism/melodramatic love drama elements enough to sit through the same theme of potential reformation from what was actually a rather self-interested motive (she wanted Bruce, but didn't seem to give a shit about anyone else's life) followed by choosing the safe route of home and family to the unexplored and potentially difficult life of morality that I prefer my heroes adhere to. After so many times watching this, I really grew to hate the character on sight. Eventually she went against him, but not in a way that changed my assessment of her personality. It's telling that it wasn't until after her father tried to match her with a guy she didn't want that she got sick of his shit and tried to be a good guy for a while. Kudos for being her own woman there, but it's not really the heroic selflessness of a principled stand against the head of an organization that destroys lives every day--especially after you've spent years witnessing firsthand the misery he creates but kept bypassing the opportunity to tell him to fuck off and become a real hero. It's more the heroic selfishness of leaving a situation that's simply not good for you personally, having stayed in a situation that hurt other people until things went from comfortable to frightening. I think she's a very selfish person, in matters of love and ethics, and that's not a good thing for a hero or even an antihero.
And yes, I know there are those of you who say that every character can be redeemed, and every character has potential and with Talia... you're absolutely right.
Something happened in the last decade to this character. They killed off her father. The put her in charge of the family business. They introduced her son, and detailed the horrific lengths she went to to continue the family line with the man she'd personally chosen.
They broke the cycle.
They made her an official full villain.
I fucking love it, especially when Grant Morrison writes her because he doesn't mince the melodrama. He doesn't bother with the "I love you, but alas we are on other sides of the law" narrative that bores me to tears. This is a woman from a twisted family with a very twisted sense of what constitutes a family. She considers Batman her husband, and so will act to keep him alive and safe, but she is not a good guy at all. She will protect and nurture her son, and when he leaves her (as she NEVER left her father) she attempts to manipulate him back by threatening to disown and replace him. ("Why can't you just love me for me?" "It's not me" and it wasn't her father either. She's withholding her approval until he proves his loyalty just as he probably did to her and created the behavior pattern where she constantly returns to his side at the end of the story.) She will, in all likelihood, make him very miserable for the next few years trying to get him to return to her side of the family.
And so many people say they despise Morrison's version of the character, that she's not even a character but I don't see that at all. She's not one-dimensional, she's just as complex especially when it comes to her interpersonal relationships--she's just free of all the bullshit that makes me hate her. He's completely broken the cycle on this character, and she's gone from Bond Girl to full-fledged Bond Villain. I'm actually happy for her, it's quite a promotion.
As for the real thorn in fandom's side, Batman's statement that he was drugged when Damien was conceived? In a genre where 95% of female characters but just maybe 2% of male characters have been sexually harassed, threatened or assaulted... the biggest macho fanboy fantasy character in history has a sexual assault in his backstory and it hasn't hurt his standing in the slightest. It's still the male hero way, like Starman and Green Arrow, without the same lurid graphic depiction of sexualized violence that accompanies flashbacks of female characters. I think the imbalance there makes this far less offensive to me than if we'd had Oracle drop this memory. Don't get me wrong, Batman's wistful reaction is beyond fucked up and one of the things that Morrison annoyed me with, but I don't feel Talia is the character who suffers from this. She's a Bad Guy, after all, and I've never found her someone to sympathize with. I understand it really pisses off those of you who feel she should be a sympathetic hero, but I don't feel this character works as a hero or even a protagonist. Her heroism works on whether one person (or two, now that Damian's around) is in direct danger or not. If he is, she'll be a good guy, if not she's just her father's daughter. I do love her as a cold, corrupt villainess, though. Like I said, she strikes me as a very selfish person and that's a good thing for a villain.
My feelings on Talia are particularly worrisome for two reasons, though:
1) She is a character type I can only think of seeing in women. She's the chief henchwoman who falls for the hero character type, most often associated with spy thrillers like James Bond. It's a bit hard to untangle such a judgment from innate feelings about gender, and I'm having trouble thinking of a male character who boils down to the same concept for the "gender swap test" of prejudiced attitudes.
2) She is one of very few Middle Eastern women in comics, and the family politics and her position as a good guy or a bad guy are tied up with how the Western World views Arabic women. (Man, it does not help that her father was a terrorist but he's not religiously motivated at least.) It may be better that she stayed to run the family business and didn't just leave being an accessory to her father to try and become an accessory to Batman, or it may simply be another example of the Dragon Lady of the East archetype, particularly with her villainy so wrapped up in her family. I'm not really sure on this part. Though please don't try to defend the character based on cultural pressure to stay loyal to her father and family, because cultural pressure is something that makes a moral decision to value life more difficult, and therefore makes choosing to save lives so heroic.
Anyway, here's the rundown:
Talia al Ghul
Also Known As: The Cause of Shirtless Batman Fighting
First Encountered (By Me): Batman: the Animated Series
Franchise: Batman
Core Concept: Evil Love Interest
Writer Responsible For My Distaste: Every writer that has ever tried to pass her off as "not really a villain, but a tragic woman torn between loyalties"
Character I Want To Read That She's Attached To: Batman (and I don't really like to see her Dad pop up either when I'm reading Batman)
Best Character Trait: Brave
Worst Character Trait: Selfish
Similar Characters That I Like: Like I said, I adore the children of supervillains who break away from their parents Cassandra Cain in particular showed a moral strength and an empathy for the rest of mankind that's unheard of in her life up to that point when she ran away from her father after her first kill. Wanda and Pietro Maximoff are recurring favorites of mine because of their constant struggle against their father--especially in the face of prejudice from the rest of the world. Damian Wayne is stuck-up little jerk, but he chose his father's more difficult path over the easy villainy of his mother and grandfather. But the thing is, these characters took the high road as soon as the exit presented itself, they didn't continue along Bad Guy Highway past exit after exit until they could actually SEE the dead end. These are characters marked early on to be heroes, and their family ties make them more compelling as a result.
Catwoman may be my favorite example of the "Reform the Evil Love Interest" thing, but it may be because she's not particularly evil or even selfish. She just doesn't feel confined to society's rules, whereas Talia's lawbreaking comes from conforming to her family.
I do recall another similarity, though, back in Devin Grayson's Catwoman run. Selina is approached during the story by a teenaged boy and an adult man. She spends much of the story thinking about family, and ends up arranging for both the man and the boy to be sent to prison (I forget which one she framed, or if it was both) and declaring that she wants a family, but on her terms. The issue ends with her peeking in on her new family in their prison cell. It was dark and humorous (and there was something in both the man and the boy's behavior that makes you side with Selina, but I forget exactly what it was), and it does remind me of Talia's possessiveness of both Bruce and Damian. She wants the family on her terms, so she's basically decided that Bruce is her husband.
Could I ever like Talia? Not as a good guy. She's aces as a psychopath, though.
Sunday, December 12, 2010
The Long Pants of Evil
"Hero goes evil storylines" are fairly common in comics. Everyone has one or two, and they're okay provided they don't seep into the collective consciousness of the potential creator's pool as genuine characterization. That's usually not a problem provided it's acknowledged in the narrative as strange behavior, confined to a single storyline in a single book and not spread out over two company-wide crossovers, five writers and eight years... *Ahem*. Not that I mean anybody specific or their twin brother.
Still, even if a writer keeps it in the series, wraps it up at the end and explains it away neatly as the plot of such-and-such-villain there's still some seriously irritating trends with "Hero goes evil storylines", and no small concern is the tendency of artists to take advantage of an excuse to "slut up" an otherwise sensibly dressed female character and dress her in a ridiculously sexualized skimpy and cutaway costume. Off the top of my head I can remember this shit happening to the Invisible Woman, Linda Danvers Supergirl (admittedly those vented jeans looked pretty stylish and I liked the jacket a lot), Kara Zor-el Supergirl (which took some doing in comparison to the outfit they'd had her in before), Mary Marvel, the female heroes in Final Crisis who'd been converted to Female Furies (I don't remember if Wonder Woman was attached to that or not, but I liked that her anti-life version was just her normal look with a really ugly beastmask), Jade, and Polaris (really, anyone who's been possessed by Malice).
Strangely, most (but not all) possessed men prefer adding armor, new capes and dark masks to discarding unnecessary articles of clothing. I'm sure there's some complex analysis in the way male and female sexuality are differently repressed, but I suspect that the high incidence in mind control/possession storylines on female characters dressing like strippers over male characters exploring deeply repressed homosexual urges invalidates it.
Anyway, there are a couple female heroes that get to put more clothes on whenever they get a "Suddenly a Bad Girl" plot and interestingly enough they're both from Silver Age X-Men. They go from minidresses and swimsuits to full body suits.
Of course, everyone's familiar with Jean Grey's iconic "Dark Phoenix" look. Only an idiot would mess with the sincere "oh shit" reaction characters get from seeing Jean (or any of the Xerox Jeans in the Marvel Universe) decked out in red and gold. Interestingly enough, of course, after the first sash and leggings costume she never went back to the minidress. That's the power of proper fashion.
Even by Silver Age standards (where she started as a villainess but not an Evil Villainess), Wanda Maximoff always dressed a little skimpy with some pink nylon at best. She's usually in a red one-piece with pink nylons, but she ran around in a loincloth and a halter top in the 90s. But when she goes bad, she pulls out the winterwear. Check out Darker than Scarlet's look. She's got full sleeves, a more covering cloak and long pants.
Avengers Disassembled: Draping her cloak around her.
Later on, when injured she appears to have changed from nylons to pants but that may just be her thigh-high boots. They caught her by surprise in this one, though.
House of M: A long baggy gown. (The Civil War mini also has her in a long gown, in drastic contrast to Lorna's dayclothes.)
Children's Crusade: Medieval Chic.
She's more well-meaning and misguided in House of M, and I suspect that's what Heinberg's going for with this Doom thing so maybe in addition to the Long Pants of Evil we have the Long Skirt of Delusion. Either way, if she's wearing more than the Nylons of Virtue we're in trouble.
The most interesting, though, is the Possessed by Elder God Chthon outfit from Nights of Wundagore:
This isn't interesting because it's unlike Wanda, in fact it probably sets the trend of off-the-shoulder cape, mild cleavage (especially compared to her good girl look) and of course the Long Pants of Evil that come with all of her bad girl outfits. What makes it really interesting is Chthon as an entity is not opposed to showing extra skin. How do we know? Check out Possessed By Chthon Quicksilver:
Granted, he is also wearing long pants. That might be the thing.
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