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• sunitc's WebLog
It has been a long time since I have written a component that sends email. In the .NET world, sending email has been made very easy and all the objects are defind under the System.Web.Mail namespace. System.Web.Mail is a simple wrapper for the COM objects...
• sunitc's WebLog
May you live in Interesting times
After months of unrelenting pressure from my big brother (Vinit Carpenter), I have decided to start blogging. :-) I am an App Dev consultant and work for Microsoft Consulting Services. I primarily work with Biztalk Server 2004 and .NET related technologies...
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Blog - Title
October, 2006
• Visual C++ Team Blog
Conformance Testing and Breaking Changes
Hi, I’m Andy Rich, and I’m a Software Development Engineer in Test on the Visual C++ Compiler Front End. My testing focus during the Orcas product cycle thus far has been compiler conformance. Implementing a conformance feature usually breaks down...
• Visual C++ Team Blog
CRT Initialization
Hi, I’m George Mileka and I work on the Visual C++ libraries team. My team owns the CRT, ATL, MFC and STL… One subject I have always been interested in is the startup code and initialization. The subject got even more challenging as we started supporting...
• Visual C++ Team Blog
Visual C++ Orcas Forums
You can now discuss Viscual C++ Orcas releated issues on the Orcas MSDN Forums . The Visual Studio Code Name “Orcas” September 2006 CTP is now available so download this release to see what features are beginning to come online. The Visual C++ team...
• Visual C++ Team Blog
What goes into a Service Pack?
With the VS 2003 Service Pack 1 released and the VS 2005 Service Pack 1 release imminent, it’s a good time to talk about what Visual C ++ Service Packs contain and the rationale behind this. The primary purpose of a Service Pack is to improve the...
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Servicing: The History of Visual Studio... Today!
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GD Bloggers
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Exchange 2010 Cross-Forest Migration Step by Step Guide – Part I
• Comments 19
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This Guide will explain the detailed steps required to do cross forest migration from source forest running Exchange 2003 to target forest running Exchange 2010.
Active Directory Migration Tool (ADMT) will be used to migrate user accounts as well as computer accounts. There are two scenarios when using ADMT to migrate user accounts with Exchange:
1. Run Prepare-MoveRequest.ps1 script first then ADMT: in this scenario the steps will be in the following order:
a. Prepare-MoveREquest.ps1: The script will be used to create Mail Enabled Users (MEU) in the target forest; the MEUs will be disabled and will contain the following attributes: legacyExchangeDN, mail, mailnickname, msExchmailboxGuid, proxyAddresses, X500, targetAddress, userAccountControl, userprincipalName.
b. ADMT to migrate user accounts: the main target is to get the old SID from the source domain (SID History), and to synchronize the password from the source domain to the new user account in the target domain, of course other AD attributes could be migrated like phone, address, title…
c. Move Mailbox: using new-move request from the source forest to the target forest.
d. ADMT to migrate the computer account: this will mainly disjoin the client machine from the source domain and join the new domain, also will add (or replace) the SID of the new user in the target forest on the same profile used by the old user account, other options available like local group, profiles…..
2. Run ADMT first then Prepare-MoveRequest.ps1: in this scenario the steps will be in the following orders:
a. ADMT to migrate the user accounts from the source forest to the target forest, users will be created or merged by ADMT not the script, SID history and password synchronization along with other AD attributes could be merged from the source forest to the target forest. By default ADMT is excluding all Exchange attributes.
b. Convert the user accounts created or merged by ADMT to Mail Enabled User (MEU) accounts with proxy address as the source forest user account.
c. Prepare-moverequest.ps1: the script will be used with –localobject and –overwritelocalobject switches, so the script will use the existing user accounted and will not create new account.
d. New-MoveRequest: to move the mailbox from the source forest to the target forest.
Choosing which scenario will be based on the customer environment, the selection of the scenario should consider:
1. First Scenario: This is the easy and straight forward scenario, should be used if the target forest (domain) is newly created, no users from the source domain exist in the target domain.
2. Second Scenario: As this is more complicated scenario, it should be used if ADMT must run first before prepare-moverequest, and this will be needed in case of there are already users from the source forest in the target forest.
This series of articles will focus on the second scenario. Before going on the detailed steps, let’s first explain the environment and the requirements.
The current environment includes the following:
1. Source forest running Windows 2003, and Exchange 2003 (, email address of all user accounts
2. Target forest running Windows 2008 R2 and Exchange 2010 (, email address for all users
3. There are already user accounts for the source forest in the target forest, created manually and used by many applications, and they must be used.
The following diagram shows the details of the current environment:
As the migration will take time, the co-existence period should be considered, so this guide will cover the following:
1. Addressing the migration challenges.
2. Configure Mail Flow between the two forests.
3. Migration of user and computer accounts using ADMT.
4. Exchange Mailbox migration using native tools.
5. Enable sharing Free/Busy information between the two forests, so when the user is migrated to the target forest, he will still be able to check the free/busy information of other users in the source forest and vice versa.
The second part of this guide will address the migration challenges and setting up the mail flow between the two forests.
Exchange 2010 Cross-Forest Migration Step by Step Guide – Part II
Exchange 2010 Cross-Forest Migration Step by Step Guide – Part III
• Nice - Short N Sweet. i think it would be better to mention about the SID history in a little bit detail as most of the cases we use it to ensure that migrated user is able to use the old domain applications and resources.
Any way I like the Post.
• I believe in your first sentence you mean the target is Exchange 2010. Looks like a typo.
• Nice introduction. I really like the scenario. Where's Part II? :)
• Where is part II?
• Thanks all for your comments, Part II and III coming early next week, so stay tuned :).
• Great post. Waiting for the next one... :)
• I am looking for the part II. Has it posted? If so, URL? Tried googled but no luck.
• Nice Article
• when the part IV of the article will be released?
waiting impatiently!!!
• Nice one !!
• Good One !
• Its really nice one!
• My situation is a little different from yours. Our customer wants to upgrade from 2007 to 2010 and also change the forest name. Do you recommend upgrading Exchange in source forest or installing ex 2010 in the new forest then migrate?
• thank you
• Hi,
We are planning cross forest migration Exchange 2010 SP2 to Exchange 2010 SP2.
Requesting you to please help us out for below scenario.
Source Exchange 2010 SP2:-
2AD, 2CAS & 2 MBX servers
Database:- 4
Total Users :- 3500
Accepted Domains :- 8
Total Data:- 5TB +
Target Exchange 2010 SP2:-
Resource allocated same as above.
Thanks in advance.
Your comment has been posted. Close
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Syndicate content
Climate Threats Hit Low-Income Countries Hardest
Tom Grubisich's picture
As the table shows, many low-income countries face the most climate threats, as identified by the World Bank. A number of the most-threatened countries are also in the Least Developed Countries category, and six of them are in "fragile situations," also as identified by the World Bank.
Among the hundred finalists in the recent DM2009 competition, 26 of them came from most-threatened countries. Bangladesh, which ranked first among most threatened, had five entries, but no competition winners.
Now is the time
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12:13 pm ET
Aug 26, 2013
Business Model
Naveen Jain: Doing Well Meets Doing Good
• I just came across this early example of entrepreneurship and closing the information gap: "Daniel Guggenheim backed with his money, the IT experiments of Robert -H.Goddard who, in 1920, had made the laughable prediction that a rocket could go to the moon. Ten years later, on being requested money to pursue this dream, Guggenheim consulted no less than Charles Lindbergh on the practicality of Goddard's ideas. To Guggenheim's question whether rockets have an important future, Lindbergh had said, 'As far as I can find out, Gugenheim, he knows more about rockets than anybody in the country." That was enough for Guggenheim's decision : 'All right, l'll give him money'".
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• By
• Joe Palazzolo
Fred Tanneau/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
In this story in Monday’s Wall Street Journal, we take a look at whether prosecutors can charge people who send bogus Tweets during disasters such as Sandy that raise public alarm.
New York law and many other states have laws that makes it illegal to file false incident reports.
Here’s what New York’s law says, in relevant part:
A person is guilty of falsely reporting an incident in the third
It seems pretty clear that the law encompasses tweets, but the more pressing issue is whether the law can stand up against the Supreme Court’s ruling this year in U.S. v. Alvarez.
In that case, the court struck down a law making it a crime to lie about being a war hero, and in doing so, recognized that lying is often protected speech, no matter how repulsive it may seem. Some falsehoods clearly are punishable, such as perjury, lies to the government about official matters or pretending to speak on behalf of the government.
Eugene Volokh, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, said he believed the New York law could survive the Supreme Court ruling in Alvarez, though he said some of the law’s language could be too imprecise to survive a challenge. Justice Stephen Breyer in his concurrence in Alvarez gave a nod to laws that prohibit lies about “the commission of crimes or catastrophes,” Prof. Volokh said.
Frederick Schauer, a law professor at the University of Virginia, said that in light of the Alvarez case, he was skeptical of a law that proscribes a falsehood “not intended to call the government into action.”
Duke University professor Stuart Benjamim said a challenge to the New York law likely would turn on whether sending an alarming tweet had the same or similar effect as sending a false report or warning to the government, which more clearly is punishable. If the courts held they weren’t the same, Prof. Benjamin said, defense lawyers would have a strong argument that a law punishing false tweets would be unconstitutionally broad.
John M. Stec, a lawyer in Illinois, sent us an email after reading the story. He had a sharp question: “What Would Orson Welles Do?” He was referring, of course, to Mr. Welles’s 1938 broadcast of “War of the Worlds,” a radio show about an alien invasion that many listeners confused for a real news bulletin.
Related: Joe Palazzolo has details on The News Hub.
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OMFG: New Dark Knight Rises Poster
The official website for The Dark Knight Rises revealed a brand new poster for the upcoming, and final, Batman film with a caption that reads, “the legend ends”…that’s enough to give ya the goosebumps. Check the larger, wallpaper size poster, after the break.
dkr1 The Dark Knight Rises is scheduled to hit theatres July 20th 2012, starring Christian Bale, Tom Hardy, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Anne Hathaway, Joseph Gordon-Levitt , and more.
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Bryn Mawr Classical Review
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.08.71
Joannis Mylonopoulos (ed.), Divine Images and Human Imaginations in Ancient Greece and Rome. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 170. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2010. Pp. xvi, 437. ISBN 9789004179301. $200.00.
Reviewed by Irene Bald Romano, American School of Classical Studies at Athens (
This volume consists of thirteen papers originally delivered at a 2007 international conference entitled “Images of Gods — Images for Gods” (“Götterbilder Bilder für die Götter”) at the University of Erfurt, exploring issues relating to divine images from various perspectives, although with more focus on Greek than Roman. The editor of the volume, Mylonopoulos, organized the conference and contributed a paper, as well as an excellent introduction on the ancient and modern terms used to describe divine images, theories, and methodological approaches. He reminds us that there was no single word to define “cult image” in ancient Greek or Latin, that the distinction between votive and cult image was often blurred, and that one image could sometimes fulfill both requirements. There have been several recent studies of Greek cult images, by Donohue (1997), Scheer (2000, 8-34) and Bettinetti (2001, 25-63), that include an examination of terminology , and in this volume, Estienne offers an analysis of Latin terms for statue and cult statue (simulacrum, statua, signum, effigies) and discusses the implications of the distinction between images of the gods (simulacrum deorum) and temple ornaments (ornamenta aedium).
Setting aside terminology, these papers and other studies have made clear that the identification of an object as a “cult image” arises from various possible factors, including the use of the object in cult activity or within local religious traditions; the honors it was afforded; oftentimes its purported magical properties and complicated etiology that imbued it with greater interest and sanctity; its prominent position within a sanctuary or shrine (but not necessarily within a temple); and its attributes and other aspects of its appearance, whether anthropomorphic, zoomorphic or aniconic.
Despite these general parameters, there is still lack of certainty over the identification of cult images or specific divinities in Aegean Bronze Age cult, perhaps owing to our lack of complete understanding of visual clues and artistic vocabulary in the absence of literary texts. Blakolmer delves into this issue to try to understand why we fail to recognize specific deities in the complexity of the Minoan and Mycenaean pantheons. This is a situation that is markedly different from the earliest Iron Age cult images, for example, where visible attributes (or other aspects of their physical appearance) were important for the identification of a divinity. These attributes were employed especially intensively from the early 5th century onwards, as Mylonopoulos discusses in his essay on the use of attributes. In the end, Blakolmer justifiably concludes that the evidence for the existence of anthropomorphic cult statues in Minoan Crete or on the mainland in the Mycenaean period is highly speculative, with very little proof that cult images played an essential role in Aegean Bronze Age ritual. A revolution must have occurred sometime early in the 1st millennium B.C. in the way the Greeks conceived of their deities, the way in which they were represented, and in an important aspect of cult practice — the worship of a god through a sacred cult image. For an excellent essay on early Greek religion that suggests some methodological approaches see Pakkanen 2000-2001.
Aniconism has often been discussed as an early stage in the evolution to anthropomorphic images, but it is clear from the existing evidence that non-anthropomorphic objects were used as symbols of the presence of a divinity in various periods. Gaifman uses a historiographical approach to explore this theme and shows that Winckelmannn’s reading of the ancient sources, especially of Clement of Alexandria, and his evolutionary schema has colored interpretations from the 18th century to the modern day. It is also Pausanias’ fascination with the tales he was told about images from Greece’s distant past that has influenced our (mis)understanding of the worship of stones and other non-anthropomorphic objects as a primitive act. The life-story of the wooden and magical aniconic (or semi-iconic) image of the Hermes Perpheraios at Thracian Ainos that is told by Kallimachus’ in his seventh iambos provides a case in point, as Petrovic discusses.
In a provocative essay, Keesling shows that despite literary and epigraphical texts that should aid our understanding of religious iconography in the Archaic and Classical periods, there is still ambiguity about how we should interpret the reception of the Greeks to one category of votive image—korai. Keesling attempts to answer what or whom these statues represented, and if these statues that were clearly made for the gods are, in fact, images of the gods, using the Acropolis korai and Archaic-style Cypriot korai for her study. Keesling convincingly suggests that korai took their meaning from their context, their specific placement, the local religious traditions, or historical circumstances, but she generally rejects the notion that korai were perpetual stand-ins for human votaries. Keesling concludes that the ancient viewer would expect to see a divinity in the image, unless the context or some iconographical clues told them otherwise.
Hölscher analyzes Attic vase painting scenes that purport to show cult images in which archaism is used as a formula to denote “statue” and shows how the formula changed over time. She concludes that whereas in the 6th and earlier in the 5th century, statue and god were more often recognizably distinct and both were sometimes depicted on the same vase, the picture changes in the course of the 5th century. On some vases of around the 440s the representation of the god or of a statue of the god may have been left intentionally vague by the painter. Are we, therefore, to suppose that this signals some shift in religious beliefs in this period? Hölscher leaves the question open to some extent, but the subject is an important one that could be explored further. It is also worth pointing out that this is also the period of the creation of the colossal chryselephantine Athena Parthenos, which seems to have served less as an important object of veneration than as a spectacular and ostentatious symbol of Athens.
In an important paper, Pirenne-Delforge summarizes the essential role and position of Greek priests and priestesses and defines the relationship between these servants of the gods and cult images. As we know, neither priests nor cult images were necessary or central to the worship of a deity in ancient Greece, but both were mediators, in a sense, between the divine realm and the human, e.g., in the ritual feeding of the gods and in standing in for the divinity in various rituals, as the priest or, more often, the priestess did—in a mimesis between the servant of the god and the god. In much the same way, cult images stood in place of the divinity.
Pirenne-Delforge also discuss hidrysis, a term defined as the installation of a deity in the human realm. This act involved not only setting up an altar and a cult image, but also “setting up with pots,” as Aristophanes (Peace 922-924) describes it—the preparation of a suitable sacrificial feast; the act of hidrysis is thus another way of defining the difference between a divine statue and a cult image. Moede shows that in artistic representations of the Augustan period, the physical transfer of the cult image into the area of an altar is symbolic of the installation of the signum and the founding of a cult, i.e., in Greek terms, the hidrysis.
We have long understood that, in Greek cult practice cult, images were not as important as the act of sacrifice. Ekroth has in recent years published several important articles on Greek sacrifice (see the bibliography in this volume), including an excellent essay in a recent catalogue of the exhibition on heroes at the Walters Art Museum (2009). In the volume under review, she focuses on an early 4th century B.C. Athenian votive relief in the Louvre depicting Theseus and two worshippers with a low mound between them. Ekroth provides a valuable discussion of the characteristics of various kinds of altars, bomos, eschara, as well as simple fieldstone and rock altars, reminding us that various divinities in various locales were given offerings on a range of altars from the simplest to the most monumental structures. In the case of this relief, Ekroth suggests that the mound represents a stone altar, and she speculates that it might be the Horkomosion, a stone mythically connected to Theseus and the place in the Athenian Agora where oaths and treaties were sworn. (For the lithos in front of the 6th century Stoa Basileios, see Camp 1992, 53–57, 100–105.) Ekroth’s argument is fascinating and complicated, but since the cult of Theseus is little documented in Greek sources, her hypothesis is speculative.
Scheer discusses how cult images sometimes served not only religious, but also political, purposes. The statue of Athena Alea from Tegea was removed by Augustus to a secular context in Rome, as a punishment to the Tegeans for taking the wrong side in the Battle of Aktion. The Tegeans resorted to appropriating a statue of Athena Hippia from the neighboring town of Manthourea to serve as the image in the temple in Tegea, although it seems by Pausanias’ time to have been thought of as Athena Alea. Scheer concludes that the removal of the old cult image did not cause the demise of the sanctuary. Another conclusion might be that the sanctuary, as a place of cult activity may already have been in decline, and the absence of the original cult images had little impact on its functioning.
Steurnagel interprets “temple-sharing” in which images of the deified Roman emperors shared temples with traditional gods (synnaoi theoi). An examination of specific examples shows that the divine emperors were, through “temple-sharing,” integrated into the traditional pantheon. This close association of the emperor and his cult with the higher powers brought greater esteem (and financial resources) to the cities where the special status of “cult partnership” was granted. The careful placement of the statue of the divine emperor and the cult image of the god made it clear that the new gods of the imperial cult were not competing with the traditional gods in their temples. Rather, “temple-sharing” was a reinforcement or identifier of the divine status of the ruler.
In the final contribution to this volume, Bravi sheds light on the reception, use and adaptation of pagan statues in Byzantine Constantinople where the aristocratic, cultivated class kept the flame burning for ancient Greece and Greek identity. These Greek and Roman divine images were situated in new public contexts and, at the same time, were used as ideological underpinnings for an imperial city seeking to emphasize its classical roots. Bravi traces the changing reception of Classical images of the gods, depending on the cultural context, from the period of the founding of Constantinople to the looting of the Crusaders in 1203. This is a very fitting conclusion to this volume where so much emphasis has rightly been put on context — temporal, physical, and cultural — and its importance in identifying the meaning of images of the divine.
It is not easy to produce a volume of conference proceedings with such uniformly high scholarly standards in a single language (that is not the native language of all of the contributors). The bibliography is of great value as a compendium of the most recent and relevant references on Greek and Roman divine imagery, and, as is usual for this Brill series on Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, the indices of ancient authors and subjects are excellent. The illustrations are judiciously chosen, and one never feels the need to search through other resources for missing photographs. The editor and the authors are to be congratulated on their very valuable contributions to scholarship on Greek and Roman religion, cult practices, and divine images.
J. Mylonopoulos, “Introduction: Divine Images versus cult images. An endless story about theories, methods, and terminologies,” 1-19.
F. Blakolmer, “A pantheon without attributes? Goddesses and gods in Minoan and Mycenaean iconography,” 21-61.
M. Gaifman, “Aniconism and the notion of “primitive” in Greek antiquity,” 63-86.
C. M. Keesling, “Finding the gods: Greek and Cypriot votive korai revisited,” 87-103.
F. Hölscher, “Gods and statues—An approach to archaistic images in the fifth century BCE,” 105-120.
V. Pirenne-Delforge, “Greek priests and “cult statues”: In how far are they necessary?,” 121-141.
G. Ekroth, “Theseus and the stone. The iconographic and ritual contexts of a Greek votive relief in the Louvre,” 143-169.
J. Mylonopoulos, “Odysseus with a trident? The use of attributes in ancient Greek imagery,” 171-203.
I. Petrovic, “The life story of a cult statue as an allegory: Kallimachus’ Hermes Perpheraios,” 205-224.
T. Scheer, “Arcadian cult images between religion and politics,” 225-239.
D. Steuernagel, “Synnaos theos. Images of Roman emperors in Greek temples,” 241-255.
S. Estienne, “Simulacra deorum versus ornamenta aedium. The status of divine images in the temples of Rome,” 257-271.
K. Moede, “The dedication of cult statues at the altar. A Roman pictorial formula for the introduction of new cults,” 273-287.
A. Bravi, “Ornamenta, monumenta, exempla. Greek images of gods in the public spaces of Constantinople,” 289-301.
Bibliography, 303-359.
Index of passages cited, 361-366.
Subject Index, 367-386.
Figures, 387-437.
Bettinetti 2001 = S. Bettinetti, La statua di culto nella pratica rituale greca. Bari.
Camp 1992 = Camp, J. M. 1992. The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens. London.
Donohue 1997 = A. Donohue, “The Greek Images of the Gods: Considerations on Terminology and Methodology,” Hephaistos 15, 31-45.
Ekroth 2009 = G. Ekroth, “The Cult of Heroes” in S. Albersmeier, ed. Heroes: Mortals and Myths in Ancient Greece. New Haven, 120-143.
Pakkanen 2000-2001 = P. Pakkanen, “The Relationship Between Continuity and Change in Dark Age Greek Religion: A Methodological Study,” Opuscula Atheniensia 25-26, 71-88.
Scheer 2000 = T. S. Scheer, Die Gottheit und ihr Bild. Untersuchungen zur Funktion griechischer Kultbilder in Religion und Politik, Zetemata 10, Munich.
Comment on this review in the BMCR blog
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Retirement Discussions / Retire Early Liberal Edition
Subject: Re: So.... Date: 2/5/2007 12:16 PM
Author: lizmonster Number: 351 of 69741
OCD: trolls.
There's nothing wrong with discussing politics, IMHO, as long as everybody stays on topic and keeps the personal cr@p out of it.
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HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Jan 19, 2008 05:19 PM
Help me tweak a recipe please...
Seeing you folks were so informative with my braising dilemma I figured I'd come back for more help
I have a Onion Marmalade here that I'd like to tweak - My goal is an accent side to roasted Berkshire chops...Pomegranate Shallot Marmalade - I'm doing a pomegranate sauce but just a drizzle for I don't want to overpower these fine chops - To keep the redness of the juice instead of the black balsamic I was thinking of using white balsamic - How much juice should I use...half vinegar and half pomegranate juice - I also wanted it a little more savory than sweet so I was going to use less honey - Am I on the right track? Any help would be great
Onion Marmalade
1/8C Oil
1C(Lrg) Red Onions(I'm going to use Shallots)
MedHigh heat for 5 mins
1/8C Honey(Half the honey for more savory or none because of the juice?)
Add stirring often +10mins
1/4C Balsamic(Would White Balsamic be OK?)
1dash Cinnamon
Add stirring often +3-4mins
Salt to taste
THANKS FOLKS...Tweak away!!!
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1. Might the honey 'get in the way' with its unique flavor? Plain sugar instead? Brown sugar (always a good pairing with cinnamon)?
Drop the cinnamon and be sure to use REALLY GOOD balsamic?
1. On occasion I've made an onion confit from LaVarenne Practique. That one uses pearl onions, wine vinegar (the recipe dates from before the popularity of balsamic), sugar, and tomato paste.
A quick web search for 'onion confit' turned this promising one, with comments about keeping a balance of salt, sweet and spice. There are other variations around.
I haven't cooked with Pomegranate juice so can't help with proportions there. I have pomegranate molasses which is tart enough to be a direct substitute for vinegar. I tend to cook things like this by taste. Off the top of my head, I'd saute a cup of onion in a tablespoon of butter till soft (with a generous pinch of salt), add a tsp of sugar, a tsp of pomegranate molasses, and then start tasting and tweaking (including more salt). If available some tomato paste (up to a tablespoon) would add some body (and red color) to the sauce without shifting the sweet/sour balance. A white vinegar (balsamic or other) would be a good idea if you want the brighter pomegranate red.
1. Thanks to the folks who helped me with some ideas - I took something from all and winged it...it came out perfect
Thanks again!!!
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HOME > Chowhound > Not About Food >
Sep 14, 2008 09:02 PM
Cocktail Party - Can I call it something else?
Is the term 'cocktail party' still in vogue? Is there another name I could use for this type of gathering, since it isn't really about the cocktails?
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1. Well what kind of party are you planning?
1. Maybe Tapas? If your planning a bunch of appetizer/tapa type food?
1. Cocktails are back and are very much in vogue. Go ahead and call it a cocktail party and have fun.
3 Replies
1. re: KTinNYC
Just as long as what you're serving is actually a cocktail and not some crazy concoction that doesn't involve bitters (e.g. your typical "appletini", "raspberry mojito" and other ridiculousness)
1. re: jgg13
The notion that a cocktail requires bitters went out before WWII. A martini is considered by even the staunchest purists to be a cocktail, and most if not all modern recipes omit bitters from martinis.
Now sticking the noble name of a martini on some froofy fruity thing served in a cocktail glass is a whole 'nother matter. Call it what you will--cocktail or otherwise--but don't call it a martini.
1. re: alanbarnes
Yet bitters *are* involved in various martini recipes. Plus, modern recipes use an absurdly low amount of vermouth (not to mention the side effect that most bartenders make any vermouth-using drink too light on the vermouth now). While I don't know which type of "cocktail" KTinNYC is talking about, classic cocktail recipes are also making a definite comeback.
I'm with you on the second paragraph.
Call it a "mixed drink party" if that's the sort of thing you're doing.
2. The original comment has been removed
1. If it's mainly about the food and not the alcohol, why not something to describe the type of food?
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HOME > Chowhound > Los Angeles Area >
Dec 18, 2008 03:45 PM
Pho 99 in Brentwood closed!
Does anybody know of a decent Pho spot on the west side?
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1. Try Phobulous and Pho Show. I don't know of much else....
2 Replies
1. re: Adsvino
Thanks to both of you for replying! We too were surprised, having been there a couple weeks ago when it was packed. The Chinese Buffet in the same strip mall closed down too, and it was almost always doing a good business....
1. re: Sweetalicious
Good news. I went by yesterday. The sign says they're closed temporarily for repairs.
2. This is really surprising -- they always seemed packed at lunch. Any indication of what will take its place?
1. Le Saigon on Santa Moncia Blvd just a few blocks west of Sawtelle and near the Royal Theater is really tasty, it has pho, bun, the works. I like the bun with grilled chicken or pork myshelf, but I've had the pho too and its good. Nice owners.
1 Reply
1. re: noshie
Yes, I actually prefer the bun at Le Saigon. I find the vegetables and meat are generally better there than Pho 99.
2. thanks to everyone! i'm so glad it isn't gone.
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HOME > Chowhound > Not About Food >
Jan 1, 2009 03:32 PM
Dining Tips On A Restrictive Diet [split from L.A. board]
Hi Creamfinger -- welcome to my world. Folks who don't have to monitor their sodium intake have no idea how much salt is automatically added to prepared foods -- in the supermarkets as well as restaurants. As a diabetic with multiple food limitations, salt is definitely one of them. With so much hypertension and heart disease in our nation, I am constantly (and sadly) aware of the lack of attention paid to this element in the food world. Instead of increasing the manufacturing of low-salt options in the marketplace, there has instead been a decrease. The reason is simple: salted food tastes good. Sales go down, and the manufacturer pulls the plug. Triscuit used to have a low sodium cracker buit no more. Trader Joe's had some salt free chips though all but one have been replaced by "low" instead of "no" salt. However, TJ's does sell various no/low sodium products.
As far as restaurants are concerned, any food that is NOT freshly prepared to order is usually on the "no" list. For instance, in Italian food, it's obvious that lasagna is out; however, any pasta dish made with a pre-cooked sauce is also a definite no-no as well as casseroles from any cuisine. Most Mexican food -- don't even ask. There are huge amounts of sodium hidden in cheese - including (would you believe), cottage cheese, soups (as you mentioned), chips, crackers, pickles, chilis, bread, salted butter, popcorn, condiments and sauces of almost every kind. Prepared tuna salad is usually loaded. Although low-sodium soy sauces are available in Asian restaurants, even those pack a whalloping amount of sodium. Gelson's sells a prepared no-salt chicken.
With few exceptions, I don't really know of any "designated" places that cater to us. It's all about checking with the restaurant beforehand to find out so that you're not disappointed at the table. Can they prepare your steak, poultry or fish without salt? Is there salt in your hamburger meat? Is there salt in your scrambled eggs? Can the soy sauce be omited from the stir-fry? Servorg's suggestion of Follow-Your-Heart is a good one because the wait staff is very knowledgeable about the menu ingredients, and they aim to please. There is a good Chinese restaurant at Ventura and Topanga called Super Wok that prides itself on preparing healthy foods. I'm pretty sure that a request for no salt or soy sauce would be honored. Deli's are good if their roast beef or turkey is unsalted.
The condiment thing is so difficult. Especially if you're a foodie. Sure, we can have the baked potato with sour cream and chives -- but is there salt in the butter? Have you ever had a potato without salt? Yuk. Morton makes a product called "Lite Salt" which is 1/2 salt and 1/2 salt substitute. You may want to carry some with you. Heinz makes a salt free ketchup. Ordering a salad is great if you don't mind eating it nekid -- unless you bring along your own dressing.
I don't mean to be a "bummer" about this -- I know you only asked for restaurant suggestions -- but until you've been doing this kind of diet for awhile, it's hard to realize how much salt is hidden in restaurant food. Start with places and foods that you already like and try to find out about the sodium content in their foods. Check the sodium content on every food product you buy -- including spices. Your limit of 2,000 mg can be achieved -- but not without search and discovery. Sadly, there is no easy answer or "place" to go. I rarely eat out anymore. It would be great if another chowhound can suggest restaurants for us. Take care of you. Good luck!
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1. Very kind of you to take so much time to write all that. I honestly already knew most of what you said. My understanding of how to eat low-sodium is actually rather decent. It's my knowledge of where to find decent low-sodium prepared food in LA that's a bit lacking. I'm finding that when I eat out, my best intentions to omit salt are being foiled by chef's who think "no salt" actually means "less salt" despite what I say to the waiter (or waitress).
Your suggestion of Morton's Lite Salt would have been a good one, but sadly it contains potassium chloride, which is a big no no for me.
4 Replies
1. re: creamfinger
creamfinger, if there's one thing i've learned about dining out with restrictions (i'm severely intolerant to both gluten and soy), it's that a little humility goes a long way. it helps to be *exceedingly* polite to waitstaff and counter people when ordering...something along the lines of "I'm so sorry I have to do this, I really don't mean to be difficult, but I have a serious health condition that requires me to avoid salted foods as much as possible. Is there some way you can ask the chef to please prepare my food without salt? If it's an issue, I'd be happy to speak to him/her myself and explain how important it is for me and maybe find out which menu items can be prepared without salt for me."
i'll even occasionally call the restaurant first to inquire about any problems i might have, or when i get there, have a quick word with the manager, pretty much just to ask if dining in their establishment is going to be difficult for me with my restrictions.
you really just need to be your own advocate, try to provide the people who are serving you and preparing your food with as much information as possible, and learn how to identify the menu items that will be easiest for them to modify for you. it's difficult, but not impossible. and as long as you're being hyper-vigilant about your sodium intake when you prepare or buy the rest of your food, you can still enjoy a meal out occasionally if you order carefully.
good luck, and good health!
1. re: goodhealthgourmet
Although I appreciate your well intentioned advice, I don't agree with most of it. The part about being polite goes without saying, and your comment about being my own advocate certainly makes sense, but I don't feel I should have to apologize and tell a waiter "I'm sorry" for asking that my food be prepared without salt. I'm not asking for them to arrange my food in alphabetical order on my plate or to serve my beverage in a flaming coconut. Asking for them to prepare a dish without using salt is a very reasonable request, and I shouldn't have to justify it further by providing the details of my private health issues. Aside from the fact that it's none of their business, the moment I do that, it becomes the topic of conversation at the table. Would you want that? With all that said, I do realize that we live in the real world and that simply saying "please tell the chef not to use any salt" might not convey the seriousness of my need. Knowing that I try to be extra assertive, but there are some things I refuse to do, and apologizing to a waiter for a health related request is one of them.
1. re: creamfinger
"I shouldn't have to justify it further by providing the details of my private health issues. "
who said anything about details? i'm not suggesting you hand the server a copy of your latest blood test results. and as far as it becoming table discussion, everyone with whom i dine already knows about my restrictions (and if they don't, they obviously will when they hear the specifications for my order). besides, there are far more interesting topics for conversation than my food intolerances.
clearly it's your choice, you have the right to handle it however you choose. i was just trying to be helpful - i personally would rather go above and beyond what i think i *should have to* do in order to protect my health. otherwise i might as well just stay home.
in any case, good luck.
2. re: goodhealthgourmet
I agree with good healthgourmet. I tend to request modifications at restaurants and have always found that the "I'm sorry to be difficult" route makes the ordering process much less difficult and even humorous at times. My apology is heartfelt, but usually for my dining companions' benefit as they have to suffer through my ordering process. And in my own defense, my modifications aren't usually beyond "dressing on the side" or "no bacon" or inquiries about how a couple dishes are made so I can then make a decision about what I want. (I'm a newly meat-eating recovering vegetarian and still learning about the food/dishes I've never tried.) I know these requests aren't too complicated, but when I am out with people who just point and order, I seem to be a little high maintenence. I don't feel guilty about it at all, I just find that apologizing in advance for being the "difficult" one at the table gains a lot of patience and understanding from the server and my dining companions. The 10 seconds of my time it takes has proven to be well worth it.
2. gingergirl,
sorry to break this to you, but the turkey and roast beef served at delis are NOT at all low in sodium. in order to preserve the roasted meats, deli's normally add sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate, and a host of 'other' sodiums. it is true, that these are not sodium chloride (salt), but the sodium content is VERY HIGH.
basically any processed whole turkey will contain these high sodium ingredients, and, as far as i know so will all of the processed meats. (to get an idea about this read the ingredient list on any butterball or frozen whole turkey).
7 Replies
1. re: westsidegal
westsidegal --
You are absolutely right about many deli's and all processed meat. However, some deli's do roast their own fresh turkeys and sometime even have specified salt-free. There are many restaurants that prepare fresh beef roasts and, while not entirely salt-free, are much lower in sodium than any processed meat. I've seen packaged freshly roasted salt-free turkey in places like Whole Foods, Gelsons, and even in some grocery stores.
creamfinger -
I absolutely concur with goodhealthgourmet about calling the restaurant in advance and talking to a manager or chef. In the flurry of a harried mealtime, It's difficult, if not impossible, for a busy server to get the complete focused attention of an engrossed chef. Now, if you are dining at a high-end restaurant, that is probably not the case. Determining whether or not a menu item has a low salt content is much more complex than "I'm a vegetarian," or "Hold the dinner rolls." The fact remains that there is already so much salt in the prepared food additions in a restaurant kitchen that even requesting that "no salt be added" can result in getting a plate full of sodium. Virtually EVERYTHING on a regular menu is full of salt other than items that are prepared fresh to order. Even then, they can certainly leave the salt off of your freshly prepared (unmarinated) fish, but the mashed potatoes and vegetables will have already been pre-seasoned for the masses. Since there are no designated "salt-free restaurants" (with the possible exception of spa menus), we are trying to make suggestions that might help. While you seem to know most or all of the information which has been presented, you have really not-yet accepted the fact that you, yourself must do the research in advance so as not to be embarrassed or disappointed at your meal. I know how frustrating this issue is. My sodium intake is limited to 1,000 mg per day, so your allowance seems almost luxuriant to me. If you can find restaurants that allow you to dine out frequently, while maintaining your diet, please let the rest of us know. In the meantime, you may have to come to terms with cooking more and eating out less frequently.
1. re: Gingergirl
Calling the restaurant in advance is not a bad idea when it's possible, but I was really just looking for a few restaurant suggestions, not an instruction manual or a lecture.
1. re: creamfinger
Since there are none that we know of, we were only trying to help. Be kind now.
1. re: creamfinger
I haven't had too much of a problem at most restaurants when I've asked for no-sodium preparations (it used to be that I would ask for no salt/fat/meat, but that was many many years ago).
Sashimi is easy, as are places which grill foods. I'd avoid burgers (usually pre-seasoned) or anything fried. You could even ask for the sauce on the side. Salads or vegetables with herbs, fresh lemon and pepper work well too, as are poached dishes.
It really depends on the waitstaff and temperment of the chef. Seriously, if you're with an alcoholic who has to decline the wine list repeatedly, the wait staff is seriously rude. The same is true for any guests who make specific requests. No reason should be required.
I don't know what city you're in, so I really couldn't make any specific restaurant suggestions. Hope this helps.
2. re: Gingergirl
normally when they say 'salt-free' they mean that the roaster has not added any sodium chloride. this DOES NOT MEAN that the processor that processed the poultry or meat did not add sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, nor sodium phosphate BEFORE the animal is roasted.
the total SODIUM content often is extraordinarily high in these 'salt-free' meats.
1. re: westsidegal
I concur w/ westsidegal. Even uncured roast beast typically has 600-800+ mg sodium per serving (usually 1 slice or 1 oz.) , and turkey's not much better. In fact, you're better off forgetting processed, third party meats. Your answer is DIY lunch meat. Learn how to make your own roast beef, pulled pork, sliced turkey, grilled chicken, et al. (Garlic will be your new best friend, as will chilis, DIY spice rubs, marinades, citus.)
Watching your sodium intake is crucial. When I go too far over my limit, it affects my breathing and increases my body's fluid retention.
Reading labels has become an indispensible part of my eating/grocery shopping. Yes, it's a pain in the ass and it triples my shopping time, but it's keeping me alive, so I do it.
As for surviving in restaurants, it is doable with caveats. I've learned to ask wait staff to look at the salt content on the labels of any third-party soy sauces. for example. I ask for corn tortillas (<15mg/ea) instead of flour (often >200 mg ea.) I skip cheese except for parmesan or swiss (both usually around 85mg/oz). I sometimes pack my own low sodium soy sauce (from TJs) or salt substitute (I hate the bitter taste of NoSalt and Morton's LiteSalt is still too salty, so I use Also Salt @ http://www.alsosalt.com. At Chinese restaurants, I order the dim sum and look for minimally processed foods, like shrimp hargow (shrimp wrapped in a simple rice paper wrapper) or steamed veg.
So far I have yet to find a restaurant that won't honor my request for no soy sauce/no salt.
Creamfinger, I don't believe anyone was suggesting you apologize for having a medical condition. Goodhealthgourmet, if I read her post correctly, was apologizng to the waiter and to the chef for the extra effort she was about to put them through. It's nothing more than politeness, an acknowledgement that you recognize you're asking them to do more than is usual, that's all.
No blood, no foul. ;)
1. re: KenWritez
yes, Ken, that's precisely what i was saying...thanks for the clarification.
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HOME > Chowhound > Cookware >
Jul 29, 2009 09:03 AM
Porcelain coated cast iron grates
Have a grill with the porcelain coated cast iron grates, two seasons in, the coating is wearing off and the cast iron rusts. Two seasons? I do use it a lot, but come on. Is there any salvaging the grates, ie sanding down the cast iron and seasoning? So far it is only on one side, but I'm sure that won't be the case very much longer.
Any one have any advice on how they've handled this?
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1. Not to be a smart ass, but the same happened to me and I ended up trading to a grill with stainless grates. My cousin (who took the other grill off my hands) had a custom fabricator that does work for him weld up a set of grates that will outlast all of us.
1 Reply
1. re: legourmettv
you aren't a smart ass.....you are correct. I should have paid more for a better grill with stainless....I mostly use my trusty old Webber on the weekends, but I needed a gasser for work nights....guess I got what I paid for. But I sure as hell ain't paying 90 plus bucks for replacements for a 300 dollar grill. I was hoping if someone knew if I could take the trusty Dremel to the grates, do some magic....and bring out just the cast iron. Guess next time I'll have to pony up the money and go for a better grill....I just hate to for the week day horse.
2. This happened to the grates on my Bosch range. Enamel was chipping off after less than a year. Called Bosch and the first call was unproductive. Called a second time and got a fantastic guy who sent me plain cast iron, no enamel, grates, free of charge. The grates are great and no more finding bits of enamel everywhere. So call the manufacturer, perhaps they have non enamel ones for your grill.
1 Reply
1. re: bostonhound
thanks for the reply Boston......I think I just got what I paid for....I don't imagine Char-Broil sending me cast iron replacements....
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HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Dec 24, 2011 02:34 PM
arctic char in place of salmon
I am cooking for 10 for New Year's Eve. I love Ina Garten's roast salmon with fennel and onions -- not only because it is delicious, but because there doesn't have to be much fuss in the kitchen once guests have arrived. However, it is not wild salmon season and the farmed kinds currently available are in the "avoid" category of Seafood Watch. (see: http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr... ) I am wondering if the recipe would work with arctic char. And if so, would the cooking time be the same? If not, other festive arctic char suggestions that don't require lots of prep and at-the--stove time right before serving?
(The other option would be an all-veggie dinner, so suggestions welcome -- as long as they contain no mushrooms other than plain old white button ones since a guest is highly allergic to shitake, portobello, etc.
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1. I often replace salmon with char.
2 Replies
1. re: magiesmom
Thanks. Yes, I often do, too. I'm wondering, though, if that specific recipe will work. There's a lot a stake with a NYE dinner party!
2. I can not think of a recipe where Artic Char or say Rainbow trout could not be substituted for Salmon.The fish have similar textures and oil content making them adaptable to favored recipes.
Here is a link to the recipe I believe you are referencing..... ( For the convenience of other readers)
1 Reply
1. re: easily amused
Okay. Thanks. And yep, that's the recipe. Highly recommended!
2. I always use char instead of salmon when it's available. I prefer cooking with it because it tastes very similar but seems to smell less. I have substituted it many times and never had complaints. I would change anything in comparison to a similar cut of salmon.
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HOME > Chowhound > Dallas - Fort Worth >
Aug 29, 2012 03:39 PM
Anything new in Dallas
I am coming to Dallas in Sept. I have eaten at Nona, Abacus, Fearings, Pyles, Mansion and even Lucia (was amazing). I have also tried most of the steak places. I was wondering if there is anything new to try.
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1. You should try some of the great places in Oak Cliff.
Hattie's, Smoke, Mesa, Boulevardier and, Oak Cliff's great new seafood restaurant, Driftwood.
http://www.yelp.com/biz/boulevardier-... Newly opened
http://www.driftwood-dallas.com Newly opened
10 Replies
1. re: twinwillow
Forgot Bambu (Thai), Pera (Turkish), Lal-Quila (Pakistani), Aslam Biryani (Indian - Biryani only), Sushiism (Japanese)
Oak, Acme F&B
1. re: twinwillow
I am with some people who will want to "fine dine" at least one night and these all seem a bit casual......will definitely do some of these on other nights though. I wish York Street was still open! Any new places for fine dining?
1. re: blanford
Oak is fine dining, is it not? Any specifics of what your dining companions are looking for in a fine dining experience?
1. re: foiegras
OK will look into Oak. As I said we have eaten at all the restaurants I mentioned on my post and loved them , but was checking to see if anything new......so I guess something similar to the experience at the places I listed.
1. re: blanford
You can add in Restaurant Ava out in Rockwall to your list of higher end places that you have yet to visit
In defense you just asked for new restaurants not high-end new restaurants. I did take some time out before I posted to check where you were from, not much info on the profile and it was hard to get a judge on where you are from your previous posts.
1. re: LewisvilleHounder
I am from Nashville Tennessee.......I just love a place with great food so high or low end does not matter to me. I loved York Street and thought it was the best by far. I also love Lucia as well as Fuel City Tacos and love a grat dive! However , at least one night the people I am with will want a "high end" place one of the nights. haven't been to The Mansion in awhile.....how is it? Will look I to Tei-An .
1. re: blanford
The Mansion would be my first choice by far!
Tei-An is high end Japanese and quite innovative. And also very good.
1. re: twinwillow
Just wanted to note that there are also fusion options. Some of my favorites are the braised tongue and the short green soba with braised BBQ brisket. (Both the chef and I are into braising ;)
1. re: twinwillow
What about The Mercury or Pyramid? Also if you had to choose between Fearings, The Mansion and Abacus which would you pick?
1. re: blanford
Can't speak for the others but I feel The Mansion would give you the desired experience. The Mercury is terribly over rated and I think to a certain extent, although still quite good, so is Abacus.
I haven't been to the Pyramid Room since the recent chef change but from what I've read, it could possibly be quite good.
2. I'm not sure there is anything new that matches Fearing, Pyles or Mansion in terms of fine dining. The trend has been more in line with Lucia: exceptional food in a more casual, but still trendy, setting.
First on my wish list is Campo in Oak Cliff. Oak was a mild let down in my only visit, still way trendy and packed, with a menu and staff with lots of potential but hasn't hit it stride yet. Same could be said for Driftwood, but for slightly different reasons.
I'd also consider Tei-An and Samar. Wolfgang Puck's 560 is fantastic as well, don't let the celeb chef's name fool you. Bijoux's more relaxed menu is getting good reviews, makes sense because their older prix-fixe/tasting menu was good (and expensive). Smoke is far from fine dining, but one of the city's restaurants your not likely to find in other places.
Al Biernat's is more than good steaks, if you haven't been there yet. And Javier's is a Dallas insitution among the park cities set, definitely solid "Mexican" fare in an old-school, classic setting.
But...I'd probably just eat at Stephan Pyles again, it never disappoints.
2 Replies
1. re: sike101
Agree with Tei-An, and Marquee would be another option. I was also thinking of Samar. Charlie Palmer at the Joule is converting to steak ... has that happened yet/has anyone been?
2. The French Room at the Adolphus.
1. Tei An is not on your previously visited list, but does provide a nice experience.
1. I hear that Perry's is quite good.
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HOME > Chowhound > Outer Boroughs >
Mar 8, 2013 03:06 PM
Has anyone tried the new Balinese restaurant: Selamat Pagi
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1. It's not really Balinese. It's run by Australians and they are calling standard Indonesian dishes Balinese.
6 Replies
1. re: Peter Cuce
it's not bad, but, on the basis of one visit and four or five dishes, not nearly as good as indonesian restaurants in queens that are run by indonesians. the flavors in the gado gado were all a bit toned down, as was the roasted chicken. not in terms of "spice," because that's not really a characteristic of this cuisine, but in terms of overall flavor. just a bit too tame, too.... anglo, i guess.
1. re: debinqueens
1. re: debinqueens
If you have Indonesian friends, most of them will actually carry around their own hot sauce when they first come to NYC, because they want everything to be spicy. I took an Indonesian visitor to Little Pepper and they asked for extra chile sauce.
1. re: Peter Cuce
you're right, of course, Peter:
i guess what i should've said was "...for me," meaning that my ordering isn't usually spice-based. yes, the cuisine itself does have many a supremely spicy dish (though i think the spiciest dish i've had in my life is a tibetan one, best served in nyc by Phayul, of hot peppers and potato).
2. re: Peter Cuce
You're absolutely right. Besides, the name of the restaurant itself is a giveaway: "Selamat Pagi" is Indonesian for 'good morning', different from the Balinese language. The Balinese would have said "Rahajeng semeng".
Do they do breakfast as well then?
3. Yes, some things were quite good and some things were just OK. We're definitely going to eat there again to try some different stuff.
Specifically the nasi goreng was pretty good but I wasn't thrilled by the pan-roasted chicken.
1. Yes it's very good.
Food is overall very spicy so maybe let them know if thats a problem.
It's simply presented, but complex flavors that are not easy to find in food in nyc, especially greenpoint.
The atmosphere is also pleasant and friendly service.
They were not serving alcohol all the times I visited.
I have been here 5 times and never had anything I did not enjoy, except the side of bread.
Awesome addition to the neighborhood.
6 Replies
1. re: botrytis9
Hm, I seem to remember being disappointed because the food WASN'T spicy, but I've never found Indonesian food to be particularly spicy, so I figured it was supposed to be that way.
1. re: didactic katydid
Sumatran food is some of the world's spiciest.
1. re: swannee
I don't really know the regional differences within Indonesia, which I'm sure are profound--most of my experience has come from eating at Masjid Al-Hikmah.
1. re: swannee
Manadonese as well. Indonesian food overall is one of the spiciest cuisines I've come across. You can definitely get good, spicy Indonesian at Masjid Al-Hikmah, and in fact, you can get more regional variations there than are available in NYC restaurants.
1. re: Peter Cuce
Oh I don't mean to hate, the Al-Hikmah stuff is awesome, I just never came across something blistering in all my tastings there.
1. re: didactic katydid
I wasn't trying to defend MAH per se but instead was pointing out that Indonesian cuisine overall is one of the spiciest in the world.
2. we went to brunch there about a month or two after it opened and it was fairly awful. I can't recall what we got, but it was poorly spiced (bland) and generally uninteresting. plus the mango we ordered looked like sad, limp cantaloupe.
1. Our meal was underwhelming. Pan roasted chicken was undercooked and very under seasoned, and nasi goreng was fine but no different from what I can make at home. Great coffee, of course, but that's not what we were there for.
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HOME > Chowhound > Greater Boston Area >
Apr 26, 2013 11:43 PM
LARDO in Boston?
I know i'm late to the game here but I have just discovered this luscious food (cured and herbed pork fat by any other name) and want to both sample more dishes with it and also buy some for home.Seems like it needs to be warm/melty to be at its best . Look like it's popular with a lot of young chefs now.
My CH search brought up: (my trip to Giullia), Journeyman, Tavern Road , and Coppa. Other spots? Has anyone bought it here, Looks like it's a pretty easy thing to make as well. :
Does Capone or Savenors or Formaggio or Barbara Lynch's So. End store or a No. End store sell it (raw/unflavored fatback , or cured ?)
thx much.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. Bob's Italian Foods added lardo in the last year and Formaggio definitely sells it. You might also be able to find a La Quercia version around. I am talking about the cured fatback which would be sliced, not whipped spread although you might be able to get that from something like Formaggio.
1 Reply
1. re: itaunas
Terrific; thnx for that info. Fwiw , if you look at my link above, you will see that 'whipped' is metaphorical (at least in some cases? all cases?)
2. Sycamore had a tasty whipped lardo appetizer last week. I spied it for sale at Bees Knees too.
1. Coppa also melts thin slices of lardo on top of its meatball small plate, a great idea.
2 Replies
1. re: MC Slim JB
uh oh. pretty soon it's going to be Lardo on top of Bacon on top of Pork belly on top of Tomato sandwiches.
1. re: MC Slim JB
coppa does amazing stuff with it and so does evoo. also have had it at belly.
2. The house made lardo at Toro is devine...
1. Dave's Fresh Pasta sells lardo. I think it's from La Quercia? They do have other stuff from there. Not 100% sure. But I am completely sure that they sell it.
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Today's Pop Hit: Album frames
Early Buzz: Conan, Radiohead, The Cars and more news
By Whitney Matheson, USA TODAY
Hey, everybody! I hope you're having a spectacular Wednesday so far. This afternoon I'll be chatting with Margaret Cho, so if you have any questions for her, just holler!
In the meantime, your headlines:
- Goodbye, Conan's beard. (Here's the first shave with Will Ferrell.)
- Here's a chat with Christian Slater (and I really need to check out his new show).
- Lifetime has renewed Army Wives and Drop Dead Diva.
- The Decemberists' Jenny Conlee has been diagnosed with breast cancer.
- Radiohead plans to perform The King of Limbs in its entirety on BBC.
- The A.V. Club interviews Jodie Foster.
- Vanity Fair catches up with Boy Meets World's Rider Strong.
- Ric Ocasek chats about the new Cars album.
- The Cars' album is streaming on
- So sad: Yvette Vickers, star of Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, was found dead last week in her home.
- Todd Haynes talks about directing a concert film with My Morning Jacket.
- Pitchfork reviews the new Beastie Boys album.
- Here's a special performance by J Mascis.
- Sadly, I agree with this Daydream Nation review. (Saw it last weekend.)
- Uma Thurman loves ginger ale.
- Here's a story about filmmaker Joe Swanberg and how "mumblecore grows up."
- Go here to hear The Lonely Island's new collaboration with Beck.
- Kenneth Branagh talks about Thor.
- And this is cute: Check out summer's biggest movies in LEGO.
Today's Pop Hit: Album frames
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package Message::Passing; use Moo; use Config::Any; use Message::Passing::Role::CLIComponent; use Message::Passing::DSL; use Carp qw/ confess /; use MooX::Options flavour => [qw( pass_through )], protect_argv => 0; use namespace::clean -except => [qw/ meta new_with_options parse_options _options_data _options_config/]; use 5.008004; our $VERSION = '0.111'; $VERSION = eval $VERSION; around 'parse_options' => sub { my $orig = shift; my $class = shift; my %args = $orig->($class, @_); if (my $conf = $args{configfile}) { my $cfg = $class->get_config_from_file($conf); foreach my $k (keys %$cfg) { if (!exists $args{$k}) { $args{$k} = $cfg->{$k}; } } } return %args; }; with CLIComponent( name => 'input' ), CLIComponent( name => 'output' ), CLIComponent( name => 'filter', default => 'Null' ), CLIComponent( name => 'decoder', default => 'JSON' ), CLIComponent( name => 'encoder', default => 'JSON' ), CLIComponent( name => 'error', default => 'STDERR' ), CLIComponent( name => 'error_encoder', default => 'Message::Passing::Filter::Encoder::JSON' ), 'Message::Passing::Role::Script'; option configfile => ( is => 'ro', format => 's', ); sub get_config_from_file { my ($class, $filename) = @_; my ($fn, $cfg) = %{ Config::Any->load_files({ files => [$filename], use_ext => 1, })->[0] }; return $cfg; } sub build_chain { my $self = shift; message_chain { error_log( %{ $self->error_encoder_options }, class => $self->error_encoder, output_to => output error => ( %{ $self->error_options }, class => $self->error, ), ); output output => ( %{ $self->output_options }, class => $self->output, ); encoder("encoder", %{ $self->encoder_options }, class => $self->encoder, output_to => 'output', ); filter filter => ( %{ $self->filter_options }, class => $self->filter, output_to => 'encoder', ); decoder("decoder", %{ $self->decoder_options }, class => $self->decoder, output_to => 'filter', ); input input => ( %{ $self->input_options }, class => $self->input, output_to => 'decoder', ); }; } 1; =head1 NAME Message::Passing - a simple way of doing messaging. =head1 SYNOPSIS message-pass --input STDIN --output STDOUT {"foo": "bar"} {"foo":"bar"} =head1 DESCRIPTION A library for building high performance, loosely coupled and reliable/reseliant applications, structured as small services which communicate over the network by passing messages. =head2 BASIC PREMISE You have data for discrete events, represented by a hash (and serialized as JSON). This could be a text log line, an audit record of an API event, a metric emitted from your application that you wish to aggregate and process - anything that can be a simple hash really.. You want to be able to shove these events over the network easily, and aggregate them / filter and rewrite them / split them into worker queues. This module is designed as a simple framework for writing components that let you do all of these things, in a simple and easily extensible manor. For a practical example, You generate events from a source (e.g. L output of logs and performance metrics from your L FCGI or L workers) and run one script that will give you a central application log file, or push the logs into L. There are a growing set of components you can plug together to make your solution. Getting started is really easy - you can just use the C command installed by the distribution. If you have a common config that you want to repeat, or you want to write your own server which does something more flexible than the normal script allows, then see L. To dive straight in, see the documentation for the command line utility L, and see the examples in L. For more about how the system works, see L. =head1 COMPONENTS Below is a non-exhaustive list of components available. =head2 INPUTS Inputs receive data from a source (usually a network protocol). They are responsible for decoding the data into a hash before passing it onto the next stage. Inputs include: =over =item L =item L =item L =item L =item L =item L =item L =back You can easily write your own input, just use L, and consume L. =head2 FILTER Filters can transform a message in any way. Examples include: =over =item L - Returns the input unchanged. =item L - Stops any messages it receives from being passed to the output. I.e. literally filters all input out. =item L - Splits the incoming message to multiple outputs. =back You can easily write your own filter, just consume L. Note that filters can be chained, and a filter can return undef to stop a message being passed to the output. =head2 OUTPUTS Outputs send data to somewhere, i.e. they consume messages. =over =item L =item L =item L =item L =item L =item L - COMING SOON (L) =item L =item L =back =head1 SEE ALSO =over =item L - The manual (incomplete currently)! =item L - Slide deck! =item L - For creating your log messages. =item L - use Message::Passing outputs from L. =back =head1 THIS MODULE This is a simple L script, with one input, one filter and one output. To build your own similar scripts, see: =over =item L - To declare your message chains =item L - To provide C and C attribute pairs. =item L - To provide daemonization features. =back =head2 METHODS =head3 build_chain Builds and returns the configured chain of input => filter => output =head3 start Class method to call the run_message_server function with the results of having constructed an instance of this class, parsed command line options and constructed a chain. This is the entry point for the script. =head1 AUTHOR Tomas (t0m) Doran =head1 SUPPORT =head2 Bugs Please log bugs at L. Each distribution has a bug tracker link in it's L page. =head2 Discussion L<#message-passing> on L. =head2 Source code Source code for all modules is available at L and forks / patches are very welcome. =head1 SPONSORSHIP This module exists due to the wonderful people at Suretec Systems Ltd. who sponsored its development for its VoIP division called SureVoIP for use with the SureVoIP API - =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright Suretec Systems Ltd. 2012. Logstash (upon which many ideas for this project is based, but which we do not reuse any code from) is copyright 2010 Jorden Sissel. =head1 LICENSE GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3 If you feel this is too restrictive to be able to use this software, please talk to us as we'd be willing to consider re-licensing under less restrictive terms. =cut
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Rep. Steve King, R-Moron: I Never Heard Of Anyone Getting Pregnant From Statutory Rape Or Incest
Via KMEG-TV,, here's the noted Congressman From the Planet Moron, Republican Steve King, weighing in on the controversy swirling around his friend and fellow paleo-conservative on abortion, Todd Akin:
Evan McMorris-Santoro at TPM observes:
Let's dig that Republican hole a little deeper, shall we?
Of course, none of this is exactly a surprise for anyone who's been paying attention to Republican wisdom on Women's Parts. Nor is it a surprise coming from a guy who likes to compare immigrants to cattle and dogs, and who recently defended dog fighting. Dehumanization is becoming a Republican specialty, and Steve King is their ace.
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Mike Florio stopped by Shepard Smith's show today to explain the Ben Roethlisberger case to Republicans, but first, Shep had to explain the Steve McNair case. Did you know that getting shot in the head is not a crime?
The final toxicology reports, released this week, say that McNair's blood alcohol level was over the legal limit when he died. Of course, he wasn't driving—-he was asleep on his couch, so that fact is mostly irrelevant. (Though I guess it explains why he was sound asleep.) But just to make sure the Fox News audience got the picture, The Shepard, in his best serious voice and sans teleprompter, broke it down thusly:
It is not illegal to be drunk, it is illegal to drink and drive ... and it's certainly not illegal to sit there and do nothing while you wait for your girlfriend to come and shoot you to death.
So true. By the way, Florio was so professional and dignified that there's nothing funny or embarrassing to show you from his segment. Alas....
Fox's Shepard Smith Explains McNair Case: "Dying Is Not Illegal"
A blogger in a suit? Now I've seen everything!
Shepard Smith FOX News Report [Fox News]
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From today's Boston Herald gossip pages:
The B's and their posse—22 of them—were dining in Red Lantern, the Stanhope Street hot spot, just a little too close to the Canadian-born Sexiest Man Alive, who felt the need to stand up for his hometown heroes. There was some, um, chatting back and forth, which, we're told, resulted in RyReyn sending over 22 shots of tequila to the Black & Gold bunch. Quite sporting of him, but it didn't make up for the hit on Horton, if you ask us...
Oddly, the Stanley Cup champs refused the liquid olive branch and offered the tequila to a table of bachelorette party revelers...
In most other sports, we'd assume the athletes declined the drinks because they were training. But the Bruins? It's gotta be pure spite.
Of course, the real question persists: Is Ryan Reynolds a movie star?
Ryan Reynolds' best shots [Boston Herald]
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Sign In
You'll Never Believe How Much Twitter and Nike Paid for Their Logos
Here's the story behind the world's most famous logos, including the subliminal messages that brands are trying to convey.
Many of us are aware of the power of a logo. They infiltrate our life, and the best ones speak volumes about the brand without saying anything at all. And according to scientific studies, our ability to comprehend the meaning of logos starts as early as age two.
Part of the reason why we have such accurate recall when it comes to logos is because they're carefully designed to speak to us on a subconscious and emotional level. The folks over at put together an extensive infographic about logos, including a section about how brands are targeting us through a savvy use of color.
Using FinancesOnline's assessments, we analyzed the DealNews logo, which is a mix of blue and purple, and we discovered that we're "associated with the depth and stability of sky and sea" while also hinting at "the luxury of royalty." So obviously the data below is pretty spot on.
The graphic also lists some interesting facts about what it cost for various companies to develop their logos, including this astonishing Jeopardy!-esque bit of trivia: Twitter only paid $6 for its now-iconic blue bird! Meanwhile, one of the most famous logos of all time, the Nike swoosh, cost the company just $35. The reason for the budget-friendly price tag? The founder tapped an art student who wanted the money to buy oil paints.
For more logo trivia, check out the infographic below. Readers, what do you think is the most influential logo today?
Review of Famous Business Logos
Features Director
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I'm glad I'm not the only one who finds GIMP difficult to use, but I hope one day to sit down and really try and learn/master it.
Under the "Logos & Color" section...
First of all, LG's logo is red, not pink. It's even reproduced as such in this article. Why put a clearly red logo under pink and try to sell it as pink?
Second, Tiffany & Co.'s typeface may be in black in this instance, but nobody remotely familiar with the brand would ever associate the color black with Tiffany! In fact, the color they use, a sort of robin's egg blue, is so well-known, it is actually CALLED "Tiffany Blue" and is a trademark color of the company.
Google is worth 200B+
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
rotational latency
rotational latency in Technology
storage, hardware
The time for the start of the required sector on a disk to appear underneath the read/write head. The worst case is where it has just passed the head when the request is received. For a disk drive with N heads per surface, rotating at R revolutions per minute, the average rotational latency will be
L = 30/NR seconds.
Rotational latency is one component of access time.
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for rotational
Scrabble Words With Friends
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/13962
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Laurie Lee. Collection, 1944.
Collection Scope and Content Note
Scope and Contents Note
1944: June 29. Autograph letter signed, from Lee to Wilma, promising to send a copy of his book, and describing the London bombardment during World War II. ALS 2 pp.
Show all series level scope and content notes
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/13965
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Sun Java System Web Server 7.0 Update 7 Administrator's Guide
Modifying Session Replication Parameters
The following table describes the parameters available on the session replication page.
Table 11–7 Session Replication Parameters
Port number where the Administration server is listening. The default port is 8888.
Enable session replication for the selected configuration.
Whether session data is encrypted prior to replication. The default value is false.
The cipher suite (algorithm, mode, padding) the cluster members uses to replicate session data.
Getatrribute triggers replication
Whether a call to the HttpSession.getAttribute method should cause a session to be backed up. The default value is true.
Replica discover max hops
Maximum number of instances that should be contacted while attempting to find the backup of a session. The range of value is 1 to 2147.0483647.0, or -1 for no limit.
Startup discover timeout
Maximum time (in seconds) that an instance will spend trying to contact its designated backup instance. The range of value is 0.001 to 3600.
Cookie name
Enter the name of the cookie that tracks which instance owns a session.
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Sun Java System Application Server 9.1 Developer's Guide
The Admin Console
The Admin Console lets you configure the server and perform both administrative and development tasks using a web browser. For general information about the Admin Console, click the Help button in the Admin Console. This displays the Application Server online help.
To access the Admin Console, type http://host:4848 (developer profile) or https://host:4848 (cluster and enterprise profiles) in your browser. The host is the name of the machine on which the Application Server is running. By default, the host is localhost. For example:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/13967
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Sun Java System Calendar Server 6 2005Q4 Administration Guide
Calendar Server Special Accounts
Calendar Server special accounts include the following:
Calendar Server Administrator (calmaster)
The Calendar Server administrator is a specific user name with its associated password that can manage Calendar Server. For example, a Calendar Server administrator can start and stop Calendar Server services, add and delete users, create and delete calendars, and so on. This user has administrator privileges for Calendar Server but not necessarily for the directory server.
The default user ID for the Calendar Server administrator is calmaster, but you can specify a different user during Calendar Server configuration, if you prefer. After installation you can also specify a different user in the service.admin.calmaster.userid parameter in the ics.conf file.
The user ID you specify for the Calendar Server administrator must be a valid user account in your directory server. If the Calendar Server administrator user account does not exist in the directory server during configuration, the configuration program can create it for you.
The following table describes the Calendar Server administrator configuration parameters in the ics.conf file.
Table 1–1 Calendar Server Administrator (calmaster) Configuration Parameters
User ID of the person designated as the Calendar Server administrator. You must provide this required value during Calendar Server installation. The default is "calmaster".
Password of the user ID specified as the Calendar Server administrator. You must provide this required value during installation.
Email address of the Calendar Server administrator. The default is "root@localhost".
Indicates whether the Calendar Server administrator can override access control. The default is "no".
Indicates whether the Calendar Server administrator can get and set user preferences using WCAP commands. The default is "no".
Enables the LDAP server for user authentication of the user specified in service.admin.calmaster.userid. The default is “yes”.
Calendar Server User and Group
Superuser (root)
You must log in as or become superuser (root) to install Calendar Server. You can also run as superuser to manage Calendar Server using the command-line utilities. For some tasks, however, you should run as icsuser and icsgroup (or the values you have selected) rather than superuser to avoid access problems for Calendar Server files.
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JavaScript is required to for searching.
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Oracle Solaris Dynamic Tracing Guide Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library
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Document Information
1. About DTrace
2. D Programming Language
3. Aggregations
4. Actions and Subroutines
5. Buffers and Buffering
6. Output Formatting
7. Speculative Tracing
8. dtrace(1M) Utility
9. Scripting
10. Options and Tunables
11. Providers
12. User Process Tracing
13. Statically Defined Tracing for User Applications
14. Security
15. Anonymous Tracing
16. Postmortem Tracing
17. Performance Considerations
Limit Enabled Probes
Use Aggregations
Use Cacheable Predicates
18. Stability
19. Translators
20. Versioning
Limit Enabled Probes
Dynamic instrumentation techniques enable DTrace to provide unparalleled tracing coverage of the kernel and of arbitrary user processes. While this coverage allows revolutionary new insight into system behavior, it also can cause enormous probe effect. If tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of probes are enabled, the effect on the system can easily be substantial. Therefore, you should only enable as many probes as you need to solve a problem. You should not, for example, enable all FBT probes if a more concise enabling will answer your question. For example, your question might allow you to concentrate on a specific module of interest or a specific function.
When using the pid provider, you should be especially careful. Because the pid provider can instrument every instruction, you could enable millions of probes in an application, and therefore slow the target process to a crawl.
DTrace can also be used in situations where large numbers of probes must be enabled for a question to be answered. Enabling a large number of probes might slow down the system quite a bit, but it will never induce fatal failure on the machine. You should therefore not hesitate to enable many probes if required.
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• British Grand Prix - FP2
Tyres not the reason for lack of running - Pirelli
ESPN Staff
July 6, 2012 « Aquaplaning causes Alonso crash | Button believes Friday conditions would stop race »
Bad weather led to teams limiting their running on Friday © Sutton Images
Related Links
Under the regulations the teams are allocated three sets of full wet tyres over the weekend, and several drivers said they did not run in the rain as they wanted to save their tyres for qualifying and the race. However, Hembery pointed out that the full wets are good enough for at least 60 laps per set and therefore the teams were never going to run out of tyres completing normal Friday mileage.
"If you've got three sets [of full wets] you can do 180 laps, so you can't say you don't have the tyres," he said.
Hembery added that the reason the teams limited their running was because there was nothing to learn from the track and going out for the sake of it would mean putting the cars at risk, while the tyres would be a tiny bit worse off than their rivals.
"If you [the teams] are saying 'it disadvantages me if my competitor doesn't go out and I want to follow suit', then it's a slightly different challenge, isn't it? I think it's a little bit more complicated than saying 'we don't have enough tyres'. If you had six sets of tyres today would you have gone out even more?"
To combat a lack of running on wet Fridays, the regulations allow for an extra set of intermediate tyres to be allocated to the teams if it's raining in the first two practice sessions. To ensure the teams aren't disadvantaged by running on them, that set cannot be used after Friday practice and is handed back to Pirelli. But at Silverstone the weather was too wet for intermediates, with those that tried the shallower-cut tyres struggling to match the pace.
Asked if it was possible to have the same rule for full wet tyres, Hembery said: "We changed the rule on the intermediates and everyone was happy about that and we've ended up with piles of unused intermediate tyres. How many three-day wet races have we had in the last few years? [The last was] five years [ago] or something like that. So do you go and spend half-a-million to a million Euros a year to cover an eventuality that only happens once every five years?
"If you'd had to give back a set of the rain tyres today, would you have had a lot more running? There's another school of thought that says why would you run in conditions that might create an off? Silverstone is more forgiving if you go off, but if you're on a tighter street circuit you probably wouldn't have seen any running even if you'd had unlimited sets of wet tyres.
"Or you might have been waiting for the best conditions, you might have been waiting for the last half hour of Free Practice Two before you go out. Why would you go out in full rain at the start when the weather forecast says it will stop? So there are many factors involved. Saying there's not enough tyres is not as simple as it sounds."
Hembery said a change in the regulations would only make sense if the teams guaranteed the extra tyres would result in extra running.
"You don't want to see [crowds of] 80,000 people with cars not running. You then have to ask yourself what would people have done [with more tyres]? Would they have done 25 laps each in the rain? Only the teams can answer that. Some teams did more laps today and said it was pretty pointless because conditions were that bad. I think maybe it's convenient to blame the tyre quantities from that point of view. Would that have changed what they actually did today? A little bit, maybe, but hugely? Probably not."
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226th Coastal Division (Italy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The 226th Coastal Division was an infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. The division was located on the French island of Corsica. The division was formed from units of the regular army, from the 170th, 171st and 181st Infantry Regiments and the 7th Artillery Group a formation smaller than an Artillery regiment.[1] Normally Coastal divisions were second line divisions, usually formed from men in their forties and fifties intended to perform labouring and second line duties. Recruited locally, they were often commanded by officers called out of retirement. Their equipment was also second rate. The Prime Minister of Italy, Benito Mussolini had hoped to obtain large quantities of arms and equipment from the disbanded Vichy French army, but this was often sabotaged or arrived with no ammunition.[1]
Order of battle[edit]
• 170th Infantry Regiment
• 171st Infantry Regiment
• 181st Infantry Regiment
• 7th Artillery Group[1]
1. ^ a b c Jowett p 6
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/13993
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Albis (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 47°17′N 8°30′E / 47.283°N 8.500°E / 47.283; 8.500
The Albis chain as seen from the Uetliberg, looking southeast. In the background left the Glärnisch.
Hiking trail from Felsenegg to Uetliberg as seen near Balderen.
So called Fallätsche at Zürich-Leimbach, Wollishofen quarter in the foreground.
Leimbach (Zürich), lower Sihltal and Albis hills, as seen from Käferberg
The Albis is a chain of hills in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, stretching for some 19 km from Sihlbrugg in the south to Waldegg near Zurich in the north. The chain forms, among others, the border between the Affoltern and Horgen districts. The best known point is Uetliberg at 870 m, overlooking the city of Zurich. Other points of interest include the Albishorn (909m.) the Bürglen (also known as Bürglenstutz, the highest peak, 914.6m.), the Schnabelburg, an observation tower, the Albis Pass, the small town of Buechenegg, and the extensive woods (known as the Sihlwald) on both sides of the river Sihl. The Sihl Valley borders the Albis chain on its entire east side. On the west side, the Albis is bordered by various streams (including the Reppisch) and one lake, the Türlersee.
The chain is mostly wooded, but also has extensive fields, often reaching to the summit, some cultivated, some used as pastures for cows or sheep. Being very near Zurich, the area is heavily visited, especially near its northern end, and includes a large number of restaurants along the summit (from Uetliberg to Albishorn), well-maintained trails and dirt roads, a railroad (the Uetlibergbahn) from Zurich, and a cable car (Felseneggbahn) from Adliswil to Felsenegg.
The Albis chain was formed as the left moraine of the glacier the bed of which is now the Lake of Zurich. The soil is mostly a conglomerate of gravel, some of it large, and glacial loess. The frequently steep sides of the chain are often subject to small landslides. As a generalization, the eastern side of the chain (overlooking lake Zurich) tends to be steeper than the western side.
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Alexander Chislenko
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alexander "Sasha" Chislenko (December 2, 1959 – May 8, 2000) was a Russian artificial intelligence theorist[1] and an active member of the transhumanist and extropian communities, contributing many speculative essays on singularity-inspired topics between 1997 and 1999.
In 1982 Alexander Chislenko received a M.S. in mathematics, computer science and education from the Mathematical Department of Leningrad State University. He worked in industry, academia and as a freelancer on various software, research and educational projects. In 1989 he left Leningrad, Russia for Boston, Massachusetts.[2]
Of particular note was his early belief in the value and power of collaborative filtering. In addition, he coined the term fyborg (a portmanteau of "functional" and "cyborg") to differentiate between the cyborgs of science fiction and the everyday ways humans extend themselves using technologies such as contact lenses, hearing aids, and mobile phones.
In 1996 Chislenko was one of the lead engineers at Firefly (website), one of the first companies to commercialize collaborative filtering technology for consumer recommendations.[3] In 2000, he joined Cambridge-based MediaUnbound, Inc., the leading company of the second wave of media recommendation systems.
Chislenko experienced episodes of depression for many years. In the early morning of May 8, 2000, during a depressive episode, Alexander Chislenko committed suicide.
"History shows that representatives of consecutive evolutionary stages are rarely in mortal conflict. Multi-celled organisms didn't drive out single-celled ones, animals haven't exterminated all plants and automobiles neither killed nor eliminated all pedestrians. Indeed, representatives of consecutive evolutionary stages build symbiotic relationships in most areas of common interest and ignore each other elsewhere, while members of each group are mostly pressured by their own peers." - Alexander Chislenko
See also[edit]
1. ^ Gregory Stock (2002). Redesigning humans: our inevitable genetic future. p.25.
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ [2]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the subfamily of beetle, see Anthiinae (beetle).
"Anthias" redirects here. For the genus within the subfamily, see Anthias (genus). For the genus of ground beetle, see Anthia.
Juwelen-Fahnenbarsch Pseudanthias squamipinnis 0511173 Weibc.jpg
Sea goldie, Pseudanthias squamipinnis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Anthiinae
See text.
Anthias are members of the family Serranidae (basses, basslets, groupers) and make up the subfamily Anthiinae. Anthias make up a sizeable portion of the population of pink, orange, and yellow reef fishes seen swarming in most coral reef photography and film.[citation needed]
Anthias are mostly small, thus are quite popular within the ornamental fish trade. They form complex social structures based on the number of males and females and also their position on the reef itself, and are mainly zooplankton feeders. They occur in all tropical oceans and seas of the world. The first species recognized in this group was described in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic and was given name Anthias anthias by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.
Anthias can shoal by the thousands. Anthias do school in these large groups, though they tend toward more intimate subdivisions within the school, appropriately called "harems". These consist of one dominant, colorful male, and two to 12 females — which have their own hierarchy among them — and up to two 'subdominant' males, often less brightly colored and not territorial. Within the swarm of females, territorial males perform acrobatic U-swim displays and vigorously defend an area of the reef and its associated harem.
Anthias are protogynous hermaphrodites. All anthias are born female; if a dominant male perishes, the largest female of the group will often change into a male to take its place. This may lead to squabbling between the next-largest male, which sees an opportunity to advance, and the largest female, whose hormones are surging with testosterone.[tone]
Seven genera of anthias are known to occur in coral reef ecosystems: Holanthias, Luzonichthys, Nemanthias, Plectranthias, Pseudanthias, Rabaulichthys, and Serranocirrhitus. Members of all these genera make it into the aquarium trade, although Pseudanthias is by far the most encountered in the hobby.
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Barbara Hanrahan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Early life[edit]
Barbara Hanrahan Lane, Mile End
Barbara Hanrahan was born in Adelaide, South Australia in 1939. After her father's death at the age of 26 from Tuberculosis in 1940, when Hanrahan was just a year old, Hanrahan lived with her mother, a commercial artist, grandmother and great-aunt, who had Downs' Syndrome, in Adelaide's inner-western suburb of Thebarton - an area that was to have significance for Hanrahan in her life and works.
Hanrahan attended Thebarton Primary School and Thebarton Technical School. Between 1957 and 1960, she studied towards a diploma in art teaching from Adelaide Teachers' College, while also taking classes at the South Australian School of Arts. In 1960, Hanrahan began printmaking, and worked with Udo Sellbach. In 1961, Hanrahan won the Cornell Prize for painting. In 1962, she served as president of the South Australian Graphic Art Society. In 1963, at the age of 24, she left Adelaide to study at the Royal College of Art in London. She lived mostly in England until the early 1980s, with her partner sculptor Jo Steele and lectured for a time at the Falmouth in Cornwall and Portsmouth College of Art. During this time she returned periodically to Adelaide to teach at the South Australian School of Art and to organise her one-woman exhibitions, and she eventually returned there to live permanently. Her first exhibition was at the Contemporary Art Society Gallery in Adelaide in December 1964.[1]
Hanrahan always combined writing with visual arts. She kept a diary in her late teenage years and then again in London to make sense of a strange city.[2] She began writing her first book, The Scent of Eucalyptus, a semi-autobiographical consideration of her childhood, after the death of her grandmother in 1968.[3] The book was published in 1973. Her last work of fiction was Michael and Me and the Sun, which was published in 1992 after her death from cancer. Her edited diaries were published in 1998, revealing less than favourable comments about many of her contemporaries. A biography by Annette Marion Stewart was published in the same year.[4]
Hanrahan exhibited her artwork internationally, including in London, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, the United States of America and Canada.[5] Her artwork is collected in numerous galleries in Australia including the Australian National Gallery.
The Barbara Hanrahan Fellowship for South Australian writers was established in Hanrahan's memory by her partner Jo Steele. A street in Thebarton is named after her, and in 1997 a building at the University of South Australia's City West campus was named to honour her memory.
The Scent of Eucalyptus depicts Hanrahan's childhood in the 1940s and 1950s in the inner-western Adelaide suburb of Thebarton.
• The Scent of Eucalyptus (1973)
• Sea-Green (1974)
• The Albatross Muff (1977)
• Where the Queens All Strayed (1978)
• The Peach Groves (1980)
• The Frangipani Gardens (1980)
• Dove (1982)
• Kewpie Doll (1984)
• Annie Magdalene (1985)
• Dream People (1987)
• A Chelsea Girl (1987)
• Flawless Jade (1989)
• Iris in her Garden (1991)
• Michael and Me and the Sun (1992)
• Good Night Mr Moon (1992)
• The Diaries of Barbara Hanrahan, edited by Elaine Lindsay (1998)
1. ^ History Trust of South Australia 'Barbara Hanrahan' retrieved 5 October 2009
2. ^
3. ^ Hanrahan, Barbara SA Memory Website, State Library of South Australia [1] Retrieved 21-04-2014
4. ^ University of Queensland Press
5. ^ Obituaries: Hanrahan, Barbara Janice (1939-1991) [2] Retrieved 21-04-2014
External links[edit]
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Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio
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Basilica of Saint Eustorgius
(Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio)
Side view of Saint Eustorgius Church in Milan.jpg
The right side of the church.
Basic information
Location Milan, Italy
Geographic coordinates 45°27′14.40″N 9°10′52.80″E / 45.4540000°N 9.1813333°E / 45.4540000; 9.1813333Coordinates: 45°27′14.40″N 9°10′52.80″E / 45.4540000°N 9.1813333°E / 45.4540000; 9.1813333
Affiliation Roman Catholic
Rite Ambrosian
Province Archdiocese of Milan
Status Active
Website Official website
Architectural description
Architect(s) Pellegrino Tibaldi
Architectural type Church
Architectural style First Romanesque
Groundbreaking 4th century
Completed 16th century
The Portinari Chapel with the tomb of Saint Peter Martyr by Giovanni di Balduccio and dated 1339.
The Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio is a church in Milan in northern Italy, which is in the Basilicas Park city park. It was for many years an important stop for pilgrims on their journey to Rome or to the Holy Land, because it was said to contain the tomb of the Three Magi or Three Kings.
Probably founded in the 4th century, its name refers to Eustorgius I, the bishop of Milan to whom is attributed the translation of the supposed relics of the Magi to the city from Constantinople in 344. In 1764, when an ancient pillar was removed, a Christian burial was discovered, housing coins of emperor Constans, the son of Constantine the Great.[1]
The church was later rebuilt in Romanesque style. In the 12th century, when Milan was sacked by Frederick Barbarossa, the relics of the Magi were appropriated and subsequently taken to Cologne. It was only in 1903/4 that fragments[2] of the bones and garments were sent back to Sant'Eustorgio's. Nowadays they are in the Three Kings altar nearby the empty Three Kings sarcophagus.[3] Still today, in memory of the Three Kings, the bell tower is surmounted by a star instead of the traditional cross.
From the 13th century the church was the main Milanese seat of the Dominican Order, who promoted its rebuilding. The current façade is a 19th-century reconstruction. The interior has a nave and two aisles, covered with groin vaults. Of the Romanesque church only parts of the apse remain, while of the original Early Christian building, remains have been excavated also under the apse.
To the right side of the nave, the church has chapels commissioned from the 14th century onwards by the main families of the city. The first from the entrance is of the 15th century and has a Renaissance sepulchre and a triptych by Ambrogio Bergognone. The three others are more ancient, having frescoes of the Giotto school and tombs of members of the Visconti family. The high altar is an imposing marble polyptych of the early 15th century, while a similar work is in the right transept, next to the Early Christian sarcophagus of the Magi. Also noteworthy are a Crucifixion on a table by a Venetian artist of the 13th century and St. Ambrose Defeating Arius by Ambrogio Figino of the late 16th century.
Behind the apse is the most striking feature of the church, the Portinari Chapel (1462–1468), one of the most celebrated examples of Renaissance art in Lombardy. It has frescoes by Vincenzo Foppa and a marble sepulchre by Giovanni di Balduccio, a 14th-century pupil of Giovanni Pisano. The Chapel also houses an important Dominican monument, the Ark (tomb) of Saint Peter of Verona, which is replete with marble bass-relief images by the sculptor, Giovanni di Balduccio.
Other burials[edit]
1. ^ Josephi Allegranzae ord. Praed. de sepulchris christianis in aedibus sacris Mediol. 1773, p. XX; in: Floss, Heinrich Joseph, Dreikönigenbuch, Köln 1864, page 61
2. ^ Hofmann, Hans, Die Rückführung von Teilen der Dreikönigsreliquien von Köln nach Mailand 1903 - 1904, in: Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins, no. 46, year 1975, pages 51 - 72 (with many documents); here page 67, list of the fragments, in Latin original: Ex reliquiis desumptae sunt una tibia cum fibula illius sanctorum trium corporum, quod provectioris erat aetatis, una fibula, quae erat corporis aetatis mediae, et una vertebra colli, quae erat corporis aetatis iunioris. Quae reliquiae traditae sunt domino Antonio cardinali Fischer, archiepiscopo Coloniensi, pro basilica Eustorgiana Mediolanensi. ... Pro vera copia. Coloniae, die 28. mensis Augusti 1903. Antonius cardinalis Fischer, archiepiscopus; original-copy-document is in Milan: Archivio Arcivescovile, Sacri Riti, Sez. VII, cart. 24. (the original document in Cologne is disappeared)
3. ^ Photo
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Birdsville, Queensland)
Jump to: navigation, search
Birdsville Hotel.jpg
The Birdsville Hotel, adjacent to the apron of Birdsville Airport.
Birdsville is located in Queensland
Location in Queensland
Coordinates 25°53′56″S 139°21′06″E / 25.89889°S 139.35167°E / -25.89889; 139.35167Coordinates: 25°53′56″S 139°21′06″E / 25.89889°S 139.35167°E / -25.89889; 139.35167
Population 115 (2006 census)[1]
Established 1887
Postcode(s) 4482
Elevation 46.5 m (153 ft)
LGA(s) Diamantina Shire
State electorate(s) Mount Isa
Federal Division(s) Maranoa
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
30.6 °C
87 °F
15.9 °C
61 °F
168.9 mm
6.6 in
Birdsville is a small town located on land traditionally owned by the Wangkanguru People, in the Channel Country of Central West Queensland, Australia. It is 1,590 kilometres (990 mi) west of the state capital, Brisbane, and 720 kilometres (450 mi) south of the city of Mount Isa. Birdsville is on the edge of the Simpson Desert, approximately 174 km east of Poeppel Corner and the climate is very arid. At the 2011 census, Birdsville had a population of 295,[2] but the current population is about 100.
Birdsville was known as Diamantina Crossing from 1881.[3] There are a number of different theories as to the origin of the name. One is that the name derives from the prolific bird life in the district.[4] The other is that a store was established by Percy Bird and George Field and they called it Birdfield. However, in 1882, G. and R. Wills, of Adelaide, misaddressed a consignment of goods as going to Birdsville and that name stuck.[5] Another is that a man named Burt established a store and called it Burtsville which corrupted to Birdsville.[6] Whatever its origin, by 1882, the name Birdsville was in common use[7] and was formalised at the proclamation of town in 1887.
Birdsville Post Office opened on 1 January 1883.[8]
Many of Australia's pioneering European explorers travelled through the Birdsville district well before the town was gazetted. Monuments to acknowledge the feats of Captain Charles Sturt, Burke & Wills, Cecil Madigan and others are located throughout the town.
Birdsville had a population of over 300 at the turn of the twentieth century. It had three hotels, a cordial factory, blacksmith store, market gardens, police and customs facilities but after Federation in 1901, the tolls were abolished and the town fell into decline [9] to about 50 people throughout the 1950s. Livestock trade kept the region alive and in recent times tourism has joined cattle as the major industry in the area.
Heritage listings[edit]
Birdsville has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Birdsville is located by the Diamantina River in the Diamantina Shire, which has a population of 326 persons (Census 2001). The Birdsville Track extends 514 kilometres (319 mi) from Marree in South Australia through the Strzelecki Desert before ending at Birdsville.
When proclaimed the town had three hotels, two stores, a customs house for interstate trade, a police station and a large collection of commercial buildings but in 2007 there was just one hotel serving canned or bottled beer, library, visitor information centre, museum and a hospital.[16] Today Birdsville is a popular tourist destination with many people using it as a stopping point across the Simpson Desert.
It is also known for the annual Birdsville Races, which are held in September each year in aid of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. The town's tiny population is augmented by between 7000 to 9000 people for the two-day event, and hundreds of aircraft fill the town's 1,700 metres (1,859 yd) airstrip.[17] In 2010 the races were cancelled for the first time in the event's history due to rain. There are many other events, such as "The Big Red Run" and the "Big Red Bash", held at Birdsville throughout the winter tourist season.
Birdsville also has an 80 kW geothermal power station, the only one of its type in Australia.[18] Water is extracted from an 80-year-old bore on the Great Artesian Basin at 98 °C and is used to heat the operating fluid isopentane in a Rankine Cycle engine. The geothermal plant produces around one third of the town's electricity. The water (once cooled) is also the source of the town's drinking water.[19]
Birdsville boasts a state primary school (with a current enrollment of three children), a police station manned by one officer and a hospital staffed by one nurse.
The town is situated near a billabong on which a pontoon was built to facilitate swimming and non-powered boating activities, and which in 2012 was home to a stray freshwater crocodile.[20][21]
Birdsville has an arid climate with on average only 22 days of rain in a year. Summers are extremely hot and dry, with winters being mild to warm. The median annual rainfall at Birdsville is 133 mm.[22] The actual amount of rain which falls is highly variable, for example, in 1914 just 14 mm was recorded while 659 mm fell in 1917. Dust storms are most likely during periods of strong wind which typically occur in spring.[22] Birdsville has recorded the hottest confirmed temperature in the state of Queensland, with 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) having been recorded on more than one occasion.
Climate data for Birdsville Police Station
Record high °C (°F) 48.5
Average high °C (°F) 38.8
Average low °C (°F) 24.2
Record low °C (°F) 12.2
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24.7
Avg. precipitation days 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 22.6
Source: [23]
Birdsville disease[edit]
Birdsville disease is an illness observed in horses, caused by eating the native plant Birdsville indigo (Indigofera linnaei) which contain natural toxins including the neurotoxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). The affected horses exhibit weakness and lack of coordination; it can be fatal. It does not appear to affect cattle.[24] Although it is not unique to Birdsville, the condition was first observed in the Birdsville district in May 1886.[25] While there were many theories about the cause of the disease including plants, worms and sunstroke, it was not until 1950 that researchers identified the precise cause.[26] Mildly affected horses can recover with a regime of drenching with gelatine and feeding a diet high in arginine but euthanasia is recommended for severely affected horses. As there is no cure, preventing horses from grazing on indigo is recommended.[24]
In popular culture[edit]
• The 2014 British comedy The Inbetweeners 2 had scenes set in the town.
1. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Birdsville (Diamantina Shire) (State Suburb)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
2. ^ "2011 Census QuickStats – Bedourie". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
3. ^ "Birdsville". Queensland Holidays. Tourism Queensland. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
4. ^ "Birdsville (entry 47588)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
5. ^ "NOMENCLATURE OF QUEENSLAND.—42.". The Courier-Mail (Brisbane: National Library of Australia). 16 November 1935. p. 12. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
6. ^ "OUT WEST IN 80.". The Register (Adelaide: National Library of Australia). 15 November 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
7. ^ "THE FAR NORTH.". The Sydney Morning Herald (National Library of Australia). 19 August 1882. p. 9. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
9. ^ "About Birdsville, history". Birdsville Race Club Inc. Archived from the original on 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
10. ^ "Australian Inland Mission Hospital (former) (entry 28739)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
11. ^ "Birdsville Courthouse (entry 15235)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
12. ^ "Royal Hotel/Australian Inland Mission Hospital (former) (entry 15234)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
13. ^ "Birdsville Hotel (entry 15236)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
14. ^ "Carcory Homestead Ruin (entry 15233)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
15. ^ "Kidman's Tree of Knowledge (entry 15237)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
16. ^ "Birdsville". Flinders Ranges Research. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
17. ^ "Birdsville Race Club". Birdsville Race Club Inc. Archived from the original on 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
18. ^ "New power station for Birdsville". The North West Star (Fairfax Media). 23 February 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
19. ^ "Birdsville geothermal power station (pdf)" (PDF). Queensland Sustainable Energy Innovation Fund. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-16. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
20. ^ Chrissy Arthur & Julia Harris (20 February 2012). "A pontoon for Birdsville's billabong". ABC Western Queensland (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 11 March 2012.
21. ^ "Birdsville croc catches sun". ABC Western Queensland. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
22. ^ a b Hesse, Paul B. (2010). "The Australian desert dunefields: formation and evolution in an old, flat, dry continent". In Bishop, P.; Pillans, B. Australian Landscapes. London: Geological Society. p. 145.
23. ^ "BOM".
24. ^ a b "Birdsville Disease" (PDF). Agnote. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
25. ^ "Agricultural and Pastoral.". The Queenslander (National Library of Australia). 8 May 1886. p. 750. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
26. ^ "HORSE DISEASE TRACED TO NATIVE PLANT.". The Advertiser (Adelaide: National Library of Australia). 26 May 1950. p. 5. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
External links[edit]
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Blood Omen 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blood Omen 2
Developer(s) Crystal Dynamics
Nixxes Software BV (PC, GC, Xbox)
Publisher(s) Eidos Interactive
Director(s) Glen Schofield[1]
Producer(s) Sam Newman[1]
Designer(s) Mike Ellis (lead designer)[1]
Programmer(s) Tom Desmarais (lead programmer)[1]
Artist(s) Steve Ross (lead artist/art director)[1]
Writer(s) Bret Robbins (story, script)
Steve Ross (story)
Carol Wolf (script)[1]
Composer(s) Jim Hedges[1]
Series Legacy of Kain
Platform(s) PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, GameCube
Release date(s) PlayStation 2 & Xbox
• NA March 21, 2002
• EU March 28, 2002
Microsoft Windows
• NA March 29, 2002
• EU April 5, 2002
• NA December 9, 2002
• EU January 24, 2003
Genre(s) Action-adventure
Mode(s) Single-player
Blood Omen 2 is an action-adventure game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive, and the fourth title in the Legacy of Kain series. It was released for the PlayStation 2, alongside Xbox, Microsoft Windows and GameCube ports developed by Nixxes Software BV, in 2002. It is the sequel to the first game in the series, Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain, with Blood Omen's protagonist, the vampire Kain, returning as the central character.
Blood Omen 2 chronologically bridges the stories of the original Blood Omen and Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, but it takes place in an alternate timeline created by the events of Soul Reaver 2. Centuries after Blood Omen, Kain is opposed by traitorous vampires and the minions of The Sarafan Lord, and sets out to continue his ascent to power.
While Crystal Dynamics' Soul Reaver team began to produce Soul Reaver 2, a secondary crew started work on Blood Omen 2 in 1999. They sought to create a more action-focused entry in contrast to the Soul Reaver games' emphasis on puzzle-solving. The final product was a commercial success, becoming a Sony's "Greatest Hits" title, but received average reception, with critics citing its lower production values and lack of innovation relative to the Soul Reaver games as flaws.
Gameplay is presented in 3D and is a combination of combat and puzzle solving. Health is represented by two vials - a red vial symbolising total hit points, and a blue vial which is an indicator as to how long it will take to increase overall health. Lost health can be regained by draining the blood of a downed enemy or civilian. As progression is made throughout the game several weapons can be attained, such as a broadsword or staff. Weapons have limited durability and will eventually break if used for excessive blocking. If no weapons are selected, claws can be used to attack as well as abilities, which are gained by killing bosses. These skills help in advancing through sections of the game, as well as puzzles. Most of the abilities - named Dark Gifts in the game - can only be used once the "Rage Meter" has been filled by defeating opponents.
The story is a paradox in Nosgoth`s history. Because Raziel`s soul was not absorbed into the physical Soul Reaver, an alternate history was introduced into Blood Omen 2.This history places Kain at the threshold of gaining his empire,however because of the weakened state of the Pillars, the Hylden race was able to re-enter Nosgoth. With their arrival they created an Industrial Age, hunted the Vampire race to near extinction, and domesticated humanity through harsh martial laws,and overbearing taxation. The Hylden use the status of the defunct Sarafan army as a masquerade to freely exploit Nosgoth to their advantage. Their Glyph magic is a technology created by the Hylden and is deadly to Vampires. The Glyph magic is used to power Nosgoth, and to feed their secret weapon called The Device. The Device is a Doomsday Device that will destroy all life in Nosgoth that is not Hylden.
The remaining vampires serve the Hylden with their vampiric powers through espionage and reconnaissance on those who work to destroy the Hylden`s objective. The only group ever mentioned as opposing the Sarafan Lord is the Cabal. The Cabal is an underground resistance working to topple the Sarafan`s plans of world domination. Vorador was resurrected in this alternate timeline as the Leader of the Cabal. They plan to use Kain as the unseen hand that will destroy the Sarafan`s operation from the inside. However Kain plans to use this position to reclaim his place as Nosgoth's true ruler. Kain was defeated by the Sarafan Lord through the betrayal of his lieutenants. He finds and kills them in addition to absorbing their dark arts for their betrayal and opposition to his plans of defeating the Sarafan Lord.
After doing a reconnaissance of the Sarafan`s position in Nosgoth Umah, one of Vorador lieutenants discovers the location of an amulet called the Nexus Stone before being captured, and sentenced to death. After being rescued by Kain Umah informs Kain that the Nexus Stone is what the Sarafan Lord used to defeat him in their battle. Afterward Vorador tells Kain of a secret weapon that will wipe away all life in Nosgoth that is not Hylden. Kain is then told to seek out the Seer, a witch that lives on the outskirts of Meridian. After setting out to find the Seer, she informs him of a weapon created eons ago by an ancient race long banished from their realm of existence. Hylden were banished before completing the weapon known as The Device. The Seer explains to Kain that the glyph magic that is supplying Meridian with power is also being used to power The Device. She also told him to drink her blood to receive the dark gift of telekinesis. As they talked the Sarafan Lord had secretly tracked Kain to the Seer`s location and set fire to her house. Sacrificing her safety, the Seer then teleports Kain to the Eternal Prison. It is not known what happened to the Seer after her conversation with Kain.
Kain was able to find the Builder, and just as Vorador had told him, he wanted to destroy The Device also. The Builder confessed he built The Device out of arrogance, and wanted to make amends by helping Kain destroy his creation. He told Kain the Device is actually powered by a massive life-form called the Mass. The Mass has powerful psychic abilities but is harmless if there is no way to channel the creature`s power. The Builder tells Kain the Hylden are planning to channel The Mass`s power through the Device to wipe out all life on Nosgoth. Kain is told the Mass is weak against the blood of an Ancient. Afterward he asked Kain to drain him of his blood, and to feed it to the Mass ensuring it`s destruction. Kain does so,and faces his last lieutenant Magnus before leaving the Eternal Prison.
He finds out that Magnus never betrayed him, and only wanted to be his champion. He snuck from the camp and tried to confront the Sarafan Lord himself, but was struck down by him. He was then cast into the Eternal Prison, where he lost his mind. After returning to the location of The Mass he destroyed the creature. Upon leaving the Hylden`s lair, he meets Janos Audron who has regained his true form. Kain does not know Janos yet, but learns he is the last true ancient vampire.
Aggregate scores
Aggregator Score
GameRankings (PS2) 73.03%[2]
(Xbox) 72.68%[3]
(PC) 72.43%[4]
(GC) 67.87%[5]
Metacritic (Xbox) 76/100[6]
(GC) 71/100[7]
(PS2) 67/100[8]
(PC) 66/100[9]
Review scores
Publication Score
GameSpot (PC) 7.6/10[10]
(Xbox) 7.6/10[11]
(PS2) 7.4/10[12]
(GC) 7.1/10[13]
IGN (Xbox) 7.7/10[14]
(PS2) 7.4/10[15]
(PC) 7.1/10[16]
(GC) 7/10[17]
1. ^ a b c d e f g "Blood Omen 2 - Credits". Allgame. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
2. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for PlayStation 2". GameRankings. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
3. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for Xbox". GameRankings. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
4. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for PC". GameRankings. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
5. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for GameCube". GameRankings. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
6. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for Xbox". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
7. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for GameCube". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
8. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for PlayStation 2". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
9. ^ "Blood Omen 2 for PC". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
10. ^ Kasavin, Greg (April 2, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
11. ^ Kasavin, Greg (March 27, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
13. ^ Kasavin, Greg (December 10, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
14. ^ Boulding, Aaron (March 21, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 - Xbox Review at IGN". IGN. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
15. ^ Perry, Douglass C. (March 21, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 - PlayStation 2 Review at IGN". IGN. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
16. ^ Sulic, Ivan (April 3, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 - PC Review at IGN". IGN. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
17. ^ Casamassina, Matt (January 14, 2002). "Blood Omen 2 - GameCube Review at IGN". IGN. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the embroidery technique, see Bunka shishu.
Bunka (文化?) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō,?, lit. "year name") after Kyōwa and before Bunsei. The period spanned the years from January 1804 to April 1818.[1] The reigning emperors were Kōkaku-tennō (光格天皇?) and Ninkō-Tennō (仁孝天皇?).
Change of era[edit]
• February 11, 1804 (Bunka gannen (文化元年?)): The new era name of Bunka ( meaning "Culture" or "Civilization") was created to mark the start of a new 60-year cycle of the Heavenly Stem and Earthly Branch system of the Chinese Calendar which was on New Year's Day, the new moon day of 2 November 1804. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kyōwa 4.
Events of the Bunka era[edit]
• 1804 (Bunka 1): Daigaku-no kami Hayashi Jussai (1768–1841) explained the shogunate foreign policy to Emperor Kōkaku in Kyoto.[2]
• June 1805 (Bunka 2): Genpaku Sugita (1733–1817) is granted an audience with Shogun Ienari to explain differences between traditional medical knowledge and Western medical knowledge.[3]
• September 25, 1810 (Bunka 7, 27th day of the 8thmonth): Earthquake in northern Honshū (Latitude: 39.900/Longitude: 139.900), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.[4]...Click link for NOAA/Japan: Significant Earthquake Database
• December 7, 1812 (Bunka 9, 4th day of the 11th month): Earthquake in Honshū (Latitude: 35.400/Longitude: 139.600), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.[4]
• 1817 (Bunka 14): Emperor Kokaku travelled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace. It had been built by the Tokugawa Shogunate for former-Emperor Go-Mizunoo.[5]
1. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Bunka" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 91, p. 91, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
2. ^ Cullen, L.M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, pp. 117, 163.
3. ^ Sugita Genpaku. (1969). Dawn of Western Science in Japan: Rangaku Kotohajime, p. xvi.
4. ^ a b Online "Significant Earthquake Database" -- U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)
5. ^ National Ditigial Archives of Japan, ...see caption describing image of scroll
External links[edit]
Preceded by
Era or nengō
Succeeded by
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Business game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Business game (disambiguation).
Business game (also called business simulation game) refers to simulation games that are used at an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc. Often the term Business simulation is used with the same meaning.
A business game has been defined as "a game with a business environment that can lead to one or both of the following results: the training of players in business skills (hard and/or soft) or the evaluation of players’ performances (quantitatively and/or qualitatively)" [1]
Business games are used as a teaching method in Universities, and more particularly in business schools, but also for executive education.
Simulation are considered to be an innovative learning method (Aldrich 2004), and are often computer-based.
Computer Supported Business Simulation originated from military war games and came into existence during the late 1950s (Wells 1990). Business simulation games, including non-computer-based board games and experiential activities, have since been used as a learning tool for teaching management (Jackson 1959) (Andlinger 1958). It is regularly in use at Universities, and in particularly by major business schools. As an example, the University of Washington has been using business simulation game in classes since 1957 (Saunders 1996, p. 49).
Business games are also used within companies for management training and development (Faria 1990).
See also[edit]
1. ^ Greco, Marco; Baldissin, Nicola; Nonino, Fabio (2013). "An Exploratory Taxonomy of Business Games" (PDF). Simulation & Gaming 44 (5): 645–682. doi:10.1177/1046878113501464. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
• Andlinger, G.R. (1958), "Business Games-Play One!", Harvard Business Review 28: 115–25
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Casey Dumont
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Casey Dumont
Casey Dumont.jpg
Personal information
Full name Casey Narelle Dumont[1]
Date of birth (1992-01-25) 25 January 1992 (age 23)
Place of birth Sydney, Australia
Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Playing position Goalkeeper
Club information
Current team
Sydney FC
Number 1
Youth career
Robina SC
Burleigh SC
Palm Beach
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
Palm Beach
Gold Coast
2008–2013 Brisbane Roar 44 (0)
2013– Sydney FC 11 (0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 24 February 2014.
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2011
Casey Narelle Dumont (born 25 January 1992) is an Australian association football player currently playing for Australian W-League team Sydney FC.
Brisbane Roar
See also[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Celtic League (rugby union))
Jump to: navigation, search
Current season or competition:
2014–15 Pro12
Guinness Pro12 Logo.jpg
Sport Rugby union
Instituted 2001; 14 years ago (2001)
Number of teams 12
Nations Ireland Ireland
Holders Scotland Glasgow Warriors (2014–15)
Most titles Ireland Leinster (4 titles)
Wales Ospreys (4 titles)
The Pro12 (known as the Guinness Pro12 for sponsorship reasons),[1] (formerly known as the Celtic League, Magners League and RaboDirect Pro12) is an annual rugby union competition involving twelve professional sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The league is one of the three major professional leagues in Europe (along with the English Premiership and the French Top 14) the most successful teams from which go forward to compete in the European Rugby Champions Cup, the pan European championship which replaced the Heineken Cup after the 2013–14 season.
Beginning in the 2001–02 season, the league was originally known as the Celtic League (Irish: An tSraith Cheilteach; Italian: La Lega Celtica; Scots Gaelic: An Lìog Cheilteach; Welsh: Y Gynghrair Geltaidd)[2] and comprised teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The league was sponsored by Irish cider makers Magners from the 2006–07 season until 2010–11. At the start of the 2010–11 season, the league expanded from ten to twelve teams, adding two Italian teams and following the end of Magners sponsorship the league was sponsored by RaboDirect from 2011–12 through to 2013–14.[1][3] The "Pro12" was adopted to reflect that it now includes teams from outside the Celtic nations.[4] The current sponsorship deal with Guinness commenced at the beginning of the 2014–15 season.
The league has used a play-off structure since the 2009–10 season to determine the champions, similar to that used in the English Premiership.[5] Until the 2008–09 season, the champions was determined from league performance.
Tournament format[edit]
The league season takes place between September and May, with each team playing every other team on a home and away basis. League matches traditionally avoided the international weekends in November and during the Six Nations Championship, however there has been some overlap since the 2010–11 season due to the increased number of games.
League points are awarded using the Rugby union bonus points system. Until and including the 2008–09 season, the champions were decided solely on the basis of who led the final league table, but since the 2009–10 season, the league champion has been decided by a play-off series, in line with other rugby club competitions such as Super Rugby, Top 14, and the English Premiership: at the conclusion of the regular season, the top four placed teams enter the semi-final stage, with the winner of the first vs fourth and second vs third play-offs entering the final (known as the "grand final" in 2010 and 2011). The venue for the final is chosen by the highest placed team in the regular season.
Two Italian teams – the ex-National Championship of Excellence team Benetton Rugby Treviso, and a new team, Aironi – joined the league starting with the 2010–11 season, Aironi being replaced by Zebre from the 2012–13 season. Through the 2012–13 season, the Welsh, Irish, Scottish and Italian rugby unions used the league as the sole determinant for Heineken Cup qualification, and from 2013–14 they use it as the sole means of qualification for the successor to the Heineken Cup, the European Rugby Champions Cup.
Corporate organisation[edit]
The legal name of the body running the competition is Celtic Rugby Limited, an Irish private company limited by shares based in Ballsbridge, Dublin 4. The company is owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union, the Welsh Rugby Union, the Scottish Rugby Union and the Italian Rugby Federation. The board of directors consists of two representatives appointed by each Union and an independent chairman. As and from the start of the 2010–11 season, the league is being managed out of the same office of the RBS 6 Nations and the British and Irish Lions and sharing a chief executive (John Feehan) and staff with these two organisations.[6]
Media coverage[edit]
Since the 2010–11 season, the League has been broadcast live on BBC Two Wales, BBC Two Northern Ireland, RTE, the Irish language channel TG4, the Scottish Gaelic channel BBC Alba, the Welsh channel S4C.[7] The BBC Two Wales matches are usually made available to the rest of the United Kingdom via BBC Red Button. Complete match replays are also available on the BBC iPlayer. Each broadcaster provides feed to the others for matches in their home territory. While this means that the league is now available free to air in the UK and Ireland, in Italy it was only available on a subscription basis in its first year. However, from the 2014–15 season, Italy's Nuvolari began broadcasting the games involving the two Italian clubs live on its digital free-to-view channel. Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh matches are also broadcast live on BBC Radio Scotland.
Commencing from the 2014–15 season, Sky Sports became one of the league's broadcast partners, broadcasting 33 live games on a Saturday and also showing both the semi-finals and the final live.
Setanta Sports previously held the live rights for Ireland and Scotland, along with a large number of international territories. STV took over the broadcast rights in Scotland after Setanta closed in the UK in 2009 and still cover the league in a weekly highlights programme. Despite no longer having the live rights, Setanta Ireland continued to show Pro12 games on a tape-delayed and highlights basis during the 2010–11 season.[8]
Sporadic coverage of the tournament can be found in other territories – on beIN Sports in France, and on various Setanta Sports channels around the globe (including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South East Asia and the Middle East). The United States rights are held by beIN Sports, and were formerly held by Setanta and News Corporation's Fox Soccer Plus.[9]
Broadcast coverage history[edit]
Current broadcasters:
Previous broadcasters:
From 2004 to 2009, the Scottish and Irish rights were owned by Setanta Sports. Setanta closed down in Scotland in 2009, but Setanta Ireland and Setanta Sports 1 remained available to Irish subscribers. In 2010, RTÉ Sport, BBC Northern Ireland, TG4, BBC Wales, BBC Alba and SKY Italia came together to buy the Celtic League broadcasting rights.[11]
On 2 May 2013, Sky Sports announced that it had agreed a four-year deal to broadcast 33 live Pro12 matches each season. This deal commenced at the start of season 2014–15, Sky have 30 exclusive matches but are only allowed to cover 1 set of fixtures for instance only one Leinster v Munster match is live on Sky with the other on TG4.[12] Regional screening of matches continued, BBC Wales show Scrum V Live on Friday Night with S4C covering a match now on Sunday Afternoons. BBC Alba screen matches with some matches also available in English on BBC Scotland and BBC Alba now have English Language Red Button Commentary when not on BBC Scotland and BBC Northern Ireland screen all Ulster matches both home and away not available on Sky Sports while RTE Sport dropped their coverage after the 2014 final due to budget cuts therefore TG4 are the only broadcasters of the tournament in the Republic of Ireland. The semi-finals and finals are available to all broadcasters.
The league is based on regionalised/provincial representation of the participating nations, except for Benetton Treviso which represents the city of Treviso itself. Benetton Treviso was selected for its long history after the project of a second Italian regional team, Praetorians Roma, failed.[13]
Overview of teams
Country Team First season City/area Stadium(s) (capacity)
Connacht 2001–02 Galway
Province of Connacht
Galway Sportsgrounds (7,500)
Leinster 2001–02 Dublin
Province of Leinster
RDS Arena (18,500)
Aviva Stadium (51,700)
Munster 2001–02 Limerick and Cork
Province of Munster
Thomond Park (25,600)
Irish Independent Park (9,500)
Ulster 2001–02 Belfast
Province of Ulster
Kingspan Stadium (18,000)
Benetton Treviso 2010–11 Treviso
Historic rugby club of Veneto
Stadio Comunale di Monigo (6,700)
Zebre 2012–13 Parma
Northwest Italy plus Emilia Romagna
Stadio XXV Aprile (3,500)
Edinburgh 2001–02 Edinburgh
Lothian, Fife, Tayside and the south of Scotland (Scottish Borders and Dumfries and Galloway)
Murrayfield Stadium (67,130)
Glasgow Warriors 2001–02 Glasgow
West and Central Scotland, plus North Scotland and Grampian
Scotstoun Stadium (9,708)
Cardiff Blues 2003–04 Cardiff
City of Cardiff plus Vale of Glamorgan, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil and southern Powys
Cardiff Arms Park (12,500)
Newport Gwent Dragons 2003–04 Newport
South-east Wales, including Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport and Torfaen
Rodney Parade (11,676)
Ospreys 2003–04 Swansea and Neath
City and county of Swansea, Neath and Bridgend
Liberty Stadium (20,750)
Scarlets 2003–04 Llanelli
West Wales, North Wales and northern Powys
Parc y Scarlets (14,870)
Italian participation since 2010–11[edit]
In November 2008, the Celtic League board met to explore the possibility of Italian participation, and on 5 December, the chief executive of the Welsh Rugby Union, Roger Lewis, stated that the league was looking "favourably" on Italian participation. Following a 19 December 2008 board meeting of the Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) to discuss proposals to improve the standard of Italian rugby,[14] FIR announced that it would submit a proposal to join the Celtic League. FIR had two possibilities on the table – either entering four existing Italian clubs from the National Championship of Excellence into the league; or creating two teams, composed solely of Italy-qualified players, exclusively for the competition.[15]
On 18 July 2009, the FIR announced that Aironi and Praetorians Roma would compete in the Celtic League from the start of the 2010–11 season – beating bids from Benetton Rugby Treviso and Duchi Nord-Ovest. Praetorians would be based in Rome and would play at the city's Stadio Flaminio, while Aironi will be based in Viadana but would play some matches in the city of Reggio Emilia.[16]
On 2 October 2009, the FIR proposed Benetton Treviso in place of Praetorians Roma.[17]
On 28 January 2010, the FIR declared that they had withdrawn from all negotiations with the board of the Celtic League regarding two Italian teams joining the 2010–11 tournament, with the main issue being a €3 million warranty asked for by the board of the league.[18][19][20] However, by 7 February, the Italian clubs had come up with the required funding.[21]
By 8 March 2010, a deal had been finalised for Aironi and Benetton Treviso to enter the Celtic League from the 2010–11 season, with each team guaranteed a place in the Heineken Cup.[22]
At the end of the 2011–12 season however, Aironi were no longer be available to compete in future competitions as a regional club, as, on 6 April 2012, they were refused a licence to continue on financial grounds.[23] They were replaced by another Italian side, Zebre.[24]
Former Welsh teams[edit]
Before regionalisation, Wales was represented by Welsh Premiership clubs.
Team Years City/area Stadium (capacity)
Wales Bridgend 2001–03 Bridgend, Wales Brewery Field (6,000)
Wales Caerphilly 2001–03 Caerphilly, Wales Virginia Park (5,000)
Wales Cardiff 2001–03 Cardiff, Wales Cardiff Arms Park (12,500)
Wales Ebbw Vale 2001–03 Ebbw Vale, Wales Eugene Cross Park (8,000)
Wales Llanelli 2001–03 Llanelli, Wales Stradey Park (10,800)
Wales Neath 2001–03 Neath, Wales The Gnoll (6,000)
Wales Newport 2001–03 Newport, Wales Rodney Parade (11,676)
Wales Pontypridd 2001–03 Pontypridd, Wales Sardis Road (7,861)
Wales Swansea 2001–03 Swansea, Wales St Helen's (4,500)
Defunct teams[edit]
Team Years City/area Stadium(s) (capacity)
Italy Aironi 2010–12 Viadana
Various professional rugby clubs of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna
Stadio Luigi Zaffanella (6,000)
Scotland Border Reivers 2002–07 Galashiels
South of Scotland (Scottish Borders plus Dumfries and Galloway)
Netherdale (6,000)
Wales Celtic Warriors 2003–04 Bridgend and Pontypridd
Bridgend, Vale of Glamorgan, Rhondda Cynon Taf and Merthyr Tydfil
Brewery Field (12,000)
Sardis Road (8,000)
Other nations[edit]
As well as the successful negotiations with Italy,[25][26] talks have been held intermittently with South Africa[27][28] about the possible expansion of the Pro12. A Rainbow Cup involving South African and Italian teams was announced in 2005,[29] but because of financial issues on the European end of the deal[28] and changes in the leadership of the South African Rugby Union (SARU), the idea was abandoned.
In February 2009, rumours spread that South Africa was negotiating entry of its current Super Rugby teams into the Celtic League, to take effect when the current media contract between SANZAR and News Corporation expires after the 2010 season,[28] although these rumours were immediately denied by SA Rugby, the commercial arm of SARU.[30]
London Welsh have in the past expressed an interest in joining the Celtic League if promotion and relegation were to be removed from the English Premiership.[31]
Current standings[edit]
Pro12 Table watch · edit · discuss
1 Scotland Glasgow Warriors (CH) 22 16 1 5 540 360 +180 63 33 9 0 75
2 Ireland Munster (RU) 22 15 2 5 581 367 +214 68 31 8 3 75
3 Wales Ospreys (SF) 22 16 1 5 546 358 +188 53 30 6 2 74
4 Ireland Ulster (SF) 22 14 2 6 524 372 +152 59 34 6 3 69
5 Ireland Leinster 22 11 3 8 483 375 +108 54 39 8 4 62
6 Wales Scarlets 22 11 3 8 452 388 +64 43 39 4 3 57
7 Ireland Connacht 22 10 1 11 447 419 +28 49 48 3 5 50
8 Scotland Edinburgh 22 10 1 11 399 419 −20 41 48 3 3 48
9 Wales Newport Gwent Dragons 22 8 0 14 393 484 −91 38 55 4 6 42
10 Wales Cardiff Blues 22 7 1 14 430 545 −115 46 57 3 2 35
11 Italy Benetton Treviso 22 3 1 18 306 641 −335 34 81 2 3 19
12 Italy Zebre 22 3 0 19 266 639 −373 27 80 0 3 15
If teams are level at any stage, tiebreakers are applied in the following order:[32]
1. number of matches won;
2. the difference between points for and points against;
3. the number of tries scored;
4. the most points scored;
5. the difference between tries for and tries against;
6. the fewest number of red cards received;
7. the fewest number of yellow cards received.
Green background (rows 1 to 4) are play-off places, and earn a place in the 2015–16 European Rugby Champions Cup.
Yellow background indicates the team that advances to a play-off semi-final against Aviva Premiership side Gloucester, who qualified for the play-off as the 2014–15 European Rugby Challenge Cup winners.[33]
Plain background indicates teams that earn a place in the 2015–16 European Rugby Challenge Cup.
The Celtic League Logo
Wales and Scotland had joined forces for the 1999 and 2000 seasons, with the expansion of the Welsh Premier Division to include Edinburgh and Glasgow to form the Welsh-Scottish League.
In 2001, an agreement was made between the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), Scottish Rugby Union (SRU) and Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) to create a new competition which would bring in the four Irish provinces. 2001 would see the very first incarnation of the Celtic League.
Some saw the competition as the forerunner of a British/Irish league with teams from England also taking part. The WRU had previously negotiated with the Rugby Football Union (RFU) to form an Anglo-Welsh league but negotiations had broken down over how many teams from each union would take part.
The first season saw 15 teams compete: the four Irish provinces (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster), two Scottish teams (Edinburgh Reivers and Glasgow) and all nine Welsh Premier Division teams (Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Ebbw Vale, Llanelli, Neath, Newport, Pontypridd and Swansea).
Played alongside each country's own national competitions, the teams were split into two groups (of eight and seven) and played a series of round-robin matches with each team playing the other only once. The top four teams from each group proceeded into the knock-out phase until a champion was found. Clashes between teams in the Welsh-Scottish League also counted towards the new competition.
The 2001–02 competition was dominated by the Irish teams with all four sides reaching the last eight, three progressing to the semi-finals, and the thrilling final played at Lansdowne Road contested between Leinster and Munster with Leinster running out 24–20 winners.[34]
The demands of the Celtic League led to the Scottish/Welsh league being abandoned in 2002. The Irish inter-provincial championship was also downgraded.
The format of the league remained the same for the second season, except for the addition of a third Scottish side, the newly re-established Scottish Borders.
Surprisingly, the champions Leinster failed to make the quarter-final stage in 2003. In their absence, Munster went on to easily win the competition by beating Connacht 33–3 in the quarter-finals, Ulster 42–10 in the semi-finals, and Neath 37–17 in the final. The final of 2003 was played in Cardiff.[35]
A major change in Celtic League philosophy came during the early part of 2003, partly due to the commercial success of the league itself but mostly because of the Welsh Regional Rugby's financial constraints that left Wales with only five fully professional clubs. It was decided that the Celtic League would become the sole professional league of the three countries, incorporating all four Irish, three Scottish and the five new Welsh (Cardiff Blues, Celtic Warriors, Llanelli Scarlets, Neath-Swansea Ospreys and Newport Gwent Dragons).
Reformatted into a traditional league competition (double round-robin style, all clubs play each other twice, once home, once away), which meant that a season long 22-round match program was launched, and with a new strength in depth due to the amalgamation of Welsh teams and the continuing strengthening of Irish and Scottish teams through the re-signing and retention of star players, the league has been in rugby terms a success. Also introduced for the 2003–04 season was the Celtic Cup, a straight knock-out cup competition between the 12 Celtic League teams.
However the unfortunate timing of the league's launch and poor organisation of a working calendar meant that first the 2003 Rugby World Cup and later the Six Nations Championship prevented many of the league's top stars from playing in over half the games. This caused the league to struggle commercially, especially regarding the newly adopted regions in Wales where the game has always traditionally been played on a club basis, not having the regional histories of Ireland or Scotland. The season ended with the Llanelli Scarlets running out as eventual winners, four points ahead of Ulster.[36]
The league format was further refined at the end of the 2003–04 season, with the participants deciding to better manage the dates of the matches so as to not interfere with the national squad set-ups and to make the league more commercially viable. The league was played until April, and then the Celtic Cup was contested amongst the top eight teams of the league.
However, even the prospect of the improved league structure wasn't enough to keep all the competitors viable, with the liquidation of the Celtic Warriors region by the WRU, which meant that starting in 2004–05, Wales would have only four entrants in a league of eleven teams. The new format took the league into what many saw as a make-or-break season,[citation needed] clear of massive distractions such as the Rugby World Cup. With the Welsh regions partly embedded, the signs were that the Celtic League would be a competition that could continue.
The 2004–05 season was the first season that Ireland agreed to use the Celtic League standings to determine which provinces would enter the Heineken Cup. The IRFU had previously classed Connacht as a "development" team and so nominated Leinster, Munster and Ulster over Connacht – fearing the loss of revenue from one of the "big three" teams failing to qualify for the Heineken European Cup.[citation needed]
The IRFU also insisted on International squad training sessions taking precedence over Celtic League matches. A consequence of this was that Irish provinces (especially Munster and Leinster) occasionally fielded virtual second teams for Celtic League games. Some claimed this had the effect of devaluing the competition. However, despite this alleged half-hearted approach, Munster finished second and Leinster third with Munster going on to win the Celtic Cup. The Ospreys topped the league table, making it two in a row for Welsh regional sides.[37]
It was suggested that Italian sides might join an expanded Celtic League – whilst this proved to be merely a publicity "bubble" at the time, it would eventually materialise in 2010.
In 2005, there were discussions over a potential Anglo-Welsh cup competition which some saw as undermining the Celtic League. Despite Welsh assurances that the proposed Anglo-Welsh tournament would not interfere with their commitments to either the Celtic League in its present format or an expanded 'Rainbow League', the WRU made arrangements to play games on five weekends that clashed with Celtic League fixtures. The SRU and IRFU then threatened to expel the Welsh sides from the Celtic League in June 2005. It was proposed that the competition would continue as a Scottish and Irish affair for the 2005–06 season, with the possible addition of four Italian sides and the re-admittance of Welsh sides for the 2006–07 season. However a deal was reached that allowed for the Celtic League to continue with the Anglo-Welsh cup fixtures involving Welsh clubs re-scheduled.
Despite these problems, the league enjoyed its most successful season, with the record attendance at a Celtic League match being broken four times from 12,436 at the Cardiff Blues v Newport Gwent Dragons match in December to 15,327 for the Cardiff Blues v Leinster match at the Millennium Stadium. The total attendances for the season were up nearly 50,000 at 571,331 compared to 521,449 for the previous season.
The league went down to the last round with Ulster and Leinster both in contention. Following Leinster's victory over Edinburgh and with Ulster losing against the Ospreys, it looked like the cup would go to Dublin but David Humphreys kicked a last minute 40-metre drop goal to clinch the game and the league for Ulster.[38]
In May 2006, Magners Irish Cider were named as the competition sponsors for the next five seasons, and the league was renamed as the Magners League. Although known as Bulmers Irish Cider in the Republic of Ireland, the Magners brand name was used there for the league.[39] The sponsorship followed on from Magners' previous sponsorship deals with Edinburgh and the London Wasps.
The Scottish Rugby Union announced that the Borders territory would be disbanded from the end of the 2006–07 season. It may be revived when the Scottish Rugby Union debt decreases enough to make it financially viable along with a possible fourth Scottish territory (Four professional teams being the original plan for the SRU) with Falkirk, Stirling or a London-based team being possible locations; or even the Caledonia Reds, the forgotten Scottish region. In the meantime Scotland would have only two professional teams based in Edinburgh and Glasgow.[40]
The league's record attendance was smashed in this season with a full house at Lansdowne Road (48,000) for Leinster v Ulster. This was the last game in the stadium prior to its demolition, and was billed as "The Last Stand".
The league was won by the Ospreys on the final day of fixtures. The Blues' home win over Leinster allowed the Ospreys to top the league by a single point and take the title with an away win at Borders.[41]
Only ten teams competed in the 2007–08 season, after the Borders were disbanded at the end of the 2006–07 season. Glasgow Warriors moved their home games to Firhill.[42] After missing out on the title on the last day for the previous two seasons, Leinster finally won the 2007–08 title with one game remaining. They had been runaway leaders for much of the season.[43]
In April 2008 it was announced that the Celtic League was to introduce a play-off system commencing in the 2009–10 season to determine the winner, thus generating a greater climax to the season and bringing it in line with other major leagues such as the English Premiership and French Top 14.[44]
The 2008–09 season was decided quite early in the season as Munster claimed the title without playing, as they were preparing for their Heineken Cup semi-final against Leinster. The final challenge from Ospreys was snuffed out when the Dragons denied them a bonus point win on 30 April. Munster had led pretty much from the start of the season with a team largely captained by Mick O'Driscoll showing Munster's squad depth. Munster lost only four games, three to the other Irish teams, including a double loss to Ulster. Felipe Contepomi finish as league top scorer for Leinster, the year they went on to win the Heineken Cup.
The 2009–10 season was the last 10-team league as the Italian teams joined in 2010–11. The league was one of the most competitive in years with perennial wooden-spooners Connacht challenging Ulster all the way for the 3rd Irish Heineken Cup spot. Ulster needed a superb away bonus point win at Edinburgh to seal it, ending Edinburgh's own play-off hopes. Scarlets had a disappointing campaign as typical Welsh underdogs the Dragons had a great season, eventually finishing mid table and comfortably qualifying for the Heineken Cup. Luckily for the Scarlets, Cardiff Blues won the Amlin Cup and thereby earned Wales an extra Heineken Cup place. 2009–10 was also the first time a play-off was used to decide the champion, previously the top team at the end of the season was champion. The Scottish teams and particularly Glasgow came of age and had a fine season, finishing 3rd in the end.
The four qualifiers for the play-offs were Leinster, Ospreys, Glasgow and Munster in that order, each country having at least one team. In the semi-finals Leinster defeated Munster at the RDS,[45] after Ospreys overcame Glasgow in Swansea. In the grand final at the RDS in Dublin the Ospreys shocked Leinster, winning the title with their first win in Dublin in five years.[46]
The 2010–11 saw the introduction of the two Italian sides, Aironi and Benetton Treviso. In the new 12 team format, the play-offs came down to Munster hosting the Ospreys in one semi-final, and Leinster hosting Ulster in the other.
The two home sides went on to win their respective matches and the final was held in Thomond Park, home of Munster rugby, where they defeated Leinster (who had just been crowned champions of Europe a week earlier).
Main article: 2011–12 Pro12
The 2011–12 season saw a re-branding of the competition as the Rabo Direct Pro12. Leinster were the runaway winners of the regular season, with a 10-point cushion over the Ospreys in second.[47] The top four were Leinster, Ospreys, Munster and Warriors in that order. Ospreys easily overcame Munster at home in the first semi-final in Swansea[48] while Leinster beat the Glasgow Warriors in the RDS after giving up a strong lead.[49] In the final, also held at the RDS, Leinster were aiming to become the first Celtic League team to complete a domestic and European double, after beating Ulster the previous week in the Heineken Cup final. After trailing for most of the game, Ospreys took a late lead through a try by Shane Williams. Dan Biggar then landed a difficult conversion to give Ospreys their fourth title by a single point, 31–30.[50]
After two years in the competition Aironi played their final match, as their licence to compete was revoked by the FIR for financial reasons.[51]
Main article: 2012–13 Pro12
With the demise of Aironi they were replaced with a new FIR controlled team to be based in Parma called Zebre, near the Aironi base in Viadana.[52] The Welsh clubs chose to operate under a new self-imposed salary cap, which led to a number of departures from the Welsh teams as they strove to balance their books.[53] Some high-profile Welsh players moved to the French Top 14, but other Pro12 teams also benefited with the likes of Casey Laulala going to Munster from Cardiff Blues, Sean Lamont to Glasgow from Scarlets, Dan Parks from Cardiff Blues to Connacht and Tommy Bowe from Ospreys back to Ulster.
Ulster topped the table in the regular season, with Leinster, Glasgow and Scarlets completing the top 4 in that order. They then went on to comfortably beat Scarlets 28–17 in Belfast, while Leinster were hard pressed by Glasgow in a tense 17–15 win for the hosts. In the final (held in the R.D.S. due to redevelopment of Ravenhill) Leinster prevailed 24–18 to win their 3rd title.
Main article: 2013–14 Pro12
Rabo Direct announced that this was to be their last season as sponsors. This, combined with the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the future of the European Cup, meant that there were concerns over the future commercial viability of the tournament. However despite all off-field issues it was a successful season with a new high for both total attendance and for a single game (51,700 for Leinster v Munster).
In the end Leinster topped the table, having led for most of the season. Glasgow had a late surge to finish 2nd overtaking Munster and Ulster in the process. All four teams showed they were worthy contenders in the next round with Leinster needing to score late to beat Ulster 13–9 in Dublin while Glasgow just got past Munster in Scotstoun by one point to win 16–15. The final in the R.D.S. was also a close game for most of the match with Leinster forced to defend for long periods. However they eventually pulled clear, adding two late scores which made the final result look somewhat lopsided at 34–12.
By year[edit]
By championship wins[edit]
Team Titles Years Runners-up Years runners-up
Ireland Leinster 4 2001–02, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14 4 2005–06, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Wales Ospreys 4 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12 0
Ireland Munster 3 2002–03, 2008–09, 2010–11 3 2001–02, 2004–05, 2014–15
Ireland Ulster 1 2005–06 2 2003–04, 2012–13
Scotland Glasgow Warriors 1 2014–15 1 2013–14
Wales Scarlets 1 2003–04 0
Wales Cardiff Blues 0 2 2006–07, 2007–08
Scotland Edinburgh 0 1 2008–09
Wales Neath 0 1 2002–03
By country[edit]
Country Titles Teams Runners-up Teams
Ireland Ireland 8 Leinster (4), Munster (3), Ulster (1) 9 Leinster (4), Munster (3), Ulster (2)
Wales Wales 5 Ospreys (4), Scarlets (1) 3 Cardiff Blues (2), Neath (1)
Scotland Scotland 1 Glasgow Warriors (1) 2 Edinburgh (1), Glasgow Warriors (1)
Italy Italy 0 0
Player of the year[edit]
Player statistics[edit]
• Most tries: 56 – Tommy Bowe, Ulster (38), Ospreys (18)
• Most points: 1,582 – Dan Parks, Glasgow (1105), Cardiff Blues (236) and Connacht (241)
• Most successful kicks: 397 – Dan Parks, Glasgow, Cardiff Blues and Connacht
• Most appearances: 185 – Michael Swift, Connacht
Season Total Average Highest
2001–02 252,213 4,504 30,000 (Leinster v Munster, Final, 15 December 2001)[54][n 1]
2002–03 308,374 4,895 30,076 (Munster v Neath, Final, 1 February 2003)[55][n 2]
2003–04 501,875 3,802 12,000 (Ulster v Leinster, Round 21, 7 May 2004)[56][n 3]
2004–05 470,446 4,277 10,500 (Dragons v Cardiff Blues, Round 13, 27 December 2004)[57]
2005–06 571,331 5,194 15,327 (Cardiff Blues v Leinster, Round 16, 14 May 2006)[58]
2006–07 661,163 6,011 48,000 (Leinster v Ulster, Round 12, 31 December 2006)[59][n 4]
2007–08 609,015 6,767 18,500 (Leinster v Munster, Round 15, 12 April 2008)[60]
2008–09 731,328 8,126 26,043 (Munster v Leinster, Connacht and Ospreys in Rounds 15, 16 and 18)[61]
2009–10 818,181 8,798 25,623 (Munster v Leinster, Round 15, 2 April 2010)[62]
2010–11 1,019,634 7,553 50,645 (Leinster v Munster, Round 5, 2 October 2010)[63][n 5][n 6]
2011–12 1,042,374 7,721 48,365 (Leinster v Munster, Round 8, 4 November 2011)[64]
2012–13 1,106,873 8,199 46,280 (Leinster v Munster, Round 6, 6 October 2012)[65]
2013–14 1,107,707 8,205 51,700 (Leinster v Munster, Round 18, 29 March 2014)[66][n 7]
1. ^ Figures for 2001–02 are incomplete.
2. ^ Figures for 2002–03 are incomplete.
3. ^ The 2003–04 season was the first that did not include a knockout stage so no show-piece final and hence a decline in average attendance.
4. ^ This was the final rugby match at Lansdowne Road before it was redeveloped as the Aviva Stadium.[67]
5. ^ The first senior match to take place at the Aviva Stadium.[68]
6. ^ The decline in average attendance following the 2009–10 season coincided with the entry of two Italian teams into the Pro12.
7. ^ This match holds the record attendance in the history of the league.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b "Guinness Confirmed as pro12 sponsor". The Score. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
2. ^ "Y Gynghrair Geltaidd" (in Welsh). BBC Chwaraeon. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
3. ^ "Magners to end six-year Celtic League backing". BBC News. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
4. ^ "Celtic League to be called PRO 12 as new sponsor unveiled".
5. ^ "Magners set to bring in play-offs". BBC Sport. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
6. ^ "Celtic Rugby set for new heights". 25 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010. [dead link]
7. ^ "RTÉ secures Magners League rights – RTÉ Sport". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
8. ^ "Our Sports". Setanta Sports. [dead link]
9. ^ "Fox Soccer Plus Set to Launch March 1 with DirecTV, DISH Network, Time Warner Cable, and Verizon FIOS" (PDF) (Press release). Fox Cable Networks. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
10. ^ "New broadcast partner for RaboDirect Pro12". 30 June 2012.
11. ^ Clutton, Graham (9 June 2010). "Celtic Rugby secure improved broadcast deal for Magners League coverage". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 9 June 2010.
12. ^ "RaboDirect Pro12 games to be shown on Sky Sports from 2014". Sky Sports ( 2 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
13. ^ "Treviso in Celtic League Praetorians Roma bocciati". la Repubblica. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
14. ^ "Italians may join Magners League". BBC Sport. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
15. ^ "Italy confirm Magners League move". BBC Sport. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
18. ^ "COMUNICATO STAMPA FIR SULLA CELTIC LEAGUE" (in Italian). FIR. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
19. ^ Irish Times
20. ^ "Italians will not join Magners League". The Irish Times. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
21. ^ Fanning, Brendan (7 February 2010). "Italians up offer to join Magners party". Irish Independent. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
22. ^ "Italians added to Magners League". The Irish Times. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
23. ^ "Italian side Aironi to pull out of Pro12 after their licence is revoked". BBC Sport. 6 April 2012.
24. ^ "Zebras join RaboDirect herd". Sky Sports News. 5 July 2012.
25. ^ Kirkup, Jonny (5 February 2008). "Italian Celts – Non Starter". WalesOnline. Media Wales. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
26. ^ Glover, Tim (17 December 2006). "How Italy became Europe's fall guys". The Independent on Sunday (London). Retrieved 7 February 2009.
27. ^ "Rugby Union: Major Organisations". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
28. ^ a b c Smith, Wayne (17 February 2009). "South Africa threatens to quit Super 14". The Australian. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
29. ^ "Celtic nations in new Rainbow Cup". BBC Sport. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
30. ^ "SA Rugby denies Magners League link" (Press release). South African Rugby Union. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
31. ^ "London Welsh keen on Celtic move". BBC Sport. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
34. ^ "Leinster win Irish battle". BBC Sport. 15 December 2001. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
35. ^ "Munster seize Celtic crown". BBC Sport. 1 February 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
36. ^ "Scarlets 23–16 Ulster". BBC Sport. 14 May 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
37. ^ "Ospreys 29–12 Edinburgh". BBC Sport. 26 March 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
38. ^ "Ospreys 17–19 Ulster". BBC Sport. 26 May 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
39. ^ Hurst, Greg (20 July 2006). "Magners ends drought by sponsoring Celtic League". The Times (London). Retrieved 23 April 2007.
40. ^ "Edinburgh hit out at Borders loss". BBC Sport. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
41. ^ "Border Reivers 16–24 Ospreys". BBC Sport. 12 May 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
42. ^ "Warriors look to create fortress at Firhill". 12 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
43. ^ "Six of the Best As Leinster Secure Magners League Title". 3 May 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2009. [dead link]
44. ^ Magners set to bring in play-offs BBC Sport, 11 April 2008
45. ^ "Leinster 16–6 Munster: As it happened – RTÉ Sport 2011". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
46. ^ Byrne makes Leinster pay price for sloppy showing –[dead link]
47. ^ "Rugby Union Tournaments | Tables". Planet Rugby. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
48. ^ "Munster hammered by Ospreys". The Irish Times. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
49. ^ The Irish Times Missing or empty |title= (help)(subscription required)
50. ^ "Williams try sets up last-gasp, one-point Ospreys win over Leinster". Irish Examiner. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
51. ^ "Tournaments | Aironi". Planet Rugby. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
52. ^ "Tournaments | Aironi". Planet Rugby. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
53. ^ "Ins & outs at the Welsh regions". BBC. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
54. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2001–02". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
55. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2002–03". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
56. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2003–04". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
57. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2004–05". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
58. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2005–06". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
59. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2006–07". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
60. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2007–08". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
61. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2008–09". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
62. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2009–10". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
63. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2010–11". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
64. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2011–12". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
65. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2012–13". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
66. ^ "RaboDirect PRO12 Fixtures & Results 2013–14". RaboDirect PRO12. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
67. ^ "Leinster win The Last Stand at Lansdowne". 31 December 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
68. ^ "Leinster overcome Munster in front of record crowd". RaboDirect PRO12. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
External links[edit]
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China–Cornell–Oxford Project
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from China Project)
Jump to: navigation, search
The China–Cornell–Oxford Project was a large observational study conducted throughout the 1980s in rural China, jointly funded by Cornell University, the University of Oxford, and the government of China.[1] In May 1990, The New York Times termed the study "the Grand Prix of epidemiology."[2]
The first two major studies were led by T. Colin Campbell, professor of nutritional biochemistry at Cornell, who summarized the results in his book, The China Study (2004). Other lead researchers were Chen Junshi, Deputy Director of Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene at the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine in Beijing, Richard Peto of the University of Oxford, and Li Junyao of the China Cancer Institute.[3]
The study examined the diets, lifestyle, and disease characteristics of 6,500 people in 65 rural Chinese counties, comparing the prevalence of disease characteristics, excluding causes of death such as accidents.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "China-Cornell-Oxford Project", Cornell University.
3. ^ "China-Cornell-Oxford Project", Cornell University, accessed March 31, 2012.
4. ^ Junshi, Chen; Campbell, T. Colin; Junyao, Li; Peto, R., eds. (1990). Diet, lifestyle, and mortality in China: a study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-261843-6.
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Communist Party of Bolivia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Communist Party of Bolivia (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Bolivia) is a communist party in Bolivia. It was founded in 1950 by Raúl Ruiz González and other former members of the Revolutionary Left Party (PIR). It remained small and did not hold its first national party congress until 1959.
It soon entered the labor movement and was included in the leadership of the Central Obrera Boliviana and the FSTMB during the 1960s. However, it remained a minority force in most unions. The Sino-Soviet Split further weakened the PCB – in 1964 Ruiz González and others broke away to form the Communist Party of Bolivia (Marxist-Leninist).
At the time, the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 6500.[1]
In 1966 the Cuban-based revolutionary Che Guevara planned to initiate a guerrilla war against René Barrientos, Bolivia's military dictator. The PCB initially pledged its support, but became suspicious of Guevara when he arrived. The party did not participate in Guevara's campaign. Instead, Guevara formed a separate organization, the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional).
When democracy was restored in Bolivia in the 1980s, the PCB remained a minor party. In 2003 it lost its designation as a recognized political party.[citation needed]
The PCB publishes Unidad (Unity).
General Secretaries[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from CorelDraw)
Jump to: navigation, search
CorelDraw X7
CorelDraw X5 under Windows 7
Developer(s) Corel
Initial release January 1989; 26 years ago (1989-01)
Stable release X7 / 27 March 2014; 13 months ago (2014-03-27)
Written in C++, C#
Operating system Microsoft Windows
Type Vector graphics editor
License Proprietary
In 1987, Corel hired software engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne to develop a vector-based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems. That program, CorelDraw, was initially released in 1989. CorelDraw 1.x and 2.x ran under Windows 2.x and 3.0. CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsoft's release of Windows 3.1. The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious illustration program capable of using system-installed outline fonts without requiring third-party software such as Adobe Type Manager; paired with a photo-editing program (Corel Photo-Paint), a font manager and several other pieces of software, it was also part of the first all-in-one graphics suite.
Features by version[edit]
CorelDraw Version support Windows
New Features
Release date Version Reading files Writing files
Jan 1989[1] 1 1 1 2.1 First version
Mar 1989[2] 1.01 1 1 2.1 Introduces backups on save, and draw rectangles from their centre
Apr 1989[2] 1.02 1 1 2.1 IBM PIF file format support
Jul 1989[2] 1.10 1 1 2.1 102 new fonts
Feb 1990[2] 1.11 1 1 2.1 AutoCAD DXF import/export support
Sep 1991[1] 2 1, 2 1, 2 3.0 Envelope tool (for distorting text or objects using a primary shape), Blend (for morphing shapes), Extrusion (for simulating perspective and volume in objects) and Perspective (to distort objects along X and Y axes). CorelDraw for Unix also became available.[3][4]
15 May 1992[5] 3 1, 2, 3 2, 3 3.0, 3.1 (preferred) Included Corel Photo-Paint (for bitmap editing), CorelSHOW (for creating on-screen presentations), CorelCHART (for graphic charts), Mosaic and CorelTRACE (for vectorizing bitmaps). The inclusion of this software was the precedent for the actual graphic suites.[6] CorelDraw for Unix also became available.[7][8]
20 May 1993[9] 4 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4 3.1 Photo-Paint (for bitmap editing), CorelSHOW (for creating on-screen presentations), CorelCHART (for graphic charts), CorelMOVE for animation, Mosaic and CorelTRACE (for vectorizing bitmaps). Multi-page capabilities, Powerlines, support for graphic tablets, Clone tool, elastic node editing, Envelope tool.
27 May 1994[10] 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 3, 4, 5 3.1 This is the last version which was made for Windows 3.x. Corel Ventura was included in the suite (and then sold as a separate program); it was a desktop publishing application akin to PageMaker, Quark Express, or InDesign.
27 Oct 1997[13] 8 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 6, 7, 8 95, NT 4 Digger selection, Docker windows, Interactive Distortion, 3D, Envelope and tools, Realistic Dropshadow tool, interactive color mixing, color palette editor, guidelines as objects, custom-sized pages, duotone support. Corel Versions was included in the suite.
13 Nov 2000[15] 10 10 10 98, Me, NT 4, 2000 CorelR.A.V.E. (for vector animation), Perfect Shapes, Web graphics tools (for creating interactive elements such as buttons), Page sorter, multilingual document support, navigator window. Open, save, import and export in SVG format.[16]
1 Aug 2002[17] 11 11 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 98, Me, NT 4, 2000, XP Symbols library, image slicing (for web design), pressure-sensitive vector brushes, 3-point drawing tools.
10 Feb 2004[18] 12 12 12 2000, XP Dynamic guides, Smart Drawing tools, Export to MS Office or Word option, Virtual Segment Delete tool, Unicode text support.
17 Jan 2006[19] X3 (13) X3 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, X3 2000, 2003, XP (32-bit, 64-bit), Vista (32-bit only) Double click Crop tool (the first vector software able to crop groups of vectors and bitmap images at the same time), Smart fill tool, Chamfer/Fillet/Scallop/Emboss tool, Image Adjustment Lab. Trace became integrated inside Draw under the name PowerTrace.
22 Jan 2008[20] X4 (14) 7 to X4 7 to X4 XP, Vista, 7 (32-bit, 64-bit) Whatthefont font identification service linked inside CorelDraw, ConceptShare, Table tool, independent page layers, live text formatting, support for RAW camera files.[21]
23 Feb 2010[22] X5 (15) 7 to X5 7 to X5 XP, Vista, 7 (32-bit, 64-bit) Built-in content organizer (CorelConnect), CD, web graphics and animation tools, multi-core performance improvement, digital content (professional fonts, clip arts, and photos), object hinting, pixel view, enhanced Mesh tool with transparency options, added touch support, and new supported file formats.[23] It has developed Transformation, which makes multiple copies of a single object.
20 Mar 2012[25] X6 (16) 7 to X6 7 to X6 XP (32-bit only), Vista, 7, 8 (32-bit, 64-bit)
27 March 2014[26] X7 (17) 7 to X7 7 to X7 Windows 8 (32-bit, 64-bit), Windows 7 (32-bit, 64-bit)
† CorelDraw 10 to X4 can open files of version 3 and later, but certain features may not be supported.
‡ The list of file formats that CorelDraw 10 to X4 can write may not be complete in this table.
Supported platforms[edit]
CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs on Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8.[27] The current version, X7, was released on 27 March 2014.
Versions for Mac OS and Mac OS X were at one time available, but due to poor sales these were discontinued. The last port for Linux was version 9 (released in 2000, it did not run natively; instead, it used a modified version of Wine to run) and the last version for OS X was version 11 (released in 2001). Also, up until version 5, CorelDraw was developed for Windows 3.1x, CTOS and OS/2.
With version 6, Corel Draw introduced the automation of tasks using a Corel proprietary scripting language, COREL Script. With version 10, support for VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) was introduced for scripting by what Corel calls now macros. Corel recommends to no longer use the COREL Script language but only MS VBA.
CDR file format[edit]
CorelDraw file format
CDR-Fileheader RIFF CDR vrsn.jpg
Hex dump of the header of a CDR file as RIFF container, written with version 3
Filename extension .cdr[28]
Developed by Corel Corporation
Latest release
X7 (i.e. 17)
Type of format Vector graphics, raster graphics
Open format? no
In its first versions, the CDR file format was a completely proprietary file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings and developed by Corel Corporation, recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being "WL". Starting with Corel Draw 3, the file format changed to a Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) envelope, recognizable by the first four bytes of the file being "RIFF", and a "CDR*vrsn" in bytes 9 to 15, with the asterisk "*" being in early versions just a blank, and beginning with Corel Draw 4, the version number of the writing program in hexadecimal ("4" meaning version 4, "D" meaning version 14). The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format.
From version X4 (14) on, the CDR file is a ZIP-compressed directory of several files, among them XML-files and the RIFF-structured riffdata.cdr with the familiar version signature in versions X4 (CDREvrsn) and X5 (CDRFvrsn), and a root.dat with Corel Draw X6, where the bytes 9 to 15 look slightly different -- "CDRGfver" in a file created with X6. "F" was the last valid hex digit, and the "fver" now indicates that the letter before does no longer stand for a hex digit.
There is no publicly available CDR file format specification.[29][30]
Other CorelDraw file formats include CorelDraw Compressed (CDX), CorelDraw Template (CDT)[31] and Corel Presentation Exchange (CMX).[32]
Use of CDR-files in other programs[edit]
In December 2006 the sK1 open source project team started to reverse-engineer the CDR format.[33] The results and the first working snapshot of the CDR importer were presented at the Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 conference taking place in May 2007 in Montreal (Canada).[34] Later on the team parsed the structure of other Corel formats with the help of the open source CDR Explorer.[35] As of 2008, the sK1 project claims to have the best import support for CorelDraw file formats among open source software programs. The sK1 project developed also the UniConvertor, a command line open source tool which supports conversion from CorelDraw ver.7-X4 formats (CDR/CDT/CCX/CDRX/CMX) to other formats. UniConvertor is also used in Inkscape and Scribus open source projects as an external tool for CorelDraw files importing.[36][37][38]
In 2007, Microsoft blocked CDR file format in Microsoft Office 2003 with the release of Service Pack 3 for Office 2003.[39][40] Microsoft later apologized for inaccurately blaming the CDR file format and other formats for security problems in Microsoft Office and released some tools for solving this problem.[41]
In 2012 the joint LibreOffice/re-lab team implemented libcdr, a library for reading CDR files from v1 to the currently latest X7 version and CMX files.[42] The library has extensive support for shapes and their properties, including support for color management and spot colors, and has a basic support for text.[43] The library provides a built-in converter to SVG, and a converter to OpenDocument is provided by writerperfect package. The libcdr library is used in LibreOffice starting from version 3.6,[44] and thanks to public API it can be freely used by other applications.
Other applications supporting CDR files[edit]
CDR file format import is partially or fully supported in following applications:
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
1. ^ a b "A Short History of CorelDraw", at, retrieved 11 Jan 2011. (PDF version)
2. ^ a b c d Gerard Metrailler, "A little history of CorelDraw Graphics Suite", Fri, Oct 26 2007 at
3. ^ Lisa Picarille, "CorelDraw to be ported to Sun, Dec HP Unix, InfoWorld, 11 Mar 1991, page 27
4. ^ "New Products: Unix", Computerworld, 21 Sep 1992, page 58
5. ^ "Corel Announces 'CorelDraw 3.0'", May 15, 1992 /PRNewswire/ via
6. ^ Heck, Mike (July 13, 1992). "CorelDraw 3 moves faster, integrates modules". InfoWorld (San Mateo, CA: InfoWorld Publishing) 14 (28): pp. 66–67. ISSN 0199-6649.
7. ^ "Index of" at
8. ^ "New Products", Computerworld, 30 Aug 1993, page 55
9. ^ "CorelDraw 3 will remain on market as low-price option", InfoWorld, April 19, 1993. (Anticipated date)
10. ^ "Testers praise CorelDraw 5", InfoWorld, April 18, 1995.
11. ^ "Corel Corporation Begins Shipping CorelDraw 6 Suite for Windows 95", August 24, 1995, at via
12. ^ "Corel Corporation Announces the Launch of CorelDraw 7", October 8, 1996, at via
13. ^ "Corel Corporation Launches CorelDraw 8", October 27, 1997, at via
14. ^ "Corel Launches CorelDraw 9 Premium Color Edition", August 31, 1999, at via
15. ^ "CorelDraw 10 Graphics Suite Available Now", Nov. 13, 2000, Corel Press Release via
16. ^ Troidl, David (2007). "SVG – From CorelDraw to Your Browser". Graphics Unleashed. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
17. ^ "CorelDraw Graphics Suite 11 Now Available", Aug 1, 2002, at via
18. ^ "CorelDraw Graphics Suite 12 Marks a New Era of Intelligent Graphics Software", Corel press release, via
19. ^ "Corel Introduces CorelDraw Graphics Suite X3", Jan 17-06, at Full text at
20. ^ "CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4 Unveiled Today", January 22, 2008, at
21. ^ Arah, Tom (January 2008). "Product Reviews: CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4". PC Pro. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
22. ^ "CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 Delivers More Versatility, Content and Color Tools for Graphics Professionals", February 23, 2010 at
23. ^ "CorelDraw X5 Whats New: CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5". Corel Corporation. February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
24. ^ Iconic Fonts from Monotype Imaging Part of CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5
25. ^ "Corel Releases CorelDraw Graphics Suite X6", March 20, 2012 at
26. ^ "CorelDRAW Graphics X7 Press release", March 27, 2014,
27. ^ "System Requirements — CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5". Archived from the original on 28 March 2010.
28. ^ "CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDraw (CDR) - CorelDraw (CDR) technical notes".
29. ^ Corel Corporation. "Corel Draw file format". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
30. ^ ".CDR File Extension". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
31. ^ "CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDRAW Template (CDT) - Additional file formats".
32. ^ "Corel Presentation Exchange (CMX), CorelDRAW X7 Help".
33. ^ a b "sK1 illustration program - The history of sK1". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
34. ^ "Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 - Friday May 4". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
35. ^ "CDR explorer". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
36. ^ a b "Can I open/import *.cdr (Corel Draw Vector drawing file) files in Inkscape?". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
37. ^ "UniConvertor at". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
38. ^ a b "sK1 - UniConvertor - universal vector graphics translator". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
39. ^ "Information about certain file types that are blocked after you install Office 2003 Service Pack 3". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
40. ^ "CorelDraw .CDR file format and Microsoft Office 2003 SP3". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
41. ^ "Microsoft admits to 'mistakes' in Office format fracas". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
42. ^ "Support for Corel DRAW files in free software gets another chance". Libre Graphics World. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
43. ^ "LibreOffice CorelDraw Import filter - text support hatches out". Fridrich Strba. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
44. ^ "Libcdr resurrects Waldo, gets basic spot colors support". Libre Graphics World. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
45. ^ "Supported file formats in Illustrator CS4 and CS5". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
46. ^ "Adobe Freehand MX 11.0 - Minimum System Requirements". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
47. ^ "Visio2000: File Formats That Can Be Imported into Visio". Retrieved 2010-12-01. You can import the following file formats into your Visio drawings: CorelDraw! Drawing File versions 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 (.cdr), Corel Clipart (.cmx)
48. ^ "What you won't find in Microsoft Office Visio 2003". Retrieved 2010-12-01. The following file formats and converters are no longer supported:CorelDraw! 3,0-7.0, Corel Clipart Format, CMX
49. ^ "UniConvertor 1.1.5 review". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
50. ^ "Xara Designer - Import and Export". Retrieved 2010-12-01.
External links[edit]
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Cycling in Portland, Oregon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bicycle use in Portland, Oregon has been growing rapidly, having nearly tripled since 2001; for example, bicycle traffic on four of the Willamette River bridges has increased from 2,855 before 1992 to over 16,000 in 2008, partly due to improved facilities.[1] The Portland Bureau of Transportation says 6% of commuters bike to work in Portland, the highest proportion of any major US city and about 10 times the national average.[2]
Due to its urban bicycling efforts, Portland has earned multiple "bicycle-friendly city" awards,[3][4][5] including being awarded platinum status by the League of American Bicyclists,[6][7] and it ranks highly among the most bicycle friendly cities in the world.[8][9]
The Yellow Bike Project[edit]
Portland's reputation as a bike-friendly City was enhanced by The Yellow Bike Project, a 1994 civic engagement action and the brainchild of Portland, Oregon activist Tom O'Keefe. After watching the documentary "Sex Drugs & Democracy", O'Keefe proposed painting donated bikes – repaired by at-risk-youth served by the Portland based Community Cycling Center – bright yellow, and deploying them for free use around Portland. "Gratis Pedalis Feralvus" was a tongue-in-cheek slogan for the quirky eco-transportation project.
O'Keefe enrolled fellow environmental activists Joe Keating and Steve Gunther along with the Community Cycling Center (led then by Brian Lacy) into promoting and supporting the project. Project launch: on a weekday in East Portland, in front of a local radio station, a press conference was arranged by United Community Action Network (UCAN) Directors O'Keefe & Keating. They presented about a dozen bright yellow bicycles for free distribution. Local media showed up and that night's evening news featured what looked like scores of bright yellow bikes ridden by a variety of Portland characters. All the Bikes were affixed with labels that read, "FREE COMMUNITY BIKE, USE AT OWN RISK - For Pickup or Repair Call (503)...." A local Earl Scheib franchise painted the bikes at no charge. The bikes' tires, spokes, pedals, chains, and even the handlebars were all painted mustard yellow.
The project was one of the first community bicycle programs in the United States. The Yellow Bike Project was reported in The New York Times,[10] received editorial condemnation from the Wall Street Journal[citation needed] (an affront to private property rights) and culminated in a nationally broadcast Yellow Bike story on the CBS News magazine 48 Hours.[citation needed] The Yellow Bike Project provided nearly 400 free bicycles available for unrestricted use in downtown Portland in its first six months.
The Yellow Bike Project inevitably did suffer from theft and vandalism. In a broader sense the Yellow Bike Project was an amazingly successful publicity generator for Portland, Community Bicycling Programs and The Community Cycling Center. The Community Cycling Center, which helped to operate the Yellow Bike Project, has since developed its Create-a-Commuter program, which provides 375 free bicycles per year to individuals.
Bicycle Transportation Alliance[edit]
The bicycle revolution in Portland started taking off with the founding of the Bicycle Transportation Alliance in November 1990. The first project of the BTA was persuading TriMet, the regional transit agency, to carry bicycles on its buses and light rail trains. BTA gathered over 7000 signatures and the support of numerous local city councils, prompting TriMet to conduct a one year trial on a few bus lines. After a year of no significant problems and an increase in transit ridership by cyclists, TriMet instituted the first 100% bicycle accessible major transit system in the U.S. The Bicycle Transportation Alliance grew into one of the most effective cycling advocacy organizations in the U>S. The BTA focused on making major streets safe for cycling by advocating bicycle lanes, improvements to all seven pedestrian-accessible Willamette River bridges linking the downtown to the rest of the city and for safe, secure bicycle parking. In 1992, BTA successfully sued the City of Portland under ORS 366.514, the Oregon "Bicycle Bill," forcing the City to provide bicycle facilities as part of all projects. The City appealed this to the Oregon Court of Appeals which upheld the BTA's position, solidifying the responsibility of all governments in Oregon to provide safe bicycle and pedestrian facilities in all projects.[11]
Portland Bike Plan[edit]
Interest in city transportation planning began in the early 1970s after the state of Oregon passed comprehensive state land use laws with the city of Portland drafting its first 'Bicycle Master Plan' in 1973.[12]
The city's first bike plan that was adopted in 1973, titled the '1973 Portland Bike Plan', called for nearly 190 miles of bicycle infrastructure to be built in the city and created a citizen's Bicycle Advisory Committee along with a Bicycle Program within the city’s Transportation Bureau.[13]
By 1996, after the city had created the nearly 190 miles of initial bicycle infrastructure from the first plan, the city adopted its second bike plan in 1996, titled the 'Portland Bicycle Master Plan', which called for an additional 445 miles of bicycle infrastructure to be built over the next 20 years (cumulative of 630 miles by 2016).[13]
The city revised its bicycle plan again in February 2010 when the Portland City Council unanimously adopted its third bike plan, titled the 'Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030', which called for $613 million of spending on bicycle infrastructure over the next 20 years to expand the bicycle infrastructure target from 630 miles by 2016 to 962 miles by 2030 and increase the daily bicycle modal share from the current 7-8% to 25% by 2030.[13][14] With only about 300 miles of bicycle infrastructure built by the end of 2009, the plan sets a target of building 662 miles of new bicycle infrastructure in the city over the next 20 years.[13]
With enabling legislation from the 2011 session, Portland lowered speed limits from 25 to 20 miles per hour (40 to 32 km/h) on 70 miles (110 km) of designated neighborhood greenway streets to increase safety for increasingly heavy use by pedestrians and bicyclists.[15]
Bicycle infrastructure[edit]
Bridge over Southeast McLoughlin Boulevard, a part of the Springwater Corridor Trail along Johnson Creek.
Portland is developing a network of bicycle boulevards to make cycling easier and safer. The east side of Portland is particularly well-suited for this technique due to its consistent grid of north/south and east/west streets. The boulevards are defined with a combination of street markings, signs, and better signals for crossing busy intersections.[16]
Another route is the Vera Katz Eastbank Esplanade.
In order to try to prevent car-bike crashes the city has painted sections of hazardous bike lanes blue.[17]
More recently, the city has installed experimental bike boxes that allow bicyclists to wait ahead of motorized traffic at red lights.[18]
An important milestone in Portland's utility cycling infrastructure was the expansion of the sidewalks of Hawthorne Bridge in 1997, which significantly improved the safety and ease of bicycle commuting across the Willamette River.
In 2004, a bike path along the Sunset Highway between Sylvan and Cedar Hills was completed, helping to link Beaverton and downtown Portland.
Bicycle access to the Morrison Bridge opened to mixed reviews in March 2010.[19][20][21]
Bicycle parking[edit]
A recent project will bring covered bicycle parking to the popular southeast Hawthorne Boulevard shopping district.[22]
2007 Tour de Fat group ride.
The Bicycle Transportation Alliance sponsors an annual Bike Commute Challenge, in which thousands of commuters compete for prizes and recognition based on the length and frequency of their commutes.[23]
The following table shows Portland's historical bike commuting mode share with data coming from the Census Bureau's annual American Community Survey:[24][25][26]
Calendar year 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Portland bike c. share 1.2% 1.8% 3.5% 4.2% 3.9% 6.0% 5.8% 6.0% 6.3% 6.1%
National bike c. share 0.41% 0.38% 0.40% 0.45% 0.48% 0.55% 0.55% 0.53% 0.56% 0.61%
See also[edit]
1. ^ Portland Bicycle Counts 2008 (PDF), City of Portland
2. ^ Weise, Elizabeth (September 9, 2012), "In Portland, Ore., bikes rule the road", USA Today, retrieved September 18, 2012
3. ^ MSNBC North America's most bike-friendly cities
4. ^ Bicycling magazine, Best Cities for Cycling (2008)
5. ^ Scan of 2006 Bicycling magazine Best Cities for Cycling
6. ^ "League Names Portland a Platinum Community". League of American Bicyclists. April 29, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
7. ^ Portland Tribune: Bike group gives Portland 'platinum' award
8. ^ "11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World – Bicycle friendly cities". Virgin Vacations. Virgin Airlines. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
9. ^ "8 Best Cities for Cyclists". SpareFoot. May 19, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
10. ^ Don Ryan (December 9, 1994). "Portland Journal; Where Trust Rides a Yellow Bicycle". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
11. ^
12. ^ Initiative for Bicycle & Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI) (2010). "The Portland Bicycle Story" (PDF). Portland State University. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
13. ^ a b c d Bob Mionske (2010-02-14). "Road Rights- Your City Versus My City". BicycleLaw. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
14. ^ Rose, Joseph (2010-02-11). "Portland's 2030 bicycle plan coasts to approval". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
15. ^ "Some speed limits in Portland lowered to 20 mph". KATU. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
16. ^ BTA: Bicycle Boulevards Campaign
17. ^ Blue Bike Lanes Report, City of Portland
18. ^ Bike Boxes, City of Portland
19. ^ Morrison Bridge Bicycle & Pedestrian Improvements, Multnomah County
20. ^ Rose, Joseph (March 30, 2010). "Multnomah County opens new pedestrian, bike path across Morrison Bridge". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
21. ^ Morrison Bridge Bike Path Opens Today, The Portland Mercury
22. ^ Hawthorne Boulevard Project, City of Portland
23. ^ Bicycle Commute Challenge information
24. ^ "2000 to 2010 bike commuters_largest 70 (2)". League of American Bicyclists. 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
25. ^ "Copy-of-1990-to-2011-bike-commuters_largest-70". League of American Bicyclists. 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
26. ^ Ken (2013-09-25). "ACS: Bike Commuting Continues to Rise". League of American Bicyclists. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
External links[edit]
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Battle of the Ten Kings
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Dasharajna)
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of the Ten Kings
Date c. 14th century BCE[1]
Location Near Parusni River (modern Ravi), Punjab
Result Decisive Trtsu-Bharata victory
Rigvedic tribes conquered by Sudas
Trtsu-Bharata (Indo-Aryans) Alinas
Bhrigus (Indo-Aryans)
Dasa (Dahae?)
Druhyus (Gandharis)
Matsya (Indo-Aryans)
Parsu (Persians?)
Purus (Indo-Aryans)
Panis (Parni?)
Commanders and leaders
King Sudas
The Ten Kings
Unknown but less More than 6,666
Casualties and losses
Unknown but less 6,666 (Mandala 7)
The Battle of the Ten Kings (dāśarājñá) is a battle alluded to in the Rigveda (Book 7, hymns 18, 33 and 83.4-8), the ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It was a battle between tribal kingdoms of Vedic Aryans: an "internecine war", as the 1911 Britannica puts it, as opposed to the more frequent accounts of Aryans fighting Dasyus. K. F. Geldner in his 1951 translation of the Rigveda considers the hymns as "obviously based on an historical event", even though all details save for what is preserved in the hymns have been lost. Further details have been provided in an incisive discussion of this hymn by H.P. Schmidt.[2]
The battle took place during the middle or main Rigvedic period,[3] near the Ravi River in Punjab. Some of the powerful Puru tribes like the Bharatas, allied with other tribes of the north west India and guided by the royal sage Vishvamitra, were defeated by the Trtsu (Puru) king Sudas in battle, celebrated in a hymn by Sudas' poet and priest Vasistha (RV 7.18). There are different account as to when this battle actually took place due to different hypothesis from different scholars. Some date it back to near 3000-4000 BCE while other consider it to be dated around the 14th century BCE.
Further information: Rigvedic tribes
• Alinas: One of the tribes defeated by Sudas at the Dasarajna,[4] and it was suggested that they lived to the north-east of Nuristan, because the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Hiouen Thsang.[5]
• Anu: Some place them in the Paruṣṇī (Ravi) area.[6]
• Parsu: The Parśu have been connected by some with the ancient Persians.[9]
• Purus: one of the major tribal confederations in the Rigveda.
• Panis: also the name of a class of demons; later associated with the Scythians.
Hymns 7.18 and 7.83 are dedicated to Indra and Indra paired with Varuna, respectively. They thank the deity for helping Sudas to defeat his enemies, while hymn 7.33 is addressed by Vashista's descendants to Vashista, praising him for moving the gods to take Sudas' side by his prayers (Indra preferred Vashista's prayers over those of Pasadyumna, son of Vayata, 7.33.2). They describe him as a son of Mitra and Varuna (7.33.11). The hymn stresses the importance of the priests (Vashista is named along with Parashara and Satayatu) in winning Indra's favour; they had invoked Indra while they had moved away from "home" (grhāt, 7.18.21)
The situation leading up to the battle is described in 7.18.6: The Turvasas and Yaksus (Yadu),[2] together with the Matsya tribe (punned upon by the rishi by comparing them to hungry fish (matsya) flocking together)[2] appear and ally themselves with the Bhrigus and the Druhyus. Their confederation was further increased by the Pakthas, the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Shivas and the Visanins (7.18.7), while the Trtsus relied solely on the help of the "Arya's Comrade" (āryasya sadhamāḥ), Indra.
The battle[edit]
The battle itself took place on the banks of the Parusni (Ravi). The warriors of Sudas are described as white-robed (shvityanca), wearing hair-knots on the right side of their heads (daksinataskaparda), having flying banners (krtádhvaj) (RV 7.83.2), while the ten kings do not sacrifice (áyajyavaḥ). It appears (7.18.5) that Sudas managed to cross the Parusni safely, while his foes, trying to pursue, were scattered by a flood and either drowned or were slaughtered by Sudas' men:
Kavaṣa and the Druhyu were "overwhelmed by Indra" while still in the water (7.18.10). The slain warriors of the Anu and Druhyus are numbered 6,666 (7.18.14).
In the aftermath of the battle, the Bharatas under Sudas (7.33.6), received tribute from the Ajas, the Sigrus and the Yaksus (= Yadu, 7.18.20), and Indra destroyed the seven fortifications of the enemies, and gave the treasures of Anu to Sudas (7.18.13). 7.18.17 stresses that this was a victory against all odds, compared to a lamb defeating a lion.
Adaptations and retellings[edit]
Contemporary Indian novelist Ashok K. Banker's 2014 historical novel Ten Kings: Dasarajna is based on the Battle of Ten Kings.[10]
2. ^ a b c d Schmidt, H.P. Notes on Rgveda 7.18.5-10. Indica. Organ of the Heras Institute, Bombay. Vol.17, 1980, 41-47.
5. ^ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39.
6. ^ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index I 22.
7. ^ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index.
8. ^ Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, II 122.
10. ^
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ is a book by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was published in July 1550, and was Cranmer's first full-length book, but at his trial in September 1555, he said that it had been written seven years earlier, in 1548.
Although Cranmer is concerned that "very simple and unlearned people" would understand and be edified by his book, the Defence is largely a polemic work, in which Cranmer attacked the Roman Catholic doctrine of his opponents, particularly Bishop Stephen Gardiner. In the preface he compares "beads, pardons, pilgrimages, and such other like popery" with weeds, but says the roots of the weeds are transubstantiation, the real presence, and the sacrificial nature of the mass.
The book itself is divided into five parts. Focusing mainly on using arguments based on reason, Cranmer quotes frequently from Scripture and patristic texts, structuring his argument in a lucid manner. Cranmer deals with the following topics:
• The true use of the Lord's Supper (Eucharist)
• The error of transubstantiation
• The nature of Christ's presence in the bread and wine
• The reception of the body and blood of Christ
• The nature of the sacrifice
Cranmer argues that for someone to eat the body and drink the blood of Jesus Christ means for that person to "dwell in Christ and to have Christ dwelling in him." To truly partake in the sacrament requires faith.[1]
Cranmer distinguishes Christ's spiritual presence from his sacramental presence. Avoiding the Lutheran doctrine of consubstantiation, he argues that the spiritual presence occurs only through Christ's divine nature, he being in heaven in regards to his human nature. Cranmer follows a symbolic reading of the phrase "This is my body", and develops a view "remarkably close to that developed by Zwingli and Oecolampadius."[2]
During the summer and autumn of 1550, during which Gardiner was in the Tower of London, he wrote a retort which was presented to Cranmer at the conclusion of his trial in 1551. Gardiner was severely critical of all of Cranmer's arguments and cited a range of sources supporting the doctrine of the Real Presence, such as the Book of Common Prayer, Martin Luther, Cranmer's own Catechism and other Lutheran writers.
Cranmer's use of the Church Father has drawn criticism. At his trial he was charged with corrupting patristic texts and falsifying their meaning by "evil translating."[3] Cyril Richardson argues that "as a keen controversialist who wants the Fathers on his side," Cranmer "is not above purposely leaving them unclear in order to win a point in a debate."[4]
Geoffrey Bromiley has suggested that in the Defence, Cranmer becomes "so enmeshed in the detailed refutation of a false teaching that he cannot work out the implications of his positive statements."[5]
1. ^ Cyril C. Richardson, "Cranmer and the Analysis of Eucharistic Doctrine," JTS 16 [1965], 428.
2. ^ Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 257.
3. ^ Cited in K. J. Walsh, "Cranmer and the Fathers, especially in the Defence," JRH 11 [1981], 227.
4. ^ Richardson, "Cranmer and the Analysis of Eucharistic Doctrine," 424.
5. ^ G. W. Bromiley, Thomas Cranmer: Theologian (London: Lutterworth, 1956), 81.
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Emperor of Austria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Emperors of Austria)
Jump to: navigation, search
Emperor of Austria
Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria.svg
Charles I of Austria.jpg
Charles I
Style His Imperial Majesty
First monarch Francis I
Last monarch Charles I
Formation 11 August 1804
Abolition 11 November 1918
Palaces in Vienna:
Appointer Hereditary
Pretender(s) Karl von Habsburg
The Emperor of Austria (German: Kaiser von Österreich), was a hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until the last emperor relinquished power in 1918. The emperors retained the title of archduke of Austria. The wives of the emperors bore the title of empress-consort, while other members of the family the title archduke or archduchess.
Members of the House of Austria, the Habsburg dynasty, had for centuries been elected as "Holy Roman Emperor" and mostly resided in Vienna. That's why the term "Austrian emperor" may occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed. In these cases the word Austria always means the dynasty, not the country. A special case was Maria Theresa; she bore the imperial title as the wife, and empress-consort of Francis I (r. 1745–1765), but she herself was the monarch of the Austrian Hereditary Lands including Bohemia and Hungary.
The Emperor[edit]
In the face of aggressions by Napoleon I, who had been proclaimed "Emperor of the French" (French: Empereur des Francais), by the French constitution on 18 May 1804, Francis II feared for the future of the Holy Roman Empire and wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved. Therefore on 11 August 1804 he created the new title of "Emperor of Austria" for himself and his successors as heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.[1] For two years, Francis now carried two imperial titles, being Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and "by the grace of God" (Von Gottes Gnaden) Emperor Francis I of Austria.
In 1805, an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich (which at this time was only a powerless confederation) by motivating or pressing several German dukes and grand-dukes to enter the separate Confederation of the Rhine with their lands in July. This led Francis II/I on 6 August 1806 to declare the Reich dissolved and to lay down the Imperial Crown created in the second half of the 10th century (today displayed at the Treasury of Hofburg Palace in Vienna).[2]
From 1806 onwards, Francis was Emperor of Austria only. He had three successors--Ferdinand I, Francis Joseph I and Charles I--before the Empire broke apart in 1918. A coronation ceremony was never established; the successor to the throne became emperor in the moment the emperor died or abdicated. The symbol of the Austrian Emperor was the dynasty's private crown dating back to Rudolf II (r. 1576–1612), (called Rudolfinische Hauskrone by the experts), which should convey the dignity and myth of the Habsburgs.
Titles of the Emperor[edit]
The Austrian Emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs. The official title of the ruler of the Austrian Empire--and later, of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy--had been changed several times: by a patent of 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an Imperial court ministry decree of 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter of 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty the Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty".
The full list (after the loss of the Lombardy in 1859 and Venetia in 1866):
Emperor of Austria,
Apostolic King of Hungary,
King of Jerusalem, and so forth,
Archduke of Austria,
Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Cracow,
Grand Prince of Transylvania,
Margrave in Moravia,
Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca,
Prince of Trent and Brixen,
Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria,
Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro and of the Wendish Mark,
Grand Voivode of the Voivodship of Serbia, and so forth,
Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
House and court[edit]
The function of the emperor was styled like a secular papacy. Therefore it was the overall goal to demonstrate the highest (allerhöchste) majesty and dignity of the monarch to his subjects and to other monarchs and countries. His and his entourage's life was governed by very strict rules all the time.
The Imperial House[edit]
The members of the Habsburg family were ranked as princes and princesses of the blood imperial, with the honorary title of Erzherzog or Erzherzogin (archduke or archduchess). Their permanent address and their travels abroad had to be agreed to by the Emperor.
Whoever wanted to marry an archduke or archduchess of the Habsburg dynasty had to originate from a ruling or formerly ruling house, as was stipulated by the Familienstatut des Allerhöchsten Herrscherhauses, the Family Statute of the Highest Monarch's House, issued by Ferdinand I in 1839. Otherwise the marriage would be one "to the left hand", called a morganatic marriage, excluding the offspring of the couple from any right the House of Habsburg possessed. (The problems of such a situation were encountered when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the throne, dared to marry a "simple" countess in 1900.)
To manage the political implications of the Imperial house since 1867 the Emperor and King appointed the k.u.k. Minister des kaiserlichen und königlichen Hauses und des Äußeren, the I.&R. Minister of the Imperial and Royal House and of the Exterior, one of the three ministers common to Austria and Hungary. Under Francis I, Klemens Wenzel had covered these and many other agenda, bearing the title Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzler (Chancellor of the House, the Court and the State).
The Imperial Court[edit]
Crown Jewels of Austria
The Emperor's household, his personal officers and the premises where they worked were called Hof (court). The highest officials managing the Court were the Grand Master of the Court, the Grand Marshal of the Court, the Grand Chamberlain and the Grand Master of the Horse, taken from the high aristocracy. Whoever wanted to meet the Emperor himself had to apply to the Obersthofmeisteramt. Francis I used to wear civilian clothes of the Biedermeier era, while Francis Joseph I and Charles I mostly were seen in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal to underline the importance of the army to the throne. Francis Joseph I expected soldiers to appear in uniform at his court and civilians to appear in tails. He never shook hands with visitors; in letters he never addressed his subjects as "Sir" or "Mr." (Herr).
The Emperor's court managed e. g. the following institutions:
Austrian Empire[edit]
The Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich) from 1804 to 1867 consisted of the Habsburg lands as a whole, leaving each land its special definition as kingdom (e.g. Bohemia, Hungary), archduchy (Lower and Upper Austria), duchy (e.g. Carniola) or princely county (e.g. Tyrol).[3] Kaisertum might literally be translated as "emperordom" on analogy with "kingdom" or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor". Austria proper (as opposed to the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had been an Archduchy since the 15th century, and most of the other territories of the Empire had their own institutions and territorial history, although there were some attempts at centralization, especially between 1848 and 1859.
In 1866, Austria lost the war with Prussia and Italy. Francis Joseph I was urged to solve the internal problems of his realm and was well-advised to provide a substantial rise to the Hungarian nobility, which had stayed in passive resistance to him after the crushed Hungarian revolution of 1848 and 1849. In the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich), Hungary was recognized as a self-governing kingdom outside of the Austrian Empire. The Habsburg lands were restructured into a dual union which shared a monarch and a common army, navy and foreign policy. Transylvania and Croatia-Slavonia were acknowledged as lands of the Hungarian crown, which were called Transleithania by government officials to distinct them from Cisleithania, the lands remaining in the Austrian Empire from 1867 onwards. These were officially known only as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder). Unofficially ever since, these territories officially were called "Austria" from 1915 to 1918 only, despite the fact that all the citizens held the common Austrian citizenship since 1867.
The Austrian Empire disintegrated at the end of World War I in 1918, when the Austrian lands established their independence. Bohemia and Moravia in the newly created Czechoslovakia, Galicia joined Poland, while Bukovina became a part of Romania. Carniola and Dalmatia joined Yugoslavia. Other territories were annexed by Italy (South Tyrol, Trieste and Istria). Yet the last Emperor, Charles I, used his imperial title until the end of his life. The Kingdom of Hungary, having terminated the 1867 compromise by 31 October 1918, similarly broke apart.
Abbreviations of common and non common institutions[edit]
The term Kaiserlich und Königlich (k.u.k., spoken /ka ʔʊnt ka/, meaning I. & R.) was decreed in a letter of 17 October 1889 for the army, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy.[4] Institutions of Cisleithania used the term Kaiserlich-Königlich (K.K., meaning I.R., e.g. K.K. österreichische Staatsbahnen, Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways).
Emperors of Austria (1804–1918)[edit]
Reign start
Reign end
Francis I
(1768-02-12)12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835(1835-03-02) (aged 67) 11 August 1804 2 March 1835 Son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor Habsburg-Lorraine
Ferdinand I
• the Benign
(1793-04-19)19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875(1875-06-29) (aged 82) 2 March 1835 2 December 1848
Son of Francis I Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis Joseph I
(1830-08-18)18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916(1916-11-21) (aged 86) 2 December 1848 21 November 1916 Nephew of Ferdinand I Habsburg-Lorraine
Charles I
• the Blessed
(1887-08-17)17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922(1922-04-01) (aged 34) 21 November 1916 11 November 1918
Great-Nephew of Francis Joseph I Habsburg-Lorraine
Succession to the throne[edit]
The eldest son of the monarch bore the title of Crown Prince (Kronprinz); other designated successors were called Thronfolger (in addition to their title of Archduke). Francis I was followed by Ferdinand Charles, (later Ferdinand I). In the 1848 revolutions, the empire's existence was in danger. The Habsburg family tried a new start with a new emperor: Ferdinand I on 2 December 1848 was urged to hand over government. He moved to Hradcany Castle in Prague and, without laying down his imperial title, lived there privately until his death in 1875.[5]
As Ferdinand I had no son, his brother, Francis Charles, would have become emperor, but was asked by his wife, Sophie Friederike, to pass over the right of succession to their son, Francis Joseph. He accepted the duty of the Emperor of Austria without having been Crown Prince or Thronfolger before. Francis Joseph's only son Rudolf Franz committed suicide in 1889, Francis Joseph's brother Karl Ludwig died in 1896. Karl Ludwig's son Franz Ferdinand became heir-presumptive to the throne. He was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia in 1914; due to his morganatic marriage, his son had no rights to the throne. At this time his younger brother Otto Franz already had died, which made Otto's son Charles Francis the new heir-presumptive to the throne, to which he acceded in 1916, (as Charles I) upon the death of Francis Joseph I. In this moment Charles I's son, four-year-old Otto von Habsburg became the last Crown Prince of Austria, and Prince Royal of Hungary. He declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic of Austria in 1961.
Heads of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (since 1918)[edit]
Charles I did not see himself as a pretender but as the monarch of Austria, while the Habsburg Law of the Republic of Austria of 1919 called him "the former bearer of the crown" (der ehemalige Träger der Krone). His son Otto von Habsburg, who had used the title Archduke of Austria in his earlier life outside of Austria, in 1961 to be allowed to enter Austria declared himself a loyal citizen of the Republic of Austria; from this date onward he was not pretender anymore. Otto's son Karl von Habsburg never has pretended to be the rightful monarch of Austria.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804. In: Otto Posse: Die Siegel der Deutschen Kaiser und Könige. (The Seals of German Emperors and Kings), tom. 5, attachment 2, p. 249
2. ^ Erklärung des Kaisers Franz II. über die Niederlegung der deutschen Kaiserkrone, in: Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der Deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit (Collection of Sources to the History of the Constitution of the German Reich), edited by Karl Zeumer, p. 538–539 (full text on Wikisource)
4. ^ From the Otto's encyclopedia (published during 1888-1909), subject 'King', online in Czech.
5. ^ Notice on Ferdinand's death in the official newspaper Wiener Zeitung, No. 146 / June 30, 1875, p. 1
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Fatty streak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Almost all children older than 10 in developed countries have fatty streaks, with coronary fatty streaks beginning in adolescence.[2]
1. ^ Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 849. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.
2. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 348-351 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
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Florbela Espanca
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Florbela Espanca
Espanca Florbela.jpg
Born December 8, 1894
Vila Viçosa, Portugal
Died December 8, 1930 (age 36)
Matosinhos, Portugal
Occupation Poet
Nationality Portuguese
Period 1894-1930
Florbela Espanca (Portuguese pronunciation: [floɾˈbɛlɐ (ɨ)ʃˈpɐ̃kɐ]; birth name Flor Bela de Alma da Conceição), Portuguese poet (Vila Viçosa, December 8, 1894 – Matosinhos, December 8, 1930). Precursor of the feminist movement in Portugal, she had a tumultuous and eventful life that shaped her love, erotic and feminine writings.
The daughter of Antónia da Conceição Lobo, she was baptized as the child of an "unknown" father. After the death of her mother in 1908, Florbela was taken into the care of Maria Espanca and João Maria Espanca, for whom Antónia had worked as a maid. João Maria Espanca, who always provided for Florbela (she referred to him in a poem as "dear Daddy of my soul"), officially claimed paternity in 1949, 19 years after Florbela's death.
Florbela's earliest known poem, A Vida e a Morte (Life and Death), was written in 1903. Her first marriage, to Alberto Moutinho, was celebrated on her 19th birthday, December 8, 1913. After graduating with a literature degree in 1917, she became the first woman to enroll at the law school of the University of Lisbon. In the year of 1915-1917 she collected all her poems and wrote "O livro D'ele" (His book) that she dedicated to her brother.
She had a miscarriage in 1919, the same year that Livro de Mágoas (The Book of Sorrows) was published. Around this time, Florbela began to show the first serious symptoms of emotional illness. In 1921 she divorced her first husband, which exposed her to significant social prejudice. She married António Guimarães in 1922.
The work Livro de Soror Saudade (Sister Saudade's Book) was published in 1923. Florbela had a second miscarriage, after which her husband divorced her (according to Rui Guedes, a very remarkable person on her studies, António Guimarães hit her). In 1925 she married Mário Lage (a doctor that treated her for a long time). Her brother Apeles Espanca died in an airplane accident (some believe he committed suicide, due to his fiancée's death), which deeply affected her and inspired the writing of As Máscaras do Destino (The Masks of Destiny).
In October and November 1930, Florbela twice attempted suicide, shortly before the publication of her last book Charneca em Flor (Heath in Bloom). Having been diagnosed with a pulmonary edema, Florbela died on December 8, 1930, her 36th birthday. Her precarious health and complex mental condition make the actual cause of death a question mark to this day. Charneca em Flor was published in January 1930. After her death in 1931, «Reliquiare», name given by the Italian professor Guido Battelli, was published with the poems she wrote on a further version of "Charneca em Flor».
External links[edit]
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Garbage Video
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Garbage Video
Video by Garbage
Released November 12, 1996
(See release history)
Recorded 1995-1996
Glasgow & London, United Kingdom
Los Angeles & Madison, United States
Genre Alternative rock, electronica
Length 30:00
Label Mushroom Records UK
Almo Sights & Sounds/Geffen (North America)
Producer Garbage
Garbage chronology
Garbage Video
Absolute Garbage
Garbage Video, also known as Home Video, was a 1996 short-form VHS and Video CD release that included all of Garbage's promotional music videos filmed up until that point. Garbage Video was directed by Karen Lamond and produced by Luke Copeland for Oil Factory Films.[1]
Garbage Video was the last major release to promote parent album Garbage and was issued by Almo Sights & Sounds/Geffen in North America and by Mushroom Records worldwide. Unlike a number of other music video compilations, Garbage Video has never been re-issued on the DVD format. It was superseded by the 2007 DVD release of Absolute Garbage.[2]
1. "Vow" – 4:30
2. "Only Happy When It Rains" (U.S. Version) – 3:56
3. "Queer" – 4:36
4. "Stupid Girl" – 4:18
5. "Sleep" (Bonus track)
6. "Milk" – 3:53
Video release[edit]
Garbage Video includes footage shot at the band's March 21, 1996, headline concert at London's Brixton Academy, and outtakes from the shoots for the videos for "Only Happy When It Rains", "Queer" and "Stupid Girl" which are over-dubbed with a remix soundtrack by Rabbit in the Moon, Danny Saber and Red Snapper. Karen Lamond was given hours of personal footage by the band to edit through[3] The video also includes a mini-clip for b-side "Sleep" shot by Garbage in Smart Studios in Madison, WI, Wisconsin.[4]
Garbage intended the video release to show their "very strong visual identity", while stressing that their definite film piece would follow the next year, pushing "very hard at the conventional barriers associated with band video/short film-making".[3]
VCD release[edit]
The material from Garbage Video was also released in the form of Video CD added as an extra to the Hong Kong version of the 2nd Garbage album Version 2.0.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Music video directors
Release history[edit]
Date Territory Label Format
November 12, 1996 United States Almo Sights & Sounds/Geffen VHS
December 9, 1996 Australia White Records
United Kingdom Mushroom Records UK
March 17, 1997 Europe BMG
Hong Kong BMG Hong Kong Video CD
Comprehensive charts[edit]
Chart (1996) Peak
United Kingdom Music Video Chart (The Official Charts Company)[5][6] 12
United States Top Music Videos (Billboard)[7] 10
1. ^ "Garbage Video sleeve credits"
2. ^ "New Best Of Album". Retrieved 2008-02-04.
3. ^ a b ""The Screens Are Full of Garbage", Melody Maker, issue dated December 7, 1996"
4. ^ "Garbage November 1996 news". Archived from the original on 2001-07-21. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
5. ^ "Official Music Video Chart Top 50; 15 December 1996 - 21 December 1996". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
6. ^ "Official Music Video Chart Top 50; 26 January 1997 - 01 February 1997". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
7. ^ "Videos - Garbage Home Video - Top Music Video Chart Listing For The Week Of Nov 30, 1996". Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
External links[edit]
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General Von Klinkerhoffen
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General Erich Von Klinkerhoffen
'Allo 'Allo! character
First appearance The Execution
Last appearance A Winkle in Time
Portrayed by Hilary Minster
Occupation General
Nationality German
General Erich Von Klinkerhoffen is a fictional character in the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!, which ran from 1982 to 1992. He was played by the actor Hilary Minster.
The general is a very direct character. He often threatens his men with a trip to the Russian front; he doesn't really care about his subordinates Lieutenant Hubert Gruber or Colonel Kurt Von Strohm and refuses to pay their ransom when they are captured by the communist resistance. The General is later suspected of being involved in a plot to kill Hitler, however he is merely planning a party for Hitler's birthday. That said, he has even less of a liking for the Gestapo, and forces Herr Flick at gunpoint to release Col. von Strohm and his aide when under Gestapo detention.
Not a lot is known about the general, he does like women quite a lot—he tries to seduce Maria when he finds her in his château. In some episodes, he catches the other officers "having a good time" with one of the waitresses. However, at one point he invites Grüber to a party at the Château, commenting there is no need to change his clothes. (Grüber is dressed as a lady at the time.) It was revealed that General von Klinkerhoffen is a relative of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the German emperor.
His behaviour is also notable when Herr Flick and von Smallhausen devise a new way to gain entry to Café René without arousing suspicion ("Pretty Maids All in A Row"). Their ploy is to dress up as two French maids. He refuses the proposal, however suggests they may like to stay for a drink.
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Gladiators 2000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 2000 movie, see Gladiator (2000 film). For other uses, see Gladiators (TV series) and Gladiator (disambiguation).
Gladiators 2000
Genre Game show
Presented by Ryan Seacrest
Maria Sansone (Season 1)
Valarie Rae Miller (Season 2)
Narrated by Peggy Odita
Country of origin USA
No. of seasons 2
Running time 30 minutes
Original channel Syndication
Original release September 17, 1994 – May 11, 1996
Related shows American Gladiators
Nickelodeon GUTS
Gladiators: Train 2 Win
Gladiators 2000 is a spin-off television show of American Gladiators. It is hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Maria Sansone (replaced by Valarie Rae Miller in Season 2). Season 5 American Gladiators grand champion Peggy Odita served as head referee. It premiered on September 17, 1994 and ran until May 11, 1996. It was often partnered with its parent show in syndication, however some markets ran it independently. Like AG, the series was produced by Four Point Entertainment, and distributed by Samuel Goldwyn Television, then later by Tribune Entertainment. In response to the popularity of NBC's 2008 revival of American Gladiators, the show was brought back in syndicated reruns for the 2008-2009 television season.
In Gladiators 2000, two teams of two child competitors would team up with two Gladiators (one in Season 2) as coaches and compete by running through a series of events, and answering questions on various subjects along the way. While some props and sets were retained, the rules for each event were drastically altered.
A British version of this show was developed, known as Gladiators: Train 2 Win.
This show was produced by One World Entertainment then a division of MTV Networks.
Food Pyramid (Pyramid)[edit]
The contenders faced a pyramid made of crash mats, containing over-sized foods representing each of the five steps in the food pyramid. Each team grabbed one item from each level (two from the grains group, since humans need more portions of it than the others) within 90 seconds, earning points for placing each food in a bin. Teams earned a bonus if they hit a sensor at the top of the pyramid after the food items were cleared from their half of the pyramid.
Bones (Snapback, only used in Season 1)[edit]
The contenders are attached to bungee cords, with each contender having an outline of a human body. A bunch of bones fell to the floor, and each contender had to grab a bone and place it on their outline, scoring 5 points for a successful placement. The Gladiators could help the kids up if the bone was too high for placement, but they couldn't tell them where it went.
The Gladiators had 90 seconds to make it through a course that spanned the entire arena floor length, firing off weapons to hit a target located near the Contender, while avoiding high-speed tennis balls fired at them from a cannon. The Gladiator had some protection from the contender's tennis balls, but could still be hit while in a safe zone if the shot was accurate enough.
The kids shot the cannon, and after 45 seconds or 15 (out of 30) shots, the teammates switched positions. In between each safe zone, the Gladiator had to climb a rope ladder to a marked rung, walk a balance beam, and jump from circle to circle. The team got 10 points for each hit on the gladiator, The Gladiator earned 5 points for each target hit with the weapons, but if the Gladiator cheated on the obstacles between safe zones (not touching the mark on the rope ladder, not jumping to each circle, etc.), they won no points.
This event had two formats, but in both the object for the contender was to jump from a platform using a bungee cord, use their momentum to propel themselves from the floor to a cylinder with red, yellow, and blue colored scoring balls, grab one, then spring back to their platform and deposit them in a bin.
Season 1: Balls were of mixed colors on 5 tiers. The contenders earned 5 points for blue (carbs), 3 points for red (proteins), 1 point for yellow (fat). All 4 contenders went at once, and they had 60 seconds to compete.
Season 2: The game switched to traditional swingshot, using the lower of 2 velcro strips, and no Gladiators. Red balls were 5, Blue 3, Yellow 1, and only 2 kids went at a time. 60 seconds was still the time limit.
A 32-foot rock-climbing wall stood in front of the contenders in this event. The object was to make it to the top. Again, two formats were used.
Season 1: Each kid had 90 seconds to climb the wall, 2 at a time. The wall was colored into zones, a different zone got the contender more points (Green 0, Blue 5, Pink 10, Purple 15, Red 20). As in AG, 10 points were awarded to the contender who could get to the top first, the second player up got five, for a possible score of 55 or 60 points. If a contender fell, they could start back up, but lost all points earned.
Season 2: Similar to season 1, but only 2 climbed the wall instead of all 4, the zones were numbered, and a 5 point bonus could be earned for correctly matching some sort of trivia-of-the-day after achieving each new zone.
Bonus Questions[edit]
After each event, each team was asked a question about a lesson that was taught for that day (and was the basis for the events). A correct answer earned 25 points.
A special bonus was used in Season 2, played after Swingshot only, and based on Powerball. The kids used their balls grabbed in Swingshot to answer questions on what was taught for the day. A list of was given, and the kid had to put the ball in the appropriate powerball cylinder (which were labelled with continents, for example) for each item in 30 seconds, tagging off after each item. 5 points were awarded for each correct answer.
This was the final event of the day, an obstacle course in which both teams took turns relay-style. The Eliminator utilized the same obstacles that the parent series did, with some exceptions. For instance, the race started with a ladder climb instead of the Versaclimber machine tower that was being used on American Gladiators. Once at the top of the ladder, the first runner used the same slide to get to a platform where, instead of the handbike the adult players used, they swung across a pit using rings.
Once the pit was crossed, the first runner faced the team's first of a series of trivia questions worth 25 points. In order to choose an answer, the runner had to choose a path to take. In season one, this was a choice of either of the two spinning cylinders that were still in use on the regular series. This changed to choosing a section of a ballpit to traverse,.coinciding with the adoption of that obstacle for the parent series' final season.
Instead of the normal next obstacle (scaling a cargo net then ziplining back to the floor), the runner simply jumped off the platform they crossed to and ran to a set of doors, where their partner was waiting and the second question was displayed. One of the two doors was locked, representing the wrong choice. If the first runner picked it, the team did not receive the points but the runner still got to pass through the open door to tag their partner.
The third question and second-to-last obstacle awaited the partner, with the question choice represented by hanging ropes from the regular series' plexiglass wall. The partner only needed to choose the right rope to score the 25 points, and was allowed to pass by the wall if they could not scale it after three attempts.
Once over the wall, the final obstacle pair of a reverse treadmill and rope swing was next. The partner received two bonafide attempts to scale the treadmill, and was allowed to scale the side if unsuccessful. Once atop the platform, the final question was asked and the partner had to choose the answer by picking one of the paper barriers to swing through on the rope.
Once the first team's run was complete, the opponents got a chance to run the Eliminator. Whichever team got a faster time was awarded 50 points on top of whatever points they earned from the questions along the course, for a maximum of 150 total. The team in the lead following the Eliminator won the match and a prize package, with the opponents receiving a prize package of their own.
British version[edit]
A British version called Gladiators: Train 2 Win was broadcast on the CITV block of ITV between September 2, 1995 to March 13, 1998. The first series was presented by Sharron Davies and Daley Thompson while the second series was presented by various gladiators on rotation while the third series was presented by Margherita Taylor and Kyran Bracken while the fourth series was presented by Lee Sharpe.
External links[edit]
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HD Lite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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HD Lite is the re-transmission of a particular HDTV channel at reduced picture quality compared to the source.
In a simplified view of US digital-TV distribution, the cable/sat operator receives a programing feed (producer) from a network station, repackages it for carriage on a data-network or distribution channel (satellite, digital-cable) of known parameters, then re-transmits the modified bitstream to the customer-site (viewer.) The viewer's set-top-box decoder decompresses the delivered bitstream, and displays the program on-screen.
HD Lite refers to the TV-program received by the viewer, which has been somehow compromised (reduced) in fidelity. In internet vernacular, HD-Lite generally refers to programming delivered by commercial (subscription-based) providers such as DirecTV, Dish Network, and the major cable-TV operators. This is likely due to the customer's (heightened) expectation of a base quality level of service, that a commercial operator should provide picture-quality equal to or better than public over-the-air (free) ATSC-broadcast programming.
HD Lite can be achieved by any combination of several techniques. Rate-shaping dynamically adjusts allocated bit rate for each of a set of TV-channels, based on an allocation-policy (which can come from realtime video-analysis or an operator-specified program weighting.) Rate shaping allows a set of channels to be transmitted with less bandwidth, based on the statistical observation that not all channels display the same level of motion-activity at a given instant of time (or the period of observation.) Downsampling reduces the spatial (horizontal and/or vertical) resolution of the TV-program, reducing the TV-signal's pixel-rate, and therefore its bandwidth requirements. Thus far, customers have reported downsampling on "1080i" signals only; 1920x1080i can be downsampled to 1440x1080i or 1280x1080i, with a corresponding reduction in transmission bandwidth. In contrast, over-the-air (ATSC) broadcasts of 1080i are fixed at 1920x1080. Temporal (frame-rate) reduction has not been attempted yet, as it unacceptably changes the character of motion video sequences.
Any form of rate-shaping or downsampling is inherently intrusive, in that the source bitstream is altered significantly, often due to a full re-compression process. The re-compression process is the point of contention raised by critics: "HD-Lite" programming is perceptibly worse than the original HDTV broadcast, to the point where the degradation is discernible absent a direct (A/B) comparison against the original source.[citation needed] Distortion (caused by the operator) is characterized by reduced sharpness, reduced detail, excessive compression artifacts (mosquito noise and blocking), and in some cases, alteration of the color-palette. The reduced video quality is assumed to be introduced by the sat/cable operator's handling of the source video (recompression.)
It is important to note that digital video compression is a complex field of study. Downsampling and bitrate-reduction are often deployed together, to prevent the pixel/bitrate ratio from falling below acceptable levels.
Some material shown on 1080i high-definition channels in the US originates from material shot on older cameras that was only capable of 1440 samples per scanline, yet this material is generally quite acceptable to most viewers and is considered high-definition. Focusing on resolution alone can be misleading. For example, a signal transmitted in its original 1920 x 1080 format, even if only having 1440 unique samples per scanline, will likely appear superior to a highly recompressed signal shown at 1440 x 1080 with a lower bitrate than the standard 19.2 Mbit/s.
In the US television programming market, cable and DBS/satellite operators compete against each other to deliver HDTV programming. An HDTV program requires much higher datarates (3-4x) than a standard-definition program. This places a huge burden on a service-operator, which must deliver a variety of programming (many channels), including increasing amounts of HDTV programming, over a resource-constrained distribution medium. Re-compression by cable/satellite operators is a technical necessity for carriage of diverse TV-programming over limited bandwidth capacity of the respective providers.
What remains to be seen, is whether the cable/sat service providers leverage re-compression of TV-programs only as a short-term arrangement until greater capacity can be brought online, or a permanent fixture in their distribution and business model.
Technical merits to reduced resolution[edit]
In 1998 ABC Television made available the "Frequently Asked Questions" document in regards to HDTV standard, chosen by the company, which was 720p. One of the questions, titled "Which scanning standard is best suited for future?" contained the following information:
The 1080 x 1920 (1080I) interlace format specified in the ATSC standard CANNOT be compressed to fit in a 6MHz channel without creating objectionable artifacts and it has been recommended that the 1920 pixels be sub-sampled to 1440 to reduce compression artifacts. Therefore, encoder manufacturers have elected to discard approximately 25% of the picture for over-the-air transmission.
Besides subsampling that occurs during broadcast, many professional video recording formats do not deliver full horizontal resolution as well. For example, frame size of 1080-line HDCAM format is 1440x1080, frame size of 1080-line DVCPRO HD format is either 1440x1080 or 1280x1080 depending on scanning rate, frame size of 720-line DVCPRO HD format is 960x720. Horizontal downsampling is used in preference to vertical downsampling because vertical downsampling would break any interlacing, and also because Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays (which were still common when the HD formats were standardised) scan horizontal rows continuously, but vertical lines discretely, making changes to vertical resolution more visible on such displays. The situation has begun to change with launch of newer video recording formats that use full 1920x1080 raster, like XDCAM HD422 or AVC-Intra.
New encoding schemes allow reducing data rate even further. For example, MPEG-4/AVC is considered to be twice as efficient as MPEG-2, originally used for HD broadcast.
Operators who alter HDTV re-transmission[edit]
In 2004, DirecTV subscribers reported that DirecTV broadcasts some HDTV-programming at a reduced resolution of 1280 x 1080i.[citation needed]
In September 2007, Dish Network reduced the resolution on HBO-HD and Showtime-HD from 1920x1080 to 1440x1080. These were the last two channels that Dish Network was still offering in the "full" 1920x1080 resolution.
In August 2009, BBC HD in the UK reduced the average data rate from 16 Mbit/s to 9.7 Mbit/s, after introducing new MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 encoding software. The resolution of BBC HD had been set to 1440x1080 since launch, following the practice established by the BBC HD Test channel.[2] BBC mentioned limitations of existing HD video cameras, improved encoding scheme and a desire to deliver more HD channels within existing bandwidth among the reasons for this action.[3][4] An increase to 1920 horizontal resolution was however, observed on 30 May 2012.
Cohen vs DirecTV[edit]
Peter Cohen has filed a class-action lawsuit against DirecTV that questions the legitimacy of DirecTV's "astonishing quality" marketing-claim.[5]
1. ^ "Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #17".
2. ^ BBC HD Test Stream Screenies at Digital Spy
3. ^ BBC HD Picture Quality: some myths laid to rest
4. ^ The Hitchhiker's Guide to Encoding by Andy Quested
5. ^ DIRECTV gets what's comin' to them on Engadget. Accessed 2009-08-08.
External links[edit]
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Heroes' Lorebook
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Heroes' Lorebook
Heroes' Lorebook (D&D manual).jpg
Genre Role-playing games
Publisher TSR
Heroes' Lorebook is an accessory for the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the second edition of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.
This book is an update of the 1989 Hall of Heroes supplement for the Forgotten Realms setting.[1] This book profiles 61 of the setting's most eminent characters, with each entry providing complete game statistics, background information, and campaign notes, drawn from novels and game products published through the end of 1995.[1]
The 160-page book features a two-page introduction, which explains that this book is an update and a revision of Hall of Heroes.[2] The book compiles information from novels and other sources published through the end of 1995. The book describes 60 characters, each including an illustration, game statistics, suggestions for campaign uses, and a list of the sources consulted for each character's entry. The book's center 16-page section (pages 73–88) presents a series of color illustrations, many of which were created especially for this book, depicting nearly half of the characters described in the book in a variety of scenes. Character descriptions appear on pages 6–135, and include such notables as Alias, Arilyn Moonblade, Bruenor Battlehammer, Danilo Thann, Drizzt Do'Urden, Dragonbait, Elminster, Khelben "Blackstaff" Arunsun, Olive Ruskettle, Shandril Shessair, and Wulfgar. Supplemental material on pages 136-158 includes notes on the Chosen of Mystra, magical items and effects, special wizard spells, heroic groups (including the Harpers and the Knights of Myth Drannor), and an index to the book. A list of sources mentioned throughout the book can be found on pages 159 and 160.
Publication history[edit]
The book, with product code TSR 9525, was published in 1996, and was written by Dale Donovan and Paul Culotta, with cover art by Doug Beckmann and interior art by Jordi Torres, Ned Dameron, Tony Crnkovich, and Valerie Valusek.
Rick Swan reviewed Heroes' Lorebook in brief for Dragon magazine #235 (November 1996).[1] Swan commented on the usefulness of the book's content to players: "With so much history to digest, casual players may feel overwhelmed. But if you take the Realms seriously, and names like Alias and Drizzt Do'Urden make your pulse quicken, welcome to nirvana."[1]
1. ^ a b c d Swan, Rick (November 1996). "Role-playing Reviews". Dragon (Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR) (#235): 115.
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Imru Haile Selassie
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Imru Haile Selassie
Leul Ras
Governor of Gojjam
Reign 1932–1936
Predecessor Hailu Tekle Haymanot
Successor none
Regent of Ethiopia
Reign 1935–1936
Regent for Haile Selassie I
Spouse Leult Tsige Mariam
Issue Lij Mikael Imru and seven daughters
House Solomonic Dynasty
Father Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Abayne
Mother Woizero Mazlekia Ayala Worq
Born 23 November 1892
Shire, Ethiopian Empire
Died 15 August 1980(1980-08-15) (aged 87)
Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
Burial Holy Trinity Cathedral
Religion Ethiopian Orthodox
Occupation Military leader, diplomat
Leul Ras Imru Haile Selassie, CBE (Amharic: ዕምሩ፡ኃይለ፡ሥላሴ; 23 November 1892 – 15 August 1980) was an Ethiopian noble, soldier, and diplomat. He was also the cousin of Emperor Haile Selassie.
He was acting Prime Minister for three days in 1960 during a coup d'état and assassination of Prime Minister Abebe Aregai.
Tafari Belew, Lij Tafari Makonnen, Beru, Imru Haile Sellassie
Born in Shewa Province, Imru was the childhood friend of his first cousin once removed Haile Selassie I (Imru's mother, Mazlekia Ayala Worq, was Haile Selassie's first cousin); both were tutored together under Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, and were raised by Imru's father Haile Selassie Abayne, whom Harold Marcus describes as the Emperor's "real father", asserting that "Makonnen's son recalled the surrogate with affection, whereas he invariably referred to his father with formality and deference."[1] Both Imru and his father accompanied the future ruler to his first governorship in Sidamo.[2] In 1916/17 Imru, by then a Dejazmach, was appointed Shum (Governor) of Harar province by his cousin.[3] In 1928, Imru was appointed Shum of Wollo province when Gugsa Welle failed to end a smoldering rebellion there.
In 1932, Imru was promoted to Ras and made ruler of Gojjam province. Imru replaced Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot, who had been convicted of treason for allegedly helping the deposed Lij Iyasu escape, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Upon arriving in Gojjam, Imru was immediately faced with a revolt by Fitawrari Admassu, a natural son of the imprisoned Ras, who on 30 September briefly held Debre Marqos; not long afterwards Admassu ended his revolt, sending messengers to the Emperor to ask for pardon. Nevertheless, despite numerous reforms and efforts to modernize the province, which enriched both the producers and traders, Imru found few friends in Gojjam and "was invariably viewed as an outsider, the emperor's agent, and, unable to rule by consensus, he governed by force."[4]
From October 1935, Imru led his provincial army and commanded the Army of the Left in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. His early offensive deep into the Italian rear threatened the Italian advance. Ultimately Imru was stopped and his army was destroyed by the use of poison gas dropped from the air.[5]
In May 1936, Haile Selassie appointed his cousin as Prince Regent in his absence, departing Ethiopia with his family to present the case of Ethiopia to the League of Nations at Geneva.[6] Ras Imru fell back to Gore in southern Ethiopia to reorganize and continue to resist the Italians.
For this to have worked, he needed the revenue of the gold mines of Asosa, but the loyal Sheikh Hojali was driven out in July 1936 by rebellious Welega Oromo, who also made Ras Imru's position in Gore untenable, and he retreated to the southeast. The Italians followed him, and pinned him down on the north bank of the Gojeb River, where he surrendered December 19, 1936.[7] He was flown to Italy and imprisoned on the Island of Ponza until freed after the formal surrender of Italy in September 1943.
After the war Ras Imru was appointed a Crown Councilor and served as Ambassador to India, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Always a man of modernist and reformist views, as well as deeply religious Ras Imru increasingly began to lean towards a left of center political stance that would probably have had him classified as a socialist in the western European sense.
Both he and his son Mikael Imru became advocates for land reform, and he went as far as distributing his own extensive estates to his tenant farmers. Due to these political views, Ras Imru was nicknamed "the Red Ras" by many contemporaries.
Regardless of his leftist sympathies, Ras Imru remained a confidant of the Emperor and a monarchist. However, when the Derg deposed Emperor Haile Selassie in September 1974, they asked Ras Imru to accompany them to the Emperor's palace in order to witness the act.
Eyewitness accounts relate that the Ras was visibly distressed as the members of the Derg announced to the Emperor that he was deposed and that they required him to accompany them to his place of detention. The Emperor and Ras Imru had a whispered conversation after which the Emperor agreed to go peacefully.
The Ras then asked to be allowed to accompany the Emperor to wherever the soldiers were taking him, and became distraught when permission was refused. The members then assured the Prince that he could come to see the Emperor later in the day. It is believed that the Derg did not want to subject Ras Imru to the insults and humiliation that were directed at the Emperor by Derg sympathisers as he was driven away from the palace.
After his death in August 1980, Ras Imru became the only member of the Imperial dynasty to be given a state funeral by the Derg. Television and radio announcements of his death accorded him his full titles of Prince, Ras, and the dignity of "His Highness" even though the Derg had abolished all Imperial titles in 1974.
He was publicly and officially eulogized as a former Prince Regent, a distinguished diplomat, an early progressive, and a leader of the resistance against the Italian occupation. No mention was made of his blood ties to the Imperial family or his lifelong close association with the late Emperor.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Harold Marcus, Haile Selassie I: The Formative Years, 1892-1936 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea, 1996), p. 3
2. ^ Marcus, The Formative Years, p. 10
3. ^ Marcus, The Formative Years, p. 28
4. ^ Marcus, The Formative Years, p. 125
5. ^ Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), p. 81
6. ^ Mockler, Haile Selassie, p. 136
7. ^ Mockler, Haile Selassie, pp. 163-168
8. ^ Royal Ark
9. ^ Royal Ark
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jangikhu is located in Iran
Coordinates: 30°59′29″N 61°38′11″E / 30.99139°N 61.63639°E / 30.99139; 61.63639Coordinates: 30°59′29″N 61°38′11″E / 30.99139°N 61.63639°E / 30.99139; 61.63639
Country Iran
Province Sistan and Baluchestan
County Hirmand
Bakhsh Central
Rural District Dust Mohammad
Population (2006)
• Total 129
Time zone IRST (UTC+3:30)
Jangikhu (Persian: جنگيخو, also Romanized as Jangīkhū; also known as Jangī Khūn and Jangīkhūn)[1] is a village in Dust Mohammad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 129, in 28 families.[2]
1. ^ Jangikhu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3745445" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
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Jerry Wilson (defensive back)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Jerry Wilson (American football))
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the safety. For defensive end, see Jerry Wilson (defensive end).
Jerry Wilson
No. 24, 42, 20
Position: Safety
Personal information
Date of birth: (1973-07-17) July 17, 1973 (age 41)
Place of birth: Alexandria, Louisiana
Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Weight: 190 lb (86 kg)
Career information
High school: Lake Charles (LA) LaGrange
College: Southern
NFL draft: 1995 / Round: 4 / Pick: 105
Career history
Career NFL statistics
Stats at
Jerry Lee Wilson (born July 17, 1973) is a former professional American football safety most recently in 2006 with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League. He has also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Wilson played college football at Southern University. He graduated from LaGrange Senior High in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
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Joan the Wad
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Entryway into Joan the Wad and Piskey Shop, Polperro, Looe, Cornwall, UK
Joan the Wad is a mythological character in Cornish folklore. Specifically, she is the Queen of the Pixies (or Piskeys), fictional tiny creatures usually associated with the area of Cornwall and Devon.[1]
Wad is an Eastern Cornwall colloquial term for torch or bundle of straw.[1][2][3]
Joan the Wad has been associated with Jack o' the Lantern, the King of the Pixies.[1] The two may also be considered will-o'-the-wisp type characters who lead travelers astray on lonely moors, hence the rhyme:[4][2][5]
Jack-the-lantern, Joan-the-wad,
That tickled the maid and made her mad,
Light me home, the weather's bad.[2][5]
However, Joan is also thought use her Wad (Torch) to light the way to safety and good luck, as another rhyme says:
Good fortune will nod, if you carry upon you Joan the Wad.[1][5]
And another,
Sometimes high, sometimes low and sometimes in the sod. If you want luck well enow, then keep near Joan the Wad.[citation needed]
Joan the Wad is often depicted naked and associated with fire and water elements.[1]
In the last century, there has been a thriving cottage industry in Joan the Wad lucky charms.[1] People will carry small figures of Joan the Wad for good luck, a small collection of antique figures is housed at the Museum of Witchcraft in Boscastle.[6] Her image also appears on door knockers to serve as a protective spirit. [1]
1. ^ a b c d e f g Illes, Judika (2009). Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 531. ISBN 0061350249.
2. ^ a b c Couch, Jonathan (1871). The History of Polperro. Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
3. ^ Courtney, Margaret Ann; Couch, Thomas Quiller (1880). Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall. Trübner & Co.
4. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019210019X.
5. ^ a b c Northall, G.F. (1892). English Folk-Rhymes. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner.
6. ^ "Pisky: Joan the Wad". Museum of Witchcraft in Boscastle, Cornwall. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
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John Pinkerton (computer designer)
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John Maurice McClean Pinkerton (2 August 1919 – 22 December 1997) was a pioneering British computer designer. Along with David Caminer, he designed England's first business computer, the LEO computer, produced by J. Lyons and Co in 1951.,[1]
Personal life[edit]
John Pinkerton was educated at King Edward's School, Bath, and Clifton College, Bristol. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1937 to 1940, reading Natural Sciences, and graduating with first class honours. He joined the Air Ministry Research Establishment in Swanage, to work on radar, and went with it to Malvern where it was renamed the Telecommunications Research Establishment (where he met Maurice Wilkes). He returned to Cambridge as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory.
In 1948 he married Helen McCorkindale. They had a son and a daughter.
Colleagues describe him[2] as having "a disarming way of listening intently to what others said", a "quiet, dry sense of humour", a "fine, critical, but constructive intelligence", "an enviable ability to handle detail", and "friendliness and kindness". They also mention his knowledge of music and English literature and his lively appreciation of good food.
J. Lyons[edit]
The catering firm of J. Lyons was known in the high street for its tea and cakes; in the business world it was known for its innovative approach to supply chain management. As early as 1947 the firm decided that the future lay with computers, and since nothing suitable was available, they resolved to build one. They approached Wilkes in Cambridge, who suggested that they construct a copy of the EDSAC machine, and introduced them to Pinkerton whom they recruited as chief engineer.
Pinkerton's approach was to leave the design unchanged as far as possible, while improving reliability by identifying the points of failure (notably electronic valves) and developing test procedures that enabled component failures to be anticipated and prevented.
The machine went into operation in early 1951, and was used to its full capacity by 1954, at which point the company decided to build a second machine. They also saw the potential in building computers for use by other companies, and in 1955 set up a subsidiary, LEO Computers Ltd, with Pinkerton as technical director. In this capacity he was responsible for the development of the successor machines LEO II and LEO III.
By 1961 it was clear that the company did not have the resources to build its own computers indefinitely, so Lyons sold the operation to English Electric.
English Electric and ICL[edit]
Pinkerton was appointed head of research in English Electric Computers, which went through a series of mergers eventually becoming part of ICL in 1968.
He remained with the company until his retirement in 1984, in a variety of product strategy roles. Maurice Wilkes wrote,[2] "it is a sad fact that, although he remained active in ICL at a senior level, he never found a role that in any way matched his track record or gave full scope for his abilities."
He served for many years as president of ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers' Association, helping to build it into an organization respected for the quality and timeliness of its work.[2]
In retirement Pinkerton was one of the original court members (from 1988) of the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and "the mainspring of their Apprenticeship Scheme".[2] He was also editor of a series of technical books.
He edited the ICL Technical Journal between 1990 and 1996. His predecessor, Jack Howlett, commented: "John took the task of editing the journal with great seriousness, energy, and enthusiasm, and spared no effort in ensuring that the papers for each issue... met his exacting standards for content, presentation, and written English. He was very good indeed at discussing the content and form of a possible paper with a potential author, and, with an experienced author, ... helping to sort out the essential ideas and put them in the right logical order."[2] He also frequently intervened with the managers of potential authors to allocate time and recognition for this activity.
He also made contributions to documenting the history of computing, for example through the Science Museum's recorded interviews with UK pioneers.[2]
The Institution of Engineering and Technology holds an annual Pinkerton Lecture in their prestigious lecture series. Each year an Engineer of considerable repute is selected to make a computer related presentation. The inaugural lecture was given by Maurice Wilkes.
External links[edit]
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Johnny Eager
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Johnny Eager
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Mervyn LeRoy
Produced by John W. Considine Jr.
Mervyn LeRoy
Screenplay by John Lee Mahin
James Edward Grant
Story by James Edward Grant
Starring Robert Taylor
Lana Turner
Edward Arnold
Van Heflin
Music by Bronislau Kaper
Cinematography Harold Rosson
Edited by Albert Akst
Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release dates
• December 9, 1941 (1941-12-09) (Los Angeles premiere)
Running time
107 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $651,000[1]
Box office $2,586,000[1]
Johnny Eager is a 1941 film noir directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Robert Taylor, Lana Turner and Van Heflin. Heflin won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[2] The film was one of many spoofed in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982).
Johnny Eager (Robert Taylor) masquerades as a taxi driver for his gullible parole officer, A. J. Verne (Henry O'Neill), but in reality, he is the ruthless head of a powerful gambling syndicate. Verne introduces him to socialite Lisbeth "Liz" Bard (Lana Turner), a sociology student. Johnny and Liz are attracted to each other, but then he discovers that she is the stepdaughter of his longtime nemesis, John Benson Farrell (Edward Arnold). As a crusading prosecutor, Farrell was responsible for sending Johnny to prison, and now as the district attorney, he has gotten an injunction preventing Johnny's expensive dog racing track from opening.
Johnny decides to use Liz as leverage against her stepfather. When she comes to see him, he has Julio (Paul Stewart), one of his underlings, burst in and pretend to try to kill him. During the faked struggle, Julio drops his gun. Lisbeth picks it up and shoots Julio when he seems to have the upper hand. Johnny then hustles her out of the room before she can realize that the gun is full of blanks and Julio's blood is actually ketchup. Later, Johnny threatens to expose her as a murderer unless Farrell removes the injunction. Farrell gives in.
Johnny is depicted as a man without a conscience. When childhood friend Lew Rankin (Barry Nelson) gets fed up with his subordinate role in the gang and starts plotting against him, Johnny murders him without the slightest qualm. He lies to his devoted girlfriend Garnet (Patricia Dane) to get her to go to Florida while he romances Liz. Mae (Glenda Farrell), a prior girlfriend, asks him to help get her incorruptible policeman husband transferred back to his old precinct because his long commute is straining their marriage. Johnny not only lies, claiming he no longer has any influence, he also hides the fact that he got the man transferred in the first place because he would not look the other way. When Jimmy Courtney (Robert Sterling), Liz's high society former boyfriend, becomes alarmed because Liz is going to pieces due to a guilty conscience, he offers Johnny all his money to leave the country and take Liz with him. Johnny cannot figure out his "angle", why he would do such a selfless thing. In fact, the only soft spot Johnny seems to have is for his intellectual, alcoholic right-hand man, Jeff Hartnett (Van Heflin), and even he is not sure why. Jeff has an insight, telling his boss that "even Johnny Eager has to have one friend."
However, when Johnny learns that Liz intends to turn herself in, he discovers the meaning of love for the first time in his life. He confesses to her that he staged the whole incident, but she does not believe him. To prove his claim, he decides to produce a live Julio, but Julio has defected to Johnny's dissatisfied partner, Bill Halligan (Cy Kendall). Johnny manages to bring Julio (at gunpoint) to Liz, but in the process, touches off a gunfight with Halligan and his men. He kills Halligan and Julio, but is himself shot down by a policeman on his way home after his shift, who in a twist of fate turns out to be Mae's husband.
Box office[edit]
According to MGM records the film earned $1,596,000 in the US and Canada and $990,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $1,110,000.[1]
Critical response[edit]
The New York Times film critic called the film "a tight tale of underworld terror that drives hard—even in the clinches" and, though not a "serious drama", "as pure melodrama 'Johnny Eager' moves at a turbulent tempo" .... "Mr. Taylor and Miss Turner strike sparks in their distraught love affair. Van Heflin provides a sardonic portrait of Johnny's Boswell, full of long words and fancy quotations."[3]
Emanuel Levy was less enthused, complaining that the plot "fails to make any sense."[4] However, he complimented Van Heflin for "stealing every scene he is in".[4]
Variety magazine reported, "Johnny Eager is an underworld meller with a few new twists to the usual trappings, but by and large it's the familiar tale ... of slick gangster vs innocent rich girl."[5] However, the reviewer praised all three leads, singling Van Heflin out as "outstanding".[5]
2. ^ Johnny Eager at the American Film Institute Catalog.
3. ^ The New York Times, film review, February 20, 1942; accessed July 11. 2013.
4. ^ a b Emanuel Levy. "Johnny Eager (1942)". Retrieved February 26, 2010.
5. ^ a b "Johnny Eager". January 1, 1941. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
External links[edit]
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Line Rider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Line Rider (Flash or Silverlight 2 version)
Line Rider Beta 2.PNG
Developer(s) Boštjan Čadež
Designer(s) Boštjan Čadež
Platform(s) Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash
Release date(s) September 23, 2006
Mode(s) Single player
Line Rider is an internet game. Versions are available for Microsoft Silverlight and for Flash. It was originally created in September 2006 by Boštjan Čadež (also known as "fsk"), a Slovenian student.[1][2] Originally appearing on DeviantArt on September 23, 2006, Line Rider quickly became an internet phenomenon.
Line Rider is featured by several websites, such as Yahoo! but is mainly used on the website,[3] Time Magazine's website[4] and has appeared in several McDonald's commercials for the Snack Wrap in 2008. Line Rider was also selected by staff and voted by users as the Best Webtoy of 2006 in the Jay is Games polls.[5] A two-page article about the game was published in Games for Windows: The Official Magazine.[6]
The Line Rider character, "Bosh"
The basic concept is to draw one or more lines with the mouse on which a boy (referred to as "Bosh" by the creator[7]) on a sled can ride after the player presses the "Play" button. The game includes simulated physics, which means the track must be sufficiently smooth to prevent the character from falling off the sled. The author has said that he prefers the description "toy" to "game," as there is no goal to accomplish, nor does it have an end.[8] In spite of its simplicity, many complicated tracks have been created, which include loops and other stunts. New tracks can consist of unrealistic tricks such as "flings" and "manuals" both on and off the sled. Some tracks are even set to music and include hand-drawn mountain slopes and trees. Tracks are typically shared among users by uploading a video to web sites, such as YouTube or Google Video.[9] Revision 6.2 of Line Rider was released in August 2007, and was optimized to run more smoothly, and to have a higher-powered zoom tool. The game does allow created tracks to be saved, and shown to the public (only if creator wishes to do so). The storage is not on the Line Rider website, but on the user's hard drive, therefore allowing maximum storage implication and quicker access to stored tracks. In order to allow public viewing, the user must be logged into the website server.
On July 1, 2008, the original Flash version was replaced by a new one written in Silverlight. It includes a new feature that allows people to send tracks to other people via Windows Messenger. On October 23, 2009, this was replaced by Beta 3, which has the option to use dual players, a camera, trapdoor and deceleration lines.
IP acquisition[edit]
On December 20, 2006 inXile Entertainment announced that it acquired console rights to Line Rider.[10] The game was redesigned for the Wii, DS and iPhone platforms, in addition to the standard free play mode, the games featured a story and puzzle modes. All of the art work and sounds have also been redone.
Mobile version[edit]
Line Rider was released for portable devices in October 2008. The gameplay is similar to that of the original revision 6.2, with the addition of a multiplayer puzzle mode, and has several added features including different vehicles, exploding lines and scenery. Players are able to share tracks with others through a Bluetooth connection and can send the files in texts to other phones and to the web.[citation needed]
A version has been released for the Apple iPhone called Line Rider iRide. This version includes iPhone specific features such as accelerometer based physics and worldwide file sharing.
As an educational tool[edit]
Line Rider has been the basis for an article published in The Physics Teacher magazine concerning the use of computers in Physics education by members of the Physics Department of Southeastern Louisiana University.[11] The article uses video captures of Line Rider to explore the physics in the game by use of video analysis.
1. ^ "News". Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
2. ^ About Line Rider.
3. ^ Featured on the front page: November 9, 2006
4. ^ Ressner, Jeffrey, The Newest Time Waster: Line Rider, October 18, 2006
5. ^ Best of Webtoy 2006 Results at Jay is Games
6. ^ Murdoch, Julian (August 2007). "Line Rider". Games for Windows: The Official Magazine. pp. 36–37.
7. ^ a few things about line rider - fšk's DeviantART journal, December 11, 2006
8. ^ Line Rider on deviantART
9. ^ Movies at Line Rider official site.
10. ^
11. ^ "An Analysis Of A Video Game". The Physics Teacher.
External links[edit]
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Mike Chioda
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Mike Chioda
Birth name Michael Joseph Chioda
Born (1966-08-01) August 1, 1966 (age 48)
Willingboro Township, New Jersey[1]
Professional wrestling career
Ring name(s) Mike Chioda
Billed weight 175 lb (79 kg)
Trained by Joey Marella
Debut 1983
Michael Joseph "Mike" Chioda[3] (born August 1, 1966) is an American senior referee who is currently signed to WWE.
Professional wrestling career[edit]
World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE (1989-present)[edit]
As a young man, Chioda lived close to the Marellas (Gorilla Monsoon and his son Joey), who helped him break into the wrestling business.[2][1] Being trained as a referee, Chioda first began to appear in WWE in 1989, when it was known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), most notably at Survivor Series 1989. After taking a hiatus from refereeing following WrestleMania VII, he began to reappear on camera around 1992.
He refereed the match where The 1-2-3 Kid (on that night he was the Kid) as a jobber scored a huge upset over Razor Ramon.
On July 3, 1999 on Shotgun, Chioda got an Implant DDT from Gangrel following his loss against Test which Chioda officiated.[4]
Chioda has also competed in an actual wrestling match, teaming with Chris Jericho and The Rock to take on the team of The Dudley Boyz and referee Nick Patrick on an episode of SmackDown in 2001.[2] Chioda actually scored the pinfall victory after delivering his version of "The People's Elbow" to Nick Patrick.
During his tenure on SmackDown, he officiated a match between Big Show and Brock Lesnar in which Lesnar performed a superplex on Big Show and the ring collapsed. Chioda would rule the match a no contest.
At WrestleMania 23 he refereed the match between John Cena and Shawn Michaels, but was taken out after being hit with Sweet Chin Music by Michaels.[5]
During his time as Raw brand head referee he would officiate Raw matches such as Triple H vs. Batista at WrestleMania 21,[6] John Cena vs. Triple H at WrestleMania 22,[7] Cena vs. Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 23 and Cena vs Batista at SummerSlam 2008. He also appeared in an episode of WWE Tough Enough 's second season.[1]
At the pay-per-view event WWE Over The Limit 2011, The Miz initially defeated John Cena after a cell phone recording of Cena's voice saying "I Quit" was played into the microphone, although when the referee Mike Chioda heard it, he immediately reversed the decision and ordered the match to restart. This led to Cena defeating The Miz and retaining the WWE Championship. [8] On August 15, 2011, Chioda was suspended for 30 days due to his first violation of the WWE's Talent Wellness Program.[9]
On April 1, 2012, Chioda refereed the match between John Cena and The Rock at WrestleMania XXVIII. Chioda was featured as the referee in the 2012 iOS game, WWE Wrestlefest.
He refereed the main event of WrestleMania 31 between Brock Lesnar and Roman Reigns, turning the scheduled singles match into a triple threat match midway through after Seth Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract mid-match.
1. ^ a b c WWE.com Profile
2. ^ a b c Bio at IMDb
3. ^ Tv.com Summary
4. ^ "Gangrel vs Test WWF Shotgun July 3 1999". YouTube. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
5. ^ Online World of Wrestling
6. ^ "WrestleMania 21 main events". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
7. ^ "WWE Champion John Cena def. Triple H". WWE. 2006-04-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
8. ^ [1]
9. ^ [2]
External links[edit]
Sporting positions
Preceded by
WWE SmackDown Senior Referee
Succeeded by
Nick Patrick
Preceded by
Earl Hebner
WWE Raw Senior Referee
Succeeded by
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Monmouthshire Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Monmouth Show)
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Show ground in 2011
The Monmouthshire Show is the largest one-day agricultural show in Wales, taking place annually in Monmouth on the last Thursday in August.
Sheep shearing at the showground
The origin of the show dates back to the 1790s when Monmouth's agricultural society organised ploughing matches. However it was not until 1857 that it was proposed that a cattle show should be created. On 30 May 1857, the eighth Duke of Beaufort gave ten pounds and John Rolls placed twenty pounds into a fund to start the Monmouth Cattle Show. The show was first staged in the October of the same year.[1] Rolls was President of the show for his lifetime and he was succeeded by his son John Allan Rolls in 1870.[1]
Cornering at Monmouth Show
Dog agility and obedience trials
In 1876 the show was held in the town's newly established cattle market in Chippenham Fields.[1] The show was then held annually (firstly in October, but then eventually moved to August – taking up its now traditional date of the last Thursday in August) up until the First World War. The show was restarted in 1919 when it was renamed the Monmouthshire County Show.[2] The show was not held during the period of the Second World War, but from 1946 until 2006 it was held each year on the grounds of Vauxhall Fields. The show was not held in 1956 or 2001 due to outbreaks of foot and mouth disease.[1]
2007 marked the 150th anniversary of the Monmouthshire Show Society. That same year the show moved to a new site on the Redbrook Road in Monmouth.
When the show started it was originally held in October but it was brought forward to September to improve the likelihood of good weather. The date is now settled on the last Thursday in August.[2]
1. ^ a b c d "Monmouthshire Show History". Monmouthshire Show. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
2. ^ a b "A Brief History of Monmouthshire Show" (PDF). Abergavenny Chronicle. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543)
Nebulium was a proposed element found in a nebula by William Huggins in 1864. The strong green emission lines of the Cat's Eye Nebula, discovered using spectroscopy, led to the postulation that an as yet unknown element was responsible for this emission. In 1927, Ira Sprague Bowen showed that the lines are emitted by doubly ionized oxygen (O2+), and no new element was necessary to explain them.
William Hyde Wollaston in 1802 and Joseph von Fraunhofer in 1814 described the dark lines within the solar spectrum. Later, Gustav Kirchhoff explained the lines by atomic absorption or emission, which allowed the lines to be used for the identification of chemical elements.
In the early days of telescopic astronomy, the word nebula was used to describe any fuzzy patch of light that did not look like a star. Many of these, such as the Andromeda Nebula, had spectra that looked like stellar spectra, and these turned out to be galaxies. Others, such as the Cat's Eye Nebula, had very different spectra. When William Huggins looked at the Cat's Eye, he found no continuous spectrum like that seen in the Sun, but just a few strong emission lines. The two green lines at 495.9 nm and 500.7 nm were the strongest.[1] These lines did not correspond to any known elements on Earth. The fact that helium had been identified by the emission lines in the Sun in 1868, and had then also been found on Earth in 1895, encouraged astronomers to suggest that the lines were due to a new element. The name nebulium (occasionally nebulum or nephelium) was first mentioned by the wife of Huggins in a short communication in 1898, although it is stated that Huggins occasionally used the term before.[2]
In 1911, John William Nicholson theorized that all known elements consisted of four protoelements, one of which was Nebulium.[3][4] The development of the periodic table by Dimitri Mendeleev and the determination of the atomic numbers by Henry Moseley in 1913 left nearly no room for a new element.[5] In 1914 French astronomers were able to determine the atomic weight of nebulium. With a measured value of 2.74 for the lines near 372 nm and a slightly lower value for the 500.7 nm line indicating two elements responsible for the spectrum.[6]
Ira Sprague Bowen was working on UV spectroscopy and on the calculation of spectra of the light elements of the periodic table when he became aware of the green lines discovered by Huggins. With this knowledge he was able to suggest that the green lines might be forbidden transitions. They were shown as due to doubly ionized oxygen at extremely low density,[7] rather than the hypothetical nebulium. As Henry Norris Russell put it, "Nebulium has vanished into thin air." Nebulae are typically extremely rarefied, much less dense than the hardest vacuums produced on Earth. In these conditions, lines can form which are suppressed at normal densities. These lines are known as forbidden lines, and are the strongest lines in most nebular spectra.[8]
1. ^ Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A. (1864). "On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 154: 437–444. Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013. JSTOR 108876.
2. ^ Huggins, M. L. (1898). ".... Teach me how to name the .... light,". Astrophysical Journal 8: 54–54. Bibcode:1898ApJ.....8R..54H. doi:10.1086/140540.
3. ^ Nicholson, J. W. (1911). "A structural theory of the chemical elements". Philosophical Magazine 22 (132): 864–889. doi:10.1080/14786441208637185.
4. ^ McCormmach, R. (1966). "The atomic theory of John William Nicholson". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 3 (2): 160–184. doi:10.1007/BF00357268.
5. ^ Heilbron, J. L. (1966). "The Work of H. G. J. Moseley". Isis 57 (3): 336–364. doi:10.1086/350143. JSTOR 228365.
6. ^ Buisson, H.; Fabry, C.; Bourget, W. (1914). "An application of interference to the study of the Orion nebula.". Astrophysical Journal 40: 241–258. Bibcode:1914ApJ....40..241B. doi:10.1086/142119.
7. ^ Bowen, I. S. (1927). "The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum". Nature 120 (3022): 473. Bibcode:1927Natur.120..473B. doi:10.1038/120473a0.
8. ^ Hirsh, R. F. (1979). "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae". Isis 70 (2): 197–212. Bibcode:1979Isis...70..197H. doi:10.1086/352195. JSTOR 230787.
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Lega Nord
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Northern League (Italy))
Jump to: navigation, search
Lega Nord
Federal Secretary Matteo Salvini
Federal President Umberto Bossi
Founded 4 December 1989 (alliance)
8 January 1991 (party)
Merger of Liga Veneta
Lega Lombarda
Piemont Autonomista
Uniun Ligure
Lega Emiliano-Romagnola
Alleanza Toscana
Headquarters via Bellerio, 41
20161 Milan
Newspaper La Padania
Youth wing Giovani Padani
(Young Padanians)
Membership (2008) 150,000[1]
Ideology Regionalism[2][3][4]
Political position Right-wing[12][13]
International affiliation none
European affiliation EFA (1989–94)
European Parliament group Rainbow (1989–94)
ELDR (1994–99)
TGI (1999–2001)
I/D (2004–07)
UEN (2007–09)
EFD (2009–14)
Non-Inscrits (2014–present)
Southern counterpart Us with Salvini
Colours Green
Chamber of Deputies
15 / 630
12 / 315
European Parliament
5 / 73
Regional Government
2 / 20
Party flag
Sun of the Alps.svg
Politics of Italy
Political parties
Lega Nord (LN; literal translation: "North League"), whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania ("North League for the Independence of Padania"), is a regionalist political party in Italy. The party is often referred to as Northern League by English-language media and literature, while in Italy it is also referred to simply as Lega or Carroccio.
Lega Nord was founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of northern and central Italy, most of which had arisen in the 1980s (Lega Lombarda, Liga Veneta, Piemont Autonomista, Uniun Ligure, Lega Emiliano-Romagnola and Alleanza Toscana), plus the newly formed regional parties of the other northern regions.
The party's political programme advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for northern regions. At times the LN has advocated secession of the North, called by party members Padania. Prior to the party's adoption of the term, Padania was infrequently used to name the Po Valley and was promoted since 1963 by sports journalist Gianni Brera as a modern name for Cisalpine Gaul.
Lega Nord's founder and former long-standing leader is Umberto Bossi, who was minister for Federal Reform in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. From 2012 to 2013, the party secretary was Roberto Maroni, President of Lombardy and former minister of the Interior, then in December 2013 Matteo Salvini became the new secretary after defeating Umberto Bossi in the leadership election. Other leading members include Luca Zaia (President of Veneto), Roberto Calderoli, Giancarlo Giorgetti, Gian Marco Centinaio, Massimiliano Fedriga, Roberto Cota, Roberto Castelli, Francesco Speroni, Massimo Bitonci and Attilio Fontana.
At the 2010 regional elections Lega Nord was the largest party in Veneto (where Zaia was elected President by a landslide 60.2% of the vote) and the third largest in Liguria; in the 2014 regional election was the second largest one in Emilia-Romagna.
Precursors and foundation[edit]
Umberto Bossi at the first rally in Pontida, 1990
At the 1983 general election Liga Veneta, based in Veneto, elected a deputy, Achille Tramarin, and a senator, Graziano Girardi. At the 1987 general election another regional party, Lega Lombarda, based in Lombardy, gained national prominence when its leader Umberto Bossi was elected to the Senate. The two parties, along with other regionalist outfits, ran as Alleanza Nord in the 1989 European Parliament election, gaining 1.8% of the vote.
Lega Nord, which was first launched as an upgrade of Alleanza Nord in December 1989, was officially transformed into a party in February 1991 through the merger of various regional parties, notably including Lega Lombarda and Liga Veneta. These continue to exist as "national sections" of the federal party, which presents itself in regional and local contests as "Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord", "Liga Veneta–Lega Nord", "Lega Nord–Piemont", and so on.[14][15][16]
The League exploited resentment against Rome's centralism (with the famous slogan Roma ladrona, which loosely means "Rome big thief") and the Italian government, common in northern Italy as many northerners felt that the government wasted resources collected mostly from northerners' taxes.[17] Cultural influences from bordering countries in the North and resentment against illegal immigrants were also exploited. The party's electoral successes began roughly at a time when public disillusionment with the established political parties was at its height. The Tangentopoli corruption scandals, which invested most of the established parties, were unveiled from 1992 on.[15][16] However, contrarily to what many pundits observed at the beginning of the 1990s, Lega Nord became a stable political force and it is by far the oldest party among those represented in the Italian Parliament.
Lega Nord's first electoral breakthrough was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies and 26 senators,[18] it became the fourth largest party of the country and within Parliament. In 1993 Marco Formentini, a left-wing leghista, was elected mayor of Milan, the party won 49.3% in the provincial election of Varese[19] and, by the end of the year, before Silvio Berlusconi launched his own political career and party, it was polled around 16–18% in electoral surveys (half of that support was later siphoned by Berlusconi).[20]
First alliance with Berlusconi[edit]
In early 1994, some days before the announcement of the Bossi–Berlusconi pact which led to the formation of the Pole of Freedoms, Roberto Maroni, Bossi's number two, signed an agreement with Mario Segni's centrist Pact for Italy, which was later cancelled.[21][22]
The party thus fought the 1994 general election in alliance with Berlusconi's Forza Italia party within the Pole of Freedoms coalition. Lega Nord gained just 8.4% of the vote, but, thanks to a generous division of candidacies in northern single-seats constituencies, its parliamentary representation was almost doubled to 117 deputies and 56 senators.[23] The post of President Chamber of Deputies was thus given to a leghista, Irene Pivetti, a young woman hailing from the Catholic faction of the party.
After the election, the League joined FI, National Alliance (AN) and the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) to form a coalition government under Berlusconi and the party obtained five ministries in Berlusconi's first cabinet: Interior for Roberto Maroni (who was also Deputy Prime Minister), Budget for Giancarlo Pagliarini, Industry for Vito Gnutti, European affairs for Domenico Comino and Institutional Reforms for Francesco Speroni. However, the alliance with Berlusconi and the government itself were both short-lived: the latter collapsed before the end of the year, with the League being instrumental in its demise.
When, in December, Bossi finally decided to withdraw from the government over a controversial pension reform, Maroni vocally disagreed and walked out. In January 1995 the League gave a vote of confidence to the newly formed cabinet led by Lamberto Dini, alongside with the Italian People's Party and the Democratic Party of the Left. This caused several splinter groups to leave the party, including the Federalist Party (which was actually founded in June 1994) of Gianfranco Miglio, the Federalists and Liberal Democrats of Franco Rocchetta, Lucio Malan and Furio Gubetti[24] and the Federalist Italian League of Luigi Negri and Sergio Cappelli. All these groups later merged into FI, while a few other MPs, including Pierluigi Petrini, floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies, joined the centre-left. By 1996 total of 40 deputies and 17 senators had left the party, while Maroni, after months of coldness with Bossi, had instead returned to the party's fold.[25][26]
Between 1995 and 1998 Lega Nord joined centre-left governing coalitions in many local contexts, notably including the Province of Padua to the city of Udine.
Padanian separatism[edit]
After a huge success at the 1996 general election, its best result ever (10.1%, 59 deputies and 27 senators),[27] Lega Nord announced that it wanted the secession of northern Italy under the name of Padania. The party gave to the expression, previously referring to the Po Valley, a broader meaning that has steadily gained currency, at least among its followers. The party even organised a referendum on independence and elections for a "Padanian Parliament" (see below).
The years between 1996 and 1998 were particularly good for the League, which was the largest party in many provinces of northern Italy and was able to win in single-seat constituencies and provincial elections by running alone against both the centre-right and the centre-left.
However, after the 1996 election, which Lega Nord had fought outside the two big coalitions, the differences between those who supported a new alliance with Berlusconi (Vito Gnutti, Domenico Comino, Fabrizio Comencini, etc.) and those who preferred to enter Romano Prodi's Olive Tree (Marco Formentini, Irene Pivetti, etc.) re-emerged. A total of 15 deputies and 9 senators left the party to join either centre-right or centre-left parties.[28] Pivetti left a few months after the election.[29] Comencini left in 1998 to launch Liga Veneta Repubblica[30] with the mid-term goal of joining forces with FI in Veneto.[31] Gnutti and Comino were expelled in 1999, after they had formed local alliances with the centre-right.[32][33] Also Formentini left in 1999 in order to join Prodi's Democrats.[34][35]
As a result, the party suffered a huge setback at the 1999 European Parliament election, in which it garnered a mere 4.5% of the vote. Since then the League de-emphasised demands for independence in order to rather focus on devolution and federal reform, paving the way for a return to coalition politics.
House of Freedoms[edit]
After the defeat at the 1999 European Parliament election, senior members of the party thought it was not possible to achieve anything if the party continued to stay outside the two big coalitions. Some, including Maroni, who, despite 1994–1995 row with Bossi, had always been left-leaning in the heart, preferred an alliance with the centre-left. Bossi asked Maroni to negotiate an agreement with Massimo D'Alema, who had described Lega Nord as "a rib of the left". These talks were successful and Maroni was indicated as the joint candidate for President of Lombardy for the 2000 regional election. Despite this, Bossi decided instead to reproach Berlusconi, who was the front-runner in the upcoming 2001 general election.[36][37] The centre-right coalition won the 2000 regional elections and the League entered the regional governments of Lombardy, Veneto, Piedmont and Liguria.
One year later, Lega Nord was part of Berlusconi's House of Freedoms in the 2001 general election. The coalition won handily the election, but the party was further reduced to 3.9%, while being returned in Parliament thanks to the victories scored by Leghisti in single-seat constituencies. In 2001–2006, although severely reduced in its parliamentary representation, the party controlled three key ministries: Justice with Roberto Castelli, Labour and Social affairs with Roberto Maroni, and Institutional Reforms and Devolution with Umberto Bossi (replaced by Roberto Calderoli in June 2004). In March 2004 Bossi suffered a stroke that led many to question over the party's survival, but that ultimately confirmed Lega Nord's strength. The party was widely considered the staunchest ally of Berlusconi and formed the so-called "axis of the North"[38] along with FI, opposed to the axis formed by AN and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), which were stronger in the South and generally represented southern interests.
During the five years in government with the centre-right, the Parliament passed an important constitutional reform, which included federalism and more powers for the Prime Minister. The alliance that Lega Nord forged with the Movement for Autonomy (MpA) and the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) for the 2006 general election was not successful in convincing southern voters to approve the reform, which was rejected in the 2006 constitutional referendum.
Fourth Berlusconi government[edit]
In the aftermath of the fall of Romano Prodi's government in January 2008, which led President Giorgio Napolitano to call an early election, the centre-right was re-organised by Berlusconi as The People of Freedom (PdL), now without the support of the UDC. Lega Nord ran the election in coalition with the PdL and the MpA, gaining a stunning 8.3% of the vote (+4.2%) and obtaining 60 deputies (+37) and 26 senators (+13).
Following this result, since May 2008 Lega Nord was represented in Berlusconi's fourth cabinet by four ministers (Roberto Maroni, Interior; Luca Zaia, Agriculture; Umberto Bossi, Reforms and Federalism; Roberto Calderoli, Legislative simplification) and five under-secretaries (Roberto Castelli, Infrastructures; Michelino Davico, Interior; Daniele Molgora, Economy and Finances; Francesca Martini, Health; Maurizio Balocchi, Legislative simplification).
In April 2009 a bill introducing a path towards fiscal federalism was approved by the Senate, after having passed by the Chamber. The bill gained bipartisan support by Italy of Values, that voted in favour, and the Democratic Party, that chose not to oppose the measure.[39] As of late March 2011 all the most important decrees of the reform were approved by the Parliament and Bossi publicly praised the Democrats' leader Pier Luigi Bersani for not having opposed the decisive decree on regional and provincial fiscality.[40][41] Lega Nord influenced the government also on illegal immigration, especially when dealing with immigrants coming from the sea. While the UNCHR and Catholic bishops expressed some concerns over the handling of asylum seekers,[42] Maroni's decision to send back to Libya the boats full of illegal immigrants was praised also by some leading Democrats, notably including Piero Fassino,[43][44] and was backed by some 76% of Italians according to a poll.[45]
In agreement with the PdL,[46] in the 2010 regional elections, Luca Zaia was candidate for President in Veneto[47] and Roberto Cota in Piedmont,[48] while in the other northern regions, including Lombardy, the League supported candidates of the PdL. Both Zaia and Cota were elected. The party became the largest in Veneto with 35.2% and the second-largest in Lombardy with 26.2%, while getting stronger all around the North and in some regions of central Italy.
In November 2011 Berlusconi resigned and was replaced by Mario Monti. The League was the only major party to oppose Monti's "technocratic" government.
From Umberto Bossi to Roberto Maroni[edit]
Throughout 2011 the party was riven in internal disputes, which Bossi's weak-as-ever leadership was not able to stop. Roberto Maroni, a moderate figure who had been the party's number two since the start, was clearly Bossi's most likely successor. The rise of Maroni and his fellow Maroniani was obstacled by a group of Bossi's loyalists, whom journalists called the "magic circle". The leaders of this group were Marco Reguzzoni, floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies, and Rosi Mauro.
In January 2012, after being temporarily forbidden from speaking at the party's public meetings,[49] Maroni gained the upper hand[50] and, during a factional rally in Varese, he launched direct attacks on Reguzzoni and Mauro, at the presence of a puzzled Bossi. In that occasion, Maroni called for the celebration of party congresses and closed his speech paraphrasing Scipio Slataper and Che Guevara (the latter being one of his youth's heroes): "We are barbarians, dreaming barbarians. We are realistic, we dream the impossible".[51] On 20 January Bossi replaced Reguzzoni as leader in the Chamber with Gianpaolo Dozzo.[52] Two days later the federal council of the party scheduled provincial congresses by April and national (regional) congresses by June.[53] Maroni, whose flock included people as diverse as Flavio Tosi, a conservative liberal, and Matteo Salvini, a left-winger,[54][55] strengthened his grip on the party.
On 3 April 2012 a corruption scandal hit the magic circle and, consequently, the entire party. The party's treasurer Francesco Belsito was charged of money-laundering, embezzlement and fraud at the expenses of the League. Among other things, he was accused of having taken money away from the party's chest and paid it out to Bossi's family and other members of the magic circle, notably including Mauro.[56] Maroni, who had already called for Belsito's resignation as early as in January, asked for his immediate replacement. Belsito resigned a few hours later and was replaced by Stefano Stefani.[57][58]
More shockingly, on 5 April, Bossi resigned from federal secretary and the party's federal council appointed a triumvirate composed of Maroni, Calderoli and Manuela Dal Lago, who would lead the party until a new federal congress was held. Bossi was however elected federal president.[58] On 12 April the federal council expelled both Belsito and Mauro, and decided that a federal congress would be held at the end of June.[59] In the 6–7 May municipal elections the League was crushed almost everywhere,[60] while retaining the city of Verona, where Tosi, the incumbent mayor, was re-elected by a landslide.[61]
Leadership of Roberto Maroni[edit]
At the beginning of June, after having secured the leadership of several national sections of the party, Maroni and his followers scored two big victories at the congresses of the two largest "nations", Lombardy and Veneto: Matteo Salvini was elected secretary of Lega Lombarda with 74% of the votes,[62] while Flavio Tosi fended off a challenge by the Venetists' and Bossi's loyalists' standard-bearer Massimo Bitonci, defeating him 57%–43%.[63]
Roberto Maroni speaks at the federal congress in Milan, 1 July 2012
On 1 July 2012 Maroni was virtually unanimously elected federal secretary. The party's constitution was changed in order to make Bossi federal president for life, to restructure the federal organization and to give more autonomy to the national sections, in fact transforming the federation into a confederation.[64][65]
At the 2013 general election, which saw the rise of the Five Star Movement, the League won a mere 4.1% of the vote (–4.2% from 2008).[66] However, in the simultaneous Lombard regional election, the party won the big prize: Maroni was elected President, by defeating his Democratic opponent 42.8% to 38.2%. The League, which obtained 12.9% in Lombardy in the general election, garnered 23.2% (combined result of party list, 13.0%, and Maroni's personal list, 10.2%) in the regional election.[67] All three big regions of the North were thus governed by the League.
In September 2013 Maroni announced he would soon leave the party's leadership.[68][69] A congress was scheduled for mid December and, in accordance to the new rules set for the leadership election, five candidates filed their bid to become secretary: Umberto Bossi, Matteo Salvini, Giacomo Stucchi, Manes Bernardini and Roberto Stefanazzi.[70] Of these, only Bossi and Salvini gathered the 1,000 necessary signatures by party members to take part to the internal "primary", and Salvini collected four times the signatures gathered by Bossi.[71]
Leadership of Matteo Salvini[edit]
On 7 December 2013 Salvini, who counted on the support by Maroni and most of the party's bigwigs (including Tosi, who had renounced a bid of his own), trounced Bossi with 82% of the vote in the "primary".[72] A week later, his election was ratified by the party's federal congress in Turin.[73]
Under Salvini, the party embraced a very critical view of the European Union,[74] especially of the Euro, which he described a "crime against mankind".[75] Ahead of 2014 European Parliament election, Salvini started to cooperate with Marine Le Pen, leader of the French National Front, and Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom.[76][77][78] All this was criticised by Bossi, who re-called his left-wing roots,[79][80] and Tosi, who represented the party's centrist wing and defended the Euro.[81]
In April 2014 Salvini presented the party's logo for the EP election, with Basta Euro ("No more Euro") replacing Padania,[82] to emphasize the new political trend, focused on Euroscepticism and the exit from the Eurozone.[83] The party included in its slates candidates from other anti-Euro and/or autonomist movements (hence Autonomie, meanining "Autonomies"), notably comprising The Freedomites, a right-wing populist and separatist party active in South Tyrol (whose symbol was included too).[84]
In the EP election the party obtained 6.2% of the vote and 5 MEPs.[85] The result was far worse than that of the previous EP election in 2009 (–4.0%), but better than that of 2013 general election (+2.1%). The LN arrived third with 15.2% in Veneto (where Tosi obtained many more votes than Salvini, showing his popular support once for all and proving how the party was far from united on the anti-Euro stance),[86] ahead of Forza Italia and the other parties emerged from the defunct PdL, and fourth in Lombardy with 14.6%. Salvini was triumphant, despite the party had lost Piedmont to the Democrats, after Cota had been forced to resign, due to irregularities committed by one of its supporting lists in filing the slates for the 2010 election, and had decided not to stand. Moreover, Bitonci was elected mayor of Padua, a Democratic stronghold.
The party's federal congress, summoned in Padua in July, approved Salvini's political line, especially a plan for the introduction of a flat tax and the creation of a sister party in central-southern Italy and the Isles.[87] In November the Emilia-Romagna regional election represented a major step into Salvini's "national project": the party, which won 19.4% of the vote (+14.4% from the EP election), was the region's second largest and far ahead of Forza Italia, paving the way for a bid for the leadership of the centre-right.[88] In December Us with Salvini (NcS) was launched nationally. The party's growing popularity among voters is being reflected also by a constant rise in opinion polls, whose average results predict that the LN, along with NcS, would become the fourth largest force in the next Parliament.
On 27 February LN organised an anti-government rally in Rome along with other right-wing forces, including Us with Salvini, Brothers of Italy, and minor neo-fascist party CasaPound. [89]
In March 2015, after a long struggle between Tosi and Zaia, backed by Salvini, over the formation of the slates for the upcoming regional election in Veneto, Tosi was removed from national secretary of Liga Veneta and ejected from the federal party altogether.[90]
Statue of Alberto da Giussano, the Medieval knight who inspired Umberto Bossi
The party's ideology is a combination of political federalism, fiscal federalism, regionalism and defense of northern Italian traditions. The historical goal of the party is to transform Italy into a federal state, letting Padania keep more tax revenues collected there under a regime of fiscal federalism. Thus, through Lega Nord, federalism has become a major issue in the country. This is also the main difference between the League and most European regionalist parties (South Tyrolean People's Party,[91] Basque Nationalist Party, Republican Left of Catalonia, Scottish National Party, Vlaams Belang, etc.), which focus on special rights for their own regions.[92][93][94]
At times it has seemed possible that the League might unite with similar leagues in central and southern Italy, but it has not succeeded in doing so. The party continues dialogue with regionalist parties throughout Italy, notably the South Tyrolean People's Party, the Valdostan Union, the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party, the Movement for Autonomy and the Sardinian Action Party, and has some figures from the South in its parliamentary ranks. Notably, Angela Maraventano, former deputy mayor of Lampedusa, has been a senator of Lega Nord. Although it is no longer a member of the European Free Alliance, the party has ties with many regionalist parties around Europe, including left-wing parties such as the Republican Left of Catalonia.[95] Lega Nord has some ties also with the Swiss Ticino League.
Lega Nord's political culture is a mix of Northern Italian pride, resentment for some southern Italian habits and Roman authorities, distrust of Italy and especially its flag, some support for the free market, anti-statism, independentism, and claims of a Celtic heritage. The party boasts historical references to the anti-imperialist Lombard League and to Alberto da Giussano (stylized in the symbol), the hero of the wars against Frederick I Barbarossa.[96] These historical references are the base for the party's anti-monopolism and anti-centralism.
The original program of the party identified "federalist libertarianism" as ideology.[97] In fact the party has often varied its tone and policies, replacing its original libertarianism and social liberalism with a more socially conservative approach, alterning anti-clericalism with a pro-Catholic Church stance, Europeanism with a marked Euroscepticism,[98][99] and abandoning its original pacifism and uncompromising ecologism.[100] In 2008 Bossi explained in an interview that Lega Nord is "libertarian, but also socialist" and that the right-wing he likes is anti-statist and with a "libertarian idea of a state which does not weigh on citizens". When asked to tell his most preferred politician of the 20th Century he said Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist MP who was killed by Fascist squads in 1925, and remembered his anti-fascist and left-wing roots.[101]
Catch-all nature[edit]
Lega Nord aims at uniting all those northern Italians who support autonomy and federalism for their land. For this reason it has tended to be a multi-ideological catch-all party, especially at its beginnings,[102][103] following what Umberto Bossi stated in 1982 to his early followers: "It does not matter how old are you, what your job is and what your political tendency: what matters is that you and we are all Lombard. [...] It is as Lombards, indeed, that we have a fundamental common goal in face of which our division in parties should fall behind".[104] Writes Roberto Biorcio, a political scientist: "The political commitment of Umberto Bossi was influenced by his encounter with Bruno Salvadori, leader of the Valdostan Union [...]. The convictions of Salvadori on federalism, the self-determination of the peoples (the so-called nations without state) and the belonging to a people on the basis of cultural criteria and not on blood, were adopted by the future leader of the League".[105]
Since the beginning the electorate of the party has been very diverse on a left-right scale. At the 1992 general election, for instance, 25.4% of the party supporters were former Christian Democratic voters, 18.5% Communists, 12.5% Socialists and 6.6% former voters of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement.[106]
It is quite difficult to define it in the left-right spectrum because it is variously conservative, centrist and left-wing with regard to different issues. For example, the party supports both liberal ideas, such as deregulation, and social-democratic positions, such as the defense of workers' wages and pensions. This is because Lega Nord, as a "people's party" representing the North as a whole, includes both liberal-conservative and social-democratic factions.[107][citation needed]
Generally speaking, the party supports the social market economy and other typical issues of Christian-democratic parties,[citation needed] and has been described as a "neo-labour party" by some commentators[108] and also by some of its members.[109][110] Lega Nord is populist in the sense that it is an anti-monopolist and anti-elitist popular and participative party (it is one of the few Italian political parties not to permit freemasons to join), fighting against the "vested interests", once identified by Bossi in "Agnelli, the Pope and the Mafia". The party is also libertarian-populist in its promotion of small ownership, small and medium-sized enterprise, small government as opposed to governmental bureaucracy, waste of public funds, pork barrel spending and corruption.[111] These are the main reasons why the party is strong in the North, despite being obscured (especially at the beginning of its history) and badly presented by national media, television and newspapers.[112] According to a number of scholars, Lega Nord is an example of a right-wing populist,[5][113][114][115][116] radical right,[115][117][118] or extreme right-wing party,[119] while some see significant differences to typical European radical right-wing populist parties,[120] or reject the label of radical right as inadequate to describe the party's ideology.[7][121]
According to many observers, under Matteo Salvini the party has lurched to the right, but both Salvini, a former communist, and Luca Zaia insist the party is "neither right nor left",[122][123] while Roberto Maroni, another former radical leftist, stated: "we are a big political movement which has in its platform issues and people of right and left".[124]
Platform and policies[edit]
The party usually takes a socially conservative stance on social issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, medical embryonic stem cell research, artificial insemination, same-sex marriage (although there is an association called Los Padania, where "Los" stands for "free sexual orientation", linked to the party and Lega Nord was once in favour of same-sex marriage)[125] and drug use (although it did once support the legalization of marijuana along with Marco Pannella's Radicals). Despite this the party has been home to some social liberals: Giancarlo Pagliarini, Rossana Boldi, Giovanna Bianchi Clerici[126] and, to some extent, Roberto Castelli.
Campervan of Lega Nord for the 2005 Tuscan regional election in Florence
Lega Nord opposes statism,[94] supports lower taxes, especially for families and small entrepreneurs[127] and more recently in the form a flat tax,[128] and a stop to the flow of public money in help to big businesses facing crisis, as for FIAT[129] and Alitalia.[130][131] Other key policies include direct election of prosecutors,[132] as well as a regionalised judiciary and Constitutional Court.
The party, in its political programme, is committed to the environment, supporting public green areas, the establishment of natural parks, recycling, and the end (or regulation) of the construction of sheds in country areas, especially in Veneto.[133][134] Lega Nord, which has a strong agricultural wing, also supports the protection of traditional food, opposes GMOs and has campaigned for a revision of the quota system of the Common Agricultural Policy.[129][133]
In foreign policy, the League has never had a particularly pro-United States stance, although it admires the American federal political system. Its MPs opposed both the Gulf War in 1991 and the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999 in the name of pacifism, and Umberto Bossi personally met Slobodan Milošević during that war.[135][136] However, after the September 11 attacks and the emergence of Islamic terrorism, the League became a supporter of the American efforts in the War on Terror,[137][138][139][140] while expressing several reservations about American policy on Iraq.[141][142][143] The League is also a staunch supporter of Israel.[144] In 2011 the party was severely opposed to the Italian participation in the war in Libya,[145][146][147] while in 2014 it opposed the sanctions on Russia, a key economic partner of Lombard and Venetian entrepreneurs and a likely ally in the fight against Islamic terrorism and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[148][149]
Through the Associazione Umanitaria Padana, Lega Nord participates in humanitarian projects which are intended to respect local cultures, traditions, and identities. The campaigns are carried out in poor countries or in those that have suffered from war or natural catastrophes. Locations of missions include Darfur, Iraq, Afghanistan and Ivory Coast.[150] The association is led by Sara Fumagalli, wife of Roberto Castelli and born-again Catholic after a pilgrimage in Medjugorje.[151][152]
Federalist or separatist?[edit]
The Sun of the Alps, the proposed flag for Padania by Lega Nord
The exact program of Lega Nord was not clear in the early years: some opponents claimed it wanted secession of Padania, while at other times it appeared to be requesting only autonomy for northern regions. The League eventually settled on federalism, which rapidly became a buzzword and a popular issue in most Italian political parties.[153][154]
In 1996 the party switched to open separatism, calling for the independence of Padania. As a symbolic act of birth of the new nation, on 13 September 1996 Bossi took a bottle of water from the springs of Po River (Latin: Padus, hence Padania), which was poured in the sea of Venice by a little girl two days later. A voluntary group of militants, the "Green Volunteers", often referred as "green shirts" (green being the colour of Padania), was also established.
The renewed alliance with Berlusconi in 2001 forced the party to tone down its separatists spirits and Padania became the name of a proposed "macro-region", going back to the ideas by Miglio: an Italian federal republic, divided into three "macro-regions" ("Padania", "Etruria" and the "South") and some autonomous regions.[93][94] A new buzzword, devolution (often used in English), was also introduced, but with less success than "federalism". This tactical evolution caused some criticism within party ranks and led to the formation of some minor breakaway factions.[155]
As observed above, the peculiarity of Lega Nord among European regionalist parties is that its main goal has long been the transformation of Italy into a federal state instead of simply demanding special rights and autonomy for northern regions.[91][92][93][94]
Eurosceptic or Europeanist?[edit]
Matteo Salvini speaks in a Lega Nord rally in Turin, 2013
Lega Nord often criticises the European Union (it was the only party in the Italian Parliament, along with the Communist Refoundation Party, to vote against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, but voted in favour of the Treaty of Lisbon)[156] and opposes what it calls the "European superstate", favoring instead a "Europe of the Regions".[157][158][159] Especially under the leadership of Matteo Salvini and the influence of professor Claudio Borghi, the party has proposed the abandonment of the Euro by Italy, although this has been opposed by some party heavyweights, notably including Flavio Tosi.[160][161]
However, according to Roberto Maroni, the party is not Eurosceptic and stands for a "new Europeanism". In a public speech in 2012 he said to party activists: "We should start looking at Padania in a northern, European perspective. [...] The project of Padania is not anti-European, this is a new Europeanism which looks at the future: a Europe of the regions, a Europe of the peoples, a truly federal Europe."[51] Moreover, the party supports direct elect of the President of the European Commission, more powers for the European Parliament, acceleration of the four unions (political, economic, banking and fiscal), Eurobonds and project bonds, the European Central Bank as lender of last resort, and the "centrality of Italy in European politics".[162]
The party takes a tough stance on crime, illegal immigration,[163] especially from Muslim countries, and terrorism. It supports the promotion of immigration from non-Muslim countries in order to protect the "Christian identity" of Italy and Europe, which, according to party officials, should be based on "Judeo-Christian heritage".[129][133] Because of this, the party has been labeled as "xenophobic"[164][165] and "anti-immigrant".[166] In 1992 the League was compared by Le Nouvel Observateur to some national populist parties of the European far-right, including France's National Front, the Freedom Party of Austria and the Vlaams Blok: "the League rejects any association with neo-fascists but plays on themes of xenophobia regionalism and trivial racism".[167]
In 2002 the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) first denounced the party: "members of Lega Nord made a particularly intense use of racist and xenophobic propaganda, although it should be noted that even members of other parties used a xenophobic or otherwise intolerant political talk."[168] In 2006 the ECRI noticed that "some members of Lega Nord have intensified the use of racist and xenophobic political talk." While noting that those expressing themselvers this way "were mostly local representatives of this party, also some important political leaders of the party at the national level issued racist and xenophobic statements. These talks continued to target mainly non-EU immigrants, but also other members of minority groups such as Roma and Sinti." ECRI also recalled that "in December 2004, the court of first instance of Verona found six local representatives of Lega Nord guilty of incitement to racial hatred, in connection with a campaign aimed at ousting a group of Sinti from a temporary camp in the local territory."[169] However in 2007 the Court of Cassation cancelled the sentence.[170]
Although several of its members tend to speak strongly against illegal immigrants (in 2003 Bossi suggested opening fire on the boats of illegal immigrants from Africa, whom he described as bingo-bongos,[171] and Giancarlo Gentilini labeled foreigners as "immigrant slackers", saying "we should dress them up like hares and bang-bang-bang",[172] the party's official line is more moderate. In a 2010 interview after some riots in Milan between South American and North African immigrants, Maroni, then minister of the Interior, stated that "the police state is not the solution" to integration problems and, calling for a "new model of integration", he maintained that "we should think that, other than a permit of stay, a job and a house, there are further conditions that today are missing for integration to succeed".[173] Bossi soon endorsed Maroni's position.[174]
Lega Nord rejects all charges of xenophobia, instead claiming that the North is the victim of discrimination and racism.[175][176] After more than 15 years of government by Lega Nord, the Province of Treviso is widely considered the place in Italy where immigrants are best integrated.[177][178] Similar things can be said about the city of Verona,[179] governed by Flavio Tosi, who evolved from being a hardliner to be one of the most popular mayors of Italy.[180][181] Moreover the first and only, so far, black mayor in Italy belongs to the League: Sandy Cane (whose mother is Italian and father is an African American)[182] was elected mayor in Viggiù in 2009. In an interview with The Independent, Cane said that the League does not include racist or xenophobic members.[182] More recently, Hajer Fezzani, a Tunisian-born lapsed Muslim, was appointed local coordinator in Malnate,[183] Souad Sbai, president of the association "Moroccan women in Italy" and former deputy of The People of Freedom, joined the party,[184] and, most notably, Tony Iwobi, a Nigerian-born long-time party member, was appointed at the head of the party's department on immigration ("Tony will do more for legal immigrants in a month than what Kyenge has done in an entire life", Salvini said during the press conference).[185]
International affiliation[edit]
Lega Nord was originally a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA) and its first two MEPs, Francesco Speroni and Luigi Moretti, joined the Rainbow Group in the European Parliament during the fourth parliamentary term (1989–1994). Between 1994 and 1997 it was a member of the Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR)[186][187] and one MEP of Lega Nord, Raimondo Fassa, continued to sit in the ELDR group until 1999. During the sixth parliamentary term (1999–2004), it was briefly a component of the Technical Group of Independents (TGI) along with Italian Radicals and then returned to the Non-Inscrits.[188][189][190][191]
Following the 2004 European Parliament election, Lega Nord joined the Independence/Democracy (I/D) group and later the Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN), a seemingly awkward affiliation for a party proposing a "Europe of the Regions"—but in the Lega Nord's view, a state's "regions" are populated by "nations" such as the Catalans or the Lombards. The party was affiliated to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe until 2006, when its members joined the European Democrat Group (EDG), a diverse group stretching from the Conservative Party (UK) to United Russia.[192]
Following the 2009 European Parliament election, Lega Nord joined the newly formed Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group.
Regional/ideological divides[edit]
"Festival of the Padanian Peoples" in Venice, 2011
The wing from the province of Varese and, more broadly, the bulk of the original Lega Lombarda (including Umberto Bossi, Roberto Maroni and Marco Formentini) has tended to be the left-wing of the party, while that from the province of Bergamo (notably Roberto Calderoli) has tended to be more conservative. In fact both Bossi and Maroni hailed from the far-left of the political spectrum, having been active in the Italian Communist Party, il manifesto movement, the Party of Proletarian Unity, Proletarian Democracy and the Greens before starting Lega Lombarda,[193][194] and conceived Lega Nord as a centre-left (and, to some extent, social-democratic) political force.[25][195] From the left came also Marco Formentini, a long-time member of the left-wing of the Italian Socialist Party,[196] and Rosi Mauro, a trade unionist of the metal workers' section of the Italian Labour Union and, later, leader of the Padanian Trade Union (SinPa).[197]
Since its foundation, Liga Veneta was instead characterised as a liberal, centrist and economically libertarian outfit, due to the political upbringing of its early leaders and a more conservative electoral base. In the early 1990s, the League stole votes especially from the Communists and the Socialists in western and central Lombardy, while the party electorally replaced Christian Democracy in eastern Lombardy and Veneto.[198][199]
In fact, also Lega Lombarda included liberal-conservative figures, such as Gianfranco Miglio and Vito Gnutti, both former Christian Democrats, while Giovanni Meo Zilio, a Socialist partisan during the Italian Resistance, was one of the founding fathers of Liga Veneta.
In Emilia-Romagna, a left-wing heartland, the party has many former Communists in its ranks, and many others have Communist upbringings.[200][201][202]
However, with the passing of time, the party underwent a process of homogenisation.
Between Maroni and Calderoli, there has been a liberal-centrist wing including Roberto Castelli, a conspicuous group of former Liberals (Manuela Dal Lago, Daniele Molgora, Francesco Speroni, etc.) and a new generation of Leghisti (Roberto Cota, Giancarlo Giorgetti, Marco Reguzzoni, Luca Zaia, etc.).
During the years in government in Rome (2001–2006) in the party there were different viewpoints on coalitions: some, led by Calderoli and Castelli (with the backing of Bossi), vigorously supported the alliance with the centre-right, while others, represented by Maroni and Giorgetti, were less warm about it.[203][204][205] Some of them spoke about joining the centre-left some time after the 2006 general election, which they were certain to lose. This idea was ascribed to the fact that, without any support from the left, it seemed even more difficult to win the constitutional referendum, which would have turned Italy into a federal state.[206]
Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2013
Similar differences emerged during (and within) Berlusconi's fourth government (2008–2011). While Calderoli was again a keen supporter of the arrangement, Maroni was far less warm on Berlusconi and, at times, evoked an alliance with the centre-left Democratic Party. Calderoli's line had the backing of Federico Bricolo, Cota, Reguzzoni and, chiefly, Bossi, while Maroni was backed by Giorgetti, Speroni, Zaia and Tosi.[207][208] However, the alliance with the centre-right continued at the regional/local level (Veneto, Piedmont, Lombardy, municipalities, etc.) also after 2011.
Since Salvini's rise to leadership in 2013, the party has shown quite a high internal unity, despite the usual regional and ideological divides and, especially, that between Salvini and Tosi: the former has displayed a more populist attitude, strongly opposed the Euro and nominally supported separatism, while the latter has presented himself as a more centrist figure, supported European integration, been soft on independence and unveiled a liberal program[209] for his likely run in a putative centre-right prime-ministerial primary election.[210][211] As leader of Liga Veneta, Tosi, who was ejected from Lega Nord in March 2015, was confronted by the Venetist and separatist wings of the regional party,[212] having in Zaia and Massimo Bitonci their leading members (see Factions of Liga Veneta).
Issue-oriented groups[edit]
The League is home also to some issue-oriented groups. First, there is a group of Christian democrats, most of whom are affiliated to the Padanian Catholics, founded by late Roberto Ronchi and currently led by Giuseppe Leoni. Another leading Catholic is Massimo Polledri.[213] In fact many Leghisti are committed to Catholic social teaching and the social market economy, and several party members are former members or voters of Christian Democracy.
Third and fourth, the party has always included also a group of libertarians, whose leading members Leonardo Facco, Gilberto Oneto and Giancarlo Pagliarini have since left the party, and an Independentist Unit.[214] The independentist wing crosses all the other factions and tendencies and in fact includes, among others, Borghezio and Francesco Speroni. Also Oneto, father of Padanian nationalism, and Pagliarini were close to this group.[215][216]
Finally, the party is home to an agricultural wing, which is particularly strong in southern Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto, and is represented by the Cobas del latte, a farmers' trade union, the "Land Movement", whose leader was Giovanni Robusti,[217] and politicians such as Luca Zaia, a former Minister of Agriculture, Fabio Rainieri, one of the leader of Lega Nord Emilia, and Erminio Boso, a historic and now marginal figure from Trentino.
1997 Padanian elections[edit]
In October 1997 Lega Nord organised what it called "the first elections to the Padanian Parliament". Roughly 4 million northern Italians (6 million according to the party) went to the polls and chose between a number of Padanian parties. This is a short resume of the affiliations of leading party members:[217][218][219][220][221][222]
2008–2011 developments[edit]
Since 2008, besides the traditional regional divides, the party was increasingly divided among three groups. The first was the so-called "magic circle", that was to say Bossi's inner circle, notably including Marco Reguzzoni, Rosi Mauro and Federico Bricolo. The second was formed around Roberto Calderoli, who was the powerful coordinator of Lega Nord's national secretariats and had among his closest supporters Giacomo Stucchi and Davide Boni. The third one was led by Roberto Maroni, who tended to be more independent from Bossi and was somewhat critical of the centre-right affiliation of the party, and included Giancarlo Giorgetti, Attilio Fontana, Matteo Salvini and Flavio Tosi.[223][224][225] Gian Paolo Gobbo and Luca Zaia, leaders of the party in Veneto, although very loyal to Bossi, tended to be independent from "federal" factions and were engaged in a long power struggle with Flavio Tosi (see Factions of Liga Veneta).[226] Indeed Corriere della Sera identified four main groups: the magic circle, Maroniani, Calderoliani and "Venetians" (or, better, Venetists),[227] leaving aside the core independentists (see below). Roberto Cota, leader of Lega Nord Piemont, the third largest "national" section of Lega Nord, was very close to Bossi and was part of the magic circle, but, since his election as President of Piedmont, he became more independent.[228] Equidistant from the main factions were also Roberto Castelli and Francesco Speroni.[224]
Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2011
By 2011 Maroniani clearly became the strongest faction within the party and Maroni, who was acclaimed at the traditional rally in Pontida in June, became Bossi's obvious successor.[229][230][231] Maroniani commanded wide support among rank-and-file members and were well represented in all regions,[232][233][234] notably including Veneto, where Tosi, despite being a conservative liberal, was loyal to Maroni.[235] Maroni and Calderoli, who had been on opposite sides for years, joined forces against the magic circle and its influence on Bossi.[236] After Pontida 2011, Mauro and Reguzzoni tried to convince Bossi to remove Giorgetti from the leadership of Lega Lombarda, but this move was strongly opposed by Maroni and Calderoli, who were supported in this also by Cota and most Venetians.[237][238][239] The attempted "coup d'etat" produced an umparalleled backclash against the magic circle: 49 deputies out of 59 wanted to replace Reguzzoni as floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies with Giacomo Stucchi, but Bossi imposed the status quo.[240][241][242][243]
After earning resounding victories in the provincial congresses of Verona, Belluno and oriental Veneto during the first half of 2011, Maroniani (with the support of Calderoliani) went on to win also in Brescia and Val Camonica, defeating the candidates of the magic circle by landslides.[244][245] In October, fearing a remake in Varese, his homeprovince, Bossi imposed his candidate, who was declared elected without a vote. In the event, Bossi was openly contested by many delegates at the congress. In fact, there had been an open vote, Maroniani would have prevailed.[246] These party infightings ended with Bossi's demise in February 2012 (see above).
Popular support[edit]
Support for Lega Nord is diverse even within Padania and has varied over time, reaching a maximum of 10.1% of the vote at the 1996 general election (around 25% north of the Po River). That year, the League scored 29.3% of the vote in Veneto, 25.5% in Lombardy, 23.2% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 18.2% in Piedmont, 13.2% in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, 10.2% in Liguria, 7.2% in Emilia-Romagna, 1.8% in Tuscany, 1.5% in the Marche, and 1.0% in Umbria. The party got 59 deputies and 27 senators (39 and 19, respectively, in single-seat constituencies), helping the centre-left to win, due to its victories in some northern constituencies characterised by three-way races. The League won barely all the seats in the provinces of the so-called Pedemontana, the area at the feet of the Prealps, from Udine to Cuneo, encompassing Friuli, Veneto, Trentino, Lombardy and Piedmont.[247][248][249] Lega Nord is stronger in the areas of the late Republic of Venice and among Catholics.[250]
At the 2008 general election Lega Nord scored 8.3% at the national level, slightly below the result of 1996: 27.1% in Veneto, 21.6% in Lombardy, 13.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 12.6% in Piedmont, 9.4% in Trentino-Alto Adige, 7.8% in Emilia-Romagna, 6.8% in Liguria, 2.2% in the Marche, 2.0% in Tuscany and 1.7% in Umbria.[251][252]
At the 2009 European Parliament election Lega Nord won 10.2% of the vote: 28.4% in Veneto, 22.7% in Lombardy, 17.5% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 15.7% in Piedmont, 9.9% in Trentino-Alto Adige, 11.1% in Emilia-Romagna, 9.9% in Liguria, 5.5% in the Marche, 4.3% in Tuscany, 3.6% in Umbria and other surprising results, such as 24.6% in Lampedusa, 5.1% in Ogliastra, Sardinia and 1.2% in Reggio Calabria.[253]
At the 2010 regional elections gained 35.2% of the vote in Veneto, 26.2% in Lombardy, 16.7% in Piedmont, 13.7% in Emilia-Romagna, 10.2% in Liguria, 6.3% in the Marche, 6.5% in Tuscany and 4.3% in Umbria.[254]
Electoral results by region[edit]
The electoral results of Lega Nord (and its predecessors) in northern and north-central regions are shown in the table below.[255][256][257]
Regional elections[edit]
Year Aosta V. Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino S. Tyrol Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria
1985 - 0.9 1.1 0.5 3.7 - - - 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4
1990 - 6.1 5.1 18.9 7.2 - - - 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.2
1993 7.6 - - - - 16.2 3.0 26.7 - - - -
1995 - 6.6 9.9 17.7 16.7 - - - 3.4 0.7 0.5 -
1998 3.4 - - - - 8.8 0.9 17.3 - - - -
2000 - 4.3 7.6 15.5 12.0 - - - 2.6 0.6 - 0.3
2003 - - - - - 6.2 0.5 9.3 - - - -
2005 - 4.7 8.5 15.8 14.7 - - - 4.8 1.3 0.9 -
2008 - - - - - 19.0 2.1 12.9 - - - -
2010 - 10.2 16.7 26.2 35.2 - - - 13.6 6.4 6.3 4.3
2013 w. SA - - 23.2[nb 1] - 6.2 2.5 8.3 - - - -
2014 - - 7.3 - - - - - 19.4 - - -
General elections[edit]
Year Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-ST Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria ITALY
1992 14.3 16.3 23.0 17.8 8.9 15.3 9.6 3.1 1.3 1.1 8.7
1994 11.4 15.7 22.1 21.6 7.6 16.9 6.4 2.2 - - 8.4
1996 10.2 18.2 25.5 29.3 13.2 23.2 7.2 1.8 1.5 1.1 10.1
2001 3.9 5.9 12.1 10.2 3.7 8.2 3.3 0.6 0.3 - 3.9
2006 3.7 6.3 11.7 11.1 4.5 7.2 3.9 1.1 1.0 0.8 4.1
2008 6.8 12.6 21.6 27.1 9.4 13.0 7.8 2.0 2.2 1.7 8.3
2013 2.3 4.8 12.9 10.5 4.2 6.7 2.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 4.1
EP elections[edit]
Year Aosta V. Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-ST Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria ITALY
1989 0.5 1.4 2.1 8.1 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.8
1994 5.7 8.0 11.5 17.7 15.7 4.8 11.2 6.4 1.6 0.8 0.6 6.6
1999 2.0 3.7 7.8 13.1 10.7 2.4 10.1 3.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 4.5
2004 3.0 4.1 8.2 13.8 14.1 3.5 8.5 3.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.0
2009 4.4 9.9 15.7 22.7 28.4 9.9 17.5 11.1 4.3 5.5 3.6 10.2
2014 6.8 5.6 7.6 14.6 15.6 7.6 9.3 5.0 2.6 2.7 2.5 6.2
Party totals in general elections[edit]
Chamber of Deputies
Election year # of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
# of
overall seats won
+/– Leader
1992 3,395,384 (#4) 8.6
55 / 630
Increase 54
Umberto Bossi
1994 3,235,248 (#5) 8.4
117 / 630
Increase 62
Umberto Bossi
1996 3,776,354 (#4) 10.8
59 / 630
Decrease 58
Umberto Bossi
2001 1,464,301 (#6) 3.9
30 / 630
Decrease 28
Umberto Bossi
2006 1,749,632 (#6) 4.6
28 / 630
Decrease 2
Umberto Bossi
2008 3,024,758 (#3) 8.3
60 / 630
Increase 32
Umberto Bossi
2013 1,390,156 (#5) 4.1
20 / 630
Decrease 42
Roberto Maroni
Senate of the Republic
Election year # of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
# of
overall seats won
+/– Leader
1992 2,732,461 (#4) 8.2
25 / 315
Increase 24
Umberto Bossi
1994 3,235,248 (#5) 8.4
60 / 315
Increase 35
Umberto Bossi
1996 3,394,733 (#4) 10.4
27 / 315
Decrease 33
Umberto Bossi
2001 1,464,301 (#6) 3.9
17 / 315
Decrease 10
Umberto Bossi
2006 1.530.667 (#6) 4.5
13 / 315
Increase 13
Umberto Bossi
2008 2,644,248 (#3) 7.9
26 / 315
Increase 13
Umberto Bossi
2013 1,328,555 (#5) 4.3
18 / 315
Decrease 8
Roberto Maroni
Party totals in EP elections[edit]
European Parliament
Election year # of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
# of
overall seats won
+/– Leader
1989 636,242 (#9) 1.8
2 / 81
Umberto Bossi
1994 2,162,586 (#5) 6.5
6 / 87
Increase 4
Umberto Bossi
1999 1,395,547 (#6) 4.5
4 / 87
Decrease 2
Umberto Bossi
2004 1,613,506 (#7) 5.0
4 / 78
Umberto Bossi
2009 3,126,915 (#3) 10.2
9 / 72
Increase 5
Umberto Bossi
2014 1,688,197 (#4) 6.2
5 / 73
Decrease 4
Matteo Salvini
Party totals in regional elections[edit]
Region Election year # of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
# of
overall seats won
Aosta Valley 1993 6,176 (#4) 7.6
3 / 35
1998 2,653 (#8) 3.4
0 / 35
Decrease 3
1998 2,653 (#8) 3.4
0 / 35
2003 with CdL with CdL
0 / 35
0 / 35
2013 with SA with SA
0 / 35
Emilia-Romagna 1990 85,379 (#7) 2.9
1 / 50
1995 86,400 (#7) 3.4
1 / 50
2000 79,714 (#6) 3.3
1 / 50
2005 109,092 (#5) 4.8
3 / 50
Increase 2
2010 288,601 (#3) 13.7
4 / 50
Increase 1
2014 233,439 (#2) 19.4
9 / 50
Increase 5
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 1993 212,497 (#1) 26.7
18 / 60
1998 114,156 (#2) 17.3
12 / 60
Decrease 6
2003 46,408 (#5) 9.3
4 / 55
Decrease 8
2008 73,239 (#3) 12.9
8 / 59
Increase 4
2013 33,050 (#5) 8.3
3 / 49
Decrease 5
Liguria 1995 62,755 (#5) 6.5
6 / 45
2000 38,104 (#5) 4.3
1 / 39
Decrease 5
2005 38,060 (#6) 4.7
1 / 40
2010 76,265 (#3) 10.2
3 / 40
Increase 2
2015 109,203 (#3) 20.3
5 / 30
Increase 2
Lombardy 1990 1,183,493 (#2) 18.9
15 / 80
1995 879,139 (#2) 17.6
12 / 80
Decrease 3
2000 702,479 (#3) 15.4
11 / 80
Decrease 1
2005 693,464 (#2) 15.8
15 / 80
Increase 3
2010 1,117,227 (#2) 26.2
20 / 80
Increase 5
2013 700,907 (#4) 12.9
16 / 80
Decrease 4
Marche 1995 4,252 (#13) 0.5
0 / 40
2000 2,124 (#16) 0.3
0 / 40
2005 6,866 (#12) 0.8
0 / 40
2010 45,726 (#4) 6.3
2 / 41
Increase 2
Piedmont 1995 217,194 (#4) 9.9
5 / 60
2000 153,935 (#4) 7.6
3 / 60
Decrease 2
2005 173,020 (#5) 8.5
4 / 73
Increase 1
2010 317,065 (#3) 16.7
9 / 60
Increase 5
2014 141,741 (#4) 7.3
2 / 50
Decrease 7
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 1993 50,210 (#4) 9.6
7 / 70
1998 27,547 (#8) 4.7
3 / 70
Decrease 4
2003 16,526 (#5) 6.2
2 / 35
Decrease 1
2008 38,533 (#3) 14.7
6 / 35
Increase 3
2013 14,759 (#5) 6.2
1 / 35
Decrease 5
Tuscany 1995 15,049 (#11) 0.7
0 / 50
2000 11,256 (#14) 0.6
0 / 50
2005 22,884 (#9) 1.3
0 / 65
2010 98,523 (#4) 6.5
3 / 53
Increase 3
Umbria 2000 1,227 (#13) 0.3
0 / 30
0 / 30
2010 17,887 (#7) 4.3
1 / 30
Increase 1
2015 49.203 (#3) 14.0
2 / 18
Increase 1
Veneto 1985 112,275 (#5) 3.7
2 / 60
1990 180,676 (#5) 5.9
3 / 60
Increase 1
1995 422,410 (#3) 16.7
9 / 65
Increase 6
2000 274,472 (#4) 12.0
7 / 60
Decrease 2
2005 337,896 (#3) 14.7
11 / 60
Increase 4
2010 788,581 (#1) 35.2
20 / 60
Increase 9
Local government[edit]
Regional Presidents:
Provincial Presidents:
Mayors (cities over 50,000 inhabitants):
Federal party[edit]
Main national sections[edit]
Liga Veneta
Lega Lombarda
Piemont Autonomista / Lega Nord Piemont
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
Further reading[edit]
• Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2010). "The Lega Nord Back in Government". West European Politics 33 (6): 1318–1340. doi:10.1080/01402382.2010.508911.
• Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan; Newell, James L. (July 2011), "Di lotta e di governo: The Lega Nord and Rifondazione Comunista in office" (PDF), Party Politics 17 (4): 471–487, doi:10.1177/1354068811400523
• Cento Bull, Anna (2009), "Lega Nord: A case of simulative politics?", South European Society and Politics 14 (2): 129–146, doi:10.1080/13608740903037786
• Cento Bull, Anna (2011), "The Lega Nord and fiscal federalism: Functional or postfunctional?", Modern Italy 16 (4): 437–447, doi:10.1080/13532944.2011.611221
• Chiantera-Stutte, Patricia (2005), "Leadership, Ideology, and Anti-European Politics in the Italian Lega Nord", Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region (Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang): 113–130
• Gold, Thomas W. (2003), The Lega Nord and Contemporary Politics in Italy, Palgrave Macmillan
• Huysseune, Michel (2006), Modernity and Secession: The Social Sciences and the Political Discourse of the Lega Nord in Italy, Berghahn Books
• Zaslove, Andrej (2011). The Re-invention of the European Radical Right: Populism, Regionalism, and the Italian Lega Nord. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3851-1.
1. ^ Combined result of party list (13.0%) and Roberto Maroni's personal list (10.2%).
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4. ^
5. ^ a b Spektorowski, Alberto (March 2003), "Ethonregionalism: The Intellectual New Right and the Lega Nord" (PDF), The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 2 (3–4): 55–70, doi:10.1080/14718800308405144
6. ^
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8. ^
9. ^
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Péreire brothers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Émile and Isaac Péreire
The Péreire brothers were prominent 19th-century financiers in Paris, France, who were rivals of the Rothschilds. Like the Rothschilds, they were Jews, but unlike them the Péreire brothers were Sephardi Jews of Portuguese origin.
Jacob Rodrigues Pereira, one of the inventors of manual language for the deaf, was their grandfather. He was born in Portugal and established himself in France in 1741, where he became an interpreter for King Louis XV.
Émile (3 December 1800 – 5 January 1875) and his brother Isaac (25 November 1806 – 12 July 1880) founded a business conglomerate that included creating the Crédit Mobilier bank. It became a powerful and dynamic funding agency for major projects in France, Europe and the world at large. It specialized in mining developments; it funded other banks including the Imperial Ottoman Bank or the Austrian Mortgage Bank; it funded railway construction[1] and insurance companies, as well as building contractors. Their bank had large investments in a transatlantic steamship lines, urban gas lighting, a newspaper and the Paris public transit system.
Eugène Péreire[edit]
Eugène Péreire (1831–1908), son of Isaac, joined the enterprise and took over the running of the business empire on his father's death in 1875. He was the founder, in 1881, of the Banque Transatlantique, which still operates today and is one of the oldest private banks in France. In 1909, Eugène's granddaughter Noémie Halphen married banking competitor, Maurice de Rothschild.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain"Pereire". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906.
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Resistance movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Right to resist occupation)
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A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objects through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance) or the use of armed force. In many cases, as for example in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country.[1]
The term resistance is generally used to designate a movement considered legitimate (from the speaker's point of view). Organizations and individuals critical of foreign intervention and supporting forms of organized movement (particularly where citizens are affected) tend to favor the term. When such a resistance movement uses violence, those favorably disposed to it may also speak of freedom fighters.
On the lawfulness of armed resistance movements in international law, there has been a dispute between states since at least 1899, when the first major codification of the laws of war in the form of a series of international treaties took place. In the Preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II on Land War, the Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs-tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.[2][3] More recently the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, referred in Article 1. Paragraph 4 to armed conflicts "... in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes..." This phraseology contains many ambiguities that cloud the issue of who is or is not a legitimate combatant.[4] Hence depending on the perspective of a state's government, a resistance movement may or may not be labelled a terrorist group based on whether the members of a resistance movement are considered lawful or unlawful combatants and whether thay are recognised as having a right to resist occupation.[5] Ultimately, the distinction is a political judgment.
The modern usage of the term "Resistance" originates from the self-designation of many movements during World War II, especially the French Resistance. The term is still strongly linked to the context of the events of 1939–45, and particularly to opposition movements in Axis-occupied countries. Using the term "resistance" to designate a movement meeting the definition prior to World War II might be considered by some to be an anachronism. However, such movements existed prior to World War II, (albeit often called by different names), and there have been many after it – for example in struggles against colonialism and foreign military occupations. "Resistance" has become a generic term that has been used to designate underground resistance movements in any country.
Geographies of resistance[edit]
When we talk about geographies of resistance, we often take for granted that resistance takes place in the spaces where domination, power, or oppression is present. So, resistance is often understood as something that always opposes to power or domination. However, some scholars believe and argue that looking at resistance in relation to only power and domination will not provide us a full understanding of the actual nature of resistance. Not all power, domination or oppression leads to resistance, and not all cases of resistance are against or to oppose what we categorize as “power.” In fact, they believe that resistance has its own characteristics and spatialities. In Steve Pile’s (1997) “Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance,” geographies of resistance show:
— Steve Pile, 1996: 3
We can better understand resistance by accounting different perspectives and by breaking the presumptions that resistance is always against power. In fact, resistance should be understood not only in relations to domination and authority, but also through other experiences, such as “desire and anger, capacity and ability, happiness and fear, dreaming and forgetting,”[6] meaning that resistance is not always about the dominated versus the dominator, the exploited versus the exploiter, or the oppressed versus the oppressor. There are various forms of resistance for various reasons, which then can be, again, classified as violent and nonviolent resistance (and “other” which is unclear).
Different geographical spaces can also make different forms of resistance possible or impossible and more effective or less effective. Furthermore, in order to understand any resistance, – its capacity to achieve its objective effectively, its success or failure –, we need to take closely into account many variables, such as political identities, cultural identities, class, race, gender and so on. The reason is that these variations can define the nature and outcome of resistance. Harvey (1993), who looked at resistance in relations to capitalist economic exploitation, took on a fire accident happened in the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina in 1991, in which 20 of 200 workers were killed and 56 were injured due to poor working conditions and protections. He compared this accident with a similar fire accident at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, New York, 1911, killing 146 workers, which caused a labor resistance by 100,000 people.[7] He argued that no resistance took place in respond to the fire accident in Hamlet because most of the people who died there were black and women workers, and he believed that not only class but also other identities such as race, gender, and sexuality were important factors in understanding nature and outcome of resistance. For an effective resistance, he proposed that four tasks should be undertaken:
There are many forms of resistance in relations to different power dominations and actors. Some resistance takes place in order to oppose, change, or reform the exploitation of the capitalist economic systems and the capitals, while other resistance takes place against the state or authority in power. Moreover, some other resistance takes place in order to resist or question the social/culture norms or discourse or in order to challenge a global trend called "globalization". For example, LGBT social movements[8] is an example of resistance that challenges and tries to reform the existing cultural norms in many societies. Resistance can also be mapped in various scales ranging from local to national to regional and to global spaces. We can look at a big-scale resistance movement such as Anti-globalization movement[9] that tries to resist the global trend of capitalist economic system. Or we can look at the Internal resistance to South African apartheid,[10] which took place at national level. Most, if not all, social movements can be considered as some forms of resistance.
Not all resistance takes place in physical spaces or geographies but in “other spaces” as well. Some resistance happens in the form of Protest Art[11] or in the form of music. Music can be used and has been used as a tool or space to resist certain oppression or domination. Gray-Rosendale, L. (2001) put it this way:[12]
Music acts as a rhetorical force that sanctions the construction of the boys’ new black urban subjectivities that both challenge urban experience and yet give voice to it… contributes a way to avoid physical and psychological immobility and to resist economic and cultural adaptation….and challenges the social injustice prevalent within the Northern economy.
— Gray-Rosendale, 2001: 154-156
In the age of advanced IT and mass consumption of social media, resistance can also occur in the cyberspace. The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW’s Tobacco Resistance and Control (A-TRAC) team created a Facebook page to help promote anti-smoking campaign and rise awareness for its members.[13] Sometimes, resistance takes place in people’s minds and ideology or in people’s “inner spaces.” For example, sometimes people have to struggle within or fight against their inner spaces, with their consciousness and, sometimes, with their fear before they can resist in the physical spaces. In other cases, people sometimes simply resist to certain ideology, belief, or culture norms within their minds. These kinds of resistance are less visible but very fundamental parts of all forms of resistance.
Controversy regarding definition[edit]
Freedom fighter[edit]
Mujahideen loyal to Yunus Khalis, in October 1987
Generally speaking, Freedom Fighters are seen as people who are using physical force in order to cause a change in the political and or social order. Notable examples include the South African Umkhonto we Sizwe, Eritrean People's Liberation Front and the National Resistance Army militants, of which they were considered freedom fighters by supporters. However, a person who is campaigning for freedom through peaceful means may still be classed as a freedom fighter, though in common usage they are called political activists, as in the case of the Black Consciousness Movement.
People who are described as "Freedom Fighters" are often also called assassins, rebels, insurgents, or terrorists. This leads to the aphorism "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter".[15] The degree to which this occurs depends on a variety of factors specific to the struggle in which a given freedom fighter group in engaged. During the Cold War, under Ronald Reagan's Reagan Doctrine, the term freedom fighter was used by the United States and other Western Bloc countries to describe rebels in countries controlled by communist states or otherwise under the influence of the Soviet Union, including rebels in Hungary, the anti-communist Contras in Nicaragua, UNITA in Angola and the multi-factional mujahideen in Afghanistan.[citation needed] In the media, an effort has been made by the BBC to avoid the phrases "terrorist" or "freedom fighter", except in attributed quotes, in favor of more neutral terms such as "militant", "guerrilla", "assassin", "insurgent", "paramilitary" or "militia".[16]
Common weapons[edit]
Partisans often use captured weapons taken from their enemies, or weapons that have been stolen or smuggled in. During the Cold War, partisans often received arms from either NATO or Warsaw Pact member states. Forces sympathetic to the communist ideology often received aid from the latter in the form of military equipment. Where partisan resources ares stretched, improvised weapons are also deployed.
Examples of resistance movements[edit]
The following examples are of groups that have been considered or would identify themselves as resistance groups. These are mostly, but not exclusively, of armed resistance movements. For movements and phases of activity involving non-violent methods, see civil resistance and nonviolent resistance.
Pre-20th century[edit]
• The Sicarii were a first-century Jewish movement opposing Roman occupation of the Israeli Promised Land.[17]
• The 1808 invasion of Spain by Bonaparte sparked a resistance movement composed mostly of the lower classes, who felt that the nobility was simply allowing themselves to fall under French control. Lord Wellington remarked that it was extraordinary that the French had managed to remain in the country for so long (about 4 years).
• Carbonari – 19th-century Italian movement resisting Austrian or Bourbon rule.
• The Polish National Government- Underground Polish supreme authority during the January Uprising against Russian occupation of Poland. During 1863–1864 it was a real shadow government supported by majority of Poles, who even paid taxes for it, and was a significant problem for Russian secret police (Okhrana).
• Andrés Avelino Cáceres' Resistance – Andean resistance movement against invading Chilean forces during the War of the Pacific.
• Jandamarra - The first Indigenous Australian to use fire-arms and conduct organized warfare in battle against the British; led a war against Euro-Australian colonists for three years, from 1894-1897. Resistance movement ended when Jandamarra was shot dead by a native tracker.
• Tsali - Cherokee tribal member who led a small band of Cherokee people against the United States military during the Trail of Tears era. Executed in exchange for the survival of his band, the band were integrated into the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.
• Osceola - Seminole chief who was very influential. Resisted deportation during the Indian Removal era. Led a number of successes until being captured by the United States during faux peace talks, died a few months later in prison.
Pre–World War II[edit]
World War II[edit]
Planned resistance movements
• The Auxiliary Units, organized by Colonel Colin Gubbins as a potential British resistance movement against a possible invasion of the British Isles by Nazi forces, note that it was the only resistance movement established prior to invasion, albeit the invasion never came.
• Volunteer Fighting Corps (Japan)
Post–World War II[edit]
Notable individuals in resistance movements[edit]
World War II (anti-Nazi, anti-Fascist etc)[edit]
Other resistance movements[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ On the relation between military and civil resistance in occupied Norway 1940–45, see Magne Skodvin, "Norwegian Non-violent Resistance during the German Occupation", in Adam Roberts (ed.), The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression, Faber, London, 1967, pp. 136–53. (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Harrisburg, USA: Stackpole Books, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Harmondsworth, UK/Baltimore, USA: Penguin Books, 1969. ISBN 0-14-021080-6.)
4. ^ Gardam (1993), p. 91.
5. ^ Khan, Ali (Washburn University – School of Law). "A Theory of International Terrorism", Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 19, p. 945, 1987.
6. ^ Steve Pile (1997), “Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance,” p. 3.
7. ^ Pile (1997), “Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance,” pp. 5-7.
8. ^ “LGBT socialmovement”. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
9. ^ "Anti-globalization movement". Retrieved 1 September 2013.
10. ^ "Internal resistance to South African apartheid". Retrieved 1 September 2013.
11. ^ "Protest art". Retrieved 1 September 2013.
12. ^ Gray-Rosendale, L. and Gruber, S. (2001), ALternative Rhetorics: challenges to the rhetorical tradition. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 154-156.
14. ^ Merriam-Webster definition
15. ^ Gerald Seymour, Harry's Game, 1975.
16. ^ BBC guideline
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Robert Scott Troup
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Robert Scott Troup CMG CIE FRS (13 December 1874 – 1 October 1939) was a British forestry expert. He spent the first part of his career in Colonial India, returning to England in 1920 to head Oxford's School of Forestry.
Troup was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and the University of Aberdeen. He then entered Cooper's Hill College, which trained engineers and forest conservators for Indian service; there he trained under William Schlich.
Troup joined the Imperial Forestry Service in 1897 and was posted to Burma as a Deputy Conservator of Forests. In 1905, he was appointed Forest Economist at the new Imperial Forest Research Institute and College at Dehra Dun, India. In 1915 he was appointed Assistant Inspector-General of Forests. In 1917–1918 he also served as Controller of Timber Supplies with the Indian Munitions Board.
He ended his Imperial Forestry Service career as Inspector-General of Forests of Burma.
In 1920, Troup returned to the United Kingdom to take up the Chair of Forestry at the University of Oxford, from retiring William Schlich, under whom he had studied at Cooper's Hill.[1] Troup was elected a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford.
From 1924 to 1935 he was founding Director of Oxford's Imperial Forestry Institute. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1926.[2]
He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1920 New Year Honours[3] and Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1934.
Troup's three-volume work The Silviculture of Indian Trees was published in 1921. He also wrote Indian Forest Utilisation, Pinus Longifolia, Silvicultural Systems, A Manual of Forest Mensuration, Forestry and State Control and Exotic Forest Trees in the British Empire (1932).
1. ^ Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. "A History of Forestry at Oxford", British Scholar, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp.236-261. Accessed: May 6, 2012.
2. ^ Stebbing, E. P. (1940). "Robert Scott Troup. 1874-1939". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 3 (8): 217–226. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1940.0018. edit
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Slave Ship (1937 film)
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Slave Ship
Slave Ship FilmPoster.jpeg
Directed by Tay Garnett
Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Written by William Faulkner (story)
Screenplay by Sam Hellman
Lamar Trotti
Gladys Lehman
Based on The Last Slaver
by George S. King[1]
Starring Warner Baxter
Wallace Beery
Elizabeth Allan
Mickey Rooney
George Sanders
Jane Darwell
Joseph Schildkraut
Music by Alfred Newman
Cinematography Ernest Palmer
Edited by Lloyd Nosler
Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
Release dates
• 1937 (1937)
Running time
100 min.
Country United States
Language English
Slave Ship is a 1937 film directed by Tay Garnett and starring Warner Baxter and Wallace Beery. The supporting cast features Mickey Rooney, George Sanders, Jane Darwell, and Joseph Schildkraut. This is one of only four films out of the forty-eight that Beery made during the sound era for which he didn't receive top billing.
Plot summary[edit]
1. ^ Based upon a historical novel "The Last Slaver" by Dr. George S. King of Bay Shore, New York. Dr King's NY Times obituary
External links[edit]
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Talk:Psyche (psychology)
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WikiProject Psychology (Rated Start-class, Mid-importance)
WikiProject Philosophy (Rated Start-class)
More sober rewrite recommended[edit]
This article needs to be rewritten in more sober language as a theory, with names, quotes, sources, etc. Currently, it makes outlandish statements like, "Psyche is a non-material digestion organ that masters fear," as though they were fact -- that won't do at all for an encyclopaedia.
Can anyone defend the article's text as it stands, or suggest suitable alterations? If not, maybe it should be reverted to the initial stub, which at least had the virtue of not overreaching itself. R Lowry 14:28, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
I raise objection against the revertation. The summarised ideas deliver such deep insights into the humain being that - though the remark of R Lowry is utterly correct - they should at least be present on this page about psyche in any kind. The fact that you can find new and explosive ideas like this in the Wikipedia is one of its most remarkable strengths. "Outlandish" or not I never read anything more distinct and enlightening about the inner functions and collaboration of the parts of a human being than these short paragraphes. Fact is psyche is non-material, fact is psyche is tightly connected with fear and fact is psyche is capable of amplifying or reducing fearful distortion in its views about the world.
I tried to combine the original stub with the article in question and I seriously doubt that the result is worse. Please feel free to rewrite this article if you know better or extend it, but I ask you to take care of the precious content that Gordon Axmann was so kind to summarise and translate from its German origin. Kindest regards, Corcov 09:50, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
Yeah im the guy who was so overtly horified with this article's origional version that i deleted it and reverted it to a previous more linear sounding version. I thank you for fixing this up. Its got a nice content and isint wishy washy like its predecesor while still having the linear clarity that i wanted. Thanks a lot. -Nightpotato
"Fact is psyche is non-material" !?? This is certainly not a fact. It's only a hypothesis at best. There's no way to even prove that a psyche exists. I agree strongly with R Lowry, in that this article is very outlandish with respect to the mainstream view of science. While it is one of wikipedia's strength to provide such hypotheses, it should be clearly indicated that these are not the views of mainstream science. CrazyVas 6 January 2006
The term „non-material organ“ is used to relate to the two parts of psyche from paragraph “Horizontal and vertical intermediary": “non-material” refers to the fact that psyche is not visible whilst “organ” designates something that inseparably belongs to the body. Hence the non-material quality relativises the idea of an organ inasmuch it is not located in the body, notwithstanding its effects strongly influence the physicalness. In this regard I like to keep to the expression „non-material organ“.
On the other hand I can understand you. As I am only interested in keeping these valuable ideas alive, I like to suggest that you make a proposal how to “clearly indicated that these are not the views of mainstream science” (which seems a good idea to me). But please lets try not dilute the contents of this article. Corcov 02:25, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
Contradiction with disambiguation page[edit]
A problem with this article is that it seems to contradict the disambiguation page for "psyche".
The disambiguation page says: "the psyche is the entirety of the non-physical aspects of a person.".
But this article says: "psyche gives a connective link between the physical (body) and the spiritual aspects (mind, soul) ", implying that mind and soul are separate entities to "psyche". But certainly "mind" and "soul" are also non-physical aspects of a person - thereby implying that the psyche is not "the _entirety_ of the non-physical aspects of a person" - a contradiction.
THe article is not scientific[edit]
Personally, I think much of what the article says just "sounds good", and has little other value. But not being very knowledgeable in the field of psychology, I'm really not qualified to judge it. --Avl 16:31, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
the psyche is any part of the mind other than the conscious mind. Hello? This article got long winded on metaphysics and philosophy, but missed the most important point on psychology and thus USEFUL use-age.
I think models of the regions of the brain , and the idea of ego, id, and superego are pretty relevant here. 00:17, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
I think the problem is that most readers are looking for science when they link to Psyche. "Soul" and the other metaphysical elements have no place in a scientific description. Whatever merits readers might find from the "spiritual enlightenment" offered in the text there is no fact, no sound science. It sould be labeled as such and a scientific essay should have predominance. An encyclopedia is not the bible, it is not a spiritual text. PT
In my opinion the debate here needs to be reflected in the item. There are at least three main approaches to psyche. Plenty of modern psychologists eg James Himan & Archetypal school have a coherent aproach to the ontology of psychological material, and they use Henri Cobin's philosopy as a basis for that. This can be contrasted. The phenomena are not seen as either metaphysical or material but more as metaphorical constructs that can have a material influence on life.
waltzzz Friday, 14 April, 2006
I translated most of the text from the Spanish version of this article, basically as an exercise in translating. I hope it doesn't contradict any of the stuff in this discussion page. Ricky Clarkson 10:32, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
By the way: I am German and I don't think that the German Seele means psyche and soul. Seele means soul. Full stop. The German word Geist produces problem when translation because Geist means both mind and soul. -- 20:30, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
WikiProject class rating[edit]
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:23, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
Section removed[edit]
I removed the section "Consider" because it was a statement of someones personal opinion rather than an expression of facts. Such topics in my understanding, need to be given in the context of verifiable points of view from referenced historical and contemporary literature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by (talk) 22:37, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
Article needs broader point of view[edit]
The title of this article is "psyche (psychology" and yet the article covers only one school of psychology, namely psychoanalysis, which at present is a minority school. The article should be rewritten from the point of view of the general history of psychology, which includes ancient, medieval, and modern psychology. The discipline of psychology itself obviously refers to the concept of the psyche, but it does not follow from this that the discipline of psychology is wedded to psychoanalytic concepts. Psychoanalysis is one of many schools of psychology. The use of the word psyche in other schools of psychology and philosophy needs to be examined here - and other analogous words such as anima, soul, etc.Wwallacee (talk) 18:19, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
Suggested change to Cognitive Psychology section[edit]
I'd like to offer a suggested change to this page but since I'm such a newbie I'd rather propose it here and see what other, more experienced, Wikipedians think. Here's my suggested change:
Instead of "Cognitive psychology" as the last section of the page, I suggest the following:
Contemporary view
The term mind has largely replaced "psyche" to describe the central mediating force in humans (and, perhaps, in other animals as well) that experiences thoughts, feelings, and perceptions and which instructs the body to respond to the external environment.
I suggest the above because, in part, I don't think it's only cognitive psychologists who hold this view.
I wish I could cite references but the only one I could find is Stedman's Medical Dictionary, which offers this definition of "psyche":
"The mind functioning as the center of thought, emotion, and behavior and consciously or unconsciously mediating the body's responses to the social and physical environment."
The reference for Stedman's is:
"psyche." The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 22 Jul. 2011. <>.
Although I think the Stedman's definition of psyche is pretty darn good, I assume that it's copyrighted so can't be used on a Wikipedia page. Is this correct?
Markworthen (talk) 02:04, 23 July 2011 (UTC)
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Tanganyikan presidential election, 1962
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Foreign relations
Presidential elections were held in Tanganyika in 1962. They were the first elections following independence the previous year and the decision to form a republic. Julius Nyerere, leader of the ruling Tanganyika African National Union and incument Prime Minister won easily, claiming 99.2% of the votes.[1][2] A month later, the country was proclaimed a one-party state with TANU as the sole legal party. No further multi-party elections were held until 1995.
Candidate Party Votes %
Julius Nyerere Tanganyika African National Union 1,127,987 99.2
Zuberi Mtemvu African National Congress 21,276 0.8
Total 1,149,254 100
Source: Nohlen et al.
1. ^ Elections in Tanzania African Elections Database
2. ^ Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p883 ISBN 0-19-829645-2
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USS Mitscher (DDG-57)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other ships of the same name, see USS Mitscher.
USS Mitscher.
Career (United States)
Name: USS Mitscher
Namesake: Admiral Marc A. Mitscher
Ordered: 13 December 1988
Builder: Ingalls Shipbuilding
Laid down: 12 February 1992
Launched: 7 May 1993
Commissioned: 10 December 1994
Homeport: Norfolk, Virginia
Motto: Seize the Day
Status: in active service, as of 2015
Badge: USS Mitscher DDG-57 Crest.png
General characteristics
Class and type: Arleigh Burke-class destroyer
Full: approx. 8,900 long tons (9,000 t)
Length: 505 ft (154 m)
Beam: 66 ft (20 m)
Draft: 31 ft (9.4 m)
Speed: >30 knots (56 km/h)
Range: 4,400 nautical miles at 20 knots
(8,100 km at 37 km/h)
Complement: 33 Officers
38 Chief Petty Officers
210 Enlisted Personnel
Sensors and
processing systems:
Electronic warfare
and decoys:
2 x Mk 141 Harpoon Missile Launcher SSM
2 × 25 mm chain gun
4 × .50 caliber (12.7 mm) guns
2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
2 × Mk 32 triple torpedo tubes
In 2001, Mitscher deployed with the carrier battle group centered on Harry S. Truman (CVN-75). During this deployment, Mitscher visited Algiers, Algeria and conducted joint training exercises with the Algerian Navy. In October 2006, Mitscher participated in Neptune Warrior, a joint war exercise with navies from all over the world.
On 13 August 2011, as part of Combined Task Force 150 operating in the Gulf of Aden, the Mitscher provided assistance the Sri Lankan-flagged cargo vessel Al Habib which was experiencing engineering problems and running low on water. Mitscher 's VBSS-AIT boarding party transported supplies to the Al Habib via rigid-hulled inflatable boat, including two 3-gallon (11.36 liters) containers of water and four cases of bottled water (pictured).[3]
On 24 February 2012 Commander Monika W. Stoker became the first African-American female to become the Commanding Officer of a United States Warship. Commander Stoker relieved Commander Brian K. Sorrenson after serving as his Executive Officer for 20 months prior.
2. ^ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Deven B. King, USN (15 August 2011). "Mitscher, Coast Guard Team Up to Fight Piracy". NNS110815-13. USS George H.W. Bush Public Affairs. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
3. ^ Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Deven B. King, USN (22 August 2011). "Combined Maritime Forces' USS Mitscher Assists Vessel in Distress". NNS110822-04. USS Mitscher (DDG-57) Public Affairs. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a professor emeritus of economics. I have published around six dozen refereed scholarly papers in a variety of areas in economics, finance, mathematics, statistics, and cryptology, and I've had a life-long interest in the field of linguistics. I limit my Wikipedia editing primarily to these fields.
HumanismSymbol.PNG This user is a humanist.
Icon-gears2.svg This user believes in logic.
ScarletLetter.svg This user is an atheist.
World citizen badge.svg This user is a Citizen of the World (Terra).
John Lennon
Wikipedia articles that I am or was principal author of[edit]
(An asterisk indicates I expanded from stub; otherwise, I created the article)
Integer triangle; Rational difference equation; Matrix difference equation; Orthodiagonal quadrilateral; Idempotent matrix; Inscribed figure*; Tree of primitive Pythagorean triples*; Holditch's theorem*; Steiner ellipse; Tangential polygon; Harcourt's theorem; Indeterminate system;* Concurrent lines;* Collinearity;* Bisection;* Indeterminate equation*; Sums of powers (disambiguation page); Candidate solution*; Feasible set; Discrete time and continuous time; Limiting case; Geometric shape*; Isosceles triangle
Distributed lag*; Ordered probit*; Ordered logit*; Mean-preserving spread; Multivariate random variable*; Trend stationary*; Elliptical distribution*; Symmetric probability distribution
Economics terminology that differs from common usage; Two-moment decision models; Inventory investment*; Risk loving*; Risk neutral*; Exponential utility*; Isoelastic utility*; Multiplier uncertainty; Conditional factor demands*; Labor demand; Isoelastic function*; Regulation Q*; NOW Account*; Fisher hypothesis*; Excess demand function
Mutual fund separation theorem; Hyperbolic absolute risk aversion; Marginal conditional stochastic dominance; Intertemporal portfolio choice
Tense-aspect-mood*; Habitual aspect; A-not-A question; Intonation (linguistics)*
Six Crises
My credo[edit]
• Always consult your conscience.
• Always act with integrity.
• Be compassionate toward those who are suffering.
• Show love: hope for good to come to all.
• Purge bad conscience: Determine not to repeat past violations of the Golden Rule.
• Use kindness to create good conscience: Do positive things for others.
Rational empiricism (the Scientific Method): Discern reality by applying logical inference to empirical observation.
• Reject supernaturalism and theism.
• Always ask “How do we know that?” ; demand rigorous evidence.
Cosmopolitanism: Be open to consideration of ideas from a wide variety of sources.
• Engage in learning for life.
Aestheticism: Continuously engage in the appreciation of beauty, and strive to create beauty.
• See the beauty in everything, at every moment.
Striving-and-Serenity Balance: Find the best balance between serenity and striving to accomplish goals.
• Strive to improve the improvable.
• In striving to accomplish, focus both on enjoying the process and achieving the goal.
• Feel the exhilaration of accomplishment.
• Always savor the present moment.
• Find the best balance between simplicity and complexity.
• Always leave time for reflection.
• In seeking serenity, unclutter your mind and unclutter your external existence.
• Focus on what you have rather than on what you do not and cannot have.
• Receive bad fortune with equanimity.
• Always be patient.
• Avoid unrealistic expectations.
If you want to know more about secular humanism and atheism[edit]
1. ^ List of humanists
2. ^ List of nontheists
3. ^ Free Inquiry, bimonthly magazine, any issue: Free Inquiry website
4. ^ Guy P. Harrison. 50 Reasons People Give for Believing in a God. Prometheus, 2008. 354 pp.
5. ^ John Allen Paulos. Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up. Hill and Wang, 2007. 176 pp.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins. The God Delusion. Mariner Books, 2008. 464 pp.
7. ^ Christopher Hitchens. God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve Books, 2007, 307 pp.
8. ^ Sam Harris. Letter to a Christian Nation. Vintage, 2008. 144 pp.
9. ^ Sam Harris. The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton, 2005. 224pp.
10. ^ Victor J. Stenger. God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist. Prometheus, 2008. 310 pp.
11. ^ Victor J. Stenger. The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. Prometheus, 2009. 282 pp.
12. ^ Russell Blackford and Udo Schuklenk, editors. 50 Voices of Disbelief: Why We Are Atheists. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 360 pp.
13. ^ Daniel Harbour. An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Atheism. Duckworth, 2001. 160 pp.
14. ^ A. C. Grayling. The Good Book. (Subtitled A Humanist Bible in the U.S. and A Secular Bible in the U.K.) Walker & Company, 2011. 608pp.
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Read full entry
Nile tilapia
O. niloticus niloticus
An Egyptian New Kingdom amulet in the shape of a Tilapia hieroglyph from c. 1350/1320 BCE
The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to Africa from Egypt south to East and Central Africa, and as far west as Gambia. It is also native to Israel, and numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range (e.g. Brazil).[1] It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti.[2][not in citation given] The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia traded commercially, the mango tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus).
The Nile tilapia has distinctive, regular, vertical stripes extending as far down the body as the bottom edge of the caudal fin, with variable coloration. Adults reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length and up to 4.3 kg (9.5 lb). It lives for up to 9 years. It tolerates brackish water and survives temperatures between 8 and 42 °C (46 and 108 °F). It is an omnivore, feeding on plankton as well as on higher plants. Introduced tilapia can easily become an invasive species (see Tilapia as exotic species). It is a species of high economic value and is widely introduced outside its natural range; probably next to the Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus), it is the most commonly cultured cichlid.[citation needed] In recent research done in Kenya, this fish has been shown to feed on mosquito larvae, making it a possible tool in the fight against malaria in Africa.[3]
Feeding behavior[edit]
The Nile tilapia is an omnivore that feeds on both plankton and aquatic plants. It generally feeds in shallow waters, as harmful gases (such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia) and temperature fluctuations found in deep waters create problems for the physiology of the fish. The Nile tilapia thrives on the warmer temperatures commonly found in shallow waters compared to the colder environment of the deep lake. In general, tilapias are macrophyte-feeders, feeding on a diverse range of filamentous algae and plankton.[4]
The Nile tilapia typically feeds during daytime hours. This suggests that, similar to trout and salmon, it exhibits a behavioral response to light as a main factor contributing to feeding activity. Due to their fast reproductive rate, however, overpopulation often results within groups of Nile tilapia. To obtain the necessary nutrients, night feeding may also occur due to competition for food during the daylight hours. A recent study found evidence that, contrary to popular belief, size dimorphism between the sexes results from differential food conversion efficiency rather than differential amounts of food consumed. Hence, although males and females eat equal amounts of food, males tend to grow larger due to a higher efficiency of converting food to energy.[5]
Social organization[edit]
Groups of Nile tilapia establish social hierarchies in which the dominant males have priority for both food and mating. Circular nests are built predominantly by males through mouth digging to become future spawning sites. These nests often become sites of intense courtship rituals and parental care.[6] Like other fish, the Nile tilapia travels almost exclusively in schools. Although males settle down in their crafted nesting zones, females travel between zones to find mates, resulting in competition between the males for females.
Like other tilapias, such as Mozambique tilapia, dominance between the males is established first through non-contact displays such as lateral display and tail beats. Unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the hierarchy results in contact fighting to inflict injuries. Nile tilapia has been observed to modify their fighting behavior based upon experiences during development. Thus, experience in a certain form of agonistic behavior results in differential aggressiveness among individuals.[7] Once the social hierarchy is established within a group, the dominant males enjoy the benefits of both increased access to food and an increased number of mates. However, social interactions between males in the presence of females results in higher energy expenditures as a consequence of courtship displays and sexual competition.[5]
Typical of most fish, the Nile tilapia reproduces through mass spawning of a brood within a nest made by the male. In such an arrangement, territoriality and sexual competition amongst the males lead to large variations in reproductive success for individuals among a group. The genetic consequence of such behavior is reduced genetic variability in the long run, as inbreeding is likely to occur among different generations due to differential male reproductive success.[8] Perhaps driven by reproductive competition, tilapias reproduce within a few months after birth. The relatively young age of sexual maturation within Nile tilapia leads to high birth and turnover rates. Consequently, the rapid reproductive rate of individuals can actually have a negative impact on growth rate, leading to the appearance of stunted tilapia as a result of a reduction in somatic growth in favor of sexual maturation.[9]
Female Nile tilapia, in the presence of other females either visually or chemically, exhibit shortened interspawning intervals. Although parental investment by a female extends the interspawning period, female tilapia that abandon their young to the care of a male gain this advantage of increased interspawning periods. One of the possible purposes behind this mechanism is to increase the reproductive advantage of females that do not have to care for young, allowing them more opportunities to spawn.[10] For males, reproductive advantage goes to the more dominant males. Studies have found that males have differential levels of gonadotropic hormones responsible for spermatogenesis, with dominant males having higher levels of the hormone. Thus, selection has favored larger sperm production with more successful males. Similarly, dominant males have both the best territory in terms of resources and the greatest access to mates.[11] Furthermore, visual communication between Nile tilapia mates both stimulates and modulates reproductive behavior between partners such as courtship, spawning frequency, and nest building.[6]
Parental care[edit]
Species belonging to the Oreochromis genus typically care for their young through mouthbrooding, oral incubation of the eggs and larvae. Similar to other tilapia, Nile tilapia are maternal mouthbrooders and extensive care is therefore provided almost exclusively by the female. After spawning in a nest made by a male, the young fry or eggs are carried in the mouth of the mother for a period of 12 days. Sometimes, the mother will push the young back into her mouth if she believes they are not ready for the outside. Nile tilapias also demonstrate parental care in times of danger. When approached by a danger, the young often swim back into the protection of their mother’s mouth.[4] However, mouthbrooding leads to significant metabolic modifications for the parents, usually the mother, as reflected by fluctuations in body weight and low fitness. Thus, parental-offspring conflict can be observed through the costs and benefits of mouthbrooding. On one hand, protection of the young ensures passage of an individual’s genes into the future generations; however, caring for the young also reduces an individual’s own reproductive fitness.[9]
As stated in the reproduction section, female Nile tilapia exhibiting parental care show extended interspawning periods. One of the benefits of this extension results in slowing down vitellogenesis (yolk deposition) to increase the survival rate of one’s own young. The size of spawned eggs correlates directly with advantages concerning hatching time, growth, survival, and onset of feeding since increased egg size means increased nutrients for the developing young. Thus, one of the reasons behind a delayed interspawning period by female Nile tilapia may be for the benefit of offspring survival.[10][12]
Aquaculture of the Nile tilapia dates back to Ancient Egypt. In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not farmed very often because of the dark color of their flesh, that is undesirable for many customers, and because of the reputation the fish has as being a trash fish.[13] However, they are fast-growing and produce good fillets; leucistic ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed to counter the consumer distaste for darker meat.
The Nile tilapia has recently been discovered in a small stream in central Arkansas. This invasive species may harm the other aquatic life present in this stream within the next few years, depending on how quickly it is able to reproduce and how adapted it is to competition with other aquatic vertebrates. Evidence supports the possibility that the Nile tilapia has established a strong breeding ground and will eventually endanger other fish species, possibly competitively exclude them.
As food[edit]
Live pla nin on a table at a Thai market
The red-hybrid Nile tilapia is known in the Thai language as pla thapthim (Thai: ปลาทับทิม), meaning "pomegranate fish" or "ruby fish".[14] This type of tilapia is very popular in Thai cuisine where it is prepared in a variety of ways.[15]
The black and white striped tilapia pla nin (Thai: ปลานิล), meaning "black fish" and named after the Nile, is commonly either salted and grilled or deep-fried, and it can also be steamed with lime (pla nin nueng manao).[16]
Nile tilapia, called بلطي bulṭī in Arabic, is (being native to Egypt) among the most common fish in Egyptian cuisine, and probably the most common in regions far from the coast. It is generally either battered and pan-fried whole (بلطي مقلي bulṭī maqlī [bʊltˤiː maʔliː]) or grilled whole (بلطي مشوي bulṭī mashwī [bʊltˤiː maʃwiː]). Like other fish in Egypt, is generally served with rice cooked with onions and other seasonings to turn it red.
Other uses[edit]
• Baringo tilapia, O. n. baringoensis Trewavas, 1983
• O. n. cancellatus[verification needed] (Nichols, 1923)
• O. n. eduardianus[verification needed] (Boulenger, 1912)
• O. n. filoa Trewavas, 1983
• O. n. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• O. n. sugutae Trewavas, 1983
• O. n. tana Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992
• O. n. vulcani[17] (Trewavas, 1933)
The forms referred to as Oreochromis (or Tilapia) nyabikere and kabagole seem to belong to this species, too. An undescribed population found at, for example, Wami River, Lake Manyara, and Tingaylanda seems to be a close relative.[18]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Azevedo-Santos, V.M.; O. Rigolin-Sá; and F.M. Pelicice (2011). "Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology 9: 915–919. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024.
2. ^ Nile Tilapia. Seafood Portal.
3. ^ a b "Nile tilapia can fight malaria mosquitoes", BBC News, 8 August 2007.
4. ^ a b "Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)". UWI.
5. ^ a b TOGUYENI, A; FAUCONNEAU, B; BOUJARD, T; FOSTIER, A; KUHN, E; MOL, K; BAROILLER, J (1 August 1997). "Feeding behaviour and food utilisation in tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus: Effect of sex ratio and relationship with the endocrine status". Physiology & Behavior 62 (2): 273–279. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00114-5.
6. ^ a b Castro, A.L.S.; Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Volpato, G.L.; Oliveira, C. (1 April 2009). "Visual communication stimulates reproduction in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 42 (4): 368–374. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2009000400009.
7. ^ Barki, Assaf; Gilson L. Volpato (October 1998). "Early social environment and the fighting behaviour of young Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces, Cichlidae)". Behaviour 135 (7): 913–929. doi:10.1163/156853998792640332.
8. ^ Fessehaye, Yonas; El-bialy, Zizy; Rezk, Mahmoud A.; Crooijmans, Richard; Bovenhuis, Henk; Komen, Hans (15 June 2006). "Mating systems and male reproductive success in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in breeding hapas: A microsatellite analysis". Aquaculture 256 (1-4): 148–158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.024.
9. ^ a b Peña-Mendoza, B.; J. L. Gómez-Márquez; I. H. Salgado-Ugarte; D. Ramírez-Noguera (September 2005). "Reproductive biology of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Emiliano Zapata dam, Morelos, Mexico". Revista de Biología Tropical 53 (3/4): 515–522.
10. ^ a b Tacon, P.; Ndiaye, P.; Cauty, C.; Le Menn, F.; Jalabert, B. (1 November 1996). "Relationships between the expression of maternal behaviour and ovarian development in the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Oreochromis Niloticus". Aquaculture 146 (3-4): 261–275. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01389-0.
11. ^ Pfennig, F.; Kurth, T.; Meissner, S.; Standke, A.; Hoppe, M.; Zieschang, F.; Reitmayer, C.; Gobel, A.; Kretzschmar, G.; Gutzeit, H. O. (26 October 2011). "The social status of the male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) influences testis structure and gene expression". Reproduction 143 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1530/REP-11-0292.
12. ^ Rana, Kausik J. (1986). "Parental influences on egg quality, fry production and fry performance in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) and O. mossambicus (Peters)". University of Stirling.
13. ^ a b [1]
14. ^ Management Guidelines of Red Tilapia Culture in Cages, Trang Province (Thai)
15. ^ Recipes for Thaptim Fish
16. ^ Fish breeding in Thailand
17. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1989). Island Africa: The Evolution of Africa's Rare Plants and Animals. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0-691-08560-9.
18. ^ .(Nagl et al. 2001)
Further reading[edit]
• Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2005). "Oreochromis niloticus" in FishBase. November 2005 version.
• "Oreochromis niloticus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
• Bardach, J.E.; Ryther, J.H. & McLarney, W.O. (1972): Aquaculture. the Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. John Wiley & Sons.
Source: Wikipedia
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14079
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The Federal Reserve Board eagle logo links to home page
International Finance Discussion Papers
The International Finance Discussion Papers logo links to the International Finance Discussion Papers home page Trade Elasticities for G-7 Countries
Peter Hooper, Karen Johnson, and Jaime Marquez
1998-609 (April 1998)
Abstract: This paper reports the results of a project to estimate and test the stability properties of conventional equations relating real imports and exports of goods and services for the G-7 countries to their incomes and relative prices. We begin by estimating cointegration vectors and the error-correction formulations. We then test the stability of these equations using Chow and Kalman-Filter tests. The evidence suggests three findings. First, conventional trade equations and elasticities are stable enough, in most cases, to perform adequately in forecasting and policy simulations. Equations for German trade, as well as equations for French and Italian exports, are an exception. Second, income elasticities of U.S. trade have not been shifting in a direction that will tend to ease the trend toward deterioration in the U.S. trade position. The income-elasticity gap for Japan found in earlier studies was not confirmed in this analysis. Finally, the price channel is weak, if not wholly ineffective, in the case of continental European countries.
Full paper (735 KB PDF)
Exports, imports, cointegration, error-correction modeling
PDF files: Adobe Acrobat Reader ZIP files: PKWARE
Home | IFDPs | List of 1998 IFDPs
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14082
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JavaScript support for Java classes/objects code completion
Questions on using RSyntaxTextArea should go here.
Moderator: robert
JavaScript support for Java classes/objects code completion
Postby diby » Sun Aug 11, 2013 10:52 pm
Hi all,
I'm currently making a game in Java and intend to distribute a map editor to my designers. This map editor will also include the RSyntaxTextArea text editor for JavaScript editing, thus implementing easy scripting to my game through Rhino. I can get the JavaScript language support to work, but this only allows syntax and auto-completion of basic JavaScript operations. I need code-completion of java classes or objects.
1. Is it possible (with the current source-code or little tweaking) to add support for code completion for Java classes within the JavaScript syntax?
2. Is it possible to have code completion for objects only within the Rhino engine context?
Thanks, diby.
Posts: 1
Joined: Sun Aug 11, 2013 10:35 pm
Re: JavaScript support for Java classes/objects code complet
Postby robert » Mon Aug 12, 2013 2:21 am
Hi Diby,
Excellent questions! The guy who's done most of the dirty work for JavaScript code completion doesn't monitor this forum, so I'll ping him and see what he says. I know his primary goal was code completion for his server-side JS work.
Personally, I'd like the code completion to go as far as support for Dojo and other frameworks that embrace AMD, but I have yet to see an editor do that well. :) But basic JS class support would be an excellent addition indeed.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14109
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AnimeSuki Forum (
- General Anime (
- - Official Artwork Releases question. (
Concordia 2011-12-04 18:25
Official Artwork Releases question.
Hey there.
Every now and then on forums/image boards i see some pictures posted which are very high quality images so i guess they are official artwork. They also usually have some text (in Japanese so a poor Brit like me can't read it :P) in the corner which is distinctive of these images.
Spoiler for possible NSFW:
here is an example i uploaded.
I've only checked one or two of the anime's official websites but even when clicking all the links randomly i have found nothing.
Basically i am just wondering if anyone knows a place where these images are released officially or just by fans etc.
Thanks for reading.
Daniel E. 2011-12-04 21:44
Just to be clear but, asking for places to download stuff like high-quality artbook scans or game CG sets is not allowed here. If you can't find it in the official sites, then you probably need to buy something like a mag, calendar or an artbook to get it.
For fanart, you can try and google for the artist name or simply dig in an image board.
Thread closed.
relentlessflame 2011-12-04 22:00
Just to expand a little bit on this answer, if you like official anime artwork like this, you might want to consider collecting two Japanese magazines: Megami Magazine, and NyanType. Each monthly issue contains over a dozen double-page posters from all the most popular "bishoujo" anime of the day. You can get subscriptions from sites like CD Japan and JBox/J-List, or purchase issues individually at sites like Amazon JP or others. Most of the images you see (like the one posted) are from one of these two magazines, so worth considering if you're a fan!
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This seems like it would be a pretty trivial piece of flash, but I'm not a flash expert at all. Essentially, what I'd like to create is a flash ticker that would scroll news headlines from an XML file that I create on the server (format can be anything easy). The ticker would need to refresh itself every so many minutes (set in the XML File) and the text scrolling on the ticker should be links to the particular pages.
Now that the background is out of the way, a few questions:
1. Is this possible to do in flash? (I'm using MX)
2. Is it going to be complicated to implement
3. Does anyone know about existing projects that could be modified to do this.
Finally, if anyone knows of any good tutorials for Flash MX or this sort of thing (or just wants to do it for me?) I'd love to hear about them.
PS: I know tihs would be easier in other languages (like java, etc...) and I plan to have tickers implemented in those other languages as well.
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Hi dears
I have one solution but i confused so bad for installing the options.
u can see the plan in the pic.
i have a local mail domain.
i want to change the local mail domain(that have private ip) sender into main mail domain(that have public ip) sender and send it over the internet.and also i want to forward mails from Main Mail Server into Local Mail Server
any body has any idea?
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AppleCare Plus for Portables?
Discussion in 'MacRumors News Discussion (archive)' started by MacRumors, Dec 1, 2003.
1. macrumors bot
ThinkSecret reports that Apple is planning on introducing an extended warranty for Mac Laptops that would also cover accidental damage.
Apple recently introduced "standard" AppleCare for their iPod. The standard AppleCare warranty does not cover accidental damage. While ThinkSecret does not provide pricing information for the upcoming program, they expect it to arrive by June 2004.
2. macrumors regular
I could see a lot of "accidents" happening if this is for real.
3. macrumors 65816
AppleCare is too pricey as it is
It's way too expensive the way it is now, so why would we want to pony up the extra dough for some more coverage? Third-party warranties usually cost much less and cover way more than AppleCare.
4. macrumors member
wonder what the price is?
With coverage like this, I wonder how much they'll charge for it.
Really what I wonder is how strict they'll become on regular AppleCare. The stories are legion of the many times that it is hard to tell if it was user abuse, but Apple covered it anyway. I hope that doesn't change.
AppleCare is already much more expensive for portables, and homeowner's or renter's insurance can cover catastrophic events on a laptop, so this seems like it is aiming at a very narrow band.
5. macrumors G3
$350 for APP on powerbook already... what's this gonna cost, $500+ ?? yikes.
6. macrumors 68030
If this is true, it is just insurance. Maybe Apple is moving into this area because it is another market and stream of revenue.
You can never stop certain "accidents" (i.e. bogus claims) but there will probably be a no-claims policy and a minimum cost you would have to pay out (i.e. you pay the first ...$/£) for a claim.
I'd imagine it would be too expensive for me to consider.
7. macrumors 68000
Wait, does standard Apple Care cover iPods now?
8. macrumors 68040
Powerbook G5
I would be happy if they kept it the same price for this "plus" service and then offered the regular Apple Care for a lower cost so that the standard protection plan isn't as overpriced. I think that'd make everyone happy.
9. macrumors 68020
It will be for the avegare+ power user...
I can see a monthly fee as well or maybe yearly, but will be out of the reach for a lot of users... It's positive and negative for me as well... just, good luck!
10. macrumors 65816
Sounds like a good deal to me.
11. macrumors regular
Re: AppleCare is too pricey as it is
What Third-Party warranties are you talking about?
12. macrumors 6502a
it will all come down to cost. as posted there are quite a few options to purchase an "insurance" plan for accident coverage. it would be nice for apple to make the standard applecare cost for the plus version and lower the cost for regular applecare.
13. macrumors 603
Cool. Its always good to have options even "potentially" expensive ones. I would suggest that people reserve judgement until a price is released.
14. macrumors 603
Question. Can't your computer be covered under your home owners insurance and what does that cover?
15. macrumors newbie
already done - for much less
check out www.safeware.com - it's an insurance company which specializes in laptops and other computers.
my iBook is insured to $1400 for only $80 a year, and this covers EVERYTHING.
if I drop it, it gets stolen, spill coffee on it, or it just breaks on its own accord, they fix it for free and/or give me the money that I have it insured for.
I've had problems with my GFs laptop, and the turnaround, and repair is FAST.
AppleCare is nice, but it's expensive, and it doesn't cover enough. The coverage mentioned here is also nice, but it will be exhorbitant methinks.
16. macrumors 6502
Re: already done - for much less
Right.. also my insurance (renter's and car) offers laptop coverage through the home insurance branch of their conglomerate. I haven't checked prices recently but from what I remember years ago it was pretty reasonable. $20 a month maybe? But that may have only covered a completely destroyed machine... I dunno.
Anyway, I think this is an unfounded rumor that was created on the heels of the iPod AppleCare thing. Most likely too expensive to be practical anyway.
17. macrumors newbie
Still probably won't be available for home users in Florida.
18. macrumors P6
The cost for standard AppleCare seems a bit high already, so what would this "plus" coverage cost? That really adds a lot to the bottom dollar. Plus, if you start covering accidental damage, I'm thinking the number of "accidents" might start increasing... ;)
19. Moderator emeritus
I have car insurance and renters insurance through State Farm. I called them about laptop insurance... if it gets stolen or something like that it's covered under renters insurance... but I also got laptop insurance for it which covers if it gets broken... costs me $2.50 a month... I don't even know that I'm going to get Apple Care for my iBook...
20. macrumors 65816
Ask your home insurance company. Most do have some coverage of computers, a few ask you pay a little more for the premium if you want computers covered above a certain amount.
21. macrumors regular
Re: already done - for much less
Re-read your policy, it does not cover repairs if it "breaks on its own accord," like a logicboard defect or hard-drive failure. It does state that it does not cover things that a warranty normally covers.
I have Safeware too, and I love it, I am actually waiting for them to ship me a replacement PowerBook after I accidentially spilled tea on my old one (it was really stupid of me). But I also have AppleCare, so I'm pretty much covered for almost anything. It's expensive, but it's not nearly as expensive as buying a new PowerBook.
Of course, you could always try to trick Safeware into thinking that a busted logicboard was caused by, say, tea and not a manufacturing defect :)
Anyway, this AppleCare plus sounds really interesting, and if it comes out in June 2004 I might consider it since it's close to the time my Safeware coverage for the year expires.
22. macrumors newbie
Re: Re: already done - for much less
The things mentioned up top were arguably because the machine had problems with it inherent in its design - they didn't complain at all during the several times that I had it fixed. They seem pretty open to just fixing the product if it breaks :)
(and who am I to complain ;) )
23. macrumors regular
Re: Re: Re: already done - for much less
Whatever way works :)
I just didn't want to be screwed if Safeware ended up being pretty strict about what it does not cover in its policy.
24. macrumors 6502
I am glad they might be doing this. Gateway offers this. While I would not bother for Gateway, I would probably pay for the service from Apple because I feel their stuff is better quailty.
25. macrumors newbie
This is great news. My wife is horrible with her iBook and would gladly get plus just to cover the damaged power adapters and guard against a fall off of a table or down concrete steps.
One Happy Camper. (if this is true)
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AppleScript: Premiere Pro?
Discussion in 'Mac Programming' started by packman86, Jun 19, 2013.
1. macrumors newbie
I am trying to automate our video exporting process. We have about 35 sequences that have to be exported differently and into different folders.
Fortunately, Premiere Pro remembers export settings in each sequence so getting the correct export settings should not be a problem.
Sequence 1 has to export to folder Sequence 1
Sequence 2 has to export to folder Sequence 2
Is there a way to script the process so that Premiere Pro exports all of the sequences into the correct folders?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14115
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battery life on new 15"
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by Diatribe, Apr 25, 2004.
1. macrumors 601
I am ready to buy one of these sweet little pieces of technical evolution :D
The only thing I'd like to know before buying is how does the 15" do as far as the battery is concerned. The 12", as some posters said, reaches up to 5 hrs. So has anyone tried the new 15" yet?
2. macrumors 601
Has nobody received their 15" yet?
3. macrumors 6502
I have :D
I've used it for two days, and the battery life has been between 2:30 and 3:00 hours. Nowhere near 5 hours. Aside from battery life, this is the best computer I've ever used. :D
4. macrumors G3
Batetry life depends ever so much on how you use the machine and the energy saver settings.
Using the optical drive will chew through more power. How much you use the hard drive. etc.
I never expect the maximum time quoted by a laptop manufacturer as I never run that pergect mix at those settings.
The other difference that might help with the new iBooks and Powerbooks is that since the CPU was designed for energy saving modes, the dynamic frequency shifting works muc better with no real lag when you suddenly demand more of the CPUs resources.
So I guess the bottom line is check your energy saver settings and keep use of the optical drive down if it's going to be a while before you can get to a power outlet.
5. macrumors 601
Geeez, 2.30 to 3 hrs.? That's as bad as the old ones. Or were you watching a DVD? How is the battery life when you just surf the web/type?
6. macrumors member
They better get more than that :eek:
Thats pretty shotty considering they say 5 hours.
edit: and they say 6 hours for the iBook.
7. macrumors 6502
Shoddy. Not shotty.
I have the old 667 G4 PB, and it was also advertised at 5 hours. I've come close to that on a plane (about 4.5) - by lowering the brightness, muting audio, and not using the optical drive. I've also watched nearly 3 hours of DVD on a single charge.
Also, keep in mind that compared to the cost of the laptop, another battery is pocket change.
8. macrumors 65816
I believe they say five hours for the 12 inch, and 4 1/2 hours for the other two powerbooks.
9. macrumors member
I say Shotty.
and $100 is a little more than pocket change, heh.
10. macrumors 601
So... any more people have sth. to add concerning the battery life?
And adding a second battery was not quite the advice I asked for... :p
11. macrumors 6502
If time is your biggest consideration, try using an old Pismo with dual batteries. It will run OS X.3 just fine, is expandable to 1GB RAM, gets great Airport reception, are built like tanks, and the $160 aftermarket batteries are good for almost 40% more life than the stock ones, taking you near the ten hour mark if you set things up right. For $80 you can even add FW800 via a CardBus card (the stock FW set up is actually FW200, the very first implementation of FW in a Powerbook @ 1/2 speed of standard FW400).
They are dog-slow compared to the latest/greatest Apple offerings, but for surfing online at a hot spot, word processing, or watching a full-length DVD they are perfectly fine.
Mine is four years old. No dead/stuck pixels. Been dropped on a hardwood floor twice--no problems. Looks cool, ultra-expandable, takes a beating--a real-world laptop.
I know the new Ti/Al designs are elegant, but the dual expansion bay set-up is very useful. I wish they would bring it back in new designs. Perhaps the G5 PB we are all lusting after...
12. macrumors Core
Im surprised that somebody hasn't called Apple on the Battery issue regarding advertising, real world usage is nowhere near 4.5-5 hrs. Could this be called false advertising.
13. macrumors 603
Wonder if the 17 is even less given the bigger screen?
14. macrumors 6502a
Battery life quotes are always false. However, I can get about 4 hours on my Ti while working if managed correctly.
15. macrumors 65816
are there any after market batteries for the new Al?
16. macrumors Core
I think its too soon for aftermarket but I could be wrong
17. macrumors 6502
Well, you say (or type, really) it wrong, then. Look it up.
I was referring to $100 in relation to the cost of the laptop. Buy the high-end and you're talking a mere 3% added to the price. 3%, to me, is pocket change no matter the purchase. If I can afford a $200,000 house I like, and someone else bids $203,000, I wouldn't hesitate to pay $206,000. And $6,000 isn't "pocket change" either, by itself, but it's all relative.
Sorry about the 2nd battery "advice", but I did also share my own battery experiences, thought that might be helpful. Seriously, is $100 that much? And if you trust ebay, as many do, you can get one for under $60. That's cheap.
18. macrumors 601
Don't be sorry. I wasn't trying to be smart, it was just that I was asking that question in order to make an overall decision on whether I want to buy the 15". That's why that "advice" wasn't what I asked for. That being said it was not unappreciated. :)
And I totally agree with you concerning the spare battery, although I guess I won't be having that much use for it with my new 12" that I am going to buy.
19. macrumors 68040
me too. i had the dvi-lowend model and had on average about 3.5h battery life, maxing at 4+ when something could be sacrificed. but this new 1.2GHz albook doesn't even peak at 3h, so this beauty just sits most of the time attached to power cable. with the tibook i could expect 3h heavy use, but now now it's reduced to 2h tops, and i mean in heavy use. i don't care how long it is possible to keep the thing on with screen almost off and doing nothing. for me it's the time of USE that counts. and the ti -> al transition has cost an hour, sadly...
20. macrumors regular
My Rev C 17" (2GB,80@5400,128,4xDVD) is unopened in a box on the sofa beside my Girlfriend's Rev A 15" (768MB,Superdrive,80@4200,64,2xDVD). I'm writing this on my Rev A 17" (1GB,60@4200,64,2xDVD). I've never seen more than 2 hrs from the Rev A and expect the C to be similar. Battery life sucks and sockets are mandatory.
I see that my charge indicator starts with an optomistic lie (like 2hrs 43 mins) and then rapidly drops within 30 mins to something like 1 hr 45 mins. I continue to lose a little time from there.
Seriously though - if you need to use a notebook away from a power source a G4's not the way to go. In PCville there are some low power-longlife options. I've always thought a tiny, specialized, super pro machine designed for basic apps and file capture with crazy life (12-16hrs per charge) could sell well for Apple. Sony own a chunk of this market right now and the new micro PC's (6 inches and under running XP) will upset things further. We need a real notebook chip for OSX. The G5's never going to be ideal in servers and laptops. We need another option.
21. macrumors 601
The G4 isn't the problem... the new one is actually pretty good. The 12" gets close to 5 hrs. as some people report.
And regarding your comment about the G5... AFAIK IBM is developing a laptop version of the G5 with a lot less heat output, better scalability, etc.
So maybe we'll see those for the Rev. B G5 pbs or for the Rev. As if they cannot get the big ones working. But I thought that IBM said something about mid next year for those processors. Take it for what it's worth.
22. macrumors Penryn
That's probably the worst advice ever. Heck, its not even advice. ;)
"Another battery is an option, but 3 batteries would be great, and 4 batteries would give you amazing use on airplanes!!" :eek:
23. macrumors regular
Not quite.
I frequently get over 4 hours on my 12" Powerbook (867). When its not connected to any network (read: airport off, ethernet unplugged, modem not connected) and not pounding on the CPU (using Terminal, mainly), I've gotten 5 hours and 20 minutes using a stop watch measuring it all the way through.
If you let it sit disconnected like that and the screen turns off, I bet it'll do 7-8 hours.
When I had my old iBook 500 (when it was brand new) I watched two movies back to back with it on an airplane (terminator 2 was one of them, which is over 2 hours). It went to reserve battery power and then to sleep during the ending credits of the second movie.
24. macrumors newbie
just for comparison: old Powerbook Titanium 867 stats
here is statistics from Year ago with my brand new TiBook - Dislpay brightness set to medium
6.5 - 7.5 Hrs: iTunes only (mp3, not AAC)
3 Hrs: Safari (with Airport)
2.5-3 Hrs: DivX/Mplayer
below 1.5 Hrs: Illustrator, Photoshop (mouse present)
Considering memory, processor and HD speed differences, I estimate that battery life of the new Powerbooks should be 2/3 of what TiBooks had.
25. macrumors 6502a
why dont you try 12" PBs?
I agree.. the optical drive changes the matter at most.. I never leave a dvd or a cd at the drive when I dont use it.. My 12"Pb rev.b works loooong "longtemps" when its in the energy saving mode and with no cds
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Getting @reboot cron to work
Discussion in 'Mac Programming' started by greenythebeast, Feb 1, 2009.
1. macrumors regular
I'm having trouble with a certain cronjob on Mac. The @reboot syntax is supposedly used to make a cronjob run at boot. I have it in my cron file as @reboot /Applications/Utilities/AutoLogin.sh >/dev/null 2>&1 but on boot it doesn't seem to work. Can anyone help me?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14117
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Handbrake issues
Discussion in 'iPad' started by jwebster420, May 9, 2011.
1. macrumors newbie
I am having problems with using Handbrake and VLC. I am using a MacBook Pro (2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo) and when I try to use Handbrake it tells me I need to download the appropriate software for it to work, ie 32 bit handbrake to 32 bit VLC and 64 bit to 64 bit. I have downloaded the right one 64 bit, but it still doesn't copy the DVD well. There is a lot of skipping. Any ideas on how to fix this problem?
2. macrumors 603
What movie are you trying to copy, sometimes its not the software but the disc itself.
I have Handbrake 0.9.5 and VLC 1.1.9 and last week I bought The Green Hornet and I didn't want to use the Digital Download Copy, so I tried copy the movie myself but it kept getting stuck on Title #24 of 30. I have copied movies before and after The Green Hornet and it works just fine, but for some reason it won't take that disc.
My fix, I used Mac The Ripper to copy the Main Title (just the movie, no extra features), then I used Handbrake to convert that title to .mp4
3. macrumors newbie
I have tried both Old School and Step Brothers so far. And yea, I'm running the same versions as you.
4. macrumors newbie
You never got the message stating the 32 bit isn't compatible with 64 bit software message?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14118
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iPhone Ramp Up? Analysts Weigh In on Rumors
Discussion in 'MacRumors.com News Discussion' started by MacRumors, Dec 5, 2006.
1. macrumors bot
Analysts are continuing to weigh in on the circulating rumors about Apple.
Prudential's Jesse Tortora (via Seekingalpha) claimed today that the production ramp has already begun on one of the upcoming Apple phones and should be available for sale late in the 1st Quarter of 2007. The smartphone model, however, is not expected until the 3rd quarter of 2007.
According to the report, Tortora also expects Apple to produce the long rumored wide-screen iPod with target release in late 1st Quarter or early 2nd Quarter.
Finally, Tortora makes an interesting suggestion that "Apple may have interest in entering the video game market longer-term" after claiming that there is new evidence that Apple has hired video game designers.
PiperJaffray's Gene Munster (via Appleinsider) offers his analysis of circulating rumors providing a ranking of likelyhood of rumors for the upcoming Macworld San Francisco and beyond. In order of most likely to least, the rumors include: iPhone (10/10), iTV (10/10), Candy Bar form-factor to iPhone (9/10), Wireless Touch-Screen iPod (7/10), keyboarded iPhone (7/10), 4GB/8GB models (6/10), 12" Ultraportable MacBook Pro (4/10), Mac OS X 10.5 release at Macworld (3/10) and iChat Mobile Video/IM on iPhone (2/10).
2. macrumors 65816
no matter the rumors. this will be alot of fun to have.
i am hoping for a smart PDA version with a nice camera.
3. macrumors 6502a
Awesome.. can't wait for the iPhone!
4. macrumors 6502a
good news about the cell phone, but nothing we don't already know.
Not sure how I feel about them entering the video game market... should have partnered with Nintendo, I love the Wii.
5. Editor emeritus
Good to see Munster isn't putting much stock into the mobile video conferencing iPhone thing.
6. macrumors 68000
I really don't think Apple has a place in the video game market. Sure, they might be able to, but Microsoft is leading the way. Even Rockstar's new priority is 360, not PS3, so the next GTA will either be both or Xbox only. Also, no matter how good a console is, it's the games that count. Consider that Xbox got Halo, Gears of War and many of the best shooters, plus other of the best in their class like PGR etc.
Apple would really have to pwn to win the gaming market. Also, I'm gonna buy an iPhone. Screw a smartphone.:D
7. macrumors 6502
I am most excited about the smartphone. I bet the smartphone will incorporate nVidia's video chip that is due around that time. But who knows...
8. macrumors 6502a
Hmmm... well it's always nice to hear about the iPhone.
How sweet would it be if Slingbox came out with slingbox mobile for the iPhone? (Ohhh man, lets not get ahead of ourselves... we know how long it took for a regular mac os x version...)
As for video games, that's interesting. I'm not sure if it's a market Apple wants to get into. If they do it, it needs to be as powerful as, if not morepowerful of a system than Xbox 360 and PS3... The integration though, will probably be awesome.
9. macrumors member
PS3 and Apple??
Remember that photo that surfaced on the Sony website prior to the PS3 release that had the apple in smoke on the front of the machine? I know they took it off and claimed it to be a mistake, but you never know. Is there any good reason for Sony and Apple to partner in the gaming industry? I wouldnt think so.
10. macrumors P6
Should be "likelihood". ;)
Also, I think a 3/10 is far too high for a release of Leopard in January - it should be 1/10. We will receive another Leopard preview at MWSF no doubt, but we will not see the finished product until spring. :cool:
Regardless, lots of great products on the horizon! 2007 should be a great year for Apple. :cool:
11. macrumors 6502
what??? this would be too great and oppertune time to release 10.5 and stick that last nail in windows coffin...
12. macrumors 6502
13. macrumors 6502
Great MWSF (10/10) :cool:
14. macrumors 6502
15. macrumors P6
Of course it would be nice to see but if it isn't ready, it isn't ready - plain and simple. Apple should not rush an important product like a new OS to market at all costs simply to beat Vista to the punch. If they did this, 10.5 would be unstable and/or buggy and this would be extremely harmful to Apple's image - the release would be a disaster.
Apple will release 10.5 when it is ready, no sooner. :cool: If it is ready in January, well, that will be one hell of a surprise, as all signs point to spring and not any sooner. This is something Apple needs to do right and needs to take their time on, so I for one do not mind being patient. :cool:
Oh, and it's "opportune" and "Window's". :p :cool:
16. macrumors 68000
As much as I would love to have a iPhone I am getting sick of all these iPhone rumors they are getting just as bad as the PowerBook G5 and C2D MacBooks next week rumors!
17. macrumors 68000
Yeah, Leopard shipping by MWSF with new computers is a long shot. It's more probable Apple will release in the spring to maximize OS upgrade profits.
Another 30 minute demo of Time Machine? Can't wait! :) Secret features better not disappoint.
18. macrumors P6
19. macrumors 6502
who is voting this negative?
This can only be great news for Apple and its stock.
Regardless of whether or not, you wish to own the phone (I probably won't at this point) the release of a phone can only help Apple continue its rise in the marketplace.
20. macrumors P6
Oh, I'm sure Jobs will have something even more impressive to demo this time. ;)
21. macrumors P6
my thoughts also.
22. macrumors P6
Perhaps there are some "wishful thinkers" who would like some of the "longshot products" (such as 10.5 or the 12" MBP) to be released at MWSF and now realize that won't likely be the case. ;)
23. macrumors 6502a
With the fear of sounding like a complete moron here, are they stating that the likelihood of the rumors corresponds with the ratings below, or are they stating that the likelihood of the rumors coming true is what corresponds to the numbers? Maybe I've missed something completely, but I thought it was set in stone that Leopard would be released at MacWorld... and I'm not quite sure I believe that it's a 100% chance that the iPhone will be released (in any version) at MWSF... call me crazy.
If all this post is saying is that it's likely that there are going to be rumors, it's kind of a waste of our time... :/
24. macrumors 603
The Powerbook G5 finally DID happen. It was called the MacBook Pro CD. Fifth generation Powerbook.
The MacBook C2D did happen. Just as soon as chips of sufficient quantity were already available for iMacs and MacBook Pros.
Now we see news from an investment analyst (not a rumor site) iPhone production is "ramping up". Presumably after it was already sampling for pre-release testing and approvals.
I wonder if Apple will release it BEFORE Christmas since they will use web word of mouth pointed to apple.com, and retail stores as their distribution methods anyway?
25. macrumors regular
So is there a way for me to ask Santa for a raincheck on the whole Christmas-gift-giving thing?
Dear Santa,
I've been a good boy all year, so can you please wait until Steve Jobs unleashes the iPhone and then grab one for me and leave it in my living room whenever that might be? I'll leave milk, cookies and carrots for the reindeer out the night after the announcement. Thanks, Kris.
- MrFirework
What do you think, will that work?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14119
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Nikon D3h and D3x preview video (with pictures). Highly interesting and reputable
Discussion in 'Digital Photography' started by Everythingisnt, Jun 11, 2008.
1. macrumors 6502a
What do you think of this? As far as I know, the creator of this video is respectable and seems to be in touch with Nikon.. Then again he could be misleading us..
2. macrumors 65816
Kamera RAWr
I find it rather strange... why would Nikon now make a D3H? Unless I missed something in the video (didn't watch it all). My impression is that the D3 replaces the D2H and a D3X would obviously replace the D2X. Differences being the X would have more MP for those that want/need it, but a little slower perhaps.
Just my thoughts :eek:
3. macrumors 6502a
Not sure myself, but I'm guessing that the H and X form the extreme ends of the speed/quality spectrum while the D3 will fit comfortably in the middle..
After all the vid. claims the D3h will by 8.7 mp..
4. macrumors 68040
8.4MP @ 11FPS on the rapid fire H model?
17.8MP @ 3.5FPS on the X model?
Looks like these would be pretty yawn-worthy over the current D300 and D3 models.
CF cards by SanDisk ONLY? :rolleyes:
220 RAW buffer on the H would be pretty knockout.
24-bit on the X model? If true, game over. HIGHLY unlikely. 12bit to 14bit is a monumental leap.
5. macrumors 601
Westside guy
Let's see: it's not really a video, it's like 4 photos that have been "Ken Burns"ed. And these supposed prototypes are sitting on a skateboard - what's up with that?
It's a lot easier to fake a photo than to fake a video.
6. macrumors 6502a
Those specs were absolute bunk.
7. macrumors 6502a
Watch some of his other videos and research the guy himself. He actually seems pretty reliable, but then again it's just my opinion..
Also, I think that it isn't the frame-rate of the H that will be knockout, but the ISO performance. Did you see those specs? Something from 15 - 250,000 ISO!!!
It makes sense too.. an 8mp FULL FRAME sensor should def. deliver good high ISO performance.. So I'm guessing that's what Nikon is aiming for.
As for the X, as you saw it has ISO 12-640, which is pretty incredible in its own right. Imagine the smoothness of pictures you'll get with that. As for 24bit, that is also pretty amazing..
8. macrumors 68040
A bit depth of 1 is 2 to the 1st power= 2 possible colors, either black or white. A bit depth of 12 would be 2 to the 12th power = 4,096 possible tones and a bit depth of 14 would be 2 to the 14th power = 16,384 possible tones.
That leap took an awfully long time. Going from 16,384 tones to 16,777,216 tones in one generation is impossible.
I'll eat my hat and buy a D3X if I'm wrong. The whole thing is off base, sorry to burst your bubble! :rolleyes:
9. macrumors 68000
This guy is the idiot who pours stuff on his d3 for attention. Nobody takes him seriously. Less rumor cred then Ken Rockwell :rolleyes:
10. macrumors 6502a
There are so many INSANE things here. Seriously, a top shutter speed of 1/2000th on the X? Just WHY would Nikon do that? 16000th on the H?! What's with the arbitrary differences in min shutter speed too?
The ISO thing is also rubbish, I mean, seriously. These slow speeds would be well below optimal, and the 'D3x' range is stupidly skewed towards the low end. And then... it comes up again, further down, but specifies a different range for the x.
Frame rate on the H too low.
No DX available on the D3x, Why?
Differences in self timer duration?!
The buffer on the 'x' is hopeless.
The RAW bit depth is also, COMPLETELY INSANE and implausible as highlighted.
Pocketwizard transceiver?! You're having a laugh.
Essentially, this is simply the worst, most implausible and ill-researched concoction I have ever seen. If these represent real prototypes and intentions when we see them reflecting the specs here, I will, buy one and wear it as a hat before eating it with pink-sauce.
Highly interesting, and reputable. Oh, indeed. He also claims to be a director of photography for National Geographic. Perhaps the 24bit RAW claim was made in order to make the lunacy of his suggested employment seem minimal?
11. macrumors 6502a
12. macrumors 68000
He is a shill. Its a promo for his blog/photography site and nothing else. No, Nikon did not give a nonexistant camera to a 20something year old idiot. People chewed him out on fredmiranda.
13. macrumors member
I stopped watching at 24 bit.
Even if this technology existed, Nikon wouldn't make this jump in one generation of cameras. If you look at how camera companies release point and shoots (and DSLRs for that matter) you would realize that they would introduce this technology one step at a time.
14. macrumors 6502
As tight lipped a company as Nikon is there is now way some kid with a YouTube account is posting anything remotely true.
I think the rumors of a D3x are very likely (hopefully in time for the Olympics) but you're not going to get your first news of it from this loser.
15. macrumors 68020
Joe Spina (the author of the video) is a well-known joke and troll on several web sites - he's been banned from DPR at least three times that I know of. He has serious attention-need issues. Nothing he reports can be believed.
Search on Darth Vader II at DPR for a set of broader-based opinions on the guy.
16. macrumors 68000
Thats what I was trying to get across. And also truth.
17. macrumors 6502a
OH my.. Just searched for 'Darth Vader II'... Oh my :eek::eek:
18. macrumors Penryn
No, they're not of interest because the guy who made them is a dumbass, and you keep saying "He seems credible", which doesn't change the fact that they're fake. You're just a bit gullible, and while I'm sure you're not the only one, just take a look at the specs and tell me whether they're even possible. Space vacations will become the norm before those specs do.
19. macrumors 6502a
You're right, I have shown myself to be rather gullible and naive.. :eek::(:(:(:(:(:(:(
20. macrumors Penryn
You just have too much hope. You must be young. Soon, you won't have any hope left, which means you'll never believe something before they see it, like the rest of us.
21. macrumors 601
Westside guy
I love it when someone who's in their 20s says to someone else "You must be young". :D
22. macrumors 68040
Age 20 commenting to age 16. :eek:
Rumor sites are fun because we all want to believe in something more than we have right now. The younger we are, the more we want to believe.
23. macrumors 6502a
Yes... I guess I'm an impetuous youth compared to a wizened old 20 year old :p
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14120
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Rockaway, NJ
Discussion in 'Leopard Event Meetups' started by coolant113, Oct 16, 2007.
1. macrumors 6502
This is the thread for people going to the Rockaway Townsquare Mall In NJ:apple::apple:
2. macrumors 6502
Anybody going to Rockaway to pick it up on the 26th???:apple::apple:
3. macrumors newbie
I am going :)
4. macrumors 6502
I'll be there :)
5. macrumors 6502a
Rockaway is my favorite Apple store, next to the 5th Ave store because I am friends with all of the workers. I should be there. :)
6. macrumors 6502
I'll Be There
I'm coming, some how, cant wait to get leopard, my t shirt and stuffed animal!
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14121
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SPEC tests
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by Vlade, Feb 25, 2003.
1. macrumors 6502a
I think thats what they are called, but I have some questions.
1. I know windows machines currently beet the G4 in those tests(mostly integer), but that isnt tested with altivec is it? If not, how do we stand with altivec?
2. Does anyone know where I can get some benchmarks? I want to compare my g4 733 to my friends celeron.
2. macrumors 68000
The SPEC tests check the performance of the Integer and FPU units on your processor. They neglect vector processing units, such as AltiVec.
That site is full of various benchmarks comparing Macs to Mac and Macs to PCs.
3. macrumors 68030
Re: SPEC tests
1) We get the **** beaten out of us less badly (The G4 does really really horribly on SPEC). On a few things like RC5, we do some beating ourselves, but for most things, the clock difference is just too high. Also, Intel's compiler can automatically use their Altivec equivalent in certain situations, and Apple's (GCC) can't do that.
2)Find a program you both use. Time it. That's the only truly accurate benchmark. Every synthetic benchmark has a bias, and each real world app also has a bias. If an app is memory bound, it makes sense to use a memory bound benchmark. As for cross platform benchmarks... try searching for caffiene mark and seeing if it's free (make sure to install Java 1.4.1 from the apple developer page before you do it though, it boosts Java performance a bunch). If that's not free, I'm not sure what you could use.
Celerons are kinda odd. The P4 Celeron should get beaten down for any app that isn't memory bound, unless it has a HUGE clockspeed advantage over the G4. It's basically an original P4 (they seriously sucked), with half the cache (not a nice thing to do to a processor like the P4). The P3 Celerons are a good deal better per clock, although the clockspeed difference makes them lose to their P4 brethren.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/14122
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What is your favorite graphic design program?
Discussion in 'Design and Graphics' started by MacBook-Gal, Feb 18, 2008.
What Graphic Design Software Do You Like the Best?
1. Quark
9 vote(s)
2. Adobe InDesign
23 vote(s)
3. Other (please specify)
18 vote(s)
1. macrumors regular
What is your favorite graphic design software for Mac? I am looking for something that I can use to create note-cards, business cards, and do other graphic design type jobs with. I have been thinking about getting Quark or Indesign, but can't really decide between the two of them. Which one do you think would be better for doing these publishing jobs? Or is there some other program that would be better than them? Thanks for any opinions!:):apple:
2. macrumors regular
For making business cards and such, I'd recommend Adobe Illustrator.
3. macrumors regular
I have thought about getting Illustrator, because it looks like a really cool program. How easy is it to get the text centered and sized right for a business card with it?
4. macrumors 6502
InDesign is the best for page layout.
5. macrumors 65816
I agree. I voted InDesign, but I agree that Illustrator would be your best bet by far. I like InDesign for bigger projects, layouts and things. For smaller projects such as you mentioned, Illustrator is the way to go.
6. macrumors regular
You can center stuff easily in any good program, so I wouldn't worry about it.
InDesign is good also, though I find Illustrator to cover more areas of design. InDesign does what it should very well...it just depends on everything you plan to design. Illustrator probably will cover more for you, though.
7. macrumors newbie
adobe illustrator allows for more manipulation of your type than indesign or quark, plus with illustrator you can create graphic elements and, of course, digital illustrations for your note cards and business cards.
8. macrumors regular
quark and indesign and more fit for publication layout (magazines, newsletters, calendars...) - it is where you will see the most benefit from the functionality of the programs. for what you have mentioned, you will be far better off illustrator like most here have said. vector illustration can be tricky, but if you are doing mainly type layout you will find illustrator pretty straight forward. goodluck!
9. macrumors 6502a
I'm a sucker for FreeHand :D
But use a combination of FreeHand, Illustrator, Photoshop & Indesign, each have their own uses....
10. macrumors newbie
InDesign is the best... But it is even better if you use it together with Photoshop and Illustrator... ;)
11. macrumors 6502
Illustrator. I only use Indesign for multi-page layouts.
12. macrumors regular
I voted for Quark because I consider it the true design program. Illustrator and PhotoShop are both used for creating artwork and images, but what I consider "graphic design" is the incorporating a group of those images into a layout along with text and other design elements and arranging them into a complete "design". Of course you can use the other programs to layout a piece, but that's what Quark was built for. Illustrator and PhotoShop were not built for intended use as a layout program. InDesign is ok, but Quark is my personal preference.
13. macrumors member
for business cards, I would use illustrator to design/prep/adjust whatever logo and images; and then place that in InDesign to add and adjust the text etc. i much prefer InDesign's text tools.
14. macrumors 65816
Another tale of people using the wrong package for the wrong jobs.
Photoshop - All Photographic manipulation.
Illustrator/FreeHand - Graphic Design
InDesign/Quark - DTP
If you use these packages for anything else you are using the wrong package. I don't know how many time I have come across people using PhotoShop to design complete posters. Drives me mad. I think anyone who does things like that does not belong in the design business.
15. macrumors 68040
Illustrator is the best, by far, in my opinion.
InDesign isn't really "graphic design" software at all, but is fantastic for layout. I don't generally create anything in ID, but instead use Illustrator and Photoshop and then place those in InDesign.
16. macrumors 68040
This graphic designer would strongly disagree with this sentiment.
17. macrumors 68040
Care to expound on that?
I use InDesign every day but rarely use anything but frames and text. I design everything in Illustrator (or occasionally Photoshop) and then place it. Do you use the Pen tool to draw in ID? I can probably count on one hand the number of times I have.
EDIT: let me also note that I love ID and am not disparaging it, just pointing out how I like to use it and am curious how others do.
18. macrumors 65816
Just because it's text doesn't mean it isn't graphic design. Graphic design is all about the visual layout of both graphics, (be it photos, illustrations, or whatever) and text. I'd almost say the more successful graphic designer knows how to work the text into their design more than how to make a picture pretty.
EDIT: And here is the definition from the beloved dictionary built into OS X:
graph•ic de•sign
19. macrumors 603
That is just foolish thinking. It is the end product that matters, not how it was achieved.
20. macrumors regular
A multi-application approach to design works best for me (and obviously to you), but people are going to develop individual approaches that work for them. What drives me mad are snobby GD know-it-alls who think that their methods outshine everyone else's.
21. macrumors 68040
Sure. No problem. I probably should have clarified initially, anyway.
I largely take issue with the separation created by your initial statement. What, in design, is more important than "layout?" Whether that be the layout of a logo, paragraph, illustration, page, or book. If the layout software isn't "graphic design" software, then layout itself isn't "graphic design." That is what I take exception to.
22. macrumors 68040
I thought the same thing...until I had to edit/update a document another designer had done. There is beauty in having a document technically correct in much the same way a web designer will tell you that "code is poetry." Just because the majority of the public won't notice doesn't mean it isn't worth doing.
23. macrumors 68020
Father Jack
My preference is a mixture of Illustrator, Photoshop and Quark Xpress.
24. macrumors 6502a
Corel DRAW! 6
Before switching, I used Corel DRAW! 6 for the PC since its release - one of the first non-Microsoft Native Windows 95 programs to be released. Once you'd applied all the patches and disabled 'multitasking', it was actually very stable - contrary to popular opinion.
I used it right up until I switched, as a hobby, and to make money on the side doing adverts for Yellow Pages and local papers.
I've still not found anything for the Mac that comes close in terms of usability and functionality (tried Linedraw, Eazydraw, Inkscape, Intaglio). I suppose Adobe CS3 is the way forwards, but I refuse to pay for something in the UK that is cheaper in the US even after you've taken taxes and air tickets into consideration.
I remain gutted about this. Go on, post a picture of a crying baby. I don't care. :mad:
25. macrumors regular
Agreed. You can open a can of beans with a hammer OR a can opener. Both will work, although one is designed specifically for the purpose and the other is a little less practical.
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