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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I use Mutt for gpg-signed email. With previous versions of Ubuntu I could tell Mutt to use gnome-gpg, which would ask for my GPG passphrase with a GUI window and then store it my GNOME keyring for 24 hours or until logout, whichever came first. However gnome-gpg was removed from universe in Ubuntu 11.10. Is there a replacement?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The default keyring manager for GNOME is seahorse:
Seahorse is a front end for GnuPG — the Gnu Privacy Guard program — that integrates to the GNOME desktop. It is a tool for secure communications and data storage. Data encryption and digital signature creation can easily be performed through a GUI and Key Management operations can easily be carried out through an intuitive interface.
(man 1 seahorse)
It should be enabled/running by default in Ubuntu and you should have this variable in your environment:
/tmp/keyring-XXXXXX/gpg is a socket bound by the program gnome-keyring-daemon, which is found in the gnome-keyring package.
Unfortunately, I don't have enough information about your system and I cannot tell you how to proceed exactly. However I should have given you enough information to start investigating the problem. If you need more help, please tell me whether you have the package installed, whether the process is running, whether the socket exists and whether the environment variable is set.
share|improve this answer
Looks like all I needed to do was remove the custom set pgp_sign_command="gnome-gpg ..." setting from my ~/.mutt/muttrc! – Marius Gedminas Mar 17 '12 at 21:15
The embarrassing thing is that I did that ages ago, and seahorse-agent was working fine on my laptop. I send most of my mail from my work account using mutt over ssh -- and ssh doesn't forward the GPG_AGENT connection, so I was typing in my passphrase multiple times a day anyway, without noticing I didn't have to do that for the rare personal email. Whops. – Marius Gedminas Mar 17 '12 at 21:18
I think on 11.10, installing seahorse-plugins should do this for you. And I think in 12.04 and newer versions, the gpg integration will be built-in. I used to have to install seahorse-plugins to make this work in older Ubuntu versions, but on 12.04 I don't have such a package installed, and the GPG integration is working fine for me.
share|improve this answer
I'm on 11.10. I don't have seahorse-plugins installed. I have GPG_AGENT_INFO in my environment. I don't seem to have any seahorse processes running, though... I think gnome-keyring-daemon is acting as a GPG agent for me. – Marius Gedminas Mar 17 '12 at 21:21
Right. I'm not sure exactly what the plugins package does exactly, on a technical level. I never dug into the code to find out. I do know that not having it installed on older Ubuntu versions, would break the gpg+gnome-keyring integration on my systems. And I use gpg a lot with bzr and evolution. – dobey Mar 18 '12 at 12:37
Gnome-GPG won't be avaiable for Ubuntu soon, but you can download the last builds that were made:
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33896
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm currently using a LG laptop with Nvidia Cuda GeForce GT 335M.
I have difficulty adjusting the screen brightness using FN+Arrow Up/Arrow Down. The brightness indicator will appear and the bar will not decrease beyond the first jump. Subsequently, if I depress the button, the indicator bar will randomly appear to be dim and bright, with no actual difference to the screen brightness.
I have tried to adjust the brightness through System Settings>Screen. Although the bar can be dragged up and down, there seems to be no actual difference in the brightness.
Furthermore, after installing Ubuntu 11.10, I have difficulty adjusting the brightness in Windows 7 as well. The function button does not respond at all, and adjusting it through the Control Panel does not seems to have any actual difference.
What could be the problem?
I have tried to edit the /etc/X11/xorg.conf, and add the line Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1", but it is not working for me.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
Try this: http://askubuntu.com/a/120796/54126 Confirmed working solution on clean Ubuntu 12.04 beta2 with 3.2.0-22 kernel with latest nvidia drivers. FN keys work, no need to make changes in grub or Xorg.conf
share|improve this answer
If the button is not working either in ubuntu or windows, then the problem may be coming from the button itself rather than ubuntu. I would have that button checked, maybe it is buged or some connection to the motherboard went MIA.
share|improve this answer
Hi, the button is definitely working. The problem here is that the brightness does not change with the input of the button, and the on-screen indicator of screen brightness refuses to change or have some random change which does not correspond to any actual difference in screen brightness. – Tan Zhong Xian Jan 8 '12 at 15:50
The button IS working but not properly....Maybe get it checked – Jester Jan 8 '12 at 22:40
try this on your terminal.
sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=50
share|improve this answer
Hi, what does this command do? Nevertheless, I tried, but the terminal returns setpci: Warning: No devices selected for "F4.B=50" – Tan Zhong Xian Jan 8 '12 at 15:50
Your Answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33897
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
My Mac mini doesn't have sufficient hardware for Ubuntu 11.04 (specifically Unity I think), and so I have to use the classic environment, which is fine, but it seems to run slower on 11.04 (I'm upgrading now to 11.10).
However, I heard on PowerPCFAQ that if it runs slow I should use Xubuntu or Lubuntu.
So my question is:
• What is the best way to upgrade from Ubuntu 11.10 to Xubuntu or Lubuntu and which one would be better for a late 2005 model Mac Mini PPC?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I warmly recommended either xubuntu or lubuntu, given that you are at v11.10 together with the age of your PC.
Looking at packages.ubuntu.com, no PowerPC packages are described either for the xubuntu-desktop or lubuntu-desktop metapackages. They have been subsequently released - details of 11.10 PowerPC packages can be found on LaunchPad.net - for example the xubuntu-desktop package.
Since these meta packages have been now pushed into the standard repositories you can install the xubuntu & lubuntu desktops via
sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get install lubuntu-desktop
Looking forward, it appears there will be a PowerPC ISO available for Lubuntu. At the time of writing there doesnt appear to be an equivalent xubuntu PowerPC daily build though although this may change. Please consult the PowerPC FAQ for more details.
If you want to give the daily build a test, remember to image your partitions first as per the dd answer as per the linked question. Do remember, this is alpha quality software.
Linked Questions:
1. How to make a disk image and restore from it later?
share|improve this answer
PowerPC packages don't show up on packages.ubuntu.com because PowerPC is not an official architecture. You should look them up on launchpad.net instead where you will find them.
There are PowerPC meta packages for xubuntu-desktop and lubuntu-desktop. There are instructions on how to install these derivatives already in the FAQ. I know this because i wrote the thing!!!!
The FAQ gives detailed instructions on how to install lubuntu/xubuntu from the minimal CDs plus it gives you the link to psychocats.net/ubuntu/xfce so that you could 'transform' Ubuntu into Xubuntu etc
PowerPC has exactly the same packages in the repos as other architectures with the exception of chromium/chrome and a few others.
Please read the PowerPC Known Issues page before upgrading to 11.10 because it is a known issue to be left at a BusyBox prompt in 11.10.
share|improve this answer
... I have tried my best reflect your comments into the answers. Feel free to expand if required. – fossfreedom Jan 19 '12 at 10:43
Thanks for that. Good job! – ojordan Jan 19 '12 at 18:51
Your Answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33900
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Signal Operations
Scrambling, puncturing, and other operations on sequences
System Objects
comm.Descrambler Descramble input signal
comm.Scrambler Scramble input signal
Deinterlacer Distribute elements of input vector alternately between two output vectors
Derepeat Reduce sampling rate by averaging consecutive samples
Descrambler Descramble input signal
Insert Zero Distribute input elements in output vector
Interlacer Alternately select elements from two input vectors to generate output vector
Puncture Output elements which correspond to 1s in binary Puncture vector
Scrambler Scramble input signal
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33948
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public marks
PUBLIC MARKS from springnet with tags library & ajax
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Yahoo! UI Library
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Toys - dhtml libraries, demos and applications
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2.0 + ajax + austin + austinblogger + austincast + books + calendar + code + css + database + design + dhtml + itunes + javascript + mp3 + mysql + php + player + programming + ruby + scripts + songbird + springnet + springnet blogmarks + springnetdelicious + sxsw + texas + walhus + web2.0 + webdesign + webdev +
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33954
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We just released a Community Tech Preview download of Visual Studio Orcas Express, the next version of Visual Studio Express. Kudos to Doug for arguably the coolest beta page on MSDN ever (pictured above)
We need your feedback
As John mentions in his post, the big things we need feedback on are the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) designer and the DLINQ designer. In addition we want feedback on meta questions
Meta Question - Compatibility vs Features for Express
Another big question I'd love feedback on is how we handle Express going forward. Express is all about simplicity and the more decisions you provide to users, the harder it is for them to understand what to do.
Presentation Technology Choices
For the CTP of VB and C# Orcas Express, we chose the third option and support both WPF and Windows Forms. By supporting both, it's caused our download size to go up and the paradox of choice makes Express more complicated than previously when there was only once choice before. Our team has had a lot of debate and the options available are:
• Support just Windows Forms - Good: This keeps the size small and Windows Forms has great support for data and backwards compatibility. Bad is that WPF is much easier for building more attractive and interactive applications like games and people may think Express doesn't support the newest, coolest technology.
• Support just WPF - Good: keeps the size small and since the 2005 Express versions will continue to be on the Web for download, you can use Orcas for WPF and use 2005 for Windows Forms. Bad is that Windows Forms has a much more robust feature set for building form applications and better data support.
• Support both WPF and Windows Forms - Good: makes everyone happy by providing the choice between features, Bad is that the size is larger and it can be confusing when to use which and what features are supported depending on what presentation technology you chose.
VWD Orcas has only one presentation technology so this isn't an issue and C++ does not support WPF so the choices here are just for VB and C#.
Data Technology Choices
Similarly on the data side of VB and C# Orcas Express, we chose the third option
• Support just SQL Server Express - Good: Existing apps can migrate forward and you get DLinq+Designer and ADO.NET support with SQL Server Express. Bad is that SQL Server Express is large (80MB) and needs to run as a service. SQL CE is specifically designed to be a great desktop database.
• Support just SQL Server Compact Edition - Good: Tiny size, designed to be a desktop database, copy/paste deployment, access-like experience, ADO.NET Design support. Bad is that SQL CE does not work with DLinq+Designer.
• Support both SQL Server Express and SQL Compact Edition - Good:makes everyone happy by providing the choice between features, bad is that the size is larger and the features supported depend on what database you use.
VWD Orcas has only one data technology choice, SQL Server Express, as SQL CE is built and designed for desktop apps while the C++ Express team has explicitly decided to only support SQL Server Express instead of SQL CE.
Questions for You
1. Which of the presentation/data choices would you have picked?
2. Would you be okay if new versions of Express only supported new APIs, so long as there was an Express product also available for the previous APIs (ex VB 2005 for Windows Forms instead of VB Orcas for Windows Forms)?
3. Is it more important to support the latest and greatest API's like WPF and LINQ even though they may be more complex and not have as rich tools support than existing APIs like ADO.NET and Windows Forms?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33957
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High Altitude
High Altitude
Rate This
• Comments 3
No computer programming stuff today; just some fun for Friday.
As I'm writing this Felix Baumgartner's attempt to set the world record for skydiving height by diving from a helium balloon has been scrubbed due to bad weather. This attempt has got me thinking of my good friend JB, who back in 1982 set the world record (*) for hang gliding height by similarly using a helium balloon.
JB is one of those people who proves the truth of the saying that you really can do anything you put your mind to, as he's been a world-record breaking hang glider pilot, skydiver, balloonist, airplane pilot, ultra-marathon runner, shuttle astronaut candidate (**), upper-atmosphere physicist, microgravity physicist, nuclear physicist, father, and I'm probably missing a dozen more accomplishments in there. And teacher! When I was a child he taught me useful skills like how to estimate large numbers, how to do trigonometry, and how to do calculus, usually by pointing out things on the beach and then doing math in the sand, like Archimedes. How many grains of sand are on this beach? How far away is the horizon when you stand on the roof of the cottage? What shape path does this rock make in the air when you throw it? These sorts of questions fascinated me as a child, and, I suppose, still do.
Anyway, I recently learned that JB has uploaded the short film his brother Bims made to document the successful attempt at the record. Check it out, and enjoy the hairstyles of the 1980s: Project Hang Glide
(*) It's in the 1988 Guinness Book of World Records.
(**) His microgravity experiment ended up flying on the Vomit Comet rather than the shuttle.
• Those are interesting questions! You should make a post on how to estimate large numbers haha
• Sounds like an interesting person. Thank you for sharing.
• So how did you know him?
JB's grandfather and my great-grandfather built summer cottages on the same beach back in the early part of the previous century; our families have been friendly for a long time. -- Eric
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It's available here. (This is the same link as before. If it brings up version 1.0, just try refreshing the page until you get mdbgSample21.EXE).
We're up to version 2.1.0, and it includes:
1. Mdbg + Python integration. (You need to download Python separately)
2. Managed wrappers for native debugging APIs like WaitForDebugEvent. (This is what I alluded to previously here).
3. Improved event logging infrastructure.
4. Pdb2Xml conversion tool, which now includes round-tripping the pdbs. (I hoped we'd release this earlier, but better late than never.)
5. Updated Eula.
6. Better organized directory structure. This includes a "tools" subdirectory, which we expect to pave the way for adding new Mdbg-based tools.
7. All IL files have been converted into C#, so it's now a pure C# solution.
The previous update was about a year ago (12/12/05). I have a bunch of other mdbg links here, and questions / comments can go to the "Building Development And Diagnostic Tools for .NET" forum. (Jon Langdon posted an announcement on that forum here). This should be pretty compatible with the previous release. There's a minor breaking change in there regarding WriteLine and newlines. (I had to update the Gui to avoid double newlines)
There's a readme.htm and mdbg.sln to get you started quickly.
Mithun Shanbhag is now on the CLR Debugger team and was responsible for driving the sample release. Kudos to Mithun!
I want to reiterate my standard Mdbg disclaimer: The Mdbg sample is primarily intended to demonstrate how to use .NET diagnostic APIs (mainly ICorDebug) and not intended to be a production debugger. Also, while the mdbg sample is important to us, it's not our top priority and we tend to steer our efforts to the ICorDebug implementation (which Visual Studio and other debuggers use) instead of the Mdbg sample. Regardless, we hope folks find this helpful.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33962
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When we designed the user experience of Austin, we spent quite some time thinking about the different page views and layouts, and how to transition between them. We wanted to create an immersive experience where the user can manipulate and navigate Austin's pages in an intuitive way; pages zoom in and out in 3D with pinch gestures, and the camera glides over the pages and even tilts a little bit when a finger is dragged on the screen. This makes the pages simply appear to "float" in 3D space and move around and re-arrange themselves as needed. To add some visual eye-candy, I spent some time having the pages cast shadows. This subtle addition makes the scene visually much richer and way more interesting.
So how does it work?
The fact that our pages always lie flat over the XY plane is a key point to solving this problem. This means we know the shadow that's going to be cast on that plane is always also a rectangle. There's one small exception to this which is when we curl a page as the user drags a finger across to pass to the next page, and in that case we just render a thinner, yet still rectangular, shadow depending on how curled the page is. It's not a perfect projection of the deformed page but it's good enough to do the trick.
With this in mind, we can draw a shadow by rendering a simple quad that's in the same position as the page but moved backwards in the Z axis so it sits flat on the XY plane, and scaled and offset a bit as well to "fake" the projection of the shadow volume cast on the XY plane. This quad is rendered in a darker color than the color of the background, which is always a solid color.
The second thing we do that helps blur and soften the shadows is rendering this scene to a much smaller rendering target than screen, in our case to a 256x256 texture. Then when we copy the final texture to the back buffer, we blow it up to the screen dimensions, and this operation softens the shadows further due to the filtering applied to the texture to go from 256 pixels to the actual resolution. And as a bonus side effect, the 256x256 texture is much smaller and much faster to render to.
Finally, to add a bit more depth, we do one last post-processing effect and do a "radial darkening" such that the picture gets darker the further you go from the center of the background.
In pictures
An image is worth a thousand words, so let's see how all this looks in the app.
First, this is how the darker quads look like rendered on the flat background, on the 256x256 texture:
This is how it looks with the Gaussian blur applied:
And then, with the radial darken filter:
Finally, that's blown up to the screen size and then the paper pages rendered on top of it:
The following picture shows the difference between rendering directly to a render target the size of the screen and to a smaller (256x256) render target that then gets enlarged to the size of the screen:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33965
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downloadWhen you use custom port settings in Microsoft System Center 2012 Configuration Manager Service Pack 1 (SP1), the task sequence may not run. For example, when you configure the site to use port numbers other than port 80 or port 433 as the default ports, the deployment fails because the operating system image cannot be downloaded. Additionally, the following error message is logged in the Smsts.log file:
Error downloading file from http://siteserver.sccm.local:80/SMS_DP_SMSPKG$/CMnnnnnn/sccm?/install.wim to C:\_SMSTaskSequence\Packages\CMnnnnnn\install.wim ApplyOperatingSystem 1996 (0x07CC)
There is a new downloadable hotfix available for this issue and you can get all the details here:
KB2838585 - FIX: A task sequence to install an operating system does not run when you use custom port settings in System Center Configuration Manager 2012 SP1 (
Get the latest System Center news on Facebook and Twitter:
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System Center All Up:
System Center – Configuration Manager Support Team blog:
System Center – Data Protection Manager Team blog:
System Center – Orchestrator Support Team blog:
System Center – Operations Manager Team blog:
System Center – Service Manager Team blog:
System Center – Virtual Machine Manager Team blog:
Windows Intune:
WSUS Support Team blog:
The AD RMS blog:
App-V Team blog:
MED-V Team blog:
Server App-V Team blog:
The Forefront Endpoint Protection blog :
The Forefront Identity Manager blog :
The Forefront TMG blog:
The Forefront UAG blog:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/33967
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Matt Goedtel on Operations Management
Browse by Tags
Related Posts
• Blog Post: Follow-up from my MP Lifecycle Management TechNet Webcast
Today I had the pleasure of presenting about System Center Operations Manager 2007 MP Lifecycle Management via TechNet Webcast. After I completed the presentation I shortly realized I failed to mention some important facts/recommendations that I had notated yet overlooked due to time and a bit of nervousness...
• Blog Post: A Cool Tool for your Operations Manager Toolkit - PowerGUI
So I came across this a week or so ago but forgot to install and play with it until today. PowerGUI is a freeware product from Quest that provides an IDE for working with PowerShell on your systems, and has integration with Operations Manager 2007, in addition to Active Directory and Exchange Server...
• Blog Post: Updated PowerShell Script - Maintenance Mode
I was recently e-mailed by a colleague regarding the maintenance mode PowerShell script that was originally released by Boris Yanushpolsky (found here ) that worked great for RTM/SP1, but was failing when executed on an OpsMgr 2007 R2 agent managed system. In addition, the script was designed to place...
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2:15 pm ET
Jun 15, 2013
Google Launches ‘Loon’ to Deliver Internet Access With Balloons
• Jews are way ahead of Google. They already wear a small transformer on their head. It is only a matter of time before that little box becomes a 100 GB server and a cell tower.
• Sometimes I can't help but think, there as GOT to be an easier way.
But hey, more power to 'em.
• For a tech company, why is Google shooting for a Flintstones tactic? God knows there are thousands of satellites in orbit now, why not partner up with some owners and create a known workable solution. Instead of a hair brained balloon stunt. What next, a balloon & lawn chair airline?
• Satellites are kept at 36,000 KM, geo sync orbit. These balloons are flown at a little above 20km in altitude, reducing signal transmission delays.
• Google and YouTube enable Mozilla's Video DownloadHelper in Firefox since 2007 to download ALL videos from Google/YouTube, but Google/YouTube (and Andrew Shapiro) wrote that "no downloads" occur in the Viacom case which is not true. Given the recent Columbia Pictures, Paramount, 20th Century Fox et al ruling in the 9th Circuit against Gary Fung and his IsoHunt (BitTorrent) copyright theft monster, it looks like the Google/YouTube/Mozilla kiss is a violation of MGM vs. Grokster (i.e.: Grokster III)
It's time to expose Eric Schmidt and his lies, theft, and destruction of the economy for a few button pushing heroin addicts needing copyright theft fixes.
Oh did I say Mozilla's Video DownloadHelper in Firefox downloads everything from Veoh, Vimeo, DailyMotion, MetaCafe, XHamster, even on FoxNews.com's websites behind copyright owner's backs? This is grand theft and Eric Schmidt, Larry Page, and Sergio Brin require to cough up some explaining.
How much has really been stolen through appended ads, and from the depletion of one's works before "DMCA Takedown Notices" How many has Google initiated? And Google wants permission from the NSA?
• What else could the balloon do that a satellite cannot?
If aging balloons deflate and drop to aircraft flight level at 10 km or below, would they not likely cause unnecessary hazards to airplanes? (boontee)
• Just another Google/NSA/CIA spy network to control the world
• who owns the airspace 20,000-35,000 m above north korea?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34014
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HOME > Chowhound > General Topics >
Feb 10, 2002 11:58 PM
Question About Shitake Mushroom Colour
• s
Just picked up a pack of dried shitake mushrooms from my local asian grocery store. I normally go for ones with black caps but the store was running a special on some very thick mainly white capped (with little blotches of black here and there) variety ($7 for a lb).
Is there a difference between the white cap and black cap shitake, is this a natural phenomenon or altered artifically ?
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. The thick ones which are mostly white and shot with black are the "flower" variety or fa goo in Cantonese. These are more highly prized.
3 Replies
1. re: Melanie Wong
Didn't realize that.
Any particular reason why they're more prized? Scent, taste etc?
1. re: SG
The thickness gives them a firmer texture, more meatiness in flavor and bite. The patterning is more attractive. You usually pay a premium for the fa goo because of this.
1. re: Melanie Wong
Thanks for the info! Cooked some for dinner this evening and boy were they HUGE when fully hydrated.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34016
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HOME > Chowhound > General Midwest Archive >
Jan 26, 2007 04:45 PM
Good food in Indy?
i have lived in indy for 16 years and still have i yet to find a goodbut cheap non chain restaurant please give me some feedback!!!!!
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. Lots of topics have already been created about Indianapolis eating, answering the same question as yours. For example, check these out:
1. There are many inexpensive ethnic restaurants around Michigan Road and 86th.
For pizza, Bazbeaux is not much more expensive that a chain pizza place but they have many more choices. Is Mellow Mushroom in Carmel a chain? It's a fun place, decor-wise with sandwiches, pizza, pasta. I like that you can get seitan "meat" there.
if you're looking for hidden holes in the wall with good, really cheap food, I can't help you!
Do check out the other threads for more ideas all over the city.
1. I think Indy is a fairly good food town. See the earlier threads :) and post more detailed questions as they arise.
1. Get yourself to Yats!! Locations on College Avenue and downtown on Mass. Ave.
Bazbeaux is great -- their creamy basil salad dressing is a favorite. Pizza crust is always just right and there are lots of choices for toppings. It's a favorite: Broad Ripple or (again) Mass. Ave.
1. cheap eats in indy worth your time: Taste cafe is the best bang for the buck for quality food. yats is a starchy but very flavorful meal for 5 bucks. other than that it's becoming adventurous and seeking the hole and the wall, ethnic eateries---many of them found in stripmall 'no-lands'. la parada for mexican, luxor for middle eastern/greek, red key tavern for one of the best burgers in town and giogios for slices of pizza to name a few. there are others but it is more difficult to weed out the over-priced, over-chained, and pretentious establishments in this town.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34017
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HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Apr 15, 2007 05:43 AM
Dem bones, dem bones...dem chicken stock bones
I want to make stock. Can I start to save chicken bones in a freezer bag....collect as I go, and make the stock when I have enough? Any tips on doing this well?
Does anyone use a crockpot to make stock?
Do you have a favorite recipe?
Can I freeze the stock in freezer bags?
Any suggestions on all manner of making stock would be greatly appreciated. I've been cooking for years and years and have never made stock. The time has come.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. Yes, you can save chicken bones in the freezer until you have enough. Wrap well in foil and they should keep until you want to use them - I've been doing this for years.
Yes, you can make it in a crockpot - Put in chopped celery, carrots and onions, along with a bay leaf, some peppercorns, the chicken carcasses, and cover with water. Let it simmer on low for at least 10 hours, or overnight and into the next day. Strain, and let any fat rise to the stop to skim off. Then pack it away in the GladLock type of containers in your freezer (I like the 1/2 cup and 1 cup sizes, as that's the amount I usually use at any given time).
The stock would have to be completely cool to freezer in freezer bags, but I don't see why not. Would allow for easy stacking in the freezer.
1. I freeze my stock in freezer bags - it needs to be fairly well cooled off, or it will melt the bag! I stand the bags in a mixing bowl to fill them, other wise they have a slithery tendancy to collapse and spill your stock all over the counter. They may still collapse in the bowl, but it's a lot less messy. Then I lay them flat on a cookie sheet, and stick em in the freezer -- when fully frozen, I stand them on end like books. It saves space.
If you like things like chicken salad and other recipes that call for cooked chicken, you can make a nice stock with a whole chicken. Cook the chicken along with the vegetables until the chicken is cooked through - this makes a light stock, and if you want a richer one, put back the chicken carcass after you've stripped the meat from it, or put in fresh bones, and continue cooking. I'm not sure if your crock pot would be large enough to do this in though - mine isn't.
If you use a whole chicken or chicken parts to make stock, and don't bother picking the meat but just cook it until done, you'll be left with a lot of fairly flavourless meat that you may (if you are, like me, a hyper-thrifty type) feel uncomfortable about throwing out. Here's a recipe for it:
Chicken Stock Sausage
shredded chicken from making stock - 1 chickens worth
1tsp-2tbs red wine vinegar
2-4 tbs of butter
1/4 c. olive oil
2-3 tsp thyme
1-2 tsp. basil
2-4 dry red chiles, crushed fairly fine
2-4 tsp. salt
1-2 tsp fresh ground pepper
Starting with the smaller amounts of spices and fats, pulse all ingredients together in a food processor until coarsely crumbled, stopping once or twice to check moisture and flavour -- adjust seasonings to taste, and add more butter or vinegar as needed for texture.
Shape into patties or logs, and brown and serve, or freeze - *DO NOT THAW BEFORE COOKING - it ruins the texture* DO not microwave unless browned first.
These are very tasty, though the texture is markedly different from a raw meat sausage - you can vary the spices as desired, or - to make a more raw meat like sausage - add a bit of pork or raw chicken to the blend.
1. Sounds like a plan.
Since I have a fridge in the basement, I take the whole pot of stock and put it in the fridge overnight so the fat congeals at the top and I just scoop it out. The stock becomes like a jelly. I freeze the stock in 1/2 quart containers and also in 3 oz plastic cups. I'll take a tray and line up the cups, then put the whole tray in the freezer. After the 3 oz cups are frozen I squeeze then out of the cup and put them in a freezer bag and into the freezer. The smaller size is good if you just need a little stock for a dish.
1. A few tips from years of making chicken stock: (Made some this morning actually)
Roast chicken makes tastier stock with more depth.
Use skin, bones fat, everything except innards, unless you want a "heavier" stock.
We also use the bits and pieces left over from a supermarket roast chicken. Remove the meat from the bones and save until use. Make sure the only seasonings used by the supermarket are salt and pepper. That said, do not put salt in the stock, only do it to taste when you use it.
Date your stock containers.
Don't skim the fat. It will settle at the top of the container and prevent the stock from freezer burn. Scrape it off before use.
We often add a bit of white wine for added depth, typically a Trebianno D'Abruzzo, a cheap Italian, but an excellent cooking wine.
You'll NEVER go back to canned stock again, guaranteed!
1. The bones from one roasted chicken (regardless of who did the roasting) are enough to make stock (roughly a quart). I clean off all the meat the I want to use for other purposes (such as chicken salad), and throw the rest in a pot. Then add water to cover (more or less) and simmer for an hour or so - nothing exact about the time. Strain, and refrigerate. 1 qt spaghetti sauce jars make nice storage containers, though I need to use a wide funnel to fill them.
I add various flavorings to the chicken - onion, mixed herbs, a carrot or two, other left over vegies or herbs.
The resulting stock usually has a moderate amount of body (like wiggly jello), and somewhat cloudy. It is good for a hearty soup, or sauces. Precooked chicken, supposedly, isn't the best for making clear stocks, though there are methods for clarifying the stock.
In a sense there are two approaches to making stock. You can buy ingredients specifically for stock, and use them in a way that makes the very best. Or you can view stock making as a way of getting the best value out of ingredients that you already have, such as a left over chicken carcass.
1 Reply
1. re: paulj
Thanks to everyone for such thoughtful replies. I am looking forward to a new ritual and promise to report back.
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HOME > Chowhound > San Francisco Bay Area >
Jun 10, 2007 10:00 PM
Kabul review - ok Afghani in San Carlos
Couldn't find any recent reviews, so I thought I'd post on last night's dinner.
Pakawra E Katchalu (batter-dipped potatoes with yogurt and meat sauce) - although the same yogurt and meat sauce came with several other dishes, it was especially good with these. They're more pastry-like than the description suggested - sort of fried turnovers stuffed with mashed potato.
Shrimp kebabs - smoky, juicy, sweet, perfectly cooked. We didn't get any meat kebabs, but I think the grill may be their strong point.
Kadu - pumpkin (tasted like they'd been stewed in sweet spices) with the same yogurt and meat sauce as the pakawra. Tasty, but didn't move me the way the pakawra e katchalu did.
Mater challaw - lamb stewed with peas, onion, tomato, spices - very tender lamb, balanced spices, the most Indian-tasting of the dishes.
Mantoo (onion and lamb dumplings with yogurt and vegetable sauce)
Aushak (leek and spring onion dumplings with yogurt and meat sauce)
These made me sad. When I lived in NYC, there was a restaurant near me that had tiny (about the size of a thumbnail) lamb dumplings that I loved, and I haven't found anything like them since. The meat in the mantoo was underseasoned - with my eyes closed, I don't know if I would have been able to distinguish a mantoo from an aushak. At least the pasta wrappers were al dente.
Rice comes with entrees and was perfectly cooked and well seasoned (depending on the dish, it was either plain or spiced with coriander, cinnamon, probably some other spices as well). The Afghani bread (large foccacia-like squares) was ok, not the best I've had.
I think most of their reputation comes from their kebabs, and from the sample of shrimp kebab that I had, it's probably well deserved. Problem is that my craving is for good mantoo... if anyone can recommend a place, please tell me!
The restaurant's in a strip mall, so parking's easy. Interior is quite nice, almost formal. Attentive service. Dinner (with one bottle of wine) for 5 people came to about $25/pp.
Kabul Restaurant
135 El Camino Real
San Carlos, CA
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1. How was the wine selection? We went to one in Fremont and they didn't offer wine at all out of religious/cultural beliefs. They allowed us to bring our own as long as we handled it. Just curious to know how robust Kabul's list is. Thanks for the report!
1 Reply
1. re: sgwood415
A lot of simple, fruity Californian wines, mostly under $30/bottle.
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HOME > Chowhound > Manhattan >
Aug 10, 2007 04:38 AM
Best store for fresh hot peppers/chiles?
I spent all of yesterday searching for green bird's-eye chiles and never found them (I just went to nearby places, Jefferson Mkt, Lifethyme natural, citarella, dean & deluca). I'm also looking for ancho chiles. Where's the best place to go for a good pepper selection? Kalustan's? Thanks in advance!
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1. Do you mean fresh "anchos"? Those are chiles poblanos, though the varieties used for the fresh version and dried are somewhat different, and poblanos are rarely eaten ripe. (Chiles anchos and mulatos are dried, ripe fruits from different varieties of the same basic strain as poblanos.)
What are called bird-chiles here, I rarely see outside of Indian or Asian groceries though they do pop up once in a while at Garden of Eden (for no particular reason as far as I can tell.) The ripe ones are even harder to come by, I never see those anywhere but Vietnamese, Thai and other SE Asian groceries, rarely in Korean, even more rarely in specifically-Chinese stores; you might find them in season in an Indian grocery, but they don't seem to go out of their way to obtain them like the SE Asians.
On the whole I think Kalustyan's fresh vegs are overpriced and rarely in good condition, but there are also 3 (exclusively) Indian grocery stores within a block of them and between the 4, you can usually, but not always, find the small, green chiles in decent enough condition to bother with.
Otherwise, I've always found chiles to be a crapshoot - since the different sorts are used by different cultures, and since they're fairly perishable and not all that popular among mainstream Americans, it's hard to find a "one stop shop" whose produce is reliably good quality. Fairway usually has a few, including poblanos, and their turnover is pretty good; the produce store in Chelsea Market always has some, but they often look like hell, even if I were desperate I'd rather substitute. Unfortunately the places you list are probably the least likely suspects for a decent selection in worthwhile condition, though D & D sometimes has a variety or two that are otherwise scarce in the retail trade.
If you're willing to pay "organic" prices ($8-12 /lb), the Blew Farms stand at Union Square has started getting in the smaller, hotter peppers recently so unless the weather turns really wet, gray and cold for the rest of August, you should find some decent stuff there. (Including, now that I think of it, plants of several varieties much like the Thai chiles you mention.) I think they usually have poblanos, too....
1 Reply
1. re: MikeG
I never really had a problem with the chilis at Chelsea Market. I use a lot of chilis in my cooking and find that Chelsea Market has become my go-to for anchos, serranos, habaneros and other Mexican/Southwestern chilis. I still have far too much trouble locating Scotch bonnet, bird's eye and other non-Mexican chilis, though. I am told that if I want Jamaican or Asian peppers, I need to hit up the Jamaican and Thai stores.
2. The best hot pepper selection in NYC is at the Union Sq market. They have the most varieties and the freshest peppers. Some are mad hot!!
1 Reply
1. re: princeofpork
Agreed. They definitely have the best selection in August, early September. Something like 20-30 different kinds of chile peppers. Great habaneros too.
2. I have the same problem finding chiles - I can usually find jalapenos with no problem, but it is usually hit or miss from there - if any one has any other ideas on the UES or the Village I'd appreciate them too. Even Eli's often doesn't have much of a variety.
2 Replies
1. re: MMRuth
Thanks so much for the suggestions! I found a little Mexican grocery store on Ave A & 13th that had the dried anchos. However, I'll definitely be going to Greenmarket at Union Square to stock up on fresh chiles. Many thanks.
1. re: ruby21702
I missed somehow that you were also looking for dried anchos. The only place I found them in my neighborhood was Graces Marketplace, but I think I've also seen them at various Whole Foods.
2. The wonderful Thai market, Bangkok Center Grocery, on Mosco St. in Chinatown (off Mott, just before it ends at Bowery) always has thai chilies (birds-eye) available. They are in the refrigerator, packaged in little plastic pouches. They are usually mostly green chilies, with a few red ones thrown in there too.
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HOME > Chowhound > Ontario (inc. Toronto) >
Jan 25, 2011 05:38 AM
Brie du Monte cheese...
...in my attempts to recreate the Bymark burger @ home, I keep fumbling with this ingredient. I've tried run-of-the-mill brie, which lacked both depth of flavour and aroma.
I've also tried using a camembert, and debated whether a reblochon would do the trick.
At the risk of over-thinking this solution, can someone tell me if Brie de Meaux and Brie du Monte are the same thing??
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1. Other than they are both brie, they come from different places. Meaux is a town not far from Paris, hence any brie bearing it's name must be from there. Brie du Mont is literally "brie from the mountain" and has no specific designation ... I've had a brie in Vermont that bears this name, but presumably others could claim their brie comes from the mountain as well, depending on whether there's an enforceable trade mark or not.
If you've had Brie de Meaux, it does have a very distinct flavour from other brie (and it's from raw cow's milk) ...
1 Reply
1. re: CocoTO
Many thanks for your reply!
I'll be sure to ask my local cheese-monger the origins of whatever variety I settle on for my next attempt :-). Brie de Meaux sounds like an adventure though....
2. Never heard of "Brie de Monte" and I was curious, so I did a bit of digging.
If you Google "Brie de Monte" it only shows up in relation to Bymark's burger recipe which says: " Add 1/2 oz., well aged, thick slices of Brie de Monte cheese on each burger." Odd, because Brie is a fairly young cheese. I guess well-aged in this sense means a couple of months.
Mont is mountain in French. Monte means "to mount". I think Bymark or whoever put the recipe on the web may have mixed up the name or made one up.
A good French Brie will probably be OK and if you want to go all out, Brie de Meaux or Brie de Melun have a stronger flavour.
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HOME > Chowhound > Manhattan >
Sep 17, 2011 08:10 PM
Lentils du Puy (aka French green lentils)
I have a lentil soup recipe that calls for the above. Now that the weather has cooled off I'm looking forward to making some lentil soup one day. I used to be French lentils at Fairway but they weren't in stock the last couple of times I checked. Who else stocks them?
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1. Try Citarella.
2135 Broadway, New York, NY 10023
4 Replies
1. re: Riverman500
I happened to be at Zabar's today and picked up a container of French green lentils. I did stop by Citarella and saw that they also sell the lentils. Thanks for the suggestion. I actually live closer to Citarella so this is good to know, although, perhaps not surprisingly, they charge $1 more per pound.
2245 Broadway, New York, NY 10024
1. re: uwsgrazer
Thanks for letting me know about the price difference at Zabar. I never go there for some reason. I shall check out their lentils de puy!
1. re: Riverman500
I'll be curious to hear your assessment. I just noticed that the Zabar's label says "French lentil". I thought the Citarella ones looked pretty nice, but I figured it was maybe just packaging. Besides, after paying $2.99 / lb at Fairway for a while ($3.99 on other occasions) $4.99 just seemed too steep for soup I make on a regular basis. That said, if the Citarella lentils are that much better, it's not a big money difference, in the big scheme of things.
1. re: Riverman500
I used some of the Zabar's lentils for a batch of lentil soup last week. I thought the bean quality was inferior to what I used to get at Fairway. There seemed to be more broken pieces and just generally more "scraps". The soup also didn't taste as good, but that may be due to other reasons. I'm going to try making it again with the remaining beans and will have another comparison
2. Kalustyan's - just saw them there yesterday!
123 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10016
1 Reply
1. re: City Kid
Ay, I was just there a few days ago. I should have thought to look!
2. I just returned from the upper West side Fairway, where I bought 3 lbs of French (green) puy lentils. $2.99 lb upstairs in the bulk section. So if they had been out of them last week, they have them now.
Fairway Market
2127 Broadway, New York, NY 10023
3 Replies
1. re: Ann900
Great! Thanks for posting. Actually, they used to keep the French lentils downstairs, along with the other beans, nuts, etc. I hadn't thought to look upstairs, but now I will the next time I visit.
1. re: Ann900
Wow. That bulk section upstairs is amazing.
How long has it been around?
I never really ventured over to that section of the store in the past but I sure will now, though you can do some real damage to your food budget, if you're not careful. I tried the dark chocolate covered blueberries. Delicious, but at $14.99 / lb (I think; it certainly cost at least this much) I will be sure to bag small portions.
My only complaint is that the variety of offerings is so great and with no clear listing of everything it makes it kind of tricky to shop. Maybe that's deliberate, because I probably ended up buying more stuff as a result.
1. re: uwsgrazer
I've been shopping there regularly for 6 years and it's been up there all that time. If you're looking for something specific and you're not sure if they have it, ask the guys who work up there- they really know what and where everything is.
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Discover and share stories
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Rising seas national geographic
Feel Curve
Global warming is a pressing issue that affects everyone. Though it may be hard to tell right now while we still have polar ice caps, National Geographic recently created a series of maps that illustrate how visually different the Earth would look if all the ice on the planet melted. The maps reveal a world with far fewer land masses that are above sea level. With all the glacial bodies thawing, it would lead to a rise in water levels by 216 feet. As a result, many of the continents’ current ...
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34054
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Chris Elliott wrote a column this week about how most airlines have dropped their “flat tire” rule which basically allowed travelers to reschedule their flight for no cost for circumstances beyond their control. Well, as Chris also indicated — and one of my clients found out the same day — the airlines still have that rule. It just only applies to circumstances beyond their control.
The gentleman in question had a simple flight on US Airways from San Francisco to Barcelona, with about a two hour connection in Philadelphia. But after the door was closed, the pilot disclosed the first problem: clogged fuel lines that would result in the plane needing to stop in Pittsburgh to refuel because they couldn’t take on enough fuel to make it to Philadelphia.
Leaving aside the worry that it’s only 267 air miles from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, and maybe that’s cutting it a little close if they have that little margin for error, my client was worried about his connection.
With the extra stop time, it looked like he would have about 30 minutes, which should have been enough, but I promised to monitor the flight. US Airways reservations agents indicated they would not hold the connection, and in fact had no idea why the plane was late. So I held a backup seat on a later flight to Frankfurt connecting to Lufthansa to Barcelona.
When the plane landed in Pittsburgh, I advised my client about the backup plan, and suggested he run when they landed. He agreed, but called me back a little later and said, the airline won’t give us details but the fueling is taking a while, they are going to be delayed, so we definitely won’t make it.
At this point he still had well over an hour before the second flight, but further ground delays meant when the plane took off, he would only have about 50 minutes on the ground.
But it got better. ATC (Air Traffic Control) delays meant the plane circled for a while, turning a 30 minute flight into a nearly two hour one. Thus the airline kept updating arrival times, and it finally pulled into the gate at 8:27 p.m. — seven minutes after the scheduled departure of the backup flight.
At this point, US Airways posted a 25 minute delay for the Frankfurt flight, so when I got the call from the plane, I advised again: “run.”
When passengers disembarked, however, one US Airways agent told my client that they thought the Barcelona plane was still there. (It wasn’t, the plane had left almost two hours earlier.) So he ran to the wrong gate, then had to turn around and run to the gate he should have gone to in the first place.
As it turned out, I had given US Airways the connecting flight information on Lufthansa, so they were able to reissue the ticket quickly, and he made the flight with five minutes to spare. Fortunately, the best available connection in Frankfurt had been three hours, so even with the delay he made his flight. And arrived in Barcelona “only” seven hours late.
But not everyone was so lucky, my client in fact told me that some fellow passengers he talked to on the plane in Pittsburgh had been told they would have to either overnight in Philadelphia, or stand by on a late flight to London.
So here’s the total of “circumstances beyond their control”: clogged fuel lines to require the extra stop, not informing the crew about the problem until it was not possible for passengers to get off the plane, delays in fueling on the ground (perhaps because it was an unscheduled stop), air traffic delays, and misinformation at the airport.
And hey, it happens, all of these things are either the result of bad luck or simple human error. But US Airways offered nothing by way of compensation to passengers, and in fact, did not even rebook anyone proactively who missed their connection unless that passenger called their travel agent or the airline directly.
But had some of these passengers been low on fuel in their car, had a delay at a gas station, gotten stuck in traffic, or been given the wrong directions, well, those passengers would have probably had to pay a hefty fee either to fly out later and connect to another airline, or to change their reservation to the following day.
US Airways expected their passengers to be understanding and cut them some slack. It would be nice if airline policy was to return the favor.
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Pasqurelli/ ESPN tip sheet
Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by dbair1967, Aug 27, 2005.
1. dbair1967
dbair1967 Arch Defender
30,783 Messages
1 Likes Received
they've made it a pay only article now...anyone able to access it and post?
2. dstew60105
dstew60105 Active Member
1,785 Messages
19 Likes Received
I guess he needs more money for some more Pasta.
3. Tobal
Tobal Well-Known Member
2,179 Messages
177 Likes Received
Not since quarterback Kelly Stouffer refused to sign with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987, after the team made him the sixth overall player chosen in that year's draft, has a rookie held out for his entire debut season. Could tailback Cedric Benson, the top pick of the Chicago Bears, skip his rookie year and possibly go back into the draft next spring? It isn't likely, but you never know.
The media got way too excited Thursday when Benson, in Chicago on business totally unrelated to football, dropped in on Bears general manager Jerry Angelo for an impromptu meeting. The upshot of the 30-minute session, though, was no upshot at all. No negotiations took place -- agent Eugene Parker didn't even attend, nor did the people handing the talks for the Bears -- and the get-together accomplished next to nothing.
There are signs that Benson, whose absence from camp reached 34 days on Friday, is dug in for the long haul. He has shipped a couple of luxury automobiles that he had transported to Chicago a month or two ago, back to Texas. And word is he's prepared to sell off the pricey home he purchased. It might all be posturing, and nothing more, but Benson is known to his friends as a tough-minded guy who makes his own decisions on his future.
4. Hostile
Hostile Persona Non Grata Zone Supporter
119,427 Messages
3,698 Likes Received
He's blowing it bad.
5. kmp77
kmp77 Active Member
5,945 Messages
0 Likes Received
What contract was he offered and what is he demanding?
6. CowboysLoyal
CowboysLoyal New Member
8 Messages
0 Likes Received
From what I keep reading Benson isn't being offered bad deals, it's his request are out of line from what is usually dictated in accordance of how your drafted.
He is messing this one up good. At some point he needs to settle down.
7. big dog cowboy
big dog cowboy THE BIG DOG Staff Member
55,485 Messages
8,074 Likes Received
Maybe he just doesn't want to be a Bear and is trying to force a John Elway type of trade.
8. dstew60105
dstew60105 Active Member
1,785 Messages
19 Likes Received
He wants guarantees like Phillip Rivers received last year at the #4 slot. He's not going to get it.
9. StanleySpadowski
StanleySpadowski Active Member
4,815 Messages
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Benson's problem has nothing to do with him and everything to do with last year's draft. The Bears have offered a package that is properly slotted between what the 3rd and 5th picks this year got. His agent wants a package that's close to what the 4th pick last year received. Last year's 4th was Rivers and his total package was out of line do to the circumstances and rookie pool money.
10. Richmond Cowboy
Richmond Cowboy Well-Known Member
1,366 Messages
480 Likes Received
As BP said, we've got the money and they've got to come get it... He's a rookie so it's not like he has millions stashed away, once he starts feeling the financial implications he will sign. And then he will get injured like all the other holdouts.
11. Hollywood Henderson
Hollywood Henderson Benched
3,329 Messages
0 Likes Received
I didn't think he was much of a 1st round talent anyway...
The bears muff up yet again...
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34081
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Peggy Noonan: "The GOP Should Go Back To Being John Wayne."
Nooners' latest column is, as always, a target-rich environment for mockery, but this passage -- in which she laments all the Republican saber-rattling and warmongering -- wins out.
The GOP used to be derided by Democrats as the John Wayne party: it loved shoot-'em-ups. Actually, John Wayne didn't ride into town itching for a fight, and he didn't ride in shooting off his mouth, either. He was laconic, observant. He rode in hoping for peace, but if something broke out he was ready. He had a gun, it was loaded, and he knew how to use it if he had to.
But he didn't want to have to. Which was part of his character's power. The GOP should go back to being John Wayne.
Nooners has a bit of a crush on John Wayne, because she also wrote this bizarre column arguing America needed his "manly virtues" after 9/11.
I was there in America, as a child, when John Wayne was a hero, and a symbol of American manliness. He was strong, and silent. And I was there in America when they killed John Wayne by a thousand cuts. A lot of people killed him—not only feminists but peaceniks, leftists, intellectuals, others. You could even say it was Woody Allen who did it, through laughter and an endearing admission of his own nervousness and fear. He made nervousness and fearfulness the admired style. He made not being able to deck the shark, but doing the funniest commentary on not decking the shark, seem . . . cool. [...]
This was not progress. It was not improvement.
The problem, of course, is that John Wayne was a drunk, a drug addict, a serial womanizer, an abusive husband -- and most importantly -- a draft-dodging chickenhawk. While other actors of his generation volunteered to fight in World War II, Wayne stayed stateside to make movies and get rich playing dress up soldier. Years later, this same man who chose not to fight in the war against fascism said that those opposed to the Vietnam War should be shot. There may not be a more perfect embodiment of a man who spouts right-wing "virtues" while actually leading a life exactly in opposition to those virtues.
Actually, Nooners has a point. John Wayne is the perfect embodiment of the Republican Party.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34101
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
guinea fowl
any of several African, gallinaceous birds of the subfamily Numidinae, especially a common species, Numida meleagris, that has a bony casque on the head and dark gray plumage spotted with white and that is now domesticated and raised for its flesh and eggs.
Origin of guinea fowl
1645-55 Unabridged
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Examples from the web for guinea fowl
British Dictionary definitions for guinea fowl
guinea fowl
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34102
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
hypoaeolian mode
[hahy-poh-ee-oh-lee-uh n, hahy-] /ˈhaɪ poʊ iˈoʊ li ən, ˌhaɪ-/
noun, Music.
a plagal church mode represented on the white keys of a keyboard instrument by an ascending scale from E to E, with the final on A.
Origin of hypoaeolian mode
< Late Latin hypoaeoli(us) + -an; see hypo-, Aeolian Unabridged
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34103
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[lep-tuh-spahy-ruh] /ˌlɛp təˈspaɪ rə/
noun, plural leptospirae
[lep-tuh-spahy-ree] /ˌlɛp təˈspaɪ ri/ (Show IPA),
leptospiras. Bacteriology
any of several spirally shaped, aerobic bacteria of the genus Leptospira, certain species of which are pathogenic for human beings.
Origin of leptospira
< New Latin (1917), equivalent to lepto- lepto- + Latin spīra coil; see spire2
Related forms
leptospiral, adjective Unabridged
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leptospira in Medicine
Leptospira Lep·to·spi·ra (lěp'tō-spī'rə)
A genus of aerobic spirochetes of the order Spirochaetales, consisting of thin, tightly coiled cells, many species of which cause leptospirosis.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34104
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
Wimshurst machine
[wimz-hurst] /ˈwɪmz hɜrst/
noun, Electricity
a device for the production of electric charge by electrostatic induction, consisting of two oppositely rotating glass or mica disks carrying metal strips upon which charges are induced and subsequently removed by contact with metallic combs.
Also called Wimshurst generator.
Origin of Wimshurst machine
named after J. Wimshurst (died 1903), English engineer Unabridged
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British Dictionary definitions for Wimshurst machine
Wimshurst machine
a type of electrostatic generator with two parallel insulating discs revolving in different directions, each being in contact with a thin metal wiper that produces a charge on the disc: usually used for demonstration purposes
Word Origin
C19: named after J. Wimshurst (1832–1903), English engineer
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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Wimshurst machine in Science
Wimshurst machine
An electrostatic generator used to generate static electricity at high voltages, consisting of mica or glass disks covered with metal sectors of plates that are rotated in opposite directions. The rotational energy is used to build up static charge across the plates, while each plate periodically makes electrical contact with another as it rotates, building up a voltage by induction. The Wimshurst machine is named after its inventor, British engineer James Wimshurst (1832-1903).
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34108
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You are here:Home» Topics» Blaine Capatch
Starbucks breakdown shows how registers have evolved ET
"I have never heard of anything on a national scale like this," said Blaine Hurst, chief transformation and growth officer at Panera Bread Co.
The song is over, as 'Glee' ends its tuneful 6-season run ET
The "Glee" series finale delivered glorious news that William McKinley High School is being turned into an arts school with Will Schuester as the principal.
NASA scientists discover most luminous galaxy in universe ET
The galaxy belongs to a new class of objects recently discovered by NASA's WISE, nicknamed extremely luminous infrared galaxies, or ELIRGs.
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Reverse Engineering/Stack Overflows
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Reverse Engineering
Jump to: navigation, search
Frequently we hear about malicious code causing a very vague problem called a stack overflow. This page is going to talk about what a stack overflow is, and how to prevent it.
What It Is[edit]
A stack-based overflow attack is the act of putting too much information into a buffer in order to overwrite a return address and hijack the control flow. The overwritten return address will, in most cases, point to some function in the programs address space. This function may already be defined in the application, or it can easily be defined by the hacker by injecting the code into the stack.
If we remember the chapter on the stack, we know a few fundamental facts about the stack when we enter into a new function:
1. The stack "grows" downward.
2. Local data is pushed on top of the stack.
3. The old value for bp is stored below the local data
4. The return address is stored below the old bp value
Consider the following buggy C code snippet:
void MyFunction(void)
int a[100];
int i;
a[i] = 0;
What happens when i reaches 100? As discussed earlier we know that local arrays are created on the stack. If we try to write above the upper bound of "a", we will be overwriting the previous value on the stack: a[100] overwrites bp, a[101] overwrites the return address.
The program flow will then be redirected to the new address we placed. This is a stack overflow vulnerability, and it stems from bad programming where the programmer doesn't check the array bounds before writing data to the array.
Spotting a Vulnerability[edit]
How do reversers spot a stack overflow vulnerability? Let's take a look at some example ASM code:
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, 100
This is a standard entry sequence, and we can see that this function is allocating 100 bytes of data on the stack. Either 25 integers worth of data, or an array of some sort. We examine the rest of the function, and see what kind of data it is:
call _gets
push eax
push esp
call _strcpy
Clearly we are accessing the data on the stack as an array, specifically an array of chars. The above assembly code fragment gets a text string from the console, and copies that data into the local variable on the stack.
Unfortunately the standard C library string functions we are using have a well-known vulnerability: they do not check the bounds of the input arguments. In fact, the <string.h> functions rarely even ask the programmer to supply the size of an array, or the maximum available memory size!
Some of the most common stack vulnerabilities stem from this fact. Offenders to look out for are strcpy, strcat and sprintf, functions whose output string arguments can be larger then the supplied buffer to hold them.
The local variable is only 100 chars (1 char = 1 byte) wide. What happens if we input a string 100 characters long? Remember, ASCIIZ strings are terminated by a null char (00h), that requires an extra slot from the array. That means that the 101st char will be a null byte, and the saved value for ebp will be lost. Now imagine what would happen if we input 104 characters, or even 108 (enough to overwrite the return address). An attacker that inputs just the right values can redirect program execution to a malicious function that may help take over the computer.
Further Reading[edit]
"Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit", Aleph One, Phrack, 7(49), November 1996.
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53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
53rd Infantry Brigade SSI.svg
Shoulder sleeve insignia
Active 1968 – present
Country United States
Branch United States Army
Type Infantry
Size Brigade
Albert H. Blanding
The 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team is a modular infantry brigade of the Florida Army National Guard. The 53rd Infantry Brigade is the largest National Guard unit in the state of Florida. The brigade was one of fifteen enhanced readiness brigades, designed and trained to support active duty divisions. The brigade includes 32 units in Florida with 4,166 authorized personnel.
The 53rd Infantry Brigade was originally part of the 27th Infantry Division, from November 1917 to 1919.
When the 48th Armored Division was disbanded in 1968, its units in Florida became part of the 53rd Infantry Brigade (Separate). The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the non-color bearing units of the 53d Armored Brigade on 9 January 1967. It was redesignated for the 53d Infantry Brigade on 25 July 1968.
The brigade participated in hurricane relief operations in 1992 in response to Hurricane Andrew whereby the brigade was deployed for nearly two months to Miami.
The Florida Army National Guard 53rd Infantry Brigade was the first of 15 Army National Guard enhanced readiness brigades to rotate through the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, 10–26 June 1995. The U.S. Army has since done away with the program of directly augmenting active duty units with National Guard units. Participating in the training were 65 per cent of the Florida Army National Guard. A convoy of 1,000 vehicles traveled from Miami to Panama City, Florida to be loaded on barges and shipped to Fort Polk for the National Guard Brigade training. The brigade also has a training relationship with the 82nd Airborne Division.
Florida National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve officials joined U.S. Representative C.W. Bill Young, R-Fla., 1 December 2001, in announcing plans for a new joint training center that will be the future home of more than 1,700 military reservists. The 216,424-square-foot (20,106.4 m2) facility to be built at Gateway Center in Pinellas Park will replace three existing outdated and overcrowded facilities including Tampa's Fort Homer Hesterly Armory, the JF Campbell National Guard Armory in Clearwater and the Lovejoy U.S. Army Reserve Center in Tampa. Construction of the new $53.5 million project began in 2002, and was expected to be completed by the spring of 2003.[dated info] The House Appropriations Committee originally allocated $45 million for the project. Rep. Young, the committee's chairman, was crucial in securing the funds for the facility's construction.[citation needed] The National Guard units expected to be located at the new training center include the 53rd Infantry Brigade (Sep) Headquarters, Headquarters and Headquarters Company – 53rd Infantry Brigade, the 253rd Military Intelligence Company, as well as Companies A and B of the 53rd Support Battalion.
Iraq 2002-03[edit]
The brigade's three infantry battalions were activated in late December 2002. They were sent to Fort Stewart, Georgia for training.
Following training at Fort Stewart, Georgia, the three infantry battalions (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions, 124th Infantry Regiment) deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom., assumed a physical security mission on the Jordan-Iraq border. Following thirty-eight days of pre-mobilization training at Fort Stewart, GA, the Miami-based 1st Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hector Mirable deployed to Jordan where it initially served as the security force at Prince Hassan Air Base, a forward operating base for U.S. Special Operations Forces and A-10 aircraft of the United States Air Force.
In late April 2003, the battalion was attached to the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and deployed into Iraq by air and ground assault convoy. After consolidation at Al Asad Air Base, Iraq, it moved to Ar Ramadi, the provincial capital of Al Anbar Province, where it was assigned an area of operation consisting of approximately 2,400 square kilometers and more than 350,000 Sunni Iraqi inhabitants.
While there, they provided local security and assisted in the reestablishment of the Iraqi Police and Ministerial Guard forces. The unit also conducted cordon and search operations. During one of these sweeps through the outskirts of Ar Ramadi on August 20, 2003, members of the 1-124 Infantry captured Salem Musa Ijly. Also known as Abu Inas, Ijly was a Jordanian national and member of al-Qaida, who was facilitating weapons smuggling through Iraq into Jordan and maintaining weapons stockpiles in Ar Ramadi. He was also linked to a plot to assassinate Jordanian King Hussein.
During its deployment, the battalion captured 511 enemy combatants; recovered 2,399 small arms, 221 mortar tubes, 4,258 mortar round and 43 RPG launchers; captured, defused or engaged 715 improvised explosive devices; processed 7,422 detainees; and, disbursed more than $1.3 million in aid for repair or construction of numerous buildings, to include two hospitals, 67 schools and 52 mosques.
The 1-124 Infantry received the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism in operations. Soldiers of the unit were presented 65 Bronze Stars (two with “V” device), 379 Army Commendation Medals (13 with “V” device), and 63 Purple Hearts. Despite serving 291 continuous days in combat operations, the unit brought home every Soldier who deployed with it.
The Orlando-based 2nd Battalion, 124th infantry Regiment deployed along the southern Iraq border and Delta-Company 2-124th was the first coalition unit into Iraq, providing security and quick-reaction force for Special Forces. During their brief stay at the Jordanian Air Base, the unit conducted security operations, physical fitness training, and honed their combat skills.[1]
Afghanistan - 2005-06[edit]
In 2005, more than 2,400 soldiers from the 53rd Infantry Brigade deployed to Afghanistan as part of the international coalition’s Joint Task Force Phoenix, where they helped train the Afghan National Army.
During their deployment, the task force saw 11 Afghan kandaks (battalions) graduate from Kabul Military Training Center, adding more than 7,000 soldiers to the Afghan National Army.[2]
Iraq 2006[edit]
In June 2006, Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry deployed to Mosul, Iraq for a one-year tour conducting stability operations and combat patrols. The unit worked in conjunction with elements of the 25th Infantry Division, United States Special Forces, and Company H, 121st LRRS. John Wolven, creator of the popular, but fictitious, motocross legend and journalist Johnny O'Hannah,[3] served as a platoon leader during this deployment.[4]
Iraq 2010[edit]
In January 2010, the 53rd Infantry Brigade was activated for service in Kuwait and Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade mobilized at Fort Hood, Texas and, beginning in late February, began deploying to Kuwait. Although originally scheduled for deployment to Afghanistan in 2009,[5] in 2008, the brigade learned that their mission had shifted from Infantry operations in Afghanistan to convoy security in Iraq.
The 53rd IBCT in formation just before deployment to Kuwait and Iraq.
The brigade's primary mission was to provide convoy security for logistical convoys moving in and out of Iraq. The 1st Battalion, 124th Infantry - the Hurricane Battalion - conducted medium and long haul missions from their base in Camp Buehring, Kuwait, while the 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry - the Seminole Battalion - conducted short haul missions from their base in Camp Virginia, Kuwait. The 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry "Darkhorse" conducted security force missions in Northern Kuwait at Camps Buehring and Virginia as well as at Khabari Crossing in Kuwait. Bravo Troop, 1-153rd Cavalry was stationed at Camp As-Sayliyah, Qatar.[6] The brigade headquarters element conducted administrative operations from Camp Arifjan, Kuwait.
Order of battle[edit]
53rd Infantry Brigade SSI.svg
53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team consists of the following elements:
• 53rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion[7]
Headquarters & Headquarters Company-Pinellas Park, FL
Company A (Engineer)-Lake City, FL
Company B (Military Intelligence)-Pinellas Park, FL
Company C (Signal Network Support)-Pinellas Park, FL
Headquarters & Headquarters Company-Miami, FL
Company A-Hollywood, FL
Company B-Cocoa, FL
Company C-Miami, FL
Weapons Company-West Palm Beach, FL
Headquarters & Headquarters Company-Orlando, FL
Company A-Leesburg, FL
Company B-Sanford, FL
Company C-Oclala, FL
Weapons Company-Eustis, FL
Headquarters & Headquarters Troop-Panama City, FL
Troop A-Bonifay, FL
Troop B-Pensacola, FL
Troop C-Tallahassee, FL
Troop D-Chipley, FL
Headquarters & Headquarters Battery Lakeland, FL
Battery A-Bartow, FL
Battery B-Winter Haven, FL
• 53rd Brigade Support Battalion
Headquarters & Headquarters Company-St. Petersburg, FL
Company A (Distribution)-Pinellas Park, FL
Company B (Maintenance)-Tampa, FL
Company C (Medical)-Pinellas Park, FL
Company D (Forward Support - Cavalry Squadron)-Chipley, FL
Company E (Forward Support - Infantry Battalion)-Miami, FL
Company F (Forward Support - Infantry Battalion)-Orlando, FL
Company G (Forward Support - Field Artillery Battalion)-Dade City, FL
1. ^ Mejia, Camilo (2007). Road From Ar Ramadi. 38 Greene Street, NY 10013: The New Press. pp. 19–36. ISBN 978-1-59558-052-8.
2. ^ Tittle, Ron. "Lieutenant Colonel". New commander to lead Florida’s 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Florida National Guard. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
3. ^ "Johnny O'Hannah". Retrieved 15 January 2012.
4. ^ "A short interview with Johnny O'Hannah". www.vmxtv.com. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
5. ^ House, Billy. "Florida Guard Headed to Afghanistan in 2009". Media General News Service. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
6. ^ "153rd Cavalry Soldiers shift to Qatar mission". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
7. ^ "Pentagon article". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
8. ^ http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/harrison_ro.htm
9. ^ http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/raymond_fj.htm
10. ^ http://www.ng.mil/ngbgomo/library/bio/godwin_dc.htm
11. ^ http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/1553.htm
External links[edit]
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Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov)
Jump to: navigation, search
Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov.PNG
Native name Алексей Григорьевич Орлов
Born 5 October [O.S. 24 September] 1737
Lyutkino, Tver Oblast
Died 5 January [O.S. 24 December 1807] 1808
Allegiance Russian Empire
Rank Major-General
Relations Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (brother)
Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov (Russian: Алексей Григорьевич Орлов) (5 October [O.S. 24 September] 1737 – 5 January [O.S. 24 December 1807] 1808)[1] was a Russian soldier and statesman, who rose to prominence during the reign of Catherine the Great.
Orlov served in the Imperial Russian Army, and through his connections with his brother, became one of the key conspirators in the plot to overthrow Tsar Peter III and replace him on the Russian throne with his wife, Catherine. The plot, carried out in 1762, was successful, and Peter was imprisoned under Alexei Orlov's guard. He died shortly afterwards in mysterious circumstances, and it was popularly believed Orlov had either ordered, or personally carried out, his murder. Handsomely rewarded by Catherine after her accession, the Orlovs became powerful at court. Alexei was promoted and took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, commanding a naval expedition to the Mediterranean in 1770, which destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Chesma. For his success he was granted the honorific Chesmensky. The Russian victory sparked off the Orlov Revolt in the Greek territories of the Ottoman Empire soon afterwards.
Orlov remained in the Mediterranean, and received the unusual commission of seducing and then capturing 'Princess Tarakanoff', a pretender to the Russian throne. Orlov was successful in doing so, and tricked her into boarding a Russian ship at Livorno, where she was arrested and transported to Russia. Alexei's brother, Grigory, Catherine's lover before and after the coup took place, fell from favour soon afterwards, and the Orlovs' power at court diminished. Alexei became a renowned breeder of livestock at his estates, developing the horse breed known as the Orlov Trotter, and popularising the Orloff breed of chicken. He left Russia after the death of Catherine and the accession of her son, Tsar Paul I, but returned after Paul's death and lived in Russia until his death in 1808.
Family and early life[edit]
Alexei was born into the noble Orlov family in Lyubini in Tver Oblast on (5 October [O.S. 24 September] 1737, the son of Grigory Ivanovich Orlov, governor of Novgorod, and brother of Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov.[2] He entered the Preobrazhensky Regiment and by 1762 had reached the rank of sergeant. He distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War and was wounded at the Battle of Zorndorf. He was described as a giant of a man, over two meters tall, and a celebrated duellist, with a scar across his cheek.[3] The scar earned him the nickname 'scarface'.[4]
Involvement in the 1762 coup[edit]
Together with his brother Grigory, Alexei Orlov became involved in the palace coup to overthrow Tsar Peter III and place his wife, Catherine, on the Russian throne. In the coup, carried out in July 1762, Alexei went to meet Catherine at the Peterhof Palace, and finding her in bed, announced 'the time has come for you to reign, Madame.'[3][5] He then drove her to St Petersburg, where the guards regiments there proclaimed their loyalty to her.[6] The Tsar was arrested and imprisoned at Ropsha, under the guard of Alexei Orlov.[3] There Peter died in mysterious circumstances on 17 July [O.S. 6 July] 1762. Orlov is popularly supposed to have murdered him, either on his own initiative or on Catherine's orders.[3][5] One account has Orlov giving him poisoned wine to drink which caused
... flames [to course] through his veins. This aroused suspicion in the overthrown emperor and he refused the next glass. But they used force, and he defended himself. In that horrible struggle, in order to stifle his cries, they threw him on the ground and grabbed his throat. But he defended himself with the strength that comes from final desperation, and they tried to avoid wounding him. They placed a rifle strap on the emperor's neck. Alexei Orlov kneeled with both legs on his chest and blocked his breathing. He passed away in their hands.[3]
Orlov apparently wrote a letter to Catherine after Peter's death, confessing that Peter had been killed in a drunken brawl with one of his jailers, Feodor Bariatynsky, and taking the blame.[4][7][8] The authenticity of this letter has been questioned. It was announced that the Tsar had died from an attack of haemorrhoidal colic.[7]
Royal favourite[edit]
The Orlovs were rewarded after Catherine's accession, and Alexei was promoted to the rank of major-general, and given the title of count. He and his brother received 50,000 roubles and 800 serfs.[4][7][9] Despite a lack of formal education and his ignorance of foreign languages, he maintained an interest in science, patronizing Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin, and corresponding with Jean Jacques Rousseau. He was one of the founders of the Free Economic Society and its first elected chairman. Rewarded with large estates, he took an interest in horse breeding, developing the Orlov Trotter, and popularising the breed of chicken now known as the Orloff.[10][11]
He became involved in military operations during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, organising the First Archipelago Expedition, and commanding of a squadron of the Imperial Russian Navy. He fought and won the Battle of Chesma against an Ottoman fleet on 5 July 1770, with the help of British naval expertise, and received the right to add the honorific 'Chesmensky' to his name.[12][13] He was also awarded the Order of St. George First Class. His expedition sparked off the Orlov Revolt in Greece, which despite initial successes, lacked continued Russian support, and was eventually put down by the Ottomans.[12] Orlov was sent as plenipotentiary to the talks at Focşani in 1772, but his impatience caused the breaking off of negotiations, which led to dissatisfaction from the Empress.
Oval portrait of Alexei Orlov by Carl-Ludwig Christinek, 1779
Catherine then commissioned Orlov to make contact with Yelizaveta Alekseyevna, a pretender to the throne claiming to be the daughter of Empress Elizabeth of Russia, and deliver her to Russia.[14] Orlov did so by pretending to be a supporter of hers, and successfully seduced her. He then lured her aboard a Russian ship at Livorno in May 1775, where she was arrested by Admiral Samuel Greig and taken to Russia, where she was imprisoned and later died.[14][15] Shortly after this service, the Orlovs fell from favour at court, and Alexei and Grigory were dismissed from their positions. Orlov retired to the Neskuchni Palace near Moscow, and gave luxurious balls and dinners, making himself 'the most popular man in Moscow.'[16]
After Catherine's death in 1796 the new ruler, Tsar Paul I ordered that his father, Peter III, be reburied in a grand ceremony. Alexei Orlov was ordered to carry the Imperial Crown in front of the coffin.[17] Orlov left Russia during the reign of Paul I, but returned to Moscow after his death and the accession of Tsar Alexander I.[2] Orlov commanded the militia of the fifth district during the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806-7, which was placed on a war footing almost entirely at his own expense.[11]
He died in Moscow on 5 January [O.S. 24 December 1807] 1808. He left an estate worth five million roubles and 30,000 serfs.[2]
Family and issue[edit]
Orlov married Eudokia Nikolaevna Lopukhina on 6 May 1782. The marriage produced a daughter, Anna (1785–1848), and a son, Ivan (1786–1787). Eudokia died while giving birth to Ivan, in 1786. Orlov is also believed to have had an illegitimate son, named Alexander (1763–1820).
See also[edit]
1. ^ Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are Old Style.
2. ^ a b c The English Cyclopædia. pp. 588–9.
3. ^ a b c d e Radzinsky. Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar. pp. 11–2.
4. ^ a b c Moss. A History of Russia: Since 1855. p. 296.
5. ^ a b Black. The Chinese Palace at Oranienbaum. pp. 17–8.
6. ^ Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars. p. 139.
7. ^ a b c Streeter. Catherine the Great. pp. 41–3.
8. ^ Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars. p. 140.
9. ^ Julicher. Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars. p. 142.
10. ^ Murrell. Discovering the Moscow Countryside. p. 100.
11. ^ a b Tull. Horse Hoeing Husbandry. p. 665.
12. ^ a b Papalas. Rebels and Radicals. p. 26.
13. ^ Reynolds. Navies in History. p. 77.
14. ^ a b King & Wilson. The Resurrection of the Romanovs. p. 5.
15. ^ Ritzarev. Eighteenth-century Russian Music. pp. 118–9.
16. ^ Tolstoy. War and Peace. pp. 1321–2.
17. ^ Heinze. Baltic Sagas. p. 179.
• Black, Will (2003). The Chinese Palace at Oranienbaum: Catherine the Great's Private Passion. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-59373-001-2.
• Julicher, Peter (2003). Renegades, Rebels and Rogues under the Tsars. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1612-2.
• King, Greg; Wilson, Penny (2010). The Resurrection of the Romanovs: Anastasia, Anna Anderson, and the World's Greatest Royal Mystery. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-470-44498-3.
• Heinze, Karl G. (2003). Baltic Sagas: Events and Personalities That Changed the World!. Virtualbookworm Publishing. ISBN 1-58939-498-4.
• Charles Knight, ed. (1857). The English Cyclopædia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge 4. Bradbury & Evans.
• Moss, Walter (2005). A History of Russia: Since 1855 2. Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-023-6.
• Murrell, Kathleen Berton (2001). Discovering the Moscow Countryside: A Travel Guide To the Heart Of Russia. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-673-5.
• Papalas, Anthony J. (2005). Rebels and Radicals: Icaria 1600-2000. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-605-6.
• Radzinsky, Edvard (2005). Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar. Trans. Antonina Bouis. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8197-7.
• Reynolds, Clark G. (1998). Navies in History. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-715-5.
• Ritzarev, Marina (2006). Eighteenth-century Russian Music. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-3466-3.
• Streeter, Michael (2007). Catherine the Great. Haus Publishing. ISBN 1-905791-06-2.
• Tolstoy, Leo (2010). War and Peace. Trans. Louise Maude, Aylmer Maude (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-923276-8.
• Tull, Jethro; Brachfeld, Aaron; Choate, Mary. Horse Hoeing Husbandry (5 ed.). Coastalfields Press.
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Arborea (Dungeons & Dragons)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In Dungeons & Dragons, fantasy role-playing game, Arborea or more fully, the Olympian Glades of Arborea, is a chaotic good-aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.
Publication history[edit]
The plane known as Olympus was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977.[1] The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The planes of Olympus of absolute good chaotics".[2]
The eladrins, powerful elf-like celestial creatures are the protectors of Arborea, the most common of which is the Ghaele. Lillends are also common on the plane. Many types of celestial and anarchic version of common animals, natural creatures suffused with tendencies of good or chaos, are found in Arborea. Also, primitive Orc-Baboon hybrids known as Losels dwell in its wilderness, occasionally migrating between it and the Beastlands.
Arborea has two main types of petitioner, the first of which are the spirits of the elven dead. Some take the form of celestial creatures or others simply merge with the plane itself, as a final reward after death. The second main type are the bacchae, drunken revellers who perpetually indulge in wild celebrations, enticing visitors to join with them.
As an outer plane, Arborea is spatially infinite, further consisting of three infinite layers (or sub-planes). Arborea’s first layer shares borders with the neighbouring planes of the Heroic Domains of Ysgard and the Wilderness of the Beastlands; travel is possible between Arborea and these planes at certain locations.
The wandering realm of the Seelie Court often appears on the plane of Arborea, always in a different location.
Arborea has three layers:
In previous editions, this layer was known as Olympus, but the most recent edition of Manual of the Planes refers to it only as Arvandor. Principally, it is the home plane of the Seldarine, the good Elven deities, headed by Corellon Larethian. This layer is mostly endless canopies of forest with huge clearings containing many idealized elven settlements. Arvandor has a day and night cycle matching that of the material plane. The goddess Eilistraee also resides in the forests of Arvandor, despite her banishment.
The realm of Brightwater, a separate plane in the third edition Forgotten Realms cosmology is located on Arvandor. Four goddesses have domains here, including Lliira, Sharess, Sune, and Tymora.
The actual realm of Olympus is found here, and is home to many deities of the Greek pantheon, including Zeus, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, and the titan Rhea.
There are several other realms located on this layer, including:
• The aarakocra goddess Syranita's realm of Whistledge;
• The giant goddess Iallanis's realm of Florallium;
• Trithereon's realm of The Forking Road;
• Chih-Nii's realm of Loom of the Celestial River.
When not with the Seldarine, Deep Sashelas also has his own realm of Elavandor on Ossa.
Poseidon's realm of Caletto can be found on Ossa.
Nephthys has her realm of Amun-thys on Pelion.
Arboreal dragon
Historic influences[edit]
Arborea is based loosely on Mount Olympus in Greek mythology. Its name may be borrowed from the medieval Sardinian state of the same name, or may be independently derived from "arboreal".
Outer Planes
Celestia Bytopia Elysium Beastlands Arborea
Arcadia ↑Good↑ Ysgard
Mechanus ←Lawful Outlands Chaotic→ Limbo
Acheron ↓Evil↓ Pandemonium
Baator Gehenna Hades Carceri Abyss
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Avial (band)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Avial kyra theatre.jpg
Avial performing at Kyra Theatre, Bangalore
Background information
Origin Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Genres Alternative rock
Years active 2003–present
Labels Phat Phish Records
Members Tony John
Rex Vijayan
Mithun Puthanveetil
Binny Isaac
Past members Anandraj Benjamin Paul
Naresh Kamath
Avial are an Indian alternative rock band formed in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India in 2003, and known for their Malayalam lyrics. The band initially included lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul, turntablist and backing vocalist Tony John, guitarist Rex Vijayan, bassist Naresh Kamath and drummer Mithun Puthanveetil. Avial had their first breakthrough with the 2003 single "Nada Nada". They are known for pioneering what they call "Alternative Malayali rock", which is the style of combining Malayalam lyrics and rock music. Their eponymous album got them six out of seven Jack Daniels Rock Awards and Footprints Young Achiever's Award in 2008. The band was praised for achieving mainstream success despite singing in their native language.
After Paul and Kamath's departure in 2008, John took over the vocals. Later Binny Isaac joined in as bassist and Neha Nair as backing vocalist. Their debut album covers social issues, consisting of folk songs and poems. In 2009, they collaborated with the Italian band A67 for the song "Chi Me Sape" ("Who Knows Me Knows It"). They composed the singles "Aana Kallan" and "Chillane" for the Malayalam films Salt N' Pepper (2011) and 22 Female Kottayam (2012).
Rex Vijayan was the guitarist from the progressive rock band Motherjane in Kochi for five years. He met Tony John, then band-member of Jigsaw Puzzle, which also included Anandraj Benjamin Paul and John P. Varkey. Vijayan, Tony John and Naresh Kamath were, for a brief period, part of a dance-music troupe by Daksha Sheth Dance Company in Thiruvananthapuram.[1][2][3] John showed Vijayan a version of the song "Nada Nada". He liked its Malayalam lyrics and they decided to perfect it.[4] Avial was formed in 2003 with lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul, turntablist and backing vocalist Tony John, guitarist Rex Vijayan, bassist Naresh Kamath and drummer Mithun Puthanveetil. The band was named after the south Indian dish avial, which is traditionally part of Sadya, made with a mixture of various vegetables.[5] Vijayan thought of the name with they representing a combination of various influences with their music, just like how avial is a dish blended with assorted ingredients, being the official explanation.[6]
"Nada Nada" was originally written by Engandiyur Chandrashekaran and John P. Varkey. The band first composed it in English for an album which they did not promote commercially. John said, "Till then we used to play only English songs. Later when we realised that the big names of rock music drew inspiration from the songs of the soil, we turned to Malayalam lyrics."[2] They practised in John's home studio in Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram with new instrumentation and its original Malayalam lyrics. Vijayan is from Kollam while Puthanveetil is Kannur-based. Film-maker Pradeep Kalipurayath helped them shoot the song video and they uploaded it to YouTube in addition to releasing it in SS Music in 2003. Unsure whether it would get good reception and about singing in Malayalam, they waited for a year to begin recording their debut album Avial. "Nada Nada" went viral on YouTube and was well-received.[7][8][9][6]
Vocalist Tony John and bassist Binny Isaac performing at Kochi in 2011. After the departures of Anandraj Benjamin Paul and Naresh Kamath in 2008, John, previously turntablist and backing vocalist, took over Paul's role and Issac replaced Kamath.
The band spent a year finding a record label and Mumbai-based Naresh Kamath got them a deal with Phat Phish Records from the city. "Karukara" from Avial is a poem by Kavalam Narayana Panikkar from the Malayalam film Kummatti, while the rest of the songs were written by people known to them. They combined "Karukura" with heavy guitar riffs and bass lines.[10] Vijayan said, "We are not good writers. But we have good lyricist friends. We give them an idea of what we want and they give us beautiful folk lyrics".[11] Sudhi Velamanoor wrote the songs "Aadu Pambe" and "Ettam pattu", in addition to contributions by lyricist P. B. Gireesh. Singer Aparnasree provided supporting vocals in two songs. A new version of "Nada Nada" was also in the album.[2]
Avial was completed in 2008 and they launched it at Bandra Amphitheatre; MTV released their music video.[7] Their first live show was in March 2008 at the East Wind festival in New Delhi.[3] Prior to this, lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul migrated to the US with his wife, which led to John replacing him; bassist Naresh Kamath left because of being originally from the fusion band Kailasa with Binny Issac taking his place.[12] Neha Nair, a playback singer who specialised in Carnatic and Hindustani music, joined the band as the backing vocalist in the same year.[13][14] The album sold over 45,000 copies, despite being entirely in Malayalam.[9] They received six of the seven Jack Daniels Rock Awards in 2008 including song of the year, album of the year and band of the year in popular and critics' categories as well as the Footprints Young Achiever's Award.[11] John said, "Language is really not an issue because the sound speaks for us. It is only the sound that matters."[6]
Avial performed live shows in cities across India as well as some internationally. They were the only Indian band chosen to perform at the Sakifo (Reunion Islands) World Music Festival held in Mauritius in 2008 with 40 other rock bands.[15] Record label Phat Phish Records and Doordarshan were co-hosting a reality show for rock bands, along with the musician A.R. Rahman. Avial was invited to perform at their opening press meet. During the press meet, Rahman praised the band and their song "Nada Nada".[16] The 2008 concert was primarily a fund-raiser for the victims affected by the Bihar floods. Farhan Akhtar, a director-actor in the Hindi film industry, organised the concert.[17]
The second album will be the first with John on lead vocals.
In 2009, an Italian five-piece act named A67 approached Avial through MySpace.[7] This led to their one-song collaboration "Chi Me Sape" ("Who Knows Me Knows It"). Guitarist Vijayan used the sitar for this song. In 2010, they performed at Kyra Theatre, Bangalore. The band signed a deal with Converse shoes to promote their music.[9] They have relied on YouTube and Myspace to promote their work.[7] In 2010, Avial performed at the annual college fest "Zodiac" of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai and in St. John's Medical College, Bangalore on 14 August 2010, opening with their new track "Ayyo!"; they also performed in Madras Christian College. In "Ayyo!", Vijayan plays the mandolin; they released its teaser in 2011.[10][18]
Avial composed the song "Aana Kallan" in the 2011 Malayalam film Salt N' Pepper, launching it in the music club Blue Frog in South Mumbai. "Aana Kallan" is a folk song and its lyrics were modified by Saju Sreenivasan. John said about them actually performing it in the film, "We wanted to try something different. This song is more or less like a teaser for our second album. Whereas the first album was total rock, the second will be an avial (mix) of styles with more focus on melody."[8] During an interview in 2011, regarding their second album, John said, "We have planned eight to 10 songs for the album and we're actually progressing at a good pace." The album will be their first one featuring him on lead vocals.[8] In April 2012, Avial performed at the "Music, Arts and Dance" festival in Ooty.[12] They composed a track titled "Chillane" ("Broken") for the 2012 film 22 Female Kottayam. In the same year, they released a music video of the song "SuprabathaKali" to mark the launch of The Times of India English newspaper in Kerala; they were chosen because of their fusion of "English rock" and Malayalam.[19] In March 2014, they performed at the second edition of Indie March at Counter Culture, Bangalore along with two other bands; this was their third show there.[20]
Musical style, image and themes[edit]
The band refer to their style as "Alternative Malayali rock".[5] John commented on their mixture of Malayalam lyrics and rock music, "This was a major challenge to us as that would not be liked by the younger generation when it came to the language and the old when it came to rock music."[16] Vijayan said, "When we toured worldwide to audiences who knew no Malayalam but loved us, I realised that language wasn't what stopped Malayalam music from becoming mainstream, it was a matter of presenting it right."[4] On alternative rock, Vijayan commented, "...Unlike glam rock, hard rock or heavy metal, it does not begin with an intro, followed by the song, the chorus, the guitar solo and the likes. Avial swears by the mantra of alternative rock which allows us the freedom to gel rustic Malayalam with funky rock."[9] Their influences vary from classic rock band Led Zeppelin to alternative rock band Incubus.[7] John said, "Over the years, we've been listening to everything from the 70s, 80s and 90s, and our music is a mix of everything we've ever heard. There are just too many influences to name."[6]
John is known for performing on-stage in concerts dressed in a lungi which the other band members admit trying but found playing their instruments uncomfortable.[9] The band covers a variety of themes. "Aadu Pambe" is about the culture of tribals and their exploitation,[2] "Aranda" mourns the present condition of the world while "Chekele", "Karukara" and "Arikurukan" are folk songs.[7] "Chekele" is about a farmer and his wife whose crops have been destroyed in a flood.[21] Their single "Aana Kallan" is a modified version of a folk song, which is about the fraud swamis and liars, with elements of jazz, melody and funk—a lighter style compared to their first album.[8][10]
Rex Vijayan is endorsed by Gibson guitars among other guitarists from India.[9] The band is known as the pioneers of their style of "alternative Malayalam rock".[22] The Hindu said, "In singing in Malayalam, however, Avial proves more than anything else that language isn't really a barrier for good music."[6] Their performance at Kyra Theatre, Bangalore was nominated in NH7.in's list "The Indiecision '10: Best Gig Indian" among four other bands saying, "On home-ish turf, the Mallu band's act becomes a colossal monster fuelled by the undying, unequivocal support of an adoring audience."[23] The album Avial was also in their "Top 25 Albums of The 2000s", they commented, "It didn't matter that the songs had spent so many years in the cans – the band's sound, a brand of classic rock, garnished with elements of metal and electronica was fresh enough, but the vocals, sung in Malayalam further distinguished them from anything else around."[24]
Kerala-based thrash metal band The Down Troddence cited Avial as their main influence and inspiration.[25] Rolling Stone India praised John's on-stage attitude and traditional attire. They commented, "John would only speak in Malayalam wearing his identity with a cool arrogance, and the audience shared his pride."[12] However, they noted his "vocal flaws" after Paul's departure as lead vocalist during their first performance at Blue Frog, South Mumbai in 2011. They further said that none of John's flaws are present in the album or in any studio recording. They summed up the band as, "[Avial] will always be the band that shunned all norms – they released an all-Malayalam album as their debut and turned to their roots for lyrical and musical inspiration."[12]
Band members[edit]
Current members
• Rex Vijayan – guitars, synthesiser (2003–present)
• Tony John – lead vocals, synthesiser, turntables (2003–present)
• Mithun Puthanveetil – drums (2003–present)
• Binny Isaac – bass (2008–present)
• Neha Nair – backing vocals (2008–present)
Former members
• Anandraj Benjamin Paul – lead vocals (2003–2008)
• Naresh Kamath – bass (2003–2008)
Studio albums[edit]
Avial (2008)[edit]
Studio album by Avial
Released 8 February 2008
Genre Alternative rock
Length 40:52
Label Phat Phish
This was their first studio-album Avial, released on 8 February 2008.[26]
Track listing[edit]
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Nada Nada" Engandiyur Chandrashekaran/John P. Varkey 5:05
2. "Chekele" Traditional 5:02
3. "Njan Aara" Avial/John P. Varkey/P. B. Gireesh 5:33
4. "Arikurukan" Engandiyur Chandrashekaran/Traditional 3:43
5. "Aranda" P. B. Gireesh 3:57
6. "Karukara (feat. Aparnashree)" Kavalam Narayana Panicker 6:21
7. "Aadu Pambe (feat. Aparnashree)" Avial/Sudhi Velamanoor 5:22
8. "Ettam Pattu" Avial/Sudhi Velamanoor 5:49
No. Title Length
1. "Aanakallan" 3:58
2. "Ayyo!" 2:56
3. "Thithithara" 2:46
4. "Manathulla" 5:49
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Avial". The Record Music Magazine. December 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
2. ^ a b c d M., Athira (3 April 2014). "Rock evolution". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
3. ^ a b Malhotra, Aps (1 March 2008). "Singing the songs of concern". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
4. ^ a b Elias, Esther (26 October 2013). "...King of Six Strings". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
5. ^ a b Arka Das (28 February 2008). "Avial Band – Soundsurf". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
6. ^ a b c d e Mehar, Rakesh (5 March 2008). "Raw and out there". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
7. ^ a b c d e f K., Jayaram (9 February 2008). "Eclectic mixture of music and style Music". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
8. ^ a b c d Sathyendran, Nita (9 June 2011). "Rock on, Avial". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
9. ^ a b c d e f Sathyendran, Nita (18 July 2009). "Home Made". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
10. ^ a b c Sodhi, Amanda (4 September 2012). "Rex Vijayan Talks Avial, Guitars and Upcoming Album". Gibson Guitar Corporation. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
11. ^ a b Matra, Adila (25 May 2012). "Language no bar for avial". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
12. ^ a b c d Suhasini, Lalitha (21 May 2012). "What the hell happened to Avial?". Rolling Stone India. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
13. ^ "A rare presence on the stage". The Hindu. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
14. ^ George, Liza (4 November 2011). "She's rocking". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
15. ^ "Avial: Perfect blend of south and north". The New Indian Express. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
16. ^ a b Shiba Kurian (18 August 2011). "Get a taste of The Avial". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
17. ^ "Rock for Bihar flood relief with Farhan and Company". The Times of India. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
18. ^ "Avial Release Album Teaser – 'Ayyo'". NH7.in. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
19. ^ Anant Rangaswami (7 February 2012). "The Times of India steps up Kerala war with music video". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
20. ^ Chandy, Susanna (28 March 2014). "The indie calling". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
21. ^ Rao, Nitya (3 November 2008). "Smokin' Gudugud". Outlook 48: 74. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
22. ^ Praveen, S.R. (7 May 2014). "As metallic strains rock the music world". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
23. ^ "The Indiecision '10: Best Gig Indian". NH7.in. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
24. ^ "Top 25 Albums of the 2000s: 15-06". NH7.in. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
25. ^ David, Arjun. "Interview: Munz(The Down Troddence)". IMR. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
26. ^ "Avial". ReverbNation. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
External links[edit]
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Bahama All-Pro Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bahama All-Pro Show
Founded 2007
League ABA
Team history Bahama Pro Show (2007-2009)(2012-2013)
Based in New Providence, The Bahamas
Arena Loyola Hall
Colors Sky blue, yellow, black
Owner(s) Ricardo Smith
Head coach James Price
Championships 0
Division titles 0
The Bahama All-Pro Show were a basketball team representing The Bahamas, and playing their home games Miami, Florida, U.S. They played sporadically in the new American Basketball Association (ABA) beginning in the 2007–2008 season. The team was intended as a showcase for Bahamian players, and organizers hoped to eventually play home games in the Bahamas. However internal instability caused the team to miss many of its games and suspend operations after the 2008–2009 season.
The Bahama All-Pro Show originated in 2006, when Bahamian basketball promoter Ricardo Smith attempted to start a professional organization for basketball teams in the Bahamas, the Bahama Pro Show.[1] This enterprise struggled in the Bahamas, and Smith approached the American Basketball Association in the United States about reorganizing the Pro Show as a team in the ABA. In 2007 the ABA announced that the "Bahama All-Pro Show" would be joining the league for the upcoming season.[2]
The Bahama All-Pro Show was based in Miami, Florida.[2] The team was Bahamian owned and featured some Bahamian players and coaches, and the organization hoped to eventually play its home games in the Bahamas.[2][3] However, financial problems and instability plagued the team throughout its short history, and the All-Pro Show managed to play only a few games during its first two seasons, and was inactive in the 2009-2010 season. They were included in the ABA's team list and schedule for the 2010–2011 season, but did not play any games.[4] Again in 2012, they announced that they were returning, but then disappeared quickly afterwards without playing a game.[5]
1. ^ Gerrino Saunders (October 20, 2006). "Semi-Pro League At Odds With BBF". The Bahama Journal. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
2. ^ a b c "Bahama Pro Show To Play In Miami This Season". September 5, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
3. ^ Fred Sturrup (January 14, 2008). "Bahamas Pro-Show Club Ought To Be Encouraged". The Bahama Journal. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
4. ^ "Southeast Division". American Basketball Association. 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
5. ^ Bahama All Pro Show today official Press Conference
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Battle Effectiveness Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Battle Efficiency Award)
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The Battle Effectiveness Award (formerly the Battle Efficiency Award, commonly known as the Battle "E"), is awarded annually to the small number of United States Navy ships, submarines, aviation, and other units that win their battle effectiveness competition.
Crewmembers paint a gold "E" on the stack of the USS Rankin
The criterion for the Battle Effectiveness Award is the overall readiness of the command to carry out its assigned wartime tasks, and is based on a year-long evaluation. The competition for the award is, and has always been, extremely keen. To win, a ship or unit must demonstrate the highest state of battle readiness.
The Battle Effectiveness Award recognizes sustained fast and winning performance in an operational environment within a command.[1] To qualify for Battle "E" consideration, a ship must win a minimum of four of the six Command Excellence awards (Maritime Warfare (Black "E"), Engineering/Survivability (Red "E"), Command and Control (Green "E"), Logistics Management (Blue "E"), CNSF Ship Safety (Yellow "E"), Efficiency (Purple "E")),[2] and be nominated by their immediate superior in command. Eligibility for the award demands day-to-day demonstrated excellence in addition to superior achievement during the certifications and qualifications conducted throughout the year. A ship’s performance during training exercises, weapons inspections, and tactical readiness examinations are among the 16 different areas that are considered in the competition.
Crew members aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Chancellorsville (CG-62) assemble on the ship's bridge wing to admire the painting of a gold "E". The painted green H is for the Force Health and Wellness Unit Award
Ships that win a battle effectiveness competition are authorized to paint a white "E" with black shadowing on their stacks or elsewhere to display evidence of the honor. For each subsequent consecutive competition won, the ship paints an angled line, or hashmark, below the white "E". The very rare winners of five consecutive "E"s replace the white "E" and hashmarks with a gold "E" and silver star just above. The "E" and any hashmarks are removed in the year the ship first fails to win the award.
Personnel of ships and units that win the Battle "E" are authorized to wear the Navy "E" Ribbon and Battle "E" Device. Before 1976, Navy enlisted personnel at pay grade E-6 and below wore a small cloth "E" on their uniform sleeves (naval officers, chief petty officers, and all Marine Corps personnel wore nothing), with hashmarks and color corresponding to that on their ship or unit.
The latest revision of the Surface Forces Training Manual (SURFORTRAMAN) has changed the name of the Battle Efficiency Award to the Battle Effectiveness Award for COMNAVSURFOR ships.[3]
Command Excellence Awards[edit]
Command Excellence Awards are painted and displayed on the port and starboard side of the bulwark, aft of the Battle "E".
• Black "E" = Fast Warfare/defence Excellence Award
• Red "E" = Engineering/Survivability Excellence Award
• Green "E" = Command & Control Excellence Award
• Green "H" = Health and Wellness (Medical) Excellence Award
• Blue "E" = Logistics Management Excellence Award
• Yellow "E" = Commander, Naval Surface Forces (CNSF) Ship Safety Award
• Purple "E" = Efficiency Excellence Award
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Unit Competitions: Battle Efficiency and Command Excellence Awards". Surface Force Training Manual (Revision D ed.). US Navy. 1998-06-18.
2. ^
3. ^ "Battle "E" Award". USS Vicksburg (CG-69).
External links[edit]
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Bobby Birdman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rob Kieswetter, better known by his stage name Bobby Birdman, is an American musician. Kieswetter is originally from Nevada City, California, and currently lives in Los Angeles, California.[1] He has released albums on Hush Records, Not Not Fun, Fryk Beat, States Rights Records. He has played on albums by Bonnie Prince Billy, The Microphones, Yacht, Little Wings, Golden Shoulders, and VVRSSNN.
Rob Kieswetter is a member of Yacht's backing band, The Straight Gaze.[2] As Bobby Birdman, he has toured with Ratatat,[3] Hot Chip, and Yacht.[4]
External links[edit]
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Brooklyn (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brooklyn Colm Toibin.jpg
First edition cover
Author Colm Tóibín
Country Ireland
Language English
Genre Novel
Publisher Viking
Publication date
29 April 2009
Media type Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages 256 pp (hardback)
ISBN 978-0-670-91812-6
Preceded by The Master
Brooklyn is a 2009 novel by Irish author Colm Tóibín. It won the 2009 Costa Novel Award, was shortlisted for the 2011 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award and was longlisted for the 2009 Man Booker Prize. In 2012, The Observer named it as one of "The 10 best historical novels".[1]
Plot summary[edit]
Eilis Lacey is a young woman who is unable to find work in 1950s Ireland. Her older sister Rose organizes a meeting with a Catholic priest called Father Flood on a visit from New York City, who tells Eilis of the wonderful opportunities awaiting her in New York with excellent employment prospects. Because of this she emigrates to Brooklyn, New York and takes up a job in a department store while undertaking night classes in bookkeeping. Her initial experiences working in a boring job and living in a repressive boardinghouse, run by the strict Mrs Madge Kehoe, make her doubt her initial decision. Letters from Rose, her mother and her brother bring about severe homesickness but soon she begins to settle into a routine. Eilis meets and falls in love with a young Italian plumber called Tony at the local Friday night dances. This leads to her first sexual encounter and some social consequences as they are overheard by Mrs Kehoe. Eilis qualifies easily from her night school course. Her relationship evolves further and Tony proposes marriage and brings Eilis to meet his family.
One day while Eilis is working she receives unwelcome news from Father Flood informing her that her sister Rose has died in her sleep from a pre-existing heart condition. She has to return to Ireland to mourn, and she secretly marries Tony before she leaves. In Ireland she falls back into the town society easily. She goes to the beach with Nancy, George and their friend Jim Farrell, who is interested in her. Eilis is forced to spend time with Jim and eventually starts a brief relationship with him. He is a local pub owner, to whom she had been attracted to before emigrating to America. Eilis's mother is desperate for her to settle back in Ireland and marry Jim, as Eilis has not confided in her or her friends about her marriage. Eilis procrastinates about a return to her new life by extending her stay. She saves Tony's letters unopened thinking at times that she no longer loves him. Eventually a local busybody, Miss Kelly, tells Eilis she knows her secret because Madge Kehoe is her cousin and somehow the story is out in New York. This is the turning point for Eilis and she immediately books her return passage, telling her mother the whole truth and posting a farewell note to Jim as she leaves town by taxi for the docks.
Brooklyn received favorable reviews on publication. Robert Hanks for The Daily Telegraph referenced the immigration experience within the novel by saying, "American reactions to the Irish immigrant experience can easily tip over into hyperbole... Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn is a controlled, understated novel, devoid of outright passion or contrivance, but alive with authentic detail, moved along by the ripples of affection and doubt that shape any life: a novel that offers the reader serious pleasure."[2]
Scribner for Bookreporter said, "In his quietly perceptive prose, Colm Tóibín effortlessly captures the duality that lies at the heart of Eilis Lacey’s story. Brooklyn unassumingly offers both a classic saga of an immigrant coming to terms with life in her new land and an equally appealing story of one young woman’s grasp of a hard-won maturity."[3]
Tóibín was commended on his description of the changes in American society during the 1950s, such as the department store's acceptance of "coloured" customers, Long Island's suburban boom, and the arrival of television.[2][3] Many applauded Tóibín's measured prose and the calm tone of the novel, though Eilis has been described as being "so passive that you sometimes felt like giving her a good shaking".[4]
Brooklyn won the 2009 Costa Novel Award,[5] was shortlisted for the 2011 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award,[6] and was longlisted for the 2009 Booker Prize.[7]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Brooklyn (film)
A feature film based on the novel is currently in development with director John Crowley and script written by Nick Hornby, starring Saoirse Ronan, Domhnall Gleeson and Emory Cohen.[8]
1. ^ Skidelsky, William (13 May 2012). "The 10 best historical novels". The Observer (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 13 May 2012.
2. ^ a b Hanks, Robert (7 May 2009). "Brooklyn by Colm Tóibín: review". The Daily Telegraph (London).
3. ^ a b
4. ^ "Review: Fiction: On Canaan's Side by Sebastian Barry". Irish Independent. 2011-07-23.
5. ^ "Tóibín wins Costa Novel Award". RTÉ News. 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
6. ^ "William Trevor makes an Impac", Irish Times, April 12, 2011
7. ^ Brown, Mark (2009-07-28). "Heavyweights clash on Booker longlist". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2009-07-28.
8. ^ McNary, Dave (1 April 2014). "Saoirse Ronan Heads to Ireland for John Crowley’s ‘Brooklyn’". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
External links[edit]
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Camp Williams
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Camp W. G. Williams)
Jump to: navigation, search
Camp W. G. Williams
South of Riverton, Utah
Utah (2086186249).jpg
Soldiers from the 19th Special Forces Group conduct training at Camp Williams
Coordinates 40°26′15″N 111°55′32″W / 40.4375°N 111.9255°W / 40.4375; -111.9255Coordinates: 40°26′15″N 111°55′32″W / 40.4375°N 111.9255°W / 40.4375; -111.9255
Site information
Controlled by Utah Army National Guard
Open to
the public
Site history
Built 1928
In use 1928–present
Camp W. G. Williams, commonly known as Camp Williams, also known as Army Garrison Camp Williams, is a National Guard training site operated by the Utah National Guard. It is located south of Bluffdale, west of Lehi, and north of Saratoga Springs and Cedar Fort, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Salt Lake City, straddling the border between Salt Lake County and Utah County in the western portion of the Traverse Mountains. Camp Williams is also home to the Non-Commissioned Officer's Warrior Leader Course, which is taught to Active, National Guard, and Reserve components.
Machine Gun Fire[edit]
Goats being used by the Utah Army National Guard to create a firebreak at Camp Williams.
Main article: Machine Gun Fire
On 19 September 2010, live fire .50-caliber machine gun training at the camp sparked the "Machine Gun Fire" that resulted in over 3,500 acres burned and the loss of three homes in the city of Herriman to the north.[1]
Utah Data Center[edit]
Main article: Utah Data Center
From 2011 to 2013, the National Security Agency (NSA) built a US$1.5 billion Community Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center at Camp Williams, the first in a series of data centers required for the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative.[2][3][4] The 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m2) facility is built on 200 acres (81 ha) where Camp Williams' former airfield was located on the west side of Utah Highway 68. It is rumored to be capable of storing 1 yottabyte of data by 2015, although this figure remains highly speculative.[5][6][7] The facility will use 65 megawatts of electricity and will cost another $2 billion for hardware, software, and maintenance.[5]
This facility will greatly increase the NSA's ability to store and process millions of emails, IMs, SMS, and phone calls made daily by people around the world and in the United States.[8]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Bergreen, Jason; Mike Gorrell, and Nate Carlisle (20 September 2010). "Guard takes blame for massive fire, saying ‘we failed’". Salt Lake Tribune (MediaNews Group). Retrieved 2010-09-21.
2. ^ LaPlante, Matthew D. (2 July 2009). "New NSA center unveiled in budget documents". Salt Lake Tribune (MediaNews Group). Retrieved 2009-07-05.
3. ^ LaPlante, Matthew D. (2 July 2009). "Spies like us: NSA to build huge facility in Utah". Salt Lake Tribune (MediaNews Group). Retrieved 2009-07-05.
4. ^ Fidel, Steve. "Utah's $1.5 billion cyber-security center under way". Deseret News. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
5. ^ a b Kenyon, Henry (7 January 2011). "New NSA data center breaks ground on construction – Defense Systems". Defense Systems. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
6. ^ "NSA to store yottabytes in Utah data centre". CNET Networks. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
7. ^ Bamford, James. "Who’s in Big Brother’s Database?". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
8. ^ Bamford, James (15 March 2012). "The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
External links[edit]
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Reserve requirement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Cash reserve ratio)
Jump to: navigation, search
The reserve requirement (or cash reserve ratio) is a central bank regulation employed by most, but not all, of the world's central banks, that sets the minimum fraction of customer deposits and notes that each commercial bank must hold as reserves (rather than lend out). These required reserves are normally in the form of deposits made with a central bank, or cash stored physically in the bank vault (vault cash).
The required reserve ratio is sometimes used as a tool in monetary policy, influencing the country's borrowing and interest rates by changing the amount of funds available for banks to make loans with.[1] Western central banks rarely alter the reserve requirements because it would cause immediate liquidity problems for banks with low excess reserves; they generally prefer to use open market operations (buying and selling government-issued bonds) to implement their monetary policy. The People's Bank of China uses changes in reserve requirements as an inflation-fighting tool, and raised the reserve requirement ten times in 2007 and eleven times since the beginning of 2010.
An institution that holds reserves in excess of the required amount is said to hold excess reserves.
Effects on money supply[edit]
The conventional view[edit]
The economic theory that a reserve requirement can act as a tool of monetary policy is frequently found in economics textbooks. The higher the reserve requirement is set, the theory supposes, the less funds banks will have to loan out[citation needed] , leading to lower money creation and perhaps ultimately to higher purchasing power of the money previously in use. The effect is multiplied, because money obtained as loan proceeds can be re-deposited; a portion of those deposits may again be loaned out[citation needed], and so on. The effect on the money supply is governed by the following formulas:
M_1=MB*m \, : definitional relationship between monetary base MB (bank reserves plus currency held by the non-bank public) the narrowly defined money supply, M_1,
m=\frac{(1+c)}{(c+R)} = \frac{1+\frac{C}{D}}{\frac{C}{D}+R} : derived formula for the money multiplier m, the factor by which lending and re-lending leads M_1 to be a multiple of the monetary base:
where notationally,
c = the currency ratio: the ratio of the public's holdings of currency (undeposited cash) to the public's holdings of demand deposits; and
R = the total reserve ratio (the ratio of legally required plus non-required reserve holdings of banks to demand deposit liabilities of banks).
However, in the United States (and other countries except Brazil, China, India, Russia), the reserve requirements are generally not frequently altered to implement monetary policy because of the short-term disruptive effect on financial markets.[citation needed]
The endogenous money view[edit]
Some economists dispute the conventional theory of the reserve requirement. Criticisms of the conventional theory are usually associated with theories of endogenous money.
Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof of the IMF Research Department report that the “deposit multiplier“ of the undergraduate economics textbook, where monetary aggregates are created at the initiative of the central bank, through an initial injection of high-powered money into the banking system that gets multiplied through bank lending, turns the actual operation of the monetary transmission mechanism on its head. Most times when banks ask for replenishment of depleted reserves, the central bank obliges.[2] Reserves therefore impose no constraints as the deposit multiplier is simply, in the words of Kydland and Prescott (1990), a myth. And because of this, private banks are almost fully in control of the money creation process.[3]
Required reserves[edit]
United States[edit]
In the United States, a reserve requirement (or liquidity ratio) is a minimum value, set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, of the ratio of required reserves to some category of deposits held at depository institutions (e.g., commercial bank including US branch of a foreign bank, savings and loan association, savings bank, credit union). The only deposit categories currently subject to reserve requirements are net transactions accounts, mainly checking accounts. The total amount of all net transaction accounts held in USA depository institutions, plus US currency held by the nonbank public, is called M1.
A depository institution can satisfy its reserve requirements by holding either vault cash or reserve deposits. An institution that is a member of the Federal Reserve System must hold its reserve deposits at a Federal Reserve Bank. Nonmember institutions can elect to hold their reserve deposits at a member institution on a pass-through basis.[4]
A depository institution's reserve requirements vary by the dollar amount of net transaction accounts held at that institution. Effective January 23, 2014, institutions with net transactions accounts:
• Of less than $13.3 million have no minimum reserve requirement;
• Between $13.3 million and $103.6 million must have a liquidity ratio of 3%;
• Exceeding $103.6 million must have a liquidity ratio of 10%.[4]
The threshold monetary amounts are recalculated annually according to a statutory formula.
Effective December 27, 1990, a liquidity ratio of zero has applied to CDs, savings deposits, and time deposits, owned by entities other than households, and the Eurocurrency liabilities of depository institutions. Deposits owned by foreign corporations or governments are currently not subject to reserve requirements.[4]
When an institution fails to satisfy its reserve requirements, it can make up its deficiency with reserves borrowed either from a Federal Reserve Bank, or from an institution holding reserves in excess of reserve requirements. Such loans are typically due in 24 hours or less.
An institution's overnight reserves, averaged over some maintenance period, must equal or exceed its average required reserves, calculated over the same maintenance period. If this calculation is satisfied, there is no requirement that reserves be held at any point in time. Hence reserve requirements play only a limited role in money creation in the USA - and since quantitative easing began in 2008, they have been even less important, as an enormous glut of excess reserves now exists (over the whole system; theoretically, though, individual banks may still run into temporary shortfalls).
The International Banking Act of 1978 requires branches of foreign banks operating in the US to follow the same required reserve ratio standards.[5][6]
Countries without reserve requirements[edit]
Canada, the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Sweden have no reserve requirements.
This does not mean that banks can - even in theory - create money without limit. On the contrary: banks are constrained by capital requirements, which are arguably more important than reserve requirements even in countries that have reserve requirements.
It also does not mean that a commercial bank's overnight reserves can become negative, in these countries. On the contrary: the central bank will always step in to lend the necessary reserves if necessary so that this does not happen: this is sometimes described as "defending the payment system". Historically, a central bank might once have run out of reserves to lend and so have had to suspend redemptions, but this cannot happen anymore to modern central banks because of the end of the gold standard worldwide, which means that all nations use a fiat currency.
A zero reserve requirement cannot be explained by a theory that holds that monetary policy works by varying the quantity of money using the reserve requirement.
Even in the United States, which retains formal (though now mostly irrelevant) reserve requirements, the notion of controlling the money supply by targeting the quantity of base money fell out of favour many years ago, and now the pragmatic explanation of monetary policy refers to targeting the interest rate to control the broad money supply.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK the term clearing banks is sometimes used, meaning banks that have direct access to the clearing system. However, for the purposes of clarity, the term commercial banks will be used for the remainder of this section.
The Bank of England, which is the central bank for the entire United Kingdom, previously held to a voluntary reserve ratio system, with no minimum reserve requirement set. In theory, this meant that commercial banks could retain zero reserves. However, the average cash reserve ratio across the entire United Kingdom banking system was higher during that period, at about 0.15% as of 1999.[7]
From 1971 to 1980, the commercial banks all agreed to a reserve ratio of 1.5%. However, in 1981 this requirement was abolished.[7]
From 1981 to 2009, each commercial bank set out its own monthly voluntary reserve target in a contract with the Bank of England. Both shortfalls and excesses of reserves relative to the commercial bank's own target over an averaging period of one day[7] would result in a charge, incentivising the commercial bank to stay near its target, a system known as reserves averaging.
Upon the parallel introduction of quantitative easing and interest on excess reserves in 2009, banks were no longer required to set out a target, and so were no longer penalised for holding excess reserves; indeed, they were proportionally compensated for holding all their reserves at the Bank Rate (the Bank of England now uses the same interest rate for its bank rate, its deposit rate and its interest rate target).[8] Indeed, in the absence of an agreed target, the concept of excess reserves does not really apply to the Bank of England any more, so it is technically incorrect to call its new policy "interest on excess reserves".
Canada abolished its reserve requirement in 1992.[7]
Other countries[edit]
Other countries have required reserve ratios (or RRRs) that are statutorily enforced:[9]
Country Required reserve (in %) Note
Australia None Statutory Reserve Deposits abolished in 1988,
replaced with 1% Non-callable Deposits[10]
New Zealand None
1999 [1]
Sweden None
Eurozone 1.00 Effective January 18, 2012.[11] Down from 2% since Jan 1999.
Czech Republic 2.00 Since October 7, 2009
Hungary 2.00 Since November 2008
South Africa 2.50
Switzerland 2.50
Latvia 3.00 Just after the Parex Bank bailout (24.12.2008), Latvian Central Bank
decreased the RRR from 7% (?) down to 3%[12]
Poland 3.50 as of 31 dec 2010 [13]
Romania 10.00 as of 30 jan 2013 for lei. And 16% for foreign currency[14]
Russia 4.00 Effective April 1, 2011, up from 2.5% in January 2011.[15]
Chile 4.50
India 4.00 January 2013, as per RBI.[16]
Bangladesh 6.00 Raised from 5.50. Effective from 15 December 2010
Lithuania 6.00
Nigeria 20.00 Raised from 15.00. Effective from 25 November 2014[17]
Pakistan 5.00 Since November 1, 2008
Taiwan 7.00 [18]
Turkey 8.50 Since February 19, 2013
Jordan 8.00
Zambia 8.00
Burundi 8.50
Ghana 9.00
Israel 9.00 the Required Reserve Ratio is called Minimum Capital Ratio[19]
Mexico 10.50
Sri Lanka 8.00 With effect from 29 April 2011. 8% of total rupee deposit liabilities.
Bulgaria 10.00 Banks shall maintain minimum required reserves to the amount of 10% of the deposit base
(effective from December 1, 2008) with two exceptions (effective from January 1, 2009):
1. on funds attracted by banks from abroad: 5%;
2. on funds attracted from state and local government budgets: 0%.[20]
Croatia 14.00 Down from 17%, effective from 2009-01-14[21]
Costa Rica 15.00
Malawi 15.00
Nepal 5.00 From the monetary policy announcement for FY 2011/12 CRR reduced from 5.5% to 5%
Hong Kong None [22]
Brazil 20.00 Up from 15%, effective from 2010-12-06 - Ratio is for requirement on term deposits.[23]
RRR for foreign currency positions increased to 43.00 on 2010 July 15 [2]
China 18.50 China cuts bank reserves again to counter slowdown as of 20th April 2015. Chinese Banks [24]
Tajikistan 20.00
Suriname 25.00 Down from 27%, effective from 2007-01-01[25]
Lebanon 30.00 [3]
Historical changes in reserve ratios[edit]
In some countries, the cash reserve ratios have decreased over time; in some countries they have increased:[26]
Country 1968 1978 1988 1998
United Kingdom 20.5 15.9 5.0 3.1
Turkey 58.3 62.7 30.8 18.0
Germany 19.0 19.3 17.2 11.9
United States 12.3 10.1 8.5 10.3
India[27] 3 6 10 10-11
(Ratios are expressed in percentage points.)
See also[edit]
1. ^ Central Bank of Russia
2. ^ Benes, Jaromir, and Michael Kumhof. The chicago plan revisited. International Monetary Fund, 2012.
3. ^ Benes, Kumhof.
4. ^ a b c FRB: Reserve Requirements
5. ^ Ahorny, Joseph; Saunders, Anthony; Swary, Itzhak (1985). "The Effects of the International Banking Act on Domestic Bank Profitability and Risk". Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking (JSTOR). JSTOR 1992444.
6. ^ "International Banking Act of 1978". Banking Law 101.
7. ^ a b c d Jagdish Handa (2008). Monetary Economics (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 347.
8. ^ "Sterling Operations - Implementation of Monetary Policy". Bank of England. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
9. ^ Lecture 8, Slide 4: "Central Banking and the Money Supply" from the presentation Monetary Macroeconomics by Dr. Pinar Yesin, University of Zurich, based on 2003 survey of CBC participants at the Study Center Gerzensee
10. ^ "Inquiry into the Australian Banking Industry, Reserve Bank of Australia, January 1991
11. ^ <en> European Central Bank, minimum reserve requirements
12. ^ "Minimum Reserve Ratio". Bank of Latvia. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
13. ^ Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service
14. ^ Reserve requirements, National Bank of Romania
15. ^ Central bank of Russia Required reserve ratio on credit institutions' liabilities to non-resident has been raised to 4.0%
16. ^ [4]
17. ^
18. ^ Liquidity ratio and liquid reserves of deposit money banks. Data released by Taiwan's central bank in October 2010.
19. ^ "Minimum capital ratio" (PDF). Bank of Israel. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
20. ^ "Ordinance No. 21 of the BNB on the Minimum Required Reserves Maintained with the Bulgarian National Bank by Banks" (PDF). Bulgarian National Bank.
21. ^ Decision on Reserve Requirements, Croatian National Bank (in Croatian)
22. ^ "Central banks' exit strategies from quantitative easing". Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
23. ^ Business week - Brazil reserve requirement raise
24. ^ [5]
25. ^ "Reserve base en Kasreserve". Centrale Bank van Suriname. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
26. ^ IMF Financial Statistic Yearbook
27. ^ Chronology of Bankrate, CRR and SLR Changes, Reserve Bank of India
External links[edit]
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Christopher Blizzard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Christopher Blizzard
Christopher Blizzard is a Developer Relations lead at Facebook.[1] Formerly, he worked as an Open Source Evangelist at the Mozilla Corporation[2] and has contributed to other open source projects, including Red Hat and One Laptop Per Child.
Prior to his position as Open Source Evangelist he was the Software Team Lead for the One Laptop Per Child project at Red Hat and sat on the Mozilla Corporation Board of Directors. Before joining the One Laptop Per Child project he was a Systems Engineer and Open Source software developer working at Red Hat.
One Laptop Per Child[edit]
Blizzard was the OLPC Software Team Lead through Red Hat. He helped to develop the project's modified version of Fedora Core Linux. He handled all integration and community work with the OLPC project and unveiled the laptop in a video on Friday, June 2, 2006.[3] Chris was also involved with the development of the OLPC's Sugar interface.
1. ^ "facebook". Retrieved August 13, 2012. [dead link]
2. ^ "Opportunity". Retrieved March 16, 2012. [dead link]
3. ^ "First video of a working "One Laptop Per Child" laptop". Archived from the original on 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
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Copper Canyon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Copper Canyon (disambiguation).
Copper Canyon
Copper Canyon (Spanish: Barrancas del Cobre) is a group of canyons consisting of six distinct canyons in the Sierra Madre Occidental in the southwestern part of the state of Chihuahua in northwestern Mexico. The overall canyon system is larger and portions are deeper than the Grand Canyon in Arizona.[1] The canyons were formed by six rivers that drain the western side of the Sierra Tarahumara (a part of the Sierra Madre Occidental). All six rivers merge into the Rio Fuerte and empty into the Gulf of California. The walls of the canyon are a copper/green color, which is where the name originates.
The Spanish arrived in the Copper Canyon area in the 17th century and encountered the indigenous locals throughout Chihuahua. For the Spanish, Mexico was a new land to explore for gold and silver and also to spread Christianity. The Spanish named the people they encountered "Tarahumara", derived from the word Raramuri, which is what the indigenous people call themselves. Some scholars theorize that this word may mean ‘The running people'. During the 17th century, silver was discovered by the Spaniards in the land of the Tarahumara tribe. Some were enslaved for mining efforts. There were small uprisings by the Tarahumara, but to little avail. They eventually were forced off the more desirable lands and up into the canyon cliffs.
The alpine climate of the mountainous regions of Copper Canyon has moderate temperatures from October to November and March to April. The bottom of the canyons are humid and warm and remain that way throughout the year. During the warmest months, April through June, drought is a chronic problem with little rainfall until July when the rainy season begins.
Flora and fauna[edit]
The Sierra Tarahumara Occidental region contains some twenty-three species of pine and two hundred species of oak trees. Mexican Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga lindleyana) trees cover the high plateaus in altitudes over 8,000 feet (2,400 m), but due to deforestation in the area, many species of wildlife are endangered. Cougars live in the remotest of regions and are rarely seen. After the summer rainy season these upper regions blossom with wildflowers until October. From 4,000–8,000 feet (1,200–2,400 m), oak trees grow in the huge forests as well as the more shade-tolerant types of trees. In the fall the forests become brilliant with color from Andean Alder (Alnus acuminata) and poplar (Populus spp.) trees. Brushwood and scrubby trees grow on the canyon slopes, which can accommodate the dry season. Huge fig (Ficus spp.) and palm trees thrive at the bottom where water is plentiful and the climate is tropical.
Threats to the ecosystem[edit]
Due to increases in human population, there are many threats to the ecosystems of the Sierra Tarahumara Occidental region. The government funding to build a “tourist friendly” atmosphere poses threats to the environment and indigenous cultures. Roads have been built in the former isolated mountainous zones. Agriculture and grazing as well as the cutting of hardwoods and other trees for firewood has accelerated a soil erosion problem. Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) and Desert Ironwood (Olneya tesota) trees are cut and exported primarily to the U.S. for charcoal. Amapa (Tabebuia chrysantha) trees yield highly prized lumber for building and furniture making. Other trees are also cut and sold for their high-priced lumber. Over harvesting of the forests in the area has caused the extinction of the Imperial Woodpecker and Mexican Wolf. Approximately, 2 percent of the original old-growth forest remains.[citation needed] However, a massive forest-harvesting project in the region has been abandoned, for now, by the World Bank. The Mexican forestry department deemed these species of trees “legally protected,” but enforcement is difficult.
The government has taken measures to halt or slow down the cultivation of opium poppies and cannabis by spraying crops with herbicides, which threaten the populations of many different species. A large saturnid moth, Rothschildia cincta, are one of the species that are threatened by the spraying. Their cocoons are used by the Indian population for ceremonial purposes.
Open-pit mining for copper, gold and other metals not only produces air pollution from smelters, but has been linked to the serious decline of the Tarahumara Frog (Rana tarahumarae). Every river system has been dammed causing fresh water shortages in nearby desert communities. An enormous dam is being constructed on the Rio Fuerte, which poses major environmental problems and may lead to massive losses of tropical forest and habitats.
Conservation is underway, but remains informal and slow. Mexico has environmental laws, but suffers from lack of financial resources. Enforcement has been lax or non-existent. Agencies are actively trying to increase the protection for natural preserves.[citation needed]
Indigenous people[edit]
Copper Canyon traditional inhabitants are the Tarahumara or Rarámuri. With no official census, the population of the Rarámuri people probably ranges between 35,000 and 70,000. Many Rarámuri reside in the cooler, mountainous regions during the hot summer months and migrate deeper into the canyons in the cooler winter months, where the climate is more temperate. Their survival strategies have been to occupy areas that are too remote for city people, way off-the-beaten-path, to remain isolated and independent, so as to avoid losing their culture. Their diet is largely domestic agrarian, but does consist of meat from domesticated cows, chickens and goats, wild game, and freshwater fish. Corn (maize) is the most important staple of the Rarámuri’s diet. The Rarámuri people are known for their endurance running. Living in the canyons, they travel great vertical distances, which they often do by running nonstop for hours. A popular Rarámuri community race called rarajipari, is played by kicking a wooden ball along the paths of the steep canyons. Tourism is a growing industry for Copper Canyon, but the acceptance of it is debated in the local communities. Some communities accept government funding for building roads, restaurants and lodging to make the area attractive for tourists. Many other groups of Rarámuri maintain their independence by living in areas that are as far away from city life as possible. Their way of life is protected by the mountainous landscape.
There are many other ways to explore Copper Canyon such as hiking, biking, driving or horseback riding. The most popular way is by train, as the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico or ChePe, runs along the main canyon called Canyon Urique, between Chihuahua and Los Mochis, on the Gulf of California.
The Chihuahua al Pacifico began in the late 19th century. The revolution, lack of funding, and the overall difficulty of building a railroad over such terrain hindered its completion until 1961. The railroad comprises 405 miles of rails with 39 bridges and 86 tunnels. The total trip takes approximately 15 hours and passes through towns, as well as the towering cliffs of the canyons. Along the railway, many Tarahumarans lay out their food, crafts and other wares for sale.
Mexico established the Parque Nacional Barranca del Cobre (Copper Canyon National Park) to showcase this remote area. The park is located in the municipalities of Batopilas, Bocoyna, Guachochi, and Urique.
Cities and towns[edit]
Among the villages located in or on the Copper Canyon are:
• Basaseachi, located near the pouroff of 840 ft (246m) Cascada Basaseachi in the Barranca Candameña. The towns and ranchos of San Lorenzo, Cahuisori, and Huahumar encircle the rim of the canyon, also home to Mexico's highest waterfall Piedra Volada (1200 m). It is on the main Federal Highway 16 between Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and Hermosillo, Sonora. The Rio Candameña is a tributary of the Rio Mayo which flows into the Gulf of California.
In popular culture[edit]
Copper Canyon was featured on Season 1 Episode 12, of Man vs. Wild on the Discovery Channel. It is also featured in Raramuri Tale,[2] a short film about a Raramuri boy, his mother and the timeless teachings of the Tarahumaras. Copper Canyon was also featured in the Film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada. Copper Canyon was also a destination in Motorcycle Mania 3, a feature that aired on the Discovery Channel, which featured Jesse James of West Coast Choppers riding with singer Kid Rock, on two custom-built motorcycles.
In the Sierra Madre, a book by Jeff Biggers, looks at a Tarahumara village in the Copper Canyon.[3] The nonfiction book Born to Run by Christopher McDougall,[4] chronicling the story of ultra-runner Micah True in the Copper Canyon with the Tarahumara Indians, who taught him a better way to run.[5][6] True was the race director of the Copper Canyon Ultra Marathon,[7][8] which ends in Urique's plaza. The race covers 50 miles (80 km) of single track trail and dirt road.[5][8]
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^
3. ^ Biggers, Jeff (2006). In the Sierra Madre. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-03101-6.
4. ^ McDougall, Christopher. Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen. Knopf. p. 304. ISBN 0-307-26630-3.
5. ^ a b Bearak, Barry (30 March 2012). "Search Is On in New Mexico for Revered Ultrarunner". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
6. ^ "Officials expand search for missing Colorado ultrarunner in New Mexico". Gila, New Mexico: Fox News. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
7. ^ "Copper Canyon Ultra Marathon home page". Retrieved April 1, 2012.
8. ^ a b Outside Online (March 31, 2010). "Born to Run: Caballo Blanco Interview". The Outside Blog. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
• Cassel, Jonathon F. Tarahumara Indians Naylor Co. 1969
• Disappearance of the Tarahumara frog. In Our living resources 1994, National Status and Trends Report. National Biological Survey, Washington, D.C.
• Fayhee, John M. "Mexico's Copper Canyon Country: A Hiking and Backpacking Guide to Tarahumara-land", Cordillera Press, 1989, ISBN 0-917895-28-2
• Fontana, Bernard L. Tarahumara: Where Night is the Day of the Moon. University of Arizona Press, 1997.
• Grant, Richard. "God's Middle Finger: Into the Lawless Heart of the Sierra Madre", 2008, ISBN 1-4165-3440-7
• Hale, S.F., Schwalbe, C.R., Jarchow, J.L., May, C., Lowe, C.H. and Johnson, T.B
• Hart, John M. The Silver of the Sierra Madre: John Robinson, Boss Shepherd and the People of the Canyons. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2008.
• Hendricks, E.M. "Barranca Trails: Camino Reales in Mexico's Copper Canyon", 1994, ISBN 0-9640875-0-2
• Kennedy, John G. "Tarahumara of the Sierra Madre: Beer, Ecology, and the Social Organization" 1978, ISBN 0-88295-615-9
• Lumholtz, Carl (1987) Unknown Mexico: Explorations in the Sierra Madre and Other Regions, 1890-1898. Vol 1. Dover Publications. pp 118–421. ISBN 0-486-25364-3
• McDougall, Christopher "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen." ISBN 0-307-26630-3, Knopf, May 2009.
• Merrill, William L. "Raramuri Souls: Knowledge and Social Process in Northern Mexico", 1988; ISBN 0-87474-684-1
• Pennington, Campbell W. "The Tarahumar of Mexico: Their Environment and Material Culture", University of Utah, 1963, ISBN 0-87480-093-5
• Roca, Paul M., Spanish Jesuit Churches in Mexico's Tarahumara, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1979, ISBN 0-8165-0651-5
• Seedhead News (1991). Sierra Madre World Bank "development" or logging project? The Seedhead News Nos. 32 & 33: 1-11.
• Zingg, Robert, Behind the Mexican Mountains, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2001, ISBN 0-292-79808-3
External links[edit]
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DC Universe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from DC Comics Universe)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see DC Universe (disambiguation).
The DC Universe, illustrating the conflicts between its superheroes and their antagonistic counterparts.
The DC Universe (DCU) is the fictional shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place. DC superheroes such as Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman are from this universe, and it also contains well known supervillains such as Lex Luthor, the Joker, and Darkseid. Note that in context, "DC Universe" is usually used to refer to the main DC continuity. Occasionally, "DC Universe" will be used to indicate the "DC Multiverse," the collection of all continuities within DC Comics publications.
Golden Age[edit]
The concept of a shared universe was originally pioneered by DC Comics (originally known as National Periodical Publications) and in particular by writer Gardner Fox. The fact that DC Comics characters coexisted in the same world was first established in All Star Comics #3 (1940) where several superheroes (who starred in separate stories in the series up to that point) met each other in a group dubbed the Justice Society of America, with a request to reintroduce the Justice Society as the Justice League of America, which was founded with Major League Baseball's National League and American League as inspiration for the name. The comic book that introduced the Justice League was titled The Brave and the Bold[1] However, the majority of National/DC's publications continued to be written with little regard of maintaining continuity with each other for the first few decades.
Silver Age[edit]
Over the course of its publishing history, DC has introduced different versions of its characters, sometimes presenting them as if the earlier version had never existed. For example, they introduced new versions of the Flash,[2] Green Lantern,[3] and Hawkman,[4] in the late 1950s, with similar powers but different names and personal histories. Similarly, they had characters such as Batman whose early adventures set in the 1940s could not easily be reconciled with stories featuring a still-youthful man in the 1970s. To explain this, they introduced the idea of the multiverse in Flash #123 (1961) where the Silver Age Flash met his Golden Age counterpart. In addition to allowing the conflicting stories to "co-exist," it allowed the differing versions of characters to meet, and even team up to combat cross-universe threats. The writers gave designations such as "Earth-One", "Earth-Two", and so forth, to certain universes, designations which at times were also used by the characters themselves.[5] Earth-One was the primary world of this publication era.
Crisis on Infinite Earths[edit]
Over the years, as the number of titles published increased and the volume of past stories accumulated, it became increasingly difficult to maintain internal consistency. In order to continue publishing stories of its most popular characters, maintaining the status quo became necessary.[citation needed] Although retcons were used as a way to explain apparent inconsistencies in stories written, editors at DC came to consider the varied continuity of multiple Earths too difficult to keep track of, and feared that it was an obstacle to accessibility for new readers. To address this, they published the cross-universe miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1985, which merged universes and characters, reducing the Multiverse to a single unnamed universe with a single history.[citation needed] However, this arrangement removed the mechanism DC had been using to deal with the passage of time in the real world without having the characters age in the comics.[citation needed] Crisis also had failed to establish a coherent future history for the DC Universe, with conflicting versions of the future.[citation needed] The Zero Hour limited series (1994) gave them an opportunity to revise timelines and rewrite the DC Universe history.
As a result, almost once per decade since the 1980s, the DC Universe experiences a major crisis that allows any number of changes from new versions of characters to appear as a whole reboot of the universe, restarting nominally all the characters into a new and modernized version of their lives.
Meanwhile, DC has published occasional stories called Elseworlds, which often presented alternate versions of its characters. For example, one told the story of Bruce Wayne as a Green Lantern. In another tale, "Speeding Bullets," the rocket ship that brought the infant Superman to Earth was discovered by the Wayne family of Gotham City rather than the Kents.
In 1999, The Kingdom reintroduced a variant of the old Multiverse concept called Hypertime which essentially allows for alternate versions of characters and worlds again. The entire process was possibly inspired by Alan Moore's meta-comic, Supreme: Story of the Year (1997).
Infinite Crisis[edit]
Main article: Infinite Crisis
The Infinite Crisis event (2005–2006) remade the DC Universe yet again, with new changes. The limited series 52 (2006–2007) established that a new multiverse now existed, with Earth-0 as the primary Earth.
The New 52[edit]
Main article: The New 52
The 2011 reboot of the DC Universe coincided with DC's publishing event The New 52, during which the publisher cancelled its ongoing titles and relaunched 52 new books, including a number of new books, set within a revised continuity. This follows the conclusion of the Flashpoint crossover storyline, which provided a jumping-off point for the existing continuity. A number of in-universe changes are intended to make characters more modern and accessible, though the scope of the changes varies from character to character. Some like Batman have their histories left largely intact, though compressed, while others were given wildly different histories and looks. In summer 2015, DC will retire its 'The New 52' branding, as has appeared on its titles for the past five years, following its Convergence anniversary crossover event which celebrates the history of the DC Multiverse and its various incarnations.
A 'class photo' of the DC Universe characters, circa 1986. In this group shot, each character is drawn by either his or her original artist or an artist closely associated with the character.
The basic concept of the DC Universe is that it is just like the real world, but with superheroes and supervillains existing in it. However, there are other corollary differences resulting from the justifications implied by that main conceit. Many fictional countries, such as Qurac, Vlatava, and Zandia, exist in it. Though stories are often set in the United States of America, they are as often as not set in fictional cities, such as Gotham City or Metropolis. These cities are effectively archetypes of cities, with Gotham City embodying the negative aspects of life in a large city, and Metropolis reflecting more of the positive aspects. Sentient alien species (such as Kryptonians and Thanagarians) and even functioning interstellar societies are generally known to exist, and the arrival of alien spacecraft is not uncommon. Technologies which are only theoretical in the real world, such as artificial intelligence or are outright impossible according to modern science, such as faster-than-light travel, are functional and reproducible, though they are often portrayed as highly experimental and difficult to achieve. Demonstrable magic exists and can be learned. The general history of the fictional world is similar to the real one (for instance, there was a Roman Empire, and World War II and 9/11 both occurred), but many fantastic additions exist, such as the known existence of Atlantis. In recent years, stories have increasingly described events which bring the DC Universe farther away from reality, such as World War III occurring, Lex Luthor being elected as President of the United States in 2000, and entire cities and countries being destroyed. There are other minor variations, such as the Earth being slightly larger than ours (to accommodate the extra countries), and the planet Saturn having 18 moons rather than 19 because Superman destroyed one.
Many of the superhumans on Earth owe their powers to the "metagene", a genetic feature of unknown origin, which causes some people to develop superpowers when exposed to dangerous substances and forces. Others owe their powers to magic, genetic manipulation (or mutation) or bionics (see below). A large power gap resides between most superheroes and civilians. Still others owe their powers to not being human at all (see races, below). There are also superheroes and supervillains who possess no superhuman powers at all (for example Batman, Robin or Green Arrow), but rival their effectiveness with specialized equipment or "to the absolute limit of human potential" training in special skills, such as martial arts.
The humans first began using costumed identities to fight or commit crime during the 1930s. The first superheroes included characters like the Crimson Avenger and The Sandman. In November 1940, the first superhero team, The Justice Society of America, was formed. During World War II, all of America's heroes were banded together as the All-Star Squadron to protect the United States from the Axis powers. However, due to a magical spell cast by Adolf Hitler (using the Spear of Destiny and the Holy Grail) the most powerful heroes were unable to enter Axis-held territories, leaving the war to be fought mainly by normal humans such as Sgt. Rock. After the war, under pressure from the paranoid Committee on Un-American Activities, the JSA disbanded. While many types of heroes were active afterwards (mainly non-costumed, such as the Challengers of the Unknown or Detective Chimp), it wasn't until Superman's public debut that a new generation of costumed heroes became active. Soon after, the Justice League was formed, and they've remained Earth's preeminent superhero team; most DC heroes (such as the Teen Titans) have either belonged to the League at some point, or have connections to it.
As a general rule, being a superhero does not require powers anywhere near omnipotence. Furthermore, even major heroes and cosmic entities have distinct vulnerabilities, such as: Superman's weaknesses to magic, kryptonite, and red sun light; Green Lantern's initial problems with wood or the color yellow (which have since been largely overcome); or Batman's lack of superhuman powers, which he supplements with keen intellect, constant training, and specialized technology.
Superheroes are generally accepted or even praised—Superman and The Flash actually having museums dedicated to them—by the general public, though some individuals have decided that "the metahumans" must be dealt with less passively. Thus, an organization called "The Dome" was formed to help superheroes who needed to fight crime across international borders; the superhero group called the Global Guardians were their main agents. However the Dome eventually lost out, as its United Nations backing went to the more famous Justice League. In general, DC Comics has led a parody of its own teams and organizations after the Watchmen storyline and Batman run from a dark humor style which began during the 1980s and ended in the early 90s. Superhero teams such as Doom Patrol and Justice League International led the writers to have a more subtle approach of semiotic dark humor with its own version of over-powered ego dominating personalities.
The American government has had a more wary approach, however. Back during World War II they started "Project M" to create experimental soldiers to fight in the war, such as the Creature Commandos. Most of these experiments remain a secret to the public. Currently, the government deals with metahumans and similar beings through its Department of Extranormal Operations (DEO). Covertly, they use an organization of costumed (but non-superhuman) agents known as "Checkmate". The government also formed Task Force X (known as the "Suicide Squad") for "black ops". Most members have been captured supervillains (and thus expendable), and were strongly "encouraged" to join (often with offerings of clemency if they survive their extremely dangerous missions).
Outcast personalities are often relegated to the world of DCU supervillainry. They are then usually well versed in heists, kidnappings and robberies. Villains with meek powers contrive schemes of extraordinary complexity, yet—because of their simple talents—they only call the attention of powerless superheroes like Batman, or lesser superheroes like Booster Gold. When caught, any prison sufficient enough to contain these villains is suitable. More powerful villains strive to contest for greater goals like world domination and/or universal acclaim (from the public and their villainous peers). Usually more powerful enemies are imprisoned in maximum level facilities—such as Belle Reve Penitentiary (which also was secretly Task Force X's headquarters) and even alternate dimensions or outer space—because they cannot simply be killed by a bullet, electricity, or poison.
Supervillains sometimes also form their own groups, but these tend to be short-lived because most villains simply do not trust each other. Most such teams are formed by a charismatic and/or fearsome criminal mastermind for specific purposes; an example is the Secret Society of Super Villains of which there have been several versions. Most villain teams are usually small, having been formed of individuals who know each other personally, such as the Central City Rogues, or have some other reason to work together (mercenary groups like the H.I.V.E., fanatical cults such as Kobra, etc.).
Advanced technology[edit]
Technology more advanced than that which currently exists in real life is available - but it is usually very expensive, and usually only rich or powerful individuals and organizations (or the scientific geniuses who create them) have access to them. S.T.A.R. Labs is an independent research outfit that often develops these devices, while Lexcorp is the main company selling them. It must also be noted that the government also runs the secret Project Cadmus (located in the mountains near Metropolis) to develop clones and genetic manipulation without the public's knowledge. Technology can also come from outer space or different timelines. Apokolips weaponry is often sold in Metropolis to the criminal organization known as Intergang.
Robots and similar creations, including cyborgs, can have superior intelligence when they are created as sentient beings. The Manhunters, the Metal Men, Red Tornado, Robotman, Hourman, and Metallo are but a few examples. These 'beings' are most often created by individuals who possess vast intellects, like scientists Professor T.O. Morrow (maker of the Red Tornado), Dr. Will Magnus (who constructed the Metal Men) and Professor Ivo (who fabricated Amazo and other advanced androids using a form of Nano-technology developed by Lexcorp). Brainiac also emulates this technology as well as technology from other worlds. Similarly, some characters use technology to enhance their armor or modify cybernetic functions, for example Steel, Cyborg and the Cyborg Superman.
Hidden races[edit]
There are a few intelligent races living on Earth that the public at large did not know about until recent times. Among these are the last survivors of Atlantis, who changed themselves into water-breathing forms, including the human-like Poseidonians and the mermaid-like Tritonians. Other species, such as Warworlders, were brief test subjects of Project Cadmus who fled to the Underworld below Metropolis. There is also a tribe of highly intelligent, telepathic gorillas living in an invisible city hidden in Africa; this is the home of Gorilla Grodd.
Certain creatures created such as angelic beings, timeline driven entities, experimental deformities and dimension creatures are not considered hidden races because it is simply not included. However, it is only because most monsters play a less substantial role in the DC Universe. The plot-lines of Dinosaur Island and Skartaris are but a few examples of the experiments the DC universe contrives yet its role in DC comics are played down when in comparison to other companies therefore they are included as being a race from earth. An easternized influence is more evident in most Marvel Comics literature, while DC Comics are exaggerated, under-influenced or sustained into the belief of comical parodies e.g. the story-line of the alien, Monstergirl, and her affluent life-style as a teenage recluse whom turns into monsters or the purpose of Asmodel, an angelic inter-dimensional being from a conceptual heaven whom comes to earth. Therefore these particular races are not considered hidden but alien and extra-dimensional (see the following sections below for reference).
There are many intelligent extraterrestrial races as well. Curiously, a large number of them are humanoid, even human-like, in form (such as Kryptonians, who outwardly appear identical to Earth-born humans); some can even interbreed with Terrans. Some of these races have natural superpowers, but they're usually the same for all individuals of the same race, unlike Earth's metahumans. This was explained by the fact that in Earth's distant past Martians experimented on humanity, severely culling the metahuman potential; this means that a species that was meant to have a wide range of powers, like Tamaranians or Kryptonians, ended up "just...human". However, there are also plenty of nonhumanoid races as well.
The DC Universe has had many natural and cosmic disasters happen to their alien civilizations. The Martians were destroyed by war, the Kryptonians by a dying planet, and the Czarnians by plague. Even the Almeracian Empire was victim to impending destruction by Imperiex.
Order is kept around the galaxy by the Guardians of the Universe and their agents, the Green Lantern Corps. Rival peacekeeping organizations include the Darkstars (created by the Guardians' rivals, the Controllers) and the interplanetary mercenary organization L.E.G.I.O.N.. Criminal organizations include the Manhunters, the Spider Guild and the Dark Circle.
Most aliens are from different planets, who have a source of origin near the Solar System and in the Milky Way Galaxy, although, unlike the Marvel Universe, alien colonies are common within the solar system. The Dominators are an imperialistic race of terrorist aliens who control most of the unknown cosmos in order to extract genetic resources from planets. The caste is also collectively known as the Dominion. Other aliens in the outlying galaxies control armadas like the Khunds, Gordanians, Thanagarians, Spider Guild and, most recently, The Reach. Even though the majority of the DC Universe is policed by the Green Lantern Corps, and later the United Planets, most rogue races strive to conquer the known universe.
One oddity is the Vegan Star system. Due to an arrangement with the Psions, the Guardians did not intervene in that system, allowing a cruel empire called "The Citadel" to govern there, until it was overthrown by the Omega Men.
Cosmic entities[edit]
The Presence is the God of the DC Universe; he created all reality. He is also the most powerful being in the Multiverse and beyond.
There are several lesser beings in the DC universe that possess god-like powers, through energy manipulation, magic ability, or technological advancement. Magic and the supernatural are often depicted as being real in the DC Universe, though some skeptics such as Mister Terrific maintain that there are scientific explanations to all such events. The narration of the mystic and harsh dark reality is more common in DC's Vertigo Comics because its stories lurk outside of superhero fantasy; the Vertigo series have beings that relate better to civilian life although both universes are subject to fantastical realms, and unworldly dimensions. Magic is too powerful in the physical world, where harnessing magic can distort and even destroy reality if not properly controlled (i.e.: if the Lord of Order succumbs to certain events so will the Lord of Chaos).
There are several types of cosmic entities, such as:
• Gods: The first beings calling themselves 'gods' first appeared billions of years ago on another planet, but they destroyed themselves in a terrible war. This unleashed the "Godwave," a wave of cosmic energy from the Source. This gave birth to other gods across the universe, including Earth’s. From the planet’s remains the worlds of Apokolips and New Genesis were formed, inhabited by beings that call themselves "New Gods". The Source Wall is an archetype of Buddha on the edge of the known galaxy. Certain speedsters believe in enlightenment in order to become part of the Speed Force (see below). Kismet is an immortal god and the embodiment of reality. She was matched with Marvel's Eternity in the JLA/Avengers. In mortal form she was member of the Lords of Order. Depending on the characters, other diverse religious deities from ancient cultures are common. Heroes such as Aztek and Black Condor, or villains like Black Adam, have found knowledge of their native roots in origin.
• Death represents different characters in the DC Universe. One personification of death is the Black Flash, who can represent Death as an internal figure for the speedsters in the DC Universe. Another is Death (see below), who resides at the very end of time. The Black Racer appears as Death in the afterlife. There also is Nekron, lord of the Land of the Unliving, who is the embodiment of Death as the ultimate opponent. Death is also one of The Endless, and is the ultimate personification of Death in the DCU.
• The Lords of Order and Chaos: These two groups of magical beings have been fighting against each other since the beginning of time, and they often empower others (with "Order Magic" or "Chaos Magic") in exchange for their acting as their agents. Many magical heroes and villains have been manipulated by them. The Lords of Order and Chaos were killed by the Spectre during the Day Of Vengeance: Infinite Crisis Special.
• Elementals: The Earth itself has a living spirit called "Maya" who, for millennia, has been creating champions, one for each of the mystical elements, to protect itself, using human beings as their hosts. Swamp Thing, Firestorm, Naiad and Red Tornado were some of them.
• Homo Magi: a subspecies of humanity with the natural ability to use magic, this race almost disappeared after too much crossbreeding with normal humans (it's from them that people in the DC universe inherited the ability to use magic.) The last pure blooded ones decided to retire to a magical invisible city centuries ago, and are now known as "The Hidden Ones". Zatanna knows many of the race's secrets, and Traci Thirteen is currently investigating magical and occult phenomena for the Croatoan Society—both women had Homo Magi mothers.
• The Endless: Physical manifestations of eternal and universal phenomena that affect the human condition (Destiny, Death, Dream, Destruction, Despair, Desire and Delirium), principally recounted in the Modern Age Sandman series.
• Emotional Manifestations: Like the Endless, these beings were created from the emotional energy generated by sentient beings. Each of the seven emotional manifestations of the DCU is represented by a different color (rage, red; greed, orange; fear, yellow; will, green; hope, blue; compassion, indigo; love, violet) and being. The various power-ring based corps of the DCU, most notably the Green Lantern Corps and Sinestro Corps utilize the energies of these beings.
• Wizards and Sorcerers: Various sorcerers lurk in the DCU. Dr. Fate, Circe, the wizard Shazam, Mordru and Felix Faust are written as characters who use sorcery to create and destroy. Dimensions, rituals and spiritual realms are sources for magic power as seen in Ras Al Ghul's Lazarus Pit, Doctor Occult's use of the astral plane and the transformations of Captain Marvel.
• Demonic entities vary from the Demon Etrigan, to Blaze, Satanus and Neron. Demonic entities are abundant and come from Hell although some like Eclipso, the vengeance demon (also referred to as the Prince of Darkness), reside on the Moon. Demonic Entities from Wonder Woman comics are directly linked to Greek Mythology such as Hades, and Ares. In the Vertigo comics, characters like John Constantine oppose demons influenced by Christian mythology. Most Demons are not however directly linked to Demonology.
• The Monitors were incredibly powerful cosmic beings. Originally, a Monitor and an Anti-Monitor were byproducts of the event that created the multiverse. As arch-enemies, they fought for billions of years, before enlisting the help of warriors and causing the Crisis, during which both were killed. After the multiverse was reborn, the origins of the Monitors was revised. In the Post-Crisis continuity, the Monitors were a vast civilization tasked with protecting and guiding the various worlds of the multiverse. They were also vampires, and had to resist the urge to feed on the universes they were born to protect.
Other dimensions[edit]
The DC Universe is composed of a number of different dimensional planes, most notably parallel earths (see Multiverse), but the latter were eliminated when reality was altered by the Anti-Monitor (although stories featuring parallel earths have continued to crop up with various rationalizations in the following years). Other types of dimensions still exist, however, including the Antimatter Universe, the Pax dimension, the Fifth Dimension and The Bleed. Prison dimensions, such as the Phantom Zone are meant to house super powered criminals who are too powerful for any conventional means of containment. Dimensions make up many universes, of which some are created and destroyed with help from supernatural forces and elements from which power is drawn. As well, certain dimensions function as cross-over opportunities for heroes from different comic book companies to interact, either from competing companies, or from companies absorbed by competitors. The most notable example of the first kind of crossover has been between Marvel Comics and DC Comics, and the latter with Wildstorm Comics. An example of the latter kind of crossover would be DC's acquisition of Fawcett Comics, Quality Comics, and Charlton Comics and the absorption into the DC continuity of the original Captain Marvel, Plastic Man and Captain Atom. In this way, heroes originally published by different companies are now part of the same fictional universe, and interactions between such characters are no longer considered intercompany crossovers.
Additionally, the Marvel Comics Universe is also said to exist in the DC Universe as one of the many alternative universes. The reverse may also be said with respect to the Marvel Universe. This is one method of explaining the various crossover stories co-published by the two companies.
Heaven and Hell[edit]
Heaven and Hell do exist in the DC Universe but may not exist in the same continuum. In the DC/Vertigo universe Hell was ruled for ten billion years by the fallen angel Lucifer Morningstar. At the end of the DC Comics Swamp Thing storyline "American Gothic", a force called the Great Evil Beast rose out of the darkness and merged with the Presence. This triggered a civil war in Hell, ultimately forcing Lucifer to share power with a triumvirate that included the powerful Hell lords Beelzebub, Azazel and himself. This triumvirate was mostly a formality and Lucifer was still the de facto ruler of Hell, until recently abdicating the throne and handing the key to Hell to Dream of the Endless in The Sandman storyline Season of Mists. Dream was not sure what to do with the key to Hell, and after having negotiated with many interested parties, he gave it to the angels Remiel and Duma, who ruled Hell on behalf of the Presence until the Lucifer spinoff series saw possession of the key shift hands once again. Since lordship over Hell frequently changes, numerous demons have proclaimed themselves its rulers. Generic depictions of Satan, angels, demons and God also appear frequently. Versions vary from the Vertigo and DC Universe series with writers of the Vertigo/DC Universe depicting them in relation to religion and mythology while the writers in the DCU have a tendency to narrate fantasy. In the Vertigo series Swamp Thing, Heaven and Hell seems to be restricted to earth, creating the possibility that every living planet have their own versions of afterlife. In the Vertigo series Sandman Lucifer quits as ruler of Hell and retires to Los Angeles, with the follow-up series Lucifer depicting his pursuit of obtaining his own creation independent from that of the Presence.
Speed Force[edit]
The Speed Force is an extradimensional energy source which provides the speedsters of the DC Universe with their powers. Accessing the Speed Force makes it possible to run at incredible speeds, even faster than light, and even to jump in and out of the timestream, thereby travelling - albeit with a limited degree of control - through time. The Speed Force also acts as a kind of Valhalla for deceased speedsters. The Flash: Rebirth reveals that Barry Allen is a living generator of the Speed Force ever since the accident that transformed him into The Flash.
Time Stream[edit]
It is possible to travel in time in this universe by several means, including moving faster than the speed of light. The Legion of Super-Heroes from 1,000 years into the future in particular have access to time-travel technology (although the threeboot Legion lacks time travel technology) while Rip Hunter is the present day authority of the technology. Originally, it was impossible to change the past, or to exist in two places at the same time (a time traveler appearing in a period on which he or she already existed would become an ineffectual, invisible phantom while there). However that was all changed after the Anti-Monitor tried to change history at the beginning of time during the Crisis on Infinite Earths. Also, a number of alternate realities- known as Hypertime- now exist. A group calling itself the Linear Men formed to prevent anyone from changing history. In addition, an enormously powerful being called the Time Trapper, an enemy of the Legion, has been known to manipulate the timestream, even creating "pocket universes."
Universe comics[edit]
In other media[edit]
Video games[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Eury, Michael (2005). The Justice League Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-893905-48-9. The readers were more familiar with 'League' from the National League and the American League.
2. ^ Showcase #4 (September–October 1956)
3. ^ Showcase #22 (September–October 1959)
4. ^ The Brave and the Bold #34 (February–March 1961)
5. ^ Gardner Fox (w), Carmine Infantino (p), Joe Giella (i). "Flash of Two Worlds" The Flash #123 (1961)
External links[edit]
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Dennis Yablonsky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dennis Yablonsky
Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
In office
February 2003 – October 2008
Personal details
Political party Republican Party (United States)
Spouse(s) Ronnie
Residence Pittsburgh
Education University of Cincinnati
Dennis Yablonsky is the CEO of the Allegheny Conference. He previously served as a member of Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell's cabinet as Secretary of Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. He was nominated for that position in 2003.[1] He resigned 2008.[2]
He holds a degree from the University of Cincinnati.[3] He was CEO of Carnegie Group Incorporated from 1987 through 1999.[3] Prior to that, he served various roles, including President and CEO, for Cincom Systems.[3]
He was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Smartest Staffers and Operatives."[4]
External links[edit]
Dennis Yablonsky was president and CEO of CinCom Systems, Inc.
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Diego Ribas da Cunha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Diego Sebastián Ribas.
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Ribas and the second or paternal family name is da Cunha.
Diego Ribas @ Fenerbahce - Altinordu 23 December 2014.jpg
Diego in action for Fenerbahçe 2014
Personal information
Full name Diego Ribas da Cunha
Date of birth (1985-02-28) 28 February 1985 (age 30)
Place of birth Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Height 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)[1]
Playing position Attacking midfielder
Club information
Current team
Number 10
Youth career
1996–2001 Santos
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2002–2004 Santos 64 (21)
2004–2006 Porto 48 (4)
2006–2009 Werder Bremen 84 (38)
2009–2010 Juventus 33 (5)
2010–2014 VfL Wolfsburg 76 (19)
2011–2012 Atlético Madrid (loan) 30 (3)
2014 Atlético Madrid 13 (1)
2014– Fenerbahçe 24 (3)
National team
2004–2008 Brazil U23 15 (6)
2003– Brazil 33 (4)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 27 May 2015.
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 20 May 2010
Diego Ribas da Cunha (born 28 February 1985), commonly known as just Diego, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Turkish club Fenerbahçe as an attacking midfielder.
He began his career at Santos, where he won two Campeonato Brasileiro Série A titles before moving to FC Porto in 2004. Despite winning further trophies in Portugal, his personal form dropped. After two seasons, he moved for €6 million to Werder Bremen where his form improved, winning domestic honours and helping them to the 2009 UEFA Cup Final. He also won honours at Atlético Madrid, including the UEFA Europa League in 2012.
A full international for Brazil since 2003, Diego earned 33 caps and scored four international goals. He was part of the Brazilian squads which finished as runners-up at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, won the Copa América in 2004 and 2007, and earned a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics.
Club career[edit]
At age six, Diego started to show his talent when training with Comercial FC in Ribeirão Preto. After joining another team, São Carlos, when he was nine, Diego decided to take trials in the hope of impressing a bigger club.[2] Diego was first signed by the São Paulo team Santos FC at the age of 12. Diego developed whilst in the Santos youth system, making his first team debut at the age of 16 in the Rio-São Paulo Championship in 2002 and in the same year he won the domestic Campeonato Brasileiro championship. He, Robinho, Elano and Alex were known as a famous group when they played for Santos.
Diego was then signed by Portuguese club FC Porto in July 2004 as a replacement for the FC Barcelona-bound Deco and was seen as his successor to Deco, but could not produce the same calibre of performances he did at Santos. Diego made his debut for Porto in a 1–1 draw against União de Leiria on 22 August. On 30 October, Diego scored his first goal for Porto in a 2–2 draw against Nacional.
As Porto triumphed in the Intercontinental Cup against Once Caldas via a penalty shootout, Diego was sent off for swearing at goalkeeper Juan Carlos Henao after scoring his effort. Journalist Tim Vickery ascribed this action to Diego's experiences against the team in the previous season's Copa Libertadores, in which the physical Colombian side eliminated Santos in the quarter-finals.[3]
In his first season at Porto, Diego made 30 appearances, scoring two goals against Sporting Clube de Portugal and Sporting de Braga. In 2005–06, however, he did not maintain a stable place in the Porto team under coach Co Adriaanse and also found life difficult at Porto. He eventually left Porto for Werder Bremen.
Werder Bremen[edit]
2006–07 season[edit]
Diego celebrating the DFB-Pokal win along with team-mate Naldo.
In May 2006, Diego signed a contract with Werder Bremen until 2010 for a transfer fee of €6 million.[4]
His first match for Werder Bremen came in the DFB-Ligapokal (League Cup). Werder Bremen won the cup, beating Bayern Munich in the final on 5 August.
The 2006–07 Bundesliga season began well for Diego. He scored the first goal and set up two more for Bremen in their 4–2 win over Hannover 96, on 13 August. In his second match in the Bundesliga, he set up both goals in the 2–1 win over Bayer Leverkusen.
Thanks to his good performances in August, both in the Bundesliga and in the Ligapokal, Diego won the August Player of the Month award.[5] As the Bundesliga season went on, Diego made several amazing performances and became one of the most valuable players for Werder Bremen, along with his teammate Torsten Frings. They were called the "two motors of Bremen's midfield." In October 2006, he won a second Player of the Month award and again in December 2006. He was then named as the Best Player of the first half of the Bundesliga.
Werder Bremen finished in third place in Group A in the Champions League group stages, and they moved to the UEFA Cup, where they reached the semi-finals, beating AZ from the Netherlands in the quarter-finals, due in part to Diego's creative play.
On 15 April, Diego again played well, scoring in the 2–0 win over Borussia Dortmund. Five days later, on 20 April, Bremen played against Alemannia Aachen. Although Diego's performance was good, he did not score until stoppage time when he scored from 62.5 metres, which later was elected as goal of the year. Bremen won the game 3–1 and topped the table with 60 points.
Following his good performances in the first half of the Bundesliga, Diego got called up to the Brazilian national football team in November.
After the 2006–07 season ended, Diego won the Bundesliga Player of the Season award organised by popular magazine kicker.[6] He received just over 50 percent of the votes. Unfortunately, his team did not win the Bundesliga after finishing third in the table, behind champions VfB Stuttgart and Schalke 04.
Diego in training at Werder Bremen.
2007–08 season[edit]
Diego in 2007.
Diego started his season well, scoring a penalty on the first matchday. Diego gave many outstanding performances. He was crucial as Bremen got through to the Champions League's group phase. They beat Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb 3–2 in Zagreb, with Diego scoring two penalties.
On the first Champions League Group Stage matchday, Bremen lost 2–1 to Real Madrid, but Diego's performance aroused interest in Real Madrid's coach Bernd Schuster. But the stories were put to an end when Diego signed a new contract which would last until 2011.[7]
After the loss to Real Madrid, Bremen faced VfB Stuttgart, the defending German champions, at home. Werder won 4–1, with Diego leading the midfield. Later on in the season, Bremen achieved a historical 8–1 win over Arminia Bielefeld, with Diego assisting three goals and scoring one himself.
Diego was voted Player of the Month in September.[8]
He then scored two goals on the way to the UEFA Cup quarter-final with Bremen.
2008–09 season[edit]
Diego signing autograph.
Diego's last season in Werder Bremen was his most successful. Diego scored 20 goals in total (more than his two first seasons in the club), although Bremen did finish just 10th in the Bundesliga and were knocked out of the Champions League at the group-stage.
In the UEFA Cup that season, Diego scored six goals, all in the knockout stages.
He scored against Milan the in round of 32, equalizing after 84 minutes, and assisting Claudio Pizarro in the second leg's only goal. He helped his team through the round of 16, and scored four of the six goals, and managed one assist in the quarter-final knockout of Udinese.
Diego playing for Juventus
In the semi finals, after losing 1–0 in their hometown to "North Derby" rivals Hamburger SV, Diego helped his team back in the second leg with an early equalizer to Ivica Olić's early critical goal. Later on that game, he assisted a corner to Frank Baumann's third Bremen goal. In that game, Diego received an unfortunate yellow card, preventing him from playing in the final, and with a 3–2 away win, he ended his UEFA Cup participation, leading Bremen to their first UEFA Cup final ever.
Without Diego in the 2009 UEFA Cup Final, Bremen lost the game 2–1 in extra time to Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk.
In his last match with Bremen, Diego gave the assist to Mesut Özil's winning goal against Bayer Leverkusen in the German Cup final, to win the German Cup for the sixth time.
On 26 May 2009, Diego signed a five-year contract to join Juventus at the end of the season. The fee paid to Bremen by Juventus was worth €24.5 million. The price can rise by a further €2.5 million in case of the fulfillment of established sports objectives in the next five years.[9]
Diego made his Juventus debut against the Korean side Seongnam, in a game they won 3–0. In the first half, Diego made the pass to Mauro Camoranesi, whose pass followed up to a goal. Diego then scored in the second half and was subbed out at the 60th minute.[10] On his Serie A debut, he assisted Vincenzo Iaquinta's goal from a set-piece.[11] In the second fixture of the campaign, Diego recorded his first Serie A goal, scoring twice in Juventus' 3–1 victory against Roma on 30 August 2009. He also scored goals against Bologna, Fiorentina, and also against Napoli. One of his most noted assists was his backheel to Alessandro Del Piero's goal against Genoa. He has also scored in the 2010 Trofeo TIM against Milan.[12] Diego's swaggering displays he produced during his time in Bremen were met with anger and confusion from Juventus' fans; the formation did not suit him and he had a fall-out with then coach Ciro Ferrara. Juventus announced Diego would leave Juventus despite pleading to stay at the club. German clubs like VfL Wolfsburg, Bayern Munich, and his former club Werder Bremen were linked to sign him. But Werder Bremen ruled out signing him due to sporting director Klaus Allofs believing a deal to bring him back to Bremen would be "economically impossible."[13] and Diego reiterated his desire to stay.[14]
Eventually, on 27 August 2010, Diego moved from Juventus to VfL Wolfsburg for a club record transfer fee of €15.5 million, which Juve would only received €14.75 million as 5% of the transfer fee transferred to his youth clubs as solidarity contribution.[15] Following his move to Wolfsburg, Diego criticized Juventus general director Giuseppe Marotta for his exit and is the blame for letting Juventus make huge losses on some high-profile players.[16]
In his first match for VfL Wolfsburg, he scored his debut goal in a game which Wolfsburg lost 3–4 to Mainz. On 5 February 2011, Diego won a penalty for Wolfsburg. Diego took the ball from designated spot-kick taker Patrick Helmes and then hit the woodwork 10 minutes from time. Wolfsburg later lost the match by one goal and Wolfsburg's manager Steve McClaren fined him €100,000 (£86,000) for failing to follow instructions. Diego was defended by Dieter Hoeneß, claiming that Diego does not believe he should be banned for the incident.[17] He was also informed that he will be removed from the first team for Wolfsburg’s upcoming game against Hamburger SV.[18] He once again got in trouble with the management of Wolfsburg, when, on 14 May before a crucial relegation game against Hoffenheim, he left the hotel in which the team was staying when he was informed he would not be starting the game.[19] This left Wolfsburg with only six players on the bench for the game that would determine whether they would play another season in the German Bundesliga or be relegated. Wolfsburg went on to win the game 3–1 without Diego, ensuring another top flight season for the club, though Diego was fined €500,000 for his actions.[20]
Loan to Atlético Madrid[edit]
After the 2010–11 season at Wolfsburg, new manager Felix Magath told Diego in May he had no future with Wolfsburg. On the last day of the transfer season, Diego joined Atlético Madrid in La Liga on a season-long loan.[21] On 10 September 2011, he made his debut for Atlético against Valencia CF.[22] He scored his first goal for Atlético in the 60th minute of a UEFA Europa League game against Celtic to make it 2–0 and made assist to Radamel Falcao in the third minute. The match resulted 2–0 win for Atlético.[23] Diego scored his first league goal in a 3–2 win over Levante UD on 20 November 2011.
As a key player for Atlético, Diego provided assists and established himself in the first team. But on 19 February 2012 against Sporting Gijón, Diego sustained a hamstring injury in the second half.[24] It would announced that Diego would be out for a month.[25] After a month out, Diego recovered from his injury and made his return to training.[26] Diego made his return against Real Zaragoza on 26 March 2012.[27]
On 9 May 2012, Diego scored the third goal on Atlético's win over Athletic Bilbao in the Europa League Final, assuring the capital side won the title for the second time in three years.[28] After the match, Diego told UEFA’s official website, "We played against a tough rival like Athletic, but we played an almost perfect match, it was a difficult match, we never said it was going to be easy. I have to thank God for this [victory]."[29]
Fellow midfielder Juanfran revealed that Diego wants to stay at Madrid rather than go back to Germany but confessed that it would be tough for the club to buy him outright.[30] Diego admitted that his time with Atlético has been "magical," stating that his time in Spain was more than what he could have hoped for: "This season was positive on both an individual and collective level and I'm delighted."[31] and made a farewell message to the club's fans, telling them about the club will be part of his life.[32] Seven months on, Diego revealed he was unaware over a permanent move to Atlético Madrid as the move never happened.[33]
Return to Wolfsburg[edit]
Diego returned to Wolfsburg following the end of his loan spell in Madrid. Upon his return, his relationship with manager Magath continued to deteriorate, by placing him to the reserve side[34] after Magath criticised his attitude on his first training session back.[35] Despite the strained relationship between the two, he was selected by Magath in a series of pre-season friendlies in a tour of China.[36] He was told by Magath he has no future in Wolfsburg, nevertheless Diego announced that he would stay at the club, as clubs overseas had no interest signing him.[37]
Diego played his first game for the club in a 1–0 victory over Stuttgart on the opening game of the Bundesliga. In the club's first game without Magath after being sacked with only five points in eight matches (and no goals and points in the last four games), he scored his first goal and provided his first assist of the Bundesliga season in Wolfsburg's 4–1 defeat of Fortuna Düsseldorf on 27 October 2012 that ended a run of four straight defeats.[38] Following the match, Diego stated that the club are enjoying their football again and he had given a chance under new interim manager Lorenz-Günther Köstner.[39][40] Four days later in the DFB-Pokal, Diego opened the scoring before providing an assist for Bas Dost as Wolfsburg defeated FSV Frankfurt 2–0.[41] He netted a brace in Wolfsburg's 3–1 victory over Bayer Leverkusen on 11 November, bringing to an end Bayer's 11-game unbeaten run and giving Wolfsburg their first home win of the Bundesliga season.[42] Then, on 8 December 2012, Diego scored and set up the second and third goal in match, in a 3–2 win over Borussia Dortmund.[43] Throughout the 2012–13 season, Diego continued to make an impressive display for the club, scoring ten goals in thirty-seven appearance in all competitions, making him the club's top-scorer.
Ahead and ongoing of the 2013–14 season, Diego was linked back to Santos[44] and Arsenal.[45] Diego stayed in the first half of the season and scored three times in fifteen appearances. During the first half of the season, Diego's future at Wolfsburg was uncertain after he disagreed with the sporting director Klaus Allofs.[46] At this time, Diego earned the highest wages at the club.[47] The club was keen to extend Diego's contract.[48]
Atlético Madrid[edit]
On 31 January 2014, Diego moved back from Wolfsburg to Atlético Madrid. He signed a contract for the rest of the 2013–14 season.[49] Prior the move, Diego desired to leave Wolfsburg in order to play in the Champions League.[50]
Diego debuted on 2 February on Atlético's victory 4–0 against Real Sociedad, scoring the match's fourth and final goal.[51] On 1 April, Diego scored from a long-range shot against FC Barcelona in the Champions League,[52] as Atlético reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1974. Atlético Madrid would reach the final of the Champions League for the second time since 1974. after beating Chelsea 3–1 to face their rival Real Madrid in their first ever Madrid derby in the Champions League final. Unfortunately for him, Diego was an unused substitute in the final, as Atlético Madrid lost 4–1.[53] Nevertheless, Diego helped the club win the La Liga to earn his team its first league title in 18 years.[54]
After being linked a move away, Diego wrote on his Instagram account, giving the Atlético Madrid supporters a farewell message, as he left the club for the second time.[55]
Upon his contract expiring at the end of the 2013–14 season, Diego was linked with a move to both Arsenal and Fenerbahçe,[56] and on 11 July 2014, Fenerbahçe confirmed a three-year deal after a medical.[57]
International career[edit]
Diego with the Brazilian national team.
Diego made his international debut in April 2003 in a friendly match against Mexico. He was later included in Brazil U-23 team that competed in 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup alongside Santos' teammate Robinho. Although Brazil compete as an under-23 team, the international appearances and goals were recorded as FIFA acknowledge the tournament as senior-team matches. He appeared five times and scored two goals as Brazil U-23 lost out to Mexico senior-team in the final.
In 2004, Diego was called up for the Brazil national squad for the Copa América 2004, and he was instrumental in securing the tournament victory for Brazil when he scored in the penalty shootout against Argentina in the final.
However, due to his decline in performance with FC Porto between 2004 and 2006, he was often left out of the Brazil squad. He was mostly playing as deputy to Kaká and was also left out of the Brazil squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
He was then included in Brazil's squad for Copa América 2007, which Brazil went on to win, once again defeating Argentina in the final.
Diego also participated with Brazil U-23 team for 2008 Olympics in Beijing. Brazil went on to achieve Bronze medal with a third place finish in the tournament.
Playing style[edit]
Diego is a creative attacking midfielder and playmaker known for his techique, dribbling ability, vision, and accurate passing; he is also capable of playing as a supporting forward or on the wing on occasion.[58] As well as being an effective assist provider, he is also known for his goalscoring ability,[4] and he is an accurate set-piece taker.[58] Diego is also known for his trickery and ball-skills, such as his use of back-heels, feints, and overhead kicks, among an assortment of other tricks.[4]
Werder Bremen
Atlético Madrid
Career statistics[edit]
As of 27 May 2015.
Club Season League Cup Continental Total
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Santos 2002 22 8 22 8
2003 33 9 33 9
2004 9 4 9 4
Total 64 21 64 21
Porto 2004–05 30 3 2 0 7 1 39 4
2005–06 18 1 2 1 4 1 24 3
Total 48 4 4 1 11 2 63 7
Werder Bremen 2006–07 33 13 3 0 14 2 50 15
2007–08 30 13 3 1 10 4 43 18
2008–09 21 12 5 2 13 7 39 21
Total 84 38 11 3 37 13 132 54
Juventus 2009–10 33 5 2 2 9 0 44 7
2010–11 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0
Total 33 5 2 2 12 0 47 7
Wolfsburg 2010–11 30 6 2 0 32 6
Total 30 6 2 0 32 6
Atlético Madrid (loan) 2011–12 30 3 1 0 12 3 43 6
Total 30 3 1 0 12 3 43 6
Wolfsburg 2012–13 32 10 5 3 37 13
2013–14 15 3 3 2 18 5
Total 47 13 8 4 55 18
Atlético Madrid 2013–14 13 1 2 0 4 1 19 2
Total 13 1 2 0 4 1 19 2
Fenerbahçe 2014–15 24 3 5 2 29 5
Total 24 3 5 2 29 5
Career total 368 94 34 13 74 19 476 125
International career[edit]
As of 1 April 2009.[59][60][61][62][63]
International goals[edit]
Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.
# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. 16 July 2003 Mexico City, Mexico Honduras 2–1 2–1 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup
2. 23 July 2003 Miami, United States United States 2–1 2–1 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup
3. 1 June 2007 London, England England 1–1 1–1 Friendly
4. 31 May 2008 Seattle, United States Canada 1–0 3–2 Friendly
U-23 & Olympics[edit]
# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. 7 January 2004 Concepción, Chile Venezuela 1–0 4–0 2004 Olympic Games qualification
2. 9 January 2004 Concepción, Chile Paraguay 1–0 3–0 2004 Olympic Games qualification
3. 23 January 2004 Viña del Mar, Chile Chile 3–1 3–1 2004 Olympic Games qualification
4. 28 July 2008 Singapore Singapore 1–0 3–0 Friendly
5. 13 August 2008 Qinhuangdao, China PR China PR 1–0 3–0 2008 Olympic Games
6. 22 August 2008 Shanghai, China PR Belgium 1–0 3–0 2008 Olympic Games
Personal life[edit]
Diego is of Italian ancestry with both of his paternal great grandparents emigrating from Italy to Brazil. His paternal great grandfather, Carlo Lazzari, came from Ferrara, Italy, and his paternal great grandmother, Maria Concetta Viola, came from Naples, Italy. As a result of his Italian ancestry, Diego received his Italian passport in 2004.[64]
Diego is married to longtime girlfriend Bruna Letícia Araújo and has two children; a son (born in 2011) and a daughter (born in 2013).[65][66][67]
1. ^ "DIEGO" (in Spanish). clubatleticodemadrid.com. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
2. ^ "Diego Ribas da Cunha Biography". World Soccer. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
3. ^ Vickery, Tim (12 December 2004). "Diego relishes downfall of Caldas". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
4. ^ a b c "Diego making his mark in Bremen". fifa.com. 25 October 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
5. ^ "Fußballer des Monats – August 2006" (in German). Retrieved 6 October 2007.
6. ^ "Bundesliga – Diego crowned Bundesliga's best". Eurosport.com. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007. [dead link]
7. ^ "Diego Extends Until 2011". werder.de. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
8. ^ "Fußballer des Monats – September 2007" (in German). Retrieved 6 October 2007.
9. ^ "Diego is officially a Juventus player". Juventus Football Club. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
10. ^ "Diego Scores A Cheeky Goal In Juventus Debut". totalprosports.com. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
11. ^ "Diego's idea, Iaquinta's header Juve down Chievo". La Gazzetta dello Sport. 23 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
12. ^ "Serie A: Diego double spells trouble for Roma". ESPN. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
13. ^ "Bremen rule out Diego return". Sky Sports. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
14. ^ "Diego confirms Juve desire". Sky Sports. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
15. ^ "Half-yearly Financial Report at 31 December 10" (PDF). Juventus. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
16. ^ "Diego blames Marotta for exit". Sky Sports. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
17. ^ "Hoeness defends Diego". Sky Sports. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
18. ^ Wright, Chris. "Diego Fined €100k For Penalty Miss, Steve McClaren Then Sacked By Wolfsburg (Video)". whoateallthepies.tv. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
19. ^ Edwards, Daniel (14 May 2011). "Diego storms out after being omitted from Wolfsburg squad for Hoffenheim clash". goal.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
20. ^ Matthews, Luke (22 June 2011). "Wolfsburg's Diego fined €500,000 for abandoning team-mates – report". goal.com. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
21. ^ Redshaw, David (1 September 2011). "Atlético Madrid snare Wolfsburg’s Diego on season-long loan". adifferentleague.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
22. ^ "Valencia CF 1 – 0 Atlético Madrid". eurosport.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
23. ^ "Europa League: Atletico Madrid 2 Celtic 0". Daily Record. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
24. ^ "Diego suffered a hamstring injury and is doubtful for Barca" [Diego sufre una lesión muscular y es duda para recibir al Barça] (in Spanish). Marca. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
25. ^ "Diego will be out for a month" [Diego estará un mes de baja] (in Spanish). Marca. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
26. ^ "Diego returns to full training" [Diego vuelve a entrenar con normalidad] (in Spanish). Marca. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
27. ^ "Godin names the tilefish miracle" [Godín da nombre al milagro blanquillo] (in Spanish). Marca. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
28. ^ "Falcao inspires Atletico". ESPN Soccernet. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
29. ^ "Atletico Madrid's Diego: We played an almost perfect game". Goal.com. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
30. ^ Mira, Luis (8 May 2012). "Juanfran: Diego wants Atletico Madrid stay". goal.com. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
31. ^ Butt, Ali (20 May 2012). "Diego: Atletico Madrid loan spell 'a pleasure'". sportsmole.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
32. ^ "Diego: Atletico Madrid will always be a part of me". Goal.com. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
33. ^ "Diego: I have not been approached by Atletico Madrid". Goal.com. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
34. ^ "Diego may be banished to Wolfsburg II in German fourth tier". Goal.com. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 2012.
35. ^ "Magath unimpressed by Diego workrate in training". Goal.com. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
36. ^ "Wolfsburg take Diego on pre-season tour of China". Goal.com. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
37. ^ "Magath: Diego will stay at Wolfsburg if nothing happens in the next few days". Goal.com. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
38. ^ "F Düsseldorf 1 – 4 Wolfsburg". ESPNFC. 27 October 2012.
39. ^ "Köstner lets Diego play" [Köstner lässt Diego spielen] (in German). Bild. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
40. ^ "Wolfsburg have rediscovered their freedom after Magath's exit, hints Diego". Goal.com. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
41. ^ "VfL Wolfsburg 2 – 0 FSV Frankfurt". ESPNFC. 31 October 2012.
42. ^ "VfL Wolfsburg 3–1 Bayer Leverkusen". ESPNFC. 11 November 2012.
43. ^ "Dortmund suffer blow". ESPN. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
44. ^ "Santos bietet 377000 Euro im Monat" [Santos offers 377000 euros a mont h] (in German). Bild. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
45. ^ "Diego behauptet: Arsenal will mich!" [Diego asserts: Arsenal wants me!] (in German). Bild. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
46. ^ "Allofs sauer über Diego-Reaktion" [Allofs angry because of Diego's reaction] (in German). Bild.de. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
47. ^ "2,7 Mio weniger für Diego" [2.7m less for Diego] (in German). Bild. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
48. ^ "VW-Boss will mit Diego verlängern" [VW Boss wants to extend with Diego] (in German). Bild. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
49. ^ "Atletico Madrid snap up Diego". ESPNFC. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
50. ^ "Diego spricht von der Champions League" [Diego speaks about the Champions League] (in German). Bild. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
51. ^ "Atletico Madrid 4–0 Real Sociedad". BBC Sport. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
52. ^ "Barcelona 1–1 Atlético Madrid". BBC Sport. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
53. ^ "Real Madrid 4–1 Atlético Madrid". BBC Sport. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
54. ^ Martin, Richard (17 May 2014). "Barcelona 1 Atletico Madrid 1, La Liga: match report". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
55. ^ "Diego Atletico farewell: "Thank you, I'll always be a fan of this club"" [Diego se despide del Atlético: "Gracias, siempre seré un aficionado de este club"] (in Spanish). Marca. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
56. ^ "Koscielny on the agenda of Real Madrid" [Koscielny, en la agenda del Real Madrid] (in Spanish). AS.com. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
57. ^ "BİLGİLENDİRME" (in Turkish). Fenerbahçe. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
58. ^ a b "Sbarca Diego «Amo la Juve»". Retrieved 17 September 2014.
59. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2002–2003". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
60. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2004–2005". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
61. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2006–2007". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
62. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2008–2009". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
63. ^ "Seleção Brasileira Restritiva (Brazilian National Restrictive Team) 2004–2008". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
64. ^ "ESCLUSIVA CALCIOMERCATO/ Juventus, avvocato Basile: io interista, ho dato a Diego la cittadinanza italiana" (in Italian). ilsussidiario.net. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
65. ^ "Sarah Connors Ex hat geheiratet" [Sarah Connor's ex married] (in German). Gala.de. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
66. ^ "Nasce filho do jogador brasileiro Diego" [Son born to Brazilian player Diego] (in Portuguese). Fo Foki. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
67. ^ "Diego wünscht sich ein Mädchen" [Diego wants a girl] (in German). Bild. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
External links[edit]
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Diverging diamond interchange
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Diverging diamond)
Jump to: navigation, search
Top left: Traffic enters the interchange along Missouri Route 13
Bottom left: Traffic crosses over Interstate 44
A diagram illustrating traffic movements in the interchange
Prior to 2009 the only known diverging diamond interchanges were in France in the communities of Versailles, Le Perreux-sur-Marne and Seclin, all built in the 1970s.[4] (The ramps of the first two have been reconfigured to accommodate ramps of other interchanges, but they continue to function as diverging diamond interchanges.)
In 2005, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) considered reconfiguring Interstate 75's existing interchange at US 224 and SR 15 west in Findlay as a diverging diamond interchange to improve traffic flow. Had it been constructed, it would have been the first DDI in the United States.[6] By 2006, ODOT had reconsidered, instead adding lanes to the existing overpass.[7][8]
Southern approach to the I-44/Route 13 interchange in Springfield.
The Missouri Department of Transportation was the first US agency to construct one, in Springfield at the junction between I-44 and Missouri Route 13 (at 37°15′01″N 93°18′39″W / 37.2503°N 93.3107°W / 37.2503; -93.3107 (Springfield, Missouri diverging diamond interchange)). Construction began the week of January 12, 2009, and the interchange opened on Sunday, June 21, 2009.[9][10] This interchange was a conversion of an existing standard diamond interchange, and used the existing bridge.
Additional research was conducted by a partnership of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and published by Ohio Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers.[11] The Federal Highway Administration released a publication titled "Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR)" [12] with a dedicated chapter to this design.
• Two-phase signals with short cycle lengths, significantly reducing delay.
• Reduced horizontal curvature reduces risk of off-road crashes.
• Potentially reduces the number of lanes on the crossroad, minimizing space consumption.
• Reduces the number of conflict points, thus theoretically improving safety.
Plan of rejected diverging diamond interchange in Findlay, Ohio
• Drivers may not be familiar with configuration, particularly with regards to merging maneuvers along the left side of the roadway or the crossover flow of traffic.
• Pedestrian (and other sidewalk user) access requires at least four crosswalks (two cross the two signalized lane crossover intersections, while two more cross the local road at each end of the interchange).[13] This could be mitigated by signalizing all movements, without impacting the two-phase nature of the interchange’s signals.
• Highway bus stops are appropriately sited outside the interchange.
• Allowing exiting traffic to reenter the through road in the same direction requires leaving the interchange on the local road and turning around, e.g., via a median U-turn crossover. This affects several use cases:
• Drivers who take the wrong exit
• Bypassing a crash at the bridge
• Allowing an oversize load to bypass a low bridge
Further considerations[edit]
• No standards currently exist for this design
• The design depends on site-specific conditions.
• North American crash history is unavailable, as no DDIs existed in North America until June 21, 2009.
• Additional signage, lighting, and pavement markings are needed beyond the levels for a standard diamond interchange.
• Local road should be a low speed facility, preferably under 45 mph (72 km/h) posted speed on the crossroad approach. However this may be mitigated by utilizing a higher design speed for the crossing movements.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Hughes, Warren; Jagannathan, Ram (October 2009). "Double Crossover Diamond Interchange". Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-HRT-09-054. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
2. ^ "Gallery: Looking Back at the 100 Best Innovations of 2009". Popular Science. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
3. ^ "Diverging Diamond Interchange". OHM Advisors.
4. ^ Staff (June 13, 2013). "I-64 Interchange at Route 15, Zion Crossroads". Virginia Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
6. ^ Patch, David (May 2, 2005). "French Connection May Control Traffic Flow". The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). Retrieved April 8, 2014.
7. ^ Sedensky, Matt (March 30, 2006). "Missouri Drivers May Go to the Left". Star-News (Wilmington, North Carolina). Associated Press. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
8. ^ "Wrong Way? Not in Kansas City". Land Line Magazine. March 31, 2006. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
9. ^ Staff (April 2009). "I-44/Route 13 Interchange Reconstruction: Diverging Diamond Design". Missouri Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
10. ^ Springfield District Office (June 19, 2008). "Public Meeting Tuesday, June 24, On I-44/Route 13 Reconstruction To Reduce Congestion, Improve Safety" (Press release). Missouri Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
11. ^ Edara, Praveen K.; Bared, Joe G. & Jagannathan, Ramanujan. "Diverging Diamond Interchange and Double Crossover Intersection: Vehicle and Pedestrian Performance" (PDF).
12. ^ Hughes, Warren; Jagannathan, Ram; Sengupta, Dibu & Hummer, Joe (April 2010). Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR) (Report). Federal Highway Administration.
13. ^ "The 'Diverging Diamond' Interchange Is an Abomination - Sarah Goodyear". The Atlantic Cities. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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Editions of Dungeons & Dragons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition)
Jump to: navigation, search
After the original edition of D&D was introduced in 1974, the game was split into two branches in 1977: the rules-light system of Dungeons & Dragons and the more complex, rules-heavy system of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D). The standard game was eventually expanded into a series of five box sets by the mid-1980s before being compiled and slightly revised in 1991 as the D&D Rules Cyclopedia. Meanwhile, the 2nd edition of AD&D was published in 1989. In 2000, the 3rd edition, called simply Dungeons & Dragons, debuted. The 4th edition was published in 2008. The core rulebooks for the newest edition, the 5th edition, were released in 2014.
Dungeons & Dragons Version History
noting key rule publications
1974 Dungeons & Dragons (original white box set with three booklets)
• Men & Magic
• Monsters & Treasure
• The Underworld & Wilderness Adventures
1977 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (1st Edition)
• Monster Manual
Dungeons & Dragons (2nd version)
• Players Handbook
• Dungeon Masters Guide
(Core rulebooks complete)
1981 Dungeons & Dragons (3rd version)
• Basic Set (magenta box)
1983 Dungeons & Dragons (4th version)
• Basic Set (red box)
• Expert Set (blue box)
• Companion Set (teal box, levels 15–25)
• Master Set (black box, levels 26–36)
• Unearthed Arcana (a "fourth core rulebook")
• Immortals Set (gold box, levels 36+)
1989 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition
• Player's Handbook
• Dungeon Master's Guide
• Monstrous Compendium
1991 Dungeons & Dragons (5th version)
• Monstrous Manual
(Replaces Monstrous Compendium)
1995 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition revised
• Player's Handbook
• Dungeon Master Guide
• Player's Options
• DM Options
2000 Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition (Core rulebooks)
• Player's Handbook
• Dungeon Master's Guide
• Monster Manual
2003 Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition revised (v3.5)
2008 Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (Core rulebooks)
• Player's Handbook
• Dungeon Master's Guide
• Monster Manual
• Player's Handbook 2
• Dungeon Master's Guide 2
• Monster Manual 2
• Player's Handbook 3
• Monster Manual 3
Dungeons & Dragons Essentials
• Starter Set (levels 1-2)
• Rules Compendium
• Dungeon Master's Kit
• Monster Vault
• Heroes of the Fallen Lands
• Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms
2012 Dungeons & Dragons Next
Playtest Starts (May)
2013 Playtest Ends (December)
2014 Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition
• Starter Set (levels 1–5)
• Basic Rules (PDF only; limited player options)
• Core rulebooks:
• Player's Handbook
• Dungeon Master's Guide
• Monster Manual
Version history[edit]
Original Dungeons & Dragons[edit]
The original Dungeons & Dragons set.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons[edit]
First edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook.
An updated version of D&D was released as Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D). This was published as a set of three rulebooks, compiled by Gary Gygax, between 1977 and 1979, with additional supplemental volumes coming out over the next ten years. The AD&D rules are better organized than the original D&D, and also incorporate so many extensions, additions, and revisions of the original rules as to make a new game. The term "advanced" does not imply a higher level of skill required to play, nor exactly a higher level of or better gameplay; only the rules themselves are a new and more robust game. The three core rulebooks are the Monster Manual (1977), the Player's Handbook (1978), and the Dungeon Master's Guide (1979); later supplements included Deities & Demigods (1980), Fiend Folio (another book of monsters produced semi-autonomously in the UK - 1981), Monster Manual II, Oriental Adventures and Unearthed Arcana (which took most of its additional playing information from Dragon magazine - 1985). This was followed by a fairly constant addition of more specific setting works and optional rule supplements.
Differences from Dungeons & Dragons[edit]
• The game rules were reorganized across three hardcover rulebooks (the Player's Handbook, Dungeon Master's Guide, and Monster Manual) rather than one boxed set of three booklets (Men & Magic, Monsters & Treasure, and The Underworld and Wilderness Adventures), and a series of supplements.
• Supplemental rules cut included hit locations.
• The Chainmail-based combat system was completely abandoned.
• Character classes from original D&D supplemental material (assassin, druid, monk, paladin, and thief) are added in the core rules.[3] Classes (bard, illusionist and ranger) that had only appeared in magazine publication were also added, and fighting-men are renamed "Fighters".
• Alignment is reworked into a two-axis system:, "ethics" (lawful, neutral, or chaotic) and "morals" (good, neutral, or evil), so there are now nine alignments: lawful good, neutral good, chaotic good, lawful neutral, true neutral, chaotic neutral, lawful evil, neutral evil, and chaotic evil.
Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set and revisions[edit]
First Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set
While AD&D was still in the works, TSR was approached by an outside writer and D&D enthusiast, John Eric Holmes, who offered to re-edit and rewrite the original rules into an introductory version of D&D.[4] Although TSR was focused on AD&D at the time, the project was seen as a profitable enterprise and a way to direct new players to anticipate the release of the AD&D game. Sold with dice and a module as the Basic Set, the first revision of Basic D&D, published in 1977, collected together and organized the rules from the original D&D boxed set and Greyhawk supplement into a single booklet, which covered only character levels 1 through 3. The booklet featured a blue cover with artwork by David C. Sutherland III. The "blue booklet" explained the game's concepts and method of play in terms that made it accessible to new players not familiar with tabletop miniatures wargaming. Unusual features of this version include an alignment system of five alignments as opposed to the three or nine alignments of the other versions. This Basic Set was very popular and allowed many to discover and experience the D&D game for the first time. Although the Basic Set is not fully compatible with AD&D, as some rules were simplified to make the game easier for new players to learn, players were expected to continue play beyond third level by moving on to the AD&D version.[5]
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition[edit]
Advanced Dungeons and Dragons 2nd edition Player's Handbook
In 1987, a small team of designers began work on the second edition of the AD&D game, beginning the most massive coordinated task ever undertaken by TSR to date, which would take nearly two years to complete.[7] In 1989, Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition was published, featuring new rules and characters.[8] By the end of its first decade, AD&D had expanded to several rulebooks, including three Monster Manuals, and two books governing character skills in wilderness and underground settings. Initially, the 2nd edition would consolidate the game, with three essential books to govern Dungeon Masters and players alike. Periodically, TSR published optional rulebooks for character classes and races to enhance game play.
The combat system was changed. The minimum number required to hit a target uses a mathematical formula in which the defender's Armor Class (AC) is subtracted from the attacker's THAC0 (To Hit Armor Class "0") instead of 1st edition's attack matrix tables. Distances are based on in-game units (feet) rather than miniatures-board ones (inches). Demi-human races are given higher level maximums to increase their long-term playability, though they are still restricted in terms of character class flexibility. Critical hits are offered as optional rules.
The release of AD&D 2nd Edition corresponded with important policy changes at TSR. An effort was made to remove aspects of the game which had attracted negative publicity, most notably the removal of all mention of demons and devils (although equivalent monsters were later added, now renamed tanar'ri and baatezu respectively). Moving away from the moral ambiguity of the 1st edition AD&D, the TSR staff eliminated character classes and races like the assassin and the half-orc, and stressed heroic roleplaying and player teamwork. The target age of the game was also lowered, with most 2nd edition products being aimed primarily at teenagers.
The game was once again published as three core rulebooks which incorporated the expansions and revisions which had been published in various supplements over the previous decade. However, the Monster Manual was replaced by the Monstrous Compendium, a loose-leaf binder in which every monster is given a full page of information, the justification being that packs of new monsters (often setting specific) could be purchased and added to the binder without the expense or inconvenience of a separate book. However, this idea was eventually dropped and the Compendium was replaced by the hardcover Monstrous Manual in 1993.
It was intended that the loose-leaf binder would allow the book to be updated, in the manner of Avalon Hill's Advanced Squad Leader. Originally this was considered for all the core rulebooks, but was eventually adopted only for the Monstrous Manual. This form of presentation was abandoned because of susceptibility to wear and tear, and difficulties in keeping alphabetic order when many pages had been printed with more than one monster. Aside from the formatting, a substantial change was made to the contents of the Monstrous Compendium by greatly increasing the power of dragons. This was done to counter the impression of relative weakness of the game's titular monster.
In 1995, the core rulebooks were slightly revised and a series of Player's Option manuals were released as "optional core rulebooks". Although still referred to by TSR (and later Wizards of the Coast) as the 2nd edition, this revision is seen by some fans as a distinct edition of the game and is sometimes referred to as AD&D 2.5.
In 1997, TSR considered filing for bankruptcy but was purchased by former competitor Wizards of the Coast.[10]
Differences from Advanced Dungeons & Dragons[edit]
• Half-orcs are removed from the Player's Handbook.
• Assassins and monks are removed from the game as character classes.
• "Magic-users" are renamed "mages".
• Illusionists are made into a subtype of the wizard class, along with new classes specializing in the other seven schools of magic (which were first introduced in Dragonlance Adventures).
• Bards are made a normal character class, rather than the multiple-classed character that they are in 1st edition, although they still possess elements of fighters, thieves, and mages.
• Rangers are changed dramatically, both thematically and mechanically, from a heavily armored, commando-style survivalist and "giant-class" monster hunter, to a much more nature oriented, lightly armored, two-weapon-wielding, druid-influenced nature warrior.
• Attack matrices are replaced with a mathematical formula involving a character stat called THAC0, and the table printed only once in the Dungeon Master's Guide is reprinted in the 2nd edition Player's Handbook and Dungeon Master's Guide.
• References to "segments" (individual units of time representing one phase of initiative, or six seconds of game-time [simulated time]) are removed from the game; instead, actions are given an "Initiative Modifier". "Melee rounds" are unchanged, representing one minute of game-time, with a "turn" representing ten rounds (ten minutes). An optional alternative where one "melee round" represents 12 to 15 seconds of "game-time" is presented in the Player's Option: Combat & Tactics book, first of the so-called "2.5" edition.
• Other changes are made to combat including the function of weapon speed, initiative, and surprise rules.
• Priest and druid spells are organized into themed "spheres" that are similar to the wizard spell schools that had been introduced in Dragonlance Adventures, with access to spheres being determined by the priest's class and deity.
• Descriptions of artifacts (unique magic items) are removed from the Dungeon Master's Guide.
• Many utilities, including tables for random generation of dungeons, are removed from the Dungeon Master's Guide.
• Exchange rates for the low-valued coins are doubled; it now takes only 100 copper pieces or 10 silver pieces to make one gold piece; coin weights changed from 10 per pound (1st edition) to 50 per pound (2nd edition).
• The hardcover Monster Manual was initially replaced by the looseleaf binder-format Monstrous Compendium; but this was eventually replaced by the hardcover Monstrous Manual.
• Fiendish and angelic creatures (demons, devils, daemons, devas, solars, etc.) are removed from the game, as are spells that allowed such creatures to be summoned or controlled. These creatures were later renamed and modified in the Monstrous Compendium supplement on the Outer Planes.
• Maximum level is standardized at 20 rather than varying by class.
• Magic resistance is changed so that a mage above 11th level would not impose a 5% penalty per mage level above 11th on an unwilling subject the mage is casting a spell on.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition Player's options[edit]
Differences from Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition[edit]
• Humans are now prohibited from switching classes (dual classing) more than 4 times, and may no longer mix classes within the four major class groups as per the black cover Revised PHB "Option" rules
• Character points allow players to create their own subrace via purchasing abilities of other races, for demihumans.
• Character points allow players to pick and choose parts of classes to make their own class in a similar fashion to Non-weapon Proficiencies.
• Ability scores were broken down into further subabilities.
• Monsters were available for PC races such as gnoll, orc, and githzerai which also became part of 3rd edition's expanded PC race options
• Under the optional Combat & Tactics system, melee rounds are 15 seconds long rather than 1 minute, and attacks of opportunity (a concept later expanded on in 3rd Edition D&D) are possible.
Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition[edit]
Dungeons and Dragons 3rd edition Player's Handbook
A major revision of the AD&D rules was released in 2000. As the Basic game had been discontinued some years earlier, and the more straightforward title was more marketable, the word "advanced" was dropped and the new edition was named just Dungeons & Dragons, but still officially referred to as 3rd edition (or 3E for short). It is the basis of a broader role-playing system designed around 20-sided dice, called the d20 system. The 3rd edition removes previous editions' restrictions on class and race combinations that were supposed to track the preferences of the race, and on the level advancement of non-human characters. Level advancement for all characters is greatly eased, allowing players to reasonably expect to reach high level in about one year of weekly play. Skills and the new system of feats are introduced into the core rules to encourage players to further customize their characters.
The d20 system uses a more unified mechanic than earlier editions, resolving nearly all actions with a d20 die roll plus appropriate modifiers. The combat system is greatly expanded, adopting into the core system most of the optional movement and combat system of the 2nd edition Players Option: Combat and Tactics book. Third edition combat uses a grid system, encouraging highly tactical gameplay and facilitating the use of miniatures. The wizard class is divided into Wizards and the new sorcerer class, and in later books such as the Complete Arcane further classes such as warmage are added. The thief is renamed rogue, a term that 2nd edition uses to classify both the thief and bard classes. Third edition also presents the concept of prestige classes, which characters can only enter at higher character levels, and only if they meet certain character-design prerequisites or fulfill certain in-game goals. Later products included additional and supplementary rules subsystems such as "epic-level" options for characters above twentieth level, as well as a heavily revised treatment of psionics.
The d20 system is presented under the Open Gaming License, which makes it an open source system for which authors can write new games and game supplements without the need to develop a unique rules system and, more importantly, without the need for direct approval from Wizards of the Coast. This makes it easier to market D&D-compatible content under a broadly recognizable commercial license. Many other companies have produced content for the d20 system, such as White Wolf (under the Sword & Sorcery Studios label), Alderac Entertainment Group, Malhavoc Press, and Privateer Press.
Differences from Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition[edit]
• The game system converted to the d20 System, which standardized task resolution to a roll of a 20-sided die ("d20"), adding or subtracting relevant modifiers, and then comparing the result to a "Difficulty Class" (DC) in order to determine the outcome.
• Barbarians, monks, and half-orcs return to the Player's Handbook as basic character types.
• Class groups are removed. "Mage" is renamed to "wizard", with "specialist wizards" being simply wizards that specialize in one school of magic, and "thief" is renamed to "rogue." The bard class is no longer considered a type of rogue.
• "Priests of a specific mythos", also known as specialist priest classes, are eliminated (except druid), though some make their return in the form of prestige classes or through other options such as feats.
• Multi-classing and dual-classing as per previous editions is removed. In the new multi-classing system, multi-classing functioned similar to dual-classing had previously, except that a character could gain a level of any character class upon gaining a level instead of only gaining levels in the second class, and with experience needed to reach the next level calculated on the sum of the level of all classes instead of the latest class. Multi-classing is made available to all races, although easier for humans and half-elves, and characters with multiple classes of differing levels are penalized.
• Priest spell spheres are removed from the game; each spellcasting class now has its own specific spell list (although wizard and sorcerer share a list). Instead, clerics gain domains that allow them to use bonus spells and abilities based on their deity's area of influence, as well as the ability to swap out prepared spells for curative spells.
• Initiative is changed to a cyclic system where the order of resolving actions is determined once per encounter and then repeated, and actions are resolved on the player's turn. In previous editions the order is redetermined each round and many actions do not resolve on the player's turn but at the end of the round.
Dungeons & Dragons v3.5[edit]
Release 3.5 of the three core rulebooks
In July 2003, a revised version of the 3rd edition D&D rules (termed v3.5) was released that incorporated numerous rule changes, as well as expanding the Dungeon Master's Guide and Monster Manual.
Differences from Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition[edit]
This revision was intentionally a small one (hence the name change of only "half an edition"), small enough so that the basic rules are nearly identical and many monsters and items are compatible (or even unchanged) between those editions. In fact, some players, disliking some changes v3.5 made, use some 3rd edition rules as house rules. Official errata for many of the most popular books are available for download as D&D v.3.5 Accessory Update Booklet.[12]
• Barbarians receive more and improved class features, especially regarding barbarian rage.
• Bards receive more skill points and bardic music abilities.
• Druids can cast summon nature's ally spells spontaneously in place of any prepared spells, just like clerical spontaneous casting of cure/inflict wounds spells. Their abilities are also reworked and animal companions are improved, but restricted to one, having become a class feature, making animal companions akin to familiars in this regard.
• Monks had a major rework of their class features, some balancing unbalanced aspects, others improving old abilities.
• Paladins can summon their mounts, instead of finding them; they can also smite more often.
• Rangers receive more skill points and new class abilities, though fewer hit points, and are able to choose between being dual wielding melee specialists (which all rangers are forced into in 3rd edition), or archery specialists.
• Spontaneous arcane spellcasters can change a few of their spell choices in later levels.
• New feats are added and numerous changes are made to existing feats.
• Several skills are renamed or merged with other skills.
• Monsters gain feats and skills the same way as PCs, usually resulting in more skill points and feats for every monster.
• The chapter on combat in the Player's Handbook is modified to increase focus on grid-based movement and combat.
• Damage Reduction no longer requires a weapon to have a minimum magical bonus to overcome; for example, DR 10/+2 becomes DR 10/magic. Additional requirements to overcome some Damage Reduction include the substance the weapon is made of (cold iron, silver etc.) or alignment (good or evil).
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition[edit]
Dungeons and Dragons 4th edition Player's Handbook
On August 15, 2007, Wizards of the Coast created a countdown page for a product called 4dventure, suspending all other D&D articles on their site.[citation needed] IVC2 announced on August 16, 2007, that this was the announcement of D&D 4th edition.[citation needed] Unlike 3rd edition, which had the core rulebooks released in monthly installments, the Player's Handbook, Monster Manual, and Dungeon Master's Guide were all released in June 2008.
Slashdot reported anger from some players and retailers due to the financial investment in v3.5 and the relatively brief period of time that it had been in publication.[13] Although many players chose to continue playing older editions, or other games such as Pathfinder,[14] the initial print run of the 4th edition sold out during preorders, and Wizards of the Coast announced a second print run prior to the game's official release.[15] In December 2007, the book Wizards Presents: Races and Classes, the creation of 4th edition, was released. This was followed by a second book in January 2008 named Wizards Presents: Worlds and Monsters.
Differences from Dungeons & Dragons v3.5[edit]
Specific changes in moving to the 4th edition include:
• The alignment system was reduced from nine alignments to five (lawful good, good, unaligned, evil and chaotic evil); eliminating lawful neutral, lawful evil, chaotic good, and chaotic neutral, and replacing true neutral with unaligned.
• Revision of saving throws and defense values. Fortitude, Reflex and Will are now static defense values which the attacker rolls against in the same way physical attacks roll against Armor Class. "Saving throw" now refers to rolls made at the end of one's turn in order to end certain ongoing detrimental effects; saving throw rolls generally have no bonus and a DC of 10.
• Changes in spells and other per-encounter resourcing, giving all classes a similar number of at-will, per-encounter and per-day powers. Powers have a wide range of effects including inflicting status effects, creating zones (such as a stinking cloud), and forced movement, making combat very tactical for all classes but essentially requiring use of miniatures. Powers are typically used with particular types of equipment; for example, powers for the fighter class receive bonuses for certain types of weapons, while rogue powers usually require rogue weapons such as daggers and crossbows, and more magical classes can use implements (such as wands) with their powers to add their enhancement bonuses in the same way weapons do for weapon powers.
• Characters at 11th level choose a "paragon path", a specialty often (but not always) based on their class, which defines some of their new powers through 20th level. At level 21, an "epic destiny" is chosen in a similar manner. In many respects, the paragon path and the epic destiny replace the prestige class system of v3.5.
• The multi-classing system is revised. Rather than splitting levels between multiple classes, characters properly belong to only one class but may choose feats to gain abilities from other classes. Hybrid characters combine selected features from two classes. Eleventh level characters with sufficient multi-class feats can use "paragon multi-classing" to gain additional powers from another class in lieu of picking a "paragon path".
• Standardized level-based bonus increases. Attack rolls, skill checks and defense values all get a bonus equal to one-half level, rounded down, rather than increasing at different rates depending on class or skill point investment. This bonus also applies to ability-score checks (such as strength checks).
• Revision of the healing system. Each character has a number of daily "healing surges" based on their class and Constitution score. Spending a healing surge usually heals a character for slightly under one-quarter of a character's maximum hit points. Generally, characters can only spend a healing surge during combat by using a special once-per-encounter "second wind" action; however, certain powers allow additional surges to be spent (by the character using it or another character), and characters can spend any number of their healing surges while taking a five minute "short rest" outside of combat. Finally, players recover full hit points after a (once daily) six hour "extended rest".
• Many non-combat spells (such as Knock, Raise Dead, Tenser's Floating Disc, and Water Breathing) are replaced by rituals, which are not class-specific but require a feat (given to certain classes for free) and a skill check to perform. All rituals have a financial cost in the form of material components, such as herbs and alchemical reagents. Item creation feats are also replaced by rituals.
• Elves are split into three races (excluding half-elves) rather than numerous subraces. Eladrin (not to be confused with the quite different monster of the same name in previous editions) are more civilized and magical, while regular elves are agile forest dwellers rather than city builders, and the evil subterranean drow are largely unchanged in flavor. All three elven races are considered fey.[17] Gnomes are also considered fey.
• Distances previously measured in feet are now measured in five-foot squares; a diagonally adjacent square is considered to be one square away, so effect areas are generally square rather than circular or cone-shaped. The five-foot step, usually taken to avoid attacks of opportunity, is replaced with a type of movement called shifting. Normally a character can shift one square as a move action, but some powers can allow shifting a greater distance or as part of another action.
Dungeons & Dragons Essentials[edit]
Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition[edit]
Dungeons and Dragons 5th edition Player's Handbook
The fifth edition's Basic Rules, a free PDF containing complete rules for play and a subset of the player and DM content from the core rulebooks, was released on July 3, 2014.[30] The Starter Set was released on July 15; this boxed set features a set of pregenerated characters, a set of instructions for basic play, and the adventure module Lost Mine of Phandelver.[31] The Player's Handbook was released on August 19.[32] The fifth edition Monster Manual was released on September 30. The Dungeon Master's Guide was released on December 9.[33]
Differences from Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition[edit]
• The two-axis alignment system introduced in earlier editions returns, increasing the total alignments to 9 with the introduction of a 10th 'monster' alignment of unaligned.
• Multiple defense values have been removed, returning to a single defense value of Armor Class and using more traditional saving throws.
• Action Points have been removed entirely. The first "Unearthed Arcana" article reintroduced Action Points in their Eberron format (along with many other Eberron campaign standards).
• The Death Saving Throw system has been changed; 3 successes results in a stabilization and 3 failures results in death.
• Each spell-casting class uses a unique system to cast their spells, with wizards and clerics returning to a slightly modified version of the spell preparation system of previous editions.
• Characters are allowed a single action and movement in their turn with the ability to break up their movement with their action.
• The time of a short rest is increased from 5 minutes to a full hour of light activity.
• "Bloodied" is no longer a condition.
• Multiclassing is reminiscent of 3rd edition. When a character levels, they can choose to instead add new levels of a different class and gain some of the features of that class.
• Most major races (and subraces) and classes are now included in the main Player's Handbook volume instead of being spread throughout multiple volumes.
• Character and monster average hit point values are lower resulting in combat situations that are resolved more quickly.
Dungeons & Dragons variants[edit]
Due to the nature of the Open Gaming License that Dungeons & Dragons 3rd Edition was published under, other companies were able to use the d20 System rules to create their own variants of Dungeons & Dragons, providing that they did not use anything Wizards of the Coast considered trade dress.
"Retro-clones" are variants created to simulate previous editions, part of a movement known as the Old School Revival. The most prominent example is Castles & Crusades (C&C), published in 2004 by Troll Lord Games.
The Pathfinder Roleplaying Game was first published in 2009 by Paizo Publishing. It is intended to be backward-compatible with D&D version 3.5 while adjusting some rules balance, and has been nicknamed "v 3.75" by some fans.[34][35] Pathfinder has been one of the best-selling role playing games in the industry.[14]
International editions[edit]
1. ^ Pulsipher, Lewis (February–March 1981). "An Introduction to Dungeons & Dragons". White Dwarf (23) (London, England: Games Workshop). pp. 8–9. "Chainmail was needed to conduct combat...." "Greyhawk introduced a new combat system...."
2. ^ Pulsipher, Lewis (August–September 1977). "Open Box: Tunnels and Trolls". White Dwarf (2) (London, England: Games Workshop). ISSN 0265-8712.
3. ^ Turnbull, Don (December 1978 – January 1979). "Open Box: Player's Handbook". White Dwarf (Games Workshop) (10): 17.
4. ^ Holmes 1981.
6. ^ "D&D Clones!". White Dwarf (Games Workshop) (24): 29. April–May 1981.
10. ^ TSR history to 1999
11. ^ "Profiles: Monte Cook". Dragon (Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast) (#275): 10, 12, 14. September 2000.
12. ^ a b "D&D v3.5 Accessory Update Booklet". wizards.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
16. ^ Dave Noonan, Mike Mearls, and James Wyatt (October 5, 2007). Episode 16: Monsters, Monsters, Monsters! (PODCAST). Wizards of the Coast. Event occurs at 1:57. quote="So, one of the things that I thought a lot about when I was first putting together the outline for this book... this is not the core Monster Manual.... So, there are some monsters that I very intentionally left out of this book so that when they appear in Monster Manual II, that will help communicate, "Hey, look, this is a core Monster Manual." You don't have frost giants if you don't have Monster Manual N".
17. ^ Cordell, Bruce R. (September 5, 2007). "Elves:Design & Development". wizards.com. Dragon Magazine. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
18. ^ "The Wizards Community | Community". Forums.gleemax.com. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
19. ^ Dave Noonan & Mike Mearls (October 5, 2007). "Dungeons & Dragons Roleplaying Game Official Home Page - Article (Monsters, Monsters, Monsters)". Wizards.com. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
29. ^ "Final Playtest Packet". Wizards.com. September 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014.
32. ^ http://dnd.wizards.com/products/tabletop-games/rpg-products/rpg_playershandbook
35. ^ Baichtal, John (March 25, 2008). "No D&D 4E for Paizo?!?". Wired.com. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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Faust Overture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Faust Overture is a concert overture composed by German composer Richard Wagner. Wagner originally composed it between 1839 and 1840, intending it to be the first movement of a Faust Symphony based on the play Faust by German playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Realizing that he would not finish the planned symphony, Wagner revised the piece between 1843 and 1844, incorporating ideas from the other planned movements, and creating instead a single-movement concert overture. He made a final revision in 1855.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Fort Selkirk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fort Selkirk, Yukon)
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Some of the historic buildings at Fort Selkirk, Yukon.
Fort Selkirk is a former trading post on the Yukon River at the confluence of the Pelly River in Canada's Yukon. For many years it was home to the Selkirk First Nation (Northern Tutchone).
Archaeological evidence shows that the site has been in use for at least 8,000 years. Robert Campbell established a Hudson's Bay Company trading post nearby in 1848. In early 1852 he moved the post to its current location. Resenting the interference of the Hudson's Bay Company with their traditional trade with interior Athabaskan First Nations, Chilkat Tlingit warriors attacked and looted the post that summer. It was rebuilt about 40 years later and became an important supply point along the Yukon River. It was essentially abandoned by the mid-1950s after the Klondike Highway bypassed it and Yukon River traffic died down.
At age 28, under the command of Inspector John Douglas Moodle, Francis Joseph Fitzgerald was the first to chart an overland route from Edmonton to Fort Selkirk, Yukon via northern British Columbia and the Pelly River (1897). The voyage took eleven months, having covered about 1,000 miles. As a result of this achievement, Fitzgerald was promoted corporal in 1899.[1]
Many of the buildings have been restored and the Fort Selkirk Historic Site is owned and managed jointly by the Selkirk First Nation and the Yukon Government's Department of Tourism and Culture. There is no road access. Most visitors get there by boat, though there is an airstrip, Fort Selkirk Aerodrome, at the site.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Canadian Biography Online - Fitzgerald
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 62°46′N 137°23′W / 62.767°N 137.383°W / 62.767; -137.383 (Fort Selkirk)
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French legislative election, 2012
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
French legislative election, 2012
2007 ←
10 and 17 June 2012 → 2017
All 577 seats to the National Assembly
289 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party
Jean-Marc Ayrault-meeting Hollande.jpg UMP regional elections Paris 2010-01-21 n2 (cropped).jpg
Leader Jean-Marc Ayrault Jean-François Copé
Party PS UMP
Leader since 15 May 2012 17 November 2010
Leader's seat Loire-Atlantique's 3rd Seine-et-Marne 6th
Last election 186 seats 313 seats
Seats won 280 194
Seat change Increase94 Decrease119
1st round
1R percentage
1R swing
Increase 4.7%
Decrease 16.3%
2nd round
2R percentage
2R swing
Decrease 1.4%
Decrease 8.4%
2012 French legistlative elections - Second round - Majority vote (Metropolitan France, communes).svg
Second round - Majority vote by communes
Prime Minister before election
Jean-Marc Ayrault
Prime Minister-designate
Jean-Marc Ayrault
Official campaign posters in the 5th constituency of Val-de-Marne. (One of the posters has been partly torn off: a not infrequent occurrence.)
Legislative elections took place on 10 and 17 June 2012 (and on other dates for small numbers of voters outside metropolitan France) to select the members of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic – a little over a month after the French presidential election run-off held on 6 May.[1][2]
All 577 single member seats in the assembly, including those representing overseas departments and territories and French residents overseas, were contested using a two-round system.
Presidential election[edit]
The elections came a month after the presidential election won by François Hollande of the Socialist Party. Since 2002, legislative elections immediately follow the presidential ones. This was designed to limit the possibility of a cohabitation, whereby the President and his or her Prime Minister, backed by a parliamentary majority, would be of opposite parties. The aim was also to give the new President and his government a "double mandate", the election of the President being followed by that of a parliamentary majority enabling him to implement his policies.[3][4] This is what happened in 2002 and 2007.[5] Thus, in 2012, the Socialist Party has asked French citizens to "confirm" the result of the presidential election; Hollande's campaign director Pierre Moscovici argued it would not make sense to have elected a President only for him to be rendered "powerless" by the legislative election: "This President tomorrow must have a majority with which to govern". By contrast, the Union for a Popular Movement, on the right, has repeatedly asked that the left not be given "all the powers" through this election.[6][7][8][9] The legislative elections in France are often described as the "third round" of the presidential election.[5][7][9][10]
Ethnic and gender pluralism[edit]
In order to make possible the election of some candidates of non-European ethnic background (North African, Subsaharan African and West Indian) as well as for female candidates, the Socialist Party had, like in 2007, reserved several constituencies for them, 22 for ethnic minorities and 49% for women.[11][12][13]
At the end of the second round, there were 13 metropolitan deputies with non European ethnic background, including two government members (Kader Arif, former Euro MP, and George Pau-Langevin, already deputy since 2007) who will be replaced by their alternate candidates:
Among the 11 deputies who represent French citizens abroad, one is from Réunion, Corine Narassiguin (PS), another has Chilean roots, Sergio Coronado (EELV) and a third one has Iranian roots, Pouria Amirshahi (PS).
Electoral system[edit]
A total of 6,603 candidates ran for the 577 seats, an average of 11 per constituency. Some 40% are women.[14] The law mandates that every party must have between 49 and 51% of women among its candidates, or have their public funding significantly reduced. "Some parties, among the richest, prefer to pay the fine" rather than comply with this rule, according to Libération.[15][better source needed] The law also does not take electability into account, and significant numbers of women candidates run in constituencies where their party does not stand a real chance.
French expatriates elected their own MPs for the first time – voting early, from 23 to 26 May or on 2 or 3 June for the first round and from 6 to 12 June or on 16 or 17 June for the second, depending on their location and the method by which they cast their ballot. If an expatriate votes via the Internet, he or she has a week to do so from 23 to 26 May. A postal ballot may be cast, if received by 31 May in the Americas or by 1 June in the rest of the world. Those who prefer to vote in person in their local consulate must do so on 2 June in the Americas or 3 June in the rest of the world.[16][17]
The two-round system[edit]
Each of the 577 constituencies elects one representative to the National Assembly, in a two-round election. A candidate is elected in the first round if he or she obtains an absolute majority of the vote in his or her constituency and the votes of at least one quarter of all registered voters in the constituency. If a large number of voters abstain, an absolute majority of the vote may thus not be enough, although this rarely happens. (In the 2012 election, one surprising example was in Martinique's 3rd constituency, where incumbent MP Serge Letchimy of the Martinican Progressive Party received 63.29% of the vote, but narrowly failed to be immediately elected due to a very low turnout (30.67%).[18]) If no candidate is elected in the first round, then the two candidates who finished first and second in the first round advance automatically to the second for a runoff. They may be joined by the third- or even fourth-placed candidate; the second round is open to any candidate who has obtained the votes of at least 12.5% of registered voters in the constituency. Low turnouts therefore decrease the likelihood of a three-person runoff (known in France as a triangulaire). In the second round, the candidate who obtains the most votes is elected; an absolute majority is not required. (In the unlikely event of a tie, the elder of the tied candidates is elected.)[19]
Candidates who advance to the second round have the option of withdrawing. Usually this happens in a triangulaire, where the party and/or candidate that finished third in the first round prefers to favour one of the two leading candidates. In the 2012 election, for example, third-placed UMP candidate Roland Chassain in the Bouches-du-Rhônes' 16th constituency withdrew in order to help the National Front candidate defeat the Socialist candidate.[20] In addition, the parties of the mainstream left (Socialist, Greens, Left Front, Radical Party of the Left, various smaller parties) have a long-standing agreement whereby they do not stand against one another in the second round. If two of them advance to the second round in the same constituency, the less-well-placed of the two automatically withdraws. In some cases, this means a triangulaire is avoided, and the left is united against a single right-wing candidate. In the 2012 election, for example, in the Hauts-de-Seine's 11th constituency, incumbent MP and Left Front candidate Marie-Hélène Amiable narrowly finished second (29.20%) behind Socialist candidate Julie Sommaruga (29.93%). Amiable withdrew, supporting Sommaruga in her runoff against New Centre candidate Jean-Loup Metton, who had finished third in the first round with enough support to advance to the second (24.15%). In other cases, this rule means that only one candidate remains in the "second round". Thus, Socialist Najia Amzal withdrew in favour of Left Front candidate and incumbent MP Marie-George Buffet in Seine-Saint-Denis' 4th constituency; Left Front candidate Patrick Le Hyaric withdrew in favour of Socialist candidate Élisabeth Guigou in Seine-Saint-Denis' 6th constituency; Left Front candidate and incumbent MP Pierre Gosnat withdrew in favour of Citizen and Republican Movement candidate Jean-Luc Laurent in the Val-de-Marne's 10th constituency; and Green candidate Stéphane Gatignon withdrew in front of the Left Front's incumbent MP François Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis' 4th constituency. In all these cases, no candidate of the right, centre or far right had reached the second round, meaning that the best-placed and sole remaining left-wing candidate was guaranteed to be elected in a one-person "runoff".[21]
The Constitutional Council approved in 2010 the first redistricting of electoral boundaries since 1986 to reflect France's changing demographics. The population ratio between the most populated and least populated constituencies was reduced from 1:3.6 to 1:2.[22] A study by Regards Citoyens indicated that the number of seats increased in areas held by the centre-right coalition led by then governing UMP at the expense of the Socialist-led opposition coalition.[23]
Officially, the dual purpose of the redistricting was to ensure a more equal number of voters per constituency, but also to provide seats in the National Assembly to French citizens resident overseas. Thirty-three constituencies were abolished, and thirty-three new ones created. Of the latter, nineteen were in France, while the rest of the world was divided into eleven constituencies for French residents overseas.[24][25]
Main parties and their aims[edit]
The Socialist Party aims to obtain the parliamentary majority with which to implement its policies. If the left wins overall, there are three possibilities :
• The Socialist Party has an absolute majority of seats, and can govern alone, without having to rely on the support of smaller left-wing or centre-left parties ;
• The Socialist Party has a majority with the support of its government partners : Europe Ecology – The Greens, the Radical Party of the Left (centre-left), and the small Citizen and Republican Movement (which the opinion polls credit with four seats at most) ;
• The Socialist Party and its aforementioned partners lack a majority alone, and require the support of the Left Front in order to govern. The Left Front has indicated that it will never bring down the Socialist government, but that it will not systematically support the government's policies, and will require support for some of its own policy proposals.[26]
The Union for a Popular Movement officially aims to win the election. Its primary stated aim, however, is to obtain enough seats to prevent the left from having the 3/5ths Congress majority which would enable it to adopt constitutional reforms (such as granting the right to vote to foreign residents in local elections). The UMP's task is complicated by the popularity of the far-right National Front, which the polls indicate could obtain enough support to reach the second round in a large number of constituencies, thus splitting the right-wing vote. (Under French electoral law, in legislative elections, a third party advances to the second round if it obtains the votes of at least 12.5% of registered voters – i.e., including those who abstain.)[26]
The Left Front aims to have a sizable group in Parliament, with which to have meaningful influence on the policies of the Socialist government.[26]
The National Front aims to obtain seats in the Assembly; it has none prior to the election. A secondary aim is to "sow chaos in the UMP" by maintaining candidates in the second round and thus causing the UMP potentially to lose seats. The National Front's stated aim is eventually to replace the UMP as the main party of the right – though opinion polls credit the UMP with at least 209 seats, and the National Front with 8 at most, possibly none at all.[26]
Europe Ecology – The Greens aims to form an official parliamentary group, which requires having fifteen members in the Assembly. Electoral alliances with the Socialist Party are likely to significantly increase the number of Greens in Parliament. (There were only three prior to the election.)[26]
The Democratic Movement aims to preserve its three seats, although its earlier ambitions were much higher. Opinion polls suggest the party may disappear from the Assembly completely, and is unlikely to obtain any additional seats.[26]
In all, twelve parties or alliances are standing more than a hundred candidates. The Socialist Party has 459 candidates, and is endorsing candidates of allied parties in other constituencies. The UMP has 501 candidates, and is endorsing candidates of allied parties (most notably the New Centre) in 69 other constituencies. The Left Front has 531 candidates. Europe Ecologie-The Greens has 465. Marine Le Pen's "Marine blue gathering" has 571 candidates, and is thus present in all but six constituencies. Most of these candidates are members of the National Front; others are from small, allied extreme right parties. François Bayrou's "Centre for France" alliance has 340 candidates, most of whom are members of the Democratic Movement.[27]
Also standing over a hundred candidates are:[27]
UMP position on the National Front[edit]
With the prospect of National Front candidates reaching the second round alongside the mainstream candidates of the left and right in a number of constituencies, the Socialist Party announced that it would withdraw its candidate from the second round in those constituencies, if and only if it appeared that the National Front candidate had a realistic prospect of winning. In such cases, the Socialists would support the UMP candidate as part of a "republican front" against the far right. The UMP, by contrast, refrained from saying it would withdraw and support a Socialist candidate in those same circumstances.[28]
Instead, 64% of UMP voters said they would favour an alliance between their own party and the extreme right for the legislative election.[29] Leading figures of the UMP rejected the possibility. Chantal Jouanno said she was worried it might be under consideration, leading party leader Jean-François Copé to assure her publicly "there will never be an alliance with the National Front".[30] Two days before the first round, Alain Juppé called upon party members to resist the "temptation" of local alliances with the far right, arguing on "moral", "pragmatic" and "tactical grounds", highlighting ideological and policy incompatibility and the National Front's stated aim to "break" and replace the UMP.[31]
The day after the first round, the UMP officially announced its position. The party told its candidates not to withdraw if they had entered the second round in third place behind a Socialist candidate and a candidate of the National Front. In addition, in constituencies where the second round was a runoff between the left and the National Front, the UMP would not support either candidate.[32] Roland Chassain, UMP candidate in the Bouches-du-Rhônes' 16th constituency, immediately disobeyed the party line, announcing he was withdrawing from the second round and supporting the National Front candidate. He explained that he considered himself "closer to Marine Le Pen than to the Socialist Party".[20] In the Gard's 2nd constituency, third-placed UMP candidate Etienne Mourrut also publicly considered defying party instructions and withdrawing in favour of National Front candidate Gilbert Collard. Ultimately, he decided to comply with party instructions and remain in the race.[33]
Simultaneously, Nadine Morano (UMP), government minister from 2008 and 2012, asked National Front voters in her constituency to support her on the grounds of the "shared values" between the right and the far right,[34] while UMP mayor of Nice Christian Estrosi stated that the UMP has "no common values" with the Socialist Party.[35] On 12 June, Morano published an interview in the far right newspaper Minute, calling for "as large a gathering as possible of the right".[36][37] Another UMP candidate, Jean-Paul Garraud, stated that his party and the National Front had "common beliefs", a statement which was criticised by Alain Juppé as being "in total contradiction" with the stated position of the UMP.[38]
Martine Aubry, the leader of the Socialist Party, said that her party, by contrast, would support candidates of the right against the far right, as a "Republican principle". In Vaucluse's 3rd constituency, she therefore asked Socialist candidate Catherine Arkilovitch, who had entered the second round in third place (21.98%), to withdraw and support second-placed UMP candidate Jean-Michel Ferrand (30.03%), so as to help defeat National Front candidate Marion Marechal-Le Pen (34.63%).[39] Arkilovitch, however, defied her party and refused to withdraw.[40]
Pierre Moscovici, Socialist Minister of Finance, stated on 12 June that the UMP had lost its way and its values and no longer knew what it stood for, in response to its position on the National Front.[41] Later that same day, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault accused the UMP of "preparing a strategic alliance with the National Front", adding: "I think it was underway with Nicolas Sarkozy, but now the UMP really is at a turning point".[42]
The official campaign began, in metropolitan France, on 21 May. In every constituency, each candidate has a billboard outside every polling station, upon which to display a campaign poster. Campaign material is also distributed by candidates' supporters in the streets and in letterboxes, and many campaign posters are illegally displayed in the streets. Transmitting campaign material to voters by e-mail is, however, prohibited. Nationwide, parties represented in the National Assembly prior to the election (i.e., the Union for a Popular Movement, the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group, the Democratic and Republican Left parliamentary group, and the New Centre) have the right to broadcast campaign clips on television; an hour and a half is provided for the outgoing parliamentary majority, and an hour and a half for the outgoing opposition. Each side distributes this time as it sees fit between its constituent parties. Parties which are not represented in Parliament but which are standing at least 75 candidates are entitled to seven minutes of broadcast each. Any campaigning whatsoever is forbidden on the eve of the election.[43][44]
The leaflets of the candidates for the French nationals abroad (Français établis à l'étranger) seats were published online on the website of the Foreign Affairs Ministry.[45] [46]
Opinion polls[edit]
Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size
Ifop 6 May 2012 1,968 0.5% 1% 8% 31% 5% 4.5% 1.5% 32% 18%
Harris 6 May 2012 899 7% 26% 5% 5% 32% 17% 8%
CSA 6 May 2012 1,016 1% 0% 10% 31% 4% 6% 30% 1% 15% 2%
BVA 6 May 2012 874 0.5% 10.5% 35% 4% 33% 17%
CSA 9–10 May 2012 899 1% 0.5% 10% 32% 4% 4% 33% 0.5% 12% 3%
BVA 9–10 May 2012 1,147 0% 0.5% 10.5% 30% 4.5% 0% 5% 32.5% 1% 16%
Ifop 18–19 May 2012 860 0.5% 0.5% 7% 34.5% 4.5% 4% 32.5% 0.5% 16%
OpinionWay 23–25 May 2012 1,836 1% 8% 32% 4% 1% 4% 31% 16% 3%
Ipsos 25–26 May 2012 962 1.5% 8% 31% 6% 2% 35% 15% 1.5%
Ifop 25–29 May 2012 971 0.5% 1% 7% 33% 1% 3.5% 4% 1% 32% 0.5% 15.5% 1%
CSA 29–30 May 2012 852 1% 0% 10% 30% 5% 3% 31.5% 0.5% 14% 5%
BVA 30–31 May 2012 1,139 0.5% 0.5% 9% 33% 4% 4.5% 32% 0.5% 16%
Ifop 31 May – 1 June 2012 874 1.5% 8% 33% 4% 3% 30.5% 15.5% 4.5%
LH2 1–2 June 2012 960 0.5% 1% 8% 30% 1,5% 5% 5% 1% 30.5% 14.5% 3%
Ipsos 1–2 June 2012 894 1.5% 7% 32.5% 6% 3% 34% 14% 2%
TNS-sofres 1–3 June 2012 1,000 1.5% 7.5% 31.5% 5% 2% 35% 15% 2.5%
OpinionWay 4–5 June 2012 1,697 1% 8.5% 31% 5.5% 1% 2% 35% 15% 1%
Harris 5–6 June 2012 1,043 1% 7% 34% 5% 3% 33% 15% 2%
CSA 5–6 June 2012 875 1% 0.5% 8% 32.5% 5% 3% 32.5% 0.5% 14% 3%
Ipsos 6–7 June 2012 1,017 1.5% 8% 31.5% 5% 2% 34.5% 15.5% 2%
The election was won by the left, providing the new government with an absolute parliamentary majority. The parties of the presidential majority together have 55.97% of seats; with the Left Front providing them with supply and confidence, they have 57.70%.[contradictory] Among the 577 members of the Assembly, 234 were new. A record number of women were elected: 155 (which is, however, only 26.86%). Turnout was 57.23%, a record low.[47]
Wallis and Futuna's single constituency had the highest turnout of any French electorate during the first round on 10 June, with 78% voter participation.[48]
Parties and coalitions First round Second round Total
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Seats % Swing
Other ecologists ECO 249,205 0.96% 0 0 0.00% Steady
Total 25,952,550 100% 36 23,029,183 100% 541 577 100%
Valid votes 25,952,550 98.40% 23,029,183 96.12%
Spoilt and null votes 420,749 1.60% 928,411 3.88%
Votes cast / turnout 26,373,299 57.23% 23,957,594 55.41%
Abstentions 19,709,961 42.77% 19,276,406 44.59%
Registered voters 46,083,260 43,234,000
Source: Ministry of the Interior
Popular vote (first round)
Overall results by party[edit]
The Socialist Party (along with a small number of affiliated miscellaneous left candidates) obtained 300 seats, an absolute majority. Favoured by electoral alliances with the Socialist Party, its close allies, the Radical Party of the Left and the Citizen and Republican Movement, obtained respectively 13 and 2 seats, for a total of 315. This meant that the Socialists could govern without having to rely on the support of other left-wing parties – the Greens, or the Left Front.[49][50]
Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), part of the government and of the presidential majority, also benefited from an electoral alliance with the Socialists, increasing its number of seats from just 4 to 18. (They will immediately lose one, however, as EELV leader Cécile Duflot must relinquish her seat in order to stay in government, and her seat will go to her Socialist running mate.) This enables the Greens to form an official parliamentary group. They become the third biggest party in the Assembly.[49][50]
The Left Front, which decided to stand alone after electoral alliance negotiations with the Socialists broke down, lost half its seats (from 19 down to 10), despite a substantial increase in the number of votes its received. It no longer has enough seats (15) to be recognised as a parliamentary group on its own,[51] but formed a group (the Democratic and Republican Left) with five miscellaneous left representatives from French overseas departments and territories: Huguette Bello (representing her own "For Réunion" movement; she is a dissident who left the Communist Party of Réunion shortly before the election[52]), Alfred Marie-Jeanne and Jean Philippe Nilor (Martinican Independence Movement), Gabriel Serville (Guianese Socialist Party), and Bruno Nestor Azérot (independent left, from Martinique).[53]
The Union for a Popular Movement (and affiliated miscellaneous right candidates), now the main opposition party, lost 112 seats, and several of its prominent members were defeated. In particular, 20 of the 41 members of the "Popular Right" (hard right) faction of the party standing for re-election lost their seats – most notably, Eric Raoult and Maryse Joissains-Massini.[49] Immediately after the defeat, leading members of the party called for a rethink of its positioning and a reassertion of its values. Alain Juppé stated that the UMP should stand clear on its incompatibility with the National Front; François Baroin and Jean-Pierre Raffarin expressed the same view, adding that the UMP's strong "drift to the right" and increasing proximity with the ideas of the far right had been a mistake. Party leader Jean-François Copé, however, replied that he disagreed with these views.[54]
The Democratic Movement (MoDem) lost its leader, François Bayrou, beaten in his own constituency by his Socialist challenger. The party's membership in the Assembly fell from 3 to 2: Jean Lassalle (re-elected in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques) and Thierry Robert (who gained a seat from the UMP in La Réunion).[55] (In Mayotte, incumbent MoDem MP Abdoulatifou Aly was eliminated with a crushingly low score in the first round.[56]) Bayrou's defeat was seen as a potentially crippling blow not just for his own career, but for the party which he had founded, and for the centre in French politics more generally.[57] All the more so as the two centre-right parties, the New Centre and the Radical Party, both lost seats, despite an electoral alliance with the UMP. The New Centre's representation in the Assembly fell from 25 members to 14, meaning that it would no longer be recognised as a parliamentary group in itself. The Radical Party obtained just 9 seats.[55]
The far right obtained representatives in the Assembly for the first time since the 1997 election. Party leaders Marine Le Pen and Louis Aliot were defeated, as was party spokesman Florian Philippot, but Le Pen's 22 year-old niece Marion Maréchal-Le Pen was elected in Carpentras, benefiting from a split opposition due to Socialist candidate Catherine Arkilovitch's refusal, in defiance of party instructions, to withdraw in support of the better-placed UMP candidate. Marine Le Pen's lawyer Gilbert Collard, who is not a member of the National Front but was endorsed by it, was also elected, giving the party two seats (for the first time in twenty-four years). In addition, a former member of the National Front and Movement for France, and now independent far right politician, Jacques Bompard, was elected in a constituency neighbouring Maréchal-Le Pen's, in the Vaucluse.[49]
In overseas departments and territories, several local parties gained or maintained representation. The Guianese Socialist Party won a seat, returning to the Assembly for the first time since 1993. Its MP, Gabriel Serville, was initially to sit with the Socialists, before opting to sit with the Left Front.[58] This was widely seen as a "goodwill gesture" by the Socialist Party, meant to enable the Left Front to pass the 15-member threshold required to form a parliamentary caucus of their own (instead of sitting as "non aligned" members, which would have resulted in a considerable loss of financial and logistical means). The Martinican Independence Movement obtained two seats (up one from the previous election).[59] Boinali Said, leader of the miscellaneous left "Movement against the high cost of living", won one of the two available seats in Mayotte.[60] In New Caledonia, both seats were won by the centre-right, anti-independence Caledonia Together party, which gained them from the UMP.[61] In French Polynesia, the conservative, pro-autonomy but anti-independence Tahoeraʻa Huiraatira won all three seats.[62]
The far left parties, as well as the Pirate Party and the small environmentalist parties, failed to reach the second round in any constituency.[63]
Gains and losses[edit]
Based on notional party affiliation on dissolution after redistricting, regardless of party affiliation on previous election.
Party Unseated Gained Net Result
PC (Communist Party) 6 1 -5
FASE (Communist dissidents) 1 0 -1
PG (Party of the Left) 2 0 -2
Left-wing Regionalists 0 2 +2
Left Front and allies 9 3 -6
PS (Socialist Party) 3 99 +96
MRC (Citizens' Republican Movement) 0 2 +2
PRG (Radical Party of the Left) 2 7 +5
Miscellaneous Left 3 9 +6
EELV (Greens) 1 14 +13
Left-Wing Presidential Majority 9 131 +122
Modem (Democratic Movement) 2 1 -1
Center For France 2 1 -1
NC (New Centre) 8 0 -8
AC (Centrist Alliance) New party 2 +2
PRV (Radical Party) 10 2 -8
UMP (Union for a Popular Movement) 105 1 -104
Miscelleanous Right 5 6 +1
MPF (Movement For France) 1 0 -1
Parliamentary Right (UMP and allies) 129 11 -118
FN (National Front) 0 2 +2
Other Extreme-right 0 1 +1
Extreme-Right 0 3 +3
Based on notional distribution of seats before dissolution and after the 2010 redistricting, 149 seats switched party (26% of the National Assembly, more than in any of the three previous elections). 8 seats switched from the left to the right, 9 from the extreme-left to the left, 119 from the right to the left, 3 from the right to the extreme-right, 3 from the right to the extreme-left, 2 from Modem to the left, 1 from the right to Modem. Four seats switched party within the left (two from PS to PRG, one from PRG to PS, one from PS to EELV) as a result of coalition agreements.
Notable individual results[edit]
Government ministers[edit]
It is not compulsory in France for a government minister to obtain an electoral mandate, but ministers usually do seek the legitimacy it implies. As no person may simultaneously be a member of the executive and the legislature, any government minister elected to Parliament must immediately resign from their newly obtained seat in the Assembly, in order to remain a minister.[64] Their running mate then takes their seat, and holds it until and unless they cease to be a minister, whereupon they revert to being a member of the Assembly. Prior to the 2012 election, new Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault ruled that any minister who stood in the election and was beaten would have to resign from government. Two ministers, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem and Christiane Taubira, opted to withdraw their candidacies in their respective constituencies. Twenty-five ministers (including Ayrault) did decide to stand, while the remaining eight had never expressed an intention to do so.[65]
All government ministers standing as candidates were elected or re-elected, and were thus able to remain in government. Specifically, they fared as follows:[66]
Minister Party Constituency Result Running mate
(actual MP if elected)
Jean-Marc Ayrault PS Loire-Atlantique's 3rd Re-elected in the first round (56,21%) Jean-Pierre Fougerat
Laurent Fabius PS Seine-Maritime's 4th Re-elected in the first round (52,81%) Guillaume Bachelay
Delphine Batho PS Deux-Sèvres' 2nd Re-elected in the first round (53,18%) Jean-Luc Drapeau
Bernard Cazeneuve PS Manche's 4th Elected in the first round (55,39%) Geneviève Gosselin Manche's 5th before redistricting (PS hold)
Victorin Lurel PS Guadeloupe's 4th Re-elected in the first round (67,23%) Hélène Vainqueur-Christophe
Frédéric Cuvillier PS Pas-de-Calais's 5th Re-elected in the first round (50,66%) Thérèse Guilbert
Benoit Hamon PS Yvelines' 11th Elected in the second round (55,38%) Jean-Philippe Mallé Seat gained from the UMP
Aurélie Filippetti PS Moselle's 1st Elected in the second round (59,04%) Gérard Terrier Incumbent for Moselle's 8th, seat abolished in redistricting. Seat gained from the UMP
(swing: 11.44%)
Stéphane Le Foll PS Sarthes' 4th Elected in the second round (59,45%). Sylvie Tolmont Seat gained from the UMP.
(It had been won by
UMP Prime Minister
François Fillon in 2007.)
George Pau-Langevin PS Paris' 15th Elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Fanélie Carrey- Comte Paris' 21st before redistricting (PS hold)
Marie-Arlette Carlotti PS Bouches-du-Rhône' 5th Elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Avi Assouly Seat gained from the UMP
Cécile Duflot EELV Paris' 6th Elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Danièle Hoffman-Rispal[67] Redistricted from former Paris' 6th and Paris' 7th. Technically Greens gain from PS (although Duflot will keep her cabinet post and incumbent Hoffman-Ripsal will sit in the National Assembly)
Pierre Moscovici PS Doubs' 4th Re-elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Frédéric Barbier
François Lamy PS Essonne's 6th Re-elected in the second round (57.77%) Jérôme Guedj
Sylvia Pinel PRG Tarn-et-Garonne's 2nd Re-elected in the second round (59.86%) Jacques Moignard[68]
Marisol Touraine PS Indre-et-Loire's 3rd Re-elected in the second round (60.21%) Jean-Marie Beffara
Jérôme Cahuzac PS Lot-et-Garonne's 3rd Re-elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Jean-Claude Gouget[69]
Manuel Valls PS Essonne's 1st Re-elected in the second round (65.58%) Carlos Da Silva
Genevieve Fioraso PS Isère's 1st Re-elected in the second round (58.34%) Olivier Véran
Alain Vidalies PS Landes' 1st Re-elected in the second round (59.12%) Florence Delaunay
Marylise Lebranchu PS Finistère's 4th Re-elected in the second round.
Awaiting specific results
Gwenegan Bui
Michèle Delaunay PS Gironde's 2nd Re-elected in the second round (58.44%) Vincent Feltesse
Valérie Fourneyron PS Seine-Maritime's 1st Re-elected in the second round (57.96%) Pierre Léautey
Kader Arif PS Haute-Garonne's 10th Elected in the second round (57.78%) Émilienne Poumirol
Other notable national political figures fared as follows:[66][70]
Elected or re-elected:
Candidate Party Constituency Result Notability Remarks
Noël Mamère EELV Gironde's 3rd Re-elected in the first round (51,98%) Former presidential candidate
Élisabeth Guigou PS Seine-Saint-Denis' 6th Elected in the second round in a walkover Former minister; originator of the 2000 law on the presumption of innocence (loi Guigou) Sole candidate in the second round following Patrick Le Hyaric's withdrawal
Marie-George Buffet FG Seine-Saint-Denis' 4th Elected in the second round in a walkover Former minister; former General Secretary of the Communist Party; former presidential candidate. Sole candidate in the second round following Najia Amzal's withdrawal
Malek Boutih PS Essonne's 10th Elected in the second round (56.84%) Former president of SOS Racisme
Henri Guaino UMP Yvelines' 3rd Elected in the second round (61.85%) Former special adviser to President Nicolas Sarkozy
Jean-François Copé UMP Seine-et-Marne's 6th Re-elected in the second round (59.53%) General Secretary of the UMP
Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet UMP Essonne's 4th Re-elected in the second round (51.48%) Former minister
François Fillon UMP Paris' 2nd Re-elected in the second round
Awaiting specific results
Former Prime Minister
Valérie Pécresse UMP Yvelines' 2nd Re-elected in the second round (58.67%) Former minister
François Baroin UMP Aube's 3rd Re-elected in the second round
Awaiting specific results
Former minister
Bruno Le Maire UMP Eure's 1st Re-elected in the second round (57.97%) Former minister
Luc Chatel UMP Haute-Marne's 1st Re-elected in the second round (55.06%) Former minister
Laurent Wauquiez UMP Haute-Loire's 1st Re-elected in the second round (63.95%) Former minister
Xavier Bertrand UMP Aisne's 2nd Re-elected in the second round (50.25%) Former minister Retained his seat by a margin of 222 votes (0.5%).
Swing: -3.03%
David Douillet UMP Yvelines' 12th Elected in the second round (54.59%) Former minister; former Olympic judo champion
Thierry Mariani UMP Expatriates' 11th Elected in the second round
Awaiting specific results
Former minister
Éric Woerth UMP Oise's 4th Re-elected in the second round (59.23%) Former minister
Bernard Accoyer UMP Haute-Savoie's 1st Re-elected in the second round (56.06%) Former President of the National Assembly
Hervé Morin NC Eure's 3rd Re-elected in the second round (53.17%) President of the New Centre; former minister
Jean Lassalle MoDem Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 4th Re-elected in the second round (50.98%) Leading member of the Democratic Movement
Jean-Louis Borloo PR Nord's 21st Re-elected in the second round (55.83%) President of the Radical Party; former minister
Gilbert Collard FN Gard' 2nd Elected in the second round (42.82%) Celebrity lawyer
Nicolas Dupont-Aignan DLR Essonne's 8th Re-elected in the second round (61.39%) 2012 presidential candidate
Candidate Party Constituency Result Notability Remarks
Ségolène Royal PS Charente-Maritime's 1st Beaten in the second round (37.03%) 2007 presidential election runner-up
Jack Lang PS Vosges' 2nd Beaten in the second round
Awaiting specific results
Veteran politician; former minister; creator of the internationally celebrated Fête de la Musique; originator of the Lang Law
Claude Guéant UMP Hauts-de-Seine's 9th Beaten in the second round (38.41%) Former minister
Nadine Morano UMP Meurthe-et-Moselle's 5th Beaten in the second round (44.33%) Former minister Defeated incumbent.
Frédéric Lefebvre UMP Expatriates' 1st Beaten in the second round
Awaiting specific results
Former minister
Michèle Alliot-Marie UMP Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 6th Beaten in the second round (48.38%) Former minister Defeated incumbent.
François Bayrou MoDem Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 2nd Beaten in three-way runoff against PS and UMP (second with 30.17%) President of the Democratic Movement; former minister Defeated incumbent (swing -31,04%)
Marine Le Pen FN Pas-de-Calais' 11th Beaten in the second round (49.89%) 2012 presidential candidate; president of the National Front
Louis Aliot FN Pyrénées-Orientales' 1st Beaten in the second round (23.24%) Vice-president of the National Front
Jean-Luc Mélenchon FG Pas-de-Calais' 11th Beaten; third in the first round (21.46%) 2012 presidential candidate; co-president of the Left Party; former minister
Rama Yade PR Hauts-de-Seine's 2nd Beaten; third in the first round (13.84%) Former minister
Nathalie Arthaud LO Seine-Saint-Denis' 6th Beaten; sixth in the first round (2.47%) 2012 presidential candidate
Philippe Poutou NPA Gironde's 5th Beaten; eighth in the first round (2.12%) 2012 presidential candidate
Maxime Rouquet PP Yvelines' 10th Beaten; seventh in the first round (1.82%) Co-president of the Pirate Party
Jean-Marc Governatori AEI Alpes-Maritimes's 1st Beaten; eighth in the first round (0.71%) General secretary of the Independent Ecological Alliance
Notable races[edit]
These constituencies attracted particular media interest, due to the presence of a notable candidate facing for example unexpected difficulties, or on the contrary an unexpectedly easy race, or due to the prospect of a significant and meaningful change in fortune for a party. Libération published a list of "twenty-five constituencies to watch out for", with commentaries.[71] France 24 identified eleven "constituencies to watch out for".[72]
Pas-de-Calais 11th[edit]
For the first time, two major[73] candidates from the presidential election are standing in the same constituency for the legislative election. Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Left Front) and Marine Le Pen (National Front) are both standing in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, centred on the town of Hénin-Beaumont. The incumbent MP, Odette Duriez of the Socialist Party, is not standing for re-election; the Socialist candidate is Philippe Kemel.[74] The Le Pen-Mélenchon duel attracted international media attention, including for what it revealed of attitudes and expectations in an area of northern France hit hard by deindustrialisation and unemployment. The Guardian noted that, in that regard, "Mélenchon blames what he sees as pernicious free-market capitalism and bankers; Le Pen points the finger at immigrants and Europe".[75][76][77][78][79][80][81]
On the first round, Le Pen won a plurality of the vote. The left-wing vote was split, with the Socialist candidate Philippe Kemel receiving more votes than Mélenchon. All three candidates qualified for the run-off, but Mélenchon withdrew and supported Kemel for the second round. Kemel narrowly won the seat (retaining it for the Socialist Party) with 50.1% of the vote, defeating Marine Le Pen.[82]
Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency – 2nd round[83]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
PS Philippe Kemel 26,812 50.11 -11.55
FN Marine Le Pen 26,694 49.89 n/a
Turnout 55,712 59.18 +1.94
PS hold Swing -11.55
Pyrénées-Atlantiques 2nd[edit]
Attention was also drawn to the Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 2nd constituency, where presidential candidate François Bayrou of the centrist Democratic Movement was hoping to retain his seat. Bayrou has held the seat continuously since 1988, but the press raised the possibility that he might this time be beaten. Until 2002, the mainstream right had not stood a candidate against him, and in 2007 the candidate of the Union for a Popular Movement had withdrawn in his favour in the second round. Following Bayrou's personal endorsement of François Hollande for the second round of the 2012 presidential election, however, the UMP maintained a candidate against him. He also had to contend with a Socialist opponent, despite there having been talk in the Socialist Party of not standing a candidate in his constituency, as a gesture of acknowledgment for his endorsement of Hollande.[84]
Bayrou was defeated, with the seat going to Socialist candidate Nathalie Chabanne.[85]
Pyrénées-Atlantiques' 2nd constituency – 2nd round[86]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
PS Nathalie Chabanne 20,090 42.78 +3.99
MoDem François Bayrou 14,169 30.17 -31.04
UMP Éric Saubatte 12,700 27.04 n/a
Turnout 48,151 61.99 -0.75
PS gain from MoDem Swing
Charente-Maritime 1st[edit]
In Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency, no candidate of the right, centre or far right reached the second round. The second round was between Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party's candidate to the 2007 presidential election (who obtained 32.03% in the first round) and a dissident Socialist, Olivier Falorni (28.91%).[87]
Falorni won the seat, defeating Royal by a comfortable margin.[88]
Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency – 2nd round[89]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Miscellaneous left Olivier Falorni 38,539 62.97 n/a
PS Ségolène Royal 22,667 37.03 -18.02
Turnout 63,247 64.05 -0.08
Miscellaneous left gain from PS Swing
Paris 4th[edit]
In well-off Paris' 4th constituency, the opposite situation arose: the two candidates qualified for the second round were both from the right: Bernard Debré for the UMP (45.07% in the first round), and Brigitte Kuster, a UMP dissident (23.01%). Immediately after the first round, however, Kuster withdrew. There was a second round nonetheless, but with only one candidate, who needed simply to receive one vote in order to be elected.[90] This configuration also happened in several constituencies on the left (see subsection "The two-round electoral system", below).
Paris' 4th constituency – 2nd round
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
UMP Bernard Debré 20,526 100 n/a
Turnout 25,696 38.13 n/a
UMP hold Swing n/a
Hauts-de-Seine 9th[edit]
The Hauts-de-Seine's 9th constituency, traditionally a very safe seat for the right, raised unexpected difficulties for UMP candidate and former Minister of the Interior Claude Guéant. A dissident member of the UMP, Thierry Solere, contested his legitimacy, stood against him, and reached the second round, precipitating a three-way runoff between two candidates of the right and one of the left.[91][92]
Solere narrowly won the seat, obtaining votes from the left given Gueant's impopularity on that side. The total share of the vote for left-wing candidates was 28%, in the first round, plus 4% for the Modem candidate.[93]
Hauts-de-Seine 9th – 2nd round
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Miscellaneous right Thierry Solere 13,912 39.35 n/a
UMP Claude Guéant 13,578 38.41 n/a
PS Martine Even 7,864 22.24 n/a
Turnout 35,918 58.86 n/a
Miscellaneous right gain from UMP Swing n/a
Meurthe-et-Moselle 5th[edit]
This constituency drew attention due to the behaviour and situation of UMP candidate Nadine Morano, who had been Minister for Professional Training in François Fillon's government from 2010 to 2012. She finished second in the first round (34,33%) behind Socialist candidate Dominique Potier (39.29%) and, in the hopes of obtaining more votes in the second, appealed explicitly to the voters of the eliminated National Front, on the grounds of "common values" in what she called a "duel between the right and the left". She defined her common values with far right voters as including "control over immigration, refusing to give foreigners the right to vote" and "the protection of our borders". After she had published an appeal in a far right newspaper, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault and the leader of the Greens and Minister for Housing Cécile Duflot both described her behaviour as symptomatic of a worrying shift of part of the right towards the extreme right; Ayrault accused her of renouncing her party's values to try and save her seat.[94][95] Her situation made headlines again when humorist Gérald Dahan phoned her, pretending to be National Front vice-president Louis Aliot, and recorded her expressing her sympathy and closeness to the National Front. François Fillon publicly rebuked her for not having immediately hung up, saying "we don't talk to the leaders of the National Front. We must reject all forms of extremism". Morano hit back, telling him she was a "free politician".[96][97]
Morano, the incumbent, lost her seat to Socialist candidate Dominique Potier by a 10% margin.[98]
Meurthe-et-Moselle's 5th constituency – 2nd round
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
PS Dominique Potier 25,122 55.67 +8.49
UMP Nadine Morano 20,006 44.33 -8.49
Turnout 47,046 61.34 -0.01
PS gain from UMP Swing +8.49
Bouches-du-Rhône 5th[edit]
Marie-Arlette Carlotti, junior Minister for the Disabled, stood in this constituency against the UMP incumbent Renaud Muselier, who had held the seat since 1993. On paper, media reported that, of all the twenty-six ministers standing in the legislative elections, she seemed the least likely to win her constituency. Had she lost, she would have had to resign from the government. She was elected with 51.8%, a result which was also described as having a significant impact on local politics in Marseilles. As minister, she will not be able to sit in Parliament; as long as she stays on the government, her seat goes to her running mate, Avi Assouly, locally famous as a former radio football presenter.[99][100]
Bouches-du-Rhône 5th constituency – 2nd round[101]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
PS Marie-Arlette Carlotti 20,212 51.81
UMP Renaud Muselier 18,799 48.19
PS gain from UMP Swing
Essonne 8th[edit]
In addition to Marine Le Pen, Jean-Luc Mélenchon and François Bayrou, three candidates from the presidential election were standing in this legislative election. Nicolas Dupont-Aignan (Arise the Republic) finished first in the first round in Essonne's 8th constituency, with 42.82% of the vote, heading into a runoff with Socialist candidate Aude Bristot (30,2%), and eliminating UMP candidate Laurent Béteille (9,52%).[102] In the Gironde's 5th constituency, Philippe Poutou (New Anticapitalist Party) finished eighth and was thus eliminated in the first round, receiving just 2.12% of the vote.[103] In Seine-Saint-Denis' 6th constituency, Nathalie Arthaud (Workers' Struggle) finished sixth with 2.47%, far behind the Socialist incumbent and former Minister for Social Affairs Élisabeth Guigou (46.12%) and the director of l'Humanité, Patrick Le Hyaric, standing for the Left Front (17.33%).[104]
Essonne's 8th constituency – 2nd round[105]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
DLR Nicolas Dupont-Aignan 25,989 61.39
PS Aude Bristot 16,342 38.61
Turnout 43,077 57.18
DLR hold Swing +4.01
Notes and references[edit]
1. ^ "France sets 2012 presidential election dates". BBC News. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
2. ^ "Les dates de la présidentielle 2012 fixées". Le Figaro (in French). 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
3. ^ Jean-Claude Zarka, Le Président de la Ve République, Ellipses Marketing, 2007, (ISBN 978-2729831868), p. 10
4. ^ "Tout bien réfléchi, c'est oui", L'Express, 21 September 2000
5. ^ a b "Un « troisième tour » déterminant", Ouest France, 30 May 2012
6. ^ "Gauche et droite fourbissent déjà leurs armes pour les législatives", La Dépêche, 6 May 2012
7. ^ a b "Législatives : le PS veut "une majorité nette", l'UMP veut limiter la casse", Le Monde, 8 May 2012
8. ^ "Legislatives : un enjeu décisif", Le Petit Bleu, 29 May 2012
9. ^ a b "Législatives. Le «troisième tour» en vue", Le Télégramme, 8 May 2012
10. ^ "La bataille des législatives est lancée en France", Le Matin, 21 May 2012
11. ^ Karine Perret, "Le délicat dossier des investitures aux législatives examiné par le PS", Agence France-Presse, 20 November 2011
12. ^ Lionel Laparade, "Législatives : la "diversité" diversement appréciée", La Dépêche du Midi, 29 November 2011
13. ^ Sylvia Zappi, Législatives : la "diversité" progresse peu au PS, Le Monde, 30 November 2011
14. ^ "French Face a Battle to Control Parliament". New York Times. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
15. ^ 6 591 candidatures déposées pour les législatives”, Libération, 19 May 2012
16. ^ Elections législatives. Dates et modalités, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
17. ^ Alexandre Léchenet and Maxime Le Roux, “Les Français de l'étranger peuvent voter par Internet”, Le Monde, 23 May 2012
18. ^ "Résultats du 1er tour – 10 juin 2012 dans la 3ème circonscription de la Martinique", Le Monde
19. ^ "Les modalités d'élection en France", French Ministry of the Interior
20. ^ a b "A Arles, l'UMP Roland Chassain se retire au profit du FN", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
21. ^ "Législatives: accords de désistement PS-Front de gauche-Verts en Ile-de-france", L'Humanité, 11 June 2012
22. ^ "Le Conseil constitutionnel valide le redécoupage législatif". Agence France Presse (in French). 18 February 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
23. ^ "Étude sur le redécoupage électoral: Une initiative de Regards Citoyens" (in French). Regards Citoyens. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
24. ^ "REDECOUPAGE ELECTORAL – 11 députés pour les Français de l'étranger", Le Petit Journal, 22 October 2009
25. ^ "Les élections législatives", National Assembly
26. ^ a b c d e f "Les enjeux des législatives, parti par parti", Le Monde, 5 June 2012
27. ^ a b "La gauche est favorite, mais quelle gauche ?", Le Monde, 9 June 2012
28. ^ "Désistement républicain : face au FN, le PS ferme et l'UMP flou", Le Monde"", 25 May 2012
29. ^ "64 % des électeurs de M. Sarkozy souhaitent une alliance avec le FN pour les législatives", Le Monde, 24 April 2012
30. ^ "Législatives. Pas d’alliance UMP-FN promet Copé", Ouest-France, 26 May 2012
31. ^ "Juppé appelle à résister à la «tentation» d'alliances avec le FN", Libération, 8 June 2012
32. ^ "L'UMP ne fera alliance ni avec la gauche ni avec le FN", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
33. ^ "Gard : Étienne Mourrut se maintient face à Gilbert Collard", Le Point, 12 June 2012
34. ^ "Nadine Morano en appelle au FN", Le Nouvel Observateur, 11 June 2012
35. ^ "UMP-FN : quelques brèches sur le terrain dans la ligne décidée à Paris", France Info, 11 June 2012
36. ^ "FN: interview de Morano dans Minute", Le Figaro, 12 June 2012
37. ^ "Nadine Morano tente de séduire les électeurs FN dans "Minute"", Le Monde, 12 June 2012
38. ^ "Juppé se désolidarise du député UMP Garraud après ses propos sur le FN", Libération, 13 June 2012
39. ^ "La gauche veut un front républicain anti-FN, l'UMP refuse", Reuters, 11 June 2012
40. ^ "La candidate socialiste se maintient contre Marion Maréchal-Le Pen", Libération, 11 June 2012
41. ^ "Moscovici : "que reste-t-il de la droite ?"", Europe 1, 12 June 2012
42. ^ "Ayrault: l’UMP prépare une «alliance stratégique avec le FN»", Libération, 12 June 2012
43. ^ "La campagne officielle des élections législatives débute lundi 21 mai", France Télévisions, 21 May 2012
44. ^ "Législatives: c'est parti pour la campagne officielle", L'Express, 21 May 2012
45. ^ "Elections législatives, Liste des candidats et circulaires (premier tour)". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
46. ^ "Elections législatives, Liste des candidats et circulaires (second tour)". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
47. ^ "Il y aura 40% de nouveaux députés à l'Assemblée", Libération, 17 June 2012
48. ^ "Wallis has top turnout in French polls". Radio New Zealand International. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
49. ^ a b c d "La gauche triomphe, hécatombe à droite : les 10 points à retenir des législatives", Le Monde, 18 June 2012
50. ^ a b "Estimations du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012", Le Monde
51. ^ "Le Front de gauche, grand perdant des législatives", Le Monde, 18 June 2012
52. ^ "Victoire écrasante d’Huguette Bello", Linfo, 11 June 2012
53. ^ "Le Front de gauche réussit à constituer un groupe à l'Assemblée", Le Monde, 25 June 2012
54. ^ "Premières autocritiques sur la stratégie droitière de l'UMP", Le Monde, 18 June 2012
55. ^ a b "Bayrou quitte une Assemblée où le centre perd en influence", Le Point, 17 June 2012
56. ^ "Mayotte : une claque pour le député Abdoulatifou Aly", Le Monde, 10 June 2012
57. ^ "François Bayrou battu : le centre est-il mort ?", Le Nouvel Observateur, 17 June 2012
58. ^ "Guyane : deux députés de gauche élus", Le Monde, 17 June 2012
59. ^ "La Martinique choisit deux députés indépendantistes", Le Monde, 17 June 2012
60. ^ "Mayotte bascule à gauche", Le Monde, 17 June 2012
61. ^ "Nouvelle-Calédonie : désaveu pour le R-UMP", Le Monde, 17 June 2012
62. ^ "Polynésie française : le parti de Gaston Flosse remporte les trois sièges", Le Monde, 17 June 2012
63. ^ "Pas de percée aux législatives pour le parti pirate", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
64. ^ Staff (11 June 2012). "Electoral paradoxes in France and elsewhere". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
65. ^ ""Législatives : Christiane Taubira renonce, Michel Sapin comme suppléant", RTL, 19 May 2012
66. ^ a b "Le résultat des principaux candidats aux législatives", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
67. ^ This is an EELV-PS ticket. Cécile Duflot will remain a government minister and her seat will go to the Socialist incumbent. C.f.: "Législatives : à quoi servent les suppléants ?", France Télévisions, 25 May 2012
68. ^ Moignard is a Socialist: "Les élus PS en Tarn et Garonne: Jacques Moignard", Socialist Party website
69. ^ "Gouget : le suppléant sur le devant", Sud-Ouest, 21 May 2012
70. ^ "Législatives : le sort de 100 personnalités à la loupe", Le Parisien, 11 June 2012
71. ^ "Royal, Lefebvre, Le Pen et les autres... 25 circonscriptions à surveiller", Libération, 16 June 2012
72. ^ "2e tour : les circonscriptions à suivre", France 24
73. ^ In 2007, third man François Bayrou was unsuccessfully challenged in his constituency by presidential candidate Frédéric Nihous, of a small party favouring the interests of hunters and fishers.
74. ^ "Législatives : face à Marine Le Pen, Jean-Luc Mélenchon se présente comme la « relève » de la gauche à Hénin-Beaumont (VIDEO)", La Voix du Nord, 12 May 2012
75. ^ "France election: Le Pen and Melenchon duel for northern town", BBC News, 8 June 2012
76. ^ "Marine Le Pen and Jean-Luc Mélenchon face off again for French votes", The Telegraph, 3 June 2012
77. ^ "France's champion of the left sends a challenge to Marine Le Pen", The Guardian, 26 May 2012
78. ^ "Marine Le Pen challenged on home turf", Die Welt, 12 May 2012
79. ^ "Le Pen gegen Melenchon – Duell der Fallschirmspringer", Tagesschau, 7 June 2012
80. ^ "Wahlkampf in Frankreichs Norden: Duell der Populisten", Der Spiegel, 5 June 2012
81. ^ "Wahlkampf bei den Ch'tis", Die Tagezeitung, 6 June 2012
82. ^ "Résultats du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012 dans la 11ème circonscription du Pas-de-Calais", Le Monde
83. ^ "PAS DE CALAIS (62) > 11ème circonscription". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
84. ^ "Là où François Bayrou pourrait perdre son siège de député", Le Monde, 21 May 2012
85. ^ "Résultats du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012 dans la 2ème circonscription des Pyrénées-Atlantiques", Le Monde
86. ^ "PYRENEES ATLANTIQUES (64) > 2ème circonscription". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
87. ^ "A La Rochelle, le dissident Falorni sera bien candidat face à Royal", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
88. ^ "Large victoire pour le PS, large défaite pour Royal", Libération, 17 June 2012
89. ^ "CHARENTE MARITIME (17) > 1ère circonscription". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
90. ^ "Bernard Debré bientôt réélu député par forfait", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
91. ^ "Claude Guéant est en difficulté à Boulogne-Billancourt", Le Monde, 11 June 2012
92. ^ "Un parachutage pas si doré pour Guéant", Le Journal du Dimanche, 11 June 2012
93. ^ "Résultats du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012 dans la 9ème circonscription des Hauts-de-Seine", Le Monde
94. ^ "À Toul, Nadine Morano drague ouvertement l'électorat frontiste", France 24, 12 June 2012
95. ^ "Duflot et Ayrault fustigent les appels de Morano au FN", Libération, 15 June 2012
96. ^ "Sur le FN, Fillon recadre Morano, qui l'envoie paître", Libération, 15 June 2012
97. ^ "Dahan piège Morano, Fillon la désavoue", La Voix du Nord, 15 June 2012
98. ^ "Résultats du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012 dans la 5ème circonscription de Meurthe-et-Moselle", Le Monde
99. ^ "À Marseille, la ministre Carlotti sort le député Muselier", Le Point, 17 June 2012
100. ^ "Marseille: mission accomplie pour Carlotti", Marianne, 17 June 2012
101. ^ "BOUCHES DU RHONE (13) > 5ème circonscription". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
102. ^ "Dupont-Aignan n'est pas inquiété dans l'Essonne", Le Journal du Dimanche, 11 June 2012
103. ^ "Résultats des élections législatives : 5ème circonscription de la Gironde", Le Monde
104. ^ "Résultats du 1er tour – 10 juin 2012 dans la 6ème circonscription de Seine-Saint-Denis", Le Monde
105. ^ "ESSONNE (91) > 8ème circonscription". Retrieved 19 June 2012.
External links[edit]
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Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
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Fresh Pond
Fresh Pond, Cambridge, MA 08.jpg
The pond in winter
Fresh Pond landscape plan by Olmsted.jpg
General plan for Fresh Pond Park, by the Olmsted Brothers landscape design firm (1897). "[A]lmost none of the plans to relocate the carriage drive [to the route shown] were ever implemented."[1]
Location Cambridge, Massachusetts
Coordinates 42°23′N 71°9′W / 42.383°N 71.150°W / 42.383; -71.150Coordinates: 42°23′N 71°9′W / 42.383°N 71.150°W / 42.383; -71.150
Type reservoir
Basin countries United States
Surface area 155 acres (63 ha)
Fresh Pond is a reservoir and park in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Prior to the Pond's use exclusively as a reservoir, its ice had been harvested by Boston's "Ice King", Frederic Tudor, and others, for shipment to North American cities and to tropical areas around the world.
Fresh Pond Reservation consists of a 155 acre (627,000 m²) kettle hole lake, and 162 acres (656,000 m²) of surrounding land, with a 2.25 mile (3.6 km) perimeter road popular with walkers, runners and cyclists, and a nine-hole golf course.[2] On the northern outskirts of the Fresh Pond Reservation lies an assisted living community called Neville Place (formerly Neville Manor) and a nursing home called Neville Center.[3]
Water and ice[edit]
In the mid-19th century, the Pond was privately owned and home to a flourishing ice-harvesting industry, with ice shipped as far as Europe, China, and India. In 1856, a private company began supplying its customers with drinking water from the Pond. In 1865 the business came under city ownership. By the end of the century the Pond and the land surrounding it was entirely city-owned, and an elaborate public water supply system had been developed.
Fresh Pond is part of the overall Cambridge water system. Its water is fed to the pond via an aqueduct from the Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook Reservoirs, located in Lexington, Lincoln, Waltham and Weston, Massachusetts.[4] After purification at the Walter J. Sullivan Water Treatment Facility adjacent to Fresh Pond, the water is pumped upwards to the underground Payson Park Reservoir in Belmont. From there it flows back to Cambridge, with gravity providing the pressure to distribute drinking water to residents and businesses.[5]
Fresh Pond is bordered by Fresh Pond Parkway, Huron Avenue, Grove Street, Blanchard Road, and Concord Avenue. The Reservation can be reached via the Minuteman Bikeway or MBTA 72, 74, 75, and 78 buses. It is about a ten-minute walk from Alewife Station on the MBTA Red line.
Proposed Watertown Branch trail[edit]
A portion of the abandoned Watertown Branch Railroad is situated between Fresh Pond Parkway and the water treatment facility. Currently overgrown in parts, this single track line enters the Fresh Pond reservation at its northeastern edge, near the Concord Avenue–Fresh Pond Parkway rotary. The line continues in a southerly direction along much of the eastern boundary of the reservation until it reaches the Huron Avenue overpass to the south. The branch terminates in the nearby town of Watertown. There are plans to have this rail line, disused since 2001, converted into a rail trail and linear park. A section in Watertown, from Grove Street to School Street, opened in 2011.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Sinclair, Jill (April 2009). Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape. MIT Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-262-19591-1.
2. ^ Fresh Pond Golf Course Accessed 2008-10-02
3. ^ Neville Center at Fresh Pond Accessed 2008-10-02
4. ^ Map of Cambridge drinking water source area Accessed 2008-10-02
5. ^ Cambridge Water Department Fresh Pond FAQ Accessed 2008-10-02
General references[edit]
External links[edit]
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Gemma McCluskie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gemma McCluskie
Born (1983-02-05)5 February 1983
Died 1 March 2012(2012-03-01) (aged 29)[1]
Cause of death
Body discovered
6 March 2012
Regent's Canal, Hackney, London
Residence London[3]
Nationality British
Occupation Actress
Years active 1997–2001
Notable work EastEnders
Height 4' 11"[4]
Relatives Tony McCluskie, Anthony McCluskie, Danny McCluskie
Gemma Rose Veronica McCluskie (5 February 1983 – 1 March 2012) was a British television actress. She was a regular cast member in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, in which she played Kerry Skinner. In March 2012, McCluskie disappeared from her home in East London and a few days later her body was discovered in the Regent's Canal. Her brother, Tony McCluskie, was subsequently found guilty of her murder.[5]
McCluskie's best-known role was as Kerry Skinner in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, which she played for a year (2000–2001). In the soap, McCluskie's character was a close friend of Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) and the great-niece of Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin).[6] She also had a part in the series No Sweat playing a bully named Janis.[7]
Disappearance and death[edit]
McCluskie went missing from her East London flat, where she lived with her brother Tony,[8] on 1 March 2012. It had been thought that she had last been seen at home with her brother during the afternoon, but an investigation uncovered a sighting of her going into a kebab shop around 8 pm.[9]
Former EastEnders actresses Martine McCutcheon, Brooke Kinsella and Natalie Cassidy tweeted about her disappearance in hope of getting information about her whereabouts.[10] The Twitter hashtag "#FindGemma" was used. A search party of 100 people was organised by McCluskie's cousins on 5 March, which was spread out from the east and south of London attempting to discover information related to McCluskie's disappearance.[9]
The headless torso of a woman was recovered from Regent's Canal in Hackney on 6 March.[6] On 9 March the police announced that the body had been formally identified as McCluskie.[11] On 10 March, a 35-year-old male was formally charged with her murder.[12] He appeared at Thames Magistrates' Court on Monday 12 March.[13][14] A preliminary hearing date was set for 26 March at the Old Bailey.[3] He did not enter a plea and was remanded in custody.[15]
On 10 September, police found a head in the same stretch of canal.[16] The Metropolitan Police confirmed the head was McCluskie's two days later.[17] On 28 September, Tony McCluskie, Gemma's brother, accepted responsibility for the death of the actress. McCluskie's funeral was held on 30 November at St. Monica's Church, Hoxton Square, East London.[18]
Trial and sentence of brother[edit]
The trial began on 14 January 2013 at the Old Bailey. During the trial it was reported that Tony McCluskie was a heavy cannabis user and that the siblings frequently argued. On 1 March 2012 Tony was alleged to have argued with Gemma about an overflowing bath and that she had told him to leave; he then grabbed her by the wrists and punched her to the floor but claimed he had no further recollection of his actions. Her death was caused by being struck several times over the head with a blunt instrument. He then spent several hours dismembering her body and the next day CCTV footage showed him taking a suitcase containing her remains to dispose of in Regent's Canal. McCluskie initially admitted manslaughter but denied murder, citing a 'loss of control'. However, he was found guilty of her murder on 30 January 2013 and jailed for life with a minimum sentence of 20 years.[2][19]
Year Title Role Notes
1997 No Sweat Janis 18 episodes
2000–01 EastEnders Kerry Skinner 34 episodes
1. ^ "Gemma McCluskie: Friend of EastEnders actress says she wanted brother Tony to move out". East London Advertiser (UK). 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
2. ^ a b "EastEnders' Gemma McCluskie death: Brother faces murder trial". BBC News (BBC). 28 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
3. ^ a b John Hall (12 March 2012). "Brother appears in court over Gemma McCluskie murder". The Independent (Independent Print Ltd). Retrieved 13 March 2012.
4. ^ Rickman, Dina (8 March 2012). "Gemma McCluskie Missing: Police Divers Search Canal For Body Parts". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
5. ^ Rowland, Vicky (5 March 2012). "Brothers of missing EastEnders actress from Bethnal Green are seeking help from the East End community". East London Advertiser (Archant). Retrieved 13 March 2012.
6. ^ a b "Arrest after torso feared to be EastEnders actress found". BBC News (BBC). 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
7. ^ "Brother of missing former EastEnders actress is arrested after police divers pull headless body from canal". Daily Mail (UK). 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
8. ^ Gemma McCluskie 'killed after sink row'
9. ^ a b Nelson, Sara C (7 March 2012). "Gemma McCluskie Missing: Body Pulled From Regents Canal In Hunt For Former EastEnders Star". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
10. ^ "Mystery of former EastEnders actress who disappeared five days ago". Daily Mail (UK). 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
11. ^ "Canal body is ex-Eastenders actress MuCluskie". BBC News (BBC). 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
12. ^ "EastEnders Actress Murder: Brother Charged". Sky News (British Sky Broadcasting). 11 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
13. ^ Brother of Gemma McCluskie Appears in Court Charged With Her Murder Metro, 12 March 2012
14. ^ Brother of Ex-EastEnders McCluskie charged with her murder BBC News, 10 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
15. ^ Cooper, Rob (18 June 2012). "Gemma McCluskie murder: Former EastEnders actress' brother Tony will stand trial". Mail Online. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
16. ^ Hall, John (10 September 2012). "Severed head recovered from Regent's Canal where decapitated remains of former EastEnders actress Gemma McCluskie were found". The Independent (Independent Print Ltd). Retrieved 12 September 2012.
17. ^ Davis, Margaret (12 September 2012). "Police confirm severed head found in Hackney canal belongs to ex-Eastenders actress Gemma McCluskie". The Independent (Independent Print Ltd). Retrieved 12 September 2012.
18. ^ "Former Eastenders Actress's Funeral is held.". Daily Mail (Daily Mail). 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
19. ^ "Brother of EastEnders actress Gemma McCluskie found guilty of murdering her and dismembering her body". Daily Mail (Daily Mail and General Trust). 30 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
External links[edit]
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The Honourable Company of Air Pilots
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stained glass to the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, Guildhall, London
The Honourable Company of Air Pilots, formerly the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators (GAPAN) is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London.
The Company was founded in 1929, became a Livery Company in 1956 and was granted Honourable status by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 2014.
The Company ranks eighty-first in the order of precedence of Livery Companies and fourth in the order of precedence of the Modern Livery Companies.
It is unique amongst City Livery Companies in having active Regional Committees in Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand and North America.
Her Majesty the Queen graciously granted Honourable status to the company in February 2014.[1]
HRH The Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh KG KT formally presented the Royal Charter to the Master of the company HH Judge Tudor Owen at a Banquet held at the London Guildhall on 19 February 2014.
The Company's motto is 'Per Cælum Via Nostra', 'Our Way Is By The Heavens'.
Company Coat of Arms
Its objectives are:
To establish and maintain the highest standards of air safety through the promotion of good airmanship among pilots and navigators.
To maintain a liaison with all authorities connected with licensing, training and legislation affecting pilot or navigator whether private, professional, civil or military.
To constitute a body of experienced airmen available for advice and consultation and to facilitate the exchange of information.
To strive to enhance the status of air pilots and air navigators.
To assist air pilots and air navigators in need through the Benevolent Fund.
The Court 2013/14:
Master: His Honour Judge Tudor Owen FRAeS [2]
Immediate Past Master: Air Marshal Clifford Spink CB CBE FRAeS Cliff Spink
Master-Elect: Dorothy Saul-Pooley LLB (Hons) FRAeS [3]
Sqn Ldr Christopher Ford MBE
Captain Peter Benn
Captain Christopher Spurrier
Clerk: Paul Tacon BA FCIS
The Revd Dr Peter Mullen BA PhD Peter Mullen
The Venerable (Air Vice Marshal) Ray J Pentland QHC BA DPS MTh RAF Ray Pentland
1. ^ Slater, Steve. "Hangar Talk". Aeroplane (Cudham: Kelsey Publishing) (April 2014): 15. ISSN 0143-7240.
2. ^ PPRuNe
3. ^ The Guild of Air Pilots & Air Navigators
External links[edit]
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Highest unclimbed mountain
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The highest unclimbed mountain in a particular region or in the world is often a matter of controversy. In some parts of the world surveying and mapping are still not reliable, and there are not comprehensive records of the routes of explorers, mountaineers and local inhabitants.
Challenges in definition[edit]
Definition of a mountain[edit]
Any particular mountain, in addition to its highest point, will also have subsidiary "tops". Generally, a subjective view is taken of what is a mountain and what is a top. The horizontal distance between main peak and top, the difference in height, the topographic prominence of the top, as well as the general topography, all come into consideration. Although objective criteria have been proposed for distinguishing "peaks" from "tops" (a prominence of 610 m, 2,000 feet is one definition), there is no widely agreed standard.
The Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia has a list of unclimbed 7000 m Himalayan peaks which includes tops.[1] The list is somewhat out-of-date: for example Lhotse Middle, 8430 m, was first climbed in spring 2001. Another list is provided on the Explorersweb website using a prominence cutoff of 500 m.[2]
Verification of unclimbed status[edit]
It is difficult to determine whether or not a peak has been climbed or not. Archaeological excavations in the Andes have shown the humans have travelled up to 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) in pre-historic time. As such, it is impossible to absolutely ascertain whether any peak is truly unclimbed. However, it is possible to make a good guess, especially since some high peaks in the Greater Ranges are remote enough that they were unknown to local inhabitants when first sighted by European explorers.
Gangkhar Puensum[edit]
Gangkhar Puensum from Ura La, Bhutan
The mountain most widely claimed to be the highest unclimbed mountain in the world in terms of elevation is Gangkhar Puensum, 7570 m (24,836 feet). It is in Bhutan, on or near the border with China. In Bhutan, the climbing of mountains higher than 6,000 metres has been prohibited since 1994. The rationale is based on a combination of (1) the Bhutanese government and people's respect for local customs that consider this and similar peaks to be the sacred homes of protective deities and spirits and (2) the lack of high-altitude rescue resources from any locale closer than India. Since 2003, no mountaineering of any kind has been allowed within Bhutan.
Highest unclimbed non-prohibited peak[edit]
It is unclear which is the highest unclimbed non-prohibited mountain. This depends greatly on the prominence cutoff. Labuche Kang III/East (7250 m?, Prom=570 m?), near Cho Oyu, is reportedly unclimbed, but its status is difficult to verify and it lacks significant prominence. The former highest unclimbed non-prohibited mountain, Saser Kangri II East (7,513 m, Prom=1,450 m), was first climbed on 24 August 2011.[3]
Most prominent unclimbed peak[edit]
Unclimbed candidates with high topographic prominence are by definition independent mountains, but some have relatively modest elevations. With such peaks exist the greater possibility of undocumented ascents, perhaps occurring long ago.
Sauyr Zhotasy (Prom=3252 m, Elev=3840 m) and Mount Siple (Prom=3110 m, Elev=3110 m) have no record of successful ascents, but the unclimbed status of each of these peaks is difficult to confirm. Finisterre Range HP (Prom=3709 m, Elev=4150 m) was climbed on 25 June 2014.[4]
The world's highest unclimbed mountain, Gangkhar Puensum, is also a highly prominent mountain (2995 m), and there is a reasonable degree of certainty regarding its unclimbed status.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Simon Perritaz. "Highest Unclimbed Peaks". Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06.
2. ^ Janne Corax (2007). "The pleasure of being the first". Explorersweb. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
3. ^ First Ascent of Saser Kangri II - American Alpine Club
4. ^ Bjørstad, Petter. "Mount Boising". Retrieved 2014-08-03.
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Hot metal typesetting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hot type)
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Row of Linotype operators at the Chicago Defender newspaper, 1941
In printing and typography, hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) refers to technologies for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and slugs are later used to press ink onto paper.
Types of typesetting[edit]
Two different approaches to mechanising typesetting were independently developed in the late 19th century. One, known as the Monotype composition caster system, produced texts with the aid of perforated paper-ribbons, all characters are cast separate. These machines could produce texts also in "large-composition" up to 24 point.
The Super-caster, another machine produced by Monotype, was similar in function to the Thompson, Bath, pivotal and others casters but designed to produce single type (including even larger sizes) for hand setting.
The other approach was to cast complete lines as one slug, usually comprising a whole line of text.
Of this system there have been at least 5 different enterprises:
The Linotype and similar Intertype machines came out with paper tape and electronic automation near the end of their life cycles that allowed for the news wire services to send breaking news to remote newspaper offices for prompt setting into late editions
All these machines were operated by non-qwerty-keyboards. There was however another system, completely dependent of hand-labour:
This machine was able to cast display body sizes that other mechanical composition systems were unable to produce. In this way headings could be produced to complement text produced on other machines.
The success of these machines lay in different fields: the Monotype caster was more popular for bookwork that required the ability to make manual corrections and edits while the slug casting systems found success in newspaper production where speed of production and make ready for print was essential.
There is another essential difference between Monotype and all the "slug"-producing machines: a Monotype machine functions with a minimal set of matrices: each character needs one matrix. Linecasters cannot function this way, and these systems need quite large magazines of matrices to be able to set a complete line of text with the usual character repetitions. Indeed, the nominal 90 channel magazine of a linecaster really has 91 total channels, with the first two channels allocated to the lower case 'e', and with these matrices being alternately selected from channel 0 or channel 1, for alternate lines of cast type.
There is an additional difference: Monotype must use a punched paper tape, and the "reading frame" is always backwards (right-to-left) in order to achieve justification, as justification is not an inherent capability of the machine (however, "flush left" is an inherent capability); whereas Linotype may use a punched paper tape, although this option is seldom-used outside of daily newspapers, and whether a tape is used, or not, the "reading frame" is always forwards (left-to-right), with justification being an inherent capability of the machine (and, "flush right", "centered" and "flush left" may be very easily accommodated manually, or automatically using a "quadder" attachment).
Main article: Linotype machine
The key feature of the Linotype was the use of molds that circulated through the machine in its various stages of operation. One was the space band (a special two-part sliding wedge) and the other was the matrix which was made of brass. The matrices were stored in one of several magazines on top of the machine (this provided the operator with a choice of fonts; these could also be exchanged with other extra magazines as desired) while the space bands were stored in a box closer to the keyboard.
Once a key was pressed, the matrix would pass through what was known as the 'assembler front', down past a rotating fiber reinforced wheel (known as the star wheel) and into the 'assembling elevator' (which served the same purpose as the hand compositor's stick). When the space band key near the keyboard was pressed, one of the space bands would drop out of the box and almost directly into the assembling elevator. The assembling elevator or more commonly just the 'assembler' was adjustable for different lengths of line (in picas).
Once the line approached its correct length, the operator would be made aware of this by a bell or other indicator. If the line was 'loose' or too short, there would be too much 'white space' for the space band wedges to fill out the line, and the matrices could possibly turn sidewise or not seal against each other as the machine prepared for the casting operation. If the line was 'tight' or too long, the elevator carrying the matrices and space bands would not seat properly in front of the mold slot. Both the Linotype and Intertype machines had two important safeties that acted during the casting operation - the 'pump stop' and the 'vise automatic' - to prevent a "squirt" of molten type metal from happening (encasing the matrices and the elevator in metal in the process). Not only was it time-consuming to clean up after a squirt, matrices could often be damaged, so it was considered very poor form for an operator (or the machinist who cared for the machine) to permit this to happen.
When the line was assembled to the correct length, the operator pressed down on a lever which raised the elevator up into the delivery channel. The delivery channel would transfer the matrices out of the assembler and into the first elevator. The first elevator then descends to a position in front of the mold, and if the elevator did not descend fully by the time the machine started the process of aligning the matrices (most often caused by a 'tight' line), the first of the two safeties - the vise automatic - would bring the machine to a full stop before the supporting lugs on the matrices were crushed by the mold. Once the matrices were in proper position, two actions would take place in sequence: the matrices would be aligned vertically and face-wise while a bar rises from below to force the movable sleeves on the space bands upwards to cause them to fill out the line to the exact width of the mold. If the justification bar made a full cycle and the line was still not fully justified, the second safety - the pump stop - would prevent the plunger in the metal pot from going down. The space bands were an important feature of this machine with automatic justification of each line by equally adjusting the white space between each word. Since the type used was proportional and not fixed in width, solving this justification problem mechanically was very important. Some later models had a feature that permitted the lines to be cast with the alignment to either left, right or centered. Operators running earlier models would use special 'blank' matrices (in 4 sizes) to manually create the proper amount of whitespace beyond the space bands' range.
With the matrices aligned and the space bands set to the correct measure, the machine would 'lock up' the line with great force and the plunger would inject the molten type metal into the space created by the mold cavity and the assembled line. The machine would then separate the mold disk (carrying the freshly cast slug), the metal pot, and the first elevator. The mold disk would then turn to present the line at the ejecting position, in the process passing by a knife that trimmed the base of the slug to type height (0.918" on US machines). The slug would then be forced through an adjustable pair of knives to trim the slug to the proper body height before sliding down into a 'galley' next to the operator. Depending on the model of machine, the mold disk could have 4 (standard), 6, or 2 molds, giving the operator his choice of line lengths and body sizes.
As the mold disk is turning, the first elevator simultaneously rises to its upper position and the space bands and matrices are vertically aligned in preparation for the second transfer. The matrices have a series of teeth in a V-shaped notch on top and as the transfer is completed, the matrices slide onto the second elevator bar which carries the matrices by these V-shaped notches. The space bands, having no such notches remain in the second transfer channel and are soon gathered by two levers and pushed back into the space band box. While the space bands are being pushed into their box, the second elevator continues rising towards the distributing mechanism at the top of the machine. At the top of the machine, a lever moves left to make way before coming back to push the matrices off the second elevator and into the distributor box. This mechanism feeds the matrices at precise intervals such that they travel between three rotating screws. The matrix is carried along a notched bar between the three screws until the notches on the bar and matrix match whereupon the matrix drops down into its proper channel in the magazine.
It was a source of pride for trained operators to boast of being able to 'hang' a line - being able to keep a line waiting in the delivery channel while the machine was casting the previous line and the operator was composing the next one.
The metal pot was kept filled by the operator tossing in small ingots of type metal every few lines, or later, by mechanical feeders that carried large ingots of type metal (and which often carried two 'pigs' at a time to be consumed in turn, the operator hanging a fresh one when one was consumed). These feeders were actuated by various methods, but the end result was the same - the ingots were fed little by little into the pot, keeping it filled to an optimum level.
From time to time, the slug galley would be transferred to the composing table to be set in the form, and once the press run was completed and the slugs removed from the form, they would be tossed into the 'hell box' for remelting into new ingots. At intervals the lead would be remelted and the oxidized metal (dross) skimmed off. As part of this process, 'plus metal' would be added in the form of small ingots to replenish that portion of the alloyed metals that was lost by the formation of dross (by oxidization of the metal in the machine's pot or during the remelting stage). The type metal would be poured into ingot molds - small molds for manually feeding the metal pots or larger molds for the metal feeders (and in which case, special attention had to be given the 'eye' end as it would have to support the weight of the entire ingot - failures often resulted in it dropping into the pot and splashing molten metal everywhere).
Funded largely by the Ridder newspaper interests, the Intertype Corporation developed (c. 1914) a compatible version of the Linotype machine when the patents ran out and it became quite popular as well. This led to a long-lasting legal fight by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company (and who eventually lost).
A common 1/2 HP single- or three-phase electric motor was sufficient to operate a Linotype or Intertype although early machines may have been operated from a line shaft system. Late machines were either 60 Hz or 50 Hz alternating current, although early machines were made with direct current or 25 Hz or other alternating current motors, including two-phase motors.
The metal pot could be either electric- or gas-heated, at the customer's option, for late machines. For early machines, kerosene and white gasoline were also options.
It was thereby possible to install a Linotype machine in a premises which was without access to public utilities.
Typograph and Monoline[edit]
These machines were bought out by Linotype, to minimize competition.
The Ludlow consisted of a very heavy metal table with a flat top about waist high and a depressed slot into which a "stick" was inserted. Underneath was a pot of molten type metal and a plunger. The stick was used to hand compose the lines of type, typically headlines in 18 point or larger with 72 point commonly being available, but the machine could cast type from 4pt to 600pt without a mould change. This was from brass matrix stored in cases on either side of the Ludlow. The cases were not the traditional "California Cases" used to set body type, but simpler alphabetically arranged wooden or metal cases, each one containing a given font in a specific size and style such as bold face, italic or condensed. The metal type cabinets were built with inclined drawers for easy access to the matrices.
After a line of type was assembled into the stick a special blocking slug was inserted to seal the end. Then the stick was placed mold side down into the slot on the table, a clamp locked down to securely hold the stick and the Ludlow activated. The plunger would snap down into the pot with considerable force, injecting molten type metal into the mold at a high rate of speed to ensure the mold was filled before the metal solidified. If the stick was not properly filled out or mounted firmly, or the special terminating block was forgotten, a dreaded "splash" would result, often encasing the operator's toes in molten lead and leaving a mess that needed to be peeled off the Ludlow surfaces. Operators were encouraged to wear heavy boots with steel toes and be quick at removing one. It was also not uncommon for some of the type metal to be projected up onto the ceiling, no matter the height. As with the Linotype / Intertype machines, the Ludlow machines were often fitted with metal feeders to keep the pot filled to optimum level.
The Elrod was a machine used to cast rules and spacing material (leading), of a specific width 1,1½, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36pt, this was used extensively in page layout and line spacing, that is adjusting the white space between paragraphs and any other area when small bits of white space were needed. Large areas of white space were created by wooden or later metal blocks called 'furniture'. Smaller odd areas were filled with square or rectangular blocks in various point sizes called quads.
All these line-casting machines used various alloys near the eutectic point and which typically consisted of approximately 4% tin and 12% antimony and the balance being lead. These alloys were proportioned such that the type metal would solidify as rapidly as possible at the lowest possible freezing point.
The Monotype System took a different direction in hot metal typesetting, with the ability of the Composition Caster to cast loose type using a paper tape operated automatic casting machine. The paper tape would be first generated on a keyboard and then used to cast the type, the tape could be stored for future casting for subsequent editions. This was a popular system for book work. Text was produced completely aligned, with all spaces in each line exactly the same width. Corrections and complex work could be done on the text by hand after the bulk of the text had been set by machine. The Super Caster and Orphan Annie were used to cast fonts of loose type for hand setting as well as spacing material and patterned rules.
This type was most times made of an alloy (8-10% Tin, 15-20% Antimony) slightly harder than the line casting alloys but was not as hard as the foundry type used for hand setting of loose letters. This allowed reasonable print runs or conversion to stereotypes for longer print runs. But these machines could produce type with all possible alloys, when needed.
The used type, like the slugs from line casters, was re-melted when no longer needed. Each time remelting caused some loss of Tin, through oxidation. This loss needed to be monitored and compensated.
The Monotype Corporation survived the demise of the hot metal typesetting era by selling digital type.
Towards the end of its life hot metal composition in newspapers was kept alive by the proof press. As each page was set and locked up, it was moved on a turtle (a rolling table with an accurately flat steel surface[1]) to the manual proof press where it was hand inked and a single very high quality proof was pulled. This proof could then be photographed and converted to a negative.
Comparison to successors[edit]
The nature of text printed via the hot-metal method is notably different from that produced by the phototypesetting processes that followed it. As the lead type used to print (letterpress) a page had been directly formed from the type matrix a good fidelity to the original was achieved. Phototypesetting suffered (at least in its early days) from many problems relating to optical distortion and misalignment. These disappointing results were a thorn in the sides of many authors and readers (especially of complex or mathematical texts that had many small sub- and superscripts). A desire to re-create the aesthetic qualities of hot lead spurred Donald Knuth to create one of the first general purpose digital typesetting programs, TeX.
1. ^ "A Few Words About Words". Pressed for Time. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
External links[edit]
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Hurricane Bertha (2008)
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Hurricane Bertha
Category 3 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Bertha 07 july 2008 1630Z.jpg
Hurricane Bertha near its peak intensity on July 7
Formed July 3, 2008
Dissipated July 21, 2008
(Extratropical after July 20, 2008)
Lowest pressure 952 mbar (hPa); 28.11 inHg
Fatalities 3 direct
Damage Minimal
Areas affected Leeward Islands, East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada, Europe
Part of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Bertha was both the longest-lived and easternmost developing July tropical cyclone on record. The second named storm, as well as the first hurricane and major hurricane of the 2008 hurricane season, Bertha originated as a tropical wave over western Africa on July 1. After emerging into the eastern Atlantic, favorable environmental conditions allowed the wave to organize into a tropical depression two days later. Early on July 3, the depression intensified into a tropical storm, and by July 7, the system had acquired enough organization to be considered a Category 1 hurricane. Turning towards the northwest, a period of rapid deepening ensued thereafter. Bertha intensified into a major hurricane—a Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale—at 1800 UTC and further intensified to reach its peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) three hours later. A period of substantial weakening began early on July 8 as the system entered a region of higher wind shear, though it attained a secondary peak as a Category 2 hurricane on July 10. Shortly thereafter, the system entered an eyewall replacement cycle while simultaneously tracking over cooler ocean waters; this caused Bertha to weaken to a tropical storm by July 13. Moving northeast, southeast, and eventually resuming its northeast motion, the system attained hurricane intensity once again very briefly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on July 20. The extratropical low was absorbed by a larger system the following day.
Following formation, Bertha produced light precipitation across Cape Verde. Several days later, preceding its track across a large portion of the Atlantic, the system brought several inches of rain to Bermuda. Tropical storm-force winds caused minimal damage in the form of broken tree limbs and downed power outages; however, no fatalities were reported. Large swells impacted the East Coast of the United States as the hurricane curved out to sea, resulting in two fatalities; in addition, one swimmer was never found and is presumed dead. Strong rip currents along the coastline of North Carolina injured four while at least sixty required rescuing; farther north, in New Jersey, at least 57 people had to be rescued. In Delaware, at least 55 people were injured.
Meteorological history[edit]
Hurricane Bertha was first identified as a broad area of low pressure accompanying a tropical wave over western Africa in late June 2010. Tracking generally west-northwestward, the system emerged into the eastern Atlantic Ocean on July 1. Steady development took place as convection – thunderstorm activity – consolidated around its center, and spiral banding became better established. At 0300 UTC on July 3, the wave and associated low-pressure area was deemed sufficiently organized to be designated as Tropical Depression Two while centered roughly 220 mi (350 km) south-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands.[1] At this time, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted that the depression displayed intense convection near the center and increasingly pronounced banding features in the northwestern portion of the circulation. Additionally, the organization mentioned that the global models performed well in predicting the tropical cyclogenesis of Bertha, with the Global Forecast System (GFS) forecasting development of Bertha a week out.[2] Six hours later, the depression attained gale-force winds, and was subsequently upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha after satellite estimates from both the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) and Tropical Analysis and Forecast Brach (TAFB) supported an intensity of 40 mph (55 km/h).[1][3]
Hurricane Bertha as a Category 2 hurricane
Moving west-northwestward around the southern periphery of a mid-level ridge situated over the central Atlantic,[4] Bertha briefly stopped intensifying as cloud tops associated with the system warmed; despite this, banding features remained well-defined. However, the intensification process began shortly thereafter as a burst of deep convection developed atop the cyclone's center. The system was located within an environment conducive for strengthening, although it was noted in the 5:00 p.m. AST (2100 UTC) forecast discussion that Bertha would soon be entering an area of cooler sea surface temperatures.[5] Continuing towards the west-northwest, the tropical storm remained consistent in its intensity through the overnight hours of July 4, characterized at the time with a new burst of convection developing atop Bertha's center. Early the following day, satellite imagery revealed a ragged appearance in association with Bertha as it passed over sea surface temperatures near 77 °F (25 °C), values below the threshold needed to sustain a tropical cyclone. However, over the following hours, satellite imagery revealed a slightly better organized Bertha as the system entered an area of warmer sea surface temperatures.
During the afternoon hours of July 6, a series of microwave imagery depicted Bertha's low-level circulation tilted to the southwest of its mid-level center. Additionally, an eye-like feature became apparent, an indication that Bertha was gathering strength. A deep ring of convection surrounded this eye feature, and upper-level outflow spread towards the west. The system continued to intensify over the following hours, and given Bertha's microwave imagery appearance on July 7, the NHC upgraded the system to Category 1 hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, the first of the season. At this time, the NHC predicted a peak intensity just below Category 2 hurricane status as an approaching trough produces high vertical wind shear began to impede on the system's development after 48 hours. Despite this, Bertha continued to intensify, and began a period of rapid intensification during the afternoon hours of July 7. During this time, Bertha intensified 50 mph (85 km/h) in a 15 hour period. At 5:00 p.m. AST (2100 UTC), Bertha reached its peak intensity as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 952 mbar (hPa; 28.11 inHg).
After reaching peak intensity, satellite imagery revealed a rapid degradation in Bertha's structure. The well-defined eye previously observed had become cloud-filled and ragged, and microwave imagery evidenced that the western portion of the eyewall had eroded. This rapid weakening was likely due to the hurricane encountering an area of higher wind shear, cooler sea surface temperatures, and dry air entrainment. The advisory issued at 1100 a.m. AST (1500 UTC) dropped Bertha's maximum sustained winds to 100 mph (155 km/h), although it was noted that this could be conservative. Further weakening occurred over the next 24 hours as Bertha encountered unfavorable conditions for strengthening. However, after a decrease in wind shear, Bertha intensified to attain Category 2 hurricane status on July 10. While performing a gradual northward turn, Bertha fluctuated in intensity for several days while maintaining hurricane intensity.
By July 13, Bertha had weakened to a tropical storm while located a few hundred miles to the southeast of Bermuda. Turning northward before dipping southeastward, Bertha remained a tropical storm until July 18, at which time it was upgraded to a hurricane once again. It remained at this intensity until unfavorable conditions led to subsequent weakening on July 20. Bertha weakened to a tropical storm and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly after. Its extratropical remnants persisted for the following 24 hours as they moved northeastward into the northern Atlantic, about midday between the island of Newfoundland and the Azores.
Preparations, impact, and records[edit]
Bertha near Bermuda on July 14
As a tropical storm, Bertha dropped rainfall over the southern Cape Verde islands. No damages or deaths were reported.[6]
On July 7, Bermuda residents began purchasing lamps, tarpaulins and flashlights in anticipation of Hurricane Bertha. In the sudden rush, some stores sold out of batteries.[7] Bermuda Public Safety Minister Senator David Burch called a meeting of the island's Emergency Measures Organisation for the night of July 9. He also urged residents to prepare "emergency supply kits" of flashlights and batteries, a first aid kit, nonperishable foods, water and disposable utensils.[8] On July 10 the Department of Parks placed high surf warning signs along the South Shore beaches as Bertha sent strong waves ahead of its path.[9] On July 11 at 11 am AST the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for the island,[10] and 24 hours later this was raised to a tropical storm warning.[11] On July 13, barricades were erected at all of the island's beaches, which were closed to swimming and watersports.[12]
All flights into and out of Bermuda were disrupted on July 14 as the storm made its final approach to the island. JetBlue and Delta Air Lines canceled their flights while American Airlines executed its flights to Miami and New York a day early, escaping before the tropical storm arrived. British Airways delayed its flight to the afternoon, hoping that the storm would have passed by the time its plane arrives.[12][13] Ferry service to St. Georges was canceled for the whole day,[12] and all other routes outside of Hamilton Harbour were canceled after their morning runs.[14] Some roads flooded, and tree branches were broken around the island. The wind downed power lines, causing scattered power outages, but engineers from the Bermuda Electric Light Company were reattaching cables immediately, even during the height of the storm.[14] Even as Bertha was passing to the east of the island and delivering tropical storm force winds, worries that it might re-strengthen to a hurricane before clearing the island prompted the government of Bermuda to issue a hurricane watch.[15] A total of 4.77 inches (121 mm) of rainfall fell at their international airport.[16]
The hurricane produced strong waves and rip currents along the East Coast of the United States, which caused three deaths along the coastline of New Jersey. On July 12, a 51-year old man died after suddenly losing consciousness during his rescue. On July 13, three men swam out to a buoy about 300 ft (91.4 m) off the coast of Wildwood Beach when they were overcome by the rough surf. One swimmer was found unconscious in the water and pronounced dead at the scene, the second was never found and presumed dead, and the third was rescued. During the event, a total of 57 people had to be rescued along the coast of New Jersey.[17] Three rip currents also caused 55 injuries throughout beaches in Delaware. The injuries ranged from minor scrapes to broken bones.[18] Four people were also injured in North Carolina, one of which nearly drowned as he had aspirated water shortly before a lifeguard rescued him. At least 60 people had to be rescued from the rough seas over a two day span.[19]
Hurricane Bertha holds the records for the longest-lived July Atlantic tropical cyclone at 17 days,[20] and the easternmost forming tropical storm, at 24.7°W.[21] The system is also the sixth strongest pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record and was the third strongest July storm on record, behind Dennis and Emily of 2005.[22] Additionally, Bertha was the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Basin since Ivan in 2004. The system produced 4.77 inches (121 mm) of rainfall on the island of Bermuda, making it the 10th wettest storm in recorded history at that location.[16]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Jamie R. Rhome (October 15, 2008). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Bertha (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved January 2, 2012.
2. ^ Eric S. Blake (July 3, 2008). "Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
3. ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 3, 2008). "Tropical Storm Bertha Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
4. ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 3, 2008). "Tropical Storm Bertha Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
5. ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 4, 2008). "Tropical Storm Bertha Discussion Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
6. ^ Rhome (2008). "Tropical Storm Bertha Public Advisory #4". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
7. ^ Staff Writer (2008-07-09). "No Title". Bermuda Sun. p. A1.
8. ^ Tim Smith (2008-07-09). "EMO meets today to discuss Hurricane Bertha". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
9. ^ Staff Writer (2008-07-11). "Bertha back to Category One". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
10. ^ Avila, Lixion. "Hurricane Bertha Forecast/Advisory Number 34". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
11. ^ Avila, Lixion. "Hurricane Bertha Forecast/Advisory Number 38". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
12. ^ a b c Amanda Dale (2008-07-14). "Bertha loses strength". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
13. ^ Don Burgess (2008-08-14). "Flights cancelled as storm buffets Bermuda". The Bermuda Sun. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
14. ^ a b Tim Hall (2008-07-14). "Causeway expected to remain open; buses to keep running". Bermuda Sun. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
15. ^ Tropical Storm BERTHA
17. ^ "NCDC Event Report: New Jersey Rip Currents". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
18. ^ "NCDC Event Report: Delaware Rip Currents". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
19. ^ "NCDC Event Report: North Carolina Rip Currents". National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
20. ^ Shapley, Dan (July 18, 2008). "Bertha Is Longest-Lived Tropical Storm in History". thedailygreen. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
21. ^ Jeff Masters (2008). "Tropical Storm Bertha forms—and sets a record". Wunderground. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
22. ^ Jeff Masters (2008). "Hurricane Bertha: 6th strongest early season hurricane on record". Wunderground. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
External links[edit]
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Incision and drainage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Incision and drainage and clinical lancing are minor surgical procedures to release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as from an abscess, boil, or infected paranasal sinus. It is performed by treating the area with an antiseptic, such as iodine-based solution, and then making a small incision to puncture the skin using a sterile instrument such as a sharp needle, a pointed scalpel or a lancet. This allows the pus fluid to escape by draining out through the incision.
Good medical practice for large abdominal abscesses requires insertion of a drainage tube, preceded by insertion of a PICC line to enable readiness of treatment for possible septic shock.
Incision and drainage is often abbreviated as "I&D" or "IND" by medical professionals.
Adjunct antibiotics[edit]
Uncomplicated cutaneous abscesses do not need antibiotics after successful drainage.[1][2][3]
In incisional abscesses[edit]
For incisional abscesses, it is recommended that incision and drainage is followed by covering the area with a thin layer of gauze followed by sterile dressing. The dressing should be changed and the wound irrigated with normal saline at least twice each day.[4] In addition, it is recommended to administer an antibiotic active against staphylococci and streptococci, preferably vancomycin when there is a risk of MRSA.[4] The wound can be allowed to close by secondary intention. Alternatively, if the infection is cleared and healthy granulation tissue is evident at the base of the wound, the edges of the incision may be reapproximated, such as by using butterfly stitches, staples or sutures.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Macfie J, Harvey J (1977). "The treatment of acute superficial abscesses: a prospective clinical trial". The British journal of surgery 64 (4): 264–6. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800640410. PMID 322789.
2. ^ Llera JL, Levy RC (1985). "Treatment of cutaneous abscess: a double-blind clinical study". Annals of Emergency Medicine 14 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(85)80727-7. PMID 3880635.
3. ^ Lee MC, Rios AM, Aten MF et al. (2004). "Management and outcome of children with skin and soft tissue abscesses caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23 (2): 123–7. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000109288.06912.21. PMID 14872177.
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Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Japanese Tulagi landing (1942))
Jump to: navigation, search
For the August 1942 Allied landings on Tulagi, see Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo.
Invasion of Tulagi
Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II
Japanese officers and petty officers of the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force that seized Tulagi in May 1942.
Date 3–4 May 1942
Location Tulagi and Gavutu Islands, Solomon Islands
Result Japanese forces occupied Tulagi and nearby islands
Allied forces including:
United Kingdom
United States
Empire of Japan
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom William Sydney Marchant (land)
United States Frank Jack Fletcher (naval)
Empire of Japan Isoroku Yamamoto
Empire of Japan Shigeyoshi Inoue
Empire of Japan Aritomo Goto
Empire of Japan Kiyohide Shima
1 aircraft carrier,
3 cruisers,
4 destroyers,
58 aircraft[1]
2 destroyers,
5 minesweepers,
2 minelayers,
1 transport ship,
2 subchasers,
6 aircraft,
400–500 troops[2][3][4]
Casualties and losses
4 aircraft destroyed[5][6][7][8] 1 destroyer,
3 minesweepers sunk,
2 minelayers,
1 destroyer damaged,
1 transport damaged,
5–6 aircraft destroyed,
87 killed[9][10]
Without the means to effectively resist the Japanese offensive in the Solomons, the British Resident Commissioner of the Solomon Islands protectorate and the few Australian troops assigned to defend Tulagi evacuated the island just before the Japanese forces arrived on 3 May. The next day, however, a U.S. aircraft carrier task force en route to resist the Japanese forces advancing on Port Moresby (later taking part in the Battle of the Coral Sea) struck the Japanese Tulagi landing force in an air attack, destroying or damaging several of the Japanese ships and aircraft involved in the landing operation. Nevertheless, the Japanese troops successfully occupied Tulagi and began the construction of a small naval base.
Over the next several months, the Japanese established a naval refueling, communications, and seaplane reconnaissance base on Tulagi and the nearby islets of Gavutu and Tanambogo, and in July 1942 began to build a large airfield on nearby Guadalcanal. The Japanese activities on Tulagi and Guadalcanal were observed by Allied reconnaissance aircraft, as well as by Australian coastwatcher personnel stationed in the area. Because these activities threatened the Allied supply and communication lines in the South Pacific, Allied forces counter-attacked with landings of their own on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942, initiating the critical Guadalcanal campaign and a series of combined arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces that, along with the New Guinea campaign, decided the course of the war in the South Pacific.
On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack crippled most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships and started a formal state of war between the two nations. In launching this war, Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the American fleet, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far-flung empire. Soon after, other nations—including the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand—joined the U.S. as Allies in the war against Japan. In the words of the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet "Secret Order Number One", dated 1 November 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to, "(eject) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, (and) to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence."[11] To support these goals, during the first few months of 1942 Japanese forces also attacked and took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam.[12]
Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue—commander of the Japanese 4th Fleet (also called the "South Seas Force") consisting of most of the naval units in the South Pacific area—advocated the seizing of Lae, Salamaua, and Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. Inoue believed that the capture and control of these locations would provide greater security for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. Japan's Naval General Staff endorsed Inoue's argument and began planning further operations, using these locations as supporting bases, to seize Nauru, Ocean Island, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa and thereby cut the supply lines between Australia and the U.S., with the goal of reducing or eliminating Australia as a threat to Japanese positions in the South Pacific.[13]
The Imperial Japanese Army supported the idea of taking Port Moresby and in April 1942, with the Japanese Navy, developed a plan for the attack that was titled "Operation Mo". The plan also included the seizure of Tulagi, a small island in the southern Solomon Islands, where a seaplane base would be set up for potential air operations against Allied territories and forces in the South Pacific. Although Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto—commander of the Combined Fleet—was concurrently planning an operation that he hoped would lure the U.S. Pacific Fleet into a decisive showdown in the central Pacific, he detached some of his large warships to support the Mo operation and placed Inoue in charge of the naval portion of the operation.[14]
The Pacific Ocean area in 1942. The red line illustrates the territory included, at that time, in the Empire of Japan. Guadalcanal and Tulagi are at the lower center of the map.
A large force consisting of two heavy aircraft carriers, one light aircraft carrier, a seaplane carrier, nine cruisers, and 13 destroyers—split into several elements—was to guard the Japanese Port Moresby invasion convoy as well as to engage any Allied naval warships that approached to contest the invasion. The Tulagi invasion force, consisting of the destroyers Kikuzuki and Yūzuki, minelayer/transports Okinoshima, and Kōei Maru, auxiliary minesweepers Wa #1, Wa #2, and transports Hagoromo Maru, Noshiro Maru #2, Tama Maru, and Azumasan Maru, subchasers Toshi Maru #3 and Tama Maru #8 and commanded by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima (flag on Okinoshima), departed from Rabaul on 30 April and headed towards the Solomon Islands. Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō provided air cover for the Tulagi invasion with his Covering Group of one light carrier (Shōhō), four cruisers, and one destroyer located just west of the central Solomons. A separate Cover Force (sometimes referred to as the Tulagi Support Group)—commanded by Rear Admiral Kuninori Marumo and consisting of two light cruisers, the seaplane tender Kamikawa Maru, and three gunboats—joined the Covering Group in supporting the Tulagi invasion. Once Tulagi was secured on 3 or 4 May, the Covering Group and Cover Force were to reposition to help cover the Port Moresby invasion.[1][2][15][16]
At the time, Tulagi was the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, which included all of the islands of the Solomons except Bougainville and Buka. William Sydney Marchant, the British Resident Commissioner of the Solomons and commander of the local defense forces—described by historian Walter Lord as a "bewildered elderly Englishman"—directed the evacuation of most of the white civilian residents to Australia in February 1942. Marchant was evacuated to Malaita the following month.[17]
The only Allied military forces at Tulagi were 24 commandos from the Australian Army's 2/1st Independent Company, under Captain A. L. Goode, and about 25 personnel from 11 Squadron RAAF, under F/O R. B. Peagam, operating a seaplane base on nearby Gavutu-Tanambogo with four PBY Catalina maritime patrol aircraft.[16][18] Three Allied coastwatchers were also located nearby, on Guadalcanal island. The task of the coastwatchers was to report on any enemy movements, or suspicious activity, that they observed in the vicinity of their stations. In the belief that it might prevent them being executed for espionage, all of the coastwatchers were commissioned as Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve officers, and they were directed by Lieutenant Commander Eric Feldt, who was located at Townsville in Australia.[19]
Map of Guadalcanal and Tulagi (circle) as the area appeared in 1942.
Throughout most of April, the Japanese conducted "desultory" bombing raids on Tulagi with aircraft based at Rabaul or nearby that caused little, if any, damage. The coastwatchers on Guadalcanal were usually able to radio advance warning to the Australian troops on Tulagi of the approaching Japanese aircraft, but the troops did not have large enough weaponry—three Vickers machine guns and one Bren light machine gun—to seriously challenge the Japanese bombers. On 25 April, Tulagi was bombed by eight Japanese aircraft. Similar raids occurred daily over the next week, with one raid on 1 May heavily damaging one of the Catalinas at Gavutu. The remaining Catalinas successfully evacuated that same day.[20]
Allied intelligence personnel had deciphered much of the Japanese Mo plans through radio intercepts at the Allied Fleet Radio Units (radio intelligence centers) in Melbourne, Australia and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.[21] Based on this intelligence, on 22 April, U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz—stationed at Pearl Harbor—directed Allied forces towards the Coral Sea area to interdict the Japanese Mo operation. On 27 April, the U.S. aircraft carrier USS Yorktown's Task Force 17 (TF 17), under the command of Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, sortied from Tonga and was joined by the U.S. carrier USS Lexington's TF 11 300 nmi (350 mi; 560 km) northwest of New Caledonia on 1 May. That same day, Fletcher detached TF 11 to refuel, expecting to rejoin with Lexington and her escorts on 4 May at a predetermined location in the Coral Sea.[22]
Landings and air attacks[edit]
Map of the Battle of the Coral Sea, 3–9 May 1942. The actions involving the Japanese landings and Yorktown 's airstrikes at Tulagi are in the upper right of the map.
On 2 May, coastwatcher Jack Read on Bougainville reported that a large force of Japanese ships, believed to be part of the Japanese Tulagi invasion force, had departed from the Buka area. Later that day, coastwatcher D. G. Kennedy on New Georgia island sighted and reported a large Japanese force of ships heading towards the southern Solomons.[23] Soon after, Goode and Peagam—anticipating that the Japanese would attack with overwhelming numbers—ordered the execution of a pre-planned evacuation operation and began the destruction and demolition of their equipment and facilities on Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo. The RAAF personnel and commandos embarked on two small ships early in the morning on 3 May to begin the trip to Vila, New Hebrides, just as Shima's ships entered Savo sound to begin their landings on Tulagi. The ship with the RAAF personnel spent the day with coastwatcher and protectorate district officer Martin Clemens at Aola on Guadalcanal and departed that night.[16][24]
Supporting the Japanese landings were seaplanes from Kamikawa Maru, temporarily based at Thousand Ships Bay at Santa Isabel Island.[25] About 400 Japanese naval troops—mainly from the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force—disembarked from the transport ship on barges and immediately began construction of facilities on Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo. Aircraft from Shōhō covered the landings until early afternoon, when Gotō's force turned toward Bougainville to refuel in preparation to support the landings at Port Moresby.[26] Once the Japanese troops were ashore, six seaplanes landed in Tulagi harbor as part of the establishment of the planned seaplane base there.[27]
At 17:00 on 3 May, Fletcher was notified that the Japanese Tulagi invasion force had been sighted the day before approaching the southern Solomons.[28] Unable to communicate with the Lexington task force because of the need to maintain radio silence, Yorktown 's task force proceeded independently toward Guadalcanal in order to be in position to launch airstrikes against the Japanese forces at Tulagi the next morning.[29][30]
Kōei Maru (center) is straddled by bombs while at anchor in Tulagi harbor during the attacks by Yorktown aircraft.
At 07:01 on 4 May, Yorktown launched a first strike consisting of 12 TBD Devastator torpedo bombers and 28 SBD Dauntless dive bombers from a position about 160 km (86 nmi; 99 mi) south of Guadalcanal. The aircraft began their attacks on Shima's ships anchored near Tulagi at 08:50, taking the Japanese ships by surprise and at anchor.[31] Okinoshima and the two destroyers were positioned to provide a protective barrier for Azumasan Maru and Kōei Maru which were busy unloading troops and materiel. The three minesweepers had just got underway to support the Port Moresby invasion and were still near Tulagi. Although the U.S. pilots from the first strike claimed many bomb and torpedo hits on the anchored ships, they actually only hit Okinoshima, causing minor damage, and Kikuzuki, causing major damage. Kikuzuki—with the assistance of one of the subchasers—was beached on Gavutu in an attempt to keep her from sinking. During this time, all of the other ships weighed anchor and attempted to escape from the harbor. One U.S. dive bomber destroyed a Japanese Mitsubishi F1M2 "Pete" floatplane that attempted to take off during the attack.[32][33]
Yorktown SBD-3 dive bombers return to their carrier after striking Japanese shipping in Tulagi harbor.
Yorktown 's second strike—utilizing the same aircraft—returned to Tulagi and began their attack at 12:10 on the Japanese ships, many of which were now at full steam and attempting to put distance between themselves and Tulagi harbor. The second strike hit and sank the minesweepers #1 and #2 and severely damaged Tama Maru northeast of Savo Island. Another Japanese seaplane was shot down by a U.S. dive bomber during the second strike. After four F4F-3/3A Wildcat fighters from Yorktown joined the strike, the fighters shot down two more Japanese floatplanes over Florida Island. The four U.S. fighters then strafed Yūzuki, killing her captain and nine others of her crew, and causing moderate damage to the ship. Two or three other Japanese floatplanes were damaged in Tulagi harbor and their crews were killed.[32][34][35][36]
A third, smaller strike from Yorktown arrived at 15:30 and caused moderate damage to Azumasan Maru and Okinoshima. One of the TBDs in the third strike became lost, ran out of fuel, and ditched in the ocean about 60 km (32 nmi; 37 mi) south of Guadalcanal. Two of the Wildcats from the second strike also ran out of fuel and crash landed on the southern coast of Guadalcanal. Fletcher sent the destroyers USS Hammann and Perkins to rescue the aircrews from the three aircraft. Hammann was able to recover both fighter pilots, but Perkins was unable to locate the TBD's crew. Both destroyers returned to Yorktown 's task force late that evening as the task force turned away from Guadalcanal toward the southeast in order to refuel and rendezvous with Lexington the next day.[37]
On 5 May, Kikuzuki slid off of the shore of Gavutu and sank in Tulagi harbor, a total loss (09°07′S 160°12′E / 9.117°S 160.200°E / -9.117; 160.200). Tama Maru foundered two days later. The other surviving, damaged Japanese ships were able to reach Rabaul and Kavieng for repairs. Hagoromo Maru and Noshiro Maru #2 joined the Port Moresby Invasion Group. On 10 May, as Okinoshima participated in the first Japanese attempt to take Ocean (Banaba) and Nauru Islands, titled Operation RY, she was sunk by the submarine USS S-42 off New Ireland (05°06′S 153°48′E / 5.100°S 153.800°E / -5.100; 153.800).[38][39] A total of 87 Japanese naval personnel died in the 4 May air attacks on Tulagi, and 36 of the landing troops were seriously injured.[10][32][36]
The lost Yorktown TBD aircrew reached Guadalcanal after drifting in the ocean for three days. A Roman Catholic missionary took them to Martin Clemens who arranged for a boat to take them to San Cristobal. From San Cristobal, another boat took them to the New Hebrides and from there they eventually rejoined U.S. forces.[40][41]
After striking Tulagi, Yorktown rejoined with Lexington, and the two carriers engaged the rest of the Japanese forces involved in the Mo operation from 6–8 May in the Battle of the Coral Sea. In the battle, Lexington was sunk and Yorktown was damaged. The Japanese suffered Shōhō sunk, a fleet carrier heavily damaged, and heavy losses to their carrier aircraft and aircrews. Fearing more damaging attacks from Allied land-based aircraft or warships and unable because of their aircraft losses to provide adequate air cover for their naval surface forces, the Japanese turned back from their planned assault on Port Moresby with the intention of trying again later. The next Japanese seaborne attempt to take Port Moresby, however, never happened, mainly because of their navy's defeat in June at the Battle of Midway. Instead, the Japanese decided to try to take Port Moresby in an ultimately unsuccessful overland attack along the Kokoda Track. The failure to take Port Moresby in May 1942 would have significant and far-reaching strategic implications, many of which involved the small Japanese naval base at Tulagi.[42]
The airfield at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal under construction by the Japanese in July 1942
Despite the damaging air attacks to their ships and landing forces, the Japanese proceeded with the construction of the naval seaplane base at Tulagi and Gavutu, receiving more shipments of troops and construction workers over the next several months. The base was soon operational with aircraft from the Yokohama Air Group which conducted air reconnaissance patrols throughout the surrounding area beginning on 6 May. On 27 May, the Japanese inspected the Lunga Point area on Guadalcanal as a possible location to build a large airfield. On 13 June, the Naval General Staff approved the construction of an airfield at that location and on 19 June, Admiral Inoue toured the site in anticipation of the airfield construction effort. The next day, Japanese troops began clearing the area of brush, and on 6 July, a 12-ship convoy delivered 2,000 Korean and Japanese construction workers plus 500 Japanese naval combat troops to conduct the airfield construction effort in earnest. The coastwatchers on Guadalcanal and Allied air reconnaissance observed the Japanese airfield construction efforts. Allied Catalinas and B-17s based at Port Moresby, Efate, Noumea, and Espiritu Santo frequently bombed the Japanese bases on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Gavutu over the next several months, but without causing significant damage. Several Japanese float fighters and one Allied bomber were destroyed in aerial combat during the missions.[43]
The Allies were greatly concerned about the Japanese airfield construction effort on Guadalcanal because, when completed, the aircraft operating from the airfield would be a significant threat to Allied operations between Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The two strategic victories for the Allies in the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway provided an opportunity to take the initiative and launch an offensive against the Japanese somewhere in the Pacific. An Allied plan to attack the southern Solomons was conceived by U.S. Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the southern Solomon Islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and to use them as starting points for a campaign. His goal was to neutralize or capture the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign, with the eventual goal of opening the way for the U.S. to retake the Philippines.[44] U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz—Allied commander-in chief for Pacific forces—created the South Pacific theater—with U.S. Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley in command—to direct the Allied offensive in the Solomons.[45]
The failure of the Japanese to take Port Moresby and their defeat at Midway had the effect of leaving their base at Tulagi without effective protection from other Japanese bases. Tulagi was four hours flying time from Rabaul, the nearest large Japanese base.[46] On 7 August 1942, 11,000 U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal and 3,000 U.S. Marines landed on Tulagi and nearby islands.[47] The Japanese troops on Tulagi and nearby islands were outnumbered and killed almost to the last man in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo while the U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal captured the airfield at Lunga Point without significant resistance.[48] Thus began the Guadalcanal campaign that resulted in a series of large, combined-arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces over the next six months which—along with the New Guinea campaign—would decide the fate of Japanese efforts to secure the southern frontier of their empire in the Pacific.
1. ^ a b Hackett,, "IJN Minelayer OKINOSHIMA: Tabular Record of Movement."
2. ^ a b D'Albas, Death of a Navy, p. 110.
3. ^ Hackett,
4. ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 58–60.
5. ^ Cressman, pp. 91–4.
6. ^ McCarthy, p. 80.
7. ^ Lundstrom, p. 149.
8. ^ Lord, pp. 10–1.
9. ^ Hackett,, "IJN Minelayer OKINOSHIMA: Tabular Record of Movement," and IJN Seaplane Tender KIYOKAWA MARU: Tabular Record of Movement." Aircraft losses included two to four F1M2 "Petes" and one or two E8N2 "Daves" from Kiyokawa Maru and Kamikawa Maru.
10. ^ a b Gill, Royal Australian Navy, p. 44.
11. ^ Parker, A Priceless Advantage, p. 3.
12. ^ Murray, War to be Won, pp. 169–195
13. ^ Parker, A Priceless Advantage, p. 5, and Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 21–22.
14. ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 57.
15. ^ Lord, p. 13; Jersey, pp. 58–60; Dull, pp. 122–124; Lundstrom, p. 143; Bullard, p. 56.
16. ^ a b c Gill, Royal Australian Navy, p. 42.
17. ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 13, Lord, Lonely Vigil, pp. 2–5, 9.
18. ^ McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area, p. 63, and Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 28.
19. ^ Lord, Lonely Vigil, pp. 6–7.
20. ^ McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area, p. 80, and Lord, Lonely Vigil, pp. 10–11, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 24. The first Japanese bomb raid on Tulagi took place on 22 January 1942 by one aircraft and occurred with increasing frequency and size over succeeding months. The damaged Catalina on 1 May was towed to Aola on Guadalcanal where Martin Clemens later destroyed it to keep it out of Japanese hands.
21. ^ Parker, A Priceless Advantage, p. 11.
22. ^ Cressman, pp. 83–86; Lundstrom, pp. 141–145.
23. ^ Feuer, Coastwatching in WWII, pp. 36–7. What Read probably saw were ships from either Goto's support force (Dull, p. 129 (map)) or Marumo's cover force (Lundstrom, p. 145).
24. ^ Lord, Lonely Vigil, pp. 12–3, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 60.
25. ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 48 and 426, Hackett, Aircraft from the seaplane tender Kiyokawa Maru, undergoing repair in Japan, were temporarily assigned to augment Kamikawa Maru 's complement of aircraft. The tender departed Santa Isabel on 5 May to support the Japanese Port Moresby invasion forces from the Deboyne Islands in the Louisiade Archipelago.
26. ^ Lord, p. 13, Jersey, pp. 58–60; Lundstrom, pp. 144–5. 3rd Kure troops involved numbered 398 and they were accompanied by an anti-aircraft detachment and some construction workers.
27. ^ AWM, Coral Sea
28. ^ Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 168; Dull, pp. 126–7; Jersey, p. 62; Cressman, p. 86; Gill, p. 43; Parker, p. 27; Millot, pp. 43–5; Lundstrom (2006), p. 145. Cressman states that Shima's force was sighted by Australia-based U.S. Army aircraft from Darwin, Glencurry, and Townsville (Cressman, p. 84), but Lundstrom says that the sighting was most likely by a coastwatcher in the Solomons.
29. ^ Jersey, p. 62, Cressman, p. 86, Gill, p. 43, Parker, p. 27, and Lundstrom, p. 145.
30. ^ Yorktown 's'task force included the U.S. heavy cruisers USS Astoria, Chester, and Portland, plus the U.S. destroyers USS Hammann, Anderson, Perkins, and Sims.
31. ^ Cressman, That Gallant Ship, p. 87.
32. ^ a b c Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 127.
33. ^ Cressman, p. 87–8, Lundstrom, p. 147, and Nevitt,, "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement."
34. ^ Cressman, pp. 89–91; Lundstrom, pp. 147–8.
35. ^ Hackett,, "IJN Seaplane Tender KIYOKAWA MARU: Tabular Record of Movement."
36. ^ a b Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 63.
37. ^ Cressman, pp. 91–4; Lundstrom, p. 148.
38. ^ Willmott, p. 85; Brown, pp. 62–63, Nevitt,, "IJN Kikuzuki: Tabular Record of Movement."
39. ^ Hackett,, "IJN Minelayer OKINOSHIMA: Tabular Record of Movement." The rest of the Japanese ships later turned back after receiving reports of U.S. carriers (USS Enterprise and Hornet) in the Ocean Island/Nauru area. Ocean Island and Nauru were later occupied by Japanese forces in August 1942.
40. ^ Cressman, That Gallant Ship, p. 92.
41. ^ Lord, Lonely Vigil, p. 16.
42. ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 17, 24–25.
43. ^ Frank, p. 31, Jersey, p. 98–112, Bullard, p. 121. The B-17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group (later called the 19th Bomb Group) and 11th Bomb Group. Japanese records indicate that two crewmen from a shotdown B-17 were captured by Japanese personnel from Gavutu on 5 August 1942 but, if so, the crewmen's fates are unknown.
44. ^ Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 12.
45. ^ Murray, War to be Won, pp. 199–200.
46. ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 17, 194–213.
47. ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 51, and Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 15.
48. ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 61–62, 79–81.
External links[edit]
Further reading[edit]
• Hoyt, Edwin P. (2003). Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. I Books. ISBN 0-7434-5835-4.
• Henry, Chris (2003). The Battle of the Coral Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-033-1.
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Japanese community of London
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
London includes a Japanese community.
Junko Sakai (酒井 順子 Sakai Junko),[1] author of Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora, stated that there is no particular location for the Japanese community in London, but that the families of Japanese "company men" have a tendency of living in North London and West London.[2] In 1991, according to The Economist, lower-ranked Japanese workers tended to live in Croydon. The newspaper stated that Japanese middle managers had a tendency to live in Ealing, Finchley, and Golders Green. The Economist added that bosses of the Japanese offices lived in Hampstead and St John's Wood.[3] Concentrations of Japanese residents support a greater density of Japanese restaurants and shops.[2]
The City of London has many Japanese insurance companies, banks, and security houses, and along with the Japanese businesses the City of London includes Japanese job agencies, interpretation and translation companies, and restaurants. Sakai states that the City of London is "perhaps" the "most important centre" of the London Japanese community.[2]
Oriental City, formerly Yaohan Plaza
The Yaohan Plaza in northwest London was originally an all-Japanese shopping centre planned in the early 1990s, when the Japanese economy was projected to expand.[4] The shopping centre opened in 1993 and included a Japanese supermarket.[2] The plaza had a busing scheme intended to take Japanese from various parts of London to the mall. The mall was sold to a Malaysian company in 1999, its name was changed to Oriental City, and it became a pan-East Asian "Oriental" mall.[4]
Sogo once operated an outlet on Piccadilly Circus but it closed in the wake of the recession in the Japanese business community and the Japanese economy.[2]
The Piccadilly Circus area includes Japanese bookstores, food shops, restaurants, and travel service offices. Some Regent Street English shops installed Japanese shop assistants in order to better assist Japanese customers.[2] In the early 1990s, London had eight Japanese food shops and over 60 Japanese restaurants.[3]
Sakai stated that most Japanese children in London attend either the Japanese School in London or local schools, and that the Japanese school, serves as one of the "geographical centres" of the London Japanese community.[2] The Japanese school was once located in Camden, which is now occupied by North Bridge House School,[5] in inner North London, but later moved to Acton.[4] The Japanese Saturday School in London (ロンドン補習授業校 Rondon Hoshū Jugyō Kō?), a Japanese supplementary school, is a part of the institution.[6]
In 2003 several state primary schools developed support programmes for Japanese children. Some Japanese students in London attending secondary school go to other international schools, including The American School in London. In 2003 Paul White, author of "The Japanese in London: From transience to settlement?", wrote that "even company movers do not necessarily put their children through the Japanese schooling system in London".[4]
Sakai noted in her book that some Japanese families sent their children to British boarding schools and, in the case of university students, to "Oxbridge" (University of Oxford and University of Cambridge), in order to, as stated by Sakai, "give their children the 'best' education in Britain."[7]
Yoyo (ようよう) Japanese Restaurant in Acton
Company welfare systems give employees houses described by Sakai as "comfortable", and Sakai stated that the Japanese company men and their families "enjoy luxurious lives compared to Japanese settlers".[2]
Japanese children often attend English lessons and wives of Japanese employees often do flower arranging. Companies pay double the salaries to employees sent abroad and provide housing, so there is a perception that their lives are more comfortable in London than back home.[8]
A Japanese Embassy is located in London.
The main organisation for the Japanese in London is the Japan Club.[8]
Notable residents[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "教員一覧" (Archive). Ferris University. Retrieved on 11 May 2015. "酒井順子 イギリス社会史"
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Sakai, Page unstated (PT67). "Although the Japanese have no precise geographical location for their community, they are connected with each other personally, and one of their geographical centres is the Japanese school in London, previously in North London and now in West Acton."
3. ^ a b "Britain: Japanese Spoken Here." The Economist. 14 September 1991. Volume 320, Issue 7724, p. 67. ISSN 00130613. CODEN ECSTA3. Accession number 00541106, 00898348. Available on ProQuest, Document ID 224204538. "Once here, they look for a location that reflects their position in the social pecking-order: Around London it is St John's Wood and Hampstead for bosses; Finchley, Golders Green and Ealing for middle managers; Croydon for lower ranks." and "London has more than 60 Japanese restaurants and eight Japanese food shops to stave off the torments of English food."
4. ^ a b c d White, p. 89.
5. ^ "Which School?" Truman & Knightley Educational Trust, 1989. p. D-66 (See search page). "THE JAPANESE SCHOOL I Gloucester Avenue, London, NWI Tel (01) 485 0700 Head H Fujino Type Co-educational Day 9-14 No of pupils 536 Fees On application NORTH BRIDGE HOUSE JUNIOR SCHOOL I Gloucester Avenue, London,"
7. ^ Sakai, pages unstated PT67-PT68
8. ^ a b Sakai, pages unstated PT68
Further reading[edit]
• Pernille Rudlin, The History of the Mitsubishi Corporation in London: 1915 to Present Day. Routledge, London, 2000.
External links[edit]
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Klaus Darga
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Klaus Darga, 1963
Klaus Viktor Darga (born 24 February 1934 in Berlin, Germany) is a German Grandmaster chess player.
In 1951 Darga became German Junior Champion after winning the national under-20 championship. He also proved his strength as a young chessplayer by sharing first place in the World Junior Championship of 1953, with Oscar Panno of Argentina. His best performance is held to be the 1967 Winnipeg tournament, where he also tied for first place with Bent Larsen of Denmark.
He was awarded the title of International Master in 1957, and Grandmaster in 1964. He played for Germany in ten Chess Olympiads between 1954 and 1978, and also served as coach of the German national chess team. He was second reserve for the World team in the 1970 Match of the Century between the Soviet Union and the rest of the world, but did not play any actual games in the match.
His favourite openings as White were the English Opening and the Ruy Lopez. As Black he often played the Sicilian Defence.
Notable chess games[edit]
'Post-Chess' Career[edit]
Klaus retired as a chess professional and became a computer programmer for IBM.
• Biographical information on German Wikipedia de:Klaus Darga
• Biographical information on Dutch Wikipedia nl:Klaus Darga
• Edward R. Brace (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, London: Hamlyn Publishing.
External links[edit]
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Klaus vom Bruch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Klaus vom Bruch (born 1952 in Cologne) is a German media artist who is considered a pioneer of German video art.
Vom Bruch studied conceptual art at the California Institute of the Arts with John Baldessari from 1975 to 1976, and philosophy at the University of Cologne from 1976 to 1980. With Ulrike Rosenbach and Marcel Odenbach he formed the art group ATV. An early video by vom Bruch, "Schleyerband," contains television clips from 1977 and 1978, with footage of the Red Army Faction.[1] From 1992 to 1998, he taught media art at the University of Arts in Karlsruhe (Hochschule für Gestaltung). Since 1999, he is a professor for media art at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich. In 2000, he was a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York.
Important exhibitions[edit]
1. ^ Gutmair, Ulrich (2005-01-29). "RAF-Ausstellung: Deutsche Terroristen". Netzeitung. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
2. ^ Brenson, Michael (1986-10-03). "Art: 'A Distanced View,' by Group from Europe". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
3. ^ "Bruch, Klaus, vom: Coventry War Requiem". Media Art Net. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
4. ^ "Video as a Medium Gains Legitimacy". Los Angeles Daily News. 1988-06-19.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lima, Peru)
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Square in Lima Peru 01.jpg
Flag of Lima
Official seal of Lima
Nickname(s): La ciudad de los reyes (The City of the KINGS), La gris (The gray one)
Lima Province and Lima within Peru
Lima Province and Lima within Peru
Country Peru
Region autonomous
Province Lima Province
Districts 43 districts
• Type Mayor–council government
• Mayor Luis Castañeda
• City 2,672.3 km2 (1,031.8 sq mi)
• Urban 800 km2 (300 sq mi)
• Metro 2,819.3 km2 (1,088.5 sq mi)
Population (2015)[2]
• City 8,852,000
• Density 3,300/km2 (8,600/sq mi)
• Metro 9,752,000
• Metro density 3,500/km2 (9,000/sq mi)
• Demonym Limean (Spanish: Limeño/a)
Time zone PET (UTC−5)
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12 of 1551, during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
In October 2013, Lima was chosen in a ceremony in Toronto to host the 2019 Pan American Games. It also hosted the 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference in December of that year.
Historically, the Flag of Lima has been known as the «Banner of Peru's Kings' City».[5] It's made from a golden color silk canvas and embroidery in the center is its coat of arms.[5]
Lima's anthem was heard for the first time on January 18, 2008, in a formal meeting with important politics such as Peruvian President Alan García, Lima's Mayor Luis Castañeda Lossio and other authorities. The people in charge of the anthem creation were Luis Enrique Tord (lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (music) and the record producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).[6]
Main article: History of Lima
Pachacamac was an important religious centre before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors
In the pre-Columbian era, the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several Amerindian groups under the Ychsma polity, which was incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 15th century.[7] In 1532, a group of Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his Empire. As the Spanish Crown had named Pizarro governor of the lands he conquered,[8] he chose the Rímac valley to found his capital on January 18, 1535 as Ciudad de los Reyes (City of the Kings).[9] In August 1536, rebel Inca troops led by Manco Inca besieged the city but were defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies.[10]
Lima gained prestige after being designated capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a Real Audiencia in 1543.[11] During the next century it flourished as the centre of an extensive trade network which integrated the Viceroyalty with the rest of the Americas, Europe and the Far East.[12] However, the city was not free from dangers; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean lead to the building of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687.[13] Also in this last year a powerful earthquake destroyed most of the city buildings;[14] the earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima as it coincided with a recession in trade and growing economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.[15]
In 1746, a powerful earthquake severely damaged Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco.[16] In the later half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas on public health and social control shaped the development of the city.[17] During this period, Lima was adversely affected by the Bourbon Reforms as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru.[18] The city's economic decline made its elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence.[19]
A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín landed south of Lima in 1820 but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land, Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa evacuated its capital on July 1821 to save the Royalist army.[20] Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order, the city council invited San Martín to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request.[21] However, the war was not over; in the next two years the city changed hands several times.
After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought urban development to a halt. This hiatus ended in the 1850s, when increased public and private revenues from guano exports led to a rapid development of the city.[22] The export-led expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, fostering social unrest.[23] During the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, Chilean troops occupied Lima, looting public museums, libraries and educational institutions.[24] At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population; sacking their properties and businesses.[25] After the war, the city underwent a process of renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s. During this period, the urban layout was modified by the construction of big avenues that crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns.[26]
On May 24, 1940,[27] an earthquake[28] destroyed most of the city, which at that time was mostly built of adobe and quincha. In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980.[29] At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic centre, Callao and Chorrillos; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway, and to the south.[30] The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as pueblos jóvenes.[31]
Lima as seen from the SPOT satellite
Lima at night from space
Lima's climate is in transition between mild and warm, despite being located in the tropics and in a desert, Lima's proximity to the cool waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much cooler than those expected for a tropical desert, and can be classified as a mild desert climate (Köppen: BWn). It is neither cold nor very hot. Temperatures rarely fall below 14 °C (57 °F) or rise above 29 °C (84 °F) throughout the entire year.[32] Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, from December through April; and winter from June through October. May and November are generally transition months, with the warm-to-cool weather transition being more dramatic.
Weather averages for the Jorge Chávez International Airport
Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings.[34] High humidity produces brief morning fog in the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally developing in May and persisting all the way into late November or even early December). Predominant onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 179.1 hours in January, exceptionally little for the latitude.[35] Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek for sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above 500 meters above sea level.
Climate data for Lima
Average high °C (°F) 25.8
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.5
Average low °C (°F) 19.1
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.9
Avg. relative humidity (%) 81.6 82.1 82.7 85.0 85.1 85.1 84.8 84.8 85.5 83.5 82.1 81.5 82.8
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[33]
Source #2: sunshine and humidity[35]
Main article: Demographics of Lima
Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts of Lima
With a municipal population of 8,852,000, and 9,752,000 for the metropolitan area and a population density of 3,008.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,793/sq mi) as of 2007,[37] Lima ranks as the 27th most populous 'agglomeration' in the world.[38] Its population features a complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Mestizos of mixed Amerindian and European (mostly Spanish and Italians) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. European Peruvians are the second largest group. Many are of Spanish, Italian or German descent; many others are of French, British, or Croatian descent.[39][40] The minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly Aymara and Quechua) and Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves. There are also numerous Jews of European descent and Middle Easterners. Asians make up a large number of the metropolitan population, especially of Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese descent, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lima has, by far, the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.[41]
The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built at the other side of the Rímac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% of the population, and whites made up around 38% of the population.[42] By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000.[43] In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000, and by 1927, this had doubled.[citation needed]
Children at an elementary school in Santiago de Surco.
In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population of Lima in its 49 districts was 9,752,000 people, including the Constitutional Province of Callao. The city of Lima (metropolitan area) represents around 29% of the population of Peru. Of the total population for the city, around 48.7% are men and 51.3% are women. The 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are often divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Constitutional Province of Callao, Lima Centro (Central Lima), and Lima Sur (South Lima). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Lima Este with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district San Juan de Lurigancho, which surpasses de 1 million people in population.[44]
In general, Lima is considered a “young” city. According to INEI, my mid 2014 the age distribution in Lima would be as follows: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59, and 10.6% above 60.[44]
There is also a high level of immigration to Lima from the rest of the regions in the country. In 2013, 3 million 480 thousand people reported to being immigrants from other regions in the country. This represents almost 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three regions from where people immigrate the most to Lima are Junin, Ancash, and Ayacucho. On the contrary only 390 thousand emigrated from Lima to other regions of the country.[44]
The annual population growth rate for Lima is 1.57%. Of the 43 districts in the metropolitan area of Lima, some are considerably more populous than others. For example, 6 districts in Lima surpass the 400,000 people mark (San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador, and Villa Maria del Triunfo), while the ones with the least amount of people have populations of less than 60,000 people (San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince, and Barranco).[44]
A household survey study published in 2005, shows a socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. The common distribution considers a monthly family income of 6000 Nuevos Soles or more for socioeconomic level A, 2000 to 6000 Nuevos Soles for level B, 840 to 2000 Nuevos Soles for level C, 420 to 1200 Nuevos Soles for level D, and up to 840 Nuevos Soles for level E. The distribution of socioeconomic level for households in Lima is: 18% level E, 32.3% level D, 31.7% level C, 14.6% level B, and 3.4% level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn up to 2000 Nuevos Soles monthly. Other salient differences between socioeconomic levels are levels of higher education, car ownership, size of the home, among other things.[45]
In Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of the population living in households in poverty is 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households that are unable to access a basic food basket and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transportation, health, etc. The level of poverty has decreased from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). The area in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty is Lima Sur (17.7%), followed by Lima Este (14.5%), and Lima Norte (14.1%), and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, meaning that they are unable to access a basic food basket.[44]
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America,[46] home to many national companies. It accounts for more than two thirds of Peru's industrial production[47] and most of its tertiary sector.
The Metropolitan area, with around 7000 factories,[48] spearheads the industrial development of the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce, cheap infrastructure and the well developed routes and highways in the city. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are also manufactured and/or processed in Lima.[48] The financial district is in San Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the area stretching west of downtown to the airport in Callao. Lima has the largest export industry in South America, and is a regional hub for the cargo industry.
The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 acres) and shipping 20.7 million metric tons of cargo in 2007.[50] The main export goods leaving the country through Callao are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.
As of 2003, Lima generates 53% of Peru's GDP.[51] Most foreign companies operating in Peru have settled in Lima.
In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in all of South America which was spearheaded by economic policies originating in Lima.[52] The Lima Stock Exchange grew 185.24% in 2006[53] and in 2007 grew 168.3%,[54] making it one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the most profitable in the world.[55] The unemployment rate in the metropolitan area is 7.2%.
National government[edit]
Lima City Hall building at night
Local government[edit]
Political system[edit]
Lima’s main square, c. 1843
Lima's architecture is characterized by a mix of styles. Examples of early colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Cathedral of Lima and the Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by the Spanish Baroque,[59] Spanish Neoclassicism,[60] and Spanish Colonial styles.[61] After independence, there was a gradual shift toward the neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles. Many of these constructions were greatly influenced by French architectural styles.[62] Many government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were contracted in this period. During the 1960s, constructions using the brutalist style began appearing in Lima due to the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado.[63] Examples of this architecture include the Museum of the Nation and the Ministry of Defense. The 21st century has seen the appearance of glass skyscrapers, particularly around the city's financial district.[64] There are new architectural and real estate projects.[65]
The largest parks of Lima are near the downtown area such as the Park of the Reserve, Park of the Exposition,[66] Campo de Marte, and the University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Magical Circuit of Water.[67] A number of large parks lie outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge, El Golf (San Isidro), Parque de las Leyendas (Lima Zoo), El Malecon de Miraflores, and the Golf Los Incas.[68]
Overview of the Historic Centre of Lima
Overview of the Historic Centre of Lima
Society and culture[edit]
Strongly influenced by European, Andean, African and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot of cultures due to colonization, immigration, and indigenous influences.[70] The Historic Centre of Lima was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
Main article: Museums in Lima
Main article: Tourism in Lima
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Historic Centre of Lima
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Square in Lima Peru 01.jpg
Type Cultural
Criteria iv
Reference 500
UNESCO region Latin America and the Caribbean
Inscription history
Inscription 1988 (12th Session)
Extensions 1991
The Historic Centre of Lima, made up of the districts of Lima and Rímac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988.[77] Some examples of colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral, Convent of Santo Domingo, the Palace of Torre Tagle, and much more.
A tour of the city's churches is a popular circuit among tourists. A trip through the central district goes through churches dating from as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, the most noteworthy of which are the Cathedral of Lima and the Monastery of San Francisco, said to be connected by their subterrestrial catacombs.[78] Both of these churches contain paintings, Sevilian tile, and sculpted wood furnishings.
Main article: Peruvian cuisine
Lima is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, Lima has incorporated dishes brought from the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese, and Japanese.[71] Besides international immigration there has been, since the second half of the 20th century, a strong internal flow from rural areas to cities, in particular to Lima.[82] This has influenced Lima's cuisine with the incorporation of the immigrant's ingredients and techniques (for example, the Chinese extensive use of rice or the Japanese approach to preparing raw fish). The genres of restaurants in Lima include Creole food, Chifas, Cebicherias, and Pollerias.[83]
Lima concentrates a large part of the population native from other regions in the country. In recent history, Lima has positioned itself among a culinary destination for travelers around the world. In many respects, Lima is considered the gastronomical capital of Latin America because its inherited traditions from pre-Hispanic and colonial cultures blended with Western and oriental cooking. In the last few years, not only have restaurants been recognized internationally, Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards around the world.[84]
In 2014, two restaurants from Lima were awarded within The World’s 50 Best Restaurants: Central was awarded #15 (chefs Virgilio Martinez and Pia Leon) and Astrid & Gaston awarded #18 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by famous chef Gaston Acurio). This award is one of the most prestigious in the world of culinary arts. A panel of 900 experts defines the winners.[85] In addition, Central was named #1 restaurant in the list of Latin America’s 50 Best Restaurants 2014. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, Lima is the second city with most awards (after Buenos Aires): Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #2, Maido #7, Malabar #11, La Mar #15, Fiesta #20, Rafael #27, and La Picanteria #31. All of these restaurants represent cooking with fusion from different regions of the country and even the world.[86]
In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of uniting the key actors in Peruvian gastronomy to put together activities that would promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, congregated chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers, and journalists. They also worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in food markets.[87] One of their first projects was to put together the largest food festival in Latin America to take place in Lima, called Mistura (“mixture” in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year since 2008 and the number of attendees has grown from 30,000 the first year to 600,000 in 2014. The entrance ticket cost is about $8.75 and small plates of food inside the fair cost about $5–6.[88] The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors, and cooking institutes from all over the country for ten days to celebrate the country’s excellent food and the variety of ingredients Peru is lucky to produce.[89]
Main article: Sport in Lima
Lima will host the 2019 Pan American Games.[90]
Club Sport League Venue
Peruvian Institute of Sport Various Various Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Alianza Lima Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alejandro Villanueva
Sporting Cristal Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alberto Gallardo
CD Universidad San Martín Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alberto Gallardo
Regatas Lima Various Various Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos
Real Club Lima Basketball, Volleyball Various San Isidro
Central Lima
2. Traditional area
3. Cono Norte
4. Cono Sur
5. Cono Este
6. Beach areas
7. Callao
The city of Lima has a total of 8,047 schools of elementary and high school, both public and private, which provide educational services to more than a million and a half students. There are more private schools than public (6,242 private and 1,805 public schools) and the average size of the private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. In contrast, public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.[95]
Lima is one of the cities in Peru with the highest level of educational coverage or enrollment in high school and early childhood schooling. These values represent the amount of children and youth enrolled in school compared to the total amount of school-aged children. The enrollment level in high school in Lima is 86.1%, while the national average is 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment level in Lima is 84.7%, while the national average is 74.5%. The enrollment in early childhood has improved in 12.1% since 2005. In elementary school, the enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.[96]
Besides enrollment, the dropout rate is represents the amount of students that do not complete the school level appropriate to their age. In general, the dropout rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for elementary school, which is higher. In Lima, the dropout rate in elementary is 1.3% and 5.7% in high school, while the national average is 1.2% in elementary and 8.3% in high school.[96]
In Peru, every year students in all schools (public and private) in second and fourth grade take a test called “Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes” (ECE). The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. The test results are presented in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond even the most simple questions on the test, level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but that they could respond the simple questions in the exam, and level 2 means they achieved the expected skill for their grade level. In 2012, in reading comprehension 48.7% of students in Lima achieved level 2, compared to 45.3% in 2011. In math, only 19.3% students were able to achieve level 2, 46.4% achieved level 1, and 34.2% achieved less than level 1. Even though the results for Math are even lower than for reading comprehension, in both subject areas students performed better in 2012 than in 2011. Compared to the rest of the country, the city of Lima performs much better than the national average in both reading comprehension and math.[97]
The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the “Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana”, which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or “UGEL” (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria, and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac, and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria, and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa, and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla, and Chaclacayo), and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco, and Chorrillos).[96]
With regards to higher education, 23% of men have completed university education in Lima, while 20% of women have done so. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education, and 17% of women have done so. The average years of schooling in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).[44]
Main article: Transport in Lima
For more details on this topic, see Highways in Peru.
The Port of Callao
Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the departments of Junín, Huancavelica, Pasco, and Huánuco.[99] Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica, and Cerro de Pasco. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of Huacho.[100]
According to a survey done in 2012, the majority of the population in Lima uses public or collective transportation (75.6%), while 12.3% uses an individual transport mechanism (such as own car, taxi or motorcycle).[96]
The urban transport system is composed of over 652 transit routes[55] which are served by buses, microbuses, and combis. The system is unorganized and is characterized by the lack of formality. The service is run by 464 private companies which are poorly regulated by the local government. Fares average one sol or US$0.40.
Metro train at Villa El Salvador station
The Metropolitan Transportation System or El Metropolitano is new integrated system for public transportation in Lima consisting in a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BST). The goal of this system of buses is to improve the quality of life of citizens by saving them time in their daily commutes, protecting the environment, providing improved security and quality of service. The Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima (Municipalidad de Lima) and financing from the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank. In contrast to other transit systems in Bogota, Curitiba or Mexico City, the Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate fueled with natural gas, seeking to contribute to reduce the contamination caused by transit in the city of Lima.[104] This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The first phase of this project has 33 kilometres (21 mi) of line from the north of the city to Chorrillos in the south of the city. It began commercial operations on July 28, 2010. Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises brand-new buses all over Avenida Arequipa.[105] By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted with 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes. That is, a total float of 423 buses in operation. In one weekday 437,148 people use the system. The amount of users has increased from 2011 in 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays, and 33.3% for Sundays.[96]
Other Transportation Issues[edit]
In addition, the city of Lima has high car and bus congestion or traffic on a daily basis, especially on peak hours. The amount of vehicles in the region of Lima by the end of 2012 was of 1 million 397 thousand (109,122 more than in 2011). This may be caused by the large amount of cars in the city: The region of Lima counts with 65.3% of the total amount of cars in the country.[96]
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) implemented a program with economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. The “recreational bike lanes” can be found in 39 districts in Lima. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half of people in Lima used the recreational bike lanes in 2012. The bike lanes added 71 km (44 mi) to the city for this particular use. They also estimate that the use of the bike lanes has prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.[96]
One district in Lima, San Borja, is the first one to implement a bike-share program in Lima called San Borja en Bici. It counts with 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro of Lima). By December 2012, the program had 2,776 people subscribed to the service.[106]
Urban challenges[edit]
Environmentally, the city of Lima suffers mostly from air pollution. The sedimentary dust has contaminant solid particles that are deposited as dust in different surfaces or float through the air. The dust with fine particles is the most dangerous given that they are able to penetrate the respiratory system. The recommended concentration of these particles by the World Health Organization is 5 tons/km2/month, although in February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. Two districts in Lima with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.[96][107]
The quality of water is also another environmental indicator. The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of SEDAPAL was 0.051 Iron, 0.0050 Lead, 0.0012 Cadmium, and 0.0810 Aluminum. These values show an increase of 15.9% and 33.3% in Iron and Cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in Lead and Aluminum. The values are within the healthy limits.[107]
Solid Waste
The amount of solid waste produced per capita in the city of Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 lb) per day. In 2012, each citizen in the city produced 273.36 kg (603 lb) of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest may reach informal landfills, rivers, or to the ocean. Further, only 3 municipalities in the city recycle 20% of their waste.[44]
Access to basic services[edit]
In the city of Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes count with sewage systems. With regards to electricity, 99.6% of homes count with this service. Although most of the households count with water and sewage systems, some count with the services for a few hours a day only.[96]
The perception of security varies much in the city of Lima depending on the district. For example, San Isidro is the district with the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac is the district with the highest perception of insecurity with 85%, according to a survey of victimization in 2012 elaborated by the NGO Ciudad Nuestra. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina, and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.[108]
Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been victim of a crime. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) is the age group with the highest victimization rate (47.9%).[44] In addition, in 2012, citizens mostly reported to being victims of theft (47.9%), theft in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. On the other hand, the “safest” districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena, and Surquillo. Interestingly, these districts don’t necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity in the city.[108]
While the Police is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of officials and resources that go to the local Serenazgos vary by district. The ratio of citizens per Serenazgo official in each district varies greatly. For example, in Villa Maria del Triunfo there are 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official. On the other hand, 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.[44]
The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%), and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%), and La Victoria (20%).[108]
International relations[edit]
Twin towns — Sister cities
Lima is twinned with:[109]
See also[edit]
5. ^ a b (ed.). "Ciudad de Lima". Retrieved February 11, 2015.
8. ^ Hemming, The conquest, p. 28.
9. ^ Klarén, Peru, p. 39.
10. ^ Hemming, The conquest, p. 203–206.
11. ^ Klarén, Peru, p. 87.
12. ^ Andrien, Crisis and decline, pp. 11–13.
13. ^ Higgings, Lima, p. 45.
14. ^ Andrien, Crisis and decline, p. 26.
15. ^ Andrien, Crisis and decline, p. 28.
16. ^ Walker, "The upper classes", pp. 53–55.
17. ^ Ramón, "The script", pp. 173–174.
20. ^ Anna, Fall of the royal government, pp. 176–177.
21. ^ Anna, Fall of the royal government, pp. 178–180.
22. ^ Klarén, Peru, p. 169.
23. ^ Klarén, Peru, p. 170.
24. ^ Higgings, Lima, p. 107.
25. ^ Klarén, Peru, p. 192.
26. ^ Ramón, "The script", pp. 180–182.
30. ^ Dietz, Poverty and problem-solving, p. 35.
31. ^ Dietz, Poverty and problem-solving, p. 36.
34. ^ "BBC Weather – Lima". BBC. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
42. ^ History of Lima. Lima Info.
44. ^ a b c d e f g h i
45. ^
46. ^ Infoplease. Lima. Retrieved on December 8, 2008.
47. ^ AttractionGuide. Lima Attractions. Retrieved on December 8, 2008.
51. ^ pág. 24
52. ^ CIA Factbook
59. ^ "Baroque Architecture". Retrieved 2009-07-08.
60. ^ [1][dead link]
75. ^ "Information about Peru". Retrieved 2009-07-08.
76. ^ "Lima Peru". Retrieved 2009-07-08.
84. ^ "Gastronom铆a en Lima".
85. ^ "1-50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants".
86. ^ "Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1-50".
88. ^
89. ^ Aunt Poison S.A.C. "".
97. ^ a b "Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes 2012 (ECE 2012)".
98. ^ "Great Circle Mapper". Retrieved 2009-07-08.
104. ^
105. ^
107. ^ a b
108. ^ a b c "Ciudad Nuestra - Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú".
116. ^ Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation[dead link]
Further reading[edit]
• Lima Monumento Histórico, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Matsubayashi-ryu)
Jump to: navigation, search
Official Logo
Matsubayashi-ryu (Shorin-ryu)
Date founded 1947
Country of origin Okinawa Prefecture Okinawa, Japan
Founder Osensei Shōshin Nagamine
Arts taught Karate, Kobudō
Ancestor schools Tomari-te, Shuri-te
Official website
Matsubayashi-ryū (松林流), is a style of Okinawan karate founded in 1947 by Shōshin Nagamine (1907–1997). Its curriculum includes 18 kata, seven two-man yakusoku kumite (prearranged sparring) routines, and kobudō (weapons) practice. Matsubayashi-ryu is one of the four main styles of karate on Okinawa today, and was one of the styles represented when the Okinawa Karate-do Federation was founded. It included the styles: Goju-ryu, Uechi-ryu, Shorin-ryu, and Matsubayashi-ryu.[1]
Sensei Nagamine named his style in honor of the two most important masters that his teachings were based upon, Sōkon Matsumura of Shuri-te[2] and Kosaku Matsumora of Tomari-te.[3] He chose to name the school using the first kanji characters from both master's names Matsu (松) and the style is pronounced in Japanese "Matsubayashi".
Shuri-te is divided into three styles, two are called Shorin-Ryu and a third is called Matsubayashi-Ryu.[4][5] Matsubayashi-Ryu is a style of Shorin-Ryu and the terms Matsubayashi-Ryu and Shorin-Ryu can be used interchangeably.[6] Normally, the style is referred to as Shorin-Ryu but when a definite distinction is required between the other styles of the Shorin-Ryu family (Kobayashi-Ryu, Shobayashi-Ryu and Matsumura Seito Hohan Sōken) then it is called Matsubayashi-Ryu.[7]
Shoshin Nagamine also credited Motobu Chōki as the teacher who inspired his seven Yakusoku kumite forms. Until his death in 2012, the official Matsubayashi-ryū organization was run by Shōshin Nagamine's son, Takayoshi Nagamine. However there are many schools teaching Matsubayashi-ryū that are separately affiliated with the Nagamine dojo. A new kata, Fukyugata San, was developed in 1960 by Ueshiro sensei and is performed in his association's schools, however it is not included in the general kata for Matsubayashi -ryu.
Matsubayashi-ryū is one of the better-documented traditional karate styles, owing to Nagamine's book, The Essence of Okinawan Karate-dō.[8] as well as Tales of Okinawa's Great Masters.[9]
After the death of Shoshin Nagamine in 1997, many of his senior students formed their own organisations to teach Matsubayashi-ryu. After Shoshin Nagamine the following people were the successors to this organisation:
• Takayoshi Nagamine (1992-2012), second generation headmaster (Soke)
• Yoshitaka Taira (2012-), Association President / Toshimitsu Arakaki (2012-), Association Vice-President
Kata are sets of moves in Karate and are considered the most important part of the Matsubayashi-ryu style.
These are the ranks as set out by the World Matsubayashi-ryu (Shorin-ryu) Karate-Do Association (WMKA) and the Kodokan Nagamine Karate Dojo (World Honbu).
• 8th Kyu - White Belt, one green stripe
• 7th Kyu - White Belt, two green stripes
• 6th Kyu - Green Belt, three white stripes
• 5th Kyu - Green Belt, two white stripes
• 4th Kyu - Green Belt, one white stripe
• 3rd Kyu - Brown Belt, three white stripes
• 2nd Kyu - Brown Belt, two white stripes
• 1st Kyu - Brown Belt, one white stripe
• 1st to 10th Dan - Black Belt
Shogo Titles
• Renshi (6th Dan) - Black Belt with one stripe
• Kyoshi (7th & 8th Dan) - Black Belt with two stripes
• Hanshi (9th & 10th Dan) - Black Black with three stripes
• Hanshisei (10th Dan) - Black Belt with four stripes
Major Organizations of Matsubayashi-ryu[edit]
After the passing of the Matsubayashi-ryu founder, Shoshin Nagamine, in 1997 all practitioners of Matsubayashi-ryu Karate-do were affiliated with the Nagamine Honbu Dojo and the Okinawan Matsubayashi-ryu Karate-do Federation. After the passing of Shoshin Nagamine, some students decided to form their own organisations. The Major organizations in the USA are the WSKF, the NAMKA and the World Matsubayashi-ryu (Shorin-ryu) Karate-Do Association (WMKA).
Well-known Matsubayashi-Ryu Practitioners[edit]
Ranks and honorifics have been excluded from the list for simplicity.
United States
• Frank Baehr - Student of Shoshin Nagamine
• Ricardo Fuchs Camani - Student of Shoshin Nagamine and Shigehide Akamine
• Ole-Björn Tuftedal - Student of Takayoshi Nagamine
1. ^ ^ Bishop, Mark. Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. ISBN 0-8048-3205-6, page 86.
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^ ^ Nagamine, Shoshin. Essence of Okinawan Karate-Do. Page 22.
5. ^ ^
7. ^ ^ Nagamine, Shoshin. Essence of Okinawan Karate-Do. Page 23.
8. ^ Nagamine, Shoshin. The Essence of Okinawan Karate-dō. ISBN 0-8048-2110-0.
9. ^ Nagamine, Shoshin. Tales of Okinawa's Great Masters. ISBN 0-8048-2089-9.
10. ^ ^
11. ^ ^
12. ^ ^
1. ^ Shoshin Nagamine. The Essence of Okinawan Karate-do. ISBN 0-8048-2110-0 chapter 1 pages 21–24
2. ^ Patrick McCarthy and Mike Lee. Classical Kata of Okinawan Karate ISBN 0-89750-113-6 Chapter 1 page 18
3. ^ Bishop, Mark. Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. ISBN 12
4. ^ The Directory of Okinawa Karate and kobudo
5. ^ The History of Japanese Karate. Masters of The Shorin-ryu. by Graham Noble with Ian McLaren and Prof. N. Karasawa Part Three:
6. ^ Master Funakoshi's Karate, The History and development of the Empty Hand Art Part 2. by Graham Noble
7. ^
8. ^
9. ^
10. ^
External links[edit]
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Mephisto Waltzes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the goth/death-rock band, see Mephisto Walz.
For the 1971 film, see Mephisto Waltz (film).
The Mephisto Waltzes are four waltzes composed by Franz Liszt in 1859-62, 1880–81, 1883 and 1885. Nos. 1 and 2 were composed for orchestra, and later arranged for piano, piano duet and two pianos, whereas 3 and 4 were written for piano only. Of the four, the first is the most popular and has been frequently performed in concert and recorded.[1]
Associated with the Mephisto Waltzes is the Mephisto Polka, which follows the same program as the other Mephisto works.
The Waltzes[edit]
No. 1, S.514[edit]
Excerpt from the beginning of the Mephisto Waltz No. 1.
Mephisto Waltz No. 1, Der Tanz in der Dorfschenke (The Dance in the Village Inn) is the second of two short works he wrote for orchestra. While the work preceding it, Midnight Procession ("Der nächtliche Zug"), is rarely given (though both works have been recorded together), the waltz has been a concert favorite, with its passion, sensuality and dramatics generating an emotional impact. James Huneker described the work's "langourous syncopated melody" as "one of the most voluptuous episodes outside of the Tristan score."[2]
Liszt intended to publish the Waltz simultaneously with the Night Procession: "...The publication of the two Lenau's Faust episodes... I entrust to Schuberth's own judgement; as to whether the piano version or the score appears first, makes no difference to me; the only important thing is that both pieces should appear simultaneously, the Night Procession as No.1 and the Mephisto Waltz as No.2. There is naturally no thematic relationship between the two pieces; but they are related nonetheless by all the contrasts of emotions. A Mephisto of this kind may only arise from such a poodle!..."[4] Liszt’s request was not fulfilled and the two episodes were published separately.
The waltz was conceived as both an orchestra and a piano work. Three versions, orchestral (S.110/2), piano duet (S.599/2) and piano solo, (S.514), all date more or less from the same period (1859–62). The piano duet version is a straightforward transcription of the orchestral version, while the solo piano version is an independent composition. Liszt dedicated the piece to Carl Tausig, his favourite pupil.[5]
The orchestral version also has an alternate, softer ending which, while not as rousing as the usual coda, some critics argue is closer to the intent of Lenau's tale.[citation needed] While this ending is not often heard in the concert hall, both Fritz Reiner and James Conlon have recorded it. He also provided two extra passages for the piano solo version. It is not known when Liszt wrote these extra passages, but it was a habit of his later years to make alterations while teaching his works to his pupils.[5]
No. 2, S.515[edit]
The Second Mephisto Waltz followed the first by some 20 years. Its composition took place between late 1880 and early 1881. Liszt wrote the orchestral version (S.111) first, then based both the piano solo (S.515) and four-hand (S.600) versions on it. The orchestral version was premiered in Budapest in 1881. After this performance Liszt extended the work and changed the ending radically. The printed music for all three versions is based on this revision and is dedicated to Camille Saint-Saëns.[6]
Harmonically, the Second Waltz anticipates Scriabin, Busoni and Bartók. Liszt begins and ends the work with an unresolved tritone, a musical interval famous as representing the devil in music, and the music overall is more violently expressive than both its predecessor and Camille Saint-Saëns' Danse macabre, which Liszt had transcribed a few years earlier.[7] The piece, for all its dissonance, remains firmly in E-flat until the B-F tritone shatters the work's climax at the piece's end.[5] This gesture leaves the work's ending unresolved harmonically.[8]
No. 3, S.215a and S.216[edit]
Composed in 1883, the Third Mephisto Waltz (S.216) takes the harmonic language even further, featuring chords built up by fourths with numerous passages of descending minor triads whose roots are a semitone apart. The chord on which these progressions are based, according to Alan Walker, "is difficult to explain in terms of traditional harmony. It is best regarded as a 'fourths' chord in its last inversion."[9] Tonally, the music is pulled between F-sharp major, D minor and D-sharp minor. As in its predecessors, the Third Waltz has the devil dancing in triple time while other groups of three move past so quickly that a larger rhythm of four is established, and triple time is abandoned altogether in the dreamlike passage near the work's conclusion.[5] Humphrey Searle, in his book The Music of Liszt, considers this piece to be one of Liszt's finest achievements.[10]
This waltz bore no dedication initially. After French pianist Marie Jaëll played the work for the composer (who asked her to repeat certain passages over and over again), he made extensive changes to the work and dedicated it to her. Saint-Saëns, Jaëll's composition teacher at the Paris Conservatoire (who also dedicated his first piano concerto to her), commented about her interpretation of Liszt's works that "only one person in the world [besides Liszt] who can play Liszt—Marie Jaëll."[11] Liszt made no orchestral version of the piece.[5] However, British composer and arranger Gordon Jacob orchestrated this along with other late works of Liszt for the Sadlers Wells ballet Apparitions, a project conceived by composer Constant Lambert.[7]
The first recording of this piece was by France Clidat in her traversal of Liszt's works for Decca.[12]
No. 4, S.216b[edit]
The Fourth Mephisto Waltz (S.696) remained unfinished and was not published until 1955. Liszt worked on the piece in 1885. Like the Second Waltz, the Fourth uses an introduction and coda which do not stick to the basic key. While the work is mainly in D, it begins and ends on C-sharp. This, writes noted Australian Liszt scholar and pianist Leslie Howard,[13] was an encouragement while working on his performing version to refer to the main material in the slow Andantino and to recapitulate a portion of the fast Allegro before Liszt's coda.[14] Some critics do not consider this waltz as original as its predecessors and surmise that, had Liszt lived to complete it, he might have made considerable improvements.[15] No orchestral version of this Waltz was made by Liszt.
Despite its being unfinished, this waltz is still considered playable.[15] It is usually performed in a version (S.216b) combining the completed fast outer sections, omitting the incomplete slow middle section. Howard made a performing version of this Waltz in 1978 which utilizes a middle section assembled from Liszt's manuscript sources, completed in line with the composer's late style and with a minimum number of added notes from Howard. A recording of this completion is available on Hyperion's "complete piano music of Liszt"-series, while the sheet music, dedicated to Alfred Brendel, has been published by Basil Ramsey,[16] and once again in 1988 by Orpheus Publications. However, the first recording of a version of this piece was by France Clidat in her traversal of Liszt's works for Decca.[12]
Bagatelle ohne Tonart[edit]
The Bagatelle sans tonalité (Bagatelle without tonality; also Bagatelle ohne Tonart) is sometimes included with Liszt's Mephisto Waltzes. The manuscript bears the title "Fourth Mephisto Waltz"[17] and may have been intended to replace the Fourth Mephisto Waltz when it appeared Liszt might not be able to finish it.[18] Critics point out the similarity in tonal center between these two pieces (D major) as confirmation of their composition shortly after one other in 1885 as well as Liszt's initial intent with the Bagatelle.[19]
The pieces are referenced as the title of the 1969 novel, The Mephisto Waltz by American author and Juilliard-trained pianist Fred Mustard Stewart. Composer Jerry Goldsmith also incorporated the pieces into his score for 1971 film of the same name based on Stewart's novel.
Performed by Kristian Cvetković
Problems playing this file? See media help.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Hamilton, 80.
2. ^ Ewen, 519.
3. ^ Quoted in Ewen, 519-20.
4. ^ From a letter of Liszt to Fr. Brendel, Rome, 29 August 1862.
5. ^ a b c d e Howard, Waltzes, 3.
6. ^ Franz Liszt's music manuscripts in the national Széchényi Library, Budapest. By Mária P. Eckhardt, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [1]
7. ^ a b Searle, "Final," 70.
8. ^ Searle, New Grove, 14:783.
9. ^ Walker, The Final Years, 450-451.
10. ^ Searle, Music, 114-15.
11. ^ A Study of Franz Liszt's Concepts of Changing Tonality as Exemplified in Selected "Mephisto" Works. By Jung-Ah Kim [2]
12. ^ a b Liner notes to the France Clidat recordings.
13. ^ Howard recorded all of Liszt's solo piano pieces (over 95 CDs) and has written extensively on Liszt's work.
14. ^ Howard, Waltzes, 4.
15. ^ a b Searle, "Final," 71.
16. ^ Howard, 1.
17. ^ Howard, Waltzes, 1, 3.
18. ^ Baker, 116.
19. ^ Baker, 118-9.
• ed. Ewen, David, The Complete Book of Classical Music (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-11033
• Hamilton, Kenneth, "Early and Weimar piano works"
• Searle, Humphrey, The Music of Liszt, Second Revised Edition (New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1966). Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 66-27581.
External links[edit]
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N. Chandrababu Naidu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Honourable
Nara Chandrababu Naidu
నారా చంద్రబాబు నాయుడు
N. Chandrababu Naidu.jpg
Naidu in 2007
13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
Assumed office
8 June 2014
Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan
Preceded by N. Kiran Kumar Reddy
In office
1 September 1995 – 13 May 2004
Governor Krishan Kant
G. Ramanujam
C. Rangarajan
Surjit Singh Barnala
Preceded by Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
Succeeded by Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
Constituency Kuppam, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh
Personal details
Born (1950-04-20) 20 April 1950 (age 65)
Naravari Palle, Chandragiri, Madras State, India
(now in Andhra Pradesh, India)
Political party Telugu Desam Party
Spouse(s) Nara Bhuvaneshwari
Children Nara Lokesh
Residence Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Alma mater Sri Venkateswara University
Religion Hinduism
Website Government Site
Official Site
Nara Chandrababu Naidu (born 20 April 1950) is an Indian politician and the President of Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh. He is currently serving his second non-consecutive term as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.[1][2][3][4]
Naidu became the state's youngest assembly member and youngest minister at 28, and served the longest term as Chief Minister of the state from 1995 to 2004. He unleashed a series of reforms after taking over the reins of state. Naidu emphasised the use of information technology (IT) and was instrumental in making Hyderabad one of the IT hubs in India which earned praise from global leaders and media for his public policies and approach to governance.[5][6]
The 2004 election defeat for Naidu was primarily attributed to not enough focus on agriculture by his administration. The severe drought and increasing debt had driven hundreds of farmers in the state to commit suicide. Naidu was perceived to ignore the large rural population with his policies, which created a negative image for him.[7] He subsequently lost 2009 Assembly elections and became the longest serving Leader of opposition since 2004. Naidu has also been criticized for his frequent change of mind in regards to the support of the Andhra Pradesh Bifurcation.[8] After the 2014 local assembly elections, Naidu was re-elected as Chief Minister.
He has won a number of awards, including IT Indian of the Millennium from India Today, Business Person of the Year by The Economic Times, South Asian of the Year from Time Asia and membership in the World Economic Forum's Dream Cabinet.[9][10][11][12] Naidu chaired the National IT Panel under the NDA government and was described as one of the "hidden seven", working wonders around the world, by Profit (Oracle Corporation's monthly magazine).[13][14]
Early life and education[edit]
Naidu was born on 20 April 1950 at Naravari Palle, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh in an agricultural family.[15][16] His father, N. Kharjura Naidu, worked in agriculture and his mother Amanamma was a housewife.[17] Since his village had no school, Naidu attended primary school in Seshapuram until class five and the Chandragiri Government High School until class nine.[18] He went to Tirupati for his higher education, studying there from class 10 until he received his master's degree. Naidu completed his BA degree in 1972 before enrolling in an MA program in economics at S. V. College of Arts. In 1974, he began work towards a PhD under D. L. Narayana (Andhra Pradesh Finance Commission chairman), researching the economic ideas of N. G. Ranga. Naidu did not complete his PhD, instead becoming involved in politics.[18][19][20] Chandrababu Naidu was also offered honorary professorship by prestigious top-ranked US business school - the Kellogg School of Management in year 2000.[21]
Early political career[edit]
Naidu was drawn to politics at an early age, and joined Youth Congress as a student leader in Chandragiri, near Tirupati. After emergency was imposed on the country in 1975, he became close to Sanjay Gandhi.[18]
Legislative career, 1978–1983[edit]
Naidu received an Indian National Congress (INC) nomination in 1978 under the 20-percent quota for youth to run for the office of the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) in Chandragiri constituency. He won, and was appointed as technical education and cinematography minister in T .Anjaiah's government at the age of 28.[22] He was the youngest minister in the Congress cabinet.[23]
As the cinematography minister, Mr Naidu came in contact with N. T. Rama Rao, popularly known as NTR, a popular film star in Telugu cinema. In 1980, he married Bhuvaneswari, NTR's second daughter.[24]
Telugu Desam Party[edit]
In 1982, NTR formed the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and swept the assembly polls held in 1983. Mr Naidu, who was then still in the INC, was defeated by a TDP candidate in Chandragiri. He joined the TDP soon after.[24]
Rise in the party[edit]
Mr Naidu got the chance to show his political skills in August 1984, when Nadendla Bhaskara Rao staged a coup against NTR. He rallied the TDP MLAs together, and paraded them before the President of India. NTR was reinstated as the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh 31 days later. Impressed with his son-in-law's manoeuvres, NTR appointed Naidu general secretary of the party and he began playing an important role in the TDP after Rao's coup attempt.[24]
Legislative career, 1989–1994[edit]
In the 1989 assembly election, Chandrababu Naidu contested from Kuppam and won by 5,000 votes.[25] INC however had regained power in the election so Naidu had to sit in the Opposition.[26] He served as coordinator of the Telugu Desam Party, in which capacity he effectively handled the party's role of main opposition in the assembly which won him wide appreciation from both the party and the public. His role during this phase both inside the Legislative Assembly and outside was a critical factor for the subsequent success of the party at the hustings.[25]
Palace coup[edit]
In 1994 the TDP regained power following an anti-Congress wave triggered by anti-liquor, anti-incumbency factions, and he was re-elected to the Assembly from Kuppam Assembly constituency with a majority of 57,000 votes and held the important portfolios of Revenue and Finance. During this tenure, Mr. Naidu systematically introduced transparency in Government, thus breaking the tradition of inordinate secrecy in the Finance department.[25] However, in August 1995, Naidu staged a coup against NTR, in an apparent attempt to oust NTR's second wife, Lakshmi Parvathi.[25]
As Chief Minister (1995–2004)[edit]
Dark-haired man giving gifts to grey-haired man
Naidu greets Bill Clinton in 2000
As chief minister, Naidu advocated short-term sacrifice to turn Andhra Pradesh into an Asian tiger over the next 20 years.[27] He slashed food subsidies (among other things), and raised power tariffs.[28] Both Bill Clinton (President of the United States at the time) and Tony Blair (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time) visited Hyderabad and met with Naidu whilst he was chief minister.[10]
Aparisim Ghosh of the American news magazine, Time commented, "In just five years, he has turned an impoverished, rural backwater place into India's new information-technology hub",[9] and the magazine named him South Asian of the Year.[29]
Vision 2020[edit]
Naidu produced a vision statement, "Vision 2020", with US consultants McKinsey & Company[10] which proposed:
• Universal, low-cost education and healthcare
• Rural employment
• Replacement of small investors with large corporations
Middle-aged man listening to two younger men
Naidu in discussion with students as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh
1999 election victory[edit]
The Telugu Desam Party, led by Naidu, won a majority in the state legislature: 185 of 294 seats in the Assembly and 29 of 42 in the 1999 general election, making it the second-largest party in the BJP-led NDA coalition government.[citation needed]
Hyderabad development[edit]
Naidu as discussed his plan to develop the state of Andhra Pradesh by making the major cities showpieces for foreign investment especially in "key sectors such as information technology, biotechnology, healthcare and various outsourcing services".[30] He coined the slogan "Bye-bye Bangalore, hello Hyderabad" to further this aim.[9] Microsoft Corporation has established a software-development centre in Hyderabad, the second such centre outside Seattle. Naidu encouraged other global IT companies (IBM, Dell, Deloitte, Computer Associates and Oracle) to move to Hyderabad, making presentations to global CEOs convincing them to invest in his state.[11][31]
Large round building, with cross-hatched superstructure
Hi-Tech City, the crown jewel of Naidu, in Hyderabad
2003 assassination attempt[edit]
On 1 October 2003 Naidu survived a land-mine blast, escaping with a fractured left collarbone and hairline fractures of two right ribs. The blast occurred about 16:00 IST when Naidu was travelling in a convoy to the Lord Venkateswara temple in the Tirumala hills for the annual Brahmotsavam festival.[32] State Information Technology Minister B. Gopalakrishna Reddy, Telugu Desam legislator and Ch. Krishnamurthy and driver Srinivasa Raju were also injured. Telugu Desam legislator Dr.R. Rajasekhar Reddy was seriously injured.
2004 election defeat[edit]
The Telugu Desam Party (led by Naidu) failed to retain power after two successive wins, winning 47 of 294 seats in the state assembly and five of 42 in the Lok Sabha. While many of his ministers lost, Naidu won decisively in Kuppam.[33]
According to Naidu, the 2004 election loss was primarily due to a severe drought and anti-incumbency sentiment. He was seen to have ignored the large rural population with his policies, failing to reach poor voters. Years of drought and increasing debt had increased the suicide rate among the rural population.[34][35]
Naidu with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014.
2014 Elections Victory[edit]
The Telugu Desam Party (led by Naidu) returned to power, in the state of Andhra Pradesh winning 102 seats out of 175 seats.[36] Chandrababu Naidu allied with BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi and the leader of Jana Sena party Pawan Kalyan during these elections. Naidu led TDP to an outright majority in the state of Andhra Pradesh, but lost to TRS in the region of Telangana which had earlier become the newest state of India on 2 June as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.[37] Chandrababu Naidu took oath as the first Chief Minister of the residuary state of Andhra Pradesh at mangalgiri in the grounds of Acharya Nagarjuna University near Guntur.[38]
Personal life[edit]
Naidu is married to N.T. Rama Rao's second daughter, Bhuvaneswari.[39] The couple have a son, Lokesh, who is married to Brahmani (eldest daughter of Nandamuri Balakrishna, N.T. Rama Rao's son).[40]
• At 28, the state's youngest assembly member and minister[22]
• Longest serving Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh before the formation of the new Indian State Telangana.
• First Chief Minister of the newly formed state of Andhra Pradesh from 8 June 2014.
• Longest-serving opposition leader of opposition in the Andhra Pradesh assembly[41]
• Voted IT Indian of the Millennium in a poll by India Today and 20:20 Media[42]
Heritage foods[edit]
Naidu's wife Bhuvaneswari owns Heritage Foods a dairy and food industry. The Congress party alleged that the company was expanded by allegedly discouraging the public sector company Chittor Dairy and ultimately leading to its closure.[43]
Assets case[edit]
In November 2011, the Andhra Pradesh High Court ordered an investigation of Naidu, petitioned by Y. S. Vijayamma (Ex-MLA and wife of Late Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, who sought an inquiry into Naidu's alleged disproportionate assets). The petition accused Naidu of doling out favours to corporations and amassing undue wealth.[43][44][45]
Naidu fought to halt the investigation, challenging the high-court order before the Supreme Court; the latter refused to intervene, asking the petitioners to approach the high court for an interim order. Naidu, Ramoji Rao and others filed a vacation petition in the high court against the Central Bank of India probe. Reliance Industries impleaded in the case, and Chief Justice Madan Lokur recused himself because he owned Reliance stock. Counsel for Reliance expressed concern that the case might damage the company and its investors; allegations levelled by the petitioner against Naidu pertained to decisions about Reliance investment in the Krishna Godavari Basin and alleged kickbacks received by Naidu received through Reliance investment in Ushodaya Enterprises. On 13 December 2011 the Andhra Pradesh high court, in an interim order, stayed the investigation;[46] on 16 February 2012 the court dismissed the petition, ruling that it did not meet the parameters of public-interest litigation.[43]
1. ^ "TDP to elect N Chandrababu Naidu as legislature party leader on June 4" – Economic Times. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (31 May 2014). Retrieved on 7 June 2014.
2. ^ Chandrababu Naidu invites PM Modi to his swearing-in ceremony – IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com (31 May 2014). Retrieved on 7 June 2014.
3. ^ "TDP chief Chandrababu to take oath as Andhra CM on June 8" : Andhra Pradesh, News – India Today. Indiatoday.intoday.in (28 May 2014). Retrieved on 7 June 2014.
4. ^ Naidu to take oath at Mangalagiri. The Hindu (2 June 2014). Retrieved on 7 June 2014.
5. ^ "Chandrababu Naidu — Will 2014 mark the return of Andhra's 'tech-tonic' leader?". Zeenews. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
6. ^ "Naidu darling of the West: NYT". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 January 2003.
7. ^ "Verdict 2004". Frontline.
8. ^ "N Chandrababu Naidu". Deccan Herald.
9. ^ a b c Ghosh, Aparisim (31 December 1999). "South Asian of the Year: Chandrababu Naidu". TIME Asia. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
10. ^ a b c This Is What We Paid For. www.outlookindia.com (20 May 2004). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
11. ^ a b Naidu, India's leading reformer. Ia.rediff.com (12 May 2004). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
12. ^ With Naidu, Blair and Clinton have also been voted out -DAWN; 19 May 2004. Archives.dawn.com (19 May 2004). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
13. ^ IT giant bowled over by Naidu. The Hindu (6 September 2001). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
14. ^ Chandrababu Naidu Haunts Bangalore Yet Again The Economic Times[dead link]. Cscsarchive.org:8081 (26 May 1998). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
15. ^ Devesh Kumar. "Chandrababu Naidu: back in the reckoning, with some help from Narendra Modi". NDTV. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
16. ^ Economic times. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (5 March 2004). Retrieved on 7 June 2014.
17. ^ "'No CM has worked as hard as Naidu'". Rediff.
18. ^ a b c Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Election Profile/Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu. Rediff.com (23 September 1999). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
19. ^ Chandrababu Naidu biography at the Wayback Machine (archived 14 July 2011). newsofap.com
20. ^ Chandra Babu Naidu. Telugudesam. Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
21. ^ [1][dead link]
22. ^ a b A High-Tech Fix for One Corner of India – Page 4 – New York Times. Nytimes.com (27 December 2002). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
23. ^ "N. Chandrababu Naidu Profile". Times of India.
24. ^ a b c "Chandrababu Naidu: back in the reckoning, with some help from Narendra Modi". NDTV. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
25. ^ a b c d "Chandrababu Naidu". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 April 2004.
26. ^ "Chandrababu Naidu: A desperate fight for survival in a divided state". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
27. ^ Manor, James. (7 January 1998) A Coming Asian Tiger in India?. NYTimes.com. Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
28. ^ South Asia | Surprise performance in Andhra Pradesh. BBC News (7 October 1999). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
29. ^ Andhra's Vote Is a Test for Reform. TIME (13 September 1999). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
30. ^ 'Defeat has been an eye-opener'. Rediff.com (11 November 2004). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
31. ^ Soutik Biswas Reinventing Chief Ministership. www.outlookindia.com (7 September 1998). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
32. ^ A blast and its shock. Hindu.com. Retrieved on 24 August 2010.
33. ^ "Naidu wins by a Huge Margin". Rediff. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2004.
34. ^ South Asia | Defeat for India coalition ally. BBC News (11 May 2004). Retrieved on 16 January 2012.
35. ^ Sainath, P. "The globalisation of inequality". India-seminar.com. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
36. ^ "Election results 2014: Chandrababu Naidu’s TDP sweeps Andhra with 102 seats out of 175". deccan-journal.com.
37. ^ "Election Results 2014: TDP wins big in Andhra and TRS wins in Telangana". deccan-journal.com.
38. ^ "Chandrababu Naidu to be sworn in as Residuary Andhra Pradesh State's First CM on June 8". deccan-journal.com.
39. ^ Mariet, Shanthie. "Nara Chandrababu Naidu | biography - Indian politician". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
40. ^ "Family first, always: Andhra Pradesh CM's son Nara Lokesh". Deccanchronicle.com. 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
41. ^ Chandrababu's chance to equal ND Tiwari's record. timesofap.com. 31 July 2013
42. ^ "Naidu voted IT Indian of the millennium". The Indian Express. 10 January 2000. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
43. ^ a b c "Furore in Assembly over moves to close down Chittoor Dairy". The Hindu. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
44. ^ "High Court orders probe against Chandrababu Naidu". Hindu. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
45. ^ Petition against Naidu threatens to expose the former CM – Rediff.com News. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 8 May 2012.
46. ^ "HC stays CBI probe into Chandrababu Naidu's assets case". Rediff. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
External links[edit]
Preceded by
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
Succeeded by
Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy
Preceded by
President's rule
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
2014 – present
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Naomi Rivera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Naomi Rivera was a United States politician of the Democratic Party who represented District 80 in the New York State Assembly from 2004 to 2012. Her district encompassed Morris Park, Bronx Park East, Pelham Gardens, and Norwood, among other communities located in the Bronx.
An assemblywoman since January 2005, she previously served as Director of Special Events for the Bronx Borough President's office and Deputy Chief Clerk of the Bronx Board of Elections. On September 13, 2012, Naomi Rivera lost to Mark Gjonaj in the Democrat primary race.[1] Prior to the primary election, Rivera was investigated by four governmental regulatory agencies on corruption charges.[2]
She is the daughter of New York Assemblyman Jose Rivera and sister of New York City Councilman Joel Rivera.
1. ^ King, David (November 5, 2012). "Guide For The Last Minute Voter: General Election 2012". Gotham Gazette. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
2. ^ Kratz, Alex (September 20, 2012). "Naomi Rivera Defeated Soundly in Assembly Primary By Hard-Working Challenger". Bronx News. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
External links[edit]
New York Assembly
Preceded by
Jeffrey Klein
New York State Assembly, 80th District
Succeeded by
Mark Gjonaj
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Neal Blewett
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Honourable
Neal Blewett
Neal Blewett.jpg
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Bonython
In office
10 December 1977 – 11 February 1994
Preceded by Martin Nicholls
Succeeded by Martyn Evans
Personal details
Born (1933-10-24) 24 October 1933 (age 81)
Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
Political party Australian Labor Party
Spouse(s) Jill Blewett (m.1962-d.1988)
Domestic partner Robert Brain (1989-present)
Alma mater University of Tasmania
Jesus College, Oxford
Occupation Academic
Neal Blewett, AC (born 24 October 1933), Australian politician, was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives representing the Division of Bonython, South Australia from 1977 to 1994.
Education and academic career[edit]
Born in Launceston, Tasmania, Blewett was educated at Launceston High School and the University of Tasmania, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours and a Diploma of Education. Blewett received a Rhodes Scholarship and studied PPE at Jesus College, Oxford between 1957 and 1959 for a further BA (later converted to a Master of Arts).[1] He also obtained a DPhil in political science. In 1974, he was appointed professor of politics at Flinders University in South Australia, until 1977 when he ran for parliament. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Tasmania in 1998.
Political career[edit]
When Labor under Bob Hawke won government in the 1983 election, Blewett was made Minister for Health. In 1987, with the introduction of "super-departments", he gained additional responsibilities as Minister for Community Services and Health. As Health Minister, he oversaw many important reforms such as the implementation of the Medicare universal health scheme, the Disability Services Act 1986, a 'Drug Offensive' which included tobacco smoking and alcohol, and a national strategy to combat HIV/AIDS. The strategy included a major education and advertising campaign (including the famous 'Grim Reaper' advertisements[2]), and anti-discrimination legislation against HIV/AIDS sufferers.[3]
In 1990, he became Minister for Trade and Overseas Development. Blewett supported Paul Keating in his successful 1991 leadership challenge against Hawke, and when Keating became Prime Minister, Blewett became Minister for Social Security until he retired from politics in 1994, sparking a Bonython by-election.[4]
Post-political career[edit]
In 1994, Neal Blewett was appointed Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, as which he served until 1998. At the same time, he was on the Executive Council of the World Health Organization.
Returning to Australia in 1998, he became President of the Australian Institute of International Affairs and a visiting professor of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Sydney. In 2002, he was appointed as President of the Alcohol and Other Drugs Council of Australia.
In 1999, he published A Cabinet Diary: A Personal Record of the First Keating Government 1991–93, his memoirs which detailed his time on the frontbench of the Keating government.
Neal Blewett has received honorary degrees from the University of Tasmania, the University of Hull and the Australian National University. He was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College Oxford in 1998.[1]
In 1995, he was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for service to Australian society.[3]
Personal life[edit]
Neal Blewett was married for 26 years to Jill Blewett, a renowned Australian playwright, with whom he had two children. Jill died when she was accidentally electrocuted in their home in October 1988.[5]
Blewett revealed he was homosexual in a May 2000 issue of The Age's Good Weekend magazine, which profiled his relationship with long-term partner Robert Brain, whom he had met as a university student 50 years previously. The couple live in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney.[6] Brain and Blewett moved in together in 1989, after which Blewett successfully sued a radio station and two doctors for claiming he was gay.[5]
• Blewett, Neal (1999). A Cabinet Diary: A Personal Record of the First Keating Government 1991–93. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. ISBN 1-86254-464-6.
1. ^ a b Fellows' News, Jesus College Record (1998/9) (p.12)
2. ^ AIDS Pioneer Regrets "Grim Reaper" Demonization of Gay Men, The Body, 3 October 2002.
3. ^ a b Neal Blewett: Citation for an Honorary Degree, Australian National University.
4. ^ Stinging words for cabinet colleagues in Blewett diaries, The 7.30 Report (ABC TV), 27 August 1999.
5. ^ a b Former Cabinet Minister Comes Out,, 31 May 2000.[dead link]
6. ^ David Mills: "Quiet outings", Sydney Star Observer, 10 April 2003. Retriueved on 18 April 2012.
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by
Martin Nicholls
Member for Bonython
Succeeded by
Martyn Evans
Political offices
Preceded by
Jim Carlton
Minister for Health
Succeeded by
Brian Howe
Preceded by
Chris Hurford
Minister for Community Services and Health
Preceded by
Michael Duffy
Minister for Trade and Overseas Development
Succeeded by
John Kerin
Preceded by
Graham Richardson
Minister for Social Security
Succeeded by
Peter Baldwin
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Richard Smith
Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
Succeeded by
Philip Flood
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Phonological history of English low back vowels
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The phonology of the low back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, dating from Late Middle English (c. 1400) to the present. The sound changes heard in modern English mostly begin with the Great Vowel Shift, and continue through the development and recognition of the General American dialect and the cot–caught merger.
Late Middle English[edit]
In Late Middle English (c. 1400) the following low back vowels were present, distinguished by length:[1]
• /ɔ/ as in dog
• /ɔː/ as in boat
16th century changes[edit]
By 1600 the following changes had occurred:[2]
• The long vowel /ɔː/ of boat had been raised to /oː/ as a result of the Great Vowel Shift. Before nonprevocalic /r/, this raising did not take place, thus more was still /mɔːr/.
• The diphthong /aʊ/ found in words such as cause, law, all, salt, psalm, half, change, chamber, dance had become an open back monophthong /ɒː/
• The diphthong /ɔʊ/ found in low and soul had become a monophthong /ɔː/
• Before nonprevocalic /r/, short /ɔ/ had become lowered to /ɒ/, thus corn, /kɒrn/.
There were thus four low back monophthongs at this time: /ɔ/ as in dog, /ɔː/ as in low and (before /r/), in more, /ɒ/ in corn and /ɒː/ as in cause.
17th century changes[edit]
By 1700 the following further developments had taken place:[2]
• The monophthong /ɔː/ of soul was raised to /oː/, merging with boat (see toe–tow merger). This change did not happen before /r/ except in some varieties, as currently seen in Hiberno-English, Scottish English and African American Vernacular English.
• Short /a/ merged with /ɔ/ when following a /w/, as in want, quality. The merger was suppressed before a velar consonant, as in quack, twang, wag, wax. Before nonprevocalic /r/, the vowel was opened and lengthened, merging instead with /ɒː/, as in war.[3] The change of /wa/ to /wɔ/ did not occur in Mid-Ulster English.
• Short /ɔ/ had begun to partake in lengthening before a nonprevocalic voiceless fricative. This resulted in words like broth, cost, and off having /ɒː/ instead of /ɔ/.[4]
• Short /ɒ/ before /r/ lengthened to /ɒː/: thus corn, /kɒːrn/
• In words such as change and chamber, the pronunciation /ɒː/ was gradually replaced in the standard language by a variant with /eː/, derived from Middle English /aː/. This explains the contemporary pronunciation of these words with /eɪ/.[5]
This left the language with three low back vowels:
• /ɔ/ in dog and want.
• /ɔː/ in more.
• /ɒː/ in cause, and cost, and corn.
Father–bother merger[edit]
The father–bother merger is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English (exceptions are accents in northeastern New England, such as the Boston accent, and in New York City).[6][7][8] In those accents with the merger father and bother rhyme, Kahn and con are homophonous as [kɑn], and Saab and sob are homophonous as [sɑb]. Balm and bomb may also be homophones as /bɑm/: however this merger is prevented for some speakers by the reintroduction of the historical l into balm.[9] Another possible merger is lager and logger, for some but by no means all speakers, particularly those with the lot–cloth split when it extends to -og words including log.[10] Unrounding of EME /ɒ/ is also found in Norwich, the West Country, the West Midlands and in Hiberno-English, but apparently with no phonemic merger (typically because vowel length remains phonemic).[7] The card–cord merger is a roughly similar merger, but occurring before r.
Lot–cloth split[edit]
The cot–caught merger, discussed below, has removed the distinction in some dialects, and may make the lot-cloth split less noticeable.
The lengthening and raising generally happened before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/. In American English the raising was extended to the environment before /ŋ/ and /ɡ/, and in a few words before /k/ as well, giving pronunciations like /lɔŋ/ for long, /dɔɡ/ for dog and /tʃɔklɨt/ for chocolate. (Obviously, in accents of American English that are subject to the cot–caught merger, there is no difference between words that did and those that did not undergo the change.)
In the varieties of American English that have the lot–cloth split, the lot vowel is usually symbolized as /ɑ/ and the cloth vowel as /ɔ/, since the distinction is usually one of vowel quality rather than length. The actual pronunciation of these vowels may vary somewhat from the symbol used to denote them; e.g. /ɔ/ is often pronounced closer to a low back rounded vowel [ɒ], and /ɑ/ is sometimes fronted to a low central vowel [ä]. Some words vary as to which vowel they have. For example, words that end in -og like frog, hog, fog, log, bog etc. have /ɑ/ rather than /ɔ/ in some accents.
There are also significant complexities in the pronunciation of written o occurring before one of the triggering phonemes /f θ s ŋ ɡ/ in a non-final syllable. Normally, when a word is formed by adding a suffix to an existing word, the vowel quality is maintained. Hence /ɔ/ occurs in crossing, crosser, crosses because it occurs in cross; likewise in longing, longer, longest because it occurs in long. In words not formed this way, however, the phoneme /ɑ/ tends to occur even before a triggering phoneme. For example, possible, jostle, impostor, profit, Gothic, bongo, Congo, and boggle all have /ɑ/.[11] But there are numerous exceptions (e.g. Boston with /ɔ/), including across apparent rhyming pairs (e.g. roster with /ɑ/ but foster often with /ɔ/), as well as a good deal of variation (coffee, offer, donkey, soggy, boondoggle, etc. with either /ɑ/ or /ɔ/, depending on the speaker).[11]
The word gone usually has /ɔ/ in accents with the lot–cloth split, but has /ɑ/ in accents of New York and New Jersey which have the split.
The word on is pronounced with /ɑ/ in the North, but with /ɔ/ in the Midland, Mid-Atlantic and South.
Cot–caught merger[edit]
On this map of English-speaking North America, the green dots represent speakers who have completely merged the vowels of cot and caught. The dark blue dots represent speakers who have completely resisted the merger. The medium blue dots represent speakers with a partial merger (either production or perception but not both), and the yellow dots represent speakers with the merger in transition. Based on the work of Labov, Ash and Boberg.[8]
Cot and caught in American English
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The cot–caught merger (also known as the low back merger) is a phonemic merger, a sound change, that occurs in the open and open-mid back vowels of many English accents.
The shift causes the vowel sound in words like cot, nod, and stock (most commonly represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet as Listeni/ɒ/),[note 1] and the vowel sound in words like caught, gnawed, and stalk (in IPA, Listeni/ɔː/), to merge into a single phoneme; therefore cot and caught, for example, become perfect homophones, and gone and John, for example, become perfect rhymes. The change very rarely affects a vowel followed by /r/, so barn and born remain distinct, and starring and warring do not rhyme. The merger occurs in:
The presence of the merger and its absence are both found in many different regions of the North American continent, where it has been studied most in-depth, and in both urban and rural environments. The symbols traditionally used to transcribe the vowels in the words cot and caught as spoken in American English are /ɑ/ and /ɔ/, respectively, although their precise phonetic values may vary, as does the phonetic value of the merged vowel in the regions where the merger occurs.
According to Labov, Ash, and Boberg,[8] the merger does not generally occur in the southern United States (with exceptions), along most of the American side of the Great Lakes region, or in the "Northeast Corridor" extended metropolitan region from Providence, Rhode Island to Baltimore.
The distribution of the merger is complex, even without taking into account the mobility of the American population; there are pockets of speakers with the merger in areas that lack it, and vice versa. There are areas where the merger has only partially occurred, or is in a state of transition. For example, based on research directed by William Labov (using telephone surveys), younger speakers in Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas exhibit the merger while speakers older than 40 typically do not.[18] The 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey,[19] in which subjects did not necessarily grow up in the place they identified as the source of their dialect features, indicates that there are speakers of both merging and contrast-preserving accents throughout the country, though the basic isoglosses are almost identical to those revealed by Labov's 1996 telephone survey. Both surveys indicate that approximately 60% of American English speakers preserve the contrast, while approximately 40% make the merger, although in a more recent interview, Labov stated that "Half of this country has a merger of the word classes, cot, caught, don, dawn, hock, hawk."[20]
For merged speakers in Canada and much of the United States, the two sounds [ɑ] and [ɔ] are allophones; they often do not perceive differences in their usage, hear neither of them as a separate phoneme, and hear the distinct vowels used by speakers whose dialects do distinguish them as variations on the same vowel. They hear the broad A of British Received Pronunciation as the same, single vowel sound. But in Received Pronunciation, there are three sounds distinguished: the long /ɑː/ of cart, the long /ɔː/ of caught, and the short rounded /ɒ/ of cot.
Speakers with the merger in northeastern New England still maintain a phonemic distinction between a fronted and unrounded /aː/ and a back and usually rounded /ɒː/, because in northeastern New England (unlike in Canada and the Western United States), the cot–caught merger occurred without the father–bother merger. Thus, although northeastern New Englanders pronounce both cot and caught as [kʰɒːt], they pronounce cart as [kʰäːt].
Labov et al. also reveal that about 15% of respondents have a specific /ɒ/–/ɔ/ merger before /n/ but not before /t/ (or other consonants), so that Don and dawn are homophonous, but cot and caught are not. In this case, a distinct vowel shift (which overlaps with the cot–caught merger for all speakers who have indeed completed the cot–caught merger) is taking place, identified as the Don–dawn merger.[21] This merger causes a particularly unusual phenomenon in the mid-Atlantic U.S. dialects, most famously, of metropolitan Philadelphia and Baltimore, in which words like Don (also, con, on, Ron, etc.) have the same vowel as dawn, dog and draw (in the mid-Atlantic, this is [ɔə~oə]), but not the same vowel as dock, dot, and dodge ([ɑ~ä]). In these dialects, in other words, on and pawn rhyme perfectly, but odd and pawed do not rhyme at all. A much smaller group (about 4%) demonstrates the reverse situation: cot and caught are homophonous yet Don and dawn are distinct.
Thought–goat merger[edit]
The thought–goat merger is a merger of the English vowels /ɔː/ and /oʊ/ that occurs in many female speakers of Geordie.[22] It has also been reported as a possibility in some Northern Welsh accents.[23]
Stages leading to some of the low back vowels of General American, summarized from Wells (1982) with the cotcaught merger added
Middle English ɔ ɔ a
Quality change ɒ ɒ
Thought-monophthonging ɔː
Pre-fricative lengthening ɒː
Quality change ɑː
Lot-unrounding ɑ
Loss of distinctive length ɔ ɒ (ɑ) ɑ
Cloththought merger (ɔ) ɔ
General American Output ɔ ɔ ɑ ɑ
Cotcaught merger ɑ ɑ ɑ ɑ
[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Also, sometimes in father–bother merged varieties, like General American, this phoneme is represented in IPA as Listeni/ɑː/.
1. ^ Barber, pp. 108,111
2. ^ a b Barber, pp. 108, 111, 116
3. ^ Barber, pp. 121-122
4. ^ Barber, p. 123
5. ^ Barber, p. 108
6. ^ Merriam Webster Pronunciation Guide
7. ^ a b c d Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22919-7. (vol. 1). ISBN 0-521-24224-X (vol. 2)., ISBN 0-521-24225-8 (vol. 3). , pp. 136–37, 203–6, 234, 245–47, 339–40, 400, 419, 443, 576
8. ^ a b c Labov et al. (2006), p. 171
9. ^ Labov et al. (2006), p 169
10. ^
11. ^ a b According to the online edition of the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary, [1].
12. ^ a b Heggarty, Paul et al, ed. (2013). "Accents of English from Around the World". University of Edinburgh.
13. ^ a b c Labov p. 60-1.
14. ^ Gagnon, C. L. (1999). Language attitudes in Pittsburgh: 'Pittsburghese' vs. standard English. Master’s thesis. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
15. ^ Labov p. 122.
16. ^ Labov p. 218.
17. ^
18. ^ Gordon (2005), citing the TELSUR project
19. ^ The 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey
20. ^
21. ^ Labov p. 217.
22. ^ Watt & Allen (2003:269)
23. ^ Wells (1982:387)
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pisidium pseudosphaerium.png
External view of the left valve of Pisidium pseudosphaerium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Heterodonta
Order: Veneroida
Suborder: Sphaeriacea
Family: Sphaeriidae
Subfamily: Pisidiinae
Gray in Turton, 1857
Genus: Pisidium
Pfeiffer, 1821
Pisidium is a genus of very small or minute freshwater clams known as pill clams or pea clams, aquatic bivalve molluscs in the family Sphaeriidae, the pea clams and fingernail clams. In some bivalve classification systems, the family Sphaeriidae is referred to as Pisidiidae, and occasionally Pisidium species are grouped in a subfamily known as Pisidiinae.
Drawing of the right valve external view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve internal view ofPisidium moitessierianum
Drawing of the right valve lateral view of Pisidium moitessierianum
Pisidium and taphonomy[edit]
In large enough quantities, the minute shells of these bivalves can have an impact on environmental conditions, and this change in conditions can positively affect the ability of organic remains in the immediate environment to fossilize (one aspect of taphonomy).[1] For example, in the Dinosaur Park Formation, the fossil remains of hadrosaur eggshells are rare.[2] This is because the breakdown of tannins from the local coniferous vegetation caused the ancient waters to be acidic, and therefore usually eggshell fragments dissolved in the water before they had a chance to be fossilized.[3]
Hadrosaur eggshell fragments are however present in two microfossil sites in the area. Both of these sites are dominated by preserved shells of invertebrate life, primarily shells of pisidiids.[2] The slow dissolution of these minute bivalve shells released calcium carbonate into the water, raising the water's pH high enough that it prevented the hadrosaur eggshell fragments from dissolving before they could be fossilized.[4]
Extant subgenera and species[edit]
Extant subgenera and species within the genus Pisidium include:
subgenus Euglesa Jenyns, 1832
subgenus Pisidium Pfeiffer, 1821
subgenus Cyclocalyx Dall, 1903
subgenus Tropidocyclas Dall, 1903
subgenus Henslowiana Fagot, 1892
subgenus Hiberneuglesa Starobogatov, 1983
subgenus Cingulipisidium Pirogov & Starobogatov, 1974
subgenus Pseudeupera Germain, 1909
subgenus Neopisidium Odhner, 1921
subgenus Odhneripisidium Kuiper, 1962
subgenus Afropisidium Kuiper, 1962
subgenus ?
subgenus incertae sedis
1. ^ Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001).
2. ^ a b "Abstract," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 206.
3. ^ "Discussion," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.
4. ^ "Eggshell," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 209.
5. ^ Appleton C., Ghamizi M., Jørgensen A., Kristensen T. K., Lange C., Stensgaard A-S. & Van Damme D. (2009). Pisidium pirothi. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 3 December 2010.
6. ^ Lange C. N. & Ngereza C. (2004). Pisidium artifex. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
7. ^ Bogan A. (2011). Pisidium stewarti. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 1 November 2012.
8. ^ Kuiper J.G.J. (2009). "Fossil records of Palaearctic Pisidium species in tropical Africa". Zoologische Mededelingen 83(10): 593-594. HTM.
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Studio album by The dB's
Released January 1982
Recorded 1981 at Power Station, New York and Ramport Studios, London; mixed at George Martin's Air Studios
Genre Power pop, alternative rock
Length 38:44
Label Albion (original release)
I.R.S. (1989 CD reissue)
Producer Scott Litt
The dB's chronology
Stands for Decibels
Like This
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4.5/5 stars link
Robert Christgau B+ link
Repercussion is the second album by The dB's. Like its predecessor, Stands for Decibels, the album was commercially unsuccessful but has since developed a cult following. It is now arguably regarded as just as much of a classic as Stands for Decibels by both fans of power pop and rock fans in general.[citation needed]
The dB's began recording the album after a brief tour in May 1981. Chris Stamey and Peter Holsapple, the band's singers/guitarists, had enough material almost immediately to begin a new album. Stamey and Holsapple each ended up contributing six songs on the album. As was the case on the debut, Stamey's songs veered towards more experimental melodies and rhythms, while Holsapple's songs were more traditionally in a pop vein.
The album was, like its predecessor, very modestly produced, but there was some evidence of growth in The dBs' recorded sound. The first track, Holsapple's "Living a Lie", featured a horn section (The Rumour Brass) and sounded not unlike an old soul record (a surprise given that power pop was not normally thought to be a particularly soulful genre). The album was produced by Scott Litt (who would later become famous for his association with the band R.E.M. and for remixing Nirvana's album In Utero), who gave the album a slightly deeper sound, utilizing things like reverb on the drums that weren't present in their debut. Lyrically, the album was also a bit more unorthodox. Stamey's song "Ask for Jill", for instance, was apparently about the process of mastering an album.[1]
Holsapple's rockabilly-inflected composition "Amplifier" (about a suicidal man reflecting on how his significant other left him and took all his belongings, save for the titular object) became the band's lead single and also their first video. "Amplifier" would also show up on The dB's next album, Like This, as a result of the video.
LP track listing[edit]
Side one
1. "Living a Lie" – 3:26 (Peter Holsapple)
2. "We Were Happy There" – 2:39 (Holsapple)
3. "Happenstance" – 4:07 (Chris Stamey)
4. "From a Window" – 2:34 (Stamey)
5. "Amplifier" - 3:08 (Holsapple)
6. "Ask for Jill" - 2:33 (Stamey)
Side two
1. "I Feel Good (Today)" - 4:28 (Stamey)
2. "Storm Warning" – 2:32 (Holsapple)
3. "Ups and Downs" – 3:03 (Stamey)
4. "Nothing Is Wrong" - 4:16 (Holsapple)
5. "In Spain" – 3:02 (Stamey)
6. "Neverland" - 2:46 (Holsapple)
Different versions of the album have been reissued on CD with different bonus tracks, usually either Holsapple's instrumental B-side "PH Factor" or Stamey's "Soul Kiss".
Additional musicians[edit]
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Rugby union in Kazakhstan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rugby union in Kazakhstan
Country Kazakhstan
Governing body Kazakhstan Rugby Union
National team Kazakhstan
Registered players 2,465 [1]
Clubs 21
National competitions
Rugby union in Kazakhstan is a fairly popular sport. As of June, 2009, they are ranked 27th by the IRB, 2335 registered players, and twenty clubs.[2]
Governing body[edit]
The national body is the Kazakhstan Rugby Union.
Soviet Period[edit]
Kazakhstan is arguably the most successful ex-Soviet rugby nation aside from Georgia and Russia (who have both qualified for the Rugby World Cup).
The Kazakhstan women's national rugby union team played their first international against Germany in 1993, which they lost by one point, 11-10. The female team also takes part in the ARFU Women's Rugby Championship.
Rugby continues to be moderately popular. The Japan-Kazakhstan Asian Five Nations game in Almaty Central Stadium, Almaty was attended by 6,000 people. [4] This was unfortunately also their worst loss, 82-6.
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^ retrieved 28th June, 2009
3. ^ Rugby union in Russia and USSR (Russian)
4. ^
External links[edit]
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Minhang District
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Shanghai County)
Jump to: navigation, search
Qibao Town Street view
Qibao Town Street view
Location in Shanghai
Location in Shanghai
Coordinates: 31°06′46″N 121°22′54″E / 31.11278°N 121.38167°E / 31.11278; 121.38167Coordinates: 31°06′46″N 121°22′54″E / 31.11278°N 121.38167°E / 31.11278; 121.38167
Country People's Republic of China
Municipality Shanghai
• Total 371.7 km2 (143.5 sq mi)
Population (2010)
• Total 2,429,000
• Density 6,500/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Area code(s) 021
Minhang District
Chinese 閔行
Postal Map Minhong
The Minhang District (simplified Chinese: 闵行区; traditional Chinese: 閔行區, Shanghainese: min2ghaon1 chiu1, Mandarin pinyin: Mǐnháng Qū), formerly romanized as Minhong, is a suburban district of Shanghai with a land area of 371.57 km2 (143.46 sq mi) and population of 2,429,000 residents as of 2010.[1]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Minhang administers 3 subdistricts and 9 towns.[2]
Of particular note is Qibao, a tourist attraction in the northern part of the district, and Maqiao, which hosted the Shanghai ATP Masters Tennis Tournament and is the site of the Neolithic Ruins of Maqiao. The town of Hongqiao also overlaps with Hongqiao Subdistrict in Changning District, and is the location of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, the city's older commercial airport and which is used primarily for domestic flights.
The fast food chain Yonghe King has its headquarters in Minhang District.[3] Want Want China, the milk manufacturer, has its headquarters in the district.[4]
International schools include:
1. ^ Shanghai 2010 Population & Density by District & County (Qu & Xian) | Demographia Observations Archived February 21, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：闵行区 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
3. ^ "联系我们." Yonghe King. Retrieved on September 19, 2013. "永和大王总公司 地址：上海市合川路3051号莱茵虹桥中心B栋4楼" Archived February 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ "Contact material." Want Want China. Retrieved on April 11, 2014. "Want Want China Holdings Limited（Shanghai Headquarter） Add:No.1088,East Hong Song Road, Shanghai, PRC" - Simplified Chinese: "中国旺旺控股有限公司（上海总部） 地址:上海市红松东路 1088 号" - Traditional Chinese: " 中國旺旺控股有限公司（上海總部） 地址:上海市紅松東路1088號 郵編: 201103 " Archived April 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ Home page. Shanghai American School. Retrieved on February 19, 2014. "Puxi Campus 258 Jinfeng Road Huacao Town, Minhang Dist. Shanghai, China 201107 6221-1445" and "Pudong Campus Shanghai Links Executive Community 1600 Lingbai Road Sanjiagang, Pudong Shanghai, China 201201 6221-1445" Archived April 24, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ "Shanghai Japanese School HongQiao Campus." Shanghai Japanese School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "上海日本人学校 虹橋校�〒201103 上海市閔行区虹梅路3185号" Archived March 3, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ "Contact." Shanghai Rego International School. Retrieved on February 26, 2014. "159 DiannanRoad, Minhang 201100 Shanghai" Archived August 12, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "Contact Us" (Archive). Shanghai Singapore International School. Retrieved on July 31, 2013. "MinHang Campus (Preschool / Primary / Secondary/ High School) 301, Zhu Jian Road, MinHang District, Shanghai PRC 201106"
9. ^ Free bikes solve commuters’ problems, Minhang Times, 25 April 2009
10. ^ Free rental bikes missing, SCMP, 22 Feb 2013 Archived March 22, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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Siege of Jinju (1593)
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The Second Siege of Jinju
Part of Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea
Date July 1593
Location Jinju castle, Korea
Result Japanese victory
Japanese army Korean army, citizens
Commanders and leaders
Kato Kiyomasa
Ukita Hideie
Kuroda Nagamasa
Wakisaka Yasuharu
Hwang Jin
Kim Cheon-il
90,000 At least 6,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown 60,000 (including Korean citizens)
The Second Siege of Jinju was a battle during 1593 in Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea at Jinju Fort, Korea, between Japan and Korea. Unlike the First Siege of Jinju this battle resulted in a Japanese victory. The Koreans defended the castle desperately with various weapons including bows, handguns, "black" class cannons (hyeonja-chongtong), explosive shots fired from mortars, killing numerous Japanese soldiers and destroying towers and bamboo palisades. The Koreans resisted for ten days, until a section of wall was breached by Japanese sappers, who had hid in an armoured cart called a "tortoise shell cart". This became the origin of the Uwajima Ushi-oni Festival. The fortress was captured with the loss of the garrison commander, Hwang Jin, and all of his defenders and civilians.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Silversmithing)
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Silver goblet presented to the Tsar of Russia by John III Sobieski King of Poland, 17th century, over 1m height.
A silversmith is a craftsman who crafts objects from silver. The terms "silversmith" and "goldsmith" are not exactly synonyms as the techniques, training, history, and guilds are or were largely the same but the end product may vary greatly as may the scale of objects created. However most goldsmiths have also worked in silver although the reverse may not be the case.
Silversmithing is the art of turning silver sheetmetal into hollowware (dishes, bowls, porringers, cups, candlesticks, vases, ewers, urns, etc.), flatware (silverware), and other articles of household silver, church plate or sculpture. It may also include the making of jewellery.
In the ancient Near East the value of silver to gold being less, allowed a silversmith to produce objects and store these as stock. Ogden states that according to anedict written by Diocletian in 301 A.D., a silversmith was able to charge, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 denarii for material produce (per Roman pound). At that time, guilds of silversmiths formed to arbitrate disputes, protect its members welfare and educate the public of the trade.[1]
In Ethiopia the trade of silversmith was practised by the Jews of Ethiopia, otherwise known as the Falasha Clan. The activity was considered (by whom?) to be inferior to others, as reliant on manual skills.[2]
Tools, materials and techniques[edit]
Dish made by hand-hammering
After forming and casting, the various pieces may be assembled by soldering and riveting.
Related and overlapping trades[edit]
Band made of silver
Canadian observations[edit]
In the western Canadian silversmith tradition, guilds do not exist; however, mentoring through colleagues becomes a method of professional learning within a community of craftspersons.[4]
In the Canadian western tradition, silversmithing is done through hand tooling and bright cut engraving of silver. There are silversmiths who only make jewellery and there are silversmiths who only make utensils.[5]
Notable silversmiths[edit]
1. ^ Jack Ogden. Ancient Jewellery. University of California Press, 7 July 1992. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
2. ^ E.J.Van Donzel (Organization United Nations Educational, Scie, Unesco). History of humanity. UNESCO, 2000. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
3. ^ Brain, Charles. "Pickling Notes". The Ganoksin Project. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
4. ^ Kelly McRae. "Trade Secrets". Western Horseman Magazine.
5. ^ Claude Blair. The craft of silversmith. The History of Silver. p. 225. ISBN 1-85501-900-0.
External links[edit]
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Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
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The SMEAT crew emblem
The Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test, or SMEAT, was a 56-day simulation of an American Skylab space mission from July 26–September 19, 1972 at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. The astronauts in the test were Bob Crippen, Karol Bobko, and William Thornton, who simulated space experiments, housekeeping and leisure activities in a hypobaric chamber.
SMEAT's main objective was to evaluate equipment and procedures proposed for use during the Skylab missions. NASA also wanted to obtain a baseline of physiological data for crewmembers confined in a test chamber at to compare to the orbiting crews in Skylab living in zero-G. The crew was subjected to a pressure of 13 bar and 70% oxygen level.[1] Closed-circuit TV provided views of activities inside the chamber.
Simulation Conditions
13 bar pressure
70 percent oxygen level
56 days duration
1. ^ David Hitt; Owen K. Garriott & Joseph P. Kerwin (2008). Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3639-4.
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Strawberry pie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Strawberry pie
Strawberry Cheese Pie.jpg
Type Pie
Course Dessert
Main ingredients Pie crust, strawberries, sugar
Variations Strawberry-rhubarb pie
Cookbook:Strawberry pie Strawberry pie
Strawberry pie is a dessert food consisting mainly of strawberries.
Strawberry pie mostly consists of strawberries, sugar, a pie crust, and sometimes gelatin. About 70% of the pie by weight is strawberries, varying on the pie itself, and the baker. It is often served with whipped cream, or sometimes with ice cream.
A common variation is the Strawberry-rhubarb pie, which is a derivative of strawberry pie and rhubarb pie.
In Popular Culture[edit]
• Stephen King's novel, Thinner, uses a strawberry pie as an important plot device to transfer a curse.
• There is a song called Strawberry Pie, by a J-pop group called Mini Moni.
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Tarika (musical group)
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Origin Madagascar
Genres World music, Malagasy roots music
Instruments marovany, valiha, kabosy, jejy voatavo
Years active 1993-present
Labels Xenophile
Website www.Frootsmag.com/Tarika
Members Hanitra (Rasoanaivo Hanitrarivo)
Noro (Raharimalala Tina Norosoa)
Donné (Randriamanantena Dieudonné)
Ny Ony (Rasolomahatratra Ny Ony Henintsoa Andriamparany)
Solo (Randrianasolomalala Victor)
Tarika (Malagasy for "group") is a musical group from Madagascar. The group's predecessor, Tarika Sammy, formed in the 1980s, but as Tarika they debuted in 1993. At that point they had relocated to London. Their second album Son Egal was a collaboration with Senegal musicians and dealt with the 1947 Malagasy Uprising in Madagascar.[1] Otherwise, much of Tarika's music is based on musical tradition; for example, the album D focused on dance music. Their 2001 album Soul Makassar dealt with the musical connections between Indonesia and Madagascar.[2]
Tarika is led by two sisters, Hanitra and Noro. Hanitra has engaged in creating an arts center in recent years.[3] In 2001, TIME magazine included Tarika in a list of the "10 best bands on planet Earth".[4]
• Bibiango (1994)
• Son Egal (1997)
• D (1999)
• Soul Makassar (2001)
• Tarika: 10 - Beasts, Ghosts & Dancing with History (2004 - tenth anniversary compilation CD)
Contributing artist
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Template:ISO 639 name may
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Documentation icon Template documentation
This template is part of a series that resolves the ISO 639-1, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 codes to language names. In particular it is used to include articles in the category Articles containing Malay-language text by using the code «may».
See also
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The 20th Century Fox Hour
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The 20th Century Fox Hour
Ed Wynn Kathleen Crowley Great American Hoax.jpg
Ed Wynn and Kathleen Crowley in "The Great American Hoax"
Genre Anthology
Presented by Joseph Cotten (1955-56)
Robert Sterling (1956-57)[1]
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 2
No. of episodes 37
Running time 48–50 minutes
Production company(s) TCF Television Productions
Original channel CBS
Picture format Black-and-white
Audio format Monaural
Original release October 5, 1955 (1955-10-05) – June 12, 1957 (1957-06-12)
The 20th Century Fox Hour is an American drama anthology series televised in the United States on CBS from 1955 to 1957. Some of the shows in this series were restored, remastered and shown on the Fox Movie Channel in 2002 under the title Hour of Stars (its title when the series was originally syndicated after 1957). The season one episode Overnight Haul, starring Richard Conte and Lizabeth Scott, was released in Australia as a feature film.
Characters and stories[edit]
Presenting both originals and remakes, The 20th Century Fox Hour was telecast on Wednesday nights at 10pm, alternating each week with The U.S. Steel Hour. Many of the programs were shortened versions of classic 20th Century Fox films, remade with a far lower budget than the originals. Films receiving this treatment included The Ox-Bow Incident, The Late George Apley and Miracle on 34th Street. Some were retitled; Man on the Ledge was a remake of Fourteen Hours (1951).
Guest stars[edit]
Guest stars on the series included Bette Davis, Joan Fontaine, Gary Merrill, Thomas Mitchell and Teresa Wright. Steve McQueen made an appearance before he became a major star. Child actor Johnny Washbrook appeared three times on the series while he was also in the lead role of the Western series, My Friend Flicka. Judson Pratt appeared as MacIntyre in the 1956 episode, "The Moneymaker". Child actress Beverly Washburn appeared as Ruthie in "The Hefferan Family" (1956) and as the character Kate as a girl in "Men in Her Life" (1957).
Following his Philco Television Playhouse years, Paddy Chayefsky's The Great American Hoax, starring Ed Wynn, was seen May 15, 1957 during the second season. This script was actually a rewrite of his earlier Fox film, As Young as You Feel (1951) with Monty Woolley and Marilyn Monroe. Lizabeth Scott appeared in the season one episode Overnight Haul. The episode was later released in Australia as a feature film, after her final starring role in 1957's Loving You.
Season 1[edit]
Episode # Title Original Airdate Guest Star
1 "Cavalcade" October 5, 1955 Michael Wilding, Merle Oberon, Carolyn Jones
2 "Laura" October 19, 1955 Dana Wynter, George Sanders, Robert Stack
3 "The Ox-Bow Incident" November 2, 1955 Robert Wagner, Raymond Burr
4 "The Late George Apley" November 16, 1955 Raymond Massey, Joanne Woodward
5 "Christopher Bean" November 30, 1955 Mildred Natwick, Allyn Joslyn
6 "The Miracle on 34th Street"[2] December 14, 1955 Thomas Mitchell, Teresa Wright, Sandy Descher
7 "Man on the Ledge" December 28, 1955 Cameron Mitchell, Richard Collier, Joey Ray
8 "Yacht on the High Sea" January 11, 1956 Gary Merrill, Nina Foch
9 "One Life" January 25, 1956 Dane Clark, Audrey Totter
10 "Crack-Up" February 8, 1956 Bette Davis, Gary Merrill, Virginia Grey, John M. Pickard
11 "In Times Like These" February 22, 1956 Macdonald Carey, Fay Wray
12 "Deception" March 7, 1956 Linda Darnell, Alan Napier
13 "Gun in His Hand" April 4, 1956 Debra Paget, Robert Wagner
14 "Mr. Belvedere" April 18, 1956 Reginald Gardiner, Eddie Bracken, Zasu Pitts
15 "Broken Arrow" May 2, 1956 John Lupton, Roy Roberts
16 "Overnight Haul" May 16, 1956 Lizabeth Scott, Robert Foulk, Forrest Lewis
17 "The Empty Room" May 30, 1956 Alan Napier, Victoria Ward
18 "The Hefferan Family" June 6, 1956 Carolyn Jones, Mark Damon
Season 2[edit]
Episode # Title Original Airdate Notable Guest Stars
1 "Child of the Regiment" October 3, 1956 Louise Arthur, Paul Birch
2 "Stranger in the Night" October 17, 1956 Joan Fontaine, Tom Conway
3 "The Moneymaker" October 31, 1956 James Burke, Judson Pratt, Spring Byington
4 "Smoke Jumpers" November 14, 1956 Robert Armstrong, Robert Bray
5 "The Last Patriarch" November 28, 1956 John Cassavetes, Virginia Leith
6 "Men Against Speed " December 12, 1956 Mona Freeman, Farley Granger
7 "Operation Cicero" December 26, 1956 Ricardo Montalban, Leon Askin, Romney Brent
8 "End of a Gun" January 9, 1957 John Drew Barrymore, Lyle Bettger
9 "False Witness" January 23, 1957 Fred MacMurray, Claude Akins, Morris Ankrum
10 "Springfield Incident" February 6, 1957 Walter Coy as Stephen A. Douglas, Tom Tryon, Lloyd Corrigan, Alan Hale, Jr.
11 "Man of the Law" February 20, 1957 Denver Pyle, Marsha Hunt
12 "City in Flames" March 6, 1957 Jack Albertson, Anne Jeffreys, Kevin McCarthy
13 "Deadline Decision" March 20, 1957 Charles Bickford, Whit Bissell
14 "The Still Trumpet" April 3, 1957 Douglas Dick, James Griffith
15 "Men in Her Life" April 17, 1957 Parley Baer, Sheila Bromley
16 "Deep Water" May 1, 1957 Richard Arlen, Steve McQueen
17 "The Great American Hoax" May 15, 1957 Ed Wynn, Jerry Paris
18 "Threat to a Happy Ending" May 29, 1957 Mabel Albertson, William Bendix, Jean Byron
19 "The Marriage Broker" (Series Finale) June 12, 1957 Ellen Corby, Parley Baer, Kipp Hamilton
1. ^
2. ^ A film clip "The Miracle on 34th Street" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
External links[edit]
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The Rounders (1965 film)
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The Rounders
Promotional movie poster for the film
Directed by Burt Kennedy
Produced by Richard E. Lyons
Written by Max Evans (novel)
Screenplay by Burt Kennedy
Based on The Rounders (novel)
Starring Glenn Ford
Henry Fonda
Chill Wills
Edgar Buchanan
Music by Jeff Alexander
Cinematography Paul Vogel
Edited by John McSweeney Jr.
Distributed by Metro Goldwyn Mayer
Release dates
• March 5, 1965 (1965-03-05)
Running time
85 min.
Country United States
Language English
Box office $1,500,000[1]
Ben Jones (Glenn Ford) and Marion 'Howdy' Lewis (Henry Fonda) are two easygoing, modern-day cowboys who make a meager living breaking wild horses. Their frequent employer is Jim Ed Love (Chill Wills), a shrewd businessman who always gets the better of them. After they bring him a string of tamed horses and spend the winter rounding up stray cows, he talks them into taking a nondescript roan horse in lieu of some of their wages.
Ben finds (to his great and frequent discomfort) that the horse is unrideable. Rather than turning it into soap or dog food, he comes up with the bright idea of taking it to a rodeo and betting other cowhands they cannot ride it, thereby doubling their earnings. Along the way, the duo stop to help two none-too-bright strippers, Mary (Sue Ane Langdon) and Sister (Hope Holiday), with their car, which has broken down. Not knowing much about cars, they give them a ride to the nearest garage, but end up getting to know them better (going skinny dipping with them) and taking them along to the rodeo.
Everything goes as planned; nobody is able to stay on the horse. Then the animal suddenly collapses and Ben spends all the money they've won for veterinary help—and a new stable to replace the one destroyed by the roan when he recovers. In the end, Ben and Howdy end up right back where they started, with only the roan to show for their efforts.
See Also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Ticio Escobar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ticio Escobar
Born (1947-02-09)February 9, 1947[1]
Asunción, Paraguay
Nationality Paraguayan
Awards Latin American Art Critic of the Year (1984), Guggenheim Foundation (1998), Prince Claus Award (1998), International Association of Art Critics Prize (2011)
Ticio Escobar is a Paraguayan lawyer, academic, art critic, curator, museum director, and Minister of Culture of Paraguay.[1] He has written about, curated shows, and championed the rights of Indigenous peoples of Paraguay.
Early life and education[edit]
Escobar was born on February 9, 1947, in Asunción. His father was Jorge H. Escobar, a respected jurist, and his mother is María Rosalba Argaña Ferraro.[1] He graduated in Law at the Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in 1970. Five years later, in 1974, he obtained his Master's degree (licencia) here in Philosophy. During his study, he was a member of the Comisión de Defensa de los Derechos Humanos en el Paraguay (a human rights group).[2][3]
Academic career[edit]
Between 1971 and 1989 he was a professor at this university in the fields of philosophy of law, mathematical logic, philosophical anthropology, history of art and art criticism.[4]
Until 1980, Escobar was an art reviewer for the Museo Paraguayo de Arte Contemporáneo. In 1979 he founded the Museo del Barro (museum of pottery) in Asunción, with the objective to preserve Paraguayan culture. The same year he also founded the Museo de Arte Indígena, Centro de Artes Visuales (museum for indigenous art, center of visual art). To this museum, of which he was also the director until 2008, he donated his own art collection.[1][3][4][5]
Arts and activism[edit]
Between 1978 and 1988 he was the curator for Paraguay at the Biennale of São Paulo. Furthermore, he was curator for several versions of the Venice Biennale and the biennales of Cuenca, Trujillo, San Juan, Buenos Aires, Lima and Porto Alegre, and for a number of expositions in Latin America and Europe. At the beginning of the 1990s, he joined two movements for Indigenous peoples' rights: the Asociación Indigenista del Paraguay and the Asociación Apoyo a las Comunidades Indígenas del Paraguay (ACIP).[2]
From 1991 to 1996 Escobar was Director of Culture of the city of Asunción.[1] In 1996 he won the contest of the national government for editing the bill on culture, that later was adapted by parliament as Ley Escobar 3051/06. In 2008 he took office as the Minister of Culture of the government of Fernando Lugo for the term 2008–2013.[1][2][3][6][7]
Furthermore, Escobar was a chairman of the Paraguayan section of the International Association of Art Critics. He has written more than ten books.[2]
Escobar received several international awards. Here follows a selection:[1][2][3][4][6]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ticio Escobar." Portal Guaraní. (Spanish) Retrieved 24 June 2013.
2. ^ a b c d e Prince Claus Fund, biography (Spanish)
3. ^ a b c d Prince Claus Fund, Urban Heroes
4. ^ a b c A Quienes Elegimos, Curriculum Vitae (Spanish)
5. ^ Prince Claus Fund, profile
6. ^ a b Circulo de Bellas Artes, biography (Spanish)
7. ^ Habana Radio (11 February 2011) Ticio Escobar, el crítico devenido Ministro (Spanish)
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Traitor (Star Wars novel)
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Traitor (Novel).jpg
Author Matthew Stover
Cover artist Steven Anderson
Country USA
Language English
Series The New Jedi Order
Subject Star Wars
Genre Science fiction
Publisher Del Rey
Publication date
1 August 2002
Media type Paperback
Pages 292
ISBN ISBN 0-345-42865-X
Preceded by Enemy Lines: Rebel Stand
Followed by Destiny's Way
Traitor is a 2002 novel by Matthew Stover in the New Jedi Order series, which is set in the Star Wars universe. It is the thirteenth installment of the series.
At the beginning of the novel, Jacen Solo is being tortured via the Embrace of Pain as he is overlooked by his captors, the Yuuzhan Vong and the mysterious figure known as Vergere. Vergere increases this pain by somehow robbing Jacen of the Force, but at the same time, she helps him through his agony by telling him to embrace, just like the Yuuzhan Vong do. Jacen does just as Vergere suggested, which pleases the Vong, represented by Nom Anor throughout the novel, who believe that in no time, Jacen will become just like them.
Soon, nearly a year following the Fall of Coruscant, Jacen is transported to a Yuuzhan Vong seedship, where he is enslaved to a creature called a dhuryam. As this happens, he gains Vongsense, similar to how his late brother, Anakin, had sensed them with his lambent-imbedded lightsaber back in Edge of Victory I: Conquest.
The dhuryam is competing against other dhuryams to become the World Brain of the captured Coruscant, which has been renamed Yuuzhan'tar in honor of the Yuuzhan Vong's dead homeworld. As World Brain, the dhuryam that Jacen is enslaved to will have the responsibility and authority of everything technical on Yuuzhan'tar. Through more help from Vergere, who turns out to be a Force-user herself, Jacen forces the dhuryam to stop enslaving him and think of him as a partner; this way, the dhuryam would be more successful to be in consideration of being the World Brain of Yuuzhan'tar. As a result of this, Jacen's dhuryam indeed becomes more successful throughout various operations aboard the seedship.
Eventually, the day comes when a dhuryam aboard the seedship will become selected to govern Yuuzhan'tar. Jacen uses this day to start a riot where Yuuzhan Vong and slave alike are killed, and he takes advantage of the chaos to kill off his dhuryam's opponents. When he decides to kill his own dhuryam, he sees the spirit of Anakin telling him to stop. Unknowing of whether or not this was the real Anakin or a fabrication created by Vergere, Jacen's hesitation in killing the surviving dhuryam results in him getting knocked out.
Jacen's dhuryam becomes the World Brain of Yuuzhan'tar by default, and Jacen wakes up on the captured Coruscant, realizing in horror what this newly transformed planet once was. Vergere leads him on a journey throughout the transformed world, and gradually, she shows him evidence that the Jedi's ideals of the Force are flawed; there is no light or dark side, but an overall power of the Force whose raw power is only considered to be of the dark side. Jacen refuses to believe this until Vergere leads him into a Yuuzhan Vong trap where he nearly kills all of them, including Vergere herself. Jacen is shocked at just how right Vergere is, even after she revealed previously that she was once a member of the previous Jedi Order. But eventually, Jacen comes to accept the Yuuzhan Vong's ways as they give him the late Anakin Solo's lightsaber, which is considered a holy relic to the Vong due to its imbedded lambent crystal.
Jedi Knight Ganner Rhysode has spent much time searching the galaxy trying to find Jacen, being one of the few who believe that he is still alive. He comes into contact with Jacen and an entourage of Yuuzhan Vong infiltrators aboard a New Republic refugee ship, and Ganner is captured due to his Jedi nature. He is taken to Yuuzhan'tar in order to be converted to their ways like Jacen. But as it turns out, Jacen had feigned loyalty to the Vong so that he could get close to the World Brain. The plan works as both he and Ganner are allowed admittance into the Well of the World Brain, although Nom Anor knows that they were faking their obedience to the Yuuzhan Vong. Knowing that Jacen won't have time to do whatever he wants to the World Brain, Ganner takes Jacen's lightsaber and decides to take on every Yuuzhan Vong warrior at the Well of the World Brain, vowing that not one of them will ever pass. Ganner fights every Vong warrior to the death, but in the end, he is so mortally wounded that he brings down the hall of the Well of the World Brain on top of himself and every surviving Vong with him. Meanwhile, as the battle commenced, Nom Anor looked to Vergere to escape the disaster, and Vergere tricks him into revealing his escape craft. Vergere then coerces the Vong plant life around them to tie up Nom Anor so that she and Jacen could escape Yuuzhan'tar. Meanwhile, Jacen concludes his business with the World Brain, and he and Vergere leave.
As they travel back to the New Republic, Jacen reveals to Vergere that he convinced the World Brain to teach the Yuuzhan Vong the concept of compromise; the brain will cause problems throughout the Vong's occupation of the world so that for once, the invaders will know that not everything will ever be perfect for them. Vergere applauds Jacen for applying what she taught him throughout the novel to the World Brain.
Dramatis Personae[edit]
Original characters[edit]
Traitor was the first Star Wars novel that did not include any characters from the films.
External links[edit]
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Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
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Treaty of Bucharest
Romanian Prime-Minister Alexandru Marghiloman signing the treaty
Signed 7 May 1918
Location Buftea, Romania
Condition Ratification by Romania and the Central Powers
German Empire German Empire
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Romania Romania
Languages German
The Treaty of Bucharest was a peace treaty between Romania on one side and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire on the other, following the stalemate reached after campaign of 1916–17 and Romania's isolation after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). It was signed at Buftea, near Bucharest, on 7 May 1918.
Main terms of the treaty[edit]
Although Bulgaria received a part of Northern Dobruja, it continued to lobby Germany and Austria-Hungary for the annexation of the whole province, including the condominium established by the Treaty of Bucharest. After negotiations, a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria was signed in Berlin, on 25 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. In compensation, Bulgaria agreed to cede the left bank of the Maritsa river to Turkey. However, this agreement was short-lived because after 4 days, on 29 September Bulgaria had to capitulate in the face of the advancing Allied forces (see also the Armistice with Bulgaria).
In 1919, Germany was forced in the Treaty of Versailles to renounce all the benefits provided by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918.[2] The territorial transfers to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria were annulled by the treaties of Saint-Germain (1919), Neuilly (1919) and Trianon (1920), respectively.
See also[edit]
2. ^ Articles 248–263 - World War I Document Archive
External links[edit]
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International Day of Peace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from World Peace Day)
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Not to be confused with World Day of Peace.
International Day of Peace
Flag of the United Nations.svg
Flag of the United Nations
Observed by All UN Member States
Type United Nations International Declaration
Celebrations Multiple world wide events
Date 21 September
Next time 21 September 2015 (2015-09-21)
Frequency annual
Related to Peace Movement
International Day of Peace logo
The International Day of Peace, sometimes unofficially known as World Peace Day, is observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to world peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, such as might be occasioned by a temporary ceasefire in a combat zone for humanitarian aid access. Dr. Young Seek Choue, founder of Kyung Hee University and co-founder of International Association of University Presidents (IAUP), proposed a motion to be made for the United Nations to establish a Day and Year of Peace during his keynote speech to the members of the 6th Triennial Conference of IAUP in San Jose, Costa Rica in 1981. The participating presidents of this conference agreed unanimously in hopes of overcoming the global problems and tensions. After numerous time-consuming efforts, the Costa Rican proposal for the establishment of the Day/Year of International Peace came to the floor of the UN General Assembly on November 30, 1981.
Dr. Young Seek Choue, then, presented this resolution to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. At that time, Korea had not yet been a member of the UN, so Costa Rican president, Rodrigo Carazo Odio, willingly took up the resolution on behalf of the IAUP and submitted it to the UN Assembly. With the help of the Costa Rican president and ambassador, the resolution was drafted and introduced as agenda item 133 of the 36th Session of the UN General Assembly a week after the IAUP proposal. The proposal for the Day and Year of Peace had the UN document number A/36/L.29/Rev.1. The draft resolution was adopted by the General Assembly unanimously. In 1982, wars broke out in the Middle East and South Atlantic Regions. Because of these wars, the ECOSOC was asked to report to the 37th Assembly on its decision on the designation of the International Year of Peace. Despite the situation, the resolution was finally passed on May 4, 1982 with an unanimous endorsement by the 54 Executive Members.
Most member-states of the UN held many activities to commemorate this holiday. Some even reduced their military expenses in order to promote peace. There were campaigns in Mexico to demonstrate the people’s pledge for peace. Dr. Young Seek Choue was invited to deliver a speech at the ceremonies located at the UN headquarters in New York. There were a mass of events during this period in order to celebrate the International Year/Day of Peace. Soon after the establishment of the UN International Year of Peace, Dr. Young Seek Choue launched a letter campaign and sent letters of appeal to governments, major international organizations, world renowned social, religious and cultural institutes, and the member-universities of the IAUP in order to urge them to participate in the peace activities for the UN International Day of Peace.
After successfully developing the Rural Enlightenment Movement in the early 1950s together with the faculties and students of Kyung Hee University, Dr. Young Seek Choue continued to initiate and carry out the following the Goodwill Cooperation Service (GCS) Movement,: the Better Living Movement, Rural Service Activities, Free Medical Service Activities, the World Peace Movement, and the Movement for Reconstructing Human Society. By doing so, he expanded and strengthened the function of the university to include social service activities as well as academic research.
Furthermore, to bring about academic development through friendly ties and mutual cooperation among universities and to promote world peace and human welfare through higher education, he proposed and co-founded the IAUP. Its inauguration conference was held in Oxford University, United Kingdom, in June 1965.
At the 4th Triennial Conference of the IAUP held in Boston, U.S.A. in 1975, Dr. Young Seek Choue proposed "the Boston Declaration" to promote the Global Common Society Movement in full and worldwide scale. The ultimate goal of this Global Common Society Movement was to overcome the adverse effects of contemporary materialistic civilization such as disrespect for human dignity alienation of human beings; and to improve modern human society into a better and more desirable one by harmonizing the spiritual culture and the materialistic civilization. Now Dr. Chungwon Choue has served as president of GCS International (UN ECOSOC / DPI special consultative NGO) and president of World Taekwondo Federation (WTF). Dr. Chungwon Choue is an international well-known peacebuilder and peacemaker, who is fostering peace, racial harmony, and reconciliation through Taekwondo and sports.
During the 1980s, when the superpowers were competing in a massive arms race by producing innumerable weapons of mass destruction, Dr. Young Seek Choue proposed the establishment of the International Day and Year of Peace at the 6th Triennial Conference of the IAUP held in San Jose, Costa Rica in 1981. He contributed greatly to promoting world peace by playing a pivotal role in encouraging the UN to adopt his proposal and promulgate the UN International Day (the third Tuesday of every September) and Year (1986) of Peace.
Dr. Young Seek Choue received over 100 honors and awards from many countries and world organizations like the UN, wrote over 50 books including Democratic Freedom, The Creation of a Civilized World, Reconstruction of the Human Society, and Oughtopia, and presented and delivered over 120 papers and keynote speeches at national and international conferences. He has received 34 Honorary Doctorates from many world-renowned universities since the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from Miami University, U.S.A. in 1959. Action for Peace through Prayer and Aid (APPA, UN ECOSOC special consultative NGO) was established by Rev. Sang Jin Choi in 1996 in the Washington metropolitan area. Rev. Choi's inspiration to found this establishment came from Dr. Young Seek Choue.
The day was first celebrated at the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies (GIP), Kyung Hee University in September 21, 1982, and is kept by many nations, political groups, military groups, and peoples. Since Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General, has fostered a global initiative that aligns institutions of higher education through the United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI), Dr. Inwon Choue, Kyung Hee University president, also has developed various activities and research in a shared culture of intellectual social responsibility.
1981 – UN General Assembly Resolution passed[edit]
The United Nations General Assembly declared, in a resolution sponsored by the United Kingdom and Costa Rica,[3] the International Day of Peace, to be devoted to commemorating and strengthening the ideals of peace.[4] The date initially chosen was the regular opening day of the annual sessions of the General Assembly, the third Tuesday of September. (This was changed in 2001 to the current annual celebration on 21 September each year — see 2001 below.)
1982 – First observance[edit]
Tuesday 21 September 1982 was the first occurrence of the International Day of Peace. The theme of the first International Day of Peace was the Right to peace of people.
1983 – Culture of Peace initiative[edit]
1996 – Seanad Éireann debate[edit]
2001 – Date set at 21 September[edit]
In 2001 the opening day of the General Assembly was scheduled for 11 September, and Secretary General Kofi Annan drafted a message recognising the observance of International Peace Day on 21 September.[7] That year the day was changed from the third Tuesday to specifically the twenty-first day of September, to take effect in 2002. A new resolution was passed by the General Assembly,[3] sponsored by the United Kingdom (giving credit to Peace One Day) and Costa Rica (the original sponsors of the day), to give the International Day of Peace a fixed calendar date, 21 September, and declare it also as a day of global ceasefire and non-violence.[8]
2004 – Taiwanese commemorative stamp controversy[edit]
A diplomatic stir occurred when Lions Clubs International sponsored a competition for six posters to be used for International Day of Peace commemorative stamps issued by the UN Postal Administration. A poster by 15-year-old Taiwanese school student Yang Chih-Yuan was announced as one of the winners, but the announcement was withdrawn. Taiwan media reports, Taiwan Lions Club and the government of Taiwan claimed the decision not to use the poster resulted from pressure from China;[9] the rejection of the student's painting on political grounds did not reflect the ideals of the International Day of Peace.[10] The UN issued a statement that, although in the short list of eight designs, "due to an internal misunderstanding and miscommunication, Mr. Yang's proof got publicized in error as one of the six stamps intended to be issued."[9] The government of Taiwan (Republic of China) later issued a stamp containing the image.[11]
2005 – UN Secretary General calls for 22 hour ceasefire[edit]
2006 – Peace Parade, UK[edit]
In 2006, then Secretary-General Kofi Annan rang the Peace Bell for the last time during his Term in office. That year the UN asserted the "many ways it works for peace and to encourage individuals, Groups and communities around the world to contemplate and communicate thoughts and activities on how to achieve peace." The United Kingdom held the primary public and official observation of the United Nations International Day of Peace and Non-Violence in Rochdale, Greater Manchester. This was organized by Peace Parade UK.[13][14]
2007 – UN Secretary General calls for worldwide moment of silence[edit]
2009 – International Year of Reconciliation announced[edit]
In 2009 - International Year of Reconciliation - the day was marked by a massive number of white doves being distributed after a formal presentation at the United Nations, bearing in mind the Charter of the United Nations, including the purposes and principles contained therein, and in particular those of saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war, bringing about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace, and practising tolerance and living together in peace with one another as good neighbours, thus developing friendly relations among nations and promoting international cooperation to resolve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian issues. Vincent Coyle of Derry, Northern Ireland gave his full support.[16]
2011 – Peace and Democracy: Make Your Voice Heard[edit]
In 2011 the UN Peace Day's theme was "Peace and Democracy: Make Your Voice Heard". Many organizations held Peace Day events worldwide in 2011. There were school activities, music concerts, global comedy clubs (, peace doves, prayer vigils, peace conferences, and UN activities. Organizations like Peace One Day, Wiser and Culture of Peace[disambiguation needed] have been active participants in Peace Day activities for years.
2012 – Sustainable Peace for a Sustainable Future[edit]
The United Nations set the theme for this year's observance as Sustainable Peace for a Sustainable Future, commemorating and strengthening the ideals of peace both within and among all nations and peoples.[17]
Global Truce Day 2012[edit]
2013 – Focus on Peace education[edit]
Global Truce 2013[edit]
Peace Day Comedy 2013[edit]
To bring awareness to Peace Day, thinkPEACE promoted a Peace Day Comedy program, "Stand-Up For International Peace," held in over 50 global comedy clubs in 2013.[22]
2014 – Right to Peace[edit]
To bring awareness to Peace Day 2014, the thinkPEACE Network will promote a Peace Day Comedy program, "Stand-Up For International Peace," to be held in over 50 global comedy clubs.[25] The Waves Of Kindness Global Initiative celebrates the United Nations International Day Of Peace though global meditation events.[26]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "International Day of Peace Event Information". Secretary-General of the United Nations. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
2. ^ "Secretary-General's Message on the International Day of Peace 21 September 2002". Retrieved 2008-01-06.
3. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Resolution 282. International Day of Peace A/RES/55/282 7 September 2001. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
4. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 36 Resolution 67. International Year of Peace and International Day of Peace A/RES/36/67 page 1. 30 November 1981. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
5. ^ "About the Culture of Peace Initiative". CPI. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
6. ^ Seanad Éireann — Volume 148 26 July 1996
8. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Verbotim Report 111. A/55/PV.111 page 2. Sir Jeremy Greenstock United Kingdom 7 September 2001. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
9. ^ a b Taipei Times Row erupts over local boy's stamp design
10. ^ Taipei Times Chunghwa Post announces intent to use student art
11. ^ Office of the President, Republic of China News Release: President Chen Receives the Painter of International Day of Peace Stamp Yang Chih-yuan
12. ^ "International Day of Peace 2005". Retrieved 2008-01-06.
13. ^ "Peace Parade UK". Retrieved 21 September 2013.
14. ^ "International Day of Peace 2006". Retrieved 2008-01-06.
15. ^ "International Day of Peace 2007". Retrieved 2008-01-06.
16. ^ SER Foundation -
17. ^ "International Day of Peace 2012". Universal Peace Federation. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
18. ^ "Sir Elton John to play for peace day". Retrieved 22 July 2012.
19. ^ Peace Day 2013 Countdown
20. ^ Armed with the Arts Announcement
21. ^ Peace Crane Project
22. ^ "International Peace Day". ThinkPEACE.
23. ^ "Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace". Approved by General Assembly resolution 39/11 of 12 November 1984. Office of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (OHCHR). 12 November 1984. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
24. ^ "International Day of Peace 2014". United Nations. 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
25. ^ "International Day of Peace events". thinkPEACE Network. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
26. ^ "A unique and wonderful phenomena is gaining momentum worldwide". Waves of Kindness. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
27. ^ Interview with Dr. Katherine Müller-Marin, Representative of UNESCO to VietNam in Global Education Magazine
External links[edit]
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34210
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Yucheng County
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Country People's Republic of China
• Total 1,558 km2 (601.547 sq mi)
Population (2002)
• Total 1.08 million
• Density 693.2/km2 (1,795.4/sq mi)
ZIP codes 476300
Area code(s) 0370
Yucheng County(Chinese: 虞城县; Pinyin: Yúchéng Xiàn) is a county located in the east of Henan province, People's Republic of China in Shangqiu city, with a population of approximately 1.08 million and an area of 601.547 square miles (1,558.0 km2).
It has been founded for over 1400 years and has a lot of historic sites, such as Yiyin grave and Weizheng grave. Yucheng is also the hometown of Hua Mulan who is a well-known female hero of China in Southern & Northern Dynasties.
Coordinates: 34°23′53″N 115°51′58″E / 34.39806°N 115.86611°E / 34.39806; 115.86611
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34254
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Dwyane Wade in 2022
Mike Ehrmann/NBAE/Getty Images
What will the life of an aging NBA superstar be like 10 years from now?
Dwyane Wade knew he would be removed from the game before the computers did.
TrueHoop at MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference
Before the three-millimeter silicon sticker that sat unobtrusively on the inside of his bottom lip gleaned from his saliva that his 1.020 hydration level was flirting with the bottom register of acceptability, that his glucose had dipped, that his basal catecholamine excretions had decreased, and that their aggregate effect suggested nine, 12, and five percent expected dips in his straight line speed, vertical leap, and visual reaction time, while raising CRP, fibrinogen, and white blood cell count to levels that increased his probability of sustaining a tendon strain by 0.04; before all this information was recorded, transmitted to the screens Rick from quality control stared at each night, and routed down to Coach Battier -- its arrival announced by a ‘bing’ of the iPad he wore around his wrist -- Wade sensed it.
So when he was taken out, he was neither surprised nor angry. It just happened.
The 40-year old sat on the bench, gulped the 12.4 fluid ounce solution prepared for him, and waited for it to work. As he’d been taught to do, he quieted his mind -- let it slack, dropping each piece of emotion and anxiety accumulated over his last eight minutes of floor time -- before re-engaging with the game. He closed his eyes and walked through scenarios. Then, with four minutes remaining, Battier tapped him on the shoulder. He was back in.
Despite having entered the game at something of a peak -- their collective win expectancy was 5 percent higher than their season mean, a fact that owed largely to a propitious number of players who registered optimal sleep scores over the previous week -- the Heat were losing to the Supersonics by six points. And despite Wade's unusual workload -- Kyle Lowry’s elevated injury markers forced the veteran into an expanded role, and demanded the absorption of 19 percent more force by his almost four-decade-old knees than his pregame target prescribed -- he had performed capably. 24 points on 14 shots. Nine rebounds against an expected total of 5.84. A wins produced differential of +0.073.
The game ebbed and flowed. Over the next three minutes, Wade’s readings stayed squarely in optimal range as Miami narrowed the lead to two. Then, as he still had a tendency to do, despite the humbling influence of old age, Wade became emboldened. With seven seconds left, he called his own number: a left-side screen at the top of the key. Wade, ball in hand, read the coverage, made a decision, and deked right before crashing left -- flush into a hedging Derrick Favors. He didn’t anticipate the seven-footer’s floor location, and so when he resorted to his only remaining option -- a fallaway 3-pointer with, he’d later learn, a .17 probability of success given his present bioindicators, adjusted career averages, and floor location -- the shot lacked the arc and lift it might have had a decade earlier. It clanked off the front of the rim and into the hands of Anthony Davis.
On the long flight home, while the other players gossiped and played cards, Wade sat alone and reflected on that final play. His performance had been, on balance, a good one, but the final sequence conveyed a lapse of discipline. His chance to complete a wonderful narrative, create an ethereal moment in which he was 25 again for just one night, ended with just another loss. He’d been selfish.
Wade slouched back in his seat. He slipped his biofeedback headphones over the electrode-equipped skullcap he favored on long flights, and listened to the playlist that had been tailored specifically to his typical postgame EEG readings. As the sounds and sensors gently calibrated his neuroelectricity, Wade pulled out a touch screen and reviewed his metrics. His emotional regulation, focus, and attention capacity, as measured by the skullcap, were fine. Better than that. While physically, he was on a downward trajectory, cognitively he was in his prime. As he often did, he'd made intelligent, snap decisions the entire game -- up until that final play.
A message popped onto his screen and alerted him that his program was ready.
Shortly after game's end, as he did at least 82 times a year, Rick converted the game tape to a VRML file, ran it through an algorithm that identified the most high-leverage mistakes each individual player had made, and then corrected them. In Wade’s simulation, now, rather than flying into Favors, he cuts left into the screen, then bounces back to the right as Rubio fights to slip it. With the defense spread, Wade has the virtual option of pulling up for an open 15-footer, a shot associated with a 0.53 probability of success, or eking out one final drive to the basket -- a more difficult success rate to peg, but somewhere in 0.49-0.63 range. Neither optimal, but each significant improvements.
The three-dimensional file, uploaded to the virtual reality immersion glasses Wade could only choose the frames for last season, trained both his accuracy and speed. The glasses come in handy on the road, as he’s unable to use the team’s live-action neurofeedback facility then. When Wade first encountered the program nine years earlier, he’d needed one to two seconds to recognize the play, assess his options, and choose the optimal course. Now, his decision-making had become almost wholly subconscious; it rarely took him more than a quarter of a second to play the odds.
Wade put on his glasses and began his training. He relived the scenarios he’d just faced over and over again. He saw himself succeeding, hitting the jumper, making the layup, and a confidence slowly pushed aside his sense of failure. As he ran through his 94th rep, a team medical assistant wordlessly placed a bottle of water and an oblong pill -- a compound of vitamins A, B, D, glutamine, niacin, DHEA, piracetam, and aspirin, specially titrated to optimize Wade’s unique blood chemistry -- on the tray beside him.
Wade hit pause, removed his glasses, and stared blankly at the back of the seat ahead of him. Wade’s troubled, at times, when he has room to think about things that aren’t basketball and their implications: the ways his life has changed, the way he’s abetted it, the steadily shrinking space that belongs just to him. When his celebrity first came, aspects of his privacy disappeared. When it deepened, his personal space became cramped by it. But now even the most basic facts of his existence -- his DNA, his blood, his urine -- are public. They’re collected, coded, and probed and prodded by teams of strangers who haven't as much as made eye contact with him but are still acquainted with the most intimate, private details of his life. What’s left that’s just his?
Wade placed the pill on his tongue, chased it with the glass of water, and slid the glasses back on. They were scheduled to touch down in Miami in three hours, and he still had plenty to do.
Thank you to Jason Sada of Axon, Isaiah Kacyvenski and Ben Schlatka of mc10 and Richard Dry of Edge10 for their insights.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34290
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Information for "SQLite"
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Basic information
Display titleSQLite
Default sort keySQLite
Page length (in bytes)649
Page ID2353
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Page content modelwikitext
Indexing by robotsAllowed
Number of views1,951
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Counted as a content pageYes
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Edit history
Page creatorJoachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation23:51, 27 October 2013
Latest editorJoachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit23:28, 29 October 2013
Total number of edits2
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34297
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Announcement Announcement Module
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Error while doing paged query on LDAP Page Title Module
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• Error while doing paged query on LDAP
I tried to retrieve the result from LDAP using paged query. It returns 2-3 pages successfully, but then some times failes on any page with the following exception.
Caused by: javax.naming.OperationNotSupportedException: [LDAP: error code 12 - 00000057: LdapErr: DSID-0C09068F, comment: Error processing control, data 0, vece
Sometimes it returns all the pages successfully. I am not sure what causing this. Can anybody help me with this.
The following is the code snippet I am using for paged search
SearchControls searchControls = new SearchControls();
List<LdapEntry> entries =, _filter,
searchControls, _attributeMapper, _processor);
for (LdapEntry entry : entries) {
PagedResultsCookie cookie = _processor.getCookie();
_processor = new PagedResultsDirContextProcessor(_pageSize, cookie);
• #2
Never really seen this error.
I can share my code. Try comparing to yours, and see if it helps you solve the problem.
protected NameClassPairCallbackHandler pagedSearch(String baseDN,
String filter,
String displayFilter,
SearchControls searchControls,
NameClassPairCallbackHandler handler) {
* once a SingleContextSource is constructed, it must be destroyed (see below), otherwise only the garbage
* collector will close its connection.
final SingleContextSource singleContextSource =
new SingleContextSource(contextSource.getContext(userN ame, password));
try {
ldapTemplate.setContextSource(singleContextSource) ;
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debugFormat("LDAP query is {0}", displayFilter);
int ldapPageSize = Config.<Integer> GetValue(ConfigValues.LdapQueryPageSize);
PagedResultsDirContextProcessor requestControl = new PagedResultsDirContextProcessor(ldapPageSize);, filter, searchControls, handler, requestControl);
PagedResultsCookie cookie = requestControl.getCookie();
while (cookie != null) {
byte[] cookieBytes = cookie.getCookie();
if (cookieBytes == null) {
requestControl = new PagedResultsDirContextProcessor(ldapPageSize, cookie);, filter, searchControls, handler, requestControl);
cookie = requestControl.getCookie();
} catch (Exception ex) {
log.errorFormat("Error in running LDAP query. BaseDN is {0}, filter is {1}. Exception message is: {2}",
} finally {
return handler;
It is part of the oVirt project , an open source project for enterprise virtualization management. see for more details
Hope it will help you,
• #3
Thanks Oved. I have partially solved the problem using SingleContextSource around LdapContextSource. Now, I am running into another issue. If I use same template which has SingelContextSource for paged search, it works but then if I use the same template for "lookup" rather than search, the ldap throws an error :
[LDAP: error code 12 - 00002040: SvcErr: DSID-03140290, problem 5010 (UNAVAIL_EXTENSION), data 0
So, sharing a template with SingleLdapSource between search and lookup queries does not work. Do you have any idea why this may be happening.
• #4
Not sure about that, but as you see in the code above, we create a new singlecontextsource each time we perform a search.
Did you try that with lookup as well?
I mean:
* create the singlecontextsource
* run the paged query, get all results
* destroy the single context source
Repeat the above for each search/lookup.
You must remember that it is not a good practice to keep the single context source open too much time, as the meaning of single context source is (taken from the javadoc):
It is used as a decorator around a target ContextSource
to make sure the target is never actually closed. Useful when working with e.g. paged results,
as these require the same target to be used.
So, not closing the target can leave un-freed resources.
Hope it helps,
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34299
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We don't know anything for certain...
by birdmantd Moderator - 12/25/12 6:27 PM
In Reply to: Back to the original issue. by R. Proffitt Moderator
It is impossible to say if the fault is w/ At&t or Verizon at this point. As a former rep for At&t I dealt with this type of issue from time to time. Need to give Tier II technical support a chance to resolve the problem.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34300
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Very basic question. Help needed. Most urgent.
Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Very basic question. Help needed. Most urgent.
1. #1
Join Date
Jan 2003
Bangalore, INDIA
Very basic question. Help needed. Most urgent.
Hi Guys
I am pretty pretty new here. I have been suddenly assigned the job of maitaining a "functional" project originally developed in PHP/MySQL. So, I am required to first learn the language and then look for what needs to be done there.
Anyway, I am not very new to PHP style of programming, as I have knowledge of C, C++ and now C# too.
Well, when I installed PHP 4.3.9 on to my computer and successfully got phpinfo() show me the results, I then copied the project to the required location, and when tried viewing it in the browser, I get an error as follows -
Notice: Undefined index: adv_pub_user_id in C:\wwwroot\inetpub\s3\lib\css_generator.php on line 6
The line 6 of the original code is as follows -
if (!$_SESSION['adv_pub_user_id']) { $_SESSION['adv_pub_user_id'] = trim($_REQUEST['pub_id']); }
From what I understand is, unlike in ASP / ASP.NET, upon encountering a Session / Request which is unavailable/not-set-yet, no error is displayed, but in PHP it seems to be happening so. And, I guess something somewhere needs to be set to prevent this from happening.
Guys, this a very urgent and important assignment. Your help would be highly appreciated.
2. #2
Join Date
Sep 2004
Re: Very basic question. Help needed. Most urgent.
You are better off checking if the variabloe is set first using something like:
if (isset($_SESSION['adv_pub_user_id'])).....
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34302
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I would like to execute a Sub in a running instance of an app from the Sub
Main of another instance of that same app. Is this even possible? I have
seen examples of calling the File|Open menu of Notepad.
I'd like to call Public Sub PostStats() on all running instances when a new
instance is invoked.
Bill Gauvey
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34305
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Anyone Else See Woz using the New Touch before the show started????
Discussion in 'iPod touch' started by bruceleroy, Sep 1, 2010.
1. macrumors member
Looks like it still has the chrome back
2. macrumors 6502a
God, I hope not.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34306
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Apple TV Jailbreak Updated for 5.2 Software, Third-Generation Model and Some Plug-ins Still Unsupported
Discussion in 'iOS Blog Discussion' started by MacRumors, Feb 13, 2013.
1. macrumors bot
Apple TV's latest update -- version 5.2 -- was originally released back in January with Bluetooth Keyboard support and a number of other features.
Today, FireCore released updated versions of aTV Flash (black) and its Seas0nPass jailbreaking app.
The app jailbreaks any second-generation Apple TV unit with the 5.2 software installed, but the jailbreak for the third generation Apple TV released in March 2012 remains missing in action. As such, second-generation Apple TV units can fetch a premium on the secondary market.
There is one important note, however -- depending on how users choose to use their jailbroken Apple TV, some may want to wait on upgrading. Firecore adds an important note at the end of their update mentioning that "some 3rd party plugins such as Plex, Remote HD, Rowmote, and XBMC are not yet compatible with the 5.1+ Apple TV software."
Users who do wish to upgrade should head to FireCore's website for walkthrough instructions.
Article Link: Apple TV Jailbreak Updated for 5.2 Software, Third-Generation Model and Some Plug-ins Still Unsupported
2. macrumors 6502a
3. macrumors member
Still crap as long as it's not ATV3.
4. macrumors 601
It's really sad that the 2nd gen can go for twice the cost of the 3rd gen.
You mean the Atv3 is crap without a jailbreak. :)
5. macrumors 601
Really? Time to sell my two 2nd generation :apple:TV on eBay, then! :eek:
6. macrumors member
I guess hackers just aren't what they used to be. Not very talented these days. :D:p:eek::cool::apple:
7. macrumors regular
I was actually about throwing mine away until I checked eBay because of the Comments here. Thanks for the 200 USD, guy! :)
Yeah, I guess hackers are not what they used to be... ;p
8. macrumors 601
yeah, no problem mate ;)
9. macrumors 6502a
Yeah, I'll happily trade my non-jailbroken ATV2 for ATV3 and $100. Win win since I don't jailbreak.
10. macrumors member
Unfortunately the Apple TV is useless to me until it supports all media formats like my WDTV Live does.
Which is a real shame as I think an ATV with apps could be really exciting.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34307
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Chrome, Firefox, or Safari
Discussion in 'MacBook Air' started by Scuba629, Jul 22, 2011.
Best MBA broswer? Chrome, Firefox, or Safari
1. Chrome
110 vote(s)
2. Firefox
35 vote(s)
3. Safari
103 vote(s)
4. Oher
0 vote(s)
1. macrumors regular
Which is the best browser to use with your MBA? Or which do you find works the best?
2. macrumors member
Macs in general, but specifically Safari SUCK at handling GIF files. If you visit sites that have many of them, you'll have a hell of a time trying to scroll. My 27 Quad i5 can't even render them decently.
I vote Chrome (for now.)
3. macrumors 68020
Safari as its the only one that properly supports Lion, once Chrome is updated with gestures etc I'm sure I'll go back.
4. macrumors 6502
I love Chrome for Windows but I find that I prefer Safari for the MBA 11. The speed incredible. I'm also annoyed at how Chrome auto-hides the address bar and tabs in full screen mode. Until that changes and gestures is added I'm sticking with Safari.
5. macrumors 6502a
I tried Safari since its supposed to be integrated better with Lion, but I found it to be sluggish, especially using the new two-finger swipes. I was getting beach-balled far too much so I just went back to Chrome and three finger swipes.
6. macrumors 68030
For the first time ever, I'm trying safari. I wish they kept the effing keyboard shortcuts universal.
Some command option, some command shift.. work it out apple... and give me a damn gesture to kill a tab, or make it configurable.
7. macrumors Pentium
Browsers are personal and seriously, "best with MBA" ? What type of question is that ? A browser is not better on some piece of hardware.
OS X's best browser right now seems to be Chrome. More up-to-date than Safari on Webkit, leaner, minimalistic GUI, the "task manager", integrated "Firebug" and other dev tools, plenty of extensions (Adblock, Flashblock). Firefox can't compete these days.
8. macrumors 6502a
Just a heads-up from Google. They've already addressed the defective full screen icon on Canary. They simply removed it. You can still go full screen as you did in Leopard, but it won't be treated by Lion as a full screen app. There are no immediate plans to put out a version that supports full screen mode in Lion, but they are discussing how to best implement it. As for gestures, they recommend setting Lion to 3 finger swipes, which will also get you swipe gestures in iTunes and Finder.
9. macrumors regular
I will use Safari until chrome gets updated with gestures, better zoom in and out, etc.
10. macrumors newbie
Surely a subjective question - Safari... for now.
11. macrumors 6502a
i love chrome for its speed, but trying out Safari for now, just to see how well gestures are integrated with Lion. so far i'm loving the smoothness of them like the zooms.
12. macrumors newbie
I like Chrome better in general, and use it all day at work when I'm plugged in, but this latest version of Safari is pretty good on my new 13" i7.
Keep in mind that Chrome uses up more battery. If you plan to go a long time without being plugged in, use Safari.
13. macrumors 68000
tom vilsack
i would use chrome if it had a side panel for bookmarks...but i find for fastest bookmark browsing firefox and extension "autoclose" can't be beat.....
autoclose...closes folder when opening another folder
14. macrumors newbie
i dont wanna make steve jobs disappointed about our browser - i vote safari
15. macrumors regular
Safari, mainly because it synchs bookmarks with my iPhone. Very handy indeed.
16. macrumors 68000
Safari handsdown.
17. macrumors member
Chrome is just so far ahead of Safari, there's no contest. Unified search/address box, cleaner and quicker to use layout, better extension and app support, google sync (rocks). Bookmarks are for people without integrated Google Instant.
While full screen safari might look flashy in Lion, it's a waste of space even on my 13" air. On my 27" iMac, it's almost comically oversized. I'll take http://manytricks.com/moom/ and Chrome over Lion iOS mode any day.
18. macrumors regular
Safari has a serious memory leak in Lion, that and the lack of extensions make me wonder why people would use it.
I use Firefox mostly because the AdBlock+ extension actually blocks video ads properly and from any website. The Chrome version doesn't.
19. JD92, Jul 23, 2011
Last edited: Feb 2, 2013
macrumors 6502a
20. macrumors regular
Ive always used Firefox but now I guess everyone is going to Chrome. Can Chrome be tweaked with addons or anything? What makes it so popular on Mac?
21. macrumors 6502a
I was wondering why I was losing 4 - 6 gigs of HD space each day, and now I know why. Safari is leaking memory like crazy. That seals the deal. Won't be using that garbage anymore.
22. macrumors newbie
I've just migrated to Lion from XP last night on a new MBA and love Chrome. It works brilliantly in Windows (apart from a bizarre Hotmail bug).
All my passwords were synced and the all in all, a very pleasant experience. I only used Safari to download Chrome :D.
23. macrumors member
Coming from an ibook G4 running Panther, my experience is that Safari is horrible, iCab 3 is great and Firefox is generic. After getting a 2011 MBA, I still hate Safari - it won't stop accepting web cookies, even though I have it set to refuse them. Firefox is what I'm using now but, I may try Chrome or other alternatives if I find any. I can't really vote here, because it's not a poll about the people's least favorite browsers. I've always been most comfortable using a combination of browsers. Safari is the one which has been useless to me. I only used it to download Firefox with, so that I can use the web on my new MBA.
24. macrumors 68030
25. macrumors 6502
Really have no reason not to use Safari as it does everything I need and provides the few extensions I enjoy having.
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Cost effectiveness of replacing an ibook display?
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by GanChan, Mar 29, 2010.
1. macrumors 6502
My trust G4 ibook has developed a dark area in one corner of the screen, and I assume it will only get worse over time. Is it worth the cost to repair/replace the screen, or would it make about as much sense to just buy a replacement ibook?
It's a good computer otherwise....
2. macrumors 68040
If you can get one at a very low price and by low price around 100 or 200 and even that's pushing it. Anything higher, there's really no point. With Mac prices being lower than they ever were and especially with the popularity of the Apple refurb site, you could get a cheap Mac that will outperform the iBook easily vs. price.
3. macrumors 68040
I have a 12" iBook screen that is pretty good just sitting around. Sold the logic board. If you need it, let me know.
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Developers let your creative minds flow - No widescreen Fart Apps
Discussion in 'iPad Apps' started by bnerd, Jan 30, 2010.
1. macrumors regular
Now that we can get some desktop-like multi-touch apps on this more powerful device, I really hope all the great iPhone OS developers think outside of the box. Sure Fart apps were cute on the iPhone at first.. and fun.. but the iPad users I believe will want a lot more of the App Store.
So here's to wishing all the iPad developers great luck with the new device and hopefully some amazing apps will be made... maybe even better than iWork for iPad... can we say Photoshop for iPad!!!
2. macrumors 6502
I call first flashlight app.
3. macrumors regular
LOL ... oh geez I see it now. #1 iPad App. "Search Light"
4. macrumors regular
I don't see Adobe wasting their time on a program with such limited functionality as a 10" Multi-Touch display, but that's just me.
I think a "Scratching" program would be nifty - and a true-to-life 45 would fit perfectly on the screen. :)
5. macrumors regular
They've already created Photoshop for the iPhone ... I don't see how they can't just use the same code and add more features. Development of something like that would take 4-5 months max for Adobe.
6. macrumors 603
Firefox, PLEASE.
7. macrumors P6
I am Rich v2 is coming soon, only for a price of 4k as it's 4 x as big of a jewel
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Dissapointing Battery Life in MBA vs Macbook Alu
Discussion in 'MacBook Air' started by jfriedman8, Oct 15, 2008.
1. macrumors regular
Is it just me, or is anyone else perplexed about why the MBA, the supposed mac ultraportable, has the worst battery life out of anything that was refreshed yesterday? It has 30 mins less of battery life accd to Apple and then it does not have a removable battery. I think after today I would prefer the MBA to MB, if it were not for the battery life. Other than processor, and ports which I rarely use anyway (aside from USB) they're the same computer. I would like to see a MBA remodel with the new screen, but first and foremost I would like a 7-9 hour (at least spec'd by Apple) battery. The thing is thin for a reason, so why cant it run longer? It's not like the tech isnt out there. The Vaio TT offers up to 12 hours with the hi capacity battery. Hopefully in January we will see some drastic improvement there.
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How do re-apply metadata if building a new library
Discussion in 'iPod' started by Jupeman, Nov 23, 2008.
1. macrumors member
Help, my iTunes lost its connection to my media server yesterday and it seems to have totally corrupted the library. A huge majority of the songs can't be found ("!"), others now point to an old music directory (how does that happen), and a few still point to the correct directory. I have all my music files intact, but if I recreate the library by starting afresh, I will lose 6 years worth of ratings, play counts, and last played dates. I do not want to lose this information. I have the information (ratings, etc.,) in an library export (.txt, csv file).
How can I add back the music and restore the metadata??
I can't possibly restore each file by hand as I have >13,000 music files.
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Looking For Stronghold
Discussion in 'Games' started by parrothead, Nov 16, 2004.
1. macrumors 6502a
Does anyone know where I can get ahold of Stronghold? I have always thought that game looked cool and would love to be able to play it.
2. macrumors 6502a
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/34314
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new g4 processor upgrades? for slower g4's
Discussion in 'Hardware Rumors' started by plastik02, Oct 26, 2001.
1. macrumors newbie
i want to upgrade my g4 450
does anyone know if there
will be processor upgrades
for the agp g4's it would be
great to upgrade to a 800mhz
or 867mhz processor, although
it would have to be designed for
the older buss speed of the sawtooth
anyone got any idea's?
dave dennison
i dont need a quad card i just want an cpu upgrade
i have a g4 450 with 40 gig hd and 640 mrgs of ram
i do 3-d and lots of after effects
(all memory and processor hogs)
i want the upgrade processor to improve rendeering
[Edited by plastik02 on 11-02-2001 at 10:08 PM]
2. macrumors 68020
I got the same computer, just add some ram to it. You can find sales of 1.5G for only $175. That is gonna give you lots of speed. To buy a processor is too expensive, at list $500 (or more). Get the ram, unless you are doing serious 3D rendering. In that case you got the wrong computer, get a Intergraph or something like that.
The 400Mhz are the best. I can work with audio (heavy things, lots of tracks), doing web sites and graphic design for printing, etc. I got 320MB in ram and I'm goin for the 1.5G.
Do not fall in to the MHz mith, get ram now that is cheap. Later, upgrade your computer to a G5 or something like that if you want. But 800Mhz is not worth it yet for your situation (dependig of how much ram you got). That is my advice.
[Edited by mymemory on 10-26-2001 at 07:00 PM]
3. macrumors 6502a
Unfortunately, you can't upgrade that processor without ponying up some serious cash. (For example, you could upgrade to a dual 500Mhz G4 for about $950 from http://www.xlr8.com.)
I'd recommend waiting until January. We should see a bump in G4 speeds by then. That should make some of the 733 - 800Mhz processors available to the upgrade makers. It's rather unfortunate that we're not seeing more multi-processor options from Apple these days. I suspected that we'd see a quad card by now.
I'm guessing late spring / early summer for the G5 machines? It's my understanding that we should see some serious performance improvements from the G5, but gosh that seems like an awful time to wait.
Here's to hoping that the PowerPC situation improves in the near future.
[Edited by oldMac on 10-27-2001 at 09:14 PM]
4. Retired
quad card
i would love a quad card, but even if it were reasonable, who in great enough numbers for apple to produce it would go out and buy a quad card?
5. macrumors 6502a
quad card
Anybody who does video production, video compression, rendering, simulation or scientific work would quickly kill for a quad-card.
I know quite a few graphic artist folks who have never found a machine powerful enough for what they do. Their job consistently requires them to set up "overnight" jobs and to switch between tasks while their jobs are "processing" on an extra machine.
Actually, even disregarding the application server market, there are quite a few verticals that would be more interested in Macs if they had better multiprocessor capability. Instead, they're out there buying $50K Sun boxes and $100K video production workstations.
6. Retired
re: quad card
i know there is a use for a quad card since i used to work for autodesk, maker of autocad
but do you think all the quad card users in the world could justify apple going through the expense of designing it, testing it, introducing it, and advertising it?
i don't think a quad card would be anymore justifiable than a 42 inch plasma monitor for eight thousand dollars like the toshiba flat panel i saw a few months ago
but, i have to admit, a quad card or 42 inch apple flat panel would be very cool...i go down the street and gawk at an art gallery's huge plasma monitor and they think i am looking at the art slideshow but in reality, i am looking at the plasma screen and wishing i could have one of those flat panels for my home
i did also hear about a 60 or 70 inch flat panel for fifteen thousand bucks...could you picture that with your G4...the apple logo on that thing would be the size of a baseball and it would take two linebackers to install it into your house or apartment
7. macrumors 6502a
how much would it cost?
That's always the question, isn't it?
I think the market for the quad card is alive and well. With every major release, they buy the fastest Apple has available and, quite frankly, they don't look at the price. Because they know that a machine that's twice as fast can save them upwards of 10 to 20 man-hours a week.
So long as it's less than $10K, they won't blink an eye. Properly configured and marketed, they would easily pay twice that.
Now, I'm not saying this market is *huge*, but it definitely exists, and you could probably price the machines accordingly.
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