id
stringlengths 50
55
| text
stringlengths 54
694k
|
|---|---|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48018 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm planning on replacing my laptop's HDD with a 256GB SSD, but I have a dual-boot (12.04 and Windows 7) setup and I'd like to be able to directly migrate Ubuntu over without having to reinstall and lose all of my settings. GParted reports the following partition setup on my HDD. I am, of course, able to modify it if necessary.
/dev/sda1 (NTFS) 66.92 out of 200.00 MB used
I'm honestly not sure what this partition is for. Maybe for Windows 7 system files? I'm hesitant to mess with it. (edit; it turns out it is a partition for Windows recovery files in the event of OS corruption, so I don't want to remove it. Plus it also appears to be a major pain to remove anyways)
/dev/sda2 (NTFS) 116.35 out of 339.06 GB used (boot)
This partition is the C:/ drive on my Windows installation. I don't use it on my Ubuntu installation, except it is the boot partition and thus has grub on it.
/dev/sda4 (extended)
> /dev/sda5 (ext4) 14.49 out of 91.34 GB used
> /dev/sda6 (linux-swap) 5.92 GB
These are my Ubuntu partitions. /sda5 contains my documents and all of the files I use on Ubuntu, and (as far as I know) the system files for Ubuntu itself (it's the partition I created when prompted by the Live-DVD installer). /sda6 is, of course, the swap partition which I only need for hibernation (6GB of RAM).
/dev/sda3 (NTFS) 9.89 out of 14.75 GB used
This is an annoying partition that Lenovo created to store some drivers and files that I might need later on. For example, it allows me to use OneKeyRecovery for a quick factory recovery if absolutely necessary, not sure if that'll work on an SSD. It also contains not-so-important files for bloatware installation.
In total, my HDD only has about 150GB of files on it so it should fit comfortably on the SSD. The problem is, I want to exactly migrate my files, partitions, OSes, MBR, etc. from my HDD to my SSD and I'm not quite sure how to do this. I've seen CloneZilla referenced before, but I'm not all too experienced and the documentation for it quite frankly seems a bit like a foreign language to me. So, put simply, is there any way I can exactly clone this HDD to an SSD without a massive headache? Also, if it matters, I'll probably be using an external hard drive case (as recommended in online tutorials) to externally attach the SSD to my laptop during the cloning process due to the lack of two hard drive slots in the machine.
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Since you are moving from a large HD to a smaller SSD, you will need to copy partitions rather than "clone" the original hard drive.
Regarding the use of Clonezilla and "the documentation for it quite frankly seems a bit like a foreign language", have you seen the following two references? Both indicate how to resize the HD partitions, and copy the reduced-size partitions to the smaller SSD.
How to Clone Hard Drive to Smaller Drive http://geekyprojects.com/storage/how-to-clone-hard-drive-to-smaller-drive/
Replacing A Disk With A Smaller One Using Clonezilla Live http://preview.tinyurl.com/cnjm6yg
For me, the "foreign language" came in the form of Clonezilla's interface. I have never seen so many error/warning messages and had to fight my way through multiple text-based menu screens. However, the good news is that, once you have prevailed with the setup procedures, Clonezilla actually works flawlessly.
Finally, be prepared to use a Windows Recovery Disk to reset the MBR (since Windows seems to object to partitions being moved around) and perhaps also Rescatux (http://www.supergrubdisk.org/rescatux/) to re-establish the GRUB menu after Windows "thinks" it is back in control.
share|improve this answer
You should use Clonezilla Live. It's sort of like the Linux equivalent of Norton Ghost. Just boot off the CD and make an image of the entire disk onto an external hard drive. It does not matter what O/S you are trying to backup or restore. It will take a "snapshot" of the entire disk and lay it back down onto the new disk. It is very useful for whole-disk recoveries when disks sizes may have changed.
share|improve this answer
Clonezilla allows you to fit the drive data to a smaller drive if there is enough space.
Read this doc.
You might have to re-install GRUB2 once the cloning process is finished.
share|improve this answer
1. Make separate images of your partitions to an external usb disk using Clonezilla.
2. Format your SSD disk and create at least one partition (ntfs).
3. Copy the image of your windows partition on the SSD disk. Restart the computer.
4. Install fresh ubuntu beside windows. Restart the computer.
5. Copy the image of your ubuntu partition on the new ubuntu partition (overwrite it).
6. Now you can resize or create new partitions with Gparted.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48019 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I use a Flash video that has a full-screen function, I would like to be able to allow another program to get focus and have the Flash video stay full-screen.
I'm using Chrome 27.0.1453.110 with Adobe's implementation of Flash 11.2. I'm using 11.2 because the primary purpose of using Flash is Amazon's Instant Video.
Currently, whenever another program gains focus, the Flash full-screen restores back to what it was before. Is there any way to change this behavior?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
After being annoyed at this problem myself, and not liking how many of the extensions to accomplish this objective are so flaky or don't work on all sites, I've made my own extension.
When you click on the icon it will maximize/restore the original size to the biggest flash object on the page.
Some things that this extension does that others don't are:
• Will keep playing the item inline where it is in the DOM, meaning that the video won't reload. For some videos trying to reload the video won't work at all, and for others it will do annoying things such as cause you to have to watch the ad at the start of the video again.
• Will search through all iframes in the current site to find the flash object with the biggest area to maximize.
• Preserves aspect ratio of the video.
• Supports HTML 5 videos as well.
• Will resize the maximized video as you resize the browser window, allowing you to create custom video sizes for your needs.
share|improve this answer
This does not answer it, but my my workaround it is the zoom in to the video.
You can zoom in on the web page by hitting "Ctrl+++ on your keyboard. Likewise, you can zoom out by doing Ctrl+--.
I am curious to see if other people have any workarounds/Hacks.
Hope this helped.
share|improve this answer
I found something a little better, where I can get the URI of the swf file from the page's source and load that directly into the address bar and maximize it. It's larger than it is embedded in the page but still has UI elements around it. Thanks for the suggestion! – jdphenix Jun 22 '13 at 1:22
Since this is very makeshift, I'd suggest the answer from shariat. – Joren Oct 17 '13 at 0:56
Try this plugin for Chrome. It allows you to resize a webpage flash element to fit the Chrome window size, on the same page or in a new tab.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48020 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
In my office my team and I are going to type texts in the future which will include mathematical signs. Two programs are being proposed: LibreOffice Writer + Math or Microsoft Office + MathType.
I would like to advocate for the first solution, but I need to know what technical advantages and disadvantages each program has. Compatibility with Ubuntu is an evident and important characteristic for LibreOffice, but could you give some other aspects? As a side question, do you advice any other program, even if not WYSIWYG and thus not my preference in this case?
share|improve this question
For texts which include mathematic formulae LaTeX is an absolutely unrivaled solution. It does have some learning curve and it's not WYSIWYG (although LyX and other editors do combine WYSIWYG-capabilities with LaTeX syntax) - but it's much more efficient to typeset formulae in LaTeX than in MS Word or similar text processors. – Sergey Jan 27 '12 at 0:25
To be fair, you can type TeX math with MathType in MS Word – zetah Jan 27 '12 at 4:30
3 Answers 3
Sorry for providing question instead answer and slightly hijacking, but why is choice limited to LibreOffice Writer?
There are just too many ways on Linux AFAIK to include math notation in a document.
One familiar and light option would be AbiWord, which accepts LaTeX notation and editing:
enter image description here
Other tool (abandoned unfortunately, which I compile from source) that offers LaTeX transcript in many formats through simple drag&drop functionality is ekee:
enter image description here
Hope this post is useful
share|improve this answer
I am a scientist in computational fluid mechanics and I use both: MS Office with Microsoft Equation 3.0 at one of my computers at home, and Libre Office on Ubuntu at work, and at one of my home desktops. And I have never met any difficulties in creating and editing any (even quite complicated) equations. Additionally Ubuntu and Libre are free. But really I am very satisfied with both solutions.
share|improve this answer
TeX people often claim that you can enter math faster in TeX than in MathType. However, they often just say this with no evidence to back it up. Often they have years of working with TeX, try MathType after working with it for 15 mins, and then claim that MathType is much slower.
They also assume because you can pick symbols and structures using the mouse to buuld an equation that you have to. MathType defines keyboard shortcuts for virtually everything and let's you redefine them according to your own scheme. They are much shorter than TeX's keywords so fewer keystrokes are required. Finally, if the user happens to know TeX for an expression, they can enter TeX language for most things.
Many TeX people claim efficiency because they rely on a library of TeX macros they'be built up over time. This increases efficiency by taking advantage of the repetitiveness of most math. MathType has a roughly equivalent feature with its customizable toolbar. It can't do everything TeX macros can do but it has one big advantage over them. You can create them on the fly. Macros mostly require forethought since creating them takes one away from the task at hand. In MathType, if you see that a subexpression you have entered is going to be needed several times later, in the same equation or in subsequent equations, you just select and drag it to the toolbar. Later, when you need it, just click on the toolbar cell and it inserts the subexpression.
My company, Design Science, makes MathType so I am definitely biased. I will say that TeX does a wonderful job of formatting math. And I mean no disrespect to Donald Knuth and the TeX community in general.
share|improve this answer
Thank you. Is there a way for me to use MathType on Ubuntu? – Agmenor Jan 27 '12 at 17:56
Sorry, no. Unfortunately that OS has never had that much success as a desktop OS so the market has been too small. – Paul Topping Jan 27 '12 at 20:39
You may be right for the general customer, but I feel like there is definitely a larger market share if you consider the people inclined to type math formulas. – Agmenor Jan 27 '12 at 20:43
thanks for answering this question. I guess the community wants a solution for libreoffice not a story about advantages of mthtype over tex. – meduz Apr 12 '12 at 8:09
Your Answer
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48038 | Strange Maps
509 - Magical Siberia: A Russian Take on Middle-earth
A poor motherless kid and a runaway slave are floating down a mighty river, on the run from the authorities. Huckleberry Finn? Well, sort of. In a 1973 film adaptation of Mark Twain’s best-loved work, Huck and Jim speak Russian throughout, and river they’re navigating definitely isn’t the Mississippi. It probably is the Volga, as the flat landscape that surrounds them exudes a melancholy bleakness that seems to chime with the Russian soul.
The movie is called Sovsem Propashchiy (Hopelessly Lost), and although a Soviet production from the middle of the Cold War [1], it has been called one of the more faithful movie adaptations of Twain’s American classic. Yet Soviet authorities were so nervous about their version’s perceived ‘anti-Americanism’ that they postponed its release by several weeks, to avoid embarrassing Comrade Brezhnev, then on a state visit to the US.
It seems that transferring artistic content from one geographical context to another - supplemented here, no doubt, with a bit of ideological fine-tuning - leads to fictional disorientation, in this case enough to throw off balance even the ideological milieu that produced it. One wonders if a similar shift also occurred with the translation into Russian of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit.
russian tolkien
This prologue to The Lord of the Rings trilogy describes Middle-earth, a mythical predecessor to our own time and place, give or take a few Ages. It is populated by Men, but also Elves and Dwarves, Orcs and Hobbits, Wizards and Ents, and many other creatures that seem to have stepped right out of (or rather: into) a fairy tale. Tolkien found the material for his yarns in ancient myths, and was inspired to spin them to provide England with the deep mythology he thought it lacked. The Shire and its inhabitants obviously are based on an idyllic view of the English countryside [2]. It is less clear on which parts of the present-day world, if any, the other regions of Middle-Earth are based. But some fun may be had in speculating [3].
This map, however, adds something to the Russian translation of The Hobbit. The map is the work of Mikhail Belomlinsky, who illustrated a translation of The Hobbit, or There and Back Again by N. Rahmanova. The artwork provides the story with a decidedly Slavic ambiance, as incongruous here as it in the case of Huck Finn. Exactly what is so Slavic about this map - and whether or not it (or the translation itself) has socialist overtones - is a bit harder to establish.
• In the bottom left corner, we see what seems to be a collection of log cabins rendered in black, woodcut-like style: Хобитон (Hobbiton)
• One branch of an unnamed river, the first of three on the map, separates Hobbiton from Ривенделл (Rivendell); the other separates the latter from a place called последний домашний приют (posledniy domashniy priyut), the Last Homely House, as well as from дикий край (dikiy kray), literally the Wild Land, or the Wild Edge.
• What looks like a wolf and a mountain chain called туманные горы (tumanniye gori; Misty Mountains) separate the flatlands to the south from another river, containing скала каррок (skala karrok, or [the rock] Carrock) and beyond it a weathervane-topped wooden dacha, дом беорна (dom beorna): Beorn's house.
• What looks like a large, dark, northerly pine forest is called, appropriately, чëрный лес (cherniy lyes), Black Forest. It contains a castle named дворец короля эльфов (dvoryets korolya elfov), the Castle of the Elf King [4].
• The river flowing out of the Black Forest is called, adjectivally, быстротечная (bistrotechnaya), the Swift [River]. It feeds долгое озеро (dolgoye ozero), the Long Lake, which contains the island city of эсгарот (Esgaroth), all black and with turrets, looking like little Middle-earth version of the Kremlin.
• In the top left, we see the железные холмы (zheleznye kholmy), the Iron Hills, and in the top right, одинокая гора (odinokaya gora), the Lonely Mountain, patrolled by a small-winged, heavy-breathing dragon. At the mountain’s foot we find the English name of Dale simply transliterated in Russian, instead of translated to the rather pleasing-sounding долина (dolina).
So what makes this a particularly Slavic map? The Cyrillic lettering helps, obviously. And so do the log houses (didn’t Hobbits live in holes?), the wolves, the pine trees and the dark, brooding, xylographically rendered landscape. All somehow adding up to the conceit as if Middle-earth were some kind of magical Siberia.
But maybe there’s a deeper link between The Hobbit and the Russian soul than even this map suggests. For it seems that this work by Tolkien, even if so much more lightheartedly narrated than the Ring trilogy, meticulously conforms to the 31 motifs [5] that form the structural basis for much of Russian folklore, as described by the Soviet scholar Vladimir Propp, in his Morphology of the Folk Tale (1928).
And what about those ideological shifts, mentioned above? We'd need a textual exegesis; little can be said from studying the map alone. But since this translation apparently dates from 1987 (or earlier still), Communist inferences might be present. Could this Russian translation reflect the secret indoctrination of Soviet youth into believing in a Comrade Baggins, from the Soviet Republic of the Shire, defeating the Big Bad Capitalist Dragon? Maybe, maybe not. Many things have been read into Tolkien's work, but not yet, to my knowledge, a leninesque, pro-proletarian trait in the Hobbit psyche.
This map, found here, is part of a series, showing cartographic designs for foreign-language editions of The Hobbit, including maps in Portuguese, German, Swedish, Japanese, and Finnish (or Estonian, more probably).
[1] Hopelessly Lost (Совсем пропащий) was directed by Georgi Daneliya, who supposedly infused Twain’s epic with some of the trademark wit of his native Georgia (the mountainous Caucasus republic next to Armenia, not the Peach State just north of Florida). The film participated in the 1974 Cannes Film Festival, featuring Roman Madyanov as Huck, and Felix Imokuede as Jim. Madyanov would go on to be a mainstay of Soviet cinema, but Hopelessly Lost was Imokuede’s only acting job. The Russian-speaking African was a Nigerian student at Moscow’s Patrice Lumumba University, which catered to Third-World educational needs. Preferably those of Soviet-leaning countries. As Imokuede came from a ‘capitalist’ country, his actor’s biography was sexed up and he was ‘provided’ communist parents.
[2] "The Hobbits are just rustic English people, made small in size because it reflects the generally small reach of their imagination - not the small reach of their courage or latent power," said Tolkien of the centrepiece race of his created world.
[3] See Strange Maps #121: Where On Earth Was Middle-earth?
[4] Black Forest in essence is a synonym of Tolkien’s name, Mirkwood, if a little less poetic. Similarly, the Castle of the Elf King is a literal translation of the Russian, but seems a a tad pedestrian when compared to the grandiloquent original: Elven King’s Halls. Do the translated terms sound equally terse in Russian, or is something lost in re-translation?
[5] These include absentation (leaving the security of home), unrecognised arrival (the hero arrives home or elsewhere, unrecognised), and transfiguration (the hero is given a new appearance).
comments powered by Disqus |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48039 | 180890-182450 subjects 181316-189046
^ ruby on gumstix
181193 [vjoel path.b] Looks like I will have a chance to play around with a small fleet of
181201 [hal9000 hype] Duuude. I'm drooling here.
+ 181207 [Ephaeton gmx] You don't need infinite time but something easy to port :)
+ 181352 [vjoel path.b] Well, to answer my own post, it looks like ruby is buildable, and may
^ [ANN] Calgary Ruby Users Society (CRUSERS)
181194 [alex verk.in] Calgary Ruby Users Society (otherwise known as Association of Anonymous
^ Is it safe to undef the socket rb_w32_*() wrapper functions in an extension?
181199 [jacobrepp gm] I've undef'd the macros (bind, setsockopt, etc) in my C file but I'm
^ ebXML 4 Ruby?
181205 [giacecco gma] Does anybody know about anyone working on an ebXML library for Ruby?
^ compiling c program using rb_eval_string()
181210 [hongseok.yoo] #include "/home/xopht/lib/1.8/i686-linux/ruby.h"
+ 181213 [nohmad gmail] rb_string_eval() needs to be initialized properly.Check this,http://phrogz.net/ProgrammingRuby/ext_ruby.html#extendingrubyhttp://www.rubygarden.org/ruby?EmbedRuby
| + 181215 [nohmad gmail] Ouch,
| + 181216 [ashishwave g] i also got the same error.
+ 181221 [caleb aei-te] This is in your C compiler. You probably need to add some library flags like
+ 181368 [hongseok.yoo] You guys are really helpful !!
^ Ruby/Tk : Accessing a Checkbox
181222 [u235321044 s] How can I find out whether a Checkbox is checked or unchecked in Ruby?
181228 [dperkins fri] You need a TkVariable associated with the checkbutton.
181233 [nagai ai.kyu] Latest Ruby/Tk supports a default variable of a checkbutton.
181260 [dperkins fri] Great! I'll add this to my Rubyt/Tk notes.
^ [SUMMARY] metakoans.rb (#67)
181223 [james graypr] This was a wildly popular quiz with solutions all over the board. I will do my
^ Ruby as First Language
181224 [wood_yee12 h] example, how it compares to python/perl/basic/etc as a first language.
+ 181225 [dblack wobbl] Yes, and then some.
| 181226 [charlie cast] I wish I had that book when I first started programming. That book
+ 181227 [bob.news gmx] Ruby vs. Perl: much cleaner syntax and less typing.
| + 181230 [dave burt.id] Just to knock down your only negative point a little, Robert, there is DL,
| | 181242 [bob.news gmx] I forgot that. Yeah, with DL it seems reasonably easy. Good point!
| + 181235 [gene.tani gm] Perl has gotten a bad rap, well-written perl is pretty easy to follow.
| | 181238 [bob.news gmx] Yes, but this thread is about "first language". I don't know how Perl's
| | + 181240 [james graypr] I agree.
| | + 181249 [james.herdma] But more importantly, *should* Ruby be a first language taught, period?
| | | + 181254 [bob.news gmx] That's precisely the point where we disagree. :-)
| | | | 181258 [james.herdma] Ah, yes. I have a bad habit of using procedure and method
| | | | + 181263 [jaco neottia] Is the "C widespread usage" still true, by the way? I admit it is
| | | | | 181270 [james.herdma] The OS you're using is likely written in a combination of C and C++ ;)
| | | | | 181288 [jaco neottia] Yes, but you haven't understood my previous post. I've not said that C
| | | | + 181264 [bob.news gmx] Certainly! C might not be for everyone but if mastered certainly helps
| | | | 181284 [devlists-rub] So it all depends on what you want. Do you want to have knowledge of
| | | + 181257 [james graypr] I see this comment a lot and it bugs me, so I'm going to take it out
| | | | 181381 [ruby-talk de] Okay, now I have to pull this one out. See if listening to this one
| | | | + 181423 [chneukirchen] Plain lovely.
| | | | + 181554 [devcjohnson ] I apologize for noise but I have to say thanks for that link. My
| | | + 181280 [glen_ap yaho] I think there are two flaws in your argument.
| | | + 181388 [james.herdma] Of course =)
| | | | + 181395 [nugend gmail] I think they should teach kids Lisp/Scheme, C, the Lambda Calculus,
| | | | | 181401 [chris pine.f] "They"?? Have *you* ever tried to teach kids programming?
| | | | | 181403 [nugend gmail] I agree, I was just being flippant (mostly).
| | | | | 181405 [chris pine.f] Hmm... iteresting. (I was just talking about teaching kids toprogram, not getting at the core of what CS really is.)
| | | | + 181397 [glen_ap yaho] Sorry, I did not notice that in your first post.
| | | + 181442 [just-for-new] This is definitly a problem for "imperative" programmers. Therefor I
| | + 181417 [snowzone5 ho] it still feels "tacked on". i think python's does also...
| + 181416 [snowzone5 ho] ruby has the cleaner syntax, but i don't think it has less typing you
| + 181443 [just-for-new] I don't think the vs stuff is needed. Ruby is a nice language by many
+ 181234 [giacecco gma] profession?
| + 181253 [james_b neur] Your primary goal in learning a language is the most important criteria.
| | 182381 [tom infoethe] And if you want to convert those videos to sound files to listen to
| + 181282 [billk cts.co] It should be noted that many people here are using ruby for our jobs.
| 181283 [charlie cast] If you plan on working on the web, you should definitely make sure that
+ 181266 [pat.eyler gm] Harvard is teaching Ruby and C in their introduction to CS, and several
| 181277 [charlie cast] That's such a good point. I'm a self taught programmer and my first
+ 181286 [ayZIG0106 qa] I'd just like to add my two pennies - do NOT learn Ruby first. You will be
| 181312 [jwkenne attg] x86 assembler is rather a mess.
| 181338 [cyclists nc.] I spent 5 or 6 years writing IBM 370 assembler starting in 1983 and I
+ 181418 [robert.c.may] Personally, I think it is a horrible first language. Let me preface
| 181419 [james graypr] I'm not seeing that. Ruby supports pretty much the same constructs
| 181424 [robert.c.may] Sure, you can do that stuff, but most of the existing documentation
| + 181429 [peter semant] This is a big problem for a lot of programmers. We've had Visual Basic
| + 181435 [chris pine.f] While I disagree with most of what you have written (respectfully,though :), I think you hit the nail on the head here. Most of thetime when we are showing Ruby, we are showing *off* Ruby. How can wenot!
| + 181498 [ruby-talk de] Perfectly said.
+ 181451 [hawkman.gelo] besides Ti-BASIC (i'd say that doesn't count), Ruby is my first language,
+ 181479 [interfecus g] My order was Quick BASIC, then C++, PHP, then Ruby. I found the
181520 [ruby anthrop] } My order was Quick BASIC, then C++, PHP, then Ruby. I found the
181526 [chris pine.f] No way. :) Ruby before C, any day. It's really not an issue of"procedural is easier than OOP". You can do procedural Ruby, and it'sso so so so so much easier. The aspiring programmer will be able todo so much more after their first half-hour lesson. This ismotivating. A motivated student learns faster, retains more (longer),and most importantly, is less likely to quit! (You wouldn't believehow often I hear people saying, "I've tried to learn to program overand over again, but never got into it... until Ruby!")
181537 [alex.combas ] I am a big, really big big... not even in a strictly volume sense, I'mtalking mass...ridiculously humongous fan of the Poignant Guide.
181552 [akulbe gmail] Chris, I am presently enjoying your book.
^ What's mean? global variables
181229 [blue_fox ynm] in test.rb
181255 [lukfugl gmai] The keyword def, as you already know, begins a method definition. When
181374 [ruby-talk de] Jacob,
181392 [blue_fox ynm] Oh! the test function just an another way to access the global variable
^ Re: Diakonos gem
181239 [jesusrubsyou] I would simply love to make a gem for Diakonos. I have been wanting to
+ 181259 [logancapaldo] charset=US-ASCII;
| 181364 [jesusrubsyou] If you use
| 181365 [logancapaldo] Yeah, basically what I was hoping for is diakonos to remember the
| 181426 [jesusrubsyou] You could always just go in and hack that conf_dir Array for the time
| 181441 [logancapaldo] charset=US-ASCII;
+ 181358 [ezmobius gma] Pistos-
^ Looking forward to being able to answer Ruby quizzes...
181244 [merc mobily.] The subject says it all: I will consider myself a real Ruby
181251 [james graypr] If you can't, that's my fault, not yours!
^ reading rompt protocols
181247 [mihai.vlad a] I'm trying to implement a function that reads from a socket ( TCP/IP
^ [ANN] Ruby-GetText-Package-1.2.0
181252 [mutoh highwa] Ruby-GetText-Package-1.2.0 is now available.
^ Creating Ruby Classes from XSD?
181261 [jgbailey gma] .NET ships with a tool that will generate classes directly from an XML
+ 181265 [logancapaldo] Ok, I'm going to be honest and say first I've never had occasion to
| + 181271 [jgbailey gma] Well, what it really makes easy is the import of a given XML document into
| + 181273 [ef alum.mit.] Sometimes you don't control the source of the information. If someone
| + 181333 [henrik.marte] <snipped a W3C Schema>
| + 181384 [ruby-talk de] ActiveRecord?
| | 181436 [henrik.marte] No, I have nothing against ORM tools. ActiveRecord, (which I must
| + 181415 [geoff zorche] Yep, that's the exact idea. You don't only want to be tightly-coupled
| + 181444 [henrik.marte] My point is that you are tightly coupled to somebody elses data. This
| | 181455 [geoff zorche] In general, I'm not worried about this because things like Schema have
| | 181474 [henrik.marte] I agree that changing the schema is easy. That is part of the problem.
| + 181446 [ruby anthrop] } XSD schema (for all of its imperfections) has the ability to specify
+ 181279 [bmoelk brain] better,
+ 181363 [geoff zorche] Check out SOAP4R.
+ 181447 [netghost gma] I've actually found that you don't usually want to use the xml
^ Re: [OT] Ruby as First Language
181262 [steve waits.] Object and Turbo Pascal took the language nicely into the realm of
^ Two Ruby threading questions
181268 [codeslinger ] I have a number of issues that I'm dealing with regarding Ruby threads
+ 181274 [codeslinger ] Nevermind about question 2 above. I figured it out. Defining the
+ 181275 [bob.news gmx] No. You will have to terminate them manually on exit.
181287 [codeslinger ] If this is true (see my last post), then this is a design flaw in
+ 181311 [mental rydia] If the dead threads aren't referenced anywhere, the garbage
| 181313 [vjoel path.b] Aren't other threads terminated?
+ 181402 [bob.news gmx] Joining won't help because essentially this prevents the process from
^ Q: How to initialize debugger's state when starting
181269 [Dymaio gmail] When starting a Ruby script in debug ('-rdebug') mode, what's the
181294 [Dymaio gmail] (What I'm looking for is something with the effect of gdb's '-x'
181330 [logancapaldo] Well after looking at debug.rb and trying to hack this in, I think
181347 [Dymaio gmail] Thanks. I _thought_ it would be a quick question... one of those
181353 [matti.georgi] A short hack.
+ 181359 [logancapaldo] Clever. I hope if someone comes up with a clean way to do this it
+ 181850 [r.mark.volkm] Cool idea! However, if you don't have a debug.rc file, this doesn't
^ Help with Sha + Base64 for WSSE encoding.
181281 [patched sour] I've got a numbers puzzle for someone out there.
+ 181285 [tom infoethe] Cool.
| 181289 [patched sour] Thanks for the quick reply Tom,
| + 181292 [tom infoethe] =======================
| | 181301 [none none.ne] Same here. Gregg, are you sure the original data is correct?
| + 181293 [tom infoethe] ===================
| + 181303 [aderobertis ] Which decodes to 326948c689d70c1c33a10eb6c8936bc33da6e2a2, which is
+ 181398 [Roland.Schmi] you have to use the base64-decoded nonce, as stated in the specs at
^ [ANN] LibXML-Ruby 0.3.6
181291 [rossrt rosco] LibXML-Ruby 0.3.6 is now available from Rubyforge. LibXML-Ruby is (as
+ 181307 [dsisnero gma] Tried to install it under windows and it failed because I didn't have Zlib.
| 181407 [ml.chibbs gm] Strange, because ZLib *is* included in the one-click installer.
| 181412 [rossrt rosco] Ross Bamford - [email protected]
| 181413 [rossrt rosco] (Wrong button, excuse the noise)
| 181428 [ml.chibbs gm] No, it just includes the executable. The release notes show the exact
+ 181437 [keith oreill] Wow, this is a pretty incredible speedup!
+ 181461 [pere.noel la] looks really great, thanks for your work.
| 181493 [rossrt rosco] I'm afraid I can't be much help there, I've no experience with OSX. I've
| 181503 [pere.noel la] even not general advices ?
| 181511 [rossrt rosco] Yes, it's handled by ext/xml/extconf.rb . The Ruby version you build
| 181524 [pere.noel la] OK, fine i'll give it a try ASAP and let you know.
+ 181534 [dharple gene] I am having some trouble with building.
181540 [rossrt rosco] I'm not sure about this - I'm still finding my way around some things
181545 [dharple gene] The problem is really strange. I have libiconv-1.9 installed in
181549 [rossrt rosco] Hmm. The website lists 1.9.1 as the latest stable release. I need to
181551 [dharple gene] $Author: haible $
^ Re: LibXML-Ruby 0.3.6
181295 [ no no.com] Will this library be renamed LibXML2-Ruby soon? The current name is
181298 [rossrt rosco] Yes, I have to agree. But the project was previously under the name
181300 [none none.ne] Good work! I prefer the API (and, obviously, the speed)
^ AJAX Patterns Blog
181297 [pat.eyler gm] Christian Gross, the author of AJAX and Best Practices, runs a blog
^ Private methods and self:
181320 [none none.ne] Private methods are not allowed to have an explicit receiver
181323 [byrnejb hart] Curious that this restriction does not appear to be mentioned in the
181342 [cyclists nc.] Page 35 in the 2nd Edition: "Private methods cannot be called with an
^ C Extensions not working on Windows XP 64
181306 [mattcbro ear] I can not for the life of me get even the simplest C extension example
+ 181308 [dharple gene] Classes must be constant. Try naming your class ``Simple''.
| + 181309 [Daniel.Berge] csimple = rb_define_class("Simple", rb_cObject);
| + 181310 [dharple gene] That should be ``Class names''. Sorry for the spam.
+ 181661 [skurapat ucs] Ack! I see some integers being directly stored into a Ruby VALUE.
^ [Job] Job Posting In Grand Rapids, MI
181314 [zdennis mkte] There is a job opening in Grand Rapids, Michigan for a full-time entry-level to intermediate
181329 [tsumeruby ts] Finally a legitimate ruby developer and a legitimate job posting which
^ Huge performance gap
181315 [mail koffein] I've ported the following c++ code to ruby. It is a recursive
+ 181318 [none none.ne] Post the code somewhere, there might be room for improvement
| 181324 [steve waits.] It looks, to me, like he attached his code to the OP.
| + 181326 [none none.ne] Ah, caveat forum-user!
| + 181332 [mail koffein] Why should that be ridiculous or ignorant?
| + 181334 [none none.ne] Well, Ruby is strictly interpreted using the parse tree instead
| | + 181336 [lopexx autog] And turn the magic opcodes on :D
| | + 199671 [ko1 atdot.ne] I found this article today :)
| | 199843 [znmeb cesmai] Guest machines under VMware are pretty much useless as a performance
| + 181335 [lopexx autog] Which version of java did you use ? Since 1.4 there is a JIT compiler so
| + 181337 [logancapaldo] charset=US-ASCII;
| + 181339 [w_a_x_man ya] More ignorance. Java has a JIT compiler which produces
| | + 181345 [billk cts.co] Alexis,
| | | 181431 [wilsonb gmai] # YARV 0.4.0
| | + 181346 [mail koffein] Why are you being so mean? I wasn't aware of that.
| | + 181348 [steve waits.] Calm down Alexis.. nobody is being mean. When someone doesn't
| | | 181366 [nugend gmail] Yikes! What's with the snarkiness guys?
| | + 181476 [igouy yahoo.] If you have the curiousity there are all kinds of results to wonder
| + 181367 [jwkenne attg] Most modern Java implementations (on full computers, not PDAs and the
+ 181321 [matthew.moss] Others can better speak on ruby specifics, but...
+ 181322 [meinrad.rech] ruby code may be up to 100 times slower than c++ binaries. i think it is
| 181327 [pat.eyler gm] there are a couple of (really minor) things like using for loops instead
+ 181375 [sky.yin gmai] 100 times is normal. Just use ruby for where it works well and use compling
| 181400 [simon.kroege] Nothing to bad here, it looks awfull at first sight but it doesn't
| + 181430 [cameron.mcbr] Simon,
| + 181491 [mail koffein] Sure I know that my recursive algorithm is the simplest and most
+ 199704 [pbattley gma] Ruby *is* relatively slow, but the algorithm is the problem. This Ruby
+ 199810 [buppcpp yaho] Here is a simple graph of performance by different platforms.
199814 [halostatue g] I can't think of a more useless "test" other than anything put out by
+ 199841 [znmeb cesmai] My experience with web application benchmarks (nearly all
| + 199844 [ara.t.howard] amen!
| | 199848 [znmeb cesmai] I really *should* learn how to program in C. :) I can just barely read
| + 199864 [shortcutter ] VM's can collect performance data while the application is running
| + 199866 [ara.t.howard] how is this performance data available significantly different from that made
| | 199868 [headius head] Ahhh, venturing into a domain I love talking about.
| | + 199901 [mailinglists] The last time i looked into papers about YARV it does nothing about
| | + 199908 [ mfp acm.org] IIRC it just did use inline caches for ... constant lookup. No inline caches
| | 199909 [headius head] Well, that's too bad, but many of the optimizations you mention do sound
| + 199870 [znmeb cesmai] Ah, but at least for the multiprogramming case, so can (and *does*) the
| + 199872 [headius head] An interpreter *is* an underlying abstract machine. Ruby and Java both have
| | 199878 [znmeb cesmai] Exactly! Now when Java first came about, the underlying hardware was fairly
| + 199883 [shortcutter ] As Charles pointed out the interpreter *is* a virtual machine and thus
| + 199884 [shortcutter ] ** sorry for the last incomplete post, I accidentally hit the wrong button **
| 199913 [znmeb cesmai] So, in fact, does a CISC chip with millions of transistors at its
| + 199920 [headius head] Which VMs also benefit from when they compile to native code. Isn't that why
| + 199923 [mailinglists] It runs much better on Solaris/SPARC then on XXX/Intel.
| + 199950 [shortcutter ] True, they do quite a lot of smart things nowadays. I feel however
+ 199885 [buppcpp yaho] I would agree...except Ruby did VERY poorly in this "useless" test.
+ 199886 [halostatue g] No except. It's a useless test. I wouldn't trust a single thing about
| 199902 [headius head] Austin makes a good point; I'd expect they'd all blow away Java in CGI mode
+ 199888 [khaines enig] Except...the test results have to be taken with a very large grain of
+ 199889 [dan-ml dan42] Sure it's a simple test but that doesn't make it useless. Systemic performance
199890 [garbagecat10] We recently did a simple hello world test with Rails on a very low-end |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48061 | Joseph Romel
Generating profile stats...
Joseph has yet to fill out a bio.
Bulletin Board
or to post this comment
• Andrew Hillebrand posted 1317 days ago
Andrew Hillebrand
Yeah, I'm not sure. I thought I had your article "locked" to edit, meaning other people can't edit it, but maybe I didn't have the lock. Oh well, I guess it's twice as good now. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48073 | public marks
PUBLIC MARKS with tags browser & web
March 2008
Asbru Web Content Editor
by holyver & 1 other
WYSIWYG HTML/XHTML web content editor component for web designers/programmers to integrate with their own and third-party web applications to give non-technical users access to create and update web content. From only £25 per website with any number of users.
by rwatuny
Testez le design de votre site dans différents navigateurs
"View Selection Source" for the Opera browser
by oqdbpo
View Selection Source — simple JavaScript bookmarklet (favelet) or an User JavaScript which allows you to see HTML source of any part of page, it's very useful for web developers. You probably know it from Firefox.
February 2008
January 2008
Mindomo - Web-based mind mapping software
by oqdbpo & 22 others
Mindomo is a versatile Web-based mind mapping tool, delivering the capabilities of desktop mind mapping software in a Web browser - with no complex software to install or maintain. Create, edit mind maps, and share them with your colleagues or your friends.
Litmus: Painlessly test your email and website designs
by nhoizey & 9 others
November 2007
by Dliz & 164 others, 1 comment
Tester le design d'un site dans différents navigateurs.
September 2007
Web Devout
by esion & 7 others
Web browser support, good practices, (x)html, css, meta ...
by julie & 5 others (via)
August 2007
Flock - the social web browser
by tehu & 61 others
Quelques bonnes idées, mais la version Linux est plus lente que Firefox - dommage (v. 0.9)
July 2007
June 2007
Highslide JS - JavaScript thumbnail viewer
by camel & 27 others
PUBLIC TAGS related to tag browser
accessibility + ajax + blog + code + color + compatibility + css + design + development + english + extension + firefox + free + google + hack + hacks + howto + html + html5 + ie + images + imported + internet + javascript + mac + mobile + online + photoshop + programming + reference + resources + rss + safari + screenshots + search + software + standards + template + test + testing + tips + tool + tools + usability + video + web + web2.0 + webdesign + webdev + xhtml + |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48078 | Software & Services - Bret Grinslade
Browse by Tags
Tagged Content List
• Blog Post: How to report an installation or setup problem with VS2008 beta or .NET Framework 3.5 beta
My team owns the installation experience for Visual Studio 2008 and the .NET Framework 3.5. One difficulty in the setup and deployment space is that the real world is a lot more complicated and messy than we can re-create in the test lab. That is where you can help. If you have run VS2008 or NETFX...
• Blog Post: Pre-Release software blocking Visual Studio Beta2 installation
The setup for VS Orcas and the .NET Framework 3.5 has a list of pre-release installations that must be removed before installing. When you uninstall beta1 or a CTP, it should removed the components that would block; however in some cases you had more than one product installed or there was some issue...
Page 1 of 1 (2 items) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48079 | Anyone using the .NET Service Bus should take a good look at the SocketShifter project started by Rob Blackwell and Richard Prodger from AWS in the UK. AWS stands for Active Web Solutions, not for the "other" AWS. The full project is up on Codeplex.
What makes SocketShifter significant is that it takes the network abstraction of SOAP, WS-Addressing, and the Service Bus full circle and layers the very bottom of that stack - plain TCP connections - as a virtualization on top of the the stack. In other words: SocketShifter allows you to create full-fidelity, bi-directional socket connections through the .NET Service Bus.
We've created something very similar to SocketShifter last year (we're using it for a few internal purposes), but haven't made it public so far. I'm glad that the AWS folks built this, so that you get to play with it. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48083 | I think this chapter of my “Good Blogging Guide” could be a book in it’s own right – and there are plenty of books which just cover this subject - in fact, there are plenty of companies whose sole purpose is to sell you the answer to doing this. And I know I’m not in their league! So this chapter is about making your blog search-friendly – giving you a few direct tips to make sure that what your write is likely to improve your chances of being found when a potential reader goes to their search engine of choice.
The reason I called this chapter “Page One of Google” is because in the UK, over 90% of all searches are done through Google. So being on the first page of another search engine isn’t anywhere near as useful as being on the first page of Google. Although other countries use a much wider range of search engines, it appears to be Google all the way in the UK. Which is a little worrying if you can’t get onto Google’s results page – does it mean you don’t exist on the web?
When I first started blogging, I didn’t care about showing up in the search results. I was writing for a few specific people, who knew where my blog was. But over the months, I noticed that more and more of the traffic for my personal blog was coming from Google. They weren’t looking for my blog, but ended up on it. (And it had a very unfortunate side effect when I described a town in Canada in less than glowing terms, and my reference to it came up as the first link when you searched for it. Yup – I got an email from the Chamber of Commerce that time!). Now, when I write I try to think “How can I help people to find the info I’m writing, if it’s relevant?
This chapter is all about SEO (Search Engine Optimisation) - an acronym that’s bandied about all over the place. Basically it means the same thing as this chapter title. But there is so much mystique around it, that I think it’s time for a basic “SEO in plain English” approach. And it’s entirely my point of view – four basic steps which I’ve boiled down from hundreds of different snippets of advice, and sitting through presentations where seasoned professionals have talked about how to do this stuff. But I like simple things, so I’ve boiled this all down to my four steps for SEO in plain English (hopefully!). You’ll also find that they are very specific, because that’s the kind of person I am – I like clarity.
Search Engine Optimisation for blogs
1) Keywords and Key Phrases
I approach this from the point of the reader/searcher, and ask myself “If I was trying to find the information, what would I type in a search box?”, and then I make sure that I use that phrase in the text. And I do the same for closely related phrases. Let’s take a worked example:
Imagine I am writing about my school’s learning platform implementation
Key phrases people might search on:
• Implementing a learning platform
• How to set up a learning platform
• Guide to setting up a learning platform
So that gives me some phrases that I can use – perhaps using one of them for the title, and other phrases in my writing. But of course, there are plenty of other phrases and words that people might also search on, which I want to use. Things like:
• Learning Gateway
• Online reporting for parents
• Real-time parental reporting
• VLE
• Obviously this list could become quite long!
And finally, a list of verbs that could go with it:
• Training
• Supporting
• Implementing
• Setting up
• Designing
• etc
But obviously, it wouldn’t be sensible to try and include all of this in your blog posting, because it would be (a) obsessive and (b) not helpful to your readers. But the process of making the list might help you to identify a couple of key words/phrases you want to use to help people find your blog post. And you must absolutely make sure that you think about this through the eyes of the reader, not yours. ‘Learning Platform’ is a really good example to use – because you can bet that parents don’t use that phrase, and in fact probably don’t even use phrases like ‘online reporting for parents’. So make sure you get the phrases or keywords that your particular audience uses.
2) Make the post title work for you
I don’t quite know why, but this simple step seems to work very well.
• Your post title should be 60-70 characters long
• You should use the key search terms at the beginning of the post
Let’s work an example through this. Let’s take a typical post title from a post on this blog in January:
• The netbook Wall of Cool at BETT
I need to decide the key search terms, and get them to the front of the post title. I think in this case ‘netbooks’ and ‘BETT’ are probably key – and I think I’d add ‘schools’ too (because if people want netbook info for schools, then I want them to find this post).
My second version is:
• Netbooks for schools at BETT on the Wall of Cool
This should help people find the post if they search on ‘netbooks for Schools’ or ‘netbooks BETT’. But it is still focused on education – I’m not trying to get it to show up all over the web on irrelevant searches for netbooks.
Next, I need to get it to the right length, of 60-70 characters. I use Windows Live Writer to write my posts (which is both free and brilliant!), so I can highlight the title, and click Tools>Word Count. Which tells me it is 48 characters long. So I just need a few more.
My third version is:
• Netbooks for schools at BETT – rated on our very own Wall of Cool
Which leaves me with a post title that has the keywords at the front, and is 65 characters long, and which is actually more informative for everybody than the original!
Maybe I should go back and change the title of the original post!
3) Use target keywords/phrases in your post
Remember Step One – identifying the right key words or phrases? Now’s the time to make sure you’re using them properly.
• Use your target keywords/phrases 3 times in your post
And for more effect, use them in your outbound links. For example, rather than writing…
You can find out more about netbooks at BETT in my earlier post
…you should write…
4) Get links back to your site
This isn’t about the way you write your posts, but about the way that your whole blog moves up the search engines page rankings. There’s a quantity and a quality rule here.
Getting lots of links back to your site helps – other people referring to it in their blog posts or websites – as that will move your blog up the search rankings. One effective, and popular, way of doing this is to add comments to other people’s blogs (but, please, make them worthwhile comments!), and adding your blog’s URL in the post of the bit where you leave your website details.
A single link from a highly respected website is much more useful than a dozen links from less respected websites. And by ‘respected’ I’m talking about the relative importance ranking given to them by search engines. The various website rankings are a closely guarded secret, but if you get a link from the BBC website to yours, that’ll be a lot more valuable than a link from your friend’s new blog!
Does this all really work?
• I started this series of “Good Blogging Guide” posts on Monday afternoon, and by Monday evening if you searched for ‘Good Blogging Guide’ it was appearing on the first page of Google (4th item) and Bing (1st item). And by Tuesday, it was 4th and 5th on Google, and 1st and 3rd on Bing. And on some of the key phrases, like ‘Why audience is key to good blogging’, it was coming up top in Google.
• In January, I wrote a series of posts (and updated our website) about the Home Access Programme – but I knew that lots of others would also be writing about it. So step one, the keywords, got me thinking about key phrases like ‘Home Access Programme’ and ‘Home Learning Package’. At the end of the first week, it was 2nd/1st in Google for these phrases, and even now, despite there being 147,000,000 search results, it’s 5th for ‘Home Access Programme’, and 1st and 3rd for ‘Home Learning Package’
• I wrote a series of posts about Windows 7, specifically about how it will help schools. And if you search on key phrases like ‘Windows 7 for schools’ or ‘Windows 7 in education’ it will come up on page 1, and normally as the first item.
But the key point to emphasise is that I’ve tried to use these rules to help people find relevant content. If people are interested in a ‘Good Blogging Guide’, then hopefully the content is useful. Similarly for Windows 7 – the information I’ve written is written for education, so it’s relevant. I’m not going to suddenly include a reference to a famous celebrity to try and trick my way up the search rankings, because it wouldn’t help searchers, and it wouldn’t serve my readers very well!
Can I really prove it works?
Let’s experiment shall we...
Currently my blog doesn’t show up at all when you search for ‘seo in plain english’ or ‘search engine optimisation for blogs’ – which isn’t a surprise, because I haven’t pressed publish yet. So let’s see if anything has happened by the end of the week
Check for yourself here:
SEO in plain english (currently 163,000 results)
Search engine optimisation for blogs (currently 26,500,000 results)
Wednesday 2pm (1 hour after publishing) already made it to page 1, number 4 for the second search
Thursday 7am - the second search has now moved to number 1, page 1; and the second search has made it to number 3, page 3 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48085 | August 16, 2008
Dog Day Doggerel
A poet I'm not, but inspired by The Bee's State Fair poetry contest, I went to Cal Expo last night in search of my muse (though tempted, I won't stoop to milking the shallow poet's weakness for limp puns by suggesting I was grasping for moo's).
At the Wine Garden, the most relaxing and convivial place on the fairgrounds, inspiration struck:
Red wine too hot
So white we bought
Silver it got
In State Fair lot
Its place was sought
On label spot
And there learned what
Chile had wrought
Because I'm about to leave for New York's Hudson Valley, I won't immediately have a chance to ask State Fair officials what a Chilean wine was doing in the commercial wine competition, which at least in the past has been limited to California wines. I have a hunch, however, about what happened. This Chilean chardonnay is imported by Don Sebastiani & Sons of Sonoma and is bottled under the brand of Pepperewood Grove, a label long associated with California wine. As I've written in the past, the rising popularity of wine in the United States has prompted many American wineries to look abroad for wine to market here. Sometimes the wine they find is marketed under new brand names, but often it's bottled under an existing label long used for domestic releases. That's what Sebastiani & Sons is doing. There's nothing especially duplicitous about the practice, as long as the source of the grapes is spelled out on the label, however small. The first clue we had that last night's chardonnay wasn't from California was the appellation on the label, Valle Central, which could suggest "Central Valley" of California, only Sebastiani & Sons hasn't begun to sell wines with bilingual labels, as far as I know. More to the point, Valle Central is an appellation long associated with Chile, as finer print on the back label verifies.
As a measure of the wine garden's popularity, incidentally, it's again been enlarged, providing much more seating at tables both to the back and front. The biggest change we experienced, however, was the eager persistence of pourers to give visitors small sample tastes of whatever wines intrigued them before they popped for an entire glass. Given the steep prices of many of the wines at the garden, this generous hospitality is especially welcome.
Recommended Links
October 2013
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
Monthly Archives |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48087 | ADAMSync 101
ADAMSync 101
• Comments 5
• Likes
Hi Everyone, Kim Nichols here again, and this time I have an introduction to ADAMSync. I take a lot of cases on ADAM and AD LDS and have seen a number of problems arise from less than optimally configured ADAMSync XML files. There are many sources of information on ADAM/AD LDS and ADAMSync (I'll include links at the end), but I still receive lots of questions and cases on configuring ADAM/AD LDS for ADAMSync.
We'll start at the beginning and talk about what ADAM/AD LDS is, what ADAMSync is and then finally how you can get AD LDS and ADAMSync working in your environment.
What is ADAM/AD LDS?
ADAM (Active Directory Application Mode) is the 2003 name for AD LDS (Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services). AD LDS is, as the name describes, a lightweight version of Active Directory. It gives you the capabilities of a multi-master LDAP directory that supports replication without some of the extraneous features of an Active Directory domain controller (domains and forests, Kerberos, trusts, etc.). AD LDS is used in situations where you need an LDAP directory but don't want the administration overhead of AD. Usually it's used with web applications or SQL databases for authentication. Its schema can also be fully customized without impacting the AD schema.
AD LDS uses the concept of instances, similar to that of instances in SQL. What this means is one AD LDS server can run multiple AD LDS instances (databases). This is another differentiator from Active Directory: a domain controller can only be a domain controller for one domain. In AD LDS, each instance runs on a different set of ports. The default instance of AD LDS listens on 389 (similar to AD).
Here's some more information on AD LDS if you're new to it:
What is ADAMSync?
In many scenarios, you may want to store user data in AD LDS that you can't or don't want to store in AD. Your application will point to the AD LDS instance for this data, but you probably don't want to manually create all of these users in AD LDS when they already exist in AD. If you have Forefront Identity Manager (FIM), you can use it to synchronize the users from AD into AD LDS and then manually populate the AD LDS specific attributes through LDP, ADSIEdit, or a custom or 3rd party application. If you don't have FIM, however, you can use ADAMSync to synchronize data from your Active Directory to AD LDS.
It is important to remember that ADAMSync DOES NOT synchronize user passwords! If you want the AD LDS user account to use the same password as the AD user, then userproxy transformation is what you need. (That's a topic for another day, though. I'll include links at the end for userproxy.)
ADAMSync uses an XML file that defines which data will synchronize from AD to AD LDS. The XML file includes the AD partition from which to synchronize, the object types (classes or categories), and attributes to synchronize. This file is loaded into the AD LDS database and used during ADAMSync synchronization. Every time you make changes to the XML file, you must reload the XML file into the database.
In order for ADAMSync to work:
1. The MS-AdamSyncMetadata.LDF file must be imported into the schema of the AD LDS instance prior to attempting to install the XML file. This LDF creates the classes and attributes for storing the ADAMSync.xml file.
2. The schema of the AD LDS instance must already contain all of the object classes and attributes that you will be syncing from AD to AD LDS. In other words, you can't sync a user object from AD to AD LDS unless the AD LDS schema contains the User class and all of the attributes that you specify in the ADAMSync XML (we'll talk more about this next). There is a blog post on using ADSchemaAnalyzer to compare the AD schema to the AD LDS schema and export the differences to an LDF file that can be imported into AD LDS.
3. Unless you plan on modifying the schema of the AD LDS instance, your instance should be named DC=<partition name>, DC=<com or local or whatever> and not CN=<partition name>. Unfortunately, the example in the AD LDS setup wizard uses CN= for the partition name. If you are going to be using ADAMSync, you should disregard that example and use DC= instead. The reason behind this change is that the default schema does not allow an organizationalUnit (OU) object to have a parent object of the Container (CN) class. Since you will be synchronizing OUs from AD to AD LDS and they will need to be child objects of your application partition head, you will run into problems if your application partition is named CN=.
Obviously, this limitation is something you can change in the AD LDS schema, but simply naming your partition with DC= name component will eliminate the need to make such a change. In addition, you won't have to remember that you made a change to the schema in the future.
The best advice I can give regarding ADAMSync is to keep it as simple as possible to start off with. The goal should be to get a basic XML file that you know will work, gradually add attributes to it, and troubleshoot issues one at a time. If you try to do too much (too wide of object filter or too many attributes) in the XML from the beginning, you will likely run into multiple issues and not know where to begin in troubleshooting.
Let's take a look at the default XML file that Microsoft provides and go through some recommendations to make it more efficient and less prone to issues. The file is named MS-AdamSyncConf.XML and is typically located in the %windir%\ADAM directory.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<description>sample Adamsync configuration file</description>
<source-ad-name></source-ad-name> <------ 1
<source-ad-partition>dc=fabrikam,dc=com</source-ad-partition> <------ 2
<source-ad-account></source-ad-account> <------ 3
<account-domain></account-domain> <------ 4
<target-dn>dc=fabrikam,dc=com</target-dn> <------ 5
<base-dn>dc=fabrikam,dc=com</base-dn> <------ 6
<object-filter>(objectClass=*)</object-filter> <------ 7
<attributes> <------ 8
</schedule> <------ 9
Let's go through the default XML file by number and talk about what each section does, why the defaults are what they are, and what I typically recommend when working with customers.
1. <source-ad-name></source-ad-name>
Replace with the FQDN of the domain/forest that will be your synchronization source
Replace dc=fabrikam,dc=com with the DN of the AD partition that will be the source for the synchronization
3. <source-ad-account></source-ad-account>
Contains the account that will be used to authenticate to the source forest/domain. If left empty, the credentials of the logged on user will be used
4. <account-domain></account-domain>
Contains the domain name to use for authentication to the source domain/forest. This element combined with <source-ad-account> make up the domain\username that will be used to authenticate to the source domain/forest. If left empty, the domain of the logged on user will be used.
5. <target-dn>dc=fabrikam,dc=com</target-dn>
Replace dc=fabrikam,dc=com with the DN of the AD LDS partition you will be synchronizing to.
NOTE: In 2003 ADAM, you were able to specify a sub-ou or container of the of the ADAM partition, for instance OU=accounts,dc=fabrikam,dc=com. This is not possible in 2008+ AD LDS. You must specify the head of the partition, dc=fabrikam,dc=com. This is publicly documented here.
6. <base-dn>dc=fabrikam,dc=com</base-dn>
Replace dc=fabrikam,dc=com with the base DN of the container in AD that you want to synchronize objects from.
NOTE: You can specify multiple base DNs in the XML file, but it is important to note that due to the way the dirsync engine works the entire directory will still be scanned during synchronization. This can lead to unexpectedly long synchronization times and output in the adamsync.log file that is confusing. The short of this this is that even though you are limiting where to synchronize objects from, it doesn't reduce your synchronization time and you will see entries in the adamsync.log file that indicate objects being processed but not written. This can make it appear as though ADAMSync is not working correctly if your directory is large but you are syncing is a small percentage of the directory. Also, the log will grow and grow, but it may take a long time for objects to begin to appear in AD LDS. This is because the entire directory is being enumerated, but only a portion is being synchronized.
7. <object-filter>(objectClass=*)</object-filter>
The object filter determines which objects will be synchronized from AD to AD LDS. While objectClass=* will get you everything, do you really want or need EVERYTHING? Consider the amount of data you will be syncing and the security implications of having everything duplicated in AD LDS. If you only care about user objects, then don't sync computers and groups.
The filter that I generally recommend as a starting point is:
Rather than objectClass=User, I recommend objectCategory=Person. But, why, you ask? I'll tell you :-) If you've ever looked that the class of a computer object, you'll notice that it contains an objectClass of user.
What this means to ADAMSync is that if I specify an object filter of objectClass=user, ADAMSync will synchronize users and computers (and contact objects and anything else that inherits from the User class). However, if I use objectCategory=Person, I only get actual user objects. Pretty neat, eh?
So, what does this | mean and why include objectCategory=OrganizationalUnit? The literal | is the XML representation of the | (pipe) character which represents a logical OR. True, I've seen customers just use the | character in the XML file and not have issues, but I always use the XML rather than the | just to be certain that it gets translated properly when loaded into the AD LDS instance. If you need to use an AND rather than an OR, the XML for & is &.
You need objectCategory=OrganizationalUnit so that objects that are moved within AD get synchronized properly to AD LDS. If you don't specify this, the OUs that contain objects within scope of the object filter will be created on the initial creation of the object in AD LDS. But, if that object is ever MOVED in the source AD, ADAMSync won't be able to synchronize that object to the new location. Moving an object changes the full DN of the object. Since we aren't syncing the OUs the object just "disappears" from an ADAMSync perspective and never gets updated/moved.
If you need groups to be synchronized as well you can add (objectclass=group) inside the outer parentheses and groups will also be synced.
8. <attributes>
The attributes section is where you define which attributes to synchronize for the object types defined in the <object-filter>.
You can either use the <include></include> or <exclude></exclude> tabs, but you cannot use both.
The default XML file provided by Microsoft takes the high ground and uses the <exclude></exclude> tags which really means include all attributes except the ones that are explicitly defined within the <exclude></exclude> element. While this approach guarantees that you don't miss anything important, it can also lead to a lot of headaches in troubleshooting.
If you've ever looked at an AD user account in ADSIEdit (especially in an environment with Exchange), you'll notice there are hundreds of attributes defined. Keeping to my earlier advice of "keep it simple", every attribute you sync adds to the complexity.
When you use the <exclude></exclude> tags you don't know what you are syncing; you only know what you are not syncing. If your application isn't going to use the attribute then there is no reason to copy that data to AD LDS. Additionally, there are some attributes and classes that just won't sync due to how the dirsync engine works. I'll include the list as I know it at the end of the article. Every environment is different in terms of which schema updates have been made and which attributes are being used. Also, as I mentioned earlier, if your AD LDS schema does not contain the object classes and attributes that you have defined in your ADAMSync XML file you're your synchronization will die in a big blazing ball of flame.
A typical attributes section to start out with is something like this:
<include>objectSID</include> <----- only needed for userproxy
<include>userPrincipalName</include> <----- must be unique in AD LDS instance
Initially, you may even want to remove userPrincipalName, just to verify that you can get a sync to complete successfully. Synchronization issues caused by the userPrincipalName attribute are among the most common ADAMSync issues I see. Active Directory allows multiple accounts to have the same userPrincipalName, but ADAMSync will not sync an object if it has the same userPrincipalName of an object that already exists in the AD LDS database.
If you want to be a superhero and find duplicate UPNs in your AD before you attempt ADAMSync, here's a nifty csvde command that will generate a comma-delimited file that you can run through Excel's "Highlight duplicates" formatting options (or a script if you are a SUPER-SUPERHERO) to find the duplicates.
csvde -f upn.csv -s localhost:389 -p subtree -d "DC=fabrikam,DC=com" -r "(objectClass=user)" -l sAMAccountName,userPrincipalName
Remember, you are targeting your AD with this command, so the localhost:389 implies that the command is being run on the DC. You'll need to replace "DC=fabrikam, DC=com" with your AD domain's DN.
9. </schedule>
After </schedule> is where you would insert the elements to do user proxy transformation. In the References section, I've included links that explain the purpose and configuration of userproxy. The short version is that you can use this section of code to create userproxy objects rather than AD LDS user class objects. Userproxy objects are a special class of user that links back to an Active Directory domain account to allow the AD LDS user to utilize the password of their corresponding user account in AD. It is NOT a way to logon on to AD from an external network. It is a way to allow an application that utilizes AD LDS as its LDAP directory to authenticate a user via the same password they have in AD. Communication between AD and AD LDS is required for this to work and the application that is requesting the authentication does not receive a Kerberos ticket for the user.
Here is an example of what you would put after </schedule> and before </configuration>
Installing the XML file
OK! That was fun, wasn't it? Now that we have an XML file, how do we use it? This is covered in a lot of different materials, but the short version is we have to install it into the AD LDS instance. To install the file, run the following command from the ADAM installation directory (%windir%\ADAM):
Adamsync /install localhost:389 CustomAdamsync.xml
The command above assumes you are running it on the AD LDS server, that the instance is running on port 389 and that the XML file is located in the path of the adamsync command.
What does this do exactly, you ask? The adamsync install command copies the XML file contents into the configurationFile attribute on the AD LDS application partition head. You can view the attribute by connecting to the application partition via LDP or through ADSIEdit. This is a handy thing to know. You can use this to verify for certain exactly what is configured in the instance. Often there are several versions of the XML file in the ADAM directory and it can be difficult to know which one is being used. Checking the configurationFile attribute will tell you exactly what is configured. It won't tell you which XML file was used, but at least you will know the configuration.
The implication of this is that anytime you update the XML file you must reinstall it using the adamsync /install command otherwise the version in the instance is not updated. I've made this mistake a number of times during troubleshooting!
Synchronizing with AD
Finally, we are ready to synchronize! Running the synchronization is the "easy" part assuming we've created a valid XML file, our AD LDS schema has all the necessary classes and attributes, and the source AD data is without issue (duplicate UPN is an example of a known issue).
From the ADAM directory (typically %windir%\ADAM), run the following command:
Adamsync /sync localhost:389 "DC=fabrikam,DC=com" /log adamsync.log
Again, we're assuming you are running the command on the AD LDS server and that the instance is running on port 389. The DN referenced in the command is the DN of your AD LDS application partition. /log is very important (you can name the log anything you want). You will need this log if there are any issues during the synchronization. The log will tell you which object failed and give you a cryptic "detailed" reason as to why. Below is an example of an error due to a duplicate UPN. This is one of the easier ones to understand.
Processing Entry: Page 67, Frame 1, Entry 64, Count 1, USN 0
Processing source entry <guid=fe36238b9dd27a45b96304ea820c82d8>
Processing in-scope entry fe36238b9dd27a45b96304ea820c82d8.
Adding target object CN=BillyJoeBob,OU=User Accounts,dc=fabrikam,dc=com. Adding attributes: sourceobjectguid, objectClass, sn, description, givenName, instanceType, displayName, department, sAMAccountName, userPrincipalName, Ldap error occurred. ldap_add_sW: Attribute Or Value Exists. Extended Info: 0000217B: AtrErr: DSID-03050758, #1:
0: 0000217B: DSID-03050758, problem 1006 (ATT_OR_VALUE_EXISTS), data 0, Att 90290 (userPrincipalName)
During the sync, if you are syncing from the Active Directory domain head rather than an OU or container, your objects should begin showing up in the AD LDS instance almost immediately. The objects don't synchronize in any order that makes sense to the human brain, so don't worry if objects are appearing in a random order. There is no progress bar or indication of how the sync is going other than fact that the log file is growing. When the sync completes you will be returned to the command prompt and your log file will stop growing.
Did it work?
As you can see there is nothing on the command line nor are there any events in any Windows event log that indicate that the synchronization was successful. In this context, successful means completed without errors and all objects in scope, as defined in the XML file, were synchronized. The only way to determine if the synchronization was successful is to check the log file. This highlights the importance of generating the log. Additionally, it's a good idea to keep a reasonable number of past logs so if the sync starts failing at some point you can determine approximately when it started occurring. Management likes to know things like this.
Since you'll probably be automating the synchronization (easy to do with a scheduled task) and not running it manually, it's a good idea to set up a reminder to periodically check the logs for issues. If you've never looked at a log before, it can be a little intimidating if there are a lot of objects being synchronized. The important thing to know is that if the sync was successful, the bottom of the log will contain a section similar to the one below:
Updating the configuration file DirSync cookie with a new value.
Beginning processing of deferred dn references.
Finished processing of deferred dn references.
Finished (successful) synchronization run.
Number of entries processed via dirSync: 16
Number of entries processed via ldap: 0
Processing took 4 seconds (0, 0).
Number of object additions: 3
Number of object modifications: 13
Number of object deletions: 0
Number of object renames: 2
Number of references processed / dropped: 0, 0
Maximum number of attributes seen on a single object: 9
Maximum number of values retrieved via range syntax: 0
Beginning aging run.
Aging requested every 0 runs. We last aged 2 runs ago.
Saving Configuration File on DC=instance1,DC=local
Saved configuration file.
If your log just stops without a section similar to the one above, then the last entry will indicate an error similar to the one above for the duplicate UPN.
Conclusion and other References
That covers the basics of setting up ADAMSync! I hope this information makes the process more straight forward and gives you some tips for getting it to work the first time! The most important point I can make is to start very simple with the XML file and get something to work. You can always add more attributes to the file later, but if you start from broken it can be difficult to troubleshoot. Also, I highly recommend using <include> over <exclude> when specifying attributes to synchronize. This may be more work for your application team since they will have to know what their application requires, but it will make setting up the XML file and getting a successful synchronization much easier!
ADAMSync excluded objects
As I mentioned earlier, there are some attributes, classes and object types that ADAMSync will not synchronize. The items listed below are hard-coded not to sync. There is no way around this using ADAMSync. If you need any of these items to sync, then you will need to use LDIFDE exports, FIM, or some other method to synchronize them from AD to AD LDS. The scenarios where you would require any of these items are very limited and some of them are dealt with within ADAMSync by converting the attribute to a new attribute name (objectGUID to sourceObjectGUID).
cn, currentValue, dBCSPwd, fSMORoleOwner, initialAuthIncoming, initialAuthOutgoing, isCriticalSystemObject, isDeleted, lastLogonTimeStamp, lmPwdHistory, msDS-ExecuteScriptPassword, ntPwdHistory, nTSecurityDescriptor, objectCategory, objectSid (except when being converted to proxy), parentGUID, priorValue, pwdLastSet, sAMAccountType, sIDHistory, supplementalCredentials, supplementalCredentials, systemFlags, trustAuthIncoming, trustAuthOutgoing, unicodePwd, whenChanged
crossRef, secret, trustedDomain, foreignSecurityPrincipal, rIDSet, rIDManager
Naming Context heads, deleted objects, empty attributes, attributes we do not have permissions to read, objectGUIDs (gets transferred to sourceObjectGUID), objects with del-mangeled distinguished names (DEL:\)
Additional Goodies
AD LDS Replication
Misc Blogs
Kim "Sync or swim" Nichols
• Excellent article Kim, when I was reading this and saw "(|(objectCategory=Person)(objectCategory=OrganizationalUnit))" I was wondering why you used the OU there....then you answered that question.
• Thanks, Mike! Glad that the post was helpful!
The object filter is one of the more common issues we run into. It's not intuitive that you need to add OU, especially due to the fact that without it OUs still get synced. Another one that trips people up is syncing group memberships. You have to add objectclass=group to the object filter, but you also have to add both member and memberof attributes to your attribute list since these are back-linked attributes.
• Hey Kim
When syncing multiple AD DS instances to a single LDS instance, what is the best way to handle the multiple configuration XML files required?
• Sorry for the delayed response, Jon. In most cases, I see people setup 2 scheduled tasks. One for each XML they need to run. In each task, they run the ADAMSync /install and the ADAMSync /sync commands. If you know how long it takes to sync, just set up the tasks on intervals giving each sync enough time to finish before running the next.
Hope this helps!
• You might also find my AdamSync Common problems blog post:
It's great to see Microsoft continuing to support ADAMsync! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48100 | • By
Control your lights with your iPhone? Why not? Digital lifestyle expert Andrew Felix shows off gadgets for the well-connected home. Photo: Phillips.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48102 | • By
Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway bought 11 million shares of Verizon Communications and reduced its stake in General Motors and DirecTV during the first quarter, according to a regulatory filing.
The Verizon stake was valued at about $524 million as of the end of March. Given the size of the stake, it’s likely to be a purchase made by one of Buffett’s two investment managers.
The Omaha, Neb.-based investor has previously said he typically picks the big, multibillion-dollar positions for Berkshire while his managers, Ted Weschler and Todd Combs, buy smaller stakes.
Each of the two managers has over $7 billion to manage in a U.S. portfolio of 45 stocks valued at roughly $106 billion. During the quarter, Berkshire reduced its stake in satellite television company DirecTV, another investment of the duo, by 2 million shares. Berkshire still owns 34.5 million shares of DirecTV, which were valued at $2.6 billion at the end of the first quarter.
The Wall Street Journal has reported that AT&T is in talks to buy DirecTV for about $50 billion. At that price, Berkshire stands to make a profit on its holding of the stock.
Berkshire also cut its position in General Motors by 10 million shares, and now owns 30 million shares valued at about $1 billion.
The company increased its stake in International Business Machines slightly. IBM, along with Wells Fargo & Co., Coca-Cola and American Express , are Buffett’s “Big Four” stocks, collectively worth more than $60 billion.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48135 | Message Font: Serif | Sans-Serif
Author: Daddyswish Big red star, 1000 posts Add to my Favorite Fools Ignore this person (you won't see their posts anymore) Number: of 14120
Subject: Re: My pet peeve of the year Date: 11/19/2003 8:49 PM
Recommendations: 18
"I was like," is one of those phrases that grate on me like fingernails on a slate blackboard. I even hear people older than 18 - who should know better - using it.
"He went" for "he said", is just as bad.
While I love engaging in nitpicking on this board and consider it quite fruitful, here is a situation in which I must come to the defense of the many informal constructs commonly applied in spoken dialogue. In fact, with no disrespect to any of my fellow logophiles here, I would go as far as to say that intolerance of various forms of appropriately applied slang is one of my bigger language-related pet peeves.
A phrase such as, "I was like 'Oh my God!'" in an informal conversation conveys the emotion and surprise of the described situation, particularly when combined with an excited tone of voice and other non-verbal cues, far more effectively and succinctly than a more formal construct. It also subtly implies that "Oh my God" is not necessarily what was literally said. That might merely be what the speaker was thinking, or it might be a very abbreviated version of what was actually said, depending on the context. In many cases, a more formal version of the sentence will come across as awkward or flat.
The truth is, young people are by far the most important and active linguistic innovators in society. What older generations see as corruption and impurity in usage are often trends that actually help the language better reflect the contemporary world. This is, in fact, the case with the examples in this thread: interpersonal relationships tend to be much less structured and rigid than they used to be, and in kind, informal language constructs are much more common. A similar example is the increasingly frequent use of "they" as a gender-neutral singular pronoun, which reflects the contemporary importance of avoiding the appearance of sexism sometimes exceeding the importance of proper formal grammar.
This may cause you to ponder, "Swish, why do you even post here if you don't care if the English language goes to hell in a handbasket?" My first answer would be that I love advancing the use of formal or forgotten language in appropriate contexts, and that in such situations, consistency and propriety (i.e., adherence to the "rules") play a very important role. But more specific to this discussion, there's a very fuzzy line between incorrect or inappropriate usage and informal usage. I would argue that "I was like" is not actually grammatically incorrect because the phrase is an idiom that serves as a transitive verb. Conversely, if the phrase were, "Me and Dave are going to the concert," I would argue that "Me and Dave" is not an idiom, it's simply a grammatically sloppy substitute for the semantically identical phrase "Dave and I," which I strongly prefer even in informal dialogue.
Another consideration that plays into my educational background is the fact that the study of Cognitive Linguistics has advanced considerably since linguists stopped dismissing constructs that violate traditional usage guidelines as unimportant anomalies. It's the exceptions to the rules that provide the most insight into the way the human mind works. For example, can anyone tell me what the past tense of the verb "sping" is? Well, technically there is none, since "sping" is not an English word. But if it were? I'm sure everyone would answer "spang," and even "spung" for the past participle. But did any of you know there was a rule for creating past tense by ending certain words with "-ang?" Here we all thought that "sing, sang, sung" was an exception. But I digress. The point is that contemporary informal usage of the word "like" is also a very interesting phenomenon with sociological implications. Embracing the anomaly is far more productive than decrying it.
However, the most important consideration of all is the setting. In virtually all written contexts, and in many interpersonal ones, the informal usages above are highly inappropriate. In business settings, proper language usage plays an important role in conveying professionalism, and in other situations proper language conveys respect. I would argue that it's very important to know the rules and to use correct formal English when appropriate. But in many situations, the informal constructs serve as a worthwhile aid, and not a hinderance, to communication. So relax, take a deep breath, and hug your nearest teenager. She will become a much more effective sentinel for the English of the future if you don't write her off.
Print the post
What was Your Dumbest Investment?
When Life Gives You Lemons
Community Home
Speak Your Mind, Start Your Blog, Rate Your Stocks
Community Team Fools - who are those TMF's?
Contact Us
Contact Customer Service and other Fool departments here.
Work for Fools? |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48137 | Get Adobe Flash player
How I Wrote It: Ben Mezrich on his new novel, Seven Wonders
Ben Mezrich is best known for his nonfiction, particularly Bringing Down the House and The Accidental Billionaires, both of which became major motion pictures. In Seven Wonders, Mezrich returns to his roots: fiction. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48140 | Lou Ingber
From BoxRec
Jump to: navigation, search
Also known as Lou Stillman
Lou Ingber took over ownership of the famous Stillman's Gym in New York City in the early 1900s. He found it easier to change his last name to "Stillman" rather than to change the name of the highly-popular training facility. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48142 | Manny Pacquiao vs. Erik Morales (3rd meeting)
From BoxRec
Revision as of 18:21, 2 November 2006 by Timvpduncan21 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
If Erik Morales doesn't make the 130 lb limit for this bout he will have to pay a fine to Manny Pacquiao and vice versa. Pacquiao will have the option to fight Morales or he can take the penalty money and decline to fight.
Pacquiao Morales3.jpg |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48157 | HOME > Chowhound > Washington DC & Baltimore >
Jul 24, 2006 07:36 PM
Restaurant week for vegetarians?
I've never done the restaurant week thing, and was wondering how it works for vegetarians. Do most restaurants offer vegetarian options?
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. My experience is that they do (although I've probably only gone to a couple of participating restaurants during RW). It's to their advantage, since meat dishes often cost more, but RW is prix fixe.
1. In the past, Bombay Club has offered three entree choices, one of them vegetarian. I would surely check ahead of time with whoever you might want to try.
1. ...and this time around Restaurant Nora is an option. That's organic and veggie friendly. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48159 | HOME > Chowhound > Greater Boston Area >
Nov 25, 2007 10:46 AM
Dr Pepper's sausage stand in Fenway?
Was just watching a video on Youtube featuring ECG's Hell Night on the Phantom Gourmet. In it, Chris mentioned that Dr Pepper runs a sausage stand inside of Fenway which actually has Inner Beauty there. Does this still exist, and if so, where in the park is it?
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. "IN" Fenway? nah,,, i've sen him outside both on Lansdowne and on Yawkey, never In Fenway.
3 Replies
1. re: ScubaSteve
Was wondering about that. I believe they said "in", but I had a feeling it was "outside".
1. re: jgg13
But Yawkey is "in" Fenway on game days...
1. re: pamalamb
Good point. Also could explain why I've never seen it as I avoid that portion like the plague.
2. Dr. Pepper can be found at the Sausage Connection stand on Lansdowne Street by game day ticket sales. He is outside of Fenway not inside, they are the second stand (yellow) down on Lansdowne Street and yes they still have Inner Beauty.
1 Reply
1. re: zoenik
Found it last night. The IB sauce was on special request status it seemed, as it was behind the counter - but after I asked I noticed the dude making my sausage ask the folks behind me if they wanted hot sauce.
I dunno that I'd go out of my way to get it again - the flavors didn't blend all that well for me. Also, the nature of the beast, being hand held, led to sauce all over my hands which could have led to disaster ;)
2. Yes. He's outside the park on Landsdowne Street and is VERY MUCH worth seeking out.
The sauce is his homemade take on IB and you must ask him for it --- it's not out with the condiments. It's delish. A sausage with onion/pepper and IB is a craveable thing, IMO.
It was also very sweet that he remembered me from past seasons.
1. Although I am lucky to go to Fenway fairly frequently, I only finally tried Dr. Pepper's sausage stand. Wow. The hot sauce was fantastic. My eyes were watering a bit (in the good way). There were lots of peppers and onions, which resulted in a delicious delightful mess.
1. If you can't get to Fenway, I suggest trying to snag a copy of Chris' book, "Big Flavors of the Hot Sun". It is old and out of print, but you might be able to find it used on sites like Amazon or Half.com. It contains not only a recipe for *Home Style Inner Beauty Hot Sauce*, but one for the Fenway style sausages that use it, as well.
I have made this more than once. Awesome. If you can't make it to the playoffs, or Opening Day 2010, get a copy of this book and try making it at home!
Oh, and this sauce keeps almost forever. With all of those habaneros in it, nothing dangerous even THINKS about trying to live in it!
2 Replies
1. re: catmommy9
Great find! I've added it to my holiday wishlist :-)
1. re: catmommy9
I have the book and, should you not be able to find a copy, could potentially post the recipe in the "Recipes" area if enough people need it. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48160 | HOME > Chowhound > Wine >
Feb 12, 2008 01:50 PM
krug pairing for a vegetarian
well, it's time for the valentine's day pairing advice threads to start.
for mine, i would like to humbly request help from the wise chowhounders about a valentine's day dinner with a bottle of krug grand cuvee.
i started my planning from the end of the meal with this: http://www.vosgeschocolate.com/produc...
really some of the best chocolate out there, and a girlfriend favorite. but now i need to figure out a simple menu (we're off to the symphony, so don't have a ton of time to cook) that will either go well with the champagne, or at the very least not get in the way of the champagne and truffles to come.
but the tricky part is i need a vegetarian menu. i've seen lots of good recommendations on the board for fish and whatnot with krug, but couldn't find any for a vegetarian menu. any thoughts?
thanks in advance for helping...
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. High end mac and cheese (not too sharp cheese, more on the nutty creamy tip) and a avocado and cress salad to start. Or a new girlfriend who will eat fish.
1 Reply
1. re: eatyououtofhouseandhome
Well, if she eats fish, why not caviar? Heck, if she isn't vegan and eats chicken eggs, why not caviar?
2. How about mushroom risotto as the main, with a nice salad? Or tempura fried portabella mushroom strips as the main, with veggie spring rolls as the side? I think either would go well with the Krug, but then, I find it to be fairly food-friendly!
1. For an app, how about takeout vegetarian sushi from a new wave sushi bar?
For a main, I keep on returning to bread, cheese and mushrooms. Porcini-stuffed ravioi. Fettucini with mushrooms and cream. Pizza of some sort. Years ago, one of The Stupids posted a recipe for an amazing thin crust pizza topped with, IIRC, caramelized onions, paper thin slices of Yukon Golds tossed with olive oil and chopped rosemary, raclette cheese and wild mushrooms. While they probably didn't recommend serving it with champers, I can't imagine it not working, especially with a wine as substantial as the Krug. If you're interested in the recipe, I'll see if I can locate it.
1. Rather than suggesting some dishes, I'll give you some ingredients with which you can concoct some dishes, and/or add to those you're already -planniing: Asparagus, Berries, Coconut (& coconut milk), walnuts, and if you're lacto-vegan, 2 great cheeses with "champagne": Chevre and Havarti,.
1. Really delicious with Champagne in general and Krug, specifically, is the Provençal Pizza known as Pissaladière Niçoise: caramelized onions, grated swiss cheese, anchovies and pitted Niçoise olives. If she thinks she doesn't like anchovies, omit them, but then you're going to need to salt the onions fairly heavily. Or you could use some anchovy paste, for the taste without the little critters sitting up on top.
2 Replies
1. re: ChefJune
If your vegans will tolerate seafood then this opens up a whole new dimension for the meal, but then when do we stop being vegetarians ?
1. re: ChefJune
Champagne is near and dear to my heart and I drink way more than my fair share and my favorite things to eat with them are snacks! Go for decadent...chips, cheese pizza, egg salad sandwiches...think creamy, rich and salty...if you could hook up some french fries you would be seriously dreamy! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48165 | HOME > Chowhound > Chicago Area >
May 8, 2012 10:56 AM
ISO Rennet
I want to take a crack at making mozzarella cheese. Anyone know where I can get rennet? I'm in the Bucktown Wicker Park area. Thanks in advance.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. What does ISO stand for? I've had my eye on this project for a while. I know the Whole Foods on Roosevelt sells vegetable rennet. So I am going to guess the one on North does too but the inventory for the myriad of Whole Foods stores gets mixed up in my head. I am pretty sure vegetable works but some people prefer animal-sourced rennet.
8 Replies
1. re: BColeKid
In Search Of. As in "desperately seeking...."
1. re: BColeKid
Vegetable-based rennet is typically used for mozzarella.
1. re: BColeKid
This has been a real journey (or maybe a "trip!")
I tried three Whole Foods stores (including the big one on North Avenue) and they said they carry it, but were out of it. They told me to try a "specialty store."
I'm not sure what that meant, I called the Chopping Block and Olivia's Market and Paulina Market and Southport Grocery and a couple of True Value Hardware outlets (someone suggested it so I gave it a shot).
Before I gave up and bought this $4 item on Amazon and paid the postage, I tried a couple of beer making suppliers and found it at something called Brew & Grow on Kedzie near Addison. They had both animal rennet and vegetarian rennat.
Homemade mozzarella cheese, here I come.
1. re: chicgail
Really good to know that Brew and Grow has it. Sadly, that place is hard to get to ever since the store moved from its former Elston and Cortland location. Please let us know how it goes! Tips appreciated.
1. re: BColeKid
Brew and Grow is not that far from the old location. Just up Elston to Kedzie near Belmont. The place is huge and immaculately clean. I almost wish I wanted to brew beer or wine. The rennet cost me as much as I would have paid at Amazon, including shipping, but at least it's now in my fridge.
2. re: chicgail
Make sure you use the least pasturized milk you can find.
1. re: rjka
Ok, that may be my next quest.
I know to not use ultrapasturized milk, but which brands are the least pasteurized? And is there anywhere in the city where I can find unpasturized milk without trekking to a farm?
1. re: chicgail
You can try the old Farmers Creamery (now Kalona) brand at Whole Foods, they use a low-temp pasteurization process. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48208 |
Murray may be key to winning Sunday night...
Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by Arkyvarminter, Dec 24, 2012.
1. Arkyvarminter
Arkyvarminter Well-Known Member
1,392 Messages
396 Likes Received
I know that we have to play a really good game to win Sunday night but I feel that if we get Murray going it will be key in beating Washington. Its seems whenever Murray makes some good runs, Garrett decides to start passing on every down, getting us in 3rd and long situations. I know yesterday Murray made some good runs and after that we threw the ball on all three downs and this was before the fumble?? I don't get it. I know the league is going to a passing league but if Murray can get going, feed him the ball, control the clock, and keep Griffen on the bench.....
2. cowboyschmps3
cowboyschmps3 Well-Known Member
3,063 Messages
253 Likes Received
I couldn't agree more we need too feed the beast, it showed we needed him thanksgiving
3. Arkyvarminter
Arkyvarminter Well-Known Member
1,392 Messages
396 Likes Received
I know its a given that a good running game will help us but my point in the original post is Garrett seems to get away from running when its working?
4. DTK
DTK Member
681 Messages
0 Likes Received
The key is stopping their run game and making their offense one dimensional. Unfortunately, I don't think our banged up defense can do that.
5. DenCWBY
DenCWBY Well-Known Member
1,146 Messages
368 Likes Received
This is an understatement. Murray has to have a very good run game and ball protection as well. The only way we win this game is if we have some ball controlling drives that end up with points at the end of each drive because they are going to riddle our D. A few 3 and out's by our offense and we'll be seeing the first half of the thanksgiving game all over again.
6. Zman5
Zman5 Well-Known Member
6,002 Messages
1,634 Likes Received
He is one of the key players but I think play of Austin/Harris may be more important .
Witten and Dez will be doubled and they will dare us to beat them with rest of the receivers.
7. DavidAK
DavidAK New Member
796 Messages
0 Likes Received
The key is Tony Romo like it's always been. He has to continue to play lights out and hope we make enough stops in the end to win a shoot out.
Lucky for us Rg3 is hobbled with a bumb knee. I'll take that any day of the week.
8. tecolote
tecolote Well-Known Member
1,873 Messages
671 Likes Received
Just put it all on Tony, he is our best player, go with an up tempo/hurry up offense until we are ahead by more than 2 scores.
9. Rynie
Rynie Benched
4,606 Messages
0 Likes Received
Murray cost us the game yesterday with that fumble. :bang2:
10. Arkyvarminter
Arkyvarminter Well-Known Member
1,392 Messages
396 Likes Received
Romo is without a doubt the most important piece of the puzzle but why not let Murray run and take some of the load off Romo, if its working? Garrett won't run Murray enough when he's getting good yards on every carry...
11. Idgit
Idgit Ice up, son. Ice up! Staff Member
34,393 Messages
10,566 Likes Received
It was a back-breaker.
12. 30yrheel
30yrheel Well-Known Member
2,780 Messages
191 Likes Received
our only chance. let tony and dez have a chance to win, the run game is a waste of time.
13. Falcon554
Falcon554 Benched
1,187 Messages
218 Likes Received
Someone tell me why Murray is so great? Have not seen it at all this year, now that rb in Seattle is a different story
14. JohnsKey19
JohnsKey19 Well-Known Member
7,479 Messages
906 Likes Received
Agree with the doubling of Dez/Witten. Other guys must step up.
I'd be careful and not fall into the trap of feeding Murray too much as that is the strength of the Skins D. Keep Murray involved but don't let the porous Skins pass defense off the hook either.
15. Falcon554
Falcon554 Benched
1,187 Messages
218 Likes Received
Wow just looked up his stats, 587 and 4tds. That's horrible, he had 1/2 of that in one game last year. Time to draft another Rb, one that can stay healthy
16. Arkyvarminter
Arkyvarminter Well-Known Member
1,392 Messages
396 Likes Received
Calvin Johnson only has 5 td's so I guess he's horrible too. Look, Murray has had a few injuries and is playing injured. They guy is a good back and can't easily be replaced. When healthy, he is a beast.
17. jblaze2004
jblaze2004 Well-Known Member
9,094 Messages
583 Likes Received
he does. Garrett is andy reid jr. Heck andy reid might run the ball more than garrett lol.
18. Falcon554
Falcon554 Benched
1,187 Messages
218 Likes Received
Beast? I think not, he may be ok but he is no AP, not even close
19. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
29,068 Messages
3,199 Likes Received
I just wish we would go to a hurry up offense and not even make a game of this.
20. dallasfan4lizife
dallasfan4lizife Well-Known Member
2,865 Messages
386 Likes Received
He sure as hell hasn't been the past 2 weeks.
He's hindered this team and put them in bad position.
We lose yesterday's game because of him
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48211 | A.I.G. Considers Suing Government
“Thank you” really doesn’t mean what it used to. After paying back $182 billion in bailout money -- and running an ad campaign (See Youtube video above) saying “Thank you America” -- insurance company American International Group is considering whether it should sue the government. A.I.G. is mulling the idea of joining a $25 billion shareholder lawsuit. The suit states that the government cheated shareholders of billions of dollars and disregarded the rule that you shouldn’t take private property for “public use, without just compensation” (the Fifth Amendment). How did the government do that? By taking a 92 percent stake in the company and, you know, saving it.
This should be a lesson that is never forgotten. If there's ever a "next time," bailout the taxpayers so that they can all keep their homes.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48214 |
Dan Walsh's Blog
Got SELinux?
Previous Entry Share Next Entry
Key components of SELinux: Applications
In today's blog I will continue talking about core utilities that have SELinux awareness in them. But first I want to talk a little bit about file context.
How does the file context get set on a file?
1. By default files created in a directory get the file context of the directory. So if I create a file in my /etc it will by default get a security context of etc_t.
# ls -ldZ /etc
drwxr-xr-x root root system_u:object_r:etc_t /etc
# touch /etc/dan
# ls -lZ /etc/dan
-rw-r--r-- root root user_u:object_r:etc_t /etc/dan
2. Policy rules can be loaded in the kernel that specify when a domain creates a file in a directory with context foo_t, it will be created bar_t. These are called file_transition rules. A good example of this is your home dir. There is a rule in the kernel that says all files created by unconfined_t in user_home_dir_t will be created user_home_t.
# id -Z
# ls -ldZ ~
drwxr-xr-x dwalsh dwalsh user_u:object_r:user_home_dir_t /home/devel/dwalsh
# touch ~/dan
# ls -ldZ ~/dan
-rw-rw-r-- dwalsh dwalsh user_u:object_r:user_home_t /home/devel/dwalsh/dan
3. The third way a file context can be assigned is via an SELinux aware application. An example of this is the chcon command (I will talk about chcon and other SELinux Utilities in future blogs) Policy rules still need to be in place for these tools to function properly. So a confined domain, might only have a couple of security contexts that it can relabelfrom/relabelto.
# chcon -t bin_t /etc/dan
# ls -lZ /etc/dan
-rw-r--r-- root root user_u:object_r:bin_t /etc/dan
The core utilities that have the ability to manage file context are mv/cp/install.
SELinux awareness are in all three of these tools but sometimes they work in mysterious ways.
The goal when we added SELinux awareness to mv/cp was to maintain the same mechanism as with discretionary control.
The mv command will attempt to maintain the security context of the file when it is moved to a different directory... This causes some
confusion, but this works the same was as with discretionary access. If I create a file owned by dwalsh in /tmp and then copy it to /etc, the ownership of the file will still be dwalsh in /etc. Similarly if the file was created in /tmp, it will have a security context of tmp_t, so when it is moved to /etc. It will continue to have tmp_t as it's security context.
The cp command is a little different. If a file exists that you are copying over, the new file will maintain the file context of the previous file. So if I look at /etc/resolv.conf, I will see that it is labeled net_conf_t. If I copy a file over it say /tmp/resolv.conf, labeled tmp_t, onto /etc/resolv.conf, it will still be labeled net_conf_t. If I moved the file /tmp/resolv.conf onto /etc/resolv.conf, it will end up with tmp_t.
If the file does not exist it follow the rules defined above, IE it will either get the security context of the directory, or if a file_transition rule exists it will transition the context to follow the rule. So if you remove /etc/resolv.conf and cp /tmp/resolv.conf to /etc, you will end up with a security context of etc_t. Similarly if cp /etc/resolv.conf to ~/ it will end up with a security context of user_home_t. cp has an option to preserve the mode, ownership, and timestamps, but this option does not work with the file_context, you need to use -Z.
So one of the problems we see quite often is a user creates an html file in his home dir or in /tmp and then moves it to /var/www/html. Apache then gets an access denied because apache is not allowed to read user_home_t. The quickest way to clean this up is with the restorecon command. The restorecon command reads the default file_contexts for the installed policy and then resets the file_context of all specified files.
restorecon /var/www/html/mypage.html
The install command and rpm for that matter both have similar functionality to restorecon. When they create files on disk they check with the installed policy file_context file and set the appropriate file_context.
Tomorrow I will cover the login process.
2007-06-21 05:32 pm (UTC)
No HTML allowed in subject
(will be screened)
You are viewing danwalsh |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48226 | Bug #14848
Team tactical view is still accessible despite it turned off
Added by BLRGVOZD over 4 years ago. Updated over 4 years ago.
Status:Rejected Start date:11/02/2010
Priority:Normal Due date:
Assignee:- % Done:
Target version:-
Affected Version: I am using some Mods:
Affected ArmA II version:Please select... Reproducible for you:
I've been reported (and after recheck it confirmed) that despite tactical view is turned off in start parameters it's still could be activated by pressing SHIFT + Del
Updated by Benny over 4 years ago
• Status changed from New to Rejected
It'll always be, the same goes for other key inputs as long as the engine don't have a decent way of disabling certains action keys via a script (you can just bind it to anything you want, a+e, a+e+v,...).
Also available in: Atom PDF |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48236 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
prime minister
the British prime minister.
Origin of prime minister
Related forms
[prahym-min-uh-steer-ee-uh l] /ˈpraɪmˌmɪn əˈstɪər i əl/ (Show IPA),
prime-ministership, noun
prime ministry, noun Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for prime minister
British Dictionary definitions for prime minister
prime minister
the head of a parliamentary government
the chief minister of a sovereign or a state
Derived Forms
prime ministership, prime ministry, noun
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for prime minister
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
prime minister in Culture
prime minister definition
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for prime
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with prime minister |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48237 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[deb-er-uh, deb-ruh] /ˈdɛb ər ə, ˈdɛb rə/
a prophetess and judge of Israel. Judges 4, 5.
Also, Debora. a female given name: from a Hebrew word meaning “bee.”. Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for Deborah
British Dictionary definitions for Deborah
/ˈdɛbərə; -brə/
noun (Old Testament)
a prophetess and judge of Israel who fought the Canaanites (Judges 4, 5)
Rebecca's nurse (Genesis 35:8)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for Deborah
fem. proper name, prophetess and judge in the Old Testament, Hebrew, literally "bee" (thus the name is the same as Melissa).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
Deborah in the Bible
a bee. (1.) Rebekah's nurse. She accompanied her mistress when she left her father's house in Padan-aram to become the wife of Isaac (Gen. 24:59). Many years afterwards she died at Bethel, and was buried under the "oak of weeping", Allon-bachuth (35:8). (2.) A prophetess, "wife" (woman?) of Lapidoth. Jabin, the king of Hazor, had for twenty years held Israel in degrading subjection. The spirit of patriotism seemed crushed out of the nation. In this emergency Deborah roused the people from their lethargy. Her fame spread far and wide. She became a "mother in Israel" (Judg. 4:6, 14; 5:7), and "the children of Israel came up to her for judgment" as she sat in her tent under the palm tree "between Ramah and Bethel." Preparations were everywhere made by her direction for the great effort to throw off the yoke of bondage. She summoned Barak from Kadesh to take the command of 10,000 men of Zebulun and Naphtali, and lead them to Mount Tabor on the plain of Esdraelon at its north-east end. With his aid she organized this army. She gave the signal for attack, and the Hebrew host rushed down impetuously upon the army of Jabin, which was commanded by Sisera, and gained a great and decisive victory. The Canaanitish army almost wholly perished. That was a great and ever-memorable day in Israel. In Judg. 5 is given the grand triumphal ode, the "song of Deborah," which she wrote in grateful commemoration of that great deliverance. (See LAPIDOTH ØT0002240, JABIN ØT0001938 [2].)
Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for Deborah
Many English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for Deborah
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with Deborah
Nearby words for deborah |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48238 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
earth inductor compass
noun, Aeronautics
a compass actuated by induction from the earth's magnetic field. Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for earth inductor compass
earth inductor compass
a compass that depends on the current induced in a coil revolving in the earth's magnetic field Also called inductor compass
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for earth inductor compass
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for earth
Scrabble Words With Friends |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48239 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
i'll eat my hat
Slang definitions & phrases for i'll eat my hat
I'll eat my hat
I am absolutely convinced that a given statement is true, a named event will occur, etc: I'll eat my hat if he doesn't come back tomorrow (1837+)
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for i
Scrabble Words With Friends
Nearby words for i'll eat my hat |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48240 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
in the gutter
Slang definitions & phrases for in the gutter
in the gutter
Related Terms
have one's mind in the gutter
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Cite This Source
Idioms and Phrases with in the gutter
in the gutter
Appropriate to or from a squalid, degraded condition. For example, The language in that book belongs in the gutter. An antonym, out of the gutter, means “away from vulgarity or sordidness,” as in That joke was quite innocent; get your mind out of the gutter. This idiom uses gutter in the sense of “a conduit for filthy waste.” [ Mid-1800s ]
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for in
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with in the gutter |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48241 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
myenteric plexus
myenteric plexus in Medicine
myenteric plexus n.
A plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies lying in the muscular coat of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and communicating with the subserous and submucous plexuses.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for myenteric
Scrabble Words With Friends |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48247 | Free Software Foundation!
Join now
From Free Software Directory
Jump to: navigation,
'fwlogwatch' is a packet filter and firewall log analyzer. It can output its summaries in text and HTML, with various formatting options. It can produce customizable incident reports and send them to abuse contacts at offending sites or CERTs. Fwlogwatch can also run as a daemon (with Web interface) doing realtime log monitoring and reporting anomalies or starting attack countermeasures. It can detect and process log entries in the following formats:
* GNU/Linux ipchains
* GNU/Linux netfilter/iptables
* Solaris/BSD/Irix/HP-UX ipfilter
* BSD ipfw
* Cisco IOS
* Cisco PIX / FWSM
* NetScreen
* Elsa Lancom router
* Snort IDS
Download version 1.4 (stable)
released on 23 May 2013
VCS Checkout
Related Projects
LicenseVerified byVerified onNotes
GPLv2orlaterJanet Casey27 March 2002
Leaders and contributors
Boris Wesslowski Maintainer
See the CREDITS file in the distribution for a complete listContributor
Resources and communication
Audience Resource type URI
Developer VCS Repository Webview
Help E-mail
Support E-mail
Software prerequisites
Kind Description
Required to build flex
This entry (in part or in whole) was last reviewed on 3 May 2004.
Personal tools |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48254 | Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title: Dynamic Performance of Adaptive Hysteresis Current Controller for Mains-connected Inverter System
Authors: Chitti Babu, B
Mohapatra, M
Jena, S
Naik, A
Keywords: Adaptive hysteresis current controller
Point of common coupling (PCC)
distributed generation (DG)
Reactive power control
Issue Date: Dec-2010
Citation: IEEE 2010 International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Robotics" (IEEE IECR 2010) National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 28-30 December,2010
Abstract: In most of the situations, power electronics converters are mainly used as an interfacing device between distributed generation (DG) system and utility grid in order to meet the following objectives: 1) grid synchronization 2) active and reactive power control through voltage and frequency control 3) improvement of power quality (i.e. harmonic elimination) etc. But due to wide variation of the reactive power in the consumers-end, the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) is usually affected. In this paper adaptive hysteresis current controller is proposed for inverter-interfaced grid connected system in order to meet the active and reactive power demand during load variations and both can be controlled independently. The proposed controller reduces the current harmonic at PCC considerably. It observes that the adaptive hysteresis current controller can provide the low switching frequency of operation of inverter switches irrespective of load variations and it ensures lower total harmonic distortion (THD). The studied system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB Simulink environment.
Description: Copyright belongs to proceeding publisher
Appears in Collections:Conference Papers
Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
Mohamayee_ICER2010.pdf1.49 MBAdobe PDFView/Open
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48269 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Adjudicative)
Jump to: navigation, search
2. Disputes between private parties and public officials.
3. Disputes between public officials or public bodies.
Other meanings[edit]
Adjudication can also be the process (at dance competitions, in televisio] game shows and at other competitive forums) by which competitors are evaluated and ranked and a winner is found.
In court[edit]
In construction[edit]
The relevant legislation in the UK is the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996, (1996 Chapter 53).[1]
In healthcare[edit]
'Claims Adjudication' is a term used in the insurance industry to refer to the process of paying claims submitted or denying them after comparing claims to the benefit or coverage requirements. The adjudication process consists of receiving a claim from an insured person and then utilizing software to process the claims and make a decision or doing so manually. If it’s done automatically using software or a web-based subscription, the claim process is called auto-adjudication. Automating claims often improves efficiency and reduces expenses required for manual claims adjudication. Many claims are submitted on paper and are processed manually by insurance workers.
After the claims adjudication process is complete, the insurance company often sends a letter to the person filing the claim describing the outcome. The letter, which is sometimes referred to as remittance advice, includes a statement as to whether the claim was denied or approved. If the company denied the claim, it has to provide an explanation for the reason why under regional laws. The company also often sends an explanation of benefits that includes detailed information about how each service included in the claim was settled. Insurance companies will then send out payments to the providers if the claims are approved or to the provider’s billing service.
The process of claims adjudication, in this context, is also referred to as "Medical Billing Advocacy".
Pertaining to Background Investigations[edit]
Adjudication is the process directly following a background investigation where the investigation results are reviewed to determine if a candidate should be awarded a security clearance, or be suitable for a public trust or non-sensitive position.
From the United States Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility: "Adjudication is the review and consideration of all available information to ensure an individual's loyalty, reliability, and trustworthiness are such that entrusting an individual with national security information or assigning an individual to sensitive duties is clearly in the best interest of national security."
Emergency Response[edit]
Adjudication is the process of identifying, with reasonable certainty, the type or nature of special nuclear material or device that set off an alarm and assessing the potential threat that the material or device might pose with corresponding implications for the need to take further action. [2]
Referring to a minor[edit]
Different states have different processes for declaring a child as adjudicated.
• The Arizona State Legislature has this definition:
The 'Illinois General Assembly' has this definition:
"'Adjudicated' means that the Juvenile Court has entered an order declaring that a child is neglected, abused, dependent, a minor requiring authoritative intervention, a delinquent minor or an addicted minor. "[4]
In Australia[edit]
In Victoria[edit]
Adjudication is a relatively new process introduced by the Government of Victoria, Australia, to allow for the rapid determination of progress claims under building contracts or sub-contracts and contracts for the supply of goods or services in the building industry. This process was designed to ensure cash flow to businesses in the building industry, without parties getting tied up in lengthy and expensive litigation or arbitration. It is regulated by the Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002.
In Queensland[edit]
The Building and Construction Industry Payments Act 2004 (BCIPA) came into effect in Queensland in October, 2004. Through a statutory-based process known as adjudication a claimant can seek to resolve payment on account disputes. The act covers construction, and related supply of goods and services, contracts, whether written or verbal. BCIPA is regulated by the Building and Construction Industry Payments Agency, a branch of the Queensland Building Services.
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
• Darren Noble, Users' Guide to Adjudication in Victoria (Anstat 2009)[5]
1. ^ Text of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996, (1996 Chapter 53) as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48270 | Alia al-Hussein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alia Baha Ad-Din Toukan
Queen consort of Jordan
Tenure 24 December 1972 – 9 February 1977
Spouse Hussein of Jordan
Issue Princess Haya
Prince Ali
House Hashemite (by marriage)
Father Bahauddin Touqan
Mother Hanan Hashim
Born (1948-12-25)25 December 1948
Cairo, Egypt
Died 9 February 1977(1977-02-09) (aged 28)
Amman, Jordan
Jordanian Royal Family
Coat of arms of Jordan.svg
HM The King
HM The Queen
HM Queen Noor
Alia Baha Ad-Din Touqan (Arabic: علياء بھاء الدين طوقان) (25 December 1948 – 9 February 1977) was the Queen consort of Jordan and the third spouse of King Hussein of Jordan from her marriage in 1972 until her death in a helicopter crash in 1977. The international airport in Amman is named after her.
A daughter of Baha ud-Din Toukan (or Touqan), former Jordanian ambassador to the Court of St. James's (United Kingdom), Italy, Turkey and Egypt, Alia was born in Cairo, Egypt in December 1948.[1] Her father was a Palestinian from Nablus, who had settled in Salt, near Amman.[2] He served King Abdullah I, helped write the Jordanian Constitution, and was Jordan's first Ambassador to the United Nations.
She spent most of her childhood years travelling with her parents during her father’s career in Jordan’s diplomatic corps: she lived in Egypt, Turkey, London, the United States, and Rome. She attended Church School in London with her younger brothers, Alaa and Abdullah. She was educated at the Rome Center of Liberal Arts of Loyola University Chicago. She studied political science with a minor in social psychology, and public relations at Hunter College in New York. She was interested in sports and writing, and she wished to be a diplomat. In 1971, she moved to Jordan, where she worked for Royal Jordanian. She was asked by King Hussein bin Talal to oversee the preparations for the first International Water Skiing Festival held in Aqaba in September 1972.
Alia married the King in a private ceremony on 24 December 1972, and was titled Queen Alia al Hussein (Arabic: علياء الحسين).
They had two children:
They also adopted Abir, a 5-year-old Palestinian girl whose mother had been killed by a plane crash at a refugee camp near the Amman airport.
Queen Alia (left) with her husband following state dinner with Betty and Gerald Ford in March 1976
Queen Alia founded the Office of the Queen of Jordan and gave it an active and public role. The active role she took in Jordan has been emulated by her successors. She financed social development projects, placing particular emphasis on women and children. She often made surprise visits to hospitals and national institutions, aiming to raise service standards and help people to help themselves. In her drive to ensure that children from impoverished backgrounds received their right to education, she fostered close ties with schools such as the Schneller School for Orphans, which took many of the street children that Queen Alia sent there. Her commitment to improving social services continued throughout her lifetime and was still pursued in her name after her death, when King Hussein ensured the continuation of the many educational scholarships given in her honour.
Alia's love of the arts and literature inspired the establishment of libraries throughout the country, including one at the Central Bank of Jordan and another in the King Hussein Medical City. Her interest in the arts led to the founding of the Haya Cultural Centre for Children, the National Folklore Troupe and the Alia Art Gallery. It was also instrumental in conceiving the Jerash Festival for the Arts.
In 1974, Alia called for women to be granted the right to vote and be elected for parliament. On 4 April 1974, a law was promulgated granting women this right; however, the suspension of parliamentary life in Jordan between 1974 and 1989 prevented its implementation.
In 1976, Alia received the Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria.[3]
Alia died in a helicopter crash in Amman, Jordan on 9 February 1977.[1] Amman's principal airport, Queen Alia International Airport (AMM), was completed in 1983 and named in her honour. It is located 20 miles south of the city and replaced Amman Marka International Airport (now Amman Civil Airport) as the city's main gateway.
Institutions associated with Queen Alia[edit]
1. ^ a b "Jordan remembers Queen Alia". Jordan Times. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
2. ^ Death of a King; Cautious King Took Risks In Straddling Two Worlds Judith Miller, The New York Times, 8 February 1999
3. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 458. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
4. ^ a b c Royal Ark
5. ^ Princess Haya
Royal titles
Title last held by
Muna al-Hussein
as princess consort
Queen consort of Jordan
24 December 1972 – 9 February 1977
Title next held by
Noor Al-Hussein |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48271 | Anthony Šerić
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anthony Šerić
Anthony Šerić.JPG
Personal information
Date of birth (1979-01-15) 15 January 1979 (age 36)
Place of birth Sydney, Australia
Height 1.81 m (5 ft 11 12 in)
Playing position Left back
Youth career
AIS Canberra
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1997–1999 Hajduk Split 33 (0)
1999–2001 Parma 0 (0)
1999–2001 Verona (loan) 22 (1)
2001–2005 Verona 25 (0)
2002–2003 Brescia (loan) 30 (1)
2003–2004 → Parma (loan) 17 (0)
2004–2005 Lazio (loan) 17 (0)
2005–2008 Panathinaikos 50 (1)
2008–2009 Beşiktaş 3 (0)
2009–2010 Hajduk Split 22 (1)
2010–2013 Karabükspor 87 (1)
2013–2014 Olhanense 4 (0)
Total 310 (5)
National team
1999 Croatia U20 4 (0)
1998–2001 Croatia U21 17 (2)
1998–2006 Croatia 16 (0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 23:28, 24 May 2011 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 23:28, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
Anthony Šerić (born 15 January 1979) is a retired Croatian Australian footballer who played as a defender. He was a part of the Croatian national team at the 1998, 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.
Early life[edit]
Šerić (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [ˈʃɛːrit͡ɕ][lacks tonal diacritics]) was born to a Croatian family in Sydney, Australia and received a football scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport.
Club career[edit]
He began his professional football career in Split, Croatia where he played for Hajduk Split.
Verona & Parma[edit]
He then moved to Italy to play in Serie A, initially with Parma. But due to 3+2 non-EU quota, he was loaned to Verona[1] and Adaílton was also signed by Verona from Parma in co-ownership deal.
In 2000, his loan was extended. The quota abolished during the 2000-01 season but Šerić did not earned a return to Parma. In June 2001, team-mate Martin Laursen was bought outright by Parma (Parma already bought half in 2000) and Šerić now co-owned by Verona and Parma, for 2.5 billion lire (€1,291,142).[2][3] Later team-mate striker Alberto Gilardino also bought by Parma in co-ownership deal but loaned back to Verona.
Verona relegated to Serie B in 2002. In June 2002, Šerić was bought outright by Verona, and Gilardino was bought in full by Parma.[4] Šerić did not stayed at Serie B, and was loaned Serie A side Brescia.[5]
In 2003-04 season, he rejoined his former Verona coach (in 1999-2000 season) Cesare Prandelli at Parma, while Florian Myrtaj moved to opposite direction.
In 2004-05 season, he left for Lazio[6] as the club has lost Jaap Stam, Siniša Mihajlović, Giuseppe Favalli and only Fernando Couto, Paolo Negro, Massimo Oddo remained. Lazio also signed defender Sebastiano Siviglia and Óscar López.
In 2005 he left for Panathinaikos to re-joined Alberto Malesani his another coach at Verona (2001-02 season).[7][8]
Hajduk Split[edit]
In June 2008 he moved to the Turkish side Beşiktaş on a free transfer closely followed by a move back to his original side Hajduk Split in January 2009. He was a crucial member of Hajduks defence. He played 11 league games by the end of the 2008/2009 season.
After leaving Karabükspor in the summer of 2013, Šerić signed a one year contract with Portuguese side S.C. Olhanense.[9] His Olhanense debut came on 25 November 2013 in a League game against Académica de Coimbra in which his side lost 1–0.[10]
On 15 March 2014, Šerić was released from his contract with Olhanense by mutual consent, and subsequently retired from professional football.[11] He had played 4 games in all competitions without scoring.[12]
International career[edit]
In 1998, Šerić was infamously picked for both Australia and Croatia.[13] He opted to play for Croatia, and his decision immediately paid dividends as the nation finished 3rd at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France. He did not receive any playing time during the tournament, prior to which he made his full international debut as a substitute in a friendly match against Slovakia on 29 May 1998 in Pula. He also featured as a substitute in Croatia's following two pre-tournament friendlies.
After the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Šerić went on to become a regular with the Croatian under-21 team, winning a total of 17 international caps and scoring two goals over the following three years. He appeared in all of the team's three matches at the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Slovakia, where they were eliminated in the group stage. He scored the opening goal in their final group match, a 4-3 defeat to the Czech Republic. He also made four appearances in the qualifying for the tournament, scoring a goal in a 6-2 win at Yugoslavia in August 1999. The same year, he featured in all of the Croatian under-20 team's four matches at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they exited the tournament in the round of 16. He finished his career with the Croatian under-21 team in November 2001, when they failed to qualify for the 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Championship after losing to the Czech Republic on away goals in the play-offs. He made a total of seven appearances in the qualifying campaign, including both play-off matches.
Šerić continued to feature sporadically for the Croatian senior national team until 2006, also being a non-playing squad member at the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. In the qualifying for the latter, he made his first two competitive international appearances at senior level, both as a starter. His final international appearance came on 6 September 2006, when he played the full 90 minutes in Croatia's opening UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier, a goalless draw at Russia. He won a total of 16 full international caps.[14]
Hajduk Split
1. ^ Benedetto Ferrara (1999-07-08). "Inter, Zanetti al Real per Seedorf". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 2010-04-08.
2. ^ Parma AC SpA Report and Accounts on 30 June 2002 (Italian), CCIAA
3. ^ "ACQUISTATA LA COMPROPRIETA' DI ANTHONY SERIC.". Hellas Verona FC (in Italian). 2001-06-27. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
4. ^ "COMPROPRIETA': L'HELLAS RISCATTA MARCO CASSETTI, CLAUDIO FERRARESE RESTA AL CITTADELLA". Hellas Verona FC (in Italian). 2002-06-26. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
5. ^ "CALCIOMERCATO: COMUNICATO UFFICIALE". Hellas Verona FC (in Italian). 2002-08-31. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
6. ^ Nadia Carminati (2004-08-31). "Lazio land nine". Sky Sports. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
7. ^ Fotis Voinikas (2005-06-06). "Seric set for Greece". Sky Sports. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
8. ^ "Aloisi does it for Panathinaikos". 2005-06-30. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
9. ^ "Anthony Seric é reforço" [Anthony Seric is a reinforcement]. Record (in Portuguese). 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
10. ^ "Olhanense 0-1 Académica". ZeroZero (in Portuguese). 25 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
11. ^ "Anthony Seric sai do Olhanense e termina carreira" [Anthony Seric leaves Olhanense and ends his career]. ZeroZero (in Portuguese). 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
12. ^ "Anthony Šerić 2013/14". ZeroZero (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 March 2014.
13. ^ "Friends become foes on the world's biggest stage". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-12-12.
14. ^ "Anthony Šerić - Hrvatski nogometni savez" (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 July 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48272 | Arsinoe (Cilicia)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Arsinoe (Greek: Ἀρσινόη) was an ancient city on the coast of Cilicia between Anemurium and Kelenderis; the site is near the modern city of Bozyazı, Mersin Province, Turkey. Strabo[1] mentions Arsinoe as having a port. William Martin Leake places it at or near the ruined modern castle, called Softa Kalesi (Sokhta Kálesi), just west of Bozyazı, below which is a port, such as Strabo describes at Arsinoe, and a peninsula on the east side of the harbor covered with ruins.[2] This modern site is east of Anemurium, and west of, and near to, Kızil Burnu (Cape Kizliman).[3] The city was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus and named for Arsinoe II of Egypt, his sister and wife.
1. ^ p. 670.
2. ^ Asia Minor, p. 201.
3. ^ Francis Beaufort, Karamania. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48273 | Bahia Hariri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bahia Hariri
بهية الحريري
Born 1952
Nationality Lebanese
Religion Sunni,Islam
Spouse(s) Mustafa Hariri
Bahia Bahaeddine Hariri (Arabic: بهية الحريري) (born 1952) is a Lebanese politician[1] and sister of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and her second brother Shafic Hariri.[2]
Early life and education[edit]
Bahia Hariri was born in Sidon,Lebanon In 1952.Hariri was born to a modest Sunni Muslim family, along with her two siblings Shafic and Rafik Hariri.[3] In 1970, she graduated from a teacher’s academy.
Hariri worked as a teacher upon graduation in Sidon and the south Lebanon until 1979.[2] She headed the Hariri Foundation in Sidon, founded by her brother Rafik Hariri in 1979.[2] The foundation is a major educational and charitable institution.[3] She is also the president of the administrative council of the Hariri-Saida foundation.
In 1992, Hariri was elected as member of Parliament for the Sunni seat in Saida. She was reelected in 1996 and 2000 for the same seat.[4] From July 2008 to November 2009 she was the minister of education.[2]
She was again elected to Parliament in June 2009. She currently heads the Parliamentary commission for education and culture in the Lebanese Parliament, in addition to being member of the Parliamentary commission for foreign and immigration affairs. in addition to being the vice-president of the commission for women at the inter-parliamentary Arab Union (UNESCO,2012) She is also a goodwill ambassador for UNESCO, and heads the Islamic Organization for Higher Education. She also serves on the Advisory Council of World Links Arab Region.(IWSAW,2012)
She also launched the appeals from Kuwait, Tunis, Algiers and Beirut between 1999 and 2000 to support the establishment of a "Day of the Arab woman" and a "Permanent Summit of the Arab Woman" (UNESCO,2012)
Since 1992, Hariri has been member of the board of trustees of the Lebanese American University.
Personal life[edit]
Bahia Hariri is married to Mustafa Hariri (who is also her cousin)[2] and has 4 children: Nader (born 1969),[2] Ghina, Ahmad (born 1982)[2] and Olaa.
Awards and Distinctions[edit]
Legion d’honneur, awarded by the French President Jacques Chirac, 2003.
The “Agha Khan” Award, in recognition for the reconstruction of The Big Omary Mosque, 1989.
Lebanese Cedar Award, Lieutenant rank, in recognition for services in Social and Cultural fields, 1989.
The “Golden Apple” Award from the National Union of the Writers and the Tourist journalists.
1. ^ Knudsen, Are; Hanafi, Sari (December 17, 2010). Palestinian Refugees: Identity, Space and Place in the Levant. Taylor & Francis. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-415-58046-5. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Vloeberghs, Ward (July 2012). "The Hariri Political Dynasty after the Arab Spring" (PDF). Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 241–248. doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.694046. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
3. ^ a b "Lebanon Biographies of Potential Prime Ministers following PM Karami's Cabinet Resignation". Wikileaks. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Heyer,H, (2008, AUG.8).Executive Talk: Bahia Baha’a Elddine Hariri. Retrieved from:
NNA. (2011,OCT.10).Hariri waiting for Mikati to fulfill his promises. Retrieved from:
UNESCO. 2012. Biography of Bahia Hariri. Celebrity Advocates.Retrieved from:
WordPress.(2012). Bahia Hariri. World's People Blog. Retrieved from:
IWSAW.(2012). Who Is She In Lebanon. LAU. Retrieved from:
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48274 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Barguest)
Jump to: navigation, search
In popular culture[edit]
Luke Pearson's Graphic Novel "Hilda and the Black Hound" tells about a Barghest.
In Daniel O'Malley's novel The Rook, barghest is the name given to the elite human commandos of the Checquy.
Neil Gaiman's short story "Black Dog" features a barghest in the form of a huge black dog which has occult powers. See "Trigger Warning" William Morrow 2015, page 265.
The barghest is depicted as a shapeshifting beast in Sojourn, written by R. A. Salvatore (see Barghest (Dungeons & Dragons)).
The term "barghest" is not mentioned in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, instead, a variant known as the "Grim" is used. The protagonist, Harry Potter, is told that the apparition of a shaggy, black dog that he keeps seeing throughout the year is a premonition of his imminent death. However, the dog later turns out to be his godfather, Sirius Black, who is an animagus who is able to transform himself into a shaggy, black dog.
In "The Child Thief" by Brom, barghests are distinctly doglike fairy pets of a powerful witch.
In Shattered, the seventh book in The Iron Druid Chronicles, an army of barghests appear in a battle. They're described as large black semi-spectral dogs with glowing red eyes. They're referred to as semi-spectral because while they seem solid enough when they choose to attack, most weapons will simply pass through them as if they were ghosts. They have to be killed by hand or with special magical weapons.
Film and television[edit]
Tabletop role-playing games[edit]
Barghests feature in:
Trading card games[edit]
Video games[edit]
Barghests, or creatures similar to it, appear in:
Barghests appear in:
See also[edit]
• Wirt Sikes, British Goblins (1880)
• Notes and Queries, first series, ii. 51. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48276 | Food play
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Body shot)
Jump to: navigation, search
A woman covered in custard.
Some foods and herbs themselves are purported to cause sexual arousal in and of themselves. Food play overlaps with other fetishes, including wet and messy fetishism, feederism, and nyotaimori. It is differentiated from vorarephilia, AKA "vore," in that food play fetishizes food while vore fetishizes the act of eating a living creature, or being eaten alive.
A striptease with chocolate.
Francesco Morackini, an Austrian designer and artist, designed and created the first home Dildo Maker. It allows phallic food to be sculpted into an even more phallic shape for easier insertion.[1]
Cultural references[edit]
• In the novel Portnoy's Complaint by Philip Roth, the main character, Alexander Portnoy, masturbates using a liver steak as well as a cored-out apple.
• In Seijun Suzuki's 1967 film Branded to Kill, protagonist Goro Hanada (Joe Shishido) has a food fetish in which he must sniff boiling rice in order to become sexually aroused or enthusiastic about his life and career as a hitman.
• Sex with fruit is similarly discussed in the "Rome" scene in Night on Earth, where a taxicab driver played by Roberto Benigni confesses to his passenger—a priest—of having had sex with a pumpkin as a child.
• In the Seinfeld episode "The Blood", George "combined food and sex into one disgusting uncontrollable urge" according to Jerry. George and food-play partner Vivian have a particular fetish for pastrami, which both Vivian and George find to be "the most sensual of the salted cured meats."
• The Japanese comedy film Tampopo has a subplot in which a couple makes erotic use of food.
• In the erotic drama film 9 1/2 Weeks, John feeds a blindfolded Elizabeth various foods as foreplay, including strawberries.
• A character in the film American Pie has sex with a warm apple pie.
• in From Dusk Till Dawn Quentin Tarantino sucks an alcohol drink off the toe of Salma Hayek, who is pouring it from her knee down her leg.
• In the romantic comedy Eight Days a Week the protagonist's friend Matt speaks repeatedly about having sex with a watermelon, especially after it had been left out in the sun to get warm. In one scene the two friends are seen eating a watermelon and the protagonist notices a round hole in his slice.
• In several episodes of It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia, Frank Reynolds and Artemis reference their exploration of food fetishes, including sprinkling bacon bits in Artemis's hair so that they "rain down on me [Frank] while they bang". Artemis also exclaims that this makes her feel "like a cobb salad", while Dee is confused why anyone would want to feel like a cobb salad.
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48277 | Wireless power
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Broadcast power)
Jump to: navigation, search
Inductive charging pad for LG smartphone, using the Qi (pronounced 'Chi') system, an example of near-field wireless transfer. When the phone is set on the pad, a coil in the pad creates a magnetic field which induces a current in another coil, in the phone, charging its battery.
Wireless power transfer (WPT)[1] or wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical power from a power source to a consuming device without using solid wires or conductors.[2][3][4][5] It is a generic term that refers to a number of different power transmission technologies that use time-varying electromagnetic fields.[1][5][6][7] Wireless transmission is useful to power electrical devices in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible. In wireless power transfer, a transmitter device connected to a power source, such as the mains power line, transmits power by electromagnetic fields across an intervening space to one or more receiver devices, where it is converted back to electric power and utilized.[1]
Wireless power techniques fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative.[1][6][8][9][10] In near-field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire or in a few devices by electric fields using capacitive coupling between electrodes.[5][8] Applications of this type are electric toothbrush chargers, RFID tags, smartcards, and chargers for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, and inductive powering or charging of electric vehicles like trains or buses.[9][11] A current focus is to develop wireless systems to charge mobile and handheld computing devices such as cellphones, digital music players and portable computers without being tethered to a wall plug.
In radiative or far-field techniques, also called power beaming, power is transmitted by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft.[9] An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields (see Electromagnetic radiation and health).[9]
Generic block diagram of a wireless power system
"Wireless power transmission" is a collective term that refers to a number of different technologies for transmitting power by means of time-varying electromagnetic fields.[1][5][8] The technologies, listed in the table below, differ in the distance over which they can transmit power efficiently, whether the transmitter must be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying electric fields, magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, or infrared or visible light waves.[8]
In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" device connected to a source of power such as mains power lines, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric power which is consumed by an electrical load.[1][8] In the transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating electromagnetic field by some type of "antenna" device. The word "antenna" is used loosely here; it may be a coil of wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal plate which generates an electric field, an antenna which radiates radio waves, or a laser which generates light. A similar antenna or coupling device in the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current. An important parameter which determines the type of waves is the frequency f in hertz of the oscillations. The frequency determines the wavelength λ = c/f of the waves which carry the energy across the gap, where c is the velocity of light.
Wireless power uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication devices like radio,[6][12] another familiar technology which involves power transmitted without wires by electromagnetic fields, used in cellphones, radio and television broadcasting, and WiFi. In radio communication the goal is the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is unimportant as long as it is enough that the signal to noise ratio is high enough that the information can be received intelligibly.[5][6][12] In wireless communication technologies generally only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. By contrast, in wireless power, the amount of power received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction of transmitted power that is received) is the more significant parameter.[5] For this reason wireless power technologies are more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies.
These are the different wireless power technologies:[1][8][9][13][14]
Technology Range[15] Directivity[8] Frequency Antenna devices Current and or possible future applications
Inductive coupling Short Low Hz – MHz Wire coils Electric tooth brush and razor battery charging, induction stovetops and industrial heaters.
Resonant inductive coupling Mid- Low MHz – GHz Tuned wire coils, lumped element resonators Charging portable devices (Qi, WiTricity), biomedical implants, electric vehicles, powering busses, trains, MAGLEV, RFID, smartcards.
Capacitive coupling Short Low kHz – MHz Electrodes Charging portable devices, power routing in large scale integrated circuits, Smartcards.
Magnetodynamic[13] Short N.A. Hz Rotating magnets Charging electric vehicles.
Microwaves Long High GHz Parabolic dishes, phased arrays, rectennas Solar power satellite, powering drone aircraft.
Light waves Long High ≥THz Lasers, photocells, lenses Powering drone aircraft, powering space elevator climbers.
Field regions[edit]
Electric and magnetic fields are created by charged particles in matter such as electrons. A stationary charge creates an electrostatic field in the space around it. A steady current of charges (direct current, DC) creates a static magnetic field around it. The above fields contain energy, but cannot carry power because they are static. However time-varying fields can carry power.[16] Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in an alternating current (AC) of electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the space around them. These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a receiving "antenna", causing them to move back and forth. These represent alternating current which can be used to power a load.
The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance Drange from the antenna.[1][4][6][8][9][10][17] The boundary between the regions is somewhat vaguely defined.[8] The fields have different characteristics in these regions, and different technologies are used for transmitting power:
• Near-field or nonradiative region – This means the area within about 1 wavelength (λ) of the antenna.[1][4][10] In this region the oscillating electric and magnetic fields are separate[6] and power can be transferred via electric fields by capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction) between metal electrodes, or via magnetic fields by inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction) between coils of wire.[5][6][8][9] These fields are not radiative,[10] meaning the energy stays within a short distance of the transmitter.[18] If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter.[18] The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size and shape of the "antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus the power transmitted, decrease exponentially with distance,[4][17][19] so if the distance between the two "antennas" Drange is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas" Dant very little power will be received. Therefore these techniques cannot be used for long distance power transmission.
Resonance, such as resonant inductive coupling, can increase the coupling between the antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances,[1][4][6][9][20][21] although the fields still decrease exponentially. Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally devided into two categories:
• Short range – up to about one antenna diameter: Drange ≤ Dant.[18][20][22] This is the range over which ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
• Mid-range – up to 10 times the antenna diameter: Drange ≤ 10 Dant.[20][21][22][23] This is the range over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.
• Far-field or radiative region – Beyond about 1 wavelength (λ) of the antenna, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and propagate as an electromagnetic wave; examples are radio waves, microwaves, or light waves.[1][4][9] This part of the energy is radiative,[10] meaning it leaves the antenna whether or not there is a receiver to absorb it. The portion of energy which does not strike the receiving antenna is dissipated and lost to the system. The amount of power emitted as electromagnetic waves by an antenna depends on the ratio of the antenna's size Dant to the wavelength of the waves λ,[24] which is determined by the frequency: λ = c/f. At low frequencies f where the antenna is much smaller than the size of the waves, Dant << λ, very little power is radiated. Therefore the near-field devices above, which use lower frequencies, radiate almost none of their energy as electromagnetic radiation. Antennas about the same size as the wavelength Dant ≈ λ such as monopole or dipole antennas, radiate power efficiently, but the electromagnetic waves are radiated in all directions (omnidirectionally), so if the receiving antenna is far away, only a small amount of the radiation will hit it.[10][20] Therefore these can be used for short range, inefficient power transmission but not for long range transmission.[25]
However, unlike fields, electromagnetic radiation can be focused by reflection or refraction into beams. By using a high-gain antenna or optical system which concentrates the radiation into a narrow beam aimed at the receiver, it can be used for long range power transmission.[20][25] From the Rayleigh criterion, to produce the narrow beams necessary to focus a significant amount of the energy on a distant receiver, an antenna must be much larger than the wavelength of the waves used: Dant >> λ = c/f.[26][27] Practical beam power devices require wavelengths in the centimeter region or below, corresponding to frequencies above 1 GHz, in the microwave range or above.[1]
Near-field or non-radiative techniques[edit]
The near-field components of electric and magnetic fields die out quickly beyond a distance of about one diameter of the antenna (Dant). Outside very close ranges the field strength and coupling is roughly proportional to (Drange/Dant)−3[17][28] Since power is proportional to the square of the field strength, the power transferred decreases with the sixth power of the distance (Drange/Dant)−6.[6][19][29][30] or 60 dB per decade. In other words, doubling the distance between transmitter and receiver causes the power received to decrease by a factor of 26 = 64.
Inductive coupling[edit]
Generic block diagram of an inductive wireless power system.
(right) A light bulb powered wirelessly by induction, in 1910. (left) Modern inductive power transfer, an electric toothbrush charger. A coil in the stand produces a magnetic field, inducing an AC current in a coil in the toothbrush, which is rectified to charge the batteries.
In inductive coupling (electromagnetic induction[9][31] or inductive power transfer, IPT), power is transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field.[6] The transmitter and receiver coils together form a transformer[6][9] (see diagram). An alternating current (AC) through the transmitter coil (L1) creates an oscillating magnetic field (B) by Ampere's law. The magnetic field passes through the receiving coil (L2), where it induces an alternating EMF (voltage) by Faraday's law of induction, which creates an AC current in the receiver.[5][31] The induced alternating current may either drive the load directly, or be rectified to direct current (DC) by a rectifier in the receiver, which drives the load. A few systems, such as electric toothbrush charging stands, work at 50/60 Hz so AC mains current is applied directly to the transmitter coil, but in most systems an electronic oscillator generates a higher frequency AC current which drives the coil, because transmission efficiency improves with frequency.[31]
Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology, and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products. It is used in inductive charging stands for cordless appliances used in wet environments such as electric toothbrushes[9] and shavers, to reduce the risk of electric shock.[7] Another application area is "transcutaneous" recharging of biomedical prosthetic devices implanted in the human body, such as cardiac pacemakers and insulin pumps, to avoid having wires passing through the skin.[32][33] It is also used to charge electric vehicles such as cars and to either charge or power transit vehicles like buses and trains.[9][14]
However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld wireless devices such as laptop and tablet computers, cellphones, digital media players, and video game controllers.[14]
The power transferred increases with frequency[31] and the mutual inductance M between the coils,[5] which depends on their geometry and the distance Drange between them. A widely-used figure of merit is the coupling coefficient \scriptstyle k\; =\; M/\sqrt{L_1 L_2}.[31][34] This dimensionless parameter is equal to the fraction of magnetic flux through L1 that passes through L2. If the two coils are on the same axis and close together so all the magnetic flux from L1 passes through L2, k = 1 and the link efficiency approaches 100%. The greater the separation between the coils, the more of the magnetic field from the first coil misses the second, and the lower k and the link efficiency are, approaching zero at large separations.[31] The link efficiency and power transferred is roughly proportional to k2.[31] In order to achieve high efficiency, the coils must be very close together, a fraction of the coil diameter Dant,[31] usually within centimeters,[25] with the coils' axes aligned. Wide, flat coil shapes are usually used, to increase coupling.[31] Ferrite "flux confinement" cores can confine the magnetic fields, improving coupling and reducing interference to nearby electronics,[31][32] but they are heavy and bulky so small wireless devices often use air-core coils.
Ordinary inductive coupling can only achieve high efficiency when the coils are very close together, usually adjacent. In most modern inductive systems resonant inductive coupling (described below) is used, in which the efficiency is increased by using resonant circuits.[10][21][31][35] This can achieve high efficiencies at greater distances than nonresonant inductive coupling.
Prototype inductive electric car charging system at 2011 Tokyo Auto Show
Powermat inductive charging spots in a coffee shop. Customers can set their phones and computers on them to recharge.
Wireless powered access card.
Resonant inductive coupling[edit]
Diagram of the resonant inductive wireless power system demonstrated by Marin Soljačić's MIT team in 2007. The resonant circuits were coils of copper wire which resonated with their internal capacitance (dotted capacitors) at 10 MHz. Power was coupled into the transmitter resonator, and out of the receiver resonator into the rectifier, by small coils which also served for impedance matching.
Resonant inductive coupling (electrodynamic coupling,[9] evanescent wave coupling or strongly coupled magnetic resonance[20]) is a form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic fields (B, green) between two resonant circuits (tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one in the receiver (see diagram, right).[6][7][9][10][35] Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to a capacitor, or a self-resonant coil or other resonator with internal capacitance. The two are tuned to resonate at the same resonant frequency. The resonance between the coils can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, analogously to the way a vibrating tuning fork can induce sympathetic vibration in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch. Nikola Tesla first discovered resonant coupling during his pioneering experiments in wireless power transfer around the turn of the 20th century,[36][37][38] but the possibilities of using resonant coupling to increase transmission range has only recently been explored.[39] In 2007 a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each made of a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission of 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.[7][9][20][37][40]
The concept behind resonant inductive coupling is that high Q factor resonators exchange energy at a much higher rate than they lose energy due to internal damping.[20] Therefore by using resonance, the same amount of power can be transferred at greater distances, using the much weaker magnetic fields out in the peripheral regions ("tails") of the near fields (these are sometimes called evanescent fields[20]). Resonant inductive coupling can achieve high efficiency at ranges of 4 to 10 times the coil diameter (Dant).[21][22][23] This is called "mid-range" transfer,[22] in contrast to the "short range" of nonresonant inductive transfer, which can achieve similar efficiencies only when the coils are adjacent. Another advantage is that resonant circuits interact with each other so much more strongly than they do with nonresonant objects that power losses due to absorption in stray nearby objects are negligible.[10][20] A drawback of resonant coupling is that at close ranges when the two resonant circuits are tightly coupled, the resonant frequency of the system is no longer constant but "splits" into two resonant peaks, so the maximum power transfer no longer occurs at the original resonant frequency and the oscillator frequency must be tuned to the new resonance peak.[21]
Resonant technology is currently being widely incorporated in modern inductive wireless power systems.[31] The MIT team is commercializing their version as WiTricity. One of the possibilities envisioned for this technology is area wireless power coverage. A coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to wirelessly power lights and mobile devices anywhere in the room, with reasonable efficiency.[7] An environmental and economic benefit of wirelessly powering small devices such as clocks, radios, music players and remote controls is that it could drastically reduce the 6 billion batteries disposed of each year, a large source of toxic waste and groundwater contamination.[25]
Capacitive coupling[edit]
Main article: Capacitive coupling
In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction), the dual of inductive coupling, power is transmitted by electric fields[5] between electrodes such as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes form a capacitor, with the intervening space as the dielectric.[5][6][9][32][41] An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate, and the oscillating electric field induces an alternating potential on the receiver plate by electrostatic induction,[5][41] which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit. The amount of power transferred increases with the frequency[41] and the capacitance between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and (for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.[5]
Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications, because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power can be hazardous,[6][9] and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious ozone production. In addition, in contrast to magnetic fields,[20] electric fields interact strongly with most materials, including the human body, due to dielectric polarization.[32] Intervening materials between or near the electrodes can absorb the energy, in the case of humans possibly causing excessive electromagnetic field exposure.[6] However capacitive coupling has a few advantages over inductive. The field is largely confined between the capacitor plates, reducing interference, which in inductive coupling requires heavy ferrite "flux confinement" cores.[5][32] Also, alignment requirements between the transmitter and receiver are less critical.[5][6][41] Capacitive coupling has recently been applied to charging battery powered portable devices[42] and is being considered as a means of transferring power between substrate layers in integrated circuits.[43]
Capacitive wireless power systems
Two types of circuit have been used:
• Bipolar design:[44] In this type of circuit, there are two transmitter plates and two receiver plates. Each transmitter plate is coupled to a receiver plate. The transmitter oscillator drives the transmitter plates in opposite phase (180° phase difference) by a high alternating voltage, and the load is connected between the two receiver plates. The alternating electric fields induce opposite phase alternating potentials in the receiver plates, and this "push-pull" action causes current to flow back and forth between the plates through the load. A disadvantage of this configuration for wireless charging is that the two plates in the receiving device must be aligned face to face with the charger plates for the device to work.
• Unipolar design:[5][41] In this type of circuit, the transmitter and receiver have only one active electrode, and either the ground or a large inactive capacitive electrode serves as the return path for the current. The transmitter oscillator and the load is connected between the electrodes and a ground connection. inducing an alternating potential on the nearby receiving electrode with respect to ground, causing alternating current to flow through the load connected between it and ground.
Resonance can also be used with capacitive coupling to extend the range. At the turn of the century, Nikola Tesla did the first experiments with both resonant electrostatic and magnetic coupling.
Magnetodynamic coupling[edit]
In this method, power is transmitted between two rotating armatures, one in the transmitter and one in the receiver, which rotate synchronously, coupled together by a magnetic field generated by permanent magnets on the armatures.[13] The transmitter armature is turned either by or as the rotor of an electric motor, and its magnetic field exerts torque on the receiver armature, turning it. The magnetic field acts like a mechanical coupling between the armatures.[13] The receiver armature produces power to drive the load, either by turning a separate electric generator or by using the receiver armature itself as the rotor in a generator.
This device has been proposed as an alternative to inductive power transfer for noncontact charging of electric vehicles.[13] A rotating armature embedded in a garage floor or curb would turn a receiver armature in the underside of the vehicle to charge its batteries.[13] It is claimed that this technique can transfer power over distances of 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) with high efficiency, over 90%.[13] Also, the low frequency stray magnetic fields produced by the rotating magnets produce less electromagnetic interference to nearby electronic devices than the high frequency magnetic fields produced by inductive coupling systems. A prototype system charging electric vehicles has been in operation at University of British Columbia since 2012. Other researchers, however, claim that the two energy conversions (electrical to mechanical to electrical again) make the system less efficient than electrical systems like inductive coupling.[13]
Far-field or radiative techniques[edit]
In general, visible light (from lasers) and microwaves (from purpose-designed antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to energy transfer.
The dimensions of the components may be dictated by the distance from transmitter to receiver, the wavelength and the Rayleigh criterion or diffraction limit, used in standard radio frequency antenna design, which also applies to lasers. Airy's diffraction limit is also frequently used to determine an approximate spot size at an arbitrary distance from the aperture. Electromagnetic radiation experiences less diffraction at shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies); so, for example, a blue laser is diffracted less than a red one.
Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range.[45] A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft leaving orbit has been considered.[46][47]
Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that, for most space applications, the required aperture sizes are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna directionality. For example, the 1978 NASA Study of solar power satellites required a 1-km diameter transmitting antenna and a 10 km diameter receiving rectenna for a microwave beam at 2.45 GHz.[48] These sizes can be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets. Because of the "thinned array curse," it is not possible to make a narrower beam by combining the beams of several smaller satellites.
Following World War II, which saw the development of high-power microwave emitters known as cavity magnetrons, the idea of using microwaves to transmit power was researched. By 1964, a miniature helicopter propelled by microwave power had been demonstrated.[49]
Japanese researcher Hidetsugu Yagi also investigated wireless energy transmission using a directional array antenna that he designed. In February 1926, Yagi and his colleague Shintaro Uda published their first paper on the tuned high-gain directional array now known as the Yagi antenna. While it did not prove to be particularly useful for power transmission, this beam antenna has been widely adopted throughout the broadcasting and wireless telecommunications industries due to its excellent performance characteristics.[50]
Wireless high power transmission using microwaves is well proven. Experiments in the tens of kilowatts have been performed at Goldstone in California in 1975[51][52][53] and more recently (1997) at Grand Bassin on Reunion Island.[54] These methods achieve distances on the order of a kilometer.
Under experimental conditions, microwave conversion efficiency was measured to be around 54%.[55]
More recently, a change to 24 GHz has been suggested as microwave emitters similar to LEDs have been made with very high quantum efficiencies using negative resistance, i.e. Gunn or IMPATT diodes, and this would be viable for short range links.
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (tens of micrometers to tens of nanometres), power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a photovoltaic cell.[56] This mechanism is generally known as "power beaming" because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert it to electrical energy.
Compared to other wireless methods:[57]
• Collimated monochromatic wavefront propagation allows narrow beam cross-section area for transmission over large distances.
• Compact size: solid state lasers fit into small products.
• No radio-frequency interference to existing radio communication such as Wi-Fi and cell phones.
• Access control: only receivers hit by the laser receive power.
Drawbacks include:
• Laser radiation is hazardous. Low power levels can blind humans and other animals. High power levels can kill through localized spot heating.
• Conversion between electricity and light is inefficient. Photovoltaic cells achieve only 40%–50% efficiency.[58] (Efficiency is higher with monochromatic light than with solar panels).
• Atmospheric absorption, and absorption and scattering by clouds, fog, rain, etc., causes up to 100% losses.
• Requires a direct line of sight with the target.
Laser "powerbeaming" technology has been mostly explored in military weapons[59][60][61] and aerospace[62][63] applications and is now being developed for commercial and consumer electronics. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for consumer space have to satisfy laser safety requirements standardized under IEC 60825.[citation needed]
Other details include propagation,[64] and the coherence and the range limitation problem.[65]
Geoffrey Landis[66][67][68] is one of the pioneers of solar power satellites[69] and laser-based transfer of energy especially for space and lunar missions. The demand for safe and frequent space missions has resulted in proposals for a laser-powered space elevator.[70][71]
NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center demonstrated a lightweight unmanned model plane powered by a laser beam.[72] This proof-of-concept demonstrates the feasibility of periodic recharging using the laser beam system.
Energy harvesting[edit]
Main article: Energy harvesting
In the context of wireless power, energy harvesting, also called power harvesting or energy scavenging, is the conversion of ambient energy from the environment to electric power, mainly to power small autonomous wireless electronic devices.[73] The ambient energy may come from stray electric or magnetic fields or radio waves from nearby electrical equipment, light, thermal energy (heat), or kinetic energy such as vibration or motion of the device.[73] Although the efficiency of conversion is usually low and the power gathered often minuscule (milliwatts or microwatts),[73] it can be adequate to run or recharge small micropower wireless devices such as remote sensors, which are proliferating in many fields.[73] This new technology is being developed to eliminate the need for battery replacement or charging of such wireless devices, allowing them to operate completely autonomously.
In 1826 André-Marie Ampère developed Ampère's circuital law showing that electric current produces a magnetic field.[74] Michael Faraday developed Faraday's law of induction in 1831, describing the electromagnetic force induced in a conductor by a time-varying magnetic flux. In 1862 James Clerk Maxwell synthesized these and other observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory, deriving Maxwell's equations. This set of partial differential equations forms the basis for modern electromagnetics, including the wireless transmission of electrical energy.[14][35] Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in his 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.[75] In 1884 John Henry Poynting developed equations for the flow of power in an electromagnetic field, Poynting's theorem and the Poynting vector, which are used in the analysis of wireless energy transfer systems.[14][35] In 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered radio waves, confirming the prediction of electromagnetic waves by Maxwell.[75]
Tesla's experiments[edit]
Tesla demonstrating wireless power transmission in a lecture at Columbia College, New York, in 1891. The two metal sheets are connected to his Tesla coil oscillator, which applies a high radio frequency oscillating voltage. The oscillating electric field between the sheets ionizes the low pressure gas in the two long Geissler tubes he is holding, causing them to glow by fluorescence, similar to neon lights.
(left) Experiment in resonant inductive transfer by Tesla at Colorado Springs 1899. The coil is in resonance with Tesla's magnifying transmitter nearby, powering the light bulb at bottom. (right) Tesla's unsuccessful Wardenclyffe power station.
Inventor Nikola Tesla performed the first experiments in wireless power transmission at the turn of the 20th century,[35][37] and may have done more to popularize the idea than any other individual. In the period 1891 to 1904 he experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers, now called Tesla coils, which generated high AC voltages.[35][37][76] With these he was able to transmit power for short distances without wires. In demonstrations before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers[76] and at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago he lit light bulbs from across a stage.[37] He found he could increase the distance by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance with the transmitter's LC circuit.[36] using resonant inductive coupling.[37][38] At his Colorado Springs laboratory during 1899–1900, by using voltages of the order of 20 megavolts generated by an enormous coil, he was able to light three incandescent lamps at a distance of about one hundred feet.[77][78] The resonant inductive coupling which Tesla pioneered is now a familiar technology used throughout electronics; its use in wireless power has been recently rediscovered and it is currently being widely applied to short-range wireless power systems.[37][79]
The inductive and capacitive coupling used in Tesla's experiments is a "near-field" effect,[37] so it is not able to transmit power long distances. However, Tesla was obsessed with developing a wireless power distribution system that could transmit power directly into homes and factories, as proposed in a visionary 1900 article in Century magazine.[80][81][82][83] and believed that resonance was the key. He claimed to be able to transmit power on a worldwide scale, using a method that involved conduction through the Earth and atmosphere.[81][82][83][84] Tesla was vague about his methods. One of his ideas was to use balloons to suspend transmitting and receiving terminals in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where the pressure is lower.[84] At this altitude, Tesla claimed, an ionized layer would allow electricity to be sent at high voltages (millions of volts) over long distances.
Resonant wireless power demonstration at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1937. Visitors could adjust the receiver's tuned circuit (right) with the two knobs. When the resonant frequency of the receiver was out of tune with the transmitter, the light would go out.
In 1901, Tesla began construction of a large high-voltage coil facility, the Wardenclyffe Tower at Shoreham, New York, intended as a prototype transmitter for a "World Wireless System" that was to transmit power worldwide, but by 1904 his investors had pulled out, and the facility was never completed.[82][85] Although Tesla claimed his ideas were proven, he had a history of failing to confirm his ideas by experiment,[86][87] and there seems to be no evidence that he ever transmitted significant power beyond the short-range demonstrations above.[14][35][36][77][87][88][89][90][91] The only report of long-distance transmission by Tesla is a claim, not found in reliable sources, that in 1899 he wirelessly lit 200 light bulbs at a distance of 26 miles (42 km).[77][88] There is no independent confirmation of this putative demonstration;[77][88][92] Tesla did not mention it,[88] and it does not appear in his meticulous laboratory notes.[92][93] It originated in 1944 from Tesla's first biographer, John J. O'Neill,[77] who said he pieced it together from "fragmentary material... in a number of publications".[94] In the 110 years since Tesla's experiments, efforts using similar equipment have failed to achieve long distance power transmission,[37][77][88][90] and the scientific consensus is his World Wireless system would not have worked.[14][35][36][82][88][95][96][97][98] Tesla's world power transmission scheme remains today what it was in Tesla's time, a fascinating dream.[14][82]
Before World War 2, little progress was made in wireless power transmission.[89] Radio was developed for communication uses, but couldn't be used for power transmission due to the fact that the relatively low-frequency radio waves spread out in all directions and little energy reached the receiver.[14][35][89] In radio communication, at the receiver, an amplifier intensifies a weak signal using energy from another source. For power transmission, efficient transmission required transmitters that could generate higher-frequency microwaves, which can be focused in narrow beams towards a receiver.[14][35][89][96]
The development of microwave technology during World War 2, such as the klystron and magnetron tubes and parabolic antennas[89] made radiative (far-field) methods practical for the first time, and the first long-distance wireless power transmission was achieved in the 1960s by William C. Brown.[14][35] In 1964 Brown invented the rectenna which could efficiently convert microwaves to DC power, and in 1964 demonstrated it with the first wireless-powered aircraft, a model helicopter powered by microwaves beamed from the ground.[14][89] A major motivation for microwave research in the 1970s and 80s was to develop a solar power satellite.[35][89] Conceived in 1968 by Peter Glaser, this would harvest energy from sunlight using solar cells and beam it down to Earth as microwaves to huge rectennas, which would convert it to electrical energy on the electric power grid.[14][99] In landmark 1975 high power experiments, Brown demonstrated short range transmission of 475 W of microwaves at 54% DC to DC efficiency, and he and Robert Dickinson at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory transmitted 30 kW DC output power across 1.5 km with 2.38 GHz microwaves from a 26 m dish to a 7.3 x 3.5 m rectenna array.[14][100] The incident-RF to DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna was 80%.[14][100] In 1983 Japan launched MINIX (Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interation Experiment), a rocket experiment to test transmission of high power microwaves through the ionosphere.[14]
In recent years a focus of research has been the development of wireless-powered drone aircraft, which began in 1959 with the Dept. of Defense's RAMP (Raytheon Airborne Microwave Platform) project[89] which sponsored Brown's research. In 1987 Canada's Communications Research Center developed a small prototype airplane called Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP) to relay telecommunication data between points on earth similar to a communication satellite. Powered by a rectenna, it could fly at 13 miles (21 km) altitude and stay aloft for months. In 1992 a team at Kyoto University built a more advanced craft called MILAX (MIcrowave Lifted Airplane eXperiment). In 2003 NASA flew the first laser powered aircraft. The small model plane's motor was powered by electricity generated by photocells from a beam of infrared light from a ground based laser, while a control system kept the laser pointed at the plane.
Near-field technologies[edit]
Inductive power transfer between nearby coils of wire is an old technology, existing since the transformer was developed in the 1800s. Induction heating has been used for 100 years. With the advent of cordless appliances, inductive charging stands were developed for appliances used in wet environments like electric toothbrushes and electric razors to reduce the hazard of electric shock.
One field to which inductive transfer has been applied is to power electric vehicles. In 1892 Maurice Hutin and Maurice Leblanc patented a wireless method of powering railroad trains using resonant coils inductively coupled to a track wire at 3 kHz.[101] The first passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies were invented by Mario Cardullo[102] (1973) and Koelle et al.[103] (1975) and by the 1990s were being used in proximity cards and contactless smartcards.
The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as cellphones, tablet, and laptop computers in recent decades is currently driving the development of wireless powering and charging technology to eliminate the need for these devices to be tethered to wall plugs during charging.[104] The Wireless Power Consortium was established in 2008 to develop interoperable standards across manufacturers.[104] Its Qi inductive power standard published in August 2009 enables charging and powering of portable devices of up to 5 watts over distances of 4 cm (1.6 inches).[105] The wireless device is placed on a flat charger plate (which could be embedded in table tops at cafes, for example) and power is transferred from a flat coil in the charger to a similar one in the device.
In 2007, a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used coupled tuned circuits made of a 25 cm resonant coil at 10 MHz to transfer 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40% efficiency.[37][40] This technology is being commercialized as WiTricity.
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Books and Articles
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shinohara, Naoki (2014). Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves. John Wiley & Sons. pp. ix–xiii. ISBN 1118862961.
2. ^ Bush, Stephen F. (2014). Smart Grid: Communication-Enabled Intelligence for the Electric Power Grid. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118. ISBN 1118820231.
3. ^ "Wireless energy transfer". Encyclopedia of terms. PC Magazine Ziff-Davis. 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
4. ^ a b c d e f Rajakaruna, Sumedha; Shahnia, Farhad; Ghosh, Arindam (2014). Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids: Integration Techniques. Springer. pp. 34–36. ISBN 981287299X.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013). "All About Transferring Power Wirelessly" (PDF). Electronics For You E-zine (EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.): 52–56. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sazonov, Edward; Neuman, Michael R (2014). Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications. Elsevier. pp. 253–255. ISBN 0124186661.
7. ^ a b c d e Wilson, Tracy V. (2014). "How Wireless Power Works". How Stuff Works website. InfoSpace LLC. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013). Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1461477026.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Valtchev, Stanimir S.; Baikova, Elena N.; Jorge, Luis R. (December 2012). "Electromagnetic Field as the Wireless Transporter of Energy" (PDF). Facta Universitatis Ser. Electrical Engineering (Serbia: University of Niš) 25 (3): 171–181. doi:10.2298/FUEE1203171V. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Agbinya, Johnson I. (2012). Wireless Power Transfer. River Publishers. pp. 1–2. ISBN 8792329233.
11. ^ New Scientist:Wireless charging for electric vehicles hits the road
12. ^ a b Shinohara 2014 Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves, p. 27
13. ^ a b c d e f g h Ashley, Steven (November 20, 2012). "Wireless recharging: Pulling the plug on electric cars". BBC website. British Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Tomar, Anuradha; Gupta, Sunil (July 2012). "Wireless power Transmission: Applications and Components". International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 1 (5). ISSN 2278-0181. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
15. ^ "short", "midrange", and "long range" are defined below
16. ^ Coleman, Christopher (2004). An Introduction to Radio Frequency Engineerin. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 1139452304.
17. ^ a b c Agbinya (2012) Wireless Power Transfer, p. 126-129
18. ^ a b c Umenei, A. E. (June 2011). "Understanding Low Frequency Non-radiative Power Transfer" (PDF). Fulton Innovation, Inc. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
19. ^ a b Schantz, Hans G. (June 2007). A Real-Time Location System Using Near-Field Electromagnetic Ranging (PDF). 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. pp. 3792–3795. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Karalis, Aristeidis; Joannopoulos, J.D.; Soljačić, Marin (January 2008). "Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer" (PDF). Annals of Physics 323 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
21. ^ a b c d e Wong, Elvin (2013). "Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless Electricity" (PDF). HKPC. The Hong Kong Electronic Industries Association Ltd. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
22. ^ a b c d "Typically, an inductive coupled system can transmit roughly the diameter of the transmitter."(p. 4) "...mid-range is defined as somewhere between one and ten times the diameter of the transmitting coil."(p. 2) Baarman, David W.; Schwannecke, Joshua (December 2009). "White paper: Understanding Wireless Power" (PDF). Fulton Innovation. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
23. ^ a b "...strongly coupled magnetic resonance can work over the mid-range distance, defined as several times the resonator size." Agbinya (2012) Wireless Power Transfer, p. 40
24. ^ Smith, Glenn S. (1997). An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation. Cambridge University Press. p. 474. ISBN 0521586984.
25. ^ a b c d Tan, Yen Kheng (2013). Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation. CRC Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 1439892733.
26. ^ Feynman, Richard Phillips; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat. California Institute of Technology. pp. 30.6–30.7. ISBN 0465024939.
27. ^ Thorat, Ashwini Anil; Katariya, S. S. (2013). "Solar Power Satellite" (PDF). IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (Int'l Org. of Scientific Research) 5. ISSN 2278-2834. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
28. ^ "Lighting Lamp by S-W Radio" (PDF). Short Wave and Television (New York: Popular Book Corp.) 8 (4): 166. August 1937. Retrieved March 18, 2015. on http://www.americanradiohistory.com
29. ^ Agbinya, Johnson I. (February 2013). "Investigation of near field inductive communication system models, channels, and experiments" (PDF). Progress In Electromagnetics Research B (EMW Publishing) 49: 130. doi:10.2528/pierb12120512. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
30. ^ Bolic, Miodrag; Simplot-Ryl, David; Stojmenovic, Ivan (2010). RFID Systems: Research Trends and Challenges. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. ISBN 0470975660.
31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Davis, Sam (July 2011). "Wireless power minimizes interconnection problems" (PDF). Power Electronics Technology (Penton Electronics Group): 10–14. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
32. ^ a b c d e Puers, R. (2008). Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5. ISBN 1402090757.
33. ^ Sun, Tianjia; Xie, Xiang; Zhihua, Wang (2013). Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 1461477026.
34. ^ Agbinya (2012) Wireless Power Transfer, p. 140
35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shinohara (2014) Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves, p. 11
36. ^ a b c d Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering (IEEE) 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lee, C.K.; Zhong, W.X.; Hui, S.Y.R. (September 5, 2012). Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer (PDF). The 4th Annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE 2012). Raleigh, North Carolina: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. pp. 3819–3821. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
38. ^ a b Sun, Xie, Wang (2013) Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems, p. 3
39. ^ Beams, D.M.; Nagoorkar, V. (August 2013). "Design and simulation of networks for midrange wireless power transfer". pp. 509–512. doi:10.1109/MWSCAS.2013.6674697. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
40. ^ a b Kurs, André; Karalis, Aristeidis; Moffatt, Robert (July 2007). "Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances" (PDF). Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 317: 83–85. doi:10.1126/science.1143254. ISSN 1095-9203.
41. ^ a b c d e Huschens, Markus (2012). "Various techniques for wireless charging" (PDF). EETimes-Asia (eMedia Asia Ltd). Retrieved January 16, 2015.
42. ^ "World's first!! Production starts for Capacitive Coupling Wireless Power Transmission Module". ECN magazine (Advantage Business Media). October 27, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
43. ^ Meindl, James D. (2008). Integrated Interconnect Technologies for 3D Nanoelectronic Systems. Artech House. pp. 475–477. ISBN 1596932473.
44. ^ Harakawa, Kenichi (2014). "Wireless power transmission at rotating and sliding elements by using the capacitive coupling technology" (PDF). 2014 ANSYS Electronic Simulation Expo October 9–10, 2014, Tokyo. ExH Corporation. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
45. ^ Massa, A. Massa, G. Oliveri, F. Viani, and P. Rocca; Oliveri, Giacomo; Viani, Federico; Rocca, Paolo (June 2013). "Array designs for long-distance wireless power transmission – State-of-the-art and innovative solutions". Proceedings of the IEEE 101 (6): 1464–1481. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2013.2245491.
48. ^ Landis, Geoffrey A. (7–12 May 2006). Reevaluating Satellite Solar Power Systems for Earth (PDF). IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
51. ^ "Space Solar Energy Initiative". Space Island Group. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
53. ^ Brown., W. C. (September 1984). "The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves". Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 32 (Volume: 32, Issue: 9 On page(s): 1230–1242+ ISSN: 0018–9480): 1230–1242. Bibcode:1984ITMTT..32.1230B. doi:10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132833.
54. ^ POINT-TO-POINT WIRELESS POWER TRANSPORTATION IN REUNION ISLAND 48th International Astronautical Congress, Turin, Italy, 6–10 October 1997 – IAF-97-R.4.08 J. D. Lan Sun Luk, A. Celeste, P. Romanacce, L. Chane Kuang Sang, J. C. Gatina – University of La Réunion – Faculty of Science and Technology.
55. ^ Brown, W.C.; Eves, E.E. (June 1992). "Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40 (6): 1239–1250. doi:10.1109/22.141357.
58. ^ "power transmission via lasers". Laserfocusworld.com. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
Propagation Characteristics of Laser Beams – Melles Griot catalog
73. ^ a b c d Beeby, Stephen; White, Neil (2010). Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Systems. Artech House. pp. 1–2. ISBN 159693719X.
74. ^ Richard Fitzpatrick (2007). "Ampère's Circuital Law".
75. ^ a b Angelo, Joseph A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. pp. 292–293. ISBN 1438110189.
76. ^ a b Tesla, Nikola (May 20, 1891) Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination, lecture before the American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a book of the same name by. Wildside Press. 2006. ISBN 0809501627.
77. ^ a b c d e f Cheney, Margaret; Uth, Robert; Glenn, Jim (1999). Tesla, Master of Lightning. Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 90–92. ISBN 0760710058.
78. ^ Tesla was notoriously secretive about the distance he could transmit power. One of his few disclosures of details was in Tesla, Nikola (June 1900). "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy". Century Magazine (New York: The Century Co.). Retrieved November 20, 2014. fig. 7. The caption reads: "EXPERIMENT TO ILLUSTRATE AN INDUCTIVE EFFECT OF AN ELECTRICAL OSCILLATOR OF GREAT POWER – The photograph shows three ordinary incandescent lamps lighted to full candle-power by currents induced in a local loop consisting of a single wire forming a square of fifty feet each side, which includes the lamps, and which is at a distance of one hundred feet from the primary circuit energized by the oscillator. The loop likewise includes an electrical condenser, and is exactly attuned to the vibrations of the oscillator, which is worked at less than five percent of its total capacity."
79. ^ Leyh, G. E.; Kennan, M. D. (September 28, 2008). Efficient wireless transmission of power using resonators with coupled electric fields (PDF). NAPS 2008 40th North American Power Symposium, Calgary, September 28–30, 2008. Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307364. ISBN 978-1-4244-4283-6. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
81. ^ a b Tesla, Nikola (March 5, 1904). "The Transmission of Electric Energy Without Wires". Electrical World and Engineer (McGraw Publishing Co.) 43: 23760–23761. Retrieved November 19, 2014. , reprinted in Scientific American Supplement, Munn and Co., Vol. 57, No. 1483, June 4, 1904, p. 23760-23761
82. ^ a b c d e Broad, William J. (May 4, 2009). "A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Co.). pp. D1. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
83. ^ a b Carlson 2013 Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, p. 209-210
84. ^ a b US Patent No. 645576, Nikola Tesla, System of transmission of electrical energy, filed September 2, 1897; granted March 20, 1900
85. ^ Carlson 2013 Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Ch. 14 & 15, p. 302-367
86. ^ Hawkins, Lawrence A. (February 1903). "Nikola Tesla: His Work and Unfulfilled Promises". The Electrical Age 30 (2): 107–108. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
87. ^ a b Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age. Princeton University Press. pp. 294, 301. ISBN 1400846552.
88. ^ a b c d e f Coe, Lewis (2006). Wireless Radio: A History. McFarland. p. 112. ISBN 0786426624.
89. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, William C. (1984). "The history of power transmission by radio waves". MTT-Trans. on Microwave Theory and Technique (Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 32 (9): 1230–1234. doi:10.1109/tmtt.1984.1132833. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
90. ^ a b Dunning, Brian (January 15, 2013). "Did Tesla plan to transmit power world-wide through the sky?". The Cult of Nikola Tesla. Skeptoid.com. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
91. ^ "Life and Legacy: Colorado Springs". Tesla: Master of Lightning – companion site for 2000 PBS television documentary. PBS.org, US Public Broadcasting Service website. 2000. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
92. ^ a b Dunning, Brian (January 15, 2013). "Did Tesla cause a field of light bulbs 26 miles away to illuminate wirelessly?". The Cult of Nikola Tesla. Skeptoid.com. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
93. ^ Tesla, Nikola; Marinčić, Aleksandar, Ed. (1977). Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900. Beograd, Yugoslavia: The Nikola Tesla Museum.
94. ^ O'Neill, John J. (1944). Prodigal Genius: The life of Nikola Tesla. Ives Washburn, Inc. p. 193.
95. ^ Wearing, Judy (2009). Edison's Concrete Piano: Flying Tanks, Six-Nippled Sheep, Walk-On-Water Shoes, and 12 Other Flops From Great Inventors. ECW Press. p. 98. ISBN 1554905516.
96. ^ a b Curty, Jari-Pascal; Declercq, Michel; Dehollain, Catherine; Joehl, Norbert (2006). Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 0387447105.
97. ^ Belohlavek, Peter; Wagner, John W (2008). Innovation: The Lessons of Nikola Tesla. Blue Eagle Group. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9876510096.
98. ^ "Dennis Papadopoulos interview". Tesla: Master of Lightning – companion site for 2000 PBS television documentary. PBS.org, US Public Broadcasting Service website. 2000. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
99. ^ Glaser, Peter E. (November 22, 1968). "Power from the Sun: Its future" (PDF). Science (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science) 162 (3856): 857–861. doi:10.1126/science.162.3856.857. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
100. ^ a b Dickinson, Richard M. (1976). "Performance of a high-power 2.388 GHz receiving array in wireless power transmission over 1.54 km." (PDF). MTT-S Int'l Microwave Symposium Digest: 139–141. doi:10.1109/mwsym.1976.1123672. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
101. ^ US Patent No. 527857A, Maurice Hutin, Maurice Leblanc, Transformer system for electric railways, filed November 16, 1892; granted October 23, 1894
102. ^ US Patent No. 3713148A, Mario W. Cardullo, William L. Parks, Transponder apparatus and system, filed May 21, 1970; granted January 23, 1973
103. ^ Koelle, A. R.; Depp, S. W.; Freyman, R. W. (1975). "Short-range radio-telemetry for identifiction, using modulated RF backscatter". Proc. of the IEEE (Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 63 (8): 1260–1261. doi:10.1109/proc.1975.9928.
104. ^ a b Sayer, Peter (Dec 19, 2008). "Wireless Power Consortium to Unleash Electronic Gadgets". PCWorld (IDG Consumer and SMB). Retrieved December 8, 2014.
105. ^ "Global Qi Standard Powers Up Wireless Charging". PRNewswire (UBM plc). September 2, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48280 | Cello Sonata (Chopin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Cello Sonata in G minor, Op. 65, was written by Frédéric Chopin in 1846. It is one of only nine works of Chopin published during his lifetime that were written for instruments other than piano (although the piano still appears in every work he wrote). Chopin composed four sonatas, the others being piano sonatas. The cello sonata was the last of Chopin's works to be published in his lifetime.
It is written in four movements:
1. Allegro moderato in G minor
2. Scherzo in D minor, Trio in D major
3. Largo in B-flat major
4. Finale. Allegro in G minor, ending in G major
The sonata was written for and dedicated to Auguste Franchomme. The sonata is remarkable for the concentration of its material: much of the music of the first movement grows out of the cello’s opening statement, and certain theme-shapes appear in all its movements. The last three movements were first publicly performed by Franchomme and Chopin at the composer's last public concert, at the Salle Pleyel on 16 February 1848.[1][2][3]
Performed by John Michel
Performed by John Michel
Performed by Giorgi Latso, piano and Wen-Hsiu, cello
Problems playing these files? See media help.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48282 | Civitas Tropaensium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Civitas Tropaensium city wall
Civitas Tropaensium was a Roman castrum situated in Scythia Minor in modern Constanţa County, Romania. Its site is now the modern settlement of Adamclisi. It was colonized with Roman veterans of the Dacian Wars, was the largest Roman city of Scythia Minor[citation needed] and became a municipium around 200AD.
In 109 AD, a monument named Tropaeum Traiani was built to commemorate the Roman Empire's victories over the Dacians.
A smaller Trophy found at Adamclisi, a smaller copy of the original monument which has instaled at the eastern city gates during Constantine and Licinius.
The city was destroyed by the Goths, but it was rebuilt during Constantine the Great's rule with improved defensive walls. Civitas Tropaensium survived until the Avars sacked it in 587, after which it ceased to be an important city of Dobruja and was no longer mentioned for seven hundred years. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48283 | Genus (music)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Enharmonic genus)
Jump to: navigation, search
Genus (Gr.: γένος [genos], pl. γένη [genē], "type, kind") is a term used in the Ancient Greek theory of music to describe either certain classes of intonations of the two movable notes within a tetrachord, or patterns of rhythm. The tetrachordal concept is also found in the modal theory of Byzantine music and relates to the jins of Arabic music.
According to the system of Aristoxenus and his followers—Cleonides, Bacchius, Gaudentius, Alypius, Bryennius, and Aristides Quintilianus (Solomon 1980, vi)—the paradigmatic tetrachord was bounded by the fixed tones hypate and mese, which are a perfect fourth apart and do not vary from one genus to another. Between these are two movable notes, called parhypate and lichanos. The upper tone, lichanos, can vary over the range of a whole tone, whereas the lower note, parhypate, is restricted to the span of a quarter tone. However, their variation in position must always be proportional. This interval between the fixed hypate and movable parhypate cannot ever be larger than the interval between the two movable tones (Mathiesen 1999, 311–12, 326). When the composite of the two smaller intervals is less than the remaining (incomposite) interval, the three-note group is called pyknon (meaning "compressed"). The positioning of these two notes defined three genera: the diatonic, chromatic (also called chroma, "colour"), and enharmonic (also called ἁρμονία [harmonia]). The first two of these were subject to further variation, called shades—χρόαι (chroai)—or species—εἶδη (eidē). For Aristoxenus himself, these shades were dynamic: that is, they were not fixed in an ordered scale, and the shades were flexible along a continuum within certain limits. Instead, they described characteristic functional progressions of intervals, which he called "roads" (ὁδοί), possessing different ascending and descending patterns while nevertheless remaining recognisable. For his successors, however, the genera became fixed intervallic successions, and their shades became precisely defined subcategories (Mathiesen 2001a; Mathiesen 2001b). Furthermore, in sharp contrast to the Pythagoreans, Aristoxenos deliberately avoids numerical ratios. Instead, he defines a whole tone as the difference between a perfect fifth and a perfect fourth, and then divides that tone into semitones, third-tones, and quarter tones, to correspond to the diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic genera, respectively (Mathiesen 1999, 310–11).
Aristoxenus describes the diatonic genus (Greek: διατονικό γένος) as the oldest and most natural of the genera (Mathiesen & 1999 310). It is the division of the tetrachord from which the modern diatonic scale evolved. The distinguishing characteristic of the diatonic genus is that its largest interval is about the size of a major second. The other two intervals vary according to the tunings of the various shades.
The word is derived either from the Greek, dia (διά) and tonos (τόνος), meaning "proceeding by whole tones" (Drabkin 1980), or "through, at the interval of" a "tone" (OED), or from Greek dia and tonikos, meaning "at intervals of a tone" (Dunsby 2002).
Aristoxenus (and Cleonides, following his example) describes two shades of the diatonic, which he calls "soft" and "syntonic" (Solomon 1980, 259).
The traditional Pythagorean tuning of the diatonic, also known as Ptolemy's "ditonic diatonic", has two identical 9/8 tones in succession, making the other interval 256/243:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
| 256/243 | 9/8 | 9/8 |
-498 -408 -204 0 cents
About this sound Play
However, the most common tuning in practice from about the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD appears to have been Archytas's diatonic, or Ptolemy's "tonic diatonic", which has the superparticular 28/27 instead of the complex 256/243 for the lowest interval:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
| 28/27 | 8/7 | 9/8 |
-498 -435 -204 0 cents
Ptolemy described his "equable" or "even diatonic" as sounding foreign or rustic, and its neutral seconds are reminiscent of scales used in Arab music.[citation needed] It is based on an equal division of string lengths, which implies a harmonic series of pitch frequencies:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
| 12/11 | 11/10 | 10/9 |
-498 -347 -182 0 cents
Byzantine music[edit]
In Byzantine music most of the modes of the octoechos are based on the diatonic genus, apart from the second mode (both authentic and plagal) which is based on the chromatic genus. Byzantine music theory distinguishes between two tunings of the diatonic genus, the so-called "hard diatonic" on which the third mode and two of the grave modes are based, and the "soft diatonic" on which the first mode (both authentic and plagal) and the fourth mode (both authentic and plagal) are based. The hard tuning of the diatonic genus in Byzantine music may also be referred to as the enharmonic genus; an unfortunate name that persisted, since it can be confused with the ancient enharmonic genus.
Aristoxenus describes the chromatic genus (Greek: χρωματικό γένος or χρωματική) as a more recent development than the diatonic (Mathiesen 1999, 310). It is characterized by an upper interval of a minor third. The pyknon, consisting of the two movable members of the tetrachord, is divided into two adjacent semitones.
The scale generated by the chromatic genus is not like the modern chromatic scale. The modern (18th century) well-tempered chromatic scale has twelve pitches to the octave, and consists of semitones of various sizes; the equal temperament common today, on the other hand, also has twelve pitches to the octave, but the semitones are all of the same size. In contrast, the ancient Greek chromatic scale had seven tones to the octave (assuming alternating conjunct and disjunct tetrachords), and had incomposite minor thirds as well as semitones and whole tones.
The (Dorian) scale generated from the chromatic genus is composed of two chromatic tetrachords:
Chromatic genus of the Dorian octave species About this sound Play
Whereas in modern music theory, a chromatic scale is:
E F F G G A A B C C D D E ...
The number and nature of the shades of the chromatic genus vary amongst the Greek theorists. The major division is between the Aristoxenians and the Pythagoreans. Aristoxenus and Cleonides agree there are three, called soft, hemiolic, and tonic. Ptolemy, representing a Pythagorean view, held that there are five (Solomon 1980, 259).
Theon of Smyrna gives an incomplete account of Thrasyllus of Mendes' formulation of the Greater Perfect System, from which the diatonic and enharmonic genera can be deduced. For the chromatic genus, however, all that is given is a 32:27 proportion of mese to lichanos. This leaves 9:8 for the pyknon, but there is no information at all about the position of the chromatic parhypate and therefore of the division of the pyknon into two semitones, though it may have been the limma of 256:243, as Boethius does later (Barbera 1977, 306, 309). Someone has referred to this speculative reconstructions as the traditional Pythagorean tuning of the chromatic genus[citation needed]:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
4/3 81/64 32/27 1/1
| 256/243 | 2187/2048 | 32/27 |
-498 -408 -294 0 cents
About this sound Play
Archytas used the simpler and more consonant 9/7, which he used in all three of his genera. His chromatic division is (Barbera 2001):
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
4/3 9/7 32/27 1/1
| 28/27 | 243/224 | 32/27 |
-498 -435 -294 0 cents
According to Ptolemy's calculations, Didymus's chromatic has only 5-limit intervals, with the smallest possible numerators and denominators (Richter 2001). The successive intervals are all superparticular numbers:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
4/3 5/4 6/5 1/1
| 16/15 | 25/24 | 6/5 |
-498 -386 -316 0 cents
Byzantine Music[edit]
In Byzantine music the chromatic genus is the genus on which the second mode and second plagal mode are based. The "extra" mode nenano is also based on this genus.[citation needed]
Aristoxenus describes the enharmonic genus (Ancient Greek: [γένος] ἐναρμόνιον; Latin: enarmonium, [genus] enarmonicum, harmonia) as the "highest and most difficult for the senses" (Mathiesen 1999, 310). Historically it has been the most mysterious and controversial of the three genera. Its characteristic interval is a ditone (or major third in modern terminology), leaving the pyknon to be divided by two intervals smaller than a semitone called dieses (approximately quarter tones, though they could be calculated in a variety of ways). Because it is not easily represented by Pythagorean tuning or meantone temperament, there was much fascination with it in the Renaissance. It has nothing to do with modern uses of the term enharmonic.
Modern notation for enharmonic notes requires two special symbols for raised and lowered quarter tones or half-semitones or quarter steps. Some symbols used for a quarter-tone flat are a downward-pointing arrow ↓, or a flat combined with an upward-pointing arrow ↑. Similarly, for a quarter-tone sharp, an upward-pointing arrow may be used, or else a sharp with a downward-pointing arrow. Three-quarter flat and sharp symbols are formed similarly (Read 1964, 143). A further modern notation involves reversed flat signs for quarter-flat, so that an enharmonic tetrachord may be represented:
D Ehalf flat Fdouble flat G ,
A Bhalf flat Cdouble flat D .
The double-flat symbol (double flat) is used for modern notation of the third tone in the tetrachord to keep scale notes in letter sequence, and to remind the reader that the third tone in an enharmonic tetrachord (say Fdouble flat, shown above) was not tuned quite the same as the second note in a diatonic or chromatic scale (the E expected instead of Fdouble flat).
Like the diatonic scale, the ancient Greek enharmonic scale also had seven notes to the octave (assuming alternating conjunct and disjunct tetrachords), not 24 as one might imagine by analogy to the modern chromatic scale (West 1992, 254–73).[page needed] A scale generated from two disjunct enharmonic tetrachords is:
D Ehalf flat Fdouble flat G - A Bhalf flat Cdouble flat D or, in music notation starting on E: Greek Dorian enharmonic genus.png About this sound Play ,
with the corresponding conjunct tetrachords forming
A Bhalf flat Cdouble flat D Ehalf flat Fdouble flat G or, transposed to E like the previous example: Mixolydian enh.png About this sound Play .
The precise ancient Pythagorean tuning of the enharmonic genus is not known (Chalmers 1990, 9). Aristoxenus believed that the pyknon evolved from an originally pentatonic trichord in which a perfect fourth was divided by a single "infix"—an additional note dividing the fourth into a semitone plus a major third (e.g., E, F, A, where F is the infix dividing the fourth E–A). Such a division of a fourth necessarily produces a scale of the type called pentatonic, because compounding two such segments into an octave produces a scale with just five steps. This became an enharmonic tetrachord by the division of the semitone into two quarter tones (E, E↑, F, A) (West 1992, 163).
Archytas, according to Ptolemy, Harmonics, ii.14—for no original writings by him survive (Mathiesen 2001b, (i) Pythagoreans)—as usual gives a tuning with small-number ratios (Chalmers 1990, 9):
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
4/3 9/7 5/4 1/1
| 28/27 |36/35| 5/4 |
-498 -435 -386 0 cents
About this sound Play
Also according to Ptolemy, Didymus uses the same major third (5/4) but divides the pyknon with the arithmetic mean of the string lengths (if one wishes to think in terms of frequencies, rather than string lengths or interval distance down from the tonic, as the example below does, splitting the interval between the frequencies 3/4 and 4/5 by their harmonic mean 24/31 will result in the same sequence of intervals as below) (Chalmers 1990, 9)[not in citation given]:
hypate parhypate lichanos mese
4/3 31/24 5/4 1/1
|32/31 |31/30 | 5/4 |
-498 -443 -386 0 cents
This method splits the 16/15 half-step pyknon into two nearly equal intervals, the difference in size between 31/30 and 32/31 being less than 2 cents.
The principal theorist of rhythmic genera was Aristides Quintilianus, who considered there to be three: equal (dactylic or anapestic), sesquialteran (paeonic), and duple (iambic and trochaic), though he also admitted that some authorities added a fourth genus, sesquitertian (Mathiesen 2001a).
• Barbera, C. André. 1977. "Arithmetic and Geometric Divisions of the Tetrachord". Journal of Music Theory 21, no. 2 (Autumn): 294–323.
• Barbera, André. 2001. "Archytas of Tarentum". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Chalmers, John. 1990. Divisions of the Tetrachord. Lebanon NH: Frog Peak Music. ISBN 0-945996-04-7.
• Drabkin, William. 1980. "Diatonic". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, first edition, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Dunsby, Jonathan. 2002. "Diatonic". The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York.
• Mathiesen, Thomas J. 1999 Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Publications of the Center for the History of Music Theory and Literature 2. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803230798.
• Mathiesen, Thomas J. 2001a. "Genus". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Mathiesen, Thomas J. 2001b"Greece, §I: Ancient, 6: Music Theory (iii): Aristoxenian Tradition, (c) Genera". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Read Gardner, Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
• Richter, Lukas. 2001. "Didymus [Didymos ho mousikos]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Solomon, Jon. 1980. "Cleonides: Εἰσαγωγὴ ἁρμονική [Eisagogē harmonikē]; Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary". PhD diss. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
• West, Martin Litchfield. 1992. Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814975-1. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48284 | Fancy Dancer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fancy Dancer
Studio album by Bobbi Humphrey
Released 1975
Recorded August 5, 6 & 7, 1975 at Sound Factory, Hollywood, California
Genre Jazz
Length 39:52
Label Blue Note
Producer Larry Mizell, Chuck Davis
Bobbi Humphrey chronology
Satin Doll
Fancy Dancer
Tailor Made
Fancy Dancer is the fifth studio album by American jazz flautist Bobbi Humphrey, recorded in 1975 and released on the Blue Note label.[1]
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "There isn't anything approaching a middling moment here -- this is all killer, no filler. Jazz critics may have had their troubles with this set, but no one cared; Humphrey and the Mizells were creating a new kind of largely instrumental funk that was inclusive of everything they could weave in from world music to soul-jazz to club music to pop -- and the public responded".[2]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars[2]
Track listing[edit]
All compositions by Larry Mizell
1. "Uno Esta" (Larry Mizell) - 6:44
2. "The Trip" (Chuck Davis, D. Jones) - 5:41
3. "You Make Me Feel So Good" (Larry Mizell, Fonce Mizell) - 6:16
4. "Fancy Dancer" (Jerry Peters) - 5:46
5. "Mestizo Eyes" (W. Jordan, Larry Mizell, Fonce Mizell) 4:52
6. "Sweeter Than Sugar" (Davis, Skip Scarborough) - 4:24
7. "Please Set Me at Ease" (Larry Mizell, Fonce Mizell, R. Mizell) - 6:09
• Recorded at The Sound Factory, Los Angeles, California on August 5 (tracks 2-4 & 7), August 6 (tracks 1 & 5), and August 7 (track 6), 1975
References In Pop Culture[edit]
Hip-Hop Artists Curren$y and Wiz Khalifa sampled the music from Fancy Dancer for their 2013 EP entitled "Live In Concert"
1. ^ Blue Note Records discography accessed December 17, 2010
2. ^ a b Jurek, T. Allmusic Review accessed December 17, 2010. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48285 | This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Chris Carter (screenwriter)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fencewalker)
Jump to: navigation, search
For others so named, see Chris Carter.
Chris Carter
Chris Carter (July 2008).jpg
Carter at the London première of The X-Files: I Want to Believe in July 2008.
Bellflower, California, U.S.
Alma mater California State University, Long Beach
Occupation Writer, director, producer
Notable work The X-Files
Partner(s) Dori Pierson (1983 – present)
Chris Carter (born October 13, 1957) is an American television and film producer, director and writer. Born in Bellflower, California, Carter graduated with a degree in journalism from California State University, Long Beach before spending thirteen years working for Surfing Magazine. After beginning his television career working on television films for Walt Disney Studios, Carter rose to fame in the early 1990s after creating the science fiction-supernatural television series The X-Files for the Fox network. The X-Files earned high viewership ratings, and led to Carter being able to negotiate the creation of future series.
Carter went on to create three more series for the network—Millennium, a doomsday-themed series which met with critical approval and low viewer numbers; Harsh Realm, which was canceled after three episodes had aired; and The Lone Gunmen, a spin-off of The X-Files which lasted for a single season. Carter's film roles include writing both of The X-Files ' cinematic spin-offs—1998's successful The X-Files and the poorly received 2008 follow-up The X-Files: I Want to Believe, the latter of which he also directed—while his television credits have earned him several accolades including eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations. The Amazon Studios television series The After is his most recent series.[1]
Early life and education[edit]
Chris Carter was born on October 13, 1957 in Bellflower, California.[2] His father worked in the construction industry.[3] Carter has described his childhood as "fairly normal", and was fond of both Little League Baseball and surfing;[4] his surfing stance is goofy footed.[5] He attended California State University, Long Beach in Long Beach, graduated with a journalism degree in 1979. An avid surfer, he began writing for Surfing Magazine, a San Clemente-based journal, eventually becoming its editor at the age of 28. Carter would work for the magazine for thirteen years,[4] and credits his tenure there for teaching him how to run a business. It was also at this time that Carter began taking an interest in pottery, making "hundreds of thousands of pieces" of dinnerware as a hobby. He has compared the process of making pottery to Zen meditations, although he has since thrown out most of his work.[4]
Starting in television[edit]
In 1983, Carter began dating Dori Pierson, who he had met through a cousin of hers who worked with him at Surfing Magazine.[6] Pierson's connections at Walt Disney Studios led to chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg hiring Carter on a standard contract.[7] Carter began writing television films for the studio, penning The B.R.A.T. Patrol in 1986 and Meet the Munceys in 1988. These scripts led to Carter being associated with contemporary youth comedy at the studio, and although he enjoyed the work he felt that his real strengths and interests lay in serious drama instead.[4]
Carter met the then-president of NBC, Brandon Tartikoff, at a company softball game in Brentwood, California. Tartikoff and Carter began talking between innings, and when Tartikoff eventually read some of Carter's script work, he brought him over to write for the network. There, Carter developed a number of unproduced television pilotsCameo By Night, featuring Sela Ward; Brand New Life, which has been described as being similar to The Brady Bunch; Copter Cop, a science fiction series that was hampered by Tartikoff's injuries after a car accident; and Cool Culture, influenced by Carter's passion for surfing and experience with Surfing Magazine.[8] During this time Carter would also work as a producer on Rags to Riches, a job he accepted in order to learn more about producing a series.[9]
Peter Roth, at that time the president of Stephen J. Cannell Productions, obtained a copy of Carter's pilot script for Cool Culture, and although the series was never picked up, Roth was interested in hiring Carter to work on the CBS series Palace Guard. However, Roth would soon leave CBS to work for Fox as the head of its television production wing. Carter was among the first wave of new staff hired by Roth in 1992 to develop material for the network,[10] and he began work on a series based on his own childhood fondness for The Twilight Zone and Kolchak: The Night Stalker.[9]
The X-Files and success[edit]
A man speaking into a microphone
Carter in July 2013.
Carter's new series would take its stylistic inspiration from Kolchak, while thematically reflecting his experiences growing up during the Watergate scandal. Carter also drew inspiration from his friend John E. Mack's survey of American beliefs in ufology, which indicated that three percent of the population believed they had been abducted by aliens.[11] Roth warmed to the idea upon hearing of the influence of Kolchak, believing that vampires—one of the central antagonists of the original series—would be popular with audiences given the interest being shown in the upcoming film Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles, although Carter insisted on an extraterrestrial-focused series.[12] However, Carter had never been interested in science fiction before this point, professing to have briefly read one novel each by Ursula K. Le Guin and Robert A. Heinlein.[13] Basing his characters instead on those found in the English television series The Avengers, Carter took an eighteen-page treatment for his new project—by now titled The X-Files—to a pitch meeting at Fox, where it was soon rejected.[14] With the help of Roth, Carter was able to arrange a second pitch meeting, at which the network reluctantly agreed to greenlight a pilot for the series.[15]
After finding the series' two starring leads in Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny,[13] Carter was given a budget of $2 million to produce a pilot episode.[16] The series aired on Friday nights on the Fox network, being broadcast in tandem with The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. in what was perceived to be an unpopular timeslot. The series earned relatively impressive Nielsen ratings for its Friday timeslot, and was given a full twenty-four episode order.[13] The series' popularity and critical acclaim built over the course of its second and third seasons, and saw it earning its first Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama and breaking the record for highest price paid by a network for rights to air re-runs, fetching $600,000 per episode from Fox's sister network FX.[17] After Carter's initial three-year signing for Fox had ended, the success of the series allowed him to negotiate a five-year contract with several additional perks, including the guarantee of a feature film adaptation to be produced by the parent company's film studio, and the greenlighting of Carter's next television project.[18] In March 2015, it was confirmed that Carter is set to executive produce and write the screenplays for the reboot of The X-Files,[19] which is set for a six-episode event series.[20]
Carter began work on a new series, Millennium.[21] The genesis of this new project stemmed from "Irresistible", a second-season episode of The X-Files which Carter had written, which focused on a sexually-motivated serial killer with none of that series' usual supernatural trappings.[21] Carter fleshed out the basis of the new show's protagonist, Frank Black, and travelled to Seattle for inspiration for a new setting. Influence was also drawn from the works of Nostradamus, and the increasing popular interest in eschatology ahead of the coming millennium.[22] The central role of Black was eventually filled by Lance Henriksen, and the series began airing in the Friday timeslot formerly occupied by The X-Files.[23] "Pilot", the début episode, was heavily promoted by Fox, and brought in over a quarter of the total audience during its broadcast.[24]
The series also attracted a high degree of critical appraisal, earning a People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Dramatic Series" in its first year.[25] At the beginning of the second season, Carter handed over control of the series to Glen Morgan and James Wong, with whom he had previously worked on both Millennium 's first season and several seasons of The X-Files.[26] Despite its promising start, however, ratings for Millennium after the pilot remained consistently low, and it was cancelled after three seasons.[27]
Feature films[edit]
During the production of the fourth season of The X-Files, work on the first feature film adaptation of the series began. Also titled The X-Files, Carter initially began a treatment for the script over Christmas holidays in Hawaii in 1996. Series producer Frank Spotnitz collaborated on the story outline at this time. Carter would later return to Hawaii for a ten-day stint in 1997 to begin fleshing out the finished script.[28] Carter appointed frequent series director Rob Bowman as director of the film,[29] which went on to feature many of the series' regular cast, including Duchovny, Anderson, Mitch Pileggi and William B. Davis.[30]
The X-Files premiered on June 19, 1998, eventually making a wordwide gross of $189,176,423.[31] The film currently holds a rating of 60 out of 100 on review aggregation website Metacritic, based on their weighted average of 23 reviews.[32] Fellow review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 64%, based on their analysis of 69 reviews.[33]
Ten years after the success of the first film, and six years after The X-Files final season had finished, Carter would both write and direct a second feature film, titled The X-Files: I Want to Believe.[34] Filmed in British Columbia,[35] I Want To Believe was released on July 25, 2008;[34] eventually grossing $68,369,434 worldwide.[36] The film was received poorly by critics, holding ratings of 32 and 47 on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic respectively.[37][38]
Other work[edit]
Carter has made several brief cameo roles as an actor—first appearing in The X-Files ' "Anasazi" as a FBI agent;[39] before portraying a member of a film audience in "Hollywood A.D.", a later episode of the same series.[40] Carter also made a brief appearance in "Three Men and a Smoking Diaper", an episode of The Lone Gunmen.[41]
In 1999, Carter began adapting the comic book series Harsh Realm as a television show, also titled Harsh Realm. Carter's friend and frequent collaborator Daniel Sackheim had optioned the comics for adaptation in 1996. However, when the series first aired on October 8, 1999, the comics' writers Andrew Paquette and James Hudnall were given no writing credits for the work; the two then filed suit against Fox to be credited for their work.[42] Harsh Realm received disappointing viewing figures,[42] and was cancelled after only three episodes had been broadcast.[43]
Two years later, Carter launched a spin-off of The X-Files titled The Lone Gunmen, a comedy series centred on three minor characters from the former series.[44] The Lone Gunmen was cancelled after thirteen episodes, later receiving a coda in the form of a crossover episode with The X-Files.[45] Carter has since been involved with writing and directing the as-yet unreleased film Fencewalker, set to feature Natalie Dormer and Katie Cassidy.[46] In 2011, he began working to develop Unique, a police thriller television series;[47] the project was eventually dropped before completion.[48]
Carter next began work on the Amazon Studios television series The After.[49] The pilot episode was made available for viewing on February 6, 2014;[50] the series was green-lit the following month, but finally cancelled on January 5, 2015, without another episode beyond the pilot, being shot.[1][51]
Carter's work has earned him several accolades over his career, including eight nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards.[52] Carter has also received award nominations for the Directors Guild of America Awards,[53][54][55] the Edgar Awards,[56] and the British Academy Television Awards.[57]
Award Year Category Work Result Ref
Emmy Awards 1995 Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series "Duane Barry" Nominated
Outstanding Drama Series The X-Files Nominated
1996 Outstanding Drama Series The X-Files Nominated
1997 Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series "Memento Mori" Nominated
Outstanding Drama Series The X-Files Nominated
1998 Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series "The Post-Modern Prometheus" Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series "The Post-Modern Prometheus" Nominated
Outstanding Drama Series The X-Files Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards 1995 Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series "The List" Nominated
1998 Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series "The Post-Modern Prometheus" Nominated
1999 Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series "Triangle" Nominated
British Academy Television Awards 1999 Best International Programme or Series The X-Files Nominated
Edgar Awards 1995 Best International Programme or Series "The Erlenmeyer Flask" Nominated
Year Film Role
1986 The B.R.A.T. Patrol Writer
1988 Meet the Munceys Writer
1998 The X-Files Writer
2008 The X-Files: I Want to Believe Writer, director, actor
Series As director As writer As actor
Rags to Riches 1 episode 2 episodes
The X-Files 10 episodes 72 episodes 2 episodes
Millennium 7 episodes
Harsh Realm 4 episodes
The Lone Gunmen 2 episodes 1 episode
The After 1 episode
1. ^ a b Ng, Philiana (July 12, 2014). "Chris Carter Modeling Amazon's 'The After' With 99-Episode Goal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
2. ^ Lovece 1996, p. 2.
3. ^ Lowry 1995, p. 7.
4. ^ a b c d Edwards 1996, p. 9.
5. ^ Spencer, Russ (April 28, 2000). "A close encounter with Chris Carter". Salon. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
6. ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Chris Carter - Movie and Film Biography and Filmography". Allmovie. Allrovi. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
7. ^ Lovece 1996, p. 3.
8. ^ Lowry 1995, pp. 8–9.
9. ^ a b Edwards 1996, p. 10.
10. ^ Lowry 1995, p. 9.
11. ^ Edwards 1996, p. 11.
12. ^ Lowry 1995, p. 10.
13. ^ a b c Lovece 1996, p. 4.
14. ^ Lowry 1995, p. 11.
15. ^ Lovece 1996, pp. 3–4.
16. ^ Lovece 1996, p. 47.
17. ^ Lovece 1996, pp. 6–7.
18. ^ Lovece 1996, p. 7.
19. ^ "The X-Files" Chris Carter is returning to the helm, will pen the scripts and will also serve as an executive producer on "The X-Files" revival.
20. ^ X-Files Limited Series
21. ^ a b Order in Chaos, 00:03–00:45
22. ^ Order in Chaos, 00:48–01:51
23. ^ Genge 1997, pp. 8–9.
24. ^ Adalian, Josef (October 11, 1998). "High-profile dramas skid on Fox, ABC". Variety Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
25. ^ "People's Choice Awards 1997 Nominees". Procter & Gamble. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
26. ^ Soloman, Harvey (September 18, 1997). "Fall Watch; 'Millennium' takes new turn". The Boston Herald. Retrieved July 20, 2012. (subscription required)
27. ^ Wen, Howard (September 9, 1999). "It's not the end of the "Millennium," after all". Salon. Salon Media Group. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
28. ^ Duncan 1998, pp. 4–5.
29. ^ Duncan 1998, pp. 5–6.
30. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 18.
31. ^ "The X-Files (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
32. ^ "The X Files Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
33. ^ "The X-Files - Fight the Future". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
34. ^ a b Wheeler, Jeremy. "The X-Files: I Want to Believes - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". Allmovie. Allrovi. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
35. ^ Schaefer, Glen (March 12, 2008). "Filming of the X-Files sequel wraps". Vancouver Province. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
36. ^ "The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
37. ^ "The X-Files: I Want to Believe". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
38. ^ "The X Files: I Want to Believe Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
39. ^ "X Cyclopedia: The Ultimate Episode Guide, Season 2". Entertainment Weekly. November 29, 1996. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
40. ^ Shapiro 2000, p. 241.
41. ^ Brian Spicer (director); Chris Carter (writer) (March 23, 2001). "Three Men and a Smoking Diaper". The Lone Gunmen. Season 1. Episode 5. Fox.
42. ^ a b Rutenberg, Jim; Bogdanovich, Peter (October 18, 1999). "Comic Book Geeks Fight Chris Carter Over Harsh Realm". The New York Observer. Retrieved July 20, 2012. (subscription required)
43. ^ Adalian, Joseph (June 7, 2004). "Carter series in Fox realm". Variety. Retrieved July 20, 2012. (subscription required)
44. ^ Moore, Frazier (March 16, 2001). "Conspiracy of One". Post-Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2012. (subscription required)
45. ^ Fraga 2010, pp. 218–219.
46. ^ "Report: Carter Helming Secret Film". Entertainment Weekly. June 25, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
47. ^ Rose, Lacey (September 29, 2011). "'X-Files' Creator Chris Carter Plots Return to TV With Police Thriller". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
48. ^ Jeffrey, Morgan (April 20, 2012). "'X-Files' creator Chris Carter's 'Unique' series 'not going forward'". Digital Spy. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
49. ^ O'Neal, Sean (October 4, 2012). "X-Files creator Chris Carter trying again with another new sci-fi show that sounds like a lot of other sci-fi shows". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
50. ^ O'Neal (February 6, 2014). "Amazon has put up 10 new pilots for your enjoyment and judgment". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
51. ^ Grow, Kory (March 14, 2014). "Amazon Greenlights TV Shows by Jason Schwartzman, 'X-Files' Creator". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
52. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The X-Files |". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
53. ^ a b "Awards / History / 1995 - 48th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
54. ^ a b "Awards / History / 1998 - 51st Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
55. ^ a b "Awards / History / 1999 - 52nd Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
56. ^ a b "Edgar Award Winners and Nominees Database". Mystery Writers of America. Retrieved March 14, 2012. Note: Database does not allow direct linking to results. Use the drop-down menus to select "Best Episode in a TV Series" with the "Winners & Nominees" field checked for results. Results can be filtered by year, using "1995" for both year fields will narrow results to the precise year.
57. ^ a b "Awards Database - The BAFTA Site". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48286 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gato is a Spanish, Portuguese and Galician word for cat.
Gato may also refer to:
Fiction and Media[edit]
• Anavel Gato, character in the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory
• El Gato Negro refers to two comic-book characters featured in the Azteca Productions' Universe
• El Gato: Crime Mangler, comic by Michael Aushenker
• Hombre Gato ("Cat Man"), South American legend
• El Gato, main character in the novel Keeper by Mal Peet
• Poosy Gato, the resident cat in Gordo (comic strip)
• El Gato, valuable artifact in the movie The Rundown from 2003 starring The Rock, Christopher Walken, Seann Willson and Rosaria Dawson.
• Gato is also nickname of Puss in Boots (Puss in Boots 2011)[citation needed]
• Gato Grande is a ferocious beast that roams the mountains of the Dominican Republic, often confused with a mountain lion or a liger.
Video games[edit]
• Gato, a popular folk dance in Argentina.
• Los Gatos, an Argentine rock group of the late 1960s. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48287 | Francesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga)
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with his father, Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua from 1382 to 1407, who never had the title of Marquess.
"Gianfrancesco Gonzaga" redirects here. For the first count of Sabbioneta, see Gianfrancesco Gonzaga (1446–1496).
Francesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua
Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga.jpg
Portrait of Francesco I Gonzaga, Ambras castle collection, Innsbruck, Austria
Spouse(s) Paola Malatesta
Noble family Gonzaga family
Father Francesco I Gonzaga
Mother Margherita Malatesta
Born 1395
Died 23 September 1444(1444-09-23)
Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga (1395 – 23 September 1444) was Marquess of Mantua from 1407 to 1444. He was also a condottiero.
Gianfrancesco was the son of Francesco I Gonzaga and Margherita Malatesta. He inherited the rule of Mantua in 1407, when he was 12. In his first years, he was under the patronage of his uncle Carlo Malatesta and, indirectly, of the Republic of Venice. In 1409 he married Paola Malatesta, daughter of Malatesta IV Malatesta of Pesaro, by whom he had two sons, Ludovico, who succeeded him as Marquess of Mantua, and Carlo. He was the first Gonzaga to bear the title of marquess, which he obtained from Emperor Sigismund on September 22, 1433.[1]
He fought for the Papal States and the Malatestas in 1412 and 1417, respectively, and was capitano generale (commander-in-chief) of the Venetian Armies from 1434.[2] Later he left the alliance with Venice and entered at the service of the Visconti of Milan, starting an unsuccessful war against Venice which caused the loss of several Mantuan territories.
During his reign the famous humanist Vittorino da Feltre was invited to Mantua, as well as numerous artists like Pisanello and others, starting the traditional role of the city as a capital of Italian Renaissance. He founded the first workshop in Italy for the manufacture of tapestries.
1. ^ Brinton, Selwyn. The Gonzaga - Lords of Mantua. London: Methuen & Co. LTD., 1927. pg. 65
2. ^ Brinton, pg. 65
See also[edit]
Francesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua
Born: 1395 Died: 23 September 1444
Preceded by
Francesco I
Lord of Mantua
Became Marquess
New title Marquess of Mantua
Succeeded by
Ludovico III |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48288 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Grass hay)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Hay (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with straw.
"Haystack" and "Haystacks" redirect here. For other uses, see Haystack (disambiguation).
Good quality hay is green and not too coarse, and includes plant heads and leaves as well as stems. This is fresh grass/alfalfa hay, newly baled.
Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of grasses such as ryegrass (Lolium species), timothy, brome, fescue, Bermuda grass, orchard grass, and other species, depending on region. Hay may also include legumes, such as alfalfa (lucerne) and clovers (red, white and subterranean). Other pasture forbs are also sometimes a part of the mix, though other than legumes, which ideally are cut pre-bloom, forbs are not necessarily desired. Certain forbs are toxic to some animals.
Oat, barley, and wheat plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal fodder; however they are more usually used in the form of straw, a harvest byproduct where the stems and dead leaves are baled after the grain has been harvested and threshed. Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also used as fodder, particularly as a source of dietary fiber, it has lower nutritional value than hay.
Close view of loose grass hay.
Poor quality hay is dry, bleached out and coarse-stemmed. Sometimes, hay stored outdoors will look like this on the outside but still be green inside the bale. A dried, bleached or coarse bale is still edible and provides some nutritional value as long as it is dry and not moldy, dusty, or rotting.
Feeding hay[edit]
See also: Fodder, Ruminant and Cecum
Hay or grass is the foundation of the diet for all grazing animals and can provide as much as 100% of the fodder required for an animal. Hay is usually fed to an animal in place of allowing the animal to graze on grasses in a pasture, particularly in the winter or during times when drought or other conditions make pasture unavailable. Animals that can eat hay vary in the types of grasses suitable for consumption, the ways they consume hay, and how they digest it. Therefore, different types of animals require hay that consists of similar plants to what they would eat while grazing, and likewise, plants that are toxic to an animal in pasture are also toxic if they are dried into hay.
Horses eating hay
Most animals are fed hay in two daily feedings, morning and evening. However, this schedule is more for the convenience of humans, as most grazing animals on pasture naturally consume fodder in multiple feedings throughout the day. Some animals, especially those being raised for meat, may be given enough hay that they simply are able to eat all day. Other animals, especially those that are ridden or driven as working animals, are only free to eat when not working, and may be given a more limited amount of hay to prevent them from getting too fat. The proper amount of hay and the type of hay required varies somewhat between different species. Some animals are also fed concentrated feeds such as grain or vitamin supplements in addition to hay. In most cases, hay or pasture forage must make up 50% or more of the diet by weight.
One of the most significant differences in hay digestion is between ruminant animals, such as cattle and sheep; and nonruminant, hindgut fermentors, such as horses. Both types of animals can digest cellulose in grass and hay, but do so by different mechanisms. Because of the four-chambered stomach of cattle, they are often able to break down older forage and have more tolerance of mold and changes in diet. The single-chambered stomach and cecum or "hindgut" of the horse uses bacterial processes to break down cellulose that are more sensitive to changes in feeds and the presence of mold or other toxins, requiring horses to be fed hay of a more consistent type and quality.[2]
These round bales have been left in the field for many months, perhaps more than a year, exposed to weather, and appear to be rotting. Not all animals can safely eat hay with rot or mold
Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at a single feeding, and then, due to the process of rumination, take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. Thus quantity of hay is important for cattle, who can effectively digest hay of low quality if fed in sufficient amounts. Sheep will eat between two and four percent of their body weight per day in dry feed, such as hay,[3] and are very efficient at obtaining the most nutrition possible from three to five pounds per day of hay or other forage.[4] They require three to four hours per day to eat enough hay to meet their nutritional requirements.[5]
Unlike ruminants, horses digest food in small portions throughout the day, and can only use approximately 2.5% of their body weight in feed in any 24-hour period. They evolved to be continuously on the move while grazing, (covering up to 50 miles (80 km) per day in the wild) and their stomach digests food quite rapidly. Thus, they extract more nutrition out of smaller quantities of feed.[6] However, when horses are fed low-quality hay, they may develop an unhealthy, obese, "hay belly" due to over-consumption of "empty" calories. If their type of feed is changed dramatically, or if they are fed moldy hay or hay containing toxic plants, they can become ill; colic is the leading cause of death in horses. Contaminated hay can also lead to respiratory problems in horses. Hay can be soaked in water, sprinkled with water or subjected to steaming to reduce dust.
Making and transporting hay[edit]
A tractor mowing a hay field, with the cut hay lying in the foreground.
A round baler dumping a freshly rolled hay bale
Modern small-scale transport. Pickup truck loaded with "large square" bales
Hay production and harvest, colloquially known as "making hay", "haymaking", or "doing hay", involves a multiple step process: cutting, drying or "curing", processing, and storing. Hayfields do not have to be reseeded each year in the way that grain crops are, but regular fertilizing is usually desirable, and overseeding a field every few years helps increase yield.
Methods and the terminology to describe the steps of making hay have varied greatly throughout history, and many regional variations still exist today. However, whether done by hand or by modern mechanized equipment, tall grass and legumes at the proper stage of maturity must be cut, then allowed to dry (preferably by the sun), then raked into long, narrow piles known as windrows. Next, the cured hay is gathered up in some form (usually by some type of baling process) and placed for storage into a haystack or into a barn or shed to protect it from moisture and rot.
During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in temperate climates, grass grows at a fast pace. It is at its greatest nutritive value when all leaves are fully developed and seed or flower heads are just a bit short of full maturity. When growth is at a maximum in the pasture or field, if judged correctly, it is cut. Grass hay cut too early will not cure as easily due to high moisture content, plus it will produce a lower yield per acre than longer, more mature grass. But hay cut too late is coarser, lower in resale value and has lost some of its nutrients. There is usually about a two-week "window" of time in which hay is at its ideal stage for harvesting grass. The time for cutting alfalfa hay is ideally done when plants reach maximum height and are producing flower buds or just beginning to bloom, cutting during or after full bloom results in lower nutritional value of the hay.
Hay can be raked into rows as it is cut, then turned periodically to dry, particularly if a modern swather is used. Or, especially with older equipment or methods, the hay is cut and allowed to lie spread out in the field until it is dry, then raked into rows for processing into bales afterwards. During the drying period, which can take several days, the process is usually sped up by turning the cut hay over with a hay rake or spreading it out with a tedder. If it rains while the hay is drying, turning the windrow can also allow it to dry faster. However, turning the hay too often or too roughly can also cause drying leaf matter to fall off, reducing the nutrients available to animals. Drying can also be sped up by mechanized processes, such as use of a hay conditioner, or by use of chemicals sprayed onto the hay to speed evaporation of moisture, though these are more expensive techniques, not in general use except in areas where there is a combination of modern technology, high prices for hay, and too much rain for hay to dry properly.[7]
Once hay is cut, dried and raked into windrows, it is usually gathered into bales or bundles, then hauled to a central location for storage. In some places, depending on geography, region, climate, and culture, hay is gathered loose and stacked without being baled first.
Hay must be fully dried when baled and kept dry in storage. If hay is baled while too moist or becomes wet while in storage, there is a significant risk of spontaneous combustion.[8] Hay stored outside must be stacked in such a way that moisture contact is minimal. Some stacks are arranged in such a manner that the hay itself "sheds" water when it falls. Other methods of stacking use the first layers or bales of hay as a cover to protect the rest. To completely keep out moisture, outside haystacks can also be covered by tarps, and many round bales are partially wrapped in plastic as part of the baling process. Hay is also stored under a roof when resources permit. It is frequently placed inside sheds, or stacked inside of a barn. On the other hand, care must also be taken that hay is never exposed to any possible source of heat or flame, as dry hay and the dust it produces are highly flammable.
Haymakers, from the Grimani Breviary, c. 1510.
Haymaking in Wales c. 1885
July 1903 - on the Gaisberg, near Salzburg
Two men loading hay on a truck in Massachusetts, 1936.
Early methods[edit]
The Haystack by Henry Fox Talbot, 1844.
Early farmers noticed that growing fields produced more fodder in the spring than the animals could consume, and that cutting the grass in the summer, allowing it to dry and storing it for the winter provided their domesticated animals with better quality nutrition than simply allowing them to dig through snow in the winter to find dried grass. Therefore, some fields were "shut up" for hay.[citation needed]
Up to the end of the 19th century, grass and legumes were not often grown together because crops were rotated.[citation needed] However, by the 20th century, good forage management techniques demonstrated that highly productive pastures were a mix of grasses and legumes, so compromises were made when it was time to mow. Later still, some farmers grew crops, like straight alfalfa (lucerne), for special-purpose hay such as that fed to dairy cattle.
Much hay was originally cut by scythe by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on wagons. Later, haying would be done by horse-drawn implements such as mowers. With the invention of agricultural machinery such as the tractor and the baler, most hay production became mechanized by the 1930s.
After hay was cut and had dried, the hay was raked or rowed up by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. Turning hay, when needed, originally was done by hand with a fork or rake. Once the dried hay was rowed up, pitch forks were used to pile it loose, originally onto a horse-drawn cart or wagon, later onto a truck or tractor-drawn trailer, for which a sweep could be used instead of pitch forks.
A hay barrack. The roof is moved up and down as the hay level changes.
Late 19th century hay boat with small square bales
Loose hay was taken to an area designated for storage—usually a slightly raised area for drainage—and built into a hay stack. The stack was made waterproof as it was built (a skilled task) and the hay would compress under its own weight and cure by the release of heat from the residual moisture in the hay and from the compression forces. The stack was fenced from the rest of the paddock in a rick yard, and often thatched or sheeted to keep it dry. When needed, slices of hay would be cut using a hay knife and fed out to animals each day.
On some farms the loose hay was stored in a barrack, shed, or barn, normally in such a way that it would compress down and cure. Hay could be stored in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the hay loft. Alternatively, an upper storey of a cow-shed or stable was used, with hatches in the floor to allow hay to be thrown down into hay-racks below.
Depending on region, the term "hay rick" could refer to the machine for cutting hay, the hay stack or the wagon used to collect the hay.
Modern mechanized techniques[edit]
Different balers can produce hay bales in different sizes and shapes, here two different balers were used to create both large round bales and small square bales.
Modern mechanized hay production today is usually performed by a number of machines. While small operations use a tractor to pull various implements for mowing and raking, larger operations use specialized machines such as a mower or a swather, which are designed to cut the hay and arrange it into a windrow in one step. Balers are usually pulled by a tractor, with larger balers requiring more powerful tractors.
Mobile balers, machines which gather and bale hay in one process, were first developed around 1940. The first balers produced rectangular bales small enough for a person to lift, usually between 70 and 100 pounds (32 and 45 kg) each. The size and shape made it possible for people to pick bales up, stack them on a vehicle for transport to a storage area, then build a haystack by hand. However, to save labor and increase safety, loaders and stackers were also developed to mechanise the transport of small bales from the field to the haystack. Later in the 20th century, balers were developed capable of producing large bales that weigh up to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg).[9]
Conditioning of hay has become popular. The basic idea is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain interferes with haying. Usually, a salt solution is sprayed over the top of the hay (generally alfalfa) that helps to dry the hay. Conditioning can also refer to the rollers inside a swather that crimps the alfalfa to help squeeze out the moisture.[citation needed]
Fertilization and weed control[edit]
Modern hay production often relies on artificial fertilizer and herbicides. Traditionally, manure has been used on hayfields, but modern chemical fertilizers are used today as well. Hay that is to be certified as weed-free for use in wilderness areas must often be sprayed with chemical herbicides to keep unwanted weeds from the field, and sometimes even non-certified hayfields are sprayed to limit the production of noxious weeds. However, organic forms of fertilization and weed control are required for hay grown for consumption by animals whose meat will ultimately be certified organic. To that end, compost and field rotation can enhance soil fertility, and regular mowing of fields in the growth phase of the hay will often reduce the prevalence of undesired weeds. In recent times, some producers have experimented with human sewage sludge to grow hay. This is not a certified organic method and no warning labels are mandated by EPA.[10] One concern with hay grown on human sewage sludge is that the hay can take up heavy metals, which are then consumed by animals.[11] Molybdenum poisoning is a particular concern in ruminants such as cows and goats, and there have been animal deaths.[12][13][14] Another concern is with a herbicide known as aminopyralid, which can pass through the digestive tract in animals, making their resulting manure toxic to many plants and thus unsuitable as fertilizer for food crops.[15] Aminopyralid and related herbicides can persist in the environment for several years.
See also: Baler
Small bales[edit]
When possible, hay, especially small square bales like these, should be stored under cover and protected from precipitation.
Small bales are still produced today. While balers for small bales are still manufactured, as well as loaders and stackers, there are some farms that still use equipment manufactured over 50 years ago, kept in good repair. The small bale remains part of overall ranch lore and tradition with "hay bucking" competitions still held for fun at many rodeos and county fairs.
Small square bales are stacked in a criss-crossed fashion sometimes called a "rick" or "hayrick". Rain tends to wash nutrition out of hay and can cause spoilage or mold. Hay in small square bales is particularly susceptible to this, and is therefore often stored in a hayshed or protected by tarpaulins. If this is not done, the top two layers of the stack are often lost to rot and mold, and if the stack is not arranged in a proper hayrick, moisture can seep even deeper into the stack. The rounded shape and tighter compaction of small (and large) round bales makes them less susceptible to spoilage, as the water is less likely to penetrate into the bale. The addition of net wrap, which is not used on square bales, offers even greater weather resistance.
Large bales[edit]
Farmers who need to make large amounts of hay are likely to choose balers which produce much larger bales, maximizing the amount of hay which is protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types, round and square. Large square bales, which can weigh up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb), can be stacked and are easier to transport on trucks. Large round bales, which typically weigh 300 to 400 kilograms (660–880 lb), are more moisture-resistant, and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). Round bales are quickly fed with the use of mechanized equipment.
The ratio of volume to surface area makes it possible for many dry-area farmers to leave large bales outside until they are consumed. Wet-area farmers and those in climates with heavy snowfall can stack round bales under a shed or tarp, but can also use a light but durable plastic wrap that partially encloses bales left outside. The wrap repels moisture, but leaves the ends of the bale exposed so that the hay itself can "breathe" and does not begin to ferment. However, when it is possible to store round bales under a shed, they last longer and less hay is lost to rot and moisture.[16]
A completely wrapped silage bale in Austria.
For animals that eat silage, a bale wrapper may be used to seal a round bale completely and trigger the fermentation process. It is a technique used as a money-saving process by producers who do not have access to a silo, and for producing silage that is transported to other locations. However, a silo is still a preferred method for making silage.[17] In very damp climates, it is a legitimate alternative to drying hay completely and when processed properly, the natural fermentation process prevents mold and rot. Round bale silage is also sometimes called "haylage", and is seen more commonly in Europe than in either the USA or Australia. However, hay stored in this fashion must remain completely sealed in plastic, as any holes or tears can stop the preservation properties of fermentation and lead to spoilage.[18]
Haystacks are stacks of harvested hay, stacked in many different ways, depending upon region of the world, climate, if baled or loose, and so on. Hay requires protection from weather, and is optimally stored inside buildings or other structures, but haystacks are also built in an open field. A fence may be built to enclose a haystack and prevent roaming livestock from eating it,[19][20] or livestock may feed directly from a field-constructed stack as part of their winter feeding.[21]
Loose hay stacking[edit]
Loose stacks are built to prevent accumulation of moisture and promote drying, or curing. In some places, this is accomplished by constructing stacks with a conical or ridged top.[19][22] The exterior may look gray on the surface after weathering, but the inner hay retains traces of its fresh-cut aroma and maintains a faded green tint.[19] They can be covered with thatch,[22][23] or kept within a protective structure. One such structure is a moveable roof supported by four posts, historically called a Dutch roof, hay barrack, or hay cap.[23][24] Haystacks may also be built on top of a foundation laid on the ground to reduce spoilage, in some places made of wood or brush.[19] In other areas, hay is stacked loose, built around a central pole, a tree, or within an area of three or four poles to add stability to the stack.[25][26][27]
One loose hay stacking technique seen in the British isles is to initially stack freshly cut hay into smaller mounds called foot cocks, hay coles, kyles, hayshocks or haycocks, to facilitate initial curing.[19][28] These are sometimes built atop platforms or tripods formed of three poles, used to keep hay off the ground and let air into the center for better drying.[29] The shape causes dew and rain water roll down the sides, allowing the hay within to cure.[19] People who handle the hay may use hayforks or pitchforks to move or pitch the hay in building haycocks and haystacks.[19][30] Construction of tall haystacks is sometimes aided with a ramp, ranging from simple poles to a device for building large loose stacks called a beaverslide.[19][31]
Loose hay stacks and hayracks
Loose stacked hay build around a central pole, supported by side poles in Romania
Hay cocks in a field in Ireland
A beaverslide with a full stack of hay in Montana, USA
Kozolec, a traditional Slovenian hayrack
Safety issues[edit]
Farmer's lung (not to be confused with silo-filler's disease) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or other agricultural products.[32]
Hay baled before it is fully dry can produce enough heat to start a fire. Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If hay is stacked with wet grass, the heat produced can be sufficient to ignite the hay causing a fire. Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid spontaneous combustion, which is a leading cause of haystack fires.[33] Heat is produced by the respiration process, which occurs until the moisture content of drying hay drops below 40%. Hay is considered fully dry when it reaches 20% moisture. Combustion problems typically occur within five days to seven days of baling. A bale cooler than 120 °F (49 °C) is in little danger, bales between 120 and 140 °F (49 and 60 °C) need to be removed from a barn or structure and separated so that they can cool off. If the temperature of a bale exceeds more than 140 °F (60 °C), it can combust.[34]
Due to its weight, hay can cause a number of injuries to humans, particularly those related to lifting and moving bales, as well as risks related to stacking and storing. Hazards include the danger of having a poorly constructed stack collapse, causing either falls to people on the stack or injuries to people on the ground who are struck by falling bales. Large round hay bales present a particular danger to those who handle them, because they can weigh over a thousand pounds and cannot be moved without special equipment. Nonetheless, because they are cylindrical in shape, and thus can roll easily, it is not uncommon for them to fall from stacks or roll off the equipment used to handle them. From 1992 to 1998, 74 farm workers in the United States were killed in large round hay bale accidents, usually when bales were being moved from one location to another, such as when feeding livestock.[35][36]
Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to domesticated grazing herbivores. However, some precautions are needed. Amount must be monitored so that animals do not get too fat or too thin. Supplemental feed may be required for working animals with high energy requirements. Animals who eat spoiled hay may develop a variety of illnesses, from coughs related to dust and mold, to various other illnesses, the most serious of which may be botulism, which can occur if a small animal, such as a rodent or snake, is killed by the baling equipment, then rots inside the bale, causing a toxin to form. Some animals are sensitive to particular fungi or molds that may grow on living plants. For example, an endophytic fungus that sometimes grows on fescue can cause abortion in pregnant mares.[37] Some plants themselves may also be toxic to some animals. For example, Pimelea, a native Australian plant, also known as flax weed, is highly toxic to cattle.[38]
Field of freshly baled round hay bales.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Jones, Steven M.; Russell, Mark, Managing Fescue for Horses FSA3042 (PDF), University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Cattle grazing fescue often develop a chronic, unthrifty condition, especially apparent during the summer months. In addition, some cattle occasionally develop lameness and lose portions of their feet and tails during fall and winter. Some mares grazing fescue have reproductive problems during the last trimester of pregnancy.
2. ^ "Selecting Hay for Horses". Agry.purdue.edu. 1914-06-30. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
3. ^ Schoenian, Susan. "An Introduction to Feeding Small Ruminants". Western Maryland Research & Education Center. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
4. ^ "Information on Feeding sheep".
5. ^ Mike Neary and Keith Johnson (1991). "Stretching Hay Supplies". Indiana Sheep Tales Vol. 2. Purdue University. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
6. ^ Budiansky, Stephen (1997). The Nature of Horses. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82768-9.
7. ^ K. J. Shinners and R.T. Schuler. "Equipment to rake and merge hay and forage". University of Wisconsin-Extension. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
8. ^ "Preventing Haystack Fires" (PDF). Country Fire Authority (CFA) Victoria, Australia. December 2008. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
9. ^ Hires, William G. "Large Round Bales: Management". Publication no. G1955. University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
10. ^ "Certified Organic Requirements".
11. ^ "Heavy metals".
12. ^ "Molybdenum Poisoning: Introduction".
13. ^ "Metal uptake by plants".
14. ^ "Contamination on McElmurray farm from human sewage sludge fertilizer" (PDF).
15. ^ Pleasant, Barbara (2009-07-24). "Milestone Herbicide Creates Killer Compost". Motherearthnews.com. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
16. ^ Rayburn, Edward B. "Round Bale Storage Costs". West Virginia University Extension Service. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
17. ^ "Large Round Bale Silage" (PDF). Penn State Cooperative Extension service. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
18. ^ Karen Spivey and Jackie Nix. "Haylage". North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
19. ^ a b c d e f g h Steven R. Hoffbeck (2000). The Haymakers: A Chronicle of Five Farm Families. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-87351-395-1.
20. ^ Singleton, GR (1985). "A Demographic and Gentic Study of House Mice, Mus musulus, Colonizing Pasture Haystacks on a Cereal Farm". Australian Journal of Zoology 33 (4): 437. doi:10.1071/ZO9850437. ISSN 0004-959X.
21. ^ Ruechel, Julius (2012). "7: Planning for Winter Grazing". Grass-Fed Cattle: How to Produce and Market Natural Beef. Storey Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-60342-587-2.
22. ^ a b "Haystack – Define Haystack at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 26 December 2013.
23. ^ a b Falk, Cynthia (1 May 2012). Barns of New York: Rural Architecture of the Empire State. Cornell University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8014-6445-5.
24. ^ The Farmer's Magazine: A periodical work, exclusively devoted to agriculture and rural affairs 3. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable. 1802. pp. 344–345.
25. ^ Francis, Irv E. (4 August 2005). About Dreams and Memories on the Old Farm. AuthorHouse. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4634-4959-9.
26. ^ Jackson, Mark (10 October 2011). An Intrepid Traveller: Breaking China with the Idiots Abroad. Trafford Publishing. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-1-4269-9488-3.
27. ^ Southern Crops as Grown and Described by Successful Farmers. Cultivator Publishing Company. 1911. pp. 205–206.
28. ^ Scottish Literary Journal: Supplement No. 4, Issues 6-11. Association for Scottish Literary Studies. 1978. p. 24.
29. ^ Tresemer, David Ward (1996). The Scythe Book: Mowing Hay, Cutting Weeds, and Harvesting Small Grains, with Hand Tools. Alan C. Hood. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-911469-14-1.
30. ^ Editors Of Webster's II Dictionaries (2005). Webster's II New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 521. ISBN 0-618-39601-2.
31. ^ Ernst, Lisa; Swaney, Alexandra. "The Beaverslide: Homegrown Haying Technology". Folklife. Montana Arts Council. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
32. ^ Enelow, RI (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 1161–1172. ISBN 0-07-145739-9.
33. ^ "Haystack Fires (Spontaneous Combustion)" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. October 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
34. ^ "Barn Fires: Avoid Hay Bale Combustion." The Horse, online edition. by: Oklahoma State University July 24, 2009, Article # 14589. Accessed June 13, 2010
35. ^ "Hazards Associated with Using Farm Tractors to Move Large Bales". Retrieved September 10, 2004.
36. ^ "JAMA - Fatalities Associated With Large Round Hay Bales—Minnesota, 1994-1996". Retrieved September 10, 2004.
37. ^ Wright, Bob; Kenney, Dan. "Abortion in Horses". Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs.
38. ^ Alice Plate (March 2, 2006). "Toxic Weed Kills Cattle". ABC Rural: Queensland.
External links[edit]
Media related to Hay at Wikimedia Commons |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48289 | Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ruhmkorff inductor
Tombstone of Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff on the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris
Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (Rühmkorff) (January 15, 1803 in Hanover – December 19, 1877 in Paris) was a German instrument maker who commercialised the induction coil (often referred to as the Ruhmkorff coil.)
Ruhmkorff was born in Hanover. He changed the "ü" to "u" in his name when living abroad. After an apprenticeship with a German mechanic, he moved to England. Biographies say that he worked with the inventor Joseph Bramah, but this is unlikely since Bramah died in 1814. He may, though, have worked for the Bramah company. In 1855, he set up a shop in Paris, where he gained a reputation for the high quality of his electrical apparatus.
Although Ruhmkorff is often credited with the invention of the induction coil, it was in fact invented by Nicholas Callan in 1836. Ruhmkorff's first coil, which he patented in 1851, utilized long windings of copper wire to achieve a spark of approximately 2 inches (50 mm) in length. In 1857, after examining a greatly improved version made by an American inventor, Edward Samuel Ritchie,[1][2] Ruhmkorff improved his design (as did other engineers), using glass insulation and other innovations to allow the production of sparks more than 30 centimetres long.[3] Ruhmkorff patented the first version of his induction coil in 1851, and its success was such that in 1858 he was awarded a 50,000-franc prize by Napoleon III for the most important discovery in the application of electricity. He died in Paris in 1877.
Jules Verne's "Ruhmkorff lamp"
The "Ruhmkorff" lamp[edit]
In several of Jules Verne's science-fiction novels,[4] so-called "Ruhmkorff lamps" are mentioned. These were an early form of portable electric lamp. The lamp consisted of a Geissler tube that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil. Initially the lamp generated white light by using a Geissler tube filled with carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide tended to break down. Hence in later lamps, the Geissler tube was filled with nitrogen (which generated red light), and the glass was replaced with glass containing uranium salts (which fluoresced with a green light).[5]
Intended for use by miners, the lamp was actually developed both by Alphonse Dumas, an engineer at the iron mines of Saint-Priest and of Lac, near Privas, in the départment of Ardèche, France, and by Dr. Camille Benoît, a medical doctor in Privas.[6] In 1864, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Dumas and Benoît a prize of 1,000 francs for their invention.[7]
This lamp could be considered as a predecessor of modern fluorescent lanterns, because as in the "Ruhmkorff lamp", portable actual ones use an inverter (oscillator + step-up transformer) to convert low voltage DC current from dry cells or storage batteries to AC or even pulsating current at a voltage high enough as to ionize the fluorescent tube and power it at the required nominal level. This one has no nitrogen nor C02, neither uranium glass; instead a modern fluorescent tube is filled with argon at a very low pressure, along with a few milligrams of mercury. Their electrodes are usually constituted by a triple wounded tungsten wire covered with electron emitting substances, as alkaline metal oxides, that easily gives free electrons to aid to ionizing, striking and sustaining the electric arc. The inner walls of the tube are coated with a thin layer of fluorescent substances that when are excited by the 253,7 nM line of UV radiation from mercury arc, emits visible light, usually in the range of 6500ºK (daylight). The spectral characteristics (coloration) of such a light depends entirely on the chemical nature of those "phosphors".
Modern inverters for portable fluorescent lanterns do not rely on electromechanical and electromagnetic vibrating switching contacts to produce the required current interruptions on primary circuits to provide induced voltages through the secondary winding as occurs in Ruhmkorff coils; instead, the primary circuit of the transformer is switched by means of one or two transistors self oscillating at frequencies of tens or even hundreds of thousand cycles per second which results in smaller and lighter devices having a very good efficiency in lumens/watt for a given battery consumption or a longer battery charge life for a given light flux when compared with incandescent lamps. Additionally, such high frequencies virtually eliminate the stroboscopic effect which is very noticeable in those cases when tubes are powered by means of low frequency alternating or pulsating currents; at the same time the whole device is fully noiseless, unlike true Ruhmkorff coils that make characteristic buzzing noises when in action, even if they are contained in closed casings or boxes. Indeed the principle of modern fluorescent portable lamps or lanterns remains the same as in the Dumas & Benoit original mining electric lamp.
The asteroid 15273 Ruhmkorff, discovered in 1991 by E. W. Elst, is named after Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff.
1. ^ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXIII, May 1895 - May 1896, Boston: University Press, John Wilson and Son (1896), pp. 359-360: Ritchie's most powerful version of his induction coil, using staged windings, achieved electrical bolts two feet (61 cm) or longer in length
3. ^ American Academy, pp. 359-360
4. ^ Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1869).
5. ^ Paolo Brenni (2007) "Uranium glass and its scientific uses," Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, no. 92, pages 34-39; see page 37.
6. ^ See:
7. ^ "Prix dit des arts insalubres", Comptes rendus, 60 : 273 (1865).
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48290 | Indian rupee sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Indian Rupee sign)
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian Rupee symbol.svg
Indian rupee sign
apostrophe '
brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
colon :
comma , ،
dash – — ―
ellipsis ... . . .
exclamation mark !
full stop, period .
hyphen-minus -
question mark ?
quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " "
semicolon ;
slash, stroke, solidus /
Word dividers
interpunct ·
General typography
ampersand &
asterisk *
at sign @
backslash \
caret ^
dagger † ‡
degree °
ditto mark
inverted exclamation mark ¡
inverted question mark ¿
number sign, pound, hash, octothorpe #
numero sign
obelus ÷
ordinal indicator º ª
percent, per mil % ‰
plus and minus + −
basis point
section sign §
tilde ~
underscore, understrike _
vertical bar, pipe, broken bar | ¦
Intellectual property
copyright ©
sound-recording copyright
registered trademark ®
service mark
generic currency symbol ¤
฿¢$ƒ£ ¥
Uncommon typography
index, fist
irony punctuation
reference mark
In other scripts
The Indian rupee sign (sign: ; code: INR) is the currency sign for the Indian rupee, the official currency of India. Designed by D. Udaya Kumar, it was presented to the public by the Government of India on 15 July 2010,[1] following its selection through an “open” competition among Indian residents. The symbol uses U+20B9 indian rupee sign Unicode character. Before its adoption, the most commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or, if the text was in an Indian language, an appropriate abbreviation in that language. The new sign relates solely to the Indian rupee; other countries that use a rupee, such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal, still use the generic U+20A8 rupee sign character.
The design resembles both the Devanagari letter "र" (ra) and the Latin capital letter "R", with a double horizontal line at the top.
Origin of the symbol[edit]
On 5 March 2009, the Indian government announced a contest to create a sign for the Indian rupee.[2][3] During the 2010 Union Budget, president Pranab Mukherjee said that the proposed sign should reflect and capture the Indian ethos and culture.[4] From around 3,331 responses received, five symbols were shortlisted.[5] These were the entries from Nondita Correa-Mehrotra, Hitesh Padmashali, Shibin KK, Shahrukh J. Irani, and D. Udaya Kumar[6][7] and one of them was due to be selected at the Union Council of Ministers of India meeting held on 24 June 2010.[8] However, the decision was deferred at the request of the Finance Minister,[4] and the final decision was made when they met again on 15 July 2010,[1] when they chose the symbol created by Udaya Kumar, Associate Professor IIT Guwahati.[9]
The new sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter "" (ra) and the Latin capital letter "R" without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag.[10] and also depict an equality sign that symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity.[11]
The final selected symbol was designed by D. Udaya Kumar, a Bachelor of Architecture and visual design student at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The thoughts and philosophy behind the design are explained in this presentation.[12]
The Indian rupee sign selection process was challenged in the Delhi High Court,[13] by petitioner Rakesh Kumar, who was a participant in the competition, described the process as “full of discrepancies” and “flawed”, and named the Finance Ministry and the chairman of Indian Rupee Symbol Selection Committee as respondents.[13] On 26 November 2010, the Delhi High Court single bench dismissed the writ petition, stating there was no justifiable ground for the stated allegations.[14]
But later The Hon’ble High Court of Delhi, on 30.01.2013, in W.P. (c) 2449/2012 titled Rakesh Kumar Singh Vs. Union of India (PIL) filed through lawyer Kamal Kumar Pandey, listed before the Division bench of Hon’ble Chief Justice and V.K.Jain J., taking cognizance of and in view of the irregularities and arbitrariness involved in Public Competitions (Indian Rupee, UIDAI, I Mark, Indian railway for Common Wealth, RTI) for designing Symbols/Logos or designing Logos by other methods of important national bodies/institutions, in their historic judgment directed all the ministries of the Government of India to formulate/prepare guidelines to ensure transparency, wider participation of public and also that such guidelines should be of uniform nature and in uniformity with each others.
On April 11, 2013 Finance Ministry formed the guidelines for conducting public competitions for design of symbol/logo.
New two-rupee coin with the Rupee sign.
Upon the symbol’s adoption in July 2010, the Indian government said it would try to adopt the sign within six months in the country and globally within 18 to 24 months.[1]
Various new solutions on how to use the new symbol have been also developed, such as WebRupee providing an API that facilitates the usage of the Rupee symbol over the Web. Additionally, the Ubuntu operating system is the first computer software, out of the box, to support the new rupee symbol.[15]
Major banks have also started printing cheques with the new Indian rupee sign, where the traditional ₨ sign was used. The Indian Postal Department also started printing postage stamps with this new Indian rupee sign, when it issued the Commonwealth Games commemorative stamps on 3 October 2010.[16] In his budget speech on 28 February 2011, the finance minister, Pranab Mukherjee, announced that the sign will be incorporated in future coin issues.[17] Coins of denomination of 1, 2, 5 and 10 with the new rupee symbol have been put into circulation.[18][19] As of January 2012, the new Indian rupee sign has been incorporated in the currency notes in the denominations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000[20][21][22][23] and as of 12 April 2012 this was extended to denominations of 20 and 50.[24]
On 10 August 2010, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the proposed code position U+20B9 indian rupee sign (HTML ₹ · graphic:Indian Rupee symbol.svg).[25] The character has been encoded in the Unicode 6.0, and named distinctly from the existing character U+20A8 rupee sign (HTML ₨), which will continue to be available as the generic rupee sign.[26][27]
Ubuntu became the first operating system to support the Indian rupee symbol by default. Since its 10.10 version it has supported the symbol out of the box,[28] as it was added to the Ubuntu font family by a contributor.[29] Since then, it has been included in various GNU/Linux distributions.
On 18 May 2011, Microsoft released an update KB2496898[30] to Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 operating systems to include support for this new Indian rupee symbol. With the Windows update, it is now possible to use alt code text entry to obtain the Indian Rupee symbol - Alt 8377. On systems running Windows 8, the symbol can be typed using the English (India) keyboard layout with the key combination Alt Gr+4.
Apple Inc. has added support for the rupee symbol with iOS 7. Mac OS X Lion (10.7) also includes the new Indian rupee symbol and can be found in the Character Viewer. As of Mac OS X Mountain Lion (10.8), users using the Devanagari keyboard can enter the new Indian rupee symbol by typing Option/Alt+4 (a combination that yields the Cent symbol on a US keyboard layout).
Sailfish OS also provides the symbol in its default keyboard.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c "Cabinet approves new rupee symbol". Times of India. 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
5. ^ "List of Five Entries which have been selected for Final". Ministry of Finance, Govt of India. Archived from the original on 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
6. ^ "Rupee: Which of the 5 final designs do you like?". Rediff Business. 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
8. ^ "Rupee to get a symbol today!". Money 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
9. ^ IITG Department of Design
10. ^ "Indian Rupee Joins Elite Currency Club". 2010-07-17.
11. ^
12. ^ Ruppe book 3.indd
14. ^ "W.P.(C) No. 7915 of 2010 & CMs 20440-41/2010". Scribd. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
15. ^ Ubuntu 10.10 First OS to Have Indian Rupee Symbol
16. ^ Indian stamp issues 2010
17. ^ Coins with new Rupee symbol soon
18. ^ "Issue of new series of Coins". RBI. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
20. ^ "Issue of ₹10 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol". RBI. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
21. ^ "Issue of ₹ 500 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol". RBI. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
22. ^ "Issue of ₹ 1000 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol". RBI. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
23. ^ "Issue of ₹ 100 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol". RBI. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
24. ^ "RBI to issue Rs 20 and Rs 50 notes with the new rupee symbol". Economic Times. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
25. ^ Michael Everson (2010-07-19). "Proposal to encode the INDIAN RUPEE SIGN in the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-30.
26. ^ Unicode Currency Chart
27. ^ U+20B9: Rupee gets Unicode identity
28. ^ The Ubuntu Font, now with added Rupee
29. ^ The Indian Rupee sign
30. ^ An update to support the new currency symbol for the Indian Rupee
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48291 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Inverarnan.
Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Aora[1]
Scots: Inverera[2]
Inveraray is located in Argyll and Bute
Inveraray shown within Argyll and Bute
OS grid reference NN096085
Council area Argyll and Bute
Lieutenancy area Argyll and Bute
Country Scotland
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town INVERARY
Postcode district PA32
Dialling code 01499
Police Scottish
Fire Scottish
Ambulance Scottish
EU Parliament Scotland
UK Parliament Argyll and Bute
Scottish Parliament Argyll and Bute
List of places
Coordinates: 56°13′52″N 5°04′23″W / 56.231°N 5.073°W / 56.231; -5.073
Inveraray (/ˌɪnvəˈrɛri/ or /ˌɪnvəˈrɛrə/; Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Aora; pronounced [ˈinvɪɾʲ ˈɯːɾə] "mouth of the Aray") is a town in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the western shore of Loch Fyne, near its head, and on the A83 road. It is a former royal burgh, the traditional county town of Argyll, and ancestral home to the Duke of Argyll.
Coat of arms[edit]
The town's coat of arms depicts a net cast out over the ocean, entangled in which are five herrings and the Latin motto "SEMPER TIBI PENDEAT HALEC" (possible English translation: "may a herring always hang to thee").[3][4]
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, in his 1909 book A Complete Guide to Heraldry, notes the following:
There is no doubt of its ancient usage. ...and the blazon of the coat, according to the form it is depicted upon the Corporate seal, would be for the field: "The sea proper, therein a net suspended from the dexter chief and the sinister fess points to the base; and entangled in its meshes five herrings," which is about the most remarkable coat of arms I have ever come across.[5]
Inveraray Castle[edit]
In 1744 the third Duke of Argyll decided to demolish the existing castle and start from scratch with a new building. The castle was 40 years in construction, and the work was largely supervised by the Adam family, still renowned to this day as gifted architects and designers. The end product was not a castle in the traditional sense, but a classic Georgian mansion house on a grand scale, Inveraray Castle.
Over the years the castle has played host to numerous luminaries; Queen Victoria visited it in 1874, and the Royal connection was further cemented when her daughter, Princess Louise, married the heir to the Campbell chieftainship, the Marquis of Lorne, in 1871,[6] illustrating the elevated position of the Argyll family in the social pecking order of the times.
Rebuilding the town[edit]
View from the Tower.
Inveraray, Scotland, Viewed from the B839 on the Eastern side of Loch Fyne, above St. Catherines
Inveraray Bridge on Loch Fyne from Inveraray. The spires of Inveraray Castle can just be seen on the left. The hill behind the bridge is Dun Corr Bhile.
In 1747 William Adam had drawn up plans for the creation of a new Inveraray. By 1770 little had been done, and the fifth Duke set about rebuilding the town in its present form. Some of the work on the rebuilt Inveraray was done by John Adam, the Argyll Hotel on Front Street being his, as well as the Town House. Much of the rest of the town, including the church, was designed and built by the celebrated Edinburgh-born architect Robert Mylne (1733-1811) between 1772 and 1800.[7] The end product was an attractive town which included houses for estate workers, a woollen mill, and a pier to exploit herring fishing, which was to mushroom in later years to play a major role in the town's economy. The finished product is one of the best examples of an 18th-century new town in Scotland, and the vast majority of the properties in the centre of Inveraray are considered worthy of protection because of the town's architectural significance.
Tourist attractions[edit]
In addition to the castle, the Georgian Inveraray Jail in the burgh is now a museum. Other attractions include the Argyll Folk Museum at Auchindrain. The Celtic Inveraray Cross can also been seen in the town. The iron sailing ship Arctic Penguin is moored at the pier, along with the Clyde puffers VIC 72, Vital Spark. The Bell Tower dominates the town, and contains the second-heaviest ring of ten bells in the world.[8] The bell tower is open to the public, and the bells are rung regularly.
Since Scottish Government regulation passed in 2004 mandating bus drivers to take a break every two hours, the town has become a major coach stop, as it is almost exactly two hours away from Glasgow.
In the Fall of 2014, PBS premiered a series, Great Estates of Scotland. Inveraray was featured in one episode, as is the present Duke of Argyll, head of the Campbell clan.[9]
2. ^ Scots Language Centre: Scottish Place Names in Scots
3. ^ "INVERARAY". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
4. ^ "Record: Miniature pig, with Inveraray coat of arms". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
5. ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Dodge. p. 88.
6. ^ Matthew Dennison (July 14, 2011). "Inveraray Castle: home to the Duke of Argyll". The Daily Telegraph.
8. ^ "Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers". Retrieved 2009-07-28.
9. ^ "Great Estates of Scotland, Inveraray". Retrieved 1 March 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48296 | List of state leaders in 1932
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1932.
Australia and Oceania[edit]
North America and the Caribbean[edit]
South America[edit]
1. ^ Egypt only became independent in 1922.
2. ^ In exile between 1936 and 1941.
3. ^ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
4. ^ King of Nejd and Hejaz until 1932.
5. ^ Yemen only became independent in 1918.
6. ^ King Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
7. ^ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
8. ^ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
9. ^ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
10. ^ Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
12. ^ Dávila's title changed from Chairman of the Government Junta to Provisional President on 8 July 1932. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48297 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 54°27′47″N 6°11′13″W / 54.463°N 6.187°W / 54.463; -6.187 Lurganville (historically Lurganavill or Lurganaveel, from Irish: Lorgain a' Mhíl, meaning "long ridge of the hare")[1] is a small village and townland in County Down, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 102 people. It is situated in the Lisburn City Council area. Locally significant buildings include St Colman’s Church, which is a listed building, and the Parochial House.
1. ^ Placenames NI
See also[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48298 | Möbius Dick (Futurama)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Möbius Dick"
Futurama episode
Futurama-Mobius Dick.png
The crew hunts a four-dimensional space whale
Episode no. Season six
Episode 103
Directed by Dwayne Carey-Hill
Written by Dan Vebber
Production code 6ACV15
Original air date August 4, 2011
Opening caption "Featuring Sparky, The invisible elf"
Season six episodes
List of Futurama episodes
"Möbius Dick" is the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of the animated sitcom Futurama, and originally aired August 4, 2011 on Comedy Central.[1] The episode was written by Dan Vebber and directed by Dwayne Carey-Hill. In the episode, the Planet Express crew pass through an area in space known as the Bermuda Tetrahedron, where many other ships passing through the area have mysteriously disappeared, including that of the first Planet Express crew. While exploring the area, a mysterious four-dimensional space whale devours the ship's engine, leaving them stranded in the area. The ship's captain, Leela, becomes obsessed with hunting down the whale.
In June 2011, as part of its "Countdown to Futurama" event, Comedy Central Insider, Comedy Central's news outlet, released three items of promotional material for the episode, including concept art, storyboards and a preview video clip of the episode. "Möbius Dick" received positive reviews from critics, who praised its story and humor.
Professor Farnsworth sends the Planet Express crew to collect a monumental statue of his first crew for a memorial marking the fiftieth anniversary of their disappearance. To save time on the return to Earth after forcing the statue to be recarved to fix a grammar error, Leela travels through the Bermuda Tetrahedron where they find a graveyard of lost spaceships, including the first crew's Planet Express ship. While the crew investigates the ship, a four-dimensional space whale appears and devours the old ship and statue; Zoidberg, the only member of the first crew who returned to Earth, identifies the whale as the one responsible for the first crew's disappearance.
Leela becomes obsessed with killing the whale to take revenge for eating the statue and delaying their return to Earth in time for the memorial, and grows increasingly insane with each failed effort. The whale eventually devours the Planet Express ship and swallows the crew alive (with the exception of Zoidberg, who again returns to Earth in an escape pod). Inside the whale, Leela encounters the captain of the first crew, Lando Tucker, fused to the inside of the whale's belly. Lando explains that the whale feeds on obsession, luring obsessive space captains into the Tetrahedron to feed itself. Leela is fused to the whale's belly like Lando, but her overwhelming obsession with completing her delivery grants her control over the whale, allowing her to bring it to the Planet Express building in time for the memorial. She forces the whale to release everyone and everything it has swallowed, including the statue and the first crew. Despite acknowledging that the space whale is not a monster, as it merely follows its instinct, everyone proceeds to kill the whale out of revenge for swallowing them.
The episode was written by Dan Vebber and directed by Dwayne Carey-Hill. In June 2011, as part of its 2011 "Countdown to Futurama" event, Comedy Central Insider, Comedy Central's news outlet, released three items of promotional material for the episode. On June 1, concept art of the Planet Express ship modified to add sails was released;[2] on June 2, storyboards of Zoidberg crashing into the Planet Express building were released;[3] finally, on June 18, a preview video clip of the episode was released.[4]
Cultural references[edit]
The episode's title is derived from a combination of the Möbius strip and Herman Melville's novel, Moby-Dick. Perhaps citing the latter, repeated comparisons are made between Leela and Captain Ahab of Moby-Dick.[5]
The planet where the crew goes to pick up the memorial statue, Xenotaph 3, is a pun on the word cenotaph and the prefix xeno-.
The spaceship graveyard in the Bermuda Tetrahedron contains many spaceships from popular culture, including Discovery One from 2001: A Space Odyssey, Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 from the television series Lost,[5] the Satellite of Love from the comic science fiction television series Mystery Science Theater 3000,[6] the Jupiter II from the science fiction television series Lost in Space,[7] the spaceship from the animated television series Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space,[5] the spaceship commonly seen on albums by Electric Light Orchestra and Boston, an Apollo Lunar Module with the ascent and descent stages still attached, an Apollo Command/Service Module labeled "Apollo 100", and Skylab. There are also two spaceships named after two popular GPS brands: Garmin and TomTom. The Fourth Doctor from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, as portrayed by Tom Baker, makes a cameo appearance emerging from the body of the four-dimensional space whale near the end of the episode.[6] The Monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey also makes an appearance.
The scene where the crew find and enter the old Planet Express ship (whose crew's fate is unknown) is similar to a scene and the theme of the film Sunshine.
In the scene where Bender is on the lookout nest and sees the space whale emerge from the 4th dimension and exhales (breathing out a shape resembling a Julia set); Bender reports to Leela; "Look, off in the distance, it's exhaling!", Leela commands Bender to use "boaty talk", Bender sighs and rephrases what he says into, "Thar' she blows!", a popular phrase that was used in the Moby-Dick novel.
In the scene where the Planet Express crew are 'present' in the 4th dimension, their words are said forwards in time and backwards. Hermes expresses he can see sideways into time; Amy says "Gee, I see CGI", While Fry uses a palindrome phrase, "Poop. Heh heh"; Bender instead experiences a looping conga line of Benders. Then as the space whale breaks through the 4th dimension, the Benders cascade back into one. Disappointed, Bender sighs in sadness and claims that it was 'the greatest uncountably infinite bunch of guys I ever met'.
In the scene where the Planet Express crew are, in Hermes' words, 'in the belly of the beast', Fry uses a reference of two characters from different books; Jonah, from the Old Testament/Tanakh; and Pinocchio, when he is swallowed by The Terrible Shark. Both characters that have been in the belly of a large whale/fish.
The scene where Leela and the other crew members emerge from the whale's mouth is reminiscent of the final scene in Close Encounters of the Third Kind where the alien abductees emerge from the mothership.
Lando Tucker, the captain of the first Planet Express crew, is likely a reference to Lando Calrissian, former captain of the Millennium Falcon and Charles "Trip" Tucker III, chief engineer of the NX-01 Enterprise. Also, his initials, LT, are the reverse of Leela's, TL.
During the chase for the whale, Leela tells Amy "Negative, Sailor Moon", an obvious reference to the anime series of the same name.
Towards the end of the episode, Inez Wong says, "My days of joy and luck are over. Guess I gotta quit that club." This is a reference to "The Joy Luck Club", a novel by Amy Tan about the mother-daughter relationships in a group of Chinese American Immigrant families. Voice actor Lauren Tom played the role of Lena St. Clair in the film adaptation.
When the ship enters the Bermuda Tetrahedron, Leela mentions "Tickle Me Elmo's Fire", a combination of St. Elmo's fire and Tickle Me Elmo, a popular children's toy from the 1990s.
Right before the episode ends, while the Planet Express crew and others, who have emerged from the space whale, are off screen, apparently killing it, Zoidberg is approached by Candy, who seductively hints at a past relationship; Zoidberg runs a comb through his hair and styles it the same way as The Fonz, and ends the episode with his famous catchphrase, "Aaaay!"
"Möbius Dick" originally aired on August 4, 2011 on Comedy Central. In its original American broadcast, "Möbius Dick" was viewed by an estimated 1.459 million viewers. The episode had a 0.8 share among adults 18-49. The episode was down about 34,000 viewers from the previous week's episode, "All the Presidents' Heads".[8]
The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Robert Canning of IGN praised the episode, calling it a "rollicking tale of adventure and laughs" and enjoying a return to plots involving deliveries, which he felt had been lacking in the new season. Giving the episode a rating of 8.5/10, he wrote: "It delivered a fun space adventure while keeping the laughs coming from every direction. Every character had their moments-- Amy's giraffe hunting flashback, for one-- which kept the entire half hour from getting bogged down with too much of one thing. I'll remember this one like it was interesting."[5] Sean Gandert of Paste was also positive towards the episode, giving the episode an 8.4/10 rating. He felt that the episode was Futurama having "the most sheer fun [it's] had" in its sixth season, attributing this to the episode having the entire Planet Express crew prominently featured in the episode, writing: "...with so many personalities abounding, "Mobius Dick" [sic] didn't have to rely on just one type of humor. It wasn't an episode that made me think or left me moved, but “Mobius Dick” provided the biggest belly laughs I’ve had all season."
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club was generally pleased with "Möbius Dick", giving it a B+ grade, but was more critical of the episode. While praising the episode's humor, he criticized the episode's opening segment for failing to properly set up Leela's role in the episode, writing: "...the focus of the episode is on Leela, and her obsessional nature, and by giving Farnsworth most of the screentime at the start, 'Dick' sacrifices an opportunity to re-establish Leela's intensity, to make it resonate better when she starts hunting down the whale. [...] ...since "Dick" is about Leela, and not about the first crew that went missing, Farnsworth's story comes off as vamping for time." Of the overall episode, he wrote: "The ep[isode] had some structural problems, but there were solid gags throughout, and the plot's basis in character helped hold the weaker jokes together. It's not a classic or anything, but it was solid from start to finish, even if all the pieces didn't fit together quite as snugly as they might have."[6]
1. ^ "Interview: David X Cohen". A. V. Club. June 24, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
2. ^ Tobey, Matt (June 1, 2011). "Countdown to Futurama: Planet Express Ship with Sails". 20th Century Fox. Comedy Central. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
3. ^ Tobey, Matt (June 2, 2011). "Countdown to Futurama: Zoidberg Crash Storyboards". 20th Century Fox. Comedy Central. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
4. ^ Tobey, Matt (June 18, 2011). "Countdown to Futurama: You Have the 'Poon". 20th Century Fox. Comedy Central. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
5. ^ a b c d Canning, Robert (August 5, 2011). "Futurama: "Mobius Dick" Review". IGN. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
6. ^ a b c Handlen, Zach (August 4, 2011). "Mobius Dick". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
7. ^ Marnell, Blair (August 5, 2011). "FUTURAMA 6.21 'Möbius Dick'". Crave Online. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48300 | La Malintzin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Matlalcueitl (volcano))
Jump to: navigation, search
La Malinche
Elevation 4,461 m (14,636 ft)[1]
Prominence 1,920 m (6,300 ft)[2]
Listing Ultra
Matlalcueitl is located in Mexico
Location Tlaxcala / Puebla, Mexico
Range Cordillera Anahuac
Coordinates 19°13′51″N 98°01′55″W / 19.23083°N 98.03194°W / 19.23083; -98.03194Coordinates: 19°13′51″N 98°01′55″W / 19.23083°N 98.03194°W / 19.23083; -98.03194[1]
Type stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
Last eruption 1170 BCE ± 50 years
Easiest route hiking trail
La Malinche mountain, also called Malintzi by the locals, is an inactive stratovolcano which began to form in the middle of the Paleogene period, 30-35 million years ago. Since that time it has grown through eruptions, some violent and some gentle. The last eruption is believed to have occurred 3182 years ago.[1] This volcano is a cone with extensive slopes. At the foot of this mountain are some other summits, like Xaltonele peak, Xalapaxco crater and the 450 metre Cuatlapanga; the latter is a famous summit. At present, La Malinche is apparently quiet, although some "strange noises" have been reported by local residents. On lower slopes are farmlands which grow mostly field "dent" corn and forests which transition from oak to oyamel with increasing elevation. The upper slopes are grasslands. The summit is covered by snow part of the year and is considered to be the coldest location in Tlaxcala. On the lower slopes the climate is mild year round, but rainy during the summer months. The soils consist of crushed volcanic rock and sand with an underlying layer of clay and sand called tepetate at an average depth of about a meter. The dark and porous forest soils were formed from volcanic ash. From La Malinche streams flow in all directions forming small gorges in places which fill and run rapidly when torrential rains occur. At the base of the mountain emerge many springs, some of drinkable water, and others of thermal water heated in the volcano's interior.
La Malinche or Matlalcueitl viewed from the northeast
The park offers a 'resort' area at 3000 m (9800 ft) - "Centro Vacacional Malintzín" - with very comfortable cabins and camping. It is an ideal location to acclimatize and start an ascent of the volcano. There is a basketball and volleyball court, two restaurants, a gift shop and several small shops with basic snacks and drinks. The access road passes the resort area and continues partway up the mountain, switchbacking most of the way. A hiking trail to the summit begins at the resort area, cutting across the road switchbacks for the first section.
The peak is quite high at 4460 m (14635 ft), so anyone from low altitude will notice the effects of altitude including heavier breathing. It is often cold at the top, so proper clothing is recommended. The ascent is challenging but not technical - the trail can be hiked easily to the summit. Fit hikers can reach the summit from the Centro in 3–4 hours, but it's best to plan for 5–6 hours with breaks. It is best to start in the early morning and return well before sunset. The view from the top is breathtaking, and there are several picturesque places to rest on the way up.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c "La Malinche". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
2. ^ "Mexico Ultras". Listed as "Malinche". Note the elevation given here (4,420 m) is used to calculate the prominence of 1,920 m. See also note #9. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
3. ^ Bowles (2012)
Bowles, David (2012). Mexican Bestiary. Donna TX: VAO Publishing. ISBN 978-0615571195.
Castro-Govea, R.; Siebe, C.; Abrams, M. (2001) Recent Eruptive History of La Malinche Volcano, Mexico: Towards the Construction of a Hazards Map, Eos Transactions, AGU, 82(47), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract V42C-1030
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48302 | Moushumi Chatterjee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Moushumi Chatterjee
Moushmi Chatterjee at 3rd Kashish Mumbai International Queer Film Festival (1).jpg
Born Moushmi Chattopadhyaya
(1948-04-26) 26 April 1948 (age 67)
Residence Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation Actress
Years active 1967 – present
Spouse(s) Jayant Mukherjee
Children Megha
Moushumi Chatterjee (26 April 1953; Bengali: মৌসুমি চ্যাটার্জী; Moushumi Chāţārjī) is a Bollywood actress, who has also acted in Bengali cinema. Her on-screen pairings with actors like Rajesh Khanna, Shashi Kapoor, Jeetendra, Sanjeev Kumar and Vinod Mehra was popular. She was the third highest paid Hindi actress in 1973-1984.[1]
Personal life and education[edit]
Moushumi Chatterjee was born in Calcutta. Her father Prantosh Chattopadhyaya was in the Army and her grandfather was a judge.[2] She had a sister and a brother.[3]
She is married to Jayant Mukherjee (son of Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay). They have two daughters, Payal and Megha.[4] She started to act in Bollywood movies after her marriage, which was quite unusual for women during that time.
Career as lead heroine (1967–1984)[edit]
She made her film debut in the Bengali hit Balika Badhu (1967) directed by Tarun Majumdar at the age of 15.[1] In an interview Moushumi Chatterjee quoted, "After Balika Badhu, I was flooded with Bengali movies but I wished to complete my studies. However, movies were in my fate hence when I was studying in class X, a close aunt of mine was on her death bed and her last wish was to see me married. Hence, to satisfy her wish I got married."[1]
Her debut as heroine in the Hindi film Anuraag in 1972 was directed by Shakti Samanta. The film became very successful. She played a blind girl who falls in love, and her performance earned her a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress. Anuraag won the Filmfare Award as Best Picture. About her Hindi film debut, she said in an interview "As my father-in-law was a renowned film celebrity many film personalities used to throng our house. One among them was filmmaker Shakti Samanta who insisted upon me to act in movies. I declined but both my father-in-law and my husband encouraged me thus I got Anuraag."[1] When asked about her first role in Hindi films she said that "[w]hen Shaktida told me that I have to play a blind lady I was taken aback. I honestly told Shaktida that I may not do justice to the role as I have never studied a blind person but Shaktida assured me that he will take me to a blind school and train me ... he insisted to do a small Mahurat shot before. [...] After the shot Shaktida told me that I had given the shot so skillfully that there was no need to visit a blind school!"[1]
In 1973 she played in several films including Naina opposite Shashi Kapoor, Kuchhe Dhaage with Vinod Khanna, and Us Paar with Vinod Mehra. In 1974, she acted with the then-struggling Amitabh Bachchan in the thriller Benaam and opposite Rajesh Khanna in the suspense drama Humshakal. Her most successful film came at the end of 1974, where she played a rape survivor in Manoj Kumar's Roti Kapada Aur Makaan.[5] Her rape sequence is considered one of the most disturbing scenes in Hindi cinema.[according to whom?] Her performance earned her a Filmfare Nomination as Best Supporting Actress.
She was paired romantically with actor Vinod Mehra in 10 films,[2] and the pair worked together in 13 films, including Anuraag, Us-Paar, Raftaar, Umar Qaid, Mazaaq, Zindagi, and Jyoti Bane Jwala. She did Basu Chatterjee's film Manzil (1979). Her Bengali film with Uttam Kumar, Ogu Bodhu Sundari, released in 1981 became successful. In 1982, she did Marathi film (cameo role for song "Tumhi Adkitta Mi Ho Supari") Bhannat Bhanu. In addition to Vinod Mehra, she played with lead actors including Shashi Kapoor, Rajesh Khanna, Jeetendra and Sanjeev Kumar. Her successful films with Rajesh Khanna included Bhola Bhala, Prem Bandhan, and Ghar Parivaar. In 1984, she worked as the lead heroine in three films: Maang Baro Sajna, Ghar Ek Mandir, and Pet Pyaar Aur Paap. In 1985, she played in the Bengali film Pratigna. After 1985, she did not get lead roles regularly in Hindi films.[citation needed]
Career as supporting actress (1985-present)[edit]
From 1985 to 1991, Chatterjee got more offers as a character actress and she made the transition thus to roles of mother and bhabhi (sister-in-law) often pairing with Dharmendra or Sunil Dutt. She played Sunny Deol’s sister-in-law in Ghayal.[6] Occasionally, she got lead roles in films in the 1990s with Ghar Parivaar and Aa Ab Laut Chalen, both opposite Rajesh Khanna, then Santaan, Prateeksha (1993) and Udhaar Ki Zindagi with Jeetendra. Some of her films as supporting actress since 1995 include Keemat: They Are Back (1998), Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999), Na Tum Jaano Na Hum, Hum Kaun Hai? (2004).
In 2006, Moushumi Chatterjee made a comeback to cinema, with Tanuja Chandra’s Zindaggi Rocks. She did the Indo-Canadian production Bollywood/Hollywood in 2003.[2]
Bengali film career[edit]
Her Bengali films as the lead heroine include Balika Badhu (1969), Parineeta (1969), Anindita (1972), Anand Ashram (1977), Ogu Bodhu Sundari (1981), Prarthana (1984), Shatarupa (1989), Kari Diye Kinlam (1989), Bidhilipi (1991) and later as supporting actress were Nater Guru (2003), Bhalobasar Anek Naam (2005), Golapi Ekhon Bilatey (2006), The Japanese Wife (2010) and Goynar Baksho (2013). She sang a song titled "Tomar Duare" in the film Mallick Bari (2009).
Personal life[edit]
She married producer Jayanta Mukherjee, son of music composer and singer Hemant Kumar. They have two daughters, Payal and Megha. She acted in Hindi films after marriage.
Moushumi accepted a dual role in Tanuja Chandra's Zindaggi Rocks (2006) and crossed over to Canada to act in Bollywood/Hollywood (2003). She entered politics in 2004.
• Best Actress award for Balika Badhu (Bengali)
• Best Actress Nominee for Anurag
• Best Supporting Actress Nomination for Roti Kapda Aur Makaan (1974)
• Won,Filmfare Award for Best Actor Supporting Role (Female) – Bengali for Goynar Baksho (2014)
1. Piku (2015)
2. Goynar Baksho (2013)... Pishi (Elder Rashmoni devi)
3. The Japanese Wife (2010) ... Maashi
4. "Zindaggi Rocks" (2006) ... Maus and Mom
5. Hum Kaun Hai? (2004) .... Mrs. Martha Pinto
6. Bollywood/Hollywood (2002) .... Mrs. Seth
7. Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002) .... Mrs. Malhotra
8. Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999) .... Rohan's Mother
9. Keemat – They Are Back (1998) .... Sulakshana Tripathi
10. Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (1998) .... Mrs. Chandrika Bansal
11. Kareeb (1998) .... Neha's Mother
12. Jallaad (1995)
13. Kartavya (1995) .... Sharda Varma
14. Ikke Pe Ikka (1994) .... Kaushalya Devi
15. Udhaar Ki Zindagi (1994).... Janki
16. Santaan (1993) .... Laxmi
17. Prateeksha (1993) .... Laxmi
18. Nishchaiy (1992) .... Renuka Singh
19. Khule-Aam (1992) (as Moushmi Chatterjee) .... Roopa
20. Zulm Ki Hukumat (1992) .... Pitamber's wife
21. Ghayal (1990) .... Indu Mehra
22. Shehzaade (1989) .... Padmini Singh
23. Sikka (1989) .... Laxmi
24. Jung Baaz (1989).... Mrs. Krishna Prasad Saxena
25. Aakhri Baazi (1989) .... Parvati P. Kumar
26. Aakhri Gulam (1989)
27. Agnee (1988) .... Shobha
28. Vijay (1988) .... Rita
29. Param Dharam (1987) .... Savitri
30. Aag Hi Aag (1987) .... Mrs. Ganga Singh
31. Mera Karam Mera Dharam (1987) .... Mala
32. Urbashi (1986)
33. Ghar Ek Mandir (1984)
34. Jawaani (1984) .... Prema Mohan
35. Pet Pyaar Aur Paap (1984)
36. Justice Chaudhury (1983) .... Janki Chaudhary
37. Angoor (1982) .... Sudha A. Tilak
38. Bhannat Bhanu (Marathi film, cameo role for song "Tumhi Adkitta Mi Ho Supari") (1982)
39. Daasi (1981)
40. Itni Si Baat (1981) .... Asha
41. Krodhi (1981) .... Aarti
42. Ogu Bodhu Sundari (1981)
43. Pyaasa Sawan (1981) .... Shanti
44. Do Premee (1980) .... Payal/Parvati Singh Dogra
45. Chambal Ki Kasam (1980)
46. Jyoti Bane Jwala (1980) .... Anu
47. Maang Bharo Sajana (1980) .... Sita Ram Kumar
48. Swayamvar (1980) .... Roopa Bhargav
49. Manzil (1979) .... Aruna Khosla
50. Gautam Govinda (1979) .... Sandhya
51. Prem Bandhan (1979) - Meena Mehra
52. Do Ladke Dono Kadke (1979) .... Rani
53. Bhola Bhala (1978) .... Renu
54. Dil Aur Deewar (1978) .... Saroj
55. Phandebaaz (1978)
56. Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (1978) .... Shanti
57. Swarg Narak (1978) .... Shobha Mohan Kapoor
58. Tumhari Kasam (1978) .... Vidya
59. Ab Kya Hoga (1977) (.... Lady who asked for a cup of Tea
60. Anand Ashram (1977/I) .... Kiran
61. Zindagi (1976) .... Seema (as Moushumi)
62. Jai Bajrang Bali (1976) -- Devi Maa Sita
63. Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976) .... Sunita
64. Anari (1975)
65. Do Jhoot (1975)
66. Mazaaq (1975) .... Moushumi
67. Natak (1975)
68. Raftaar (1975) .... Rani/Rita
69. Umar Qaid (1975)
70. Benaam (1974) .... Sheela Srivastav
71. Badla (1974) .... Kalpana
72. Humshakal (1974) .... Radha/Sita
73. Roti Kapada Aur Makaan (1974) .... Tulsi
74. Us-Paar (1974) .... Kamla (Kamli)
75. Zehreela Insaan (1974)
76. Ghulam Begam Badshah (1973)
77. Kuchhe Dhaage (1973) .... Sona
78. Naina (1973)
79. Anindita (1972)
80. Anuraag (1972) .... Shivani
81. Parineeta (1969) .... Lalita
82. Balika Badhu (1967)
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48305 | Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nickelodeon (Australia))
Jump to: navigation, search
Nickelodeon logo new.svg
Nickelodeon Australia rebranded during Kids Choice Awards 2010.
Launched 23 October 1995[1]
Owned by Foxtel Networks (35%)[2]
MTV Networks Australia (65%)
Picture format 576i (SDTV 16:9)
Audience share 0.4% (February 2010, [3])
Country Australia
Language English
Broadcast area Australia
New Zealand
Replaced Max[4]/Classic Max
Sister channel(s) MTV
MTV Classic
MTV Dance
MTV Hits
MTV Music
Nick Jr.
Foxtel Channel 701
Sky Network Television Channel 101
PBS TV (Fiji) Channel 205
Foxtel Channel 701
Optus TV Channel 701
Vodafone (New Zealand) Channel 101
Foxtel Play Channel 701
FetchTV Channel 146
Streaming media
Foxtel Go Channel 701
Nickelodeon is the Australian counterpart of the Nickelodeon network in the United States. It is operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and MTV Networks Australia.[5]
Nickelodeon was launched on 23 October 1995, replacing the Max and ClassicMax channels, offering live action shows and cartoons.[1] Originally the channel timeshared with Nick at Nite which began at 8 on weekdays and 10 pm on weekends, and ended at 6 am. From 1 July 1998, the channel gained an extra half-hour on weekdays, moving Nick at Nite back to. 8:30 pm.[6] On 2 January 2000, the channel introduced "More Nick", extending its broadcast hours to 10 pm every night of the week.[7][8] Eventually in July/August 2000, Nick at Nite closed and Nickelodeon began broadcasting for 24 hours every day.[9] After that, almost all of Nick at Nite's programming moved to TV1. Nickelodeon was also added to the Optus Television service in December 2002.
Nick logo used 2006 to 2010.
On 14 March 2004, Nick Jr. (Australia) launched as the first full, 24-hour TV channel designed for pre-school audiences in Australia. Before this, Nick Jr. was a morning and afternoon programming block on Nickelodeon, including shows that now get much more airtime on the full channel, such as Dora the Explorer and Blue's Clues. For a few months after Nick Jr. became a full channel, it kept a 2-hour-long time slot on Nickelodeon, but it was drastically shorter than it was before it became a full channel. Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. began broadcasting in Widescreen on 2 March 2009.
During Kids Choice Awards 2010 Nickelodeon Australia rebranded the network with the new one using completey different bumpers than America's channel however the iCarly bumper with slime has been used in most advertisement breaks. The Nick Shack rebranded much earlier before the channel itself.[10] On 1 December 2010, Nickelodeon Australia launched in New Zealand, replacing Nickelodeon New Zealand.[11] On 30 July 2013, Nickelodeon Australia became available on the newly launched Australian IPTV service Foxtel Play, making it one of the first channels to be available via the service.[12]
On 3 December 2013, Nickelodeon Australia became available on Foxtel's streaming service Foxtel Go.[13] On 22 December 2013, Nickelodeon Australia suffered a major programming outage. Regular programming was abandoned after a flurry of technical issues and instead played an endless loop of SpongeBob SquarePants. Regular programming was restored after 10 hours. On 1 January 2014, Nickelodeon Australia launched on Australian IPTV provider FetchTV.[14][15]
Nickelodeon Australia mainly airs shows from the American Nickelodeon such as Spongebob SquarePants, iCarly, Victorious, the Thundermans, Henry Danger and so on, but also broadcasts a variety of non-American foreign (namely Canadian, British, and New Zealand) and locally produced shows, some of which are detailed below. Other locally produced shows not included below are Nick Takes Over Your School, as well as an Australian version of Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids (Nick GAS). There are several local productions. Hot Chunks starring Angus King as a variety of characters.,[16] Camp Orange launched in 2005 and was hosted by Dave Lawson. The adventure camp reality series features teams of kids competing in the great outdoors, using their wits to win prizes. The second, third, fourth seasons aired in 2006, 2007, and 2008 respectively. Camp Orange was hosted by Maude Garrett from 2006 onwards. In 2009, the highly successful fifth series, Camp Orange: The Final Frontier, brought a positive element into the competition by advising teams to "play nice" to be voted for the title of "Champ Orange" by their teammates. The latest version of Camp Orange has been Camp Orange: Spill Seekers. Juice is another weekday morning show. It shows popular Nicktoons between 7 am and 9 am such as SpongeBob SquarePants and The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius. Although the show was originally hosted, it no longer features a host.
Kids' Choice Awards[edit]
Programming blocks[edit]
Nick at Nite[edit]
Main article: Sarvo
Weekend Mornings[edit]
Saturday Nick Television[edit]
Saturday Nick Television was a morning show that was launched in 2002 with the help of Britney Spears. This show was shot in Melbourne and involved games in which the live audience could participate in, celebrity interviews, performances, skits and more. Nickelodeon cancelled the show in 2005 due to a lack of audience numbers.
Nickelodeon also plays classic Nick shows such as Rocko's Modern Life and Aaahh!!! Real Monsters in the late night hours. It was originally named Classics, however it has since been rebranded Toons2Nite.
Other projects[edit]
Nick Takes Over Your Beach[edit]
Over the summers of 1995/1996, 1998/1999,1999/2000 and 2004, Nickelodeon toured Australian beaches, setting up games and activities.[18][19][20]
Nickelodeon Magazine Australia[edit]
The Australian Nickelodeon Magazine was a monthly magazine available in most newsagents and supermarkets between September 2005 and May 2006. The American version of the magazine was sold in some Australian newsagents and supermarkets from 1995, coinciding with the opening of Australian pay TV providers Galaxy (Australian television) in January and Foxtel in October 1995. The Australian version was created in 2005. In total, six issues of the Australian "Nickelodeon Magazine" were published before being dropped by Australian Consolidated Press. It was edited by former Australian Disney Adventures contributor, Santi Pintado. The Australian Nickelodeon Magazine content was borrowed heavily from its American counterpart, Nickelodeon Magazine. The first copy of the magazine was handed out free at the 2005 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards.
You're on Nick[edit]
Slimefest is the world's only slime-filled annual music festival for kids. Launching in Sydney in September 2012, the first line up included Jessica Mauboy, Stan Walker, Justice Crew, Guy Sebastian, Reece Mastin, Johhny Ruffo and Christina Parie.
• Luke & Wyatt (Luke Ryan and Wyatt Nixon-Lloyd) (2010–present): Camp Orange
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ a b Oliver, Robin (23 October 1995). "Cartoon Pump-out". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 2. Retrieved 27 November 2010. |chapter= ignored (help)
3. ^ Ratings Week 6 (31/01/2010 – 06/02/2010)
4. ^ "Viacom Switches Pay-TV Partners". The Asian Wall Street Journal. 25 September 1995. p. 30. |chapter= ignored (help)
5. ^ Meza, Ed; Chai, Paul (2 May 2006). "MTV slots execs for Oz, Germany; Sibley, Michel tapped as managing directors". Daily Variety. Retrieved 10 July 2010. |chapter= ignored (help)
6. ^ Nickelodeon (Australia) (1998). Nick Nooze 1. Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. ^ Everton, Denise (31 December 1999). "First-footing down memory lane". Illawarra Mercury (Fairfax Media). p. 43. Retrieved 19 December 2009. From Sunday, January 2, Nickelodeon Australia will extend viewing hours from 8.30 pm to 10 pm seven days a week, taking its total to 16 hours per day.
8. ^ Nick Nooze (Nickelodeon (Australia)). Autumn. 2000. Missing or empty |title= (help)
9. ^ Nick Nooze (Nickelodeon (Australia)). Winter. 2000. Missing or empty |title= (help)
11. ^ "Nick Junior To Launch on Sky in New Zealand" (Press release). MTV Networks Asia Pacific. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
17. ^ Rugrats Down Under
18. ^ "Nick Takes Over Your Beach". Nick Nooze (Nickelodeon (Australia)) 3: p. 4. 1998.
19. ^ Nick Nooze (Nickelodeon (Australia)). Summer. 1999. Missing or empty |title= (help)
20. ^ "Sydney's Hotlist". Sydney Morning Herald. 9 February 1996. p. 3. Retrieved 27 November 2010. |chapter= ignored (help) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48306 | Palestinian Scout Association
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Palestinian Scout Association
Palestinian Scout Association.png
اتحاد الكشافة الفلسطيني
Country Palestinian territories
Membership 18,738
Affiliation World Organization of the Scout Movement
Scouting portal
Christian Palestinian Scouts on Christmas Eve in front of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
The Scout movement in Palestine started in 1912. The Palestinian Scout Association (Arabic: اتحاد الكشافة الفلسطيني) was recognized by the World Scout Bureau in 1945. However, recognition was withdrawn in 1949. Official recognition was restored by the World Scout Conference in 1996, and the Palestinian Scout Association serves youth throughout the State of Palestine. The headquarters are in Ramallah in the West Bank, and the International Commissioner is Dr. Fayeq H. Tahboub.
In 1948, thousands of Palestinians fled or were driven from their homes and formed a Palestinian Scout Association in exile. This association was refused membership in the World Organization, but Scouting continued nonetheless. WOSM recognition of Scout movements is possible only when Scouting is active and operating within the borders of its own national state and that state having a seat in the United Nations.
Program and ideals[edit]
There are 18,738 registered members in the Palestinian Scout Association.[1] 35% belong to school groups, and the rest to open or religious groups, predominantly Muslim and Christian.
The Scout Motto is Kun Musta'idan or كن مستعدًا, translating as Be Prepared in Arabic. The noun for a single Scout is kaššaf or كشاف in Arabic.
The emblem of the Palestinian Scout Association incorporates elements of the coat of arms of Palestine.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ "Triennal review: Census as at 1 December 2010" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Retrieved 2011-01-13. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48307 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Parke-Davis Research Laboratories)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the American football personality, see Parke H. Davis.
Parke Davis Administration Building in 1943
Parke-Davis is a subsidiary of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. Although no longer an independent corporation, it was once America's oldest and largest drug maker,[1] and played an important role in medical history.
Parke-Davis was acquired by Warner-Lambert in 1970, which in turn was bought by Pfizer in 2000.
Former Parke-Davis Research Laboratory on the Detroit River (now in use by Omni Hotels as a hotel)
Hervey C. Parke
Building on the Parke-Davis Plant campus in Detroit
Parke-Davis and Company was founded in Detroit, Michigan by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield, a physician and pharmacist. in 1860 Dr. Duffield owned a small drugstore at the corner of Gratiot and Woodward Avenues. Dr. Duffield made a variety of pharmaceutical preparations, including Hoffman’s anodyne and mercurial ointment, but was overwhelmed by the operations of the business. [2]
A partnership of Dr. Duffield and Hervey Coke Parke was formed in October 1866, with George S. Davis becoming a third partner in 1867. Parke was a businessman looking for business opportunities and Davis an ambitious man with skills in sales.[2] Duffield withdrew in 1869 because of poor health and an interest in practicing medicine. The name Parke, Davis & Company was formally adopted in 1871, being incorporated in 1875.[citation needed]
In 1871 the company sent expeditions to Central and South America and the West Indies in search of medicinal plants. The company produced an herbal laxative drug Cascara found from Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest.[2]
It was once the world's largest pharmaceutical company, and is credited with building the first modern pharmaceutical laboratory and developing the first systematic methods of performing clinical trials of new medications. The Parke-Davis Research Laboratory is a National Historic Landmark; the surrounding Parke-Davis and Company Pharmaceutical Company Plant is on the National Register of Historic Places.
The production facility on Parkdale Road in what was then Avon Township MI (site now in Rochester MI) was also a landmark in that vicinity, and is now used by PAR Pharmaceuticals.
Parke-Davis was acquired by Warner-Lambert in 1970. Warner-Lambert was bought by Pfizer in 2000.[citation needed]
In the case of Franklin v. Parke-Davis (2002) the company was accused of illegal marketing practices, including the promotion of off-label uses of its anticonvulsant medication Neurontin.[3] The drug had only been approved for use in patients with epilepsy, but in 2001 over 80% of its $1.8 billion in sales were for indications unapproved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. In 2004, Pfizer "admitted that Parke-Davis aggressively marketed Neurontin by illicit means for unrelated conditions including bipolar disorder, pain, migraine headaches, and drug and alcohol withdrawal", and consented to $430 million in penalties although it claimed the violations originated in 1996, well before Pfizer's acquisition of Warner-Lambert.[4]
As announced on January 22, 2007, Pfizer closed its research facilities in Ann Arbor, MI.[5]
One of Parke-Davis' early products was an amylase isolated from Aspergillus oryzae by Dr. Jokichi Takamine.[6] The enzyme was originally intended for use in distilleries, but was more successfully marketed as "Taka-diastase" for dyspepsia.
In addition, Parke-Davis distributed Coley's toxins, the first cancer vaccine, which was developed by William Coley to treat osteosarcoma. In addition, the company entered into a distribution agreement with the Inoculation Department of St Mary's (London) and distributed a number of vaccines for infectious diseases and even acne and cancer.[7]
Another of the company's products developed by Takamine was a pure form of adrenaline. The compound was patented in 1900 and trademarked as "Adrenalin". Because of the similarity of this name to "Adrenaline", the use of the alternative name "epinephrine" for generics was mandated in the United States and is used to this day. Parke-Davis filed a lawsuit against H. K. Mulford Company alleging infringement of its Adrenalin patents. The ruling in favor of Parke-Davis by judge Learned Hand is considered crucial to modern patent law.
Like Bayer with heroin; before the criminalization of cocaine, the drug was sold by Parke-Davis in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user’s veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and ... render the sufferer insensitive to pain." In October 1915, Aleister Crowley, author of Diary of a Drug Fiend and The Confessions of Aleister Crowley, stopped by Parke-Davis in Detroit, where, according to Crowley, the cooperation was complete. "[They] were kind enough to interest themselves in my researches in Anhalonium lewinii (peyote) and made me some special preparations on the lines indicated by my experience which proved greatly superior to previous preparations."[8] Parke-Davis also was the original manufacturer and patent holder of phencyclidine (PCP) which is currently listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States. They also developed Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride), a general anesthetic and dissociative drug, in 1962.
Parke-Davis marketed the first widely available epilepsy treatment, Dilantin, which was approved in 1939, although it discovered neither the compound nor the application on its own.[9]
In partnership with the Japanese firm Daiichi Sankyo Co. and the British firm Glaxo Wellcome, Parke-Davis developed and marketed the anti-diabetic drug Rezulin (troglitazone) in the late 1990s. The drug was withdrawn in 2000 because of liver toxicity.
The first bacterial vaccine was developed by Parke-Davis, and the company was thus known as a pioneer in the field of Vaccinology. It was also among the five firms contracted to manufacture the original Salk killed-virus vaccine.[10] A combination of the DPT and polio vaccines, called Quadrigen, was developed in 1954 and approved in 1959. Quadrigen was later removed from the market in 1968 after a series of lawsuits pertaining to adverse effects in vaccinated children. Parke-Davis also produced the broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol, which was a blockbuster product before discovery of its association with aplastic anemia.
Other products popularized by the company included anti-infectives and brands of combined oral contraceptive pills.
1. ^ Exploring Our History: 2000 - Pfizer acquires Warner-Lambert. from Pfizer corporate website. Accessed May 19, 2006.
2. ^ a b c Hoefle, Milton L. (2000). "THE EARLY HISTORY OF PARKE-DAVIS AND COMPANY" (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 25 (1).
3. ^ Suit: Neurontin Marketed Illegally for Bipolar Disorder. May 16, 2004.
4. ^ Huge penalty in drug fraud Pfizer settles felony case in Neurontin off-label promotion. San Francisco Chronicle. Friday, May 14, 2004.
5. ^ At Pfizer, Brutal Cuts And Big Changes
6. ^ Bennett, Joan and Yamomoto, Yutaka. Dr. Jokichi Takamine: Japanese father of American Biotechnology. Deerland Enzymes.
7. ^ Kevin Brown (December 2005). Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution. The History Press. ISBN 978-0750931533.
8. ^ Sutin, Lawrence (2000). Do What Thou Wilt: a life of Aleister Crowley. Macmillan. p. 253. ISBN 978-0312252434.
9. ^ A Flaw in the System. Accessed May 16, 2006.
10. ^ Bayly, M. Beddow. The Story of the Salk Anti-Poliomyelitis Vaccine. 1956.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48308 | Patent claim
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In a patent or patent application, the claims define, in technical terms, the extent, i.e. the scope, of the protection conferred by a patent, or the protection sought in a patent application. In other words, the purpose of the claims is to define which subject-matter is protected by the patent (or sought to be protected by the patent application). This is termed the "notice function" of a patent claim--to warn others of what they must not do if they are to avoid infringement liability.[1] The claims are of the utmost importance both during prosecution and litigation alike.
For instance, a claim could read:
In most jurisdictions, a patent is a right to exclude others from making, using, importing, selling or offering for sale the subject matter defined by the claims when the claim is for a thing (apparatus, composition of matter, system, etc.). If a claim is for a method, the right to exclude would be to exclude any single party from carrying out all the steps of the claim. In order to exclude someone from using a patented invention, the patent owner, or patentee, needs to demonstrate in a court proceeding that what the other person is using falls within the scope of a claim of the patent; therefore, it is more valuable to obtain claims that include the minimal set of limitations that differentiate an invention over what came before (i.e., the so-called prior art). But the fewer the limitations in a claim, the more likely it is that the claim will cover, or "read on," what came before and be rejected during examination or found to be invalid at a later time for lack of novelty or obviousness.
Patents have not always contained claims. In many European countries, patents did not contain claims before the 1970s. It was then often difficult to decide whether a product infringed a patent, since the sole basis to know the extent of protection was the description, in view of the prior art. Claims have been necessary parts of U.S. patent applications since the enactment of the Patent Act of 1836.[2]
• the "central claiming system", according to which the claims identify the "centre" of the patented invention. The exact scope of the protection depends on the actual nature of the inventor’s contribution to the art in the concerned technology.
No patent system today is a purely either central or peripheral, but the system used in Germany and most of the other countries of continental Europe is considered more central than the system currently used in the United Kingdom, the United States, and especially Japan, which are more peripheral.[3] In recent years,[vague] Japan's system has become more peripheral,[4] while the system used in the United States was becoming more central because of the increasing resort in US patent litigation to the doctrine of equivalents to expand claim scope unpredictably,[5] until the US Supreme Court reversed that trend in the Warner-Jenkinson case in 1997.[6]
Requirements and structure[edit]
European Patent Convention[edit]
Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), a claim must define the matter for which the protection is sought in terms of technical features.[8] These technical features can be either structural (e.g. a nail, a rivet) or functional (e.g. fastening means).[9]
Regarding the structure of a claim, under the European Patent Convention, what is called the "preamble" is different from the meaning the "preamble" has under U.S. patent law. In an independent claim in Europe, the preamble is everything which precedes the expression "characterized in that" or "characterized by" in a claim written according to the so-called "two-part form", and therefore everything which is regarded as known in combination within one prior art document, namely the closest prior art document.[10] For this reason, in Europe, the preamble of a claim is sometimes also called "pre-characterizing portion".[11]
United States[edit]
A claim may include the following parts:
• A "transitional" phrase that characterizes the elements that follow. The phrases "comprising", "containing" and "including" are most often used and (under some patent laws, specifically US) preferable, as it means "having at least the following elements..." and are therefore open (inclusive) and do not exclude additional limitations. The phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are (under some patent laws, specifically US) more limiting, as they mean "having all and only" or "virtually only" and are therefore closed (exclusive). In the US, the phrase "consisting of" excludes additional limitations, while the phrase "consisting essentially of" excludes additional limitations that would "materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention".[12]
• A set of "limitations" that together describe the invention: "an X, a Y, and a Z connected to the X and the Y." The elements should be described as though they interact or cooperate to achieve the desired result.[13] The distinction between elements and limitations is explained in the article All elements test.
• Optionally, a purpose clause that further describes the overall operation of the invention, or the goal that the invention achieves ("wherein the Z simultaneously controls the X and Y," or "wherein the Z accomplishes purpose W by controlling X and Y," etc.). "Wherein" clauses limit the scope of the claim.[14] Other forms of purpose language are "whereby" and "thereby" clauses, similar to the "wherein" clauses just described,[15] and statements of intended use in a claim preamble (depending on facts of case, preamble may or may not limit claim scope; in this case it was the "essence of the invention").[15]
Interpretation or claim construction[edit]
The claims often use precise language. Certain words commonly used in claims have specific legal meanings determined by one or more court decisions. These meanings may be different from common usage. For instance, the word "comprises", when used in the claims of a United States patent, means "consists at least of". By contrast, the word "consists" means "consists only of", which will lead to a very different scope of protection.
Furthermore, in U.S. patent practice at least, inventors may "act as their own lexicographer" in a patent application. That means that an inventor may give a common word or phrase a meaning that is very specific and different from the normal definition of said word or phrase. Thus a claim must be interpreted in light of the definitions provided in the specification of a patent. The specification of a patent is a written description of how to make and use the invention (see also: sufficiency of disclosure). In U.S. law, a claim is interpreted in a Markman hearing. The Public Patent Foundation has constructed Free Claim Construction Dictionaries.
Basic types and categories[edit]
There are two basic types of claims:
• the independent claims, which stand on their own, and
The expressions "in one embodiment", "in a preferred embodiment", "in a particular embodiment", "in an advantageous embodiment" or the like often appear in the description of patent applications and are used to introduce a particular implementation or method of carrying out the invention.[17] These various embodiments may or may not each be claimed with specificity. They might serve as multiple examples of a more general "genus" that is claimed. In some cases the examiner might declare that what the applicant presented as variations of one invention are actually separate inventions that need to be examined individually.
An independent ("stand alone") claim does not refer to an earlier claim, whereas a dependent claim does refer to an earlier claim, assumes all of the limitations of that claim and then adds restrictions (e.g. "The handle of claim 2 where it is hinged.") Each dependent claim is, by law, more narrow than the independent claim upon which it depends. Although this results in coverage more narrow than provided by the independent claim upon which the second claim depends, it is additional coverage, and there are many advantages to the patent applicant in submitting and obtaining a full suite of dependent claims:
• Clarification of the independent claim language: Independent claims are typically written with very broad terms, to avoid permitting competitors to circumvent the claim by altering some aspect of the basic design. But when a broad wording is used, it may raise a question as to the scope of the term itself. For example, does a "base" include a "set of legs"? A dependent claim, including the phrase, "wherein said base comprises a set of legs," if allowed by the patent examiner, clarifies that the word base in the independent claim does not necessarily include legs. This is by the logic of claim differentiation. In the U.S, at least, each claim in an issued patent is presumed to cover different territory than any other claim. If in claim 2 the base must include legs, then the wording of claim 1 must not be taken as requiring the base to include legs. In practice, dependent claims are often used to home in on the inventor's preferred embodiment of the invention (e.g., the actual product design that the inventor intends to use.) The independent claim broadly describes the invention; dependent claim #1 describes the invention in a narrower aspect that more specifically describes the preferred embodiment; dependent claim #2 is narrower still; etc.
• Possible invalidity of base claim: It is impossible to know, when beginning the application process and even at the time of patent issuance, if a patent claim is valid. This is because any publication dated before the application's priority date and published anywhere in any language can invalidate the claim (excluding publications by the inventor published during the grace period in certain countries such as U.S., Canada and Japan). Furthermore, even applications that were not yet published at the time of filling, but have a priority date prior to the priority date of the application, can also invalidate the claim. As it is impossible to gain an absolute and complete knowledge of every publication on earth, not to mention unpublished patent applications, there is always some degree of uncertainty. If the independent claim is determined to be invalid, however, a dependent claim may nevertheless survive, and may still be broad enough to bar competitors from valuable commercial territory.
• Claim differentiation: In United States patent law, under the doctrine of claim differentiation, each claim is presumed to cover a different aspect of the invention than in each other claim. This doctrine may be relied upon to help maintain broad claim scope in the case where a claim standing alone might be construed as having either a broad or a narrow interpretation. If a dependent claim is added that depends from this "parent" claim but is specifically drawn to the narrower interpretation, then the parent claim must necessarily be different - i.e., it must be the broader interpretation.[citation needed] As construed in the courts, the doctrine of claim differentiation dictates that it "is improper for courts to read into an independent claim a limitation explicitly set forth in another claim."Environmental Designs Ltd. v. Union Oil Co. of California, 713 F.2d 693, 699 (Fed. Cir. 1984). This means that if an independent claim recites a chair with a plurality of legs, and a dependent claim depending from the independent recites a chair with 4 legs, the independent claim is not limited to what is recited in the dependent claim. The dependent claim protects chairs with 4 legs, and the independent claim protects chairs with 4 legs as well as chairs having 2, 3, 5 or more legs.
The rules of claim drafting also permit "multiple dependent claims" that reference more than one other claim, e.g.: "3. Method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising..." The rules for this are quite specific: specific claims must be referenced ("the method of any of these other claims" is incorrect); the claims must be referenced in the alternative ("the method of claims 1 and 2" is incorrect); etc. While still acceptable, this claim style is seldom used in the U.S. because it is counted for filing fee purposes according to the number of claims that it references. Thus, if the claim depends from three former claims, it is counted for fee purposes as three dependent claims. In light of the "excess claim" fees currently imposed by the USPTO, this tactic can quickly become expensive. Multiple dependent claims are, however, very commonly used in other jurisdictions, including Canada[citation needed] and Europe.[19][20]
Special types of claims[edit]
In addition to the above basic claim types, there are also many special types of claim which are used in different circumstances. Sometimes a particular claim form is required by law if a patent is to be granted for a particular invention, such as for a second medical use of a known substance where the "Swiss-type" claim might be required. Another reason to use a particular claim might be to catch a particular class of infringer.
See also[edit]
1. ^ See, e.g., PSC Computer Prods., Inc. v. Foxconn Int’l, Inc., 355 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ("One important purpose of the written description is to provide notice to the public as to the subject matter of the patent, while the claim provides notice as to the scope of the invention."). See also Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc., 572 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2120 (2014) ("To tolerate imprecision just short of that rendering a claim 'insolubly ambiguous' would diminish the definiteness requirement’s public-notice function and foster the innovation-discouraging 'zone of uncertainty' [citation omitted] against which this Court has warned."); McClain v. Ortmayer, 141 U.S. 419, 424 (1891) (a patent claim must be precise and clear enough to give the public clear notice of what is claimed, thereby "appris[ing] the public of what is still open to them").
3. ^ Peter Groves, A Dictionary of Intellectual Property Law, ISBN 1849807779, p. 51.
5. ^ See Dennis Crouch, Doctrine of Equivalents: What Elements Are you Narrowing?, Patently-O (Sept. 30, 2014) ("In a prior generation patentees could typically get to a jury with an allegation of infringement doctrine of equivalents. However, the court has simultaneously tightened the rules for DOE infringement and loosened the rules summary judgment — result being that infringement under the doctrine of equivalents is now regularly a summary judgment issue."); Ray D. Weston, A Comparative Analysis of the Doctrine of Equivalents: Can European Approaches Solve an American Dilemma?, 39 J.L. & Tech. 35, 35-36 (1998) ("One perceived source of uncertainty and unpredictability in patent law is the doctrine of equivalents. Originally intended to provide inventors with a fair scope of protection for their patents, it has become a powerful means of extending a patent's scope, often in unpredictable ways.").
7. ^ See for instance Article 11(1) PCT.
8. ^ Article 84 EPC, Rule 43(1) EPC
9. ^ Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section f.iv.2.1 : "Technical features."
11. ^ See for instance "The pre-characterising portion of the claim is based on..." in Decision T 0443/11 of 30 January 2012, item 2.1.
12. ^ USPTO MPEP 2111.03
13. ^ Google Books Jeffrey G. Sheldon, How To Write a Patent Application sec. (1992); see American Choc. Mach. Co. v. Helmstetter, 142 Fed. 978, 980 (2d Cir. 1905) ("The distinction between a combination and an aggregation lies in the presence or absence of mutuality of action. To constitute a combination it is essential that there should be some joint operation performed by its elements, producing a result due to their joint and co-operating action, while in an aggregation there is a mere adding together of separate contributions, each operating independently of the other. Defendant's machine comprises merely an aggregation of two devices. There is no mechanical or functional mutuality of operation. It is not a combination because there is no co-operation between the coating and jarring mechanisms, because the two devices do not unitedly perform their functions, and because they are not necessarily combined in one machine, and do not act together to secure the final result.") (citations omitted).
14. ^ See In re Roemer, 258 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (holding claim 33 patentable because of a "wherein" clause).
15. ^ a b See, e.g., Griffin v. Bertina, 285 F.3d 1029, 1033-34 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (distinguishing "whereby" and "wherein" clauses, and explaining that whether they express limits on the scope of a claim is fact specific).
16. ^ UK House of Lords, Kirin-Amgen Inc & Ors v Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd & Ors [2004] UKHL 46 (21 October 2004) (paragraph 32)
17. ^ "embodiment = a specific, disclosed example of how an inventive concept, that is more generally stated elsewhere in the disclosure, can be put into practice." in WIPO, International patent classification (Version 2009), Guide, page 33.
18. ^ "MPEP 608.01(n) Dependent Claims, Part II". USPTO.
19. ^ Rule 43(4) EPC
20. ^ Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section f.iv.3.4 : "Independent and dependent claims": "(...) a dependent claim may refer back to one or more independent claims, to one or more dependent claims, or to both independent and dependent claims."
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48309 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Pliocene epoch)
Jump to: navigation, search
Age (Ma)
Quaternary Pleistocene Gelasian younger
Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian 3.600–2.58
Zanclean 5.333–3.600
Miocene Messinian 7.246–5.333
Tortonian 11.62–7.246
Serravallian 13.82–11.62
Langhian 15.97–13.82
Burdigalian 20.44–15.97
Aquitanian 23.03–20.44
Paleogene Oligocene Chattian older
Subdivision of the Neogene Period
according to the IUGS, [v2014/02].
The Pliocene (/ˈplɵsn/; also Pleiocene) Epoch (symbol PO[1]) is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58[2] million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the 4 most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian stage, which lasted from 2.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene.[3]
As with other older geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pliocene. The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations.
The Pliocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. The name comes from the Greek words πλεῖον (pleion, "more") and καινός (kainos, "new")[4] and means roughly "continuation of the recent", referring to the essentially modern marine mollusc faunas. H.W. Fowler called the term (along with other examples such as pleistocene and miocene) a "regrettable barbarism" and an indication that even "a good classical scholar" such as Lyell should have requested a philologist's help when coining words.[5]
In the official timescale of the ICS, the Pliocene is subdivided into two stages. From youngest to oldest they are:
The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the Early Pliocene.
In the system of
In the Paratethys area (central Europe and parts of western Asia) the Pliocene contains the Dacian (roughly equal to the Zanclean) and Romanian (roughly equal to the Piacenzian and Gelasian together) stages. As usual in stratigraphy, there are many other regional and local subdivisions in use.
In Britain the Pliocene is divided into the following stages (old to young): Gedgravian, Waltonian, Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian or Antian, Pre-Pastonian or Baventian, Pastonian and Beestonian. In the Netherlands the Pliocene is divided into these stages (old to young): Brunssumian C, Reuverian A, Reuverian B, Reuverian C, Praetiglian, Tiglian A, Tiglian B, Tiglian C1-4b, Tiglian C4c, Tiglian C5, Tiglian C6 and Eburonian. The exact correlations between these local stages and the ICS stages is still a matter of detail.[6]
Main article: Pliocene climate
Mid-Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly
The global average temperature in the mid-Pliocene (3.3–3 mya) was 2–3 °C higher than today,[7] global sea level 25 m higher[8] and the Northern hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma.[9] The formation of an Arctic ice cap is signaled by an abrupt shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic and North Pacific ocean beds.[10] Mid-latitude glaciation was probably underway before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas.[11]
Examples of migrant species in the Americas after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Olive green silhouettes denote North American species with South American ancestors; blue silhouettes denote South American species of North American origin.
Continents continued to drift, moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations. South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, making possible the Great American Interchange and bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive large marsupial predator and native ungulate faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean.
Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. The border between the Miocene and the Pliocene is also the time of the Messinian salinity crisis.
Pliocene marine rocks are well exposed in the Mediterranean, India, and China. Elsewhere, they are exposed largely near shores.
The change to a cooler, dry, seasonal climate had considerable impacts on Pliocene vegetation, reducing tropical species worldwide. Deciduous forests proliferated, coniferous forests and tundra covered much of the north, and grasslands spread on all continents (except Antarctica). Tropical forests were limited to a tight band around the equator, and in addition to dry savannahs, deserts appeared in Asia and Africa.
Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern, although continental faunas were a bit more primitive than today. The first recognizable hominins, the australopithecines, appeared in the Pliocene.
The land mass collisions meant great migration and mixing of previously isolated species, such as in the Great American Interchange. Herbivores got bigger, as did specialized predators.
In North America, rodents, large mastodons and gomphotheres, and opossums continued successfully, while hoofed animals (ungulates) declined, with camel, deer and horse all seeing populations recede. Rhinos, three toed horses (Nannippus), oreodonts, protoceratids, and chalicotheres went extinct. Borophagine dogs and Agriotherium went extinct, but other carnivores including the weasel family diversified, and dogs and fast-running hunting bears did well. Ground sloths, huge glyptodonts, and armadillos came north with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
In Eurasia rodents did well, while primate distribution declined. Elephants, gomphotheres and stegodonts were successful in Asia, and hyraxes migrated north from Africa. Horse diversity declined, while tapirs and rhinos did fairly well. Cows and antelopes were successful, and some camel species crossed into Asia from North America. Hyenas and early saber-toothed cats appeared, joining other predators including dogs, bears and weasels.
Human evolution during the Pliocene
Pliocene mammals of North America
Africa was dominated by hoofed animals, and primates continued their evolution, with australopithecines (some of the first hominins) appearing in the late Pliocene. Rodents were successful, and elephant populations increased. Cows and antelopes continued diversification and overtaking pigs in numbers of species. Early giraffes appeared, and camels migrated via Asia from North America. Horses and modern rhinos came onto the scene. Bears, dogs and weasels (originally from North America) joined cats, hyenas and civets as the African predators, forcing hyenas to adapt as specialized scavengers.
South America was invaded by North American species for the first time since the Cretaceous, with North American rodents and primates mixing with southern forms. Litopterns and the notoungulates, South American natives, were mostly wiped out, except for the macrauchenids and toxodonts, which managed to survive. Small weasel-like carnivorous mustelids, coatis and short faced bears migrated from the north. Grazing glyptodonts, browsing giant ground sloths and smaller caviomorph rodents, pampatheres, and armadillos did the opposite, migrating to the north and thriving there.
The marsupials remained the dominant Australian mammals, with herbivore forms including wombats and kangaroos, and the huge diprotodon. Carnivorous marsupials continued hunting in the Pliocene, including dasyurids, the dog-like thylacine and cat-like Thylacoleo. The first rodents arrived in Australia. The modern platypus, a monotreme, appeared.
The predatory South American phorusrhacids were rare in this time; among the last was Titanis, a large phorusrhacid that migrated to North America and rivaled mammals as top predator. Other birds probably evolved at this time, some modern, some now extinct.
Reptiles and amphibians[edit]
Alligators and crocodiles died out in Europe as the climate cooled. Venomous snake genera continued to increase as more rodents and birds evolved. Rattlesnakes first appeared in the Pliocene. The modern species Alligator mississippiensis, having evolved in the Miocene, continued into the Pliocene, except with a more northern range; specimens have been found in very late Miocene deposits of Tennessee. Giant tortoises still thrived in North America, with genera like Hesperotestudo. Madtsoid snakes were still present in Australia. The amphibian order Allocaudata went extinct.
Oceans continued to be relatively warm during the Pliocene, though they continued cooling. The Arctic ice cap formed, drying the climate and increasing cool shallow currents in the North Atlantic. Deep cold currents flowed from the Antarctic.
The formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago cut off the final remnant of what was once essentially a circum-equatorial current that had existed since the Cretaceous and the early Cenozoic. This may have contributed to further cooling of the oceans worldwide.
The Pliocene seas were alive with sea cows, seals and sea lions.
In 2002, Narciso Benítez et al. calculated that roughly 2 million years ago, around the end of the Pliocene epoch, a group of bright O and B stars called the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association passed within 130 light-years of Earth and that one or more supernova explosions gave rise to a feature known as the Local Bubble.[12] Such a close explosion could have damaged the Earth's ozone layer and caused the extinction of some ocean life (at its peak, a supernova of this size could have the same absolute magnitude as an entire galaxy of 200 billion stars).[13][14]
See also[edit]
2. ^ See the 2014 version of the ICS geologic time scale
3. ^ Ogg, James George; Ogg, Gabi; Gradstein F. M. (2008). The Concise Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–1. ISBN 9780521898492.
4. ^ "Pliocene". Online Etymology Dictionary.
5. ^ Fowler, H.W. (2009). David Crystal, ed. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition (Reissue ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-953534-5.
6. ^ Kuhlmann, G.; C.G. Langereis, D. Munsterman, R.-J. van Leeuwen, R. Verreussel, J.E. Meulenkamp & Th.E. Wong (2006). "Integrated chronostratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene interval and its relation to the regional stratigraphical stages in the southern North Sea region" (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 85: 19–35. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
7. ^ Robinson, M., H.J. Dowsett, and M.A. Chandler, 2008: Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. U., 89, 501–502.[1]
8. ^ Dwyer, G.S., and M.A. Chandler, 2009: Mid-Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled benthic Mg/Ca palaeotemperatures and oxygen isotopes. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 367, 157–168, doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0222. [2]
9. ^ Bartoli, G. et al. Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237, 3344 (2005).
10. ^ Van Andel (1994), p. 226.
11. ^ "The Pliocene epoch". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
12. ^ Benitez, Narciso; Canelles, Matilde et al. (2002). "Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (8): 081101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101.
13. ^ Katie Pennicott (Feb 13, 2002). "Supernova link to ancient extinction". Retrieved 16 July 2012.
14. ^ Comins & Kaufmann (2005), p. 359.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Neogene Period
Miocene Pliocene
Aquitanian |Burdigalian
Langhian | Serravallian
Tortonian | Messinian
Zanclean | Piacenzian
Pleistocene Holocene
Early | Middle | Late Preboreal | Boreal |
Atlantic | Subboreal | Subatlantic |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48310 | Main Page
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Portal:Main)
Jump to: navigation, search
Welcome to Wikipedia,
4,883,822 articles in English
From today's featured article
Liberty cap mushrooms
Psilocybe semilanceata is a fungus whose mushrooms, known as liberty caps, are also called magic mushrooms for their psychedelic properties. They are the most common of the psilocybin mushrooms, and among the most potent. They have a distinctive conical or bell-shaped cap, up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide, with a small nipple-like protrusion on the top. Yellow to brown in color and fading to a lighter color as they mature, they feed off decaying grass roots in fields, grassy meadows, and similar habitats, particularly in wet fields that are well-fertilized by sheep and cattle manure. The mushroom is widely distributed in the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Europe, and has been reported occasionally in India, South America, and Australasia. The earliest reliable history of P. semilanceata intoxication dates back to 1799 in London. In the 1960s the mushroom was the first European species confirmed to contain psilocybin; it was later found to contain the psychoactive compounds phenylethylamine and baeocystin as well. The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal in many countries. (Full article...)
Did you know...
A man and a woman hold hands while walking through a woodland
In the news
Sepp Blatter
On this day...
June 3: Feast day of Saint Charles Lwanga and the Uganda Martyrs (Roman Catholic Church, Church of England, Lutheranism)
Lin Zexu
Today's featured picture
Geneva drive
The Geneva drive is a gear mechanism that translates a continuous rotation into an intermittent rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel has a pin that reaches into a slot of the driven wheel advancing it by one step. The drive wheel also has a raised circular blocking disc that locks the driven wheel in position between steps. Such a mechanism is used in film projectors, watches, and indexing tables, among others.
Animation: Mike1024
Other areas of Wikipedia
• Help desk – Ask questions about using Wikipedia.
Wikipedia's sister projects
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48312 | Violet gland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Pre-caudal gland)
Jump to: navigation, search
A Rhodesian Ridgeback (sex unknown) with "stud tail": the violet gland lost hair and appears as a dark dimple
The violet gland or supracaudal gland is an important gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves, and the domestic dog,[1][2] as well as the domestic cat.[3] Like many other mammalian secretion glands, the violet gland consists of modified sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
It is used for intra-species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. Although it secretes a mixture of volatile terpenes similar to those produced by violets (hence the name), the chemicals are produced in much greater quantity than in flowers, and the resulting strong smell can be quite unpleasant.
By species[edit]
In dogs, the violet or supracaudal gland is found approximately above the 9th caudal vertebra, but depending on breed it may be vestigial or entirely absent. The violet gland secretes protein and hydrophobic lipids, has wide excretory ducts, is connected with coarse hairs, devoid of cysts, and has no sexual dimorphism. In the dog and cat fancy it is often referred to as "stud tail", despite the fact that it occurs in all sexes, not just breeding males. However, for reasons still unknown the hair at a dog's violet gland tends to fall out when androgen levels are high over a prolonged time. In short-haired breeds the usually inconspicuous gland may thus appear as a noticeably sparsely haired patch, and it is this condition of the gland area that is most frequent in stud dogs.
In foxes, the violet gland is found on the upper surface of the tail, at roughly one-third of the tail's length from the body, and measures about 25 by 7.5 millimeters in red foxes. Due to its role in steroid hormone metabolism (and possibly production), foxes cannot be "de-scented" by removing this gland. For unknown reasons, the gland's secretions are fluorescent in ultraviolet light; this may result from the presence of carotenoids.
In the European badger, the secretions of the violet gland contain a high concentration of lipids, with a composition that varies seasonally. Researchers[who?] at the University of Oxford have identified 110 compounds produced by the violet gland using gas chromatography. It was found that specific compositions were shared among groups of badgers, while the secretions of individual badgers varied according to age, gender, health, and reproductive status.
1. ^ Shabadash, S. A.; Zelikina, T. I. (2004). "The Tail Gland of Canids". Biology Bulletin 31 (4): 367. doi:10.1023/
2. ^ Deveaux, Renée Esther, Nachweis verschiedener Drüsentypen und mehrerer Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenasen im dorsalen Schwanzorgan (Supracaudal gland in dog & fox). D.V.M. thesis, Veterinary Medical Faculty, Bern University 1984[verification needed]
3. ^ Shabadash SA, Zelikina TI (1997). "The caudal gland in the cat is a hepatoid gland" [The caudal gland in the cat is a hepatoid gland]. Izvestiia Akademii Nauk (in Russian) (5): 556–70. PMID 9410272.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48313 | Quartic surface
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry, a quartic surface is a surface defined by an equation of degree 4.
More specifically there are two closely related types of quartic surface: affine and projective. An affine quartic surface is the solution set of an equation of the form
where f is a polynomial of degree 4, such as f(x,y,z) = x4 + y4 + xyz + z2 − 1. This is a surface in affine space.
On the other hand, a projective quartic surface is a surface in projective space P3 of the same form, but now f is a homogeneous polynomial of 4 variables of degree 4, so for example f(x,y,z,w) = x4 + y4 + xyzw + z2w2w4.
If the base field in R or C the surface is said to be real or complex. If on the other hand the base field is finite, then it is said to be an arithmetic quartic surface.
Special quartic surfaces[edit]
See also[edit]
• Quadric surface (The union of two quadric surfaces is a special case of a quartic surface)
• Cubic surface (The union of a cubic surface and a plane is another particular type of quartic surface) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48315 | Richard W. Murphy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Richard Murphy, see Richard Murphy (disambiguation).
Richard W. Murphy at Clark Air Base in 1979.
Richard William Murphy (born July 29, 1929) is an American diplomat.
Early life[edit]
Richard William Murphy was born on July 29, 1929 in Boston, Massachusetts. After graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1947, he received BAs from Harvard University in 1951 and from Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge in 1953. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U.S. Army.
He started his career in the United States Foreign Service as Vice Consul in Salisbury, Rhodesia (1955–58). From 1959 to 1971, he worked for the Middle Eastern Bureau. He was the United States ambassador to Mauritania from 1971 to 1974, to Syria from 1974 to 78, to the Philippines from 1978 to 1981, and to Saudi Arabia from 1981 to 1983. He served as the United States Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs from 1983 to 1989.
From October 1, 1993 to June 30, 2004 he served as director of the Middle East Rountable at the Council on Foreign Relations.
Personal life[edit]
He is married to Anne Cook and has three children.
External links[edit]
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Hugh H. Smythe
U.S. Ambassador to Syria
Succeeded by
Talcott W. Seelye
Preceded by
David D. Newsom
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
Succeeded by
Michael Armacost
Preceded by
Robert G. Neumann
United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia
Succeeded by
Walter Leon Cutler
Government offices
Preceded by
Nicholas A. Veliotes
Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
October 28, 1983 – May 15, 1989
Succeeded by
John Hubert Kelly |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48317 | Robert Conroy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the former Canadian mayor, see Robert Conroy (mayor).
Joseph Robert Conroy (August 24, 1938 – December 30, 2014) was an author of alternate history novels. He lived in suburban Detroit and was a semiretired business and economics history teacher. He died following a battle with cancer.[1]
1. ^ "Robert Conroy (1938-2014)". Locus Online: The Magazine and Website of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Field. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
2. ^ "Sidewise Awards for Alternate History: Winners and Finalists". Uchronia. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48319 | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Archdiocese of Seoul
Archidioecesis Seulum
서울 대교구
Myeong-dong Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of Mary and St. Nicholas
Country South Korea
Area 606 km2 (234 sq mi)
- Total
- Catholics
(as of 2010)
1,417,695 (13.4%)
Rite Latin Rite
Cathedral Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and St Nicholas in Seoul
Current leadership
Pope Francis
Metropolitan Archbishop Andrew Yeom Sou-jeong
Suffragans Diocese of Ch’unch’on
Diocese of Daejeon
Diocese of Hamhung
Diocese of Incheon
Diocese of Pyongyang
Diocese of Suwon
Diocese of Uijeongbu
Diocese of Wonju
Auxiliary Bishops Basil Cho Kyu-man
Timothy Yu Gyoung-chon
Peter Chung Soon-taek
Emeritus Bishops Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus (2006-2012)
Archdiocese of Seoul.svg
Website of the Archdiocese
The Archdiocese of Seoul (Latin: Archidioecesis Seulum, Korean: 서울 대교구) is a particular church of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church comprising Seoul, South Korea. It is led by the prelature of the Archbishop of Seoul, the Metropolitan bishop, whose seat is at Myeongdong Cathedral in Myeongdong, Jung-gu, Seoul.
As the episcopal see is the oldest one in South Korea and that of its capital city, he is often considered to be the primate of South Korea, though the title has not been granted by the Holy See.
The see was erected on September 9, 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI, who created the Vicariate Apostolic of Corea from the Diocese of Peking. It was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Seoul on April 8, 1911 when the see of Daegu became independent, and renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Seul in 1950. It was promoted to archdiocesan status on March 10, 1962.[1]
The Archbishop of Seoul is also the Apostolic Administrator in the Diocese of Pyongyang.
The following is the list of the bishops and the archbishops of Seoul.
List of leaders[edit]
Bishops of Korea[edit]
Bishops of Seoul[edit]
Archbishops of Seoul[edit]
Vicar General[edit]
Auxiliary Bishop[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Archdiocese of Seoul".
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 37°33′48″N 126°59′13″E / 37.5633°N 126.9870°E / 37.5633; 126.9870 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48320 | San Bonifacio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
San Bonifacio
Comune di San Bonifacio
Coat of arms of San Bonifacio
Coat of arms
San Bonifacio is located in Italy
San Bonifacio
San Bonifacio
Location of San Bonifacio in Italy
Coordinates: 45°24′N 11°17′E / 45.400°N 11.283°E / 45.400; 11.283
Country Italy
Region Veneto
Province Verona (VR)
Frazioni Lobia, Locara, Prova, Villabella, Villanova
• Mayor Antonio Casu
• Total 33.9 km2 (13.1 sq mi)
Elevation 31 m (102 ft)
Population (31 October 2009[1])
• Total 20,209
• Density 600/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Demonym Sambonifacesi
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 37047, 37040 frazioni
Dialing code 045
Website Official website
San Bonifacio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Verona.
San Bonifacio borders the following municipalities: Arcole, Belfiore, Gambellara, Lonigo, Monteforte d'Alpone, and Soave.
Main sights[edit]
• Abbey of St. Peter, founded in the 7th century. It is a Romanesque church with an apse and two aisles. Notable are the crypt and the imposing bell tower, dating to 1131.
• Cathedral (12th century, but mostly rebuilt in 1437)
• Church of St. Abondius (15th century)
Famous people[edit]
Perlini International SpA was established in San Bonifacio in 1957 by Robert Perlini. Today Perlini is a major employer with its two main truck manufacturing plants occupying an area of 130,000 square metres (1,400,000 sq ft).[2]
2. ^ History of Perlini Equipment
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48321 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the village. For other uses, see Sand Ridge (disambiguation).
St Leonards Church, Sandridge.jpg
St Leonards Church
Sandridge is located in Hertfordshire
Sandridge shown within Hertfordshire
Area 5.86 sq mi (15.2 km2)
Population 11,451 (2011)[1]
– density 1,954/sq mi (754/km2)
OS grid reference TL175105
Civil parish Sandridge
District St Albans
Shire county Hertfordshire
Region East
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town ST ALBANS
Postcode district AL4
Police Hertfordshire
Fire Hertfordshire
Ambulance East of England
EU Parliament East of England
UK Parliament Hitchin and Harpenden
Website Sandridge Parish Council
List of places
Coordinates: 51°46′51″N 0°18′14″W / 51.78084°N 0.30384°W / 51.78084; -0.30384
Sandridge is a village and civil parish between St Albans and Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire, England.
The original name was "Saundruage" meaning a place of sandy soil serviced by bond tenants.
The earliest recorded mention of Sandridge is in the year 796 the parish being part of the revenue of the Mercian Kings. It was given by Egfrith son of Offa in the first year of his reign to abbot Eadric second abbot of St Alban's Monastery and to the monks of St Albans.
Part of the parish of Sandridge was added to the Municipal Borough of St Albans in 1887. The remainder of the parish was renamed Sandridge Rural in 1894 when Sandridge Rural Parish Council was formed. In 1913 a further 241 acres were transferred to St Albans. The parish name reverted to Sandridge in 1957.[2]
The Second Battle of St Albans[edit]
In February 1461 the final skirmishes of the Second Battle of St Albans took place in and around Sandridge as the Earl of Warwick, for the Yorkists, retreated towards Nomansland.
Hopkins Crescent in Sandridge pictured in November 2013.
The population of Sandridge ward at the time of the 2001 census was 4,808. This includes some people living in the Jersey Farm area of St Albans.
The village has three pubs: The Green Man, The Rose and Crown and The Queen's Head.
The village church is St Leonard's and dates back to 1114.
It also supports Sandridge Rovers F.C., who play in the Hertfordshire Senior County League.
Sandridge was one of the earlier homes of the great English general, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and his infamous wife, Sarah, a favourite of Queen Anne. The title Baron Sandridge was given to Churchill by James II in 1685, and was his first English peerage title (his earlier title, Baron Eyemouth, had been created in 1682 by James's predecessor, Charles II, in the Peerage of Scotland).
In 1939 the first WW2 secret Wireless Intercept Station was constructed by the GPO at the top of Woodcock Hill. It was the first of a group of stations dedicated to Diplomatic Interception with rows of radio operators listening to the wireless traffic between Germany, Italy, Tokyo and other enemy embassies around the world. Messages intercepted at Sandridge were sent to Bletchley Park for decryption. The results were vital to Winston Churchill who used the information to make important decisions about the course of the war. After WW2 it became part of the Diplomatic Wireless Service under GCHQ and in 1973 the site was taken over by The Home Office for Police research.
In 2008 the Woodland Trust announced plans to create a new forest north of Sandridge.[3] The 347 hectares (860 acres) of woodland are to be called Heartwood Forest.[4]
1. ^
2. ^
3. ^ Alexandra Barham (2008-07-30). "Huge forest planned". St Albans & Harpenden Review. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
4. ^ "Mickey Mouse brings Disney magic to Sandridge forest". The Herts Advertiser. 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
Some dates in the history of St Leonard's Church, Sandridge, A paper read at a meeting of the St Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archeological Society, held at Sandridge, June 24, 1900 by the Rev J.A. Cruikshank M.A.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48322 | Screwball (ice cream)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Screwball Ice Cream.JPG
Type Ice cream
Main ingredients Ice cream, gumball
Cookbook:Screwball Screwball
A screwball is a type of frozen confection that first appeared in the 1970s. It consists of a flavored sorbet like frozen dessert inside a conical, plastic cup with a gumball at the bottom; the flavor of the ice is usually raspberry ripple. Several prominent brands produce screwballs, for example Asda, Popsicle, and Eskimo Pie. The name was originally a commercial product name but is now used to describe all such ice cream treats, whoever makes them. The product does not qualify as ice cream under USDA guidelines. [1]
'Two Ball Screwball' is a brand name (in the United States, a registered trademark) for a screwball containing two gumballs.[2] The original flavor was cherry but it has also been introduced a multiple flavored twist of lemon and blue raspberry. As with all screwballs, the shape is that of an upside down cone with the gumballs at the bottom.[3][4] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48324 | Shavlik Technologies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Shavlik Technologies
Private company
Industry Computer Security
Founded 1993
Founder Mark Shavlik
Shavlik Protect
Shavlik SCUPdates
Parent LANDesk
Shavlik Technologies was a privately held company founded in 1993 by Mark Shavlik, who was one of the original developers of Windows NT in the late 1980s and early 1990s at Microsoft.[1] The company provided software and services for network vulnerability assessment and for managing network security patches. Mark Shavlik left his role as CEO when Shavlik Technologies was acquired by VMware in May 2011, then held the position of Vice President and General Manager at VMware until March 2013. In April 2013, LANDesk Software purchased the Shavlik business unit and all rights to the Shavlik products from VMware. During the same timeframe LANDesk announced a partnership which made VMware an Alliance Partner.[2] Today, Shavlik is an independently managed business unit within LANDesk Software. The Shavlik product line consists of Shavlik Protect Standard, Advanced, and Government editions, Shavlik Patch for Microsoft System Center, Shavlik Management Intelligence, and Shavlik MDM.
Prior to the acceptance of Windows NT as a legitimate, enterprise operating system in the late 1990s, most enterprise software was written for Unix or some other mainframe operating system. Shavlik’s roots were in providing consulting services to help organizations make the leap to Microsoft OS’s and contributed to them delivering products on NT. Shavlik later extended its services business into software security consulting, primarily with businesses in highly regulated industries such as banking and healthcare. The services centered on providing a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) to perform security audits and penetration testing.
In the early 2000s the failure to keep software up-to-date by applying patches was a common flag on audits. One of the central challenges in addressing the problem was that companies did not have an easy way to determine which machines were out of date and they did not have a methodology to deploy updates. During this era, Microsoft wrestled with addressing this issue internally. They wanted a tool to detect which NT servers in a large NT server environment were missing patches so “hot fixes” (see Hotfix) could be installed on those machines. However, because these NT servers were critical to operations, Microsoft required that this process be completed without installing any extra software, such as an agent, on the servers.
In an effort to address the “hot fix”issue, Shavlik built the first agentless patch scanner for Windows NT. [3] The product was named HFNetChk (the acronym designating HotFix Network Check). The HFNetChk release was followed by another partnership wherein Shavlik helped build the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA). This tool did minimal patch scanning along with some basic OS configuration checks. It was delivered by Microsoft as part of the Windows 2000 Server Toolkit.
HFNetChk Pro 3.0, which was never released externally, introduced the ability to not only scan for missing patches but also to deploy those patches. This eliminated the need for an IT administrator to apply patches manually.
In 2003, Shavlik brought HFNetChk to market for the first time. Version 4 featured a Visual Basic “web friendly” user interface. Previous versions of HFNetChk were operated via a command line interface.
Patch Management[edit]
In the winter of 2003, the SQL Slammer Worm ( ) exploited a vulnerability in SQL Server that allowed a denial of service and slowed traffic on many internet hosts to a crawl. The worm went viral affecting 75,000 systems in the first ten minutes. Microsoft had made a patch available six months prior indicating that a failure to patch led to the widespread, security breach, not the vulnerability itself. [4]
Shavlik’s HFNetChk was the first product in the market that could scan for and deploy missing patches on Windows machines. In the aftermath of the SQL Slammer worm and after a series of other highly publicized exploits hit in 2003/2004, Shavlik made the decision to move away from consulting and to fully invest in software development for patch management products.
Shavlik Protect[edit]
Shavlik added standalone and integrated anti-virus capabilities to version 5 of HFNetChk and changed the product name to HFNetChk Protect, eventually dropping HFNetChk. [5]
During the Version 6 timeframe, Protect introduced the capability to patch offline virtual machines and VM templates. This project was the first in a series of partnerships Shavlik entered into with VMware, and the capability meant that Protect could agentlessly patch machines in both physical and virtual environments. With Version 7 and its various point releases, a new user interface was introduced as well as physical and virtual asset inventory. Agent support was integrated into Protect and was no longer offered as a separately licensed product. Shavlik also shifted more of its detection logic out of Protect and into the content.
Version 8 of Protect fixed many stability issues. Due to a number of customer complaints, Shavlik focused on making the product more stable. Version 9 introduced hypervisor patching for VMware implementations as well as the ability to patch off-network machines via the cloud.
Microsoft Collaboration[edit]
Shavlik's technological advancements have been significant enough to attract attention from Microsoft, resulting in cooperative efforts between the two companies and the development of the Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA), which is based on Shavlik's HFNetChk (the acronym designating HotFix Network Checker) released in 2001.[6] This technology has evolved, but is still the core technology in the current product offerings and has been licensed by multiple OEM partners to provide patch management capabilities to a variety of IT management solutions with a combined install base of millions of users across the globe.[7]
In the late 2000s, the industry saw applications being exploited by hackers shift from Microsoft OS and other Microsoft applications to third-party applications like Java, Adobe, music players, and non-Microsoft internet browsers. During this time, products like Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) provided Windows patch capabilities via the Windows Server Update Services (WSUS); however, it didn’t (and still doesn’t) patch third-party products. According to Global Analyst Firm Gartner, this left administrators with limited choices: don’t patch third-party products leaving the network at risk, author and test a custom patch each time a third-party product requires an update, or deploy the patches manually to each affected machine.[8]
In April 2010, Shavlik released SCUPdates – a catalog of patch content that automated the process of building third-party patches and delivering them to Windows clients via an integration with Microsoft System Center Updates Publisher (SCUP) and SCCM. In tandem with the initial SCUPdates release, Microsoft and Shavlik also announced Shavlik’s inclusion into the Microsoft System Center Alliance. [9]
Patch Management to the Cloud[edit]
In 2010 Shavlik released IT.Shavlik which provided a web-based front-end to the traditional Shavlik toolkit of asset inventory, patch scanning, and patch deployment. This Software as a Service (SaaS) application simplified the workflow for inventory and systems patching than was possible with the on-premise, Protect solution.
In early 2009, Shavlik formed an OEM partnership with VMware to build a cloud-based application designed to help IT administrators in smaller businesses deploy a virtual environment. VMware Go (vGo) was intended to be an “onramp to virtualization,” serving smaller customers until they were ready to upgrade to the more sophisticated vCenter suite. vGo was originally brought to market as a free-use cloud-based product.
VMware and Shavlik invested heavily in vGo, and the product was expanded to include asset inventory, patch scanning, and an IT advisor recommendation engine. Later in attempts to monetize vGo’s services, a paid version called VMware Go Pro introduced patch deployment. This led to the migration of users from IT.Shavlik to VMware Go.
Acquisition History[edit]
VMware’s interest in vGo as well as the virtual infrastructure patching capabilities within Protect led to its acquisition of Shavlik Technologies in May 2011. The terms of the acquisition were not publicly disclosed.[10]
In January 2013, VMware announced its intent to “sharpen its focus” on the software-defined data center and hybrid cloud services.[11] As part of this realignment, VMware sought to sell off products that weren’t contributing to its core business such as its SlideRocket presentation software and other “non-key cloud and virtualization technologies.” [12] The Shavlik product line found itself on that list.
In April of 2013, LANDesk Software purchased the Shavlik business unit and all rights to the Shavlik products from VMware. At the same time LANDesk announced a partnership which added VMware to LANDesk’s list of Alliance Partners. [13] Shavlik’s move to LANDesk triggered new investment in Shavlik Patch for Microsoft System Center (formerly SCUPdates) as well as other products that enhance the experience for companies using SCCM.
1. ^ InformationWeek Five Questions For Mark Shavlik, CEO of Shavlik Technologies
2. ^ LANDesk Acquires Shavlik from VMware Official Announcement
3. ^ HFNetChk: Microsoft's New Hotfix Tool News Coverage
4. ^ SQL Slammer: Hot it Works and How to Prevent It News Coverage
5. ^ Shavlik Products Page Company Website
6. ^ ServerWatch Windows Patch Management, Shavlik Technologies
7. ^ Info Security Products Guide Helping Organizations Stay Ahead of Security Breaches and Challenges
8. ^ Gartner Blog Post, May 6, 2013 Patch Management Not a Solved Problem
9. ^ Satellite Spotlight, April 15, 2010 Shavlik Technologies Joins Microsoft System Center Alliance
10. ^ VMware to Acquire Shavlik Technologies, May 16, 2011 Official VMware Release
11. ^ Bloodiest Tech Industry Layoffs of 2013 So Far News Coverage
12. ^ VMware Announces Mass Layoffs After Positive Earnings Report News Coverage
13. ^ LANDesk Acquires Shavlik from VMware, April 9, 2013 Official LANDesk Release
Further reading[edit]
1. [1] Shavlik Moves In With Severnside Housing
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48326 | Stevie Brown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Stevie Brown
Stevie Brown.JPG
At a game in Denver in October, 2010.
No. 33 Houston Texans
Position: Safety
Personal information
Date of birth: (1987-07-17) July 17, 1987 (age 27)
Place of birth: Dallas, Texas
Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Weight: 215 lb (98 kg)
Career information
High school: Columbus (IN) East
College: Michigan
NFL draft: 2010 / Round: 7 / Pick: 251
Career history
*Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Roster status: Active
Career highlights and awards
Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2014
Tackles: 149
Sacks: 1
Interceptions: 8
Forced fumbles: 2
Fumble recoveries: 2
Stats at
Stevie Christopher Brown (born July 17, 1987)[1] is an American football safety for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the seventh round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He had previously played four years for the Michigan Wolverines football team, where he started at safety as a junior for the 2008 team and at linebacker for the 2009 team.[1] He has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, Indianapolis Colts, and New York Giants.
Early years[edit]
In high school, he was a three-year starter for head coach Bob Gaddis at Columbus East High School in Columbus, Indiana. He gained 1,700 all-purpose yards as a junior in 2004 and scored 17 touchdowns, while recording 30 solo tackles and three interceptions. Despite only playing three games due to injury as a senior he was selected first-team all-state. He participated in the 2006 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Also he was on the cover of Excel High School Sports Goal Post 2005 Football Yearbook. Also all-state by the Indiana Coaches Association and by Associated Press as a junior. Ranked as the number 7 safety and the second-best player in the state of Indiana according to[2] Ranked as the number 10 cornerback in the nation by[3] Qualified for the state finals as a sophomore in the 200 meters and finished seventh in the state in the 100 meters a junior.[1] As a sophomore, he had 10 interceptions.[4]
Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date
Stevie Brown
Columbus, Indiana Columbus (IN) 6 ft 0.5 in (1.84 m) 198.5 lb (90.0 kg) 4.395 Aug 1, 2005
Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 10 (CB) Rivals: 7 (S), 2 (IN) ESPN: NR
College career[edit]
Brown (3) leads the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team onto the field
Brown (3) drops back in coverage while Tim Hiller rolls out
At Michigan, he was elected captain as a senior. Over the course of his career he had 31 special teams tackles, including 11 as a sophomore when he led the 2007 team.[1] As a senior, he led the 2009 Wolverines in tackles with 80.[1] He recorded nine tackles in four different conference games (against Indiana - September 26, Michigan State - October 3, Purdue - November 7, Wisconsin - November 14) during the 2009 Big Ten Conference football season.[5]
Professional career[edit]
Oakland Raiders[edit]
Brown was drafted in the seventh round of the 2010 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders with the 251st overall selection.[6] His signing was announced on July 22.[7] In his first game as a professional, he made an interception to end an exhibition game against the Dallas Cowboys.[8] The Raiders released him on September 4 and signed him to their practice squad on September 5.[9] A few weeks later Stevie Brown was signed to the 2010 Raiders and debuted on September 19, 2010 against the St. Louis Rams and recorded his first career tackle.[10] After playing in his first year as a rookie he recorded 29 tackles including a game against the San Diego Chargers where he recorded 5 total tackles.
The Raiders released Brown on September 3, 2011, as part of their final cutdowns.[11]
Carolina Panthers[edit]
He was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers on September 4,[12] but was waived on September 7.
Indianapolis Colts[edit]
The Indianapolis Colts signed Brown on September 20, 2011.[13]
New York Giants[edit]
The New York Giants had Stevie Brown on roster as of April 2, 2012.[14] While replacing an injured Kenny Phillips for the early part of the 2012 NFL season, Brown led the entire NFL in takeaways at seven, with five interceptions and two fumble recoveries as of October 28, 2012 (through week 8).[15] In the eighth week on October 28 against the Dallas Cowboys, Brown had two interceptions and a fumble recovery.[16] The following day, he was named National Football Conference (NFC) Defensive Player of the Week.[17] Against the New Orleans Saints and Drew Brees on December 9, Brown had 2 interceptions and a forced fumble and established a Giants franchise record for single-season interception return yards (259).[18][19] On December 30 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Brown returned a Michael Vick forward pass 48 yards to ignite a 42–7 rout, earning him a second NFC Defensive Player of the Week recognition on January 2.[20][21]
He finished the season with 307 return yards,[22] which ranked as the fourth highest single-season total in NFL history.[23] His 8 interceptions, which was second in the NFL,[24] was the most by a Giant in a season since the 1968 Giants got 10 interceptions from Willie Williams and 8 from Spider Lockhart.[25] In addition, this led the entire NFL, with near twice as many yards as second-place Ronde Barber of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[26] Brown signed his $2.023 million one-year restricted free agent tender on March 19, 2013.[27]
During a pre-season game on August 24, 2013 against the New York Jets, Brown tore the ACL in his left knee and missed the entire season.[28] He resigned with the Giants by signing a one-year contract on March 11, 2014.[29]
Houston Texans[edit]
Brown signed with the Houston Texans on May 1, 2015.[30][31]
1. ^ a b c d e "3 Stevie Brown". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
2. ^ "Steve Brown". Retrieved 2010-04-24.
3. ^ "#5 Steve Brown". Retrieved 2010-04-24.
4. ^ Blockus, Gary R. (2012-10-31). "Stevie Brown a Giant surprise: Third-year player leads the NFL with seven takeaways". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
5. ^ "Stevie Brown #3 LB". Retrieved 2010-04-24.
6. ^ Birkett, Dave (April 24, 2010). "Zoltan Mesko, Stevie Brown drafted, Donovan Warren goes unpicked". Retrieved April 25, 2010.
7. ^ "Raiders sign rookie S Stevie Brown". Mercury News. 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
8. ^ "Raiders 17 (1-0, 1-0 away); Cowboys 9 (1-1, 0-1 home)". ESPN. 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
9. ^ "Oakland Raiders Transactions - 2010". Retrieved 2010-09-07.
10. ^ "Stevie Brown - #27 - DB (game logs)". Retrieved 2010-11-10.
11. ^ "NFL transactions for September 3, 2011". Pro Football Weekly. 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
12. ^ "NFL transactions for September 4, 2011". Pro Football Weekly. 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
13. ^ "Colts sign former Columbus East, U of Michigan standout released after year with Raiders". WISH. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
14. ^ "Giants sign Stevie Brown SS". Daily News. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
15. ^ Castillo, Jorge (2012-11-01). "Giants, with Stevie Brown playing well and Kenny Phillips returning, likely to use three-safety look". Retrieved 2012-11-05.
16. ^ "Giants lose 23-point lead, then escape Cowboys". ESPN. 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
17. ^ Graziano, Dan (2012-10-31). "Stevie Brown is Defensive Player of Week". ESPN. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
18. ^ "David Wilson scores 3 TDs as Giants beat Saints, remain atop NFC East". ESPN. 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
19. ^ Raskin, Alex (2012-12-10). "Giants Report Card: David Wilson, Stevie Brown come up big". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
20. ^ Youngmisuk, Ohm (2013-01-02). "Brown is NFC Defensive Player of the Week". ESPN. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
21. ^ "Giants crush Eagles, eliminated from playoffs with Bears' win". ESPN. 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
22. ^ "Stevie Brown: Career Statistics". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
23. ^ "NFL Single-Season Interception Return Yards Leaders". Retrieved 2013-01-03.
24. ^ "Sortable Stats". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
25. ^ "@ESPNStatsInfo status". Twitter. 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
26. ^ "2012 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards". profootballreference. com. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
27. ^ Youngmisuk, Ohm (2013-03-19). "Stevie Brown stays with Giants". ESPN. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
28. ^ "Giants' Stevie Brown has torn ACL". WABC TV. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
29. ^ Orr, Conor (11 March 2014). "Giants re-sign S Stevie Brown". Retrieved 11 March 2014.
30. ^ "Texans sign Stevie Brown". 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
31. ^ Graziano, Dan and Tania Ganguli (2015-04-30). "Texans, Stevie Brown agree to 1-year deal". ESPN. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48327 | The Book People
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Book People
Industry Retail
Book sales
Founded Godalming, Surrey, England in 1988
Founder Ted Smart
Area served
Ireland, UK
Products Books
The Book People is a discount bookseller based in the UK. Operating since 1988, the company sells books online, through its mail order catalogue, and in workplaces through a direct sales team of 420 book sellers. The company was established by Ted Smart in Godalming, Surrey[1] and now also has offices in Haydock, Merseyside and a warehouse and customer services centre in Bangor, North Wales. Since its formation, the Book People has acquired numerous other brands in the book sales industry, such as Red House and Index Books,[2] as well as managing book offers for national newspapers and providing third-party fulfilment for other branded websites.
The Book People was founded in 1988 by Chairman Ted Smart.[3] The company was established as a direct bookseller, relying on self-employed distributors to visit potential customers in their workplaces and meeting places. The Book People has since grown to become an award-winning bookseller, bringing discount books to people across the U.K. and Republic of Ireland through a network of distributors, mail order catalogues and an online ecommerce website.
Having initially operated solely from a base in Godalming, which since 1997 has been at Catteshall Manor, the company expanded, opening offices in Haydock in 1996 and later a customer service centre and warehouse in Bangor in 2002 and purchasing competitor Index Books Kettering in 2007. As on 31 December 2009, the company employed 612 staff.[4] As part of their growth, the Book People acquired numerous brands, including Red House and Index Books. They used to host the online bookshops for Channel 4’s TV Book Club and CITV’s Bookaboo and currently host the Big Book Babble programme in conjunction with Scholastic.[5]
Awards and initiatives[edit]
In 2007, the Book People’s contribution to bookselling was recognised as they won the Direct to Consumer Bookselling Company of the Year Award at the Bookseller Retail Awards. Founder Ted Smart was also honoured with The Random House Group Award for Outstanding Contribution to Bookselling.[6]
Upon opening the new warehouse and customer service centre in Bangor in 2002, the Book People was praised for creating 180 new jobs, as well as 250 temporary/seasonal roles in North West Wales and received a grant from the Welsh Assembly Government to help fund the state-of-the-art facility.[7]
In August 2012 the company announced that they had reached a three year sponsorship deal with Bangor City F.C. of the Welsh Premier League. As well as having their logo on the club's shirts and advertising around the group 'The Citizens' new ground, Nantporth, will be known officially as The Book People Stadium.[8]
In November 2012 the Book People were voted the 2nd best bookseller in the Books, CDs, DVDs and Computer Games category and 6th place overall in Which? Magazine’s Best Online Shops Survey.[citation needed]
On the Book People’s 6th place rating in the Top Ten, Which? Magazine said: ‘Price was again one of the strongest areas for this company in a category where specialist sellers outdid many of the big high street names’. The Book People were the only retailer in this category to achieve 5 out of 5 stars for price, making them the best value bookseller in the country.
Business model[edit]
The Book People order and stock a restricted range of titles in bulk, forgoing the right of return. (The UK Book Market operates generally on a "sale or return" model i.e. a book seller may return unsold books to the publisher subject to limited return conditions. Publishers are willing to sell books very cheaply if they are not committed to accepting unsold books, reducing the risk of a book proving not to be popular. This reduces the publishers stock of Remaindered books. Therefore the limited range stocked by The Book People are purchased at prices below the competition). The company is highly skilled in rotating stock through its distributors, website and catalogues. At the end of their life, remaining stock is disposed of through its sister website,[9]
Financial results[edit]
According to The Book People Limited Annual Report, lodged at Companies House, Annual sales in the year ending 31 December 2013 were £83.8m, down from £93.1m in 2012, recording a loss after tax of £6.8m, an increase on the £2.5m loss the previous trading year (2012).
1. ^ Last of the handsellers by Joel Rickett,, 28 January 2008. Archived here.
2. ^ "The Book People To Buy Index". 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
3. ^ Rachel Bridge (2005), "Ted Smart - Founder of The Book People", How I made it, Kogan Page Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7494-4311-5
4. ^ "Failure Page". Retrieved 2013-08-02. [dead link]
5. ^ "Big Book Babble". Big Book Babble. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
6. ^ Blackwell takes awards crown by Graeme Neill,, 21 September 2007. Archived at Internet Archive.
7. ^ "> Business > The Book People to create 180 jobs in North Wales". News Wales. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
8. ^ Information on the agreement from the company website
9. ^ Hickman, Clayton. "Top quality, hand-picked books at a fraction of high street prices". Bananas. Retrieved 2013-08-02. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48328 | Napoleon's Crimes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The Crime of Napoleon)
Jump to: navigation, search
Napoleon's Crimes: A Blueprint for Hitler (in French Le Crime de Napoléon) is a controversial book published in 2005 by French philosopher Claude Ribbe, who is himself of Caribbean origin. In the book, Ribbe advances the thesis that it was Napoleon Bonaparte during the Haitian Revolution, not Hitler and the Nazis 140 years later, who first used gas chambers as a method of mass execution. The book caused a minor political and academic storm when it was published, and its premise remains under contention to this day.
In the early 19th Century, the French colonies of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe were hit by a series of massive slave rebellions. Napoleon was in charge of putting them down, and he did so with brutal efficiency. Ribbe claims that some of Napoleon's men refused to do as they were ordered, and then later wrote journals describing the massacre. From these passages, he claims that Napoleon's troops burnt sulphur (readily collected from nearby volcanoes) to make sulphur dioxide gas, which is extremely poisonous. This would have been effective at helping to quell the rebelling Caribbean slaves.
Ribbe's most controversial accusation is that the holds of ships were used as makeshift gas chambers; he says that up to 100,000 black slaves were murdered in them. These revelations are still in considerable academic dispute, but when the book was published, the French establishment was quick to condemn his allegations. The French newspaper France Soir, for instance, published a stinging editorial, calling the claims of the book insane. The French historian Pierre Branda wrote a critical analysis of Ribbe's book, stating that it is mainly based on suppositions and that the sources are few and often quoted and referred to with heavy omissions.
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48329 | The Host (2013 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Host
The Host Poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Andrew Niccol
Produced by
Screenplay by Andrew Niccol
Based on The Host
by Stephenie Meyer
Music by Antonio Pinto
Cinematography Roberto Schaefer
Edited by Thomas J. Nordberg
Distributed by
Release dates
• March 29, 2013 (2013-03-29)
Running time
125 minutes[1][2]
Country United States
Language English
Budget $40 million[2]
Box office $63,327,201[2]
The Host is a 2013 American romantic science fiction thriller film adapted from Stephenie Meyer's novel of the same name. Written and directed by Andrew Niccol,[3] the film stars Saoirse Ronan, Max Irons, Jake Abel, William Hurt, and Diane Kruger. It was released in theaters on March 29, 2013.
Melanie Stryder is captured and infused with a soul called "Wanderer." Wanderer is asked by Seeker to access Melanie's memories in order to discover the location of a pocket of unassimilated humans. Surprisingly, Melanie's consciousness has not been eliminated, and it struggles for control of her body. Melanie and Wanderer carry out an internal conversation with each other, forming something of a friendship.
Wanderer shares with Seeker that Melanie was traveling with her brother, Jamie, and her boyfriend, Jared Howe, to find Melanie's uncle Jeb in the desert. Wanderer admits that Melanie is still present, so Seeker decides to be transferred into Melanie's body to get the information herself. With the help of Melanie, Wanderer escapes and makes her way to the desert, where she is found by Jeb, who takes her to a series of caves hidden inside a mountain where the humans (including Jared and Jamie) are hiding.
Wanderer's presence in the shelter is met with hostility by all but Jeb and Jamie. Seeing this, Melanie instructs Wanderer not to tell anyone she is still alive, since it would merely provoke them, though she later allows her to tell Jamie. Wanderer begins interacting with the humans and slowly begins to gain their trust, forming a bond with Ian O'Shea.
Seeker leads a search party into the desert to find Wanderer. They intercept one of the shelter's supply teams, and in the ensuing chase, Aaron and Brandt commit suicide to avoid capture. During the chase, Seeker accidentally kills another Soul, leading her superiors to call off the search.
Returning to the caves, a vengeful Jared and Kyle move to kill Wanderer, causing Jamie to reveal that Melanie's consciousness is alive. Jeb and Ian accept this, but Jared refuses to believe it until he attempts to determine the truth by kissing Wanderer, provoking Melanie to slap him. Kyle tries to kill Wanderer but endangers his own life and ends up being saved by Wanderer. Ian believes that Kyle attacked Wanderer and tells her that he loves her. Wanderer admits that, while occupying Melanie's body, she must love Jared, but she has feelings of her own, and the two kiss.
Sometime later, Wanderer enters the community's medical facility and discovers that Doc has been experimenting with ways to remove Souls and allow the host's mind to regain control, resulting in the deaths of many Souls and Hosts from his failed experiments. After isolating herself for several days, Wanderer learns that Jamie is critically ill with an infection in his leg. She infiltrates a Soul medical facility to steal some of their alien medicine, saving Jamie's life.
Seeker has continued looking for Wanderer on her own, but Jeb captures her and imprisons her in the caves. Wanderer offers to show Doc the proper method of removing Souls, on the condition that he remove her from Melanie's body and let her die. Doc uses the technique to remove Seeker from her host, with both Host and Soul surviving. Wanderer takes the Seeker alien to a Soul space-travel site, where she sends it to a planet far enough from Earth that it can not return for numerous generations.
Wanderer makes Doc promise to let her die when she is removed and not tell anyone. Their friends intervene with Doc, who then inserts Wanderer into Pet, a human who was left brain-dead after the Soul inside her was removed. Now with a body of her own, Wanderer forms a relationship with Ian, while Melanie reunites with Jared.
A few months later, while on a supply-gathering trip, Wanderer, Melanie, Ian and Jared are captured. They discover that their captors are humans, who reveal that there are several other human groups as well. They also learn that a Soul with this group has sided with the human resistance, as Wanderer has, and they may not be the last Souls to do so.
Distributed by Open Road Films, the film was released theatrically on March 29, 2013. The first official trailer was released on March 22, 2012 and was later shown before The Hunger Games.[12]
Home media[edit]
The Host was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 9, 2013.[13]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $63,327,201 worldwide, of which $26,627,201 was from North America, and $36,700,000 from other territories. It opened at #6 at the US box office, and for its opening weekend grossed $10,600,112; screened at 3,202 theaters it averaged $3,310 per theater.[2]
Critical response[edit]
The Host received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives an 8% rating based on 118 reviews, with an average score of 3.6/10. The site's consensus states: "Poorly scripted and dramatically ineffective, The Host is mostly stale and tedious, with moments of unintentional hilarity."[14] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 35 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15]
CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade audiences gave the film was a "B-" on a scale of A+ to F.[16]
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times gave the film an unfavorable review, calling it "a brazen combination of unoriginal science-fiction themes, young-adult pandering and bottom-line calculation".[17] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "it's cloaked in yawningly familiar teen-romance terms and cries out for even a little seasoning of wit, irreverence, political smarts and genre twists that, given the well-trod terrain, seem like requisites when presenting visions of the near future."[18]
Roth Cornet of IGN gave it a "mediocre" score of 5/10, stating that the film is "unintentionally laughable" and "frustratingly absurd". Cornet says that it could have made an interesting story but that the contradictions of the peaceful but parasitic Souls were not fully explained, in the case of the character Seeker only given a shallow unsatisfying explanation. She praises Ronan for her performance and blames a "fundamentally flawed" script.[19] Ben Kenigsberg of Time Out magazine blames the source material, crediting Niccol for making the best of it, but primarily blaming the high-definition–video cinematography saying it makes "what once would have been a lush, grand-scale blockbuster appear cheap and televisual."[20]
The Host was the penultimate film to be reviewed by film critic Roger Ebert before his death on April 4, 2013, and the last major film to be published in his lifetime. He rated the film 2.5/4 stars, saying "The Host is top-heavy with profound, sonorous conversations, all tending to sound like farewells. The movie is so consistently pitched at the same note, indeed, that the structure robs it of possibilities for dramatic tension."[21]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "THE HOST (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
2. ^ a b c d "The Host (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
3. ^ Schutte, Lauren. "Andrew Niccol to Direct 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
4. ^ Staskiewicz, Keith. "Saoirse Ronan cast in film of Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
5. ^ a b Bentley, Jean. "Max Irons, Jake Abel land male leads in Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
6. ^ a b Meyer, Stephenie. "The Host: The Movie". Retrieved 16 February 2012.
7. ^ a b Sneider, Jeff. "Canterbury, Holbrook land 'Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
8. ^ Fleming, Mike. "Diane Kruger To Play The Seeker In Stephenie Meyer’s ‘The Host’". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
9. ^ Sarah. "Review: Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 26 December 2012.
10. ^ McClintock, Pamela. "'The Host' to be Released by Open Road Films in March 2013". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
11. ^ Wilkinson, Amy. "'The Host' Lands Release Date: Here's What We Know About Stephenie Meyer Adaptation". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
12. ^ The Host official trailer on YouTube. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
13. ^ "The Host (2013) DVD".
14. ^ "The Host (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
15. ^ "The Host". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
16. ^ Brad Brevet (March 31, 2013). "G.I. Joe: Retaliation' Tops Weekend Box Office While 'The Host' Flops".
17. ^ Dargis, Manohla (March 28, 2013). "Fighting the Peacenik Alien Within Her - Saoirse Ronan in ‘The Host,’ From a Stephenie Meyer Novel". The New York Times.
18. ^ McCarthy, Todd (March 28, 2013). "The Host: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
19. ^ Roth Cornet (2013-02-14). "IGN The Host Review". IGN. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
20. ^ Ben Kenigsberg. "The Host: movie review (PG-13)". Time out.
21. ^ Ebert, Roger (27 March 2013). "The Host". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48330 | The Nate Berkus Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Nate Berkus Show
Also known as The Nate Show
Genre Talk show
Presented by Nate Berkus
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 2
No. of episodes 291
Executive producer(s)
Camera setup Multiple-camera
Running time 42 minutes
Production company(s)
Distributor Sony Pictures Television Distribution
Original channel Syndication
Picture format 1080i (HDTV)
Original release September 13, 2010 (2010-09-13) – May 24, 2012 (2012-05-24)
Related shows The Oprah Winfrey Show
External links
The Nate Berkus Show, also known as The Nate Show, is an American talk show that premiered on September 13, 2010, and is hosted by interior designer Nate Berkus.[1] The series aired on syndication during its original run from September 13, 2010, to May 24, 2012. The Nate Berkus Show is a spin-off of The Oprah Winfrey Show.
In September 2012, the Oprah Winfrey Network purchased the cable rights to The Nate Berkus Show, along with the first five seasons of Rachael Ray.[2]
The show is co-produced by Harpo Productions and Sony Pictures Television. It is taped in 1080i (HDTV) at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York.[3][4] The series is distributed by Sony Pictures Television, after Sony and NBCUniversal made agreements to launch the show on all 10 NBC owned and operated stations, as well as Harpo Productions.[5]
The show's premiere came in response to the cancellation of The Bonnie Hunt Show, which was not renewed for the 2010-11 television season. As a result, most NBC stations were having trouble finding daytime programming. Broadcasting & Cable reported that NBC syndicated daytime programming, aside from The Ellen DeGeneres Show, "have been largely out of the daytime game, primarily because of low to lukewarm ratings for Bonnie Hunt's show.[6]
On December 9, 2011, it was announced that the show, which NBC had given a two year commitment to air, would end after its second season.[7][8] It remained in production and delivered all scheduled original episodes.[7] The show officially ended on May 24, 2012, with reruns airing through August 31, 2012.
When the show debuted, The Nate Berkus Show had a 1.1 rating, which was the highest rating for a new daytime talk show during the 2010-11 television season.[9] although the rating showed only half of what the ratings for Dr. Oz was. The ratings stayed stagnant for the entire two year run, never averaging more than a 1.1, and the Hollywood Reporter stated that Berkus' program ranked #126 in all of syndication at the time of its cancellation.[10]
1. ^ "Nate Berkus Redesigns Weekday Television with the Launch of 'The Nate Berkus Show' Beginning September 13, 2010". The Futon Critic (Press release). September 2, 2010.
2. ^ "OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network Acquires Exclusive Cable Rights to "Rachael Ray" and "The Nate Berkus Show"". The Futon Critic (Press release). September 4, 2012.
3. ^ Rosenthal, Philip (April 5, 2010). "Oprah's Nate Berkus to do show from NY, not Chicago". Chicago Tribune.
4. ^ Starr, Michael (December 10, 2010). "Nate back at work after his surgery". New York Post.
5. ^ Carter, Bill (January 30, 2010). "NBC Universal and Sony Television Reach Deal for ‘Nate Berkus Show’". The New York Times.
6. ^ Albiniak, Paige (August 9, 2010). "NBC Daytime’s Assault". Broadcasting & Cable.
7. ^ a b Albiniak, Paige (December 9, 2011). "Sony's 'Nate Berkus' to End Its Run After This Season". Broadcasting & Cable.
8. ^ Molloy, Tim (December 9, 2011). "Nate Berkus Show Not Returning for Third Season". The Wrap.
9. ^ Vasquez, Diego (September 28, 2010). "Oprah’s ‘Nate Berkus’ leads in syndication". Media Life Magazine.
10. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (December 9, 2011). "'Nate Berkus Show' Will End After Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48331 | The Story of Ruth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Story of Ruth
The Story of Ruth original theatrical release poster.jpg
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by Henry Koster
Produced by Samuel G. Engel
Written by Norman Corwin
Based on Book of Ruth
Starring Stuart Whitman
Tom Tryon
Peggy Wood
Viveca Lindfors
Jeff Morrow
Elana Eden
Narrated by Eduard Franz
Music by Franz Waxman
Cinematography Arthur E. Arling
Edited by Jack W. Holmes
Samuel G. Engel Productions
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release dates
Running time
132 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $2,930,000[1]
Box office $3,000,000[2]
(North American rentals)
The Story of Ruth is a 1960 American historical romance film directed by Henry Koster, shot in CinemaScope and DeLuxe Color, and released by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay, written by Norman Corwin, is an adaptation of the biblical Book of Ruth. The film stars Stuart Whitman as Boaz, Tom Tryon as Mahlon, Peggy Wood as Naomi, Viveca Lindfors as Eleilat, Jeff Morrow as Tob, and introduces Elana Eden as Ruth.
This fictional non-biblical part ends with the sight of the Moabite girl being sacrificed, from which a frightened, astonished Ruth flees and seeks refuge with Mahlon and his family. The Moabites condemn Mahlon, his father Elimelech, and brother Chilion. Chilion and Elimelech die in the prison, while Mahlon's punishment is to work at the quarries for the rest of his life. Ruth, however, attempts to escape with Mahlon, but he is wounded before he flees the quarries and dies in a cave afterwards, marrying Ruth just prior to his death.
The biblical storyline begins as Naomi (who was married to Elimelech), Orpah (who was married to Chilion), and Ruth are widowed. The second part is based more on the Book of Ruth, although a subplot is added, that of the Bethlehemites' initial disapproval of Ruth's pagan past and Naomi's closest kinsman rejecting Ruth as his wife. As the next of kin after him, Boaz successfully obtains Ruth's hand in marriage. As the film concludes, the final verses of the Book of Ruth are quoted.
Susan Strasberg, a contender for the role Ruth,[3] was tested in September 1959.[4] Other actresses who tested for the role were Susan Kohner, Tina Louise, Diane Baker, and Millie Perkins.[5] Israeli actress Elana Cooper and Swedish actress Ulla Jacobsson arrived in Los Angeles in September 1959 to test for the role.[5] Myrna Fahey, who had recently signed a contract with 20th-Century Fox, was also tested.[6] In October 1959, Cooper was cast as Ruth, changed her name from "Elana Cooper" to "Elana Eden," and signed a "term pact" with the studio.[7][8]
Stephen Boyd was first cast as Boaz but later turned down the role and said: "I think the picture would be much better without me."[9] Boyd later played Nimrod in John Huston's The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966), another biblical epic released by 20th-Century Fox. Stuart Whitman replaced Boyd as Boaz in December 1959.[10]
Helen Hayes and Irene Dunne were offered the role of Naomi before Peggy Wood was cast.[11][12]
Critical response[edit]
The Story of Ruth received favorable reviews upon release. Variety called it "a refreshingly sincere and restrained Biblical drama, a picture that elaborates on the romantic, political and devotional difficulties encountered by the Old Testament heroine."[13] Daniel A. Poling, editor of the Christian Herald, described the film as "[g]loriously cast and faultlessly directed."[14] Time considered it "commendably unepic."[15]
Carl Lane, writing for the The Evening Independent, praised Elana Eden's performance as "a flesh and blood Ruth of passion and compassion, of tenderness and dignity, a woman of whom the viewer tells himself on leaving the theater: 'This is Ruth as she must have been. She could have been no other.'"[16] Poling believed Eden's portrayal of Ruth was "worthy of an Oscar,"[14] and Variety described it as "a performance of dignity," as she projects "an inner strength through a delicate veneer."[13] Peggy Wood's performance also received high commendation from critics. Variety noticed her "excellent characterization of Naomi" and acknowledged that her "timing is always sharp."[13] Lane thought she "creates an unforgettable character. Patience, faith, wisdom, all mature within her as the story progresses."[16] Of both performances, Boxoffice wrote: "This personal and human tale benefits by the realistic portrayals of the beautiful Israeli actress Miss Eden and the mature Miss Wood, who play together with touching affinity."[17]
2. ^ "Rental Potentials of 1960". Variety. January 4, 1961. p. 47. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross.
3. ^ Davis, Ronald L. (2005). Just Making Movies: Company Directors On The Studio System. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 21. ISBN 9781617033643.
4. ^ "Strasberg 'Ruth' Test". Variety. August 31, 1959.
5. ^ a b "Testing for 20th's 'Ruth'". Variety. September 3, 1959.
6. ^ "'Ruth' Test For Fahey". Variety. September 15, 1959.
7. ^ "'Ruth' For Elana Eden And Term Pact At 20th". Variety. October 5, 1959.
8. ^ Parsons, Louella (October 4, 1959). "Louella Parsons in Hollywood: Unknown Hits". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
9. ^ Johnson, Erskine (December 10, 1959). "Stephen Boyd's Top Assets: Knows Mind, Has 'Wallop'". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
10. ^ "Camera Angles". Schenectady Gazette. December 18, 1959. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
11. ^ Johnson, Erskine (October 2, 1959). "Hollywood Today: Stella's Southern Accent Last Down Here In South". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
12. ^ Parsons, Louella (November 1, 1959). "Louella Parsons in Hollywood: Irene Dunne Role". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
13. ^ a b c "Review: ‘The Story of Ruth’". Variety. December 31, 1960. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
14. ^ a b Poling, Daniel A. (February 2, 1961). ""The Story of Ruth"". The Kiowa News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
15. ^ "Cinema: Time Listings". Time. July 18, 1960. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
16. ^ a b Lane, Carl (July 7, 1960). "'The Story of Ruth' Admirable Milestone In Movie Presentation". The Evening Independent. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
17. ^ "Feature Reviews: The Story of Ruth". Boxoffice. June 20, 1960. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48332 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Thomy is a Swiss food brand owned by Nestlé. It produces condiments such as mayonnaise, mustard, salad dressings, tomato puree and cooking oil.
In 1907, Helvetia became the first company to produce mustard on an industrial scale in Switzerland. Its mustard was sold in bulk in large stoneware pots under the Langenthaler Senf brand. Subsequently renamed Thomi’s Lagenthaler Senf, the brand was eventually registered under the name Thomy’s Senf in 1930, with the ‘i’ being replaced with a ‘y’ in Thomy to make it a more internationally marketable name.
Hans Thomi, the founder of Thomi & Franck SA also decided to sell his mustard in a tube to set it apart from that of his competitors. In 1951 Thomy began mayonnaise production as well, while in 1976 they expanded to introduce bottled salad dressings. Thomy was acquired by Nestlé in 1971.
The Thomy man character, or “Thomymännli”, was the product of a competition held in 1931 in which the company asked its consumers for submissions. The competition received 20,000 responses, and the name Senf-Thomy was chosen along with the famous tube shaped character. The character has been the main icon for Thomy since the early 1990s.[1]
Thomy is currently only produced in Switzerland and Germany, where production was begun in 1956, although it is exported throughout Europe.
Thomy currently runs operating plants in Karlsruhe and Neuss in Germany, and in Basel, Switzerland.
Popularity in Switzerland[edit]
Thomy has been voted among the twenty most popular Swiss brands for the last ten years, demonstrating its popularity in Switzerland.[citation needed] It also enjoys a 99% recognition rate in Swiss households, and is consumed in over 2.3 million households.[citation needed]
An average Swiss household consumes about five Thomy mayonnaise tubes a year as well as three Thomy mustard tubes. The per capita consumption of mayonnaise and mustard in Switzerland is 1 kg and 500g respectively.
In 2008 Thomy launched a new Tartare Light mayonnaise, containing 50% less fat and mayonnaise made from rapeseed oil.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^ Thomy Website |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48335 | Vuk Branković
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Vuk Branković of the 14th century. For his 15th century great-grandson, see Vuk Branković II.
Vuk Branković
Gospodin (lord)
Vuk Branković.jpg
Vuk, 18 years old (ca. 1363), fresco work in the Holy Mother of God Church in Ohrid
Reign 1378-1389
Successor Đurađ Branković
Spouse Mara Lazarević
Issue Đurađ Branković
House Branković
Father Branko Mladenović
Born 1345
Died October 6, 1397
Religion Eastern Orthodoxy
Vuk Branković (Serbian Cyrillic: Вук Бранковић, pronounced [ʋûːk brǎːnkoʋit͡ɕ], 1345 – October 6, 1397) was a Serbian medieval nobleman who during the Fall of the Serbian Empire inherited a province which spans over present-day south and southwestern Serbia, the northern part of present day Macedonia, and northern Montenegro. His fief (and later state) was known as Oblast Brankovića (District of Branković) or simply as Vukova zemlja (Vuk's land) which he held with the title of gospodin (lord, sir), under Prince Lazar of Serbia. After the Battle of Kosovo (1389), Vuk was briefly de facto most powerful Serbian lord.
Branković was born in 1345,[1] and belonged to a Serb noble family which held a prominent role under the Nemanjić dynasty in the 13th and 14th century. Vuk was a son of Branko Mladenović (died before 1365), who received the high court title of sevastokrator from Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and served as governor of Ohrid (present day Macedonia). Vuk's grandfather was Mladen (died after 1326), who was župan (count) in Trebinje under King Stefan Milutin (1282–1321) and vojvoda (duke) under King Stefan Dečanski (1321–1331). Later chronicles alleged that the Branković descended from Vukan Nemanjić, son of Stefan Nemanja.
Realm of Vuk Branković in the 14th century
States in the Central Balkans (including Realm of Vuk Branković) in 1373-1395
After their father's death, Vuk and his brothers Grgur and Nikola Radonja were forced by the usurper king Vukašin Mrnjavčević to leave their land in western Macedonia (Ohrid), and they retreated to the valley of Drenica (central Kosovo). From there Vuk, who only held the humble title of gospodin (lord, sir), started to expand his realm and to create his own state. He took advantage of the death of king Vukašin in the Battle of Maritsa (1371), and occupied his lands in the southern part of Kosovo and northern Macedonia with the city of Skopje. The turning point of Vuk's ascension to power in post-Nemanjić Serbia was his marriage with Mara, daughter of the most powerful Serbian magnate prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, which brought him substantial lands in Kosovo and the city of Zvečan as dowry. This marriage sealed the alliance between two houses and secured Lazar's assistance for Vuk's future plans, although Vuk in return had to acknowledge Lazar as his feudal senior. Soon after the marriage, Lazar, Vuk and king Tvrtko I of Bosnia attacked župan Nikola Altomanović, who ruled in the western part of Serbia, and conquered and divided his lands in 1373. In the partition of Altomanović's land, Vuk got areas of Raška (including the old Serbian capital Ras) and lands in Polimlje (northern Montenegro). After the death of Đurađ I Balšić (13 January 1378), Vuk captured his cities of Prizren and Peć and the area of Metohija.[2] At its peak, the realm of Branković stretched from Sjenica in the west to Skopje in the east, with the cities of Priština and Vučitrn serving as its capitals. The most important cities in Vuk's province were Priština, Prizren, Peć, Skopje and Ras, as well as the rich mining settlements of Trepča, Janjevo, Gluhavica and others.[3]
Battle of Kosovo[edit]
After the Battle of Maritza, Ottomans forced the southern Serbian feudal lords (in present-day Macedonia and Greece), Konstantin Dragaš, king Marko, Toma Preljubović and others, to become their vassals, and started to attack the northern Serbian lands ruled by prince Lazar and Vuk. After initial Serbian successes at the battles of Dubravnica (1381), Pločnik (1386) and Bileća (1388), the Ottomans launched a full-scale attack on Serbia aiming at the very heartland of Vuk's realm in central Kosovo. In the epic Battle of Kosovo (1389), which ended with a strategic Serbian defeat, Vuk participated along with his father-in-law Lazar and a contingent of King Tvrtko's army. Unlike Lazar, who died in the battle along with most of his army, Vuk managed to survive and preserve his army, which later gave material for a popular Serbian folk tradition (represented in folk epic poems and tales) that he betrayed Lazar in order to become supreme ruler of Serbia, a theory that is rejected by modern day Serbian historians, but not by the Serb people.[4] Despite the consensus of modern historiography in Serbia that Vuk Branković was not a traitor in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Momčilo Spremić emphasized that there is a possibility that Vuk really betrayed his Serbian allies.[5]
Kosovo Field with probable disposition of troops before the battle
Last years[edit]
After the Battle of Kosovo, Vuk refused to become an Ottoman vassal (unlike prince Stefan Lazarević, son of prince Lazar, who became an Ottoman vassal in late 1389), and started to plan anti-Ottoman action together with the Hungarian king Sigismund. However, Vuk was unable to resist the Ottomans for long. In 1392, they captured Skopje and forced Vuk to become their vassal and pay tribute. Even after that Vuk showed some resistance to Ottomans, refusing to participate on the Ottoman side in the battles of Rovine (1395) and Nicopolis (1396), unlike other Serbian lords such as prince Stefan, prince Marko and Konstantin Dejanović. He also maintained contacts with Hungary. Finally the Ottomans ended this situation by attacking Vuk in 1395-96, seizing his land and giving most of it to prince Stefan Lazarević, while Vuk himself was imprisoned and died in an Ottoman prison. A small part of Vuk's land with the towns of Priština and Vučitrn were given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals.[6]
He married Mara (Marija), the daughter of Lazar of Serbia and Milica Nemanjić in 1371, she died on April 12, 1426. They had three sons:
He is most often titled "Lord Vuk" (господин Вук),[7] while he signed himself "Lord of Serbs and Podunavlje" (господар Срба и Подунавља[8][9]). The Serbian Church had in the period between 1374 and 1379 accepted knez Lazar as "Lord of Serbs and Podunavlje".[10] According to historian R. Mihaljčić, when Vuk claimed the title, Stefan Lazarević was around 15 years old (ca. 1392).[11] Vuk was not recognised with that title, as it was preserved for Lazar and Lazar's son Stefan.[12]
People of his court[edit]
• Braiko Pekpal (fl. 1374)
• Vlatko Hranotić
• Dragosav
• Jakov
• Nikola (c. 1389), kefalija
• Nikolica (c. 1389), dijak
• Pribil Kućinić
• Todor Hamirović, vojvoda Prnjak and čelnik Smil (fl. 1387)
• Stefan (fl. 1395), chancellor.
• Todor, son of Žegar (fl. 1387)
Folk tradition portraits Vuk as a traitor: supposedly, Vuk tarnished the family name when he betrayed Prince Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo, which he survived in 1389. This tradition may be apocryphal.[13]
1. ^ Spremić, Momčilo (1996). "Vuk Branković i Kosovska bitka". Glas SANU 9: 85.
2. ^ Fine 1994, p. 389
3. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 79
4. ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 83–85
5. ^ Zirojević, Olga. "Bog ubio Vuka Brankovića... (Let God kill Vuk Branković...)". Retrieved 14 May 2011. Momcilo Spremic kao da ponovo izvodi Vuka Brankovica na sud. »Uzimajuci u obzir« - kaze on - »celokupnu delatnost Vuka, ne bi se moglo reci da je bio bez predispozicije za izdaju. Konacno, sve sto je ovde izneto, ne na osnovu emotivnog narodnog predanja, vec iskljucivo na osnovu pouzdanih dokumenata, pokazuje da njegova izdaja na Kosovu nije bila nemoguca«... Momčilo Spremić is again taking Vuk Branković on the trial. "Taking in consideraton [sic] - says he - the whole activities of Vuk Branković, it can not be said that he did not have prerequisites for betrayal. Finally, everything that was brought here , not on emotional peoples narative, but on the basis of reliable sources, shows that hi betrayal on Kosovo was not impossible.
6. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 409-415
7. ^ Зборник радова Византолошког института. Научно дело. 1997. p. 191. Познато је да се Вук Бранковић обично титулише као „господин Вук"
8. ^ Nada Mirkov (1 January 1998). Hilandar u knjigama. Narodna biblioteka Srbije. p. 44.
9. ^ Момир Јовић; Коста Радић (1990). Srpske zemlje i vladari. Društvo za negovanje istorijskih i umetničkih vrednosti. Он се у преговорима са краљем Жигмундом и Дубровником потписивао као »господар Срба и Подунавља«, преотимајући водећу улогу у Србији, као наследник таста кнеза Лазара.
10. ^ Blagojević, Miloš (2001), Državna uprava u srpskim srednjovekovnim zemljama (in Serbian) (2nd ed.), Belgrade: Službeni list SRJ, ISBN 86-355-0497-6
11. ^ Rade Mihaljčić (2001). Sabrana dela: I - VI. Kraj srpskog carstva. Srpska školska knj. Када се Вук потписао као господар Срба и Подунавља, Стефан Лазаревић је имао око 15 година
12. ^ Istorijski glasnik: organ Društva istoričara SR Srbije. Društvo. 1982. На основу досадашњег излагања са сигурношћу можемо рећи да деспот Угљеша , господин Константин , Вук Бранковић , Вукови синови и кесар Угљеша никада нису носили титулу „ господар Срба и Подунавља ” , јер је ова ...
13. ^ Bataković, Dušan (1992). "Kosovo Chronicles". Plato; Rastko. ISBN 86-447-0006-5. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48336 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Detroit, Michigan
City of license Detroit
Channels Digital: 23 (UHF)
Virtual: 23.1 (PSIP)
Affiliations Daystar
Owner Daystar
(sale to LocusPoint Networks, LLC pending)
(Word of God Fellowship)
Founded January 4, 1989
Call letters' meaning W
(after previous affiliation)
Sister station(s) W48AV-D
Former callsigns W05BN (January 4, 1989–September 1, 1995)
WBXD-LP (September 1, 1995–June 27, 2002)
WBXD-CA (June 27, 2002–November 18, 2004)
WUDT-CA (November 18, 2004–April 6, 2010)
WUDT-LD (April 6, 2010–May 10, 2012)
WUDT-CD (May 10, 2012–May 21, 2013)
Former channel number(s) Analog: 5 (VHF, 1989-2001)
35 (UHF, 2001)
23 (UHF, 2001-2010)
Digital: 8 (2010-2012)
Former affiliations The Box (1989–2000)
MTV2 (2000–2004)
Univision (2004-2009)
Transmitter power 15 kW
Class Digital Low-Power TV Station (LD)
Facility ID 70421
Transmitter coordinates 42°26′52.0″N 83°10′23.0″W / 42.447778°N 83.173056°W / 42.447778; -83.173056
(Site in Canadian Border Zone)
Website http://www.daystar.com/
WUDT-LD, in Detroit, Michigan, is a low-power affiliate of Daystar. It operates as a digital station on channel 23.1 (mapped to former analog position 23), owned and operated by Daystar.
The station took to the air on January 4, 1989, as low-power W05BN on channel 5. It then became WBXD-LP on September 1, 1995, reflecting its affiliation with, and ownership by, The Box, which was acquired by Viacom in 1999 and merged into its MTV2 in 2001. The sale to Viacom put WBXD under the same ownership as UPN station WKBD (channel 50) and, after Viacom's merger with CBS, WWJ-TV (channel 62).
On January 30, 2001, the station moved to channel 35 and then to channel 23 on July 12, 2001. Then on June 27, 2002, the station began operating at class A status, giving it the call sign WBXD-CA.
WUDT's logo as "Univision Detroit"
Viacom sold WBXD-CA to Equity Broadcasting in November 2004. The new owners renamed the station WUDT-CA, and made the station an affiliate of Univision. In 2007, Equity Broadcasting was renamed Equity Media Holdings Corporation. WUDT-CA was the first Spanish-language television station to take to the air in the state of Michigan since W66BV, Detroit's prior Univision affiliate, became a TBN translator in the early-1990s.
During its time with Univision, WUDT was also one of only three stations affiliated with the network (along with KUNS-TV in Seattle and Univision O&O WQHS-TV in Cleveland) in markets bordering Canada. Univision's over-the-air presence in Detroit made Detroit/Windsor the only market in the United States or Canada with terrestrial stations in English, Spanish and French—the French station was Radio-Canada owned-and-operated station CBEFT on channel 35, a former originating station which rebroadcast Toronto's CBLFT-DT before going dark in 2012.
WUDT's master control was remotely originated via satellite from Equity's headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. Equity maintained a local news and advertising sales office at 5600 King Street in Troy. The station had limited backup signal transmission arrangements; during several instances of bad weather, WUDT-CA often broadcast either a black screen or a "NO SIGNAL" message.
On March 28, 2007, Comcast added WUDT to its Detroit lineup on channel 65, replacing the network's national East Coast feed, which had been carried since the 1980s when Comcast in the Detroit area was known as Barden Cablevision, and when Univision was known as Spanish International Network (SIN).[1] However, it was never available on WOW! Detroit, Bright House Livonia or Cogeco Windsor; WOW continued to carry national feed instead, while Bright House does not have the station or the network on any of its lineups in Livonia, Farmington, Novi or Redford.[2] Cogeco Windsor does not carry Univision in any form due to restrictions set by the CRTC. Comcast later moved the station to channel 18 in Detroit to make room for the Michigan feed of the Big Ten Network, which now occupies channel 65.
Due to the 2008 bankruptcy of Equity Broadcasting, WUDT was sold at auction to the Daystar Television Network on April 16, 2009; the sale closed in July 2009.[3] In August 2009, the station began to show only a slide with the Univision logo and station identification. Comcast immediately removed WUDT from its lineup and reverted to carrying the national Univision feed. On August 26, at about 5PM, WUDT switched to Daystar. This left Detroit without a full-time Spanish-language outlet.
On April 6, 2010, WUDT switched off its analog signal and broadcast on digital channel 8. At some point in mid-June 2010 WUDT-LD went silent, returning to the air as of July 27, 2010.
Daystar reached a deal to sell WUDT-CD, along with WSVT-CD in Tampa, Florida, to LocusPoint Networks in December 2012.[4] The deal will make it a sister station to two other Detroit stations, WDWO-CD (which LocusPoint acquired in March 2013) and W33BY (which LocusPoint acquired in April 2014).[5] In the meantime, in May 2013, Daystar surrendered the class A status for WUDT and three other stations.[6][7]
On December 15, 2014, Ion Media Networks, the owners of WPXD-TV, reached a deal to donate its translator station W48AV (channel 48) in St. Clair Shores to Daystar.[8] As part of the transaction, Daystar requested a special temporary authority for it to relocate to UHF 23, the same channel as WUDT-LD; this was granted.[9][10]
From about 2005 until June 2008, the station presented a nightly newscast, produced and anchored in Denver, Colorado, with stories produced in the Detroit area originating from the station's offices in Troy. On June 6, 2008, Equity discontinued local newscasts at its six Univision affiliates, including WUDT.[11]
Technical and service information[edit]
The station operates with an Effective Radiated Power of 15 kilowatts with a directional antenna, covering the immediate Detroit and Windsor areas, plus large parts of southern Oakland and Macomb counties and small portions of Wayne and Essex counties.
Digital television[edit]
The station applied for a license to operate digitally on VHF channel 8. The application was filed and a construction permit was granted on October 10, 2007 and it expires on October 11, 2010.[12] The station went on air shortly after. WUDT's digital signal was between the digital signals of WJBK-TV on channel 7 and CBET-DT on channel 9, which may cause some interference. This may also cause interference with Cleveland's WJW in the southeastern areas of Essex County, which has its digital signal on channel 8 as well.
Because of reception challenges, Daystar subsequently filed an application to permit WUDT to broadcast its digital signal on channel 23, its old analogue frequency, at 15 kW, directional. The application was granted by the FCC on January 17, 2012, with the Construction Permit expiring September 1, 2015. As a low-power station, WUDT was not required to transition to digital television when full service stations were required to do so in 2009; however, all low-powered stations, including WUDT, must make the transition by September 1, 2015. On May 3, 2012, the station moved back to UHF 23, increasing power substantially from 300 to 15,000 watts. On May 10, 2012, the station upgraded to class A digital status, becoming WUDT-CD; a year later, Daystar elected to revert the station to a traditional low-power license.[6][7]
At some point in May 2015, WUDT-LD went silent, having been merged into its now-sister station, W48AV-D, which has since switched to digital operations as a Daystar station. While WUDT-LD's license remains active (and both remain owned by Daystar via its Word of God Fellowship subsidiary), it is unknown what its ultimate fate will be at this time.
• WUDT was the largest of Equity's three television stations in Michigan. Equity also owned and operated Retro Jams affiliate WUHQ-LP in Grand Rapids and dual-Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WMQF in Marquette (now WZMQ). WUHQ would also be sold to Daystar, with WMQF being sold to a Wisconsin company, MMMRC, LLC.
• Equity would also acquire another former MTV2 station, WBWX-CA, now WUMN-LP channel 13 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, also a Univision affiliate. WUMN, along with its sister station, Telefutura affiliate WTMS-CA, channel 7, would be sold to Silver Point Capital. WUMN is owned today by the Media Vista Group, while WTMS had ceased operations.
• Equity's presence was felt elsewhere in Detroit as ABC affiliate WXYZ-TV began its service of the Retro Television Network, which began broadcasting starting in the Spring of 2008 as RTN7. Equity, which once owned RTN and The E.W. Scripps Company made the deal official on September 21, 2007.[13] Shortly after WXYZ launched RTN7, the network was sold to Luken Communications, LLC. RTN, later reacronymed "RTV", was seen on WXYZ-TV until 2011, when it was replaced with the Live Well Network.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Univision/WUDT23 ahora en Comcast | Univision - WUDT 23 Detroit | Portada
2. ^ Channel Lineup - Bright House Networks Michigan
3. ^ "Takers found for 60 Equity stations". Television Business Report. April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
4. ^ Seyler, Dave (December 6, 2012). "Locuspoint picks up two more Class A TVs". Television Business Report. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
5. ^ Seyler, Dave (March 15, 2013). "LocusPoint snaps up another Class A TV". Television Business Report. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
6. ^ a b Kreisman, Barbara A. (May 21, 2013). "Re: WSVT, Tampa, Florida, WUDT, Detroit, Michigan, WBKI, Louisville, Kentucky, WBUN, Birmingham, Alabama" (PDF). CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
7. ^ a b Hashemzadeh, Hossein (May 24, 2013). "Re: WSVT-CD, Tampa, Florida, WUDT-CD, Detroit Michigan, WBKI-CA, Louisville, Kentucky, WBUN-CA, Birmingham, Alabama" (PDF). CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
9. ^ http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1675613
10. ^ http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1675613&Service=LD&Form_id=911&Facility_id=68544
11. ^ TV Newsday, 6/10/2008
12. ^ FCC Application for WUDT-LD
13. ^ Equity Media Holdings Corporation - RTN to Launch in Detroit
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48337 | Western astrology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Western Astrology)
Jump to: navigation, search
Western astrology is the system of astrology most popular in Western countries. Western astrology is historically based on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos (2nd century AD), which in turn was a continuation of Hellenistic and ultimately Babylonian traditions.[citation needed]
Western astrology is largely horoscopic, that is, it is a form of divination based on the construction of a horoscope for an exact moment, such as a person's birth, in which various cosmic bodies are said to have an influence. Astrology in western popular culture is often reduced to sun sign astrology, which considers only the individual's date of birth (i.e. the "position of the Sun" at that date).
Because astrology has failed in predictions when under scientific tests, it is generally regarded as pseudoscientific.
Core principles[edit]
Robert Fludd's 16th-century illustration of man the microcosm within the universal macrocosm
A central principle of astrology is integration within the cosmos. The individual, Earth, and its environment are viewed as a single organism, all parts of which are correlated with each other.[1] Cycles of change that are observed in the heavens are therefore reflective (not causative) of similar cycles of change observed on earth and within the individual.[2] This relationship is expressed in the Hermetic maxim "as above, so below; as below, so above", which postulates symmetry between the individual as a microcosm and the celestial environment as a macrocosm.[3] At the heart of astrology is the metaphysical principle that mathematical relationships express qualities or ‘tones' of energy which manifest in numbers, visual angles, shapes and sounds – all connected within a pattern of proportion. Pythagoras first identified that the pitch of a musical note is in proportion to the length of the string that produces it, and that intervals between harmonious sound frequencies form simple numerical ratios.[4] In a theory known as the Harmony of the Spheres, Pythagoras proposed that the Sun, Moon and planets all emit their own unique hum based on their orbital revolution,[5] and that the quality of life on Earth reflects the tenor of celestial sounds which are physically imperceptible to the human ear.[3] Subsequently, Plato described astronomy and music as "twinned" studies of sensual recognition: astronomy for the eyes, music for the ears, and both requiring knowledge of numerical proportions.[6]
Later philosophers retained the close association between astronomy, optics, music and astrology, including Ptolemy, who wrote influential texts on all these topics.[7] Al-Kindi, in the 9th century, developed Ptolemy's ideas in De Aspectibus which explores many points of relevance to astrology and the use of planetary aspects.[8]
The zodiac[edit]
Main article: Zodiac
The zodiac is the belt or band of constellations through which the Sun, Moon, and planets move on their journey across the sky. Astrologers noted these constellations and so attached a particular significance to them. Over time they developed the system of twelve signs of the zodiac, based on twelve of the constellations through which the sun passes throughout the year, those constellations that are "Enlightened by the mind". Most western astrologers use the tropical zodiac beginning with the sign of Aries at the Northern hemisphere Vernal Equinox always on or around March 21 of each year. The Western Zodiac is drawn based on the Earth's relationship to fixed, designated positions in the sky, and the Earth's seasons. The Sidereal Zodiac is drawn based on the Earth's position in relation to the constellations, and follows their movements in the sky. Due to a phenomenon called precession of the equinoxes (where the Earth's axis slowly rotates like a spinning top in a 25,700 year cycle), there is a slow shift in the correspondence between Earth's seasons (and calendar) and the constellations of the zodiac. Thus, the tropical zodiac corresponds with the position of the earth in relation to fixed positions in the sky (Western Astrology), while the sidereal zodiac is drawn based on the position in relation to the constellations (sidereal zodiac).[9]
The twelve signs[edit]
In modern Western astrology the signs of the zodiac are believed to represent twelve basic personality types or characteristic modes of expression. The twelve signs are divided into four elements fire, earth, air and water. Fire and air signs are considered masculine, while water and earth signs are considered feminine.[10] The twelve signs are also divided into three qualities, Cardinal, fixed and mutable.[11][12]
Sign Approximate dates of
Sun signs
Sun signs dates
for current year 2015-2016
Element Quality
Start End Start End
Aries.svg Aries The Ram March 21 April 19 March 21 April 19 Fire Cardinal
Taurus.svg Taurus The Bull April 20 May 20 April 20 May 20 Earth Fixed
Gemini.svg Gemini The Twins May 21 June 21 May 21 June 21 Air Mutable
Cancer.svg Cancer The Crab June 22 July 22 June 22 July 23 Water Cardinal
Leo.svg Leo The Lion July 23 August 22 July 24 August 27 Fire Fixed
Virgo.svg Virgo The Virgin August 23 September 22 August 28 September 23 Earth Mutable
Libra.svg Libra The Scales September 23 October 23 September 24 October 23 Air Cardinal
Scorpio.svg Scorpio The Scorpion October 24 November 20 October 24 November 20 Water Fixed
Sagittarius.svg Sagittarius The Archer November 21 December 22 November 21 December 22 Fire Mutable
Capricorn.svg Capricorn The Sea Goat December 23 January 20 December 23 January 17 Earth Cardinal
Aquarius.svg Aquarius The Water Bearer January 21 February 21 January 18 February 20 Air Fixed
Pisces.svg Pisces The Fish February 22 March 20 February 21 March 20 Water Mutable
• Note: these are only approximations and the exact date on which the sign of the sun changes varies from year to year.
Zodiac sign for an individual depends on the placement of planets and the ascendant in that sign. If a person has nothing placed in a particular sign, that sign will play no active role in their personality. On the other hand a person with, for example, both the sun and moon in Cancer, will strongly display the characteristics of that sign in their make up.
Sun-sign astrology[edit]
Main article: Sun sign astrology
Newspapers often print astrology columns which purport to provide guidance on what might occur in a day in relation to the sign of the zodiac that included the sun when the person was born. Astrologers refer to this as the "sun sign", but it is often commonly called the "star sign". These predictions are vague or general; so much so that even practising astrologers consider them of little to no value. Experiments have shown that when people are shown a newspaper horoscope for their own sign along with a newspaper horoscope for a different sign, they judge them to be equally accurate on the average.[13] Other tests have been performed on complete, personalized horoscopes cast by professional astrologers, and have shown similarly disappointing results,[14] contrary to the claims of professional astrologers.
The planets[edit]
Main article: Planets in astrology
In modern Western astrology the planets represent basic drives or impulses in the human psyche. These planets differ from the definition of a planet in astronomy in that the sun, moon, and recently, Pluto and Ceres (considered as dwarf planets in astronomy), are all considered to be planets for the purposes of astrology. Each planet is also said to be the ruler of one or two zodiac signs. The three modern planets have each been assigned rulership of a zodiac sign by astrologers and Ceres has been suggested as the ruler of Taurus or Virgo.[15] Traditionally rulership of the signs was, according to Ptolemy, based on seasonal derivations and astronomical measurement, whereby the luminaries being the brightest planets were given rulership of the brightest months of the year and Saturn the coldest furthest classical planet was given to the coldest months of the year, with the other planets ruling the remaining signs as per astronomical measurement. It is noteworthy that the modern rulerships do not follow the same logic.
Classical planets[edit]
The astrological 'planets' are the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients. The sun and moon, also known as 'the lights', are included as they were thought to act like the astronomical planets. Astrologers call Mercury, Venus and Mars the 'personal planets', as they represent the most immediate drives. The 'lights' symbolise respectively the existential and sensitive fundamentals of the individuality.
The following table summarizes the rulership by the seven classically-known planets[16] of each of the twelve astrological signs,[17] together with their effects on world events, people and the earth itself as understood in the Middle Ages.[18]
Traditional planets with their rulership of signs and effects on people and the world
Symbol Planet[16] Rules the sign[17] Effect on world events[18] Person's nature[18] Effect in life[18] Effect in earth[18]
Sun symbol.svg Sun Leo Wisdom, generosity, 'sunny' disposition Good fortune Gold
Moon symbol crescent.svg Moon Cancer Wandering Travel, lunacy Silver
Mercury symbol.svg Mercury Gemini and Virgo Action Changeability, eagerness, quickness, 'mercurial' temperament Rapid change Mercury (quicksilver)
Venus symbol.svg Venus Libra and Taurus Fortunate events Beauty, amorousness Good luck Copper[19]
Mars symbol.svg Mars Aries, classically also Scorpio War Strength, endurance, 'martial' temperament Conflicts, misfortune Iron
Jupiter symbol.svg Jupiter Sagittarius, classically also Pisces Good times, prosperity Cheerful, magnanimous, 'jovial' temperament Good fortune Tin
Saturn symbol.svg Saturn Capricorn, classically also Aquarius Disastrous events Melancholy, 'saturnine' temperament Accidents, disease, treachery, bad luck Lead
The moon's nodes[edit]
Also important in astrology are the moon's nodes.[20] The nodes are where the moon's path crosses the ecliptic. The North, or Ascending Node marks the place where the moon crosses from South to North (or ascends), while the South, or Descending Node marks where the moon crosses from North to South (or descends). While Lunar nodes are not considered by Western astrologers to be as important a factor as each of the planets, they are thought to mark sensitive areas that are worth taking into account.
• Northnode-symbol.svg - North or ascending Node. Also the ruler of Pathways and Choices.
• Southnode-symbol.svg - South or descending Node. Also the ruler of Karma and the Past.
Essential dignity[edit]
In astrology, "essential dignity" is the strength of a planet or point's zodiac position, judged only by its position by sign and degree, what the pre-eminent 17th-century astrologer William Lilly called "the strength, fortitude or debility of the Planets [or] significators."[21] In other words, essential dignity seeks to view the strengths of a planet or point as though it were isolated from other factors in the sky of the natal chart. Traditionally, there are five dignities; domicile and detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the later two have diminished in usage. A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership.
The horoscope[edit]
Main article: Horoscope
Western astrology is based mainly upon the construction of a horoscope, which is a map or chart of the heavens at a particular moment. The moment chosen is the beginning of the existence of the subject of the horoscope, as it is believed that the subject will carry with it the pattern of the heavens from that moment throughout its life. The most common form of horoscope is the natal chart based on the moment of a person's birth; though in theory a horoscope can be drawn up for the beginning of anything, from a business enterprise to the foundation of a nation state.
In Western horoscopic astrology the interpretation of a horoscope is governed by:
Some astrologers also use the position of various mathematical points such as the Arabic parts.
The primary angles[edit]
There are four primary angles in the horoscope (though the cusps of the houses are often included as important angles by some astrologers).
• Ascendant-symbol.svg - The ascendant or rising sign is the eastern point where the ecliptic and horizon intersect. During the course of a day, because of the Earth's rotation, the entire circle of the ecliptic will pass through the ascendant and will be advanced by about 1°. This provides us with the term rising sign', which is the sign of the zodiac that was rising in the east at the exact time that the horoscope or natal chart is calculated. In creating a horoscope the ascendant is traditionally placed as the left-hand side point of the chart. In most house systems the ascendant lies on the cusp of the 1st house of the horoscope.
The ascendant is generally considered the most important and personalized angle in the horoscope by the vast majority of astrologers. It signifies a person's awakening consciousness, in the same way that the Sun's appearance on the eastern horizon signifies the dawn of a new day.[22] Due to the fact that the ascendant is specific to a particular time and place, it signifies the individual environment and conditioning that a person receives during their upbringing, and also the circumstances of their childhood. For this reason, the ascendant is also concerned with how a person has learned to present him or herself to the world, especially in public and in impersonal situations.[23]
The opposite point to the ascendant in the west is the descendant, which denotes how a person reacts in their relationships with others. It also show the kind of person we are likely to be attracted to, and our ability to form romantic attachments. In most house systems the descendant lies on the cusp of the 7th house of the horoscope.
• Midheaven-symbol.svg- The midheaven or medium coeli is the point on the ecliptic that is furthest above the plane of the horizon. For events occurring where the planes of the ecliptic and the horizon coincide, the limiting position for these points is located 90° from the ascendant. For astrologers, the midheaven traditionally indicates a person's career, status, aim in life, aspirations, public reputation, and life goal. In quadrant house systems the midheaven lies on the cusp of the 10th house of the horoscope.
The opposite point to the midheaven is known as the imum coeli. For astrologers the nadir or IC traditionally indicates the circumstances at the beginning and end of a person's life, their parents and the parental home, and their own domestic life. In quadrant house systems it lies on the cusp of the 4th house of the horoscope.
The houses[edit]
Main article: House (astrology)
The horoscope is divided by astrologers into 12 portions called the houses. The houses of the horoscope are interpreted as being 12 different spheres of life or activity. There are various ways of calculating the houses in the horoscope or birth chart. However, there is no dispute about their meanings, and the 12 houses[24]
Main article: Astrological aspects
The aspects are the angles the planets make to each other in the horoscope, and also to the ascendant, midheaven, descendant and nadir. The aspects are measured by the angular distance along the ecliptic in degrees and minutes of celestial longitude between two points, as viewed from the earth.[25] They indicate focal points in the horoscope where the energies involved are given extra emphasis. The more exact the angle, the more powerful the aspect, although an allowance of a few degrees each side of the aspect called an orb is allowed for interpretation. The following are the aspects in order of importance[26]
• Conjunction-symbol.svg - Conjunction 0° (orb ±8°). The conjunction is a major point in the chart, giving strong emphasis to the planets involved. The planets will act together to outside stimulus and act on each other.[26]
• Opposition-symbol.svg - Opposition 180° (orb ±8°). The opposition is indicative of tension, conflict and confrontation, due to the polarity between the two elements involved. Stress arises when one is used over the other, causing an imbalance; but the opposition can work well if the two parts of the aspect are made to complement each other in a synthesis.[26]
• Trine-symbol.svg - Trine 120°(orb ±8°). The trine indicates harmony, and ease of expression, with the two elements reinforcing each other. The trine is a source of artistic and creative talent, but can be a 'line of least resistance' to a person of weak character.[26]
• Square-symbol.svg - Square 90°(orb ±8°). The square indicates frustration, inhibitions, disruption and inner conflict, but can become a source of energy and activation to a person determined to overcome limitations.[26]
• Sextile-symbol.svg - Sextile 60°(orb ±6°). The sextile is similar to the trine, but of less significance. It indicates ease of communication between the two elements involved, with compatibility and harmony between them.[26]
• Quincunx-symbol.svg - Quincunx 150°(orb ±3°). The quincunx indicates difficulty and stress, due to incompatible elements being forced together. It can mean an area of self-neglect in a person's life (especially health), or obligations being forced on a person. The quincunx can vary from minor to quite major in impact.[26]
• Semisextile-symbol.svg - Semisextile 30° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates an area of life where a conscious effort to be positive will have to be made.[26]
• Semisquare-symbol.svg - Semisquare 45°(orb ±2°). Indicates somewhat difficult circumstance. Similar in effect to semisextile.[26]
• Sesquisquare-symbol.svg - Sesquiquadrate 135°(orb ±2°). Indicates somewhat stressful conditions. Similar to semisextile.[26]
• Quintile-symbol.svg - Quintile 72° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates talent and vaguely fortunate circumstances.[26]
• Biquintile-symbol.svg - Biquintile 144° (orb ±2°). Slight in effect. Indicates talent and vaguely fortunate circumstances.[26]
• Retrograde-symbol.svg - Retrograde: A planet is retrograde when it appears to move backwards across the sky when seen from the earth, due to one planet moving more quickly relative to the other. Although it is not an aspect, some astrologers believe that it should be included for consideration in the chart. Planets which are retrograde in the natal chart are considered by them to be potential weak points.[26]
Modern modifications to the Ptolemaic system[edit]
Modern planets[edit]
These are the planets discovered in modern times, which have since been assigned meanings by Western astrologers.
Planets discovered in modern times, with signs and effects
Symbol Planet Representing Rules the sign Claimed effects on world events Claimed effects on people
Uranus's astrological symbol.svg Uranus Letter 'H' for planet's discoverer, William Herschel[27] Aquarius Innovation, technology[28] Sudden or disruptive change[29]
Neptune symbol.svg Neptune Trident, weapon of sea-god Neptune[30] Pisces[31] Confusion, sensitivity[31]
Pluto's astrological symbol.svg Pluto symbol.svg Pluto PL for astronomer Percival Lowell who predicted Pluto's discovery[32] Scorpio Transformation,[33] fate, death
Ceres symbol.svg Ceres Sickle, Ceres being goddess of corn[34] (sometimes taken to be Virgo) Mothering, compassion[35]
Sidereal and tropical astrology[edit]
There are two camps of thought among western astrologers about the "starting point", 0 degrees Aries, in the zodiac. Sidereal astrology uses a fixed starting point in the background of stars, while tropical astrology, used by the majority of Western astrologers, chooses as a starting point the position of the Sun against the background of stars at the Northern hemisphere vernal equinox (i.e. when the Sun position against the heavens crosses over from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere) each year.
As the Earth spins on its axis, it "wobbles" like a top, causing the vernal equinox to move gradually backwards against the star background, (a phenomenon known as the Precession of the equinoxes) at a rate of about 30 degrees (one Zodiacal sign length) every 2,160 years. Thus the two zodiacs would be aligned only once every 26,000 years. They were aligned about 2,000 years ago when the zodiac was originally established.
This phenomenon gives us the conceptual basis for the Age of Aquarius, whose "dawning" coincides with the movement of the vernal equinox across the cusp from Pisces to Aquarius in the star background.
Astrology and science[edit]
Main article: Astrology and science
The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future.[36]:83 Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary".[37]
Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity,[36]:85[38] and as such, is regarded as pseudoscience.[39][40][41]:1350 There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.[42]:249[43]
Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified.[38]:424 The most famous test was headed by Shawn Carlson and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that natal astrology performed no better than chance.[44]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Manilius (77) p.87-89 (II.64-67): “the entire universe is alive in mutual concord of its elements and is driven by the pulse of reason, since a single spirit dwells in all its parts and, speeding through all things, nourishes it like a living creature”.
2. ^ Al-Kindi (9th century) is clarifying this point where he says in his text On the Stellar Rays, ch.4: “... we say that one thing acts with its elemental rays on another, but according to the exquisite truth it does not act but only the celestial harmony acts”.
3. ^ a b Houlding (2000) p.28: “The doctrine of the Pythagoreans was a combination of science and mysticism… Like Anaximenes they viewed the Universe as one integrated, living organism, surrounded by Divine Air (or more literally ‘Breath’), which permeates and animates the whole cosmos and filters through to individual creatures… By partaking of the core essence of the Universe, the individual is said to act as a microcosm in which all the laws in the macrocosm of the Universe are at work”.
4. ^ Weiss and Taruskin (2008) p.3.
5. ^ Pliny the Elder (77) pp.277-8, (II.xviii.xx): "…occasionally Pythagoras draws on the theory of music, and designates the distance between the Earth and the Moon as a whole tone, that between the Moon and Mercury as a semitone, .... the seven tones thus producing the so-called diapason, i.e. a universal harmony".
6. ^ Davis (1901) p.252. Plato’s Republic VII.XII reads: “As the eyes, said I, seem formed for studying astronomy, so do the ears seem formed for harmonious motions: and these seem to be twin sciences to one another, as also the Pythagoreans say”.
7. ^ Smith (1996) p.2.
8. ^ Hackett (1997) p.245 and Smith (1996) p.56.
9. ^ Wood, Chauncey (1970). "Appendix: The Workings of Astrology". Chaucer and the Country of the Stars. Princeton University Press. pp. 298–305.
10. ^ Myrna Lofthus, A spiritual approach to astrology, p.8, CRCS Publications, Sebastopol, CA 1983.
11. ^ Pelletier, Robert; Cataldo, Leonard (1984). Be Your Own Astrologer: All You Need to Know to Draw Up Your Own Birth Chart. London: Pan Books Ltd. pp. 24–33. ISBN 9780330284769.
12. ^ Pottenger, Maritha (1991). Astro Essentials. San Diego: ACS Publications. pp. 31–36.
13. ^ The Forer Effect
14. ^ The AstroTest, An account of a test of the predictive power of astrology, with references to other experiments.
15. ^ Sasha Fenton, Understanding Astrology, pp. 106–15, Aquarian Press, London, 1991; Maritha Pottinger, Ibid, pp. 11–17, 1991.
16. ^ a b Planet description
17. ^ a b Signs description
18. ^ a b c d e Lewis, C.S. (1994, first published 1964). The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–109. ISBN 978-0-521-47735-2. Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. ^ Lewis notes that Venus was associated with the island of Cyprus, the classical source of copper.
20. ^ Derek and Julia Parker, The New Compleat Astrologer p. 149, Crescent Books, New York, 1990.
21. ^ Lilly 2005, p. 101.
22. ^ Jeff Mayo, Teach Yourself Astrology p. 71, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1991.
23. ^ Sasha Fenton, Rising Signs, pp. 13–14, The Aquarian Press, London, 1989.
24. ^ Sasha Fenton, Ibid, pp. 117–8, 1991.
25. ^ Jeff Mayo, Ibid p. 97, 1991.
26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert Pelletier and Leonard Cataldo, Ibid, pp. 57–60, 1984; Sasha Fenton, Ibid, pp. 137-9, 1991.
27. ^ "The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus". Original letter by F. Herschel, The Observatory, 1917 (SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)) 30: 306–307. Bibcode:1917Obs....40..306H. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
28. ^ Bidisha (9 December 2011). "I'm starry-eyed about horoscopes". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
29. ^ Parker, Julia; Parker, Derek (2007). Astrology. Dorling Kindersley. p. 237.
30. ^ "Neptune's Symbol". NASA. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
31. ^ a b Parker, Julia; Parker, Derek (2007). Astrology. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 240–242.
32. ^ "Pluto's Symbol". NASA. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
33. ^ Padel, Ruth (20 April 2013). "Pluto by Glyn Maxwell – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
34. ^ "Ceres". Universe - Galaxies and Stars. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
35. ^ Parker, Julia; Parker, Derek (2007). Astrology. Dorling Kindersley. p. 201.
36. ^ a b Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84. ISBN 0-8053-9283-1.
37. ^ "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". The Humanist, September/October 1975. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009.
• The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).
• Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz (1982). "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". In Patrick Grim. Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 14–18. ISBN 0-87395-572-2.
39. ^ Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. "Science and Pseudo-Science". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
42. ^ Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V., eds. (1989). Cosmic perspectives: essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34354-2.
43. ^ Peter D. Asquith, ed. (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.
44. ^ Carlson, Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature 318 (6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. doi:10.1038/318419a0.
External links[edit]
• The Astrotest - An account of a test of the predictive power of astrology, with references to other experiments. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48339 | Text segmentation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Word segmentation)
Jump to: navigation, search
Text segmentation is the process of dividing written text into meaningful units, such as words, sentences, or topics. The term applies both to mental processes used by humans when reading text, and to artificial processes implemented in computers, which are the subject of natural language processing. The problem is non-trivial, because while some written languages have explicit word boundary markers, such as the word spaces of written English and the distinctive initial, medial and final letter shapes of Arabic, such signals are sometimes ambiguous and not present in all written languages.
Compare speech segmentation, the process of dividing speech into linguistically meaningful portions.
Segmentation problems[edit]
Word segmentation[edit]
See also: Word > Word boundary
Word segmentation is the problem of dividing a string of written language into its component words.
In English and many other languages using some form of the Latin alphabet, the space is a good approximation of a word divider (word delimiter). (Some examples where the space character alone may not be sufficient include contractions like can't for can not.)
However the equivalent to this character is not found in all written scripts, and without it word segmentation is a difficult problem. Languages which do not have a trivial word segmentation process include Chinese, Japanese, where sentences but not words are delimited, Thai and Lao, where phrases and sentences but not words are delimited, and Vietnamese, where syllables but not words are delimited.
In some writing systems however, such as the Ge'ez script used for Amharic and Tigrinya among other languages, words are explicitly delimited (at least historically) with a non-whitespace character.
The Unicode Consortium has published a Standard Annex on Text Segmentation, exploring the issues of segmentation in multiscript texts.
Word splitting is the process of parsing concatenated text (i.e. text that contains no spaces or other word separators) to infer where word breaks exist.
Word splitting may also refer to the process of hyphenation.
Sentence segmentation[edit]
Sentence segmentation is the problem of dividing a string of written language into its component sentences. In English and some other languages, using punctuation, particularly the full stop character is a reasonable approximation. However even in English this problem is not trivial due to the use of the full stop character for abbreviations, which may or may not also terminate a sentence. For example Mr. is not its own sentence in "Mr. Smith went to the shops in Jones Street." When processing plain text, tables of abbreviations that contain periods can help prevent incorrect assignment of sentence boundaries.
As with word segmentation, not all written languages contain punctuation characters which are useful for approximating sentence boundaries.
Text segmentation[edit]
Topic analysis consists of two main tasks: topic identification and text segmentation. While the first is a simple classification of a specific text, the latter case implies that a document may contain multiple topics, and the task of computerized text segmentation may be to discover these topics automatically and segment the text accordingly. The topic boundaries may be apparent from section titles and paragraphs. In other cases, one needs to use techniques similar to those used in document classification.
Segmenting the text into topics or discourse turns might be useful in some natural processing tasks: it can improve information retrieval or speech recognition significantly (by indexing/recognizing documents more precisely or by giving the specific part of a document corresponding to the query as a result). It is also needed in Topic detection and Tracking systems and text summarizing problems.
Many different approaches have been tried:[1][2] e.g. HMM, lexical chains, passage similarity using word co-occurrence, clustering etc.
It is quite an ambiguous task — people evaluating the text segmentation systems often differ in topic boundaries. Hence, evaluating is quite dubious problem too.
Other segmentation problems[edit]
Processes may be required to segment text into segments besides mentioned, including morphemes (a task usually called morphological analysis) or paragraphs.
Automatic segmentation approaches[edit]
Automatic segmentation is the problem in natural language processing of implementing a computer process to segment text.
When punctuation and similar clues are not consistently available, the segmentation task often requires fairly non-trivial techniques, such as statistical decision-making, large dictionaries, as well as consideration of syntactic and semantic constraints. Effective natural language processing systems and text segmentation tools usually operate on text in specific domains and sources. As an example, processing text used in medical records is a very different problem than processing news articles or real estate advertisements.
The process of developing text segmentation tools starts with collecting a large corpus of text in an application domain. There are two general approaches:
• Manual analysis of text and writing custom software
• Annotate the sample corpus with boundary information and use Machine Learning
Some text segmentation systems take advantage of any markup like HTML and know document formats like PDF to provide additional evidence for sentence and paragraph boundaries.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Freddy Y. Y. Choi (2000). "Advances in domain independent linear text segmentation" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1st Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ANLP-NAACL-00). pp. 26–33.
2. ^ Jeffrey C. Reynar (1998). "Topic Segmentation: Algorithms and Applications" (PDF). IRCS-98-21. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
External links[edit]
• Word Segment An open source software tool for word segmentation in Chinese.
• Word Split An open source software tool designed to split conjoined words into human-readable text.
• Stanford Segmenter An open source software tool for word segmentation in Chinese or morpheme segmentation in Arabic.
• KyTea An open source software tool for word segmentation in Japanese and Chinese.
• Chinese Notes A Chinese-English dictionary that also does word segmentation.
• Zhihuita Segmentor A high precision and high performance Chinese segmentation freeware. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48340 | Yury Lonchakov
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Yuri Lonchakov)
Jump to: navigation, search
Yury Valentinovich Lonchakov
Yuri Lonchakov.jpg
Nationality Russian
Status resigned September 2013
Balqash, Kazakhstan
Other occupation
Rank Colonel, Russian Air Force
Time in space
200d 18h 39m
Selection 1997 TsPK Cosmonaut Group
Total EVAs
Total EVA time
10 hours 27 minutes
Missions STS-100, Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-13, Expedition 18
Mission insignia
STS-100 patch.svg Soyouz TMA-1 logo.svg Soyuz TM-34 logo.png Soyuz-TMA-13-Mission-Patch.png ISS Expedition 18 patch.png
Awards Hero of the Russian Federation medal.png
Yury Valentinovich Lonchakov (Russian: Юрий Валентинович Лончаков; born 4 March 1965) is a Russian former cosmonaut and a veteran of three space missions.[1] He has spent 200 days in space and has conducted two career spacewalks.
Lonchakov was born on 4 March 1965, in Balkhash, Dzhezkazkansk Region, Kazakhstan. He considers Aktyubinsk as his native city since he had spent his childhood and youth there.[2] Lonchokov's parents, Lonchakov Valentin Gavrilovich and Galina Vasilyevna were geologists. He is married to Lonchakova (Dolmatova) Tatyana Alexeevna. They have one son, Kirill, born in 1990.[3] His hobbies include books, tourism, auto-tourism, downhill skiing, sport games.
Following graduation from high school in 1982, Lonchakov entered the Orenburg Air Force Pilot School, graduating with honors in 1986 as pilot-engineer. In 1995, Lonchakov entered the Zhukovski Air Force Academy from which he graduated with honors in 1998 as pilot-engineer-researcher.
Awards and ranks[edit]
Lonchakov was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation medal and the honorary title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation. He was decorated with the Order For Merit to the Fatherland IV class,[4] the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration",[5] and the NASA Space Flight Medal. Lonchokov is a National Prize winner for the Glory of Fatherland in nomination Russia Glory, instituted by the International Academy of Social Sciences and International Academy of Patronage. He is an "Honoured Man of the Aktubinsk region".
Military career[edit]
After graduation from pilot school, Lonchakov served as a second crew commander, crew commander, squadron senior pilot, and aviation brigade commander in the Russian Navy. Lonchakov has logged over 1400 hours of flight time, is a Class 1 Air Force pilot, and a paratroop training instructor with 526 jumps.
Cosmonaut career[edit]
Lonchakov is pictured translating through the passageway between the mid deck and flight deck of Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Lonchakov was selected as a test-cosmonaut candidate of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Cosmonaut Office in December 1997. In July 2004 he took part in the training for survival in extreme situations at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
Lonchakov's first spaceflight was the Space Shuttle mission STS-100 that installed the International Space Station's robotic arm, Canadarm2. Other major objectives for Endeavour 's mission were to berth the Raffaello logistics module to the station, activate it, transfer cargo between Raffaello and the station, and reberth Raffaello in the shuttle's payload bay. Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center at 18:40:42 UTC on 19 April 2001.[6] Lonchakov served as a mission specialist. After nearly two days of flight, Endeavour docked with the ISS on 21 April 2001 at 13:59 UTC. After 8 days of docked operations, the shuttle undocked from the ISS at 17:34 UTC on 19 April. Landing was originally planned at KSC however continuing cloud cover, rain showers and gusty winds forced Endeavour to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California.[7] The mission duration of STS-100 was 11 days, 21 hours, 31 minutes, 14 seconds.
Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34[edit]
On 25 March 2002, Lonchakov passed training for a spaceflight as the backup crew commander of the Soyuz-TM, Soyuz-TMA spacecraft, 4th visiting crew under the ISS program. On 1 October 2002, he was selected for the prime crew as flight engineer-2 and remained the backup crew commander.
Lonchakov returned to the ISS in October 2002 as a crewmember of the Soyuz taxi flight Soyuz TMA-1. The Soyuz spacecraft carrying commander Lonchakov, flight engineer cosmonaut Sergei Zalyotin and ESA astronaut Frank De Winne lifted off from the Baikonour Cosmodrome on 30 October 2002, at 03:11 UTC. Thick fog on the ground obscured the launch from the cameras, which showed only a silhouette of the rocket and the flame exhaust.[8] The successful docking between the Soyuz TMA-1 and the ISS did take place at 05:01 UTC on 1 November 2002. After spending 10 days, 20 hours and 53 minutes in space Lonchakov returned to Earth on Soyuz TM-34.[1] The Soyuz TM-34 spacecraft, undocked from the nadir port of the Zarya module of the ISS on 9 November at 20:44 GMT and landed 100 km north east of Arkalyk on 10 November 2002 at 00:04 UTC.[9] Soyuz TM-34 was the last of the Soyuz-TM spacecraft and was replaced by the Soyuz-TMA.
Expedition 18[edit]
Yury Lonchakov, Expedition 18 flight engineer, in the Zarya module of the ISS.
Lonchakov was originally selected to be a Flight Engineer on Expedition 19, but was transferred to the Expedition 18 crew as a Flight Engineer and Soyuz Commander, after Salizhan Sharipov was removed from the crew.[10] The Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft with Lonchakov, Expedition 18 commander Michael Fincke and space tourist Richard Garriott launched on 12 October 2008 at 7:01 UTC.[11][12] Lonchakov served as the Soyuz commander. After a two-day autonomous flight, Soyuz TMA-13 successfully docked to the Earth-facing docking port of the Zarya module of the ISS on 14 October at 08:26 GMT, seven minutes ahead of schedule. Lonchakov joined the ISS Expedition 18 crew as a flight engineer. While Richard Garriott was aboard, Lonchakov participated during his personal time (along with Michael Fincke, Gregory Chamitoff and Richard Garriott) in filming and starring in the first science-fiction movie made in space, "Apogee of Fear".
On 12 March 2009, a piece of debris from the upper stage of a Delta II rocket used to launch a GPS satellite in 1993, passed close to the ISS. The Expedition 18 crew prepared to evacuate the ISS by closing hatches between modules, and boarding the Soyuz spacecraft that was docked to provide emergency crew escape.[13] The debris did not hit the space station and safely passed by at 16:38 UTC, and the crew were cleared to resume operations about five minutes later.[13]
Lonchakov returned to Earth with NASA astronaut Michael Fincke and spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi. The Soyuz TMA-13 capsule landed in Kazakhstan on 8 April 2009, at 7:16 UTC.
Yuri Lonchakov participates in a spacewalk on 23 December 2008.
Yuri Lonchakov participates in a spacewalk on 10 March 2009.
Lonchakov has performed two career spacewalks totalling 10 hours and 27 minutes.
On 23 December 2008, Lonchakov performed his first career spacewalk with NASA astronaut Michael Fincke.[14] They installed an electromagnetic energy measuring device, (Langmuir probe) on Pirs, removed the Russian Biorisk long-duration experiment, installed the Exposing Specimens of Organic and Biological Materials to Open Space (Expose-R) experiment package on Zvezda, but subsequently removed it after it failed to activate and transmit telemetry on ground command. The two spacewalkers also installed the Impulse experiment which measures disturbances in the ionosphere around the space station. The EVA was conducted from Pirs airlock in Russian Orlan space suits.[15][16] The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 38 minutes.
On 10 March 2009, Lonchakov performed his second career spacewalk, again with Fincke. The two spacewalkers installed the EXPOSE-R experiment onto the universal science platform of the Zvezda module, removed tape straps from the area of the docking target on the Pirs airlock and docking compartment, inspected and photographed the exterior of the Russian portion of the station.[17] The spacewalk was conducted from Pirs Docking Compartment airlock in Russian Orlan space suits.[18] and came to a close at 21:11 UTC when the airlock hatch was closed. The spacewalk lasted 4 hours and 49 minutes and marked the 120th spacewalk in support of space station assembly and maintenance.
In 2013, he submitted his resignation, effective 14 September. It was announced that he was resigning for a more interesting job. Lonchakov had been scheduled to fly on Expedition 44 to the International Space Station, and at the time of announcement, no replacement had been named.[19] Gennady Padalka will be his replacement.
Post-space career[edit]
Lonchakov resigned from the cosmonaut corps under pressure from his wife to make more money. He took up a position at Gazprom, earning more than twice his income at the space agency.[20] On 31 March 2014 Lonchakov was officially declared as acting head of TsPK.
1. ^ a b NASA (2008). "Yuri Lonchakov Biography". NASA. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
2. ^ NASA (24 September 2008). "Preflight interview:Yuri Lonchokov". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
3. ^ ENERGIA (September 2008). "Yury Valentinovich LONCHAKOV". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
4. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 2 апреля 2010 г. № 412
5. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12 апреля 2011 года № 436 «О награждении медалью „За заслуги в освоении космоса"»
6. ^ NASA (19 April 2001). "STS-100 Mission Control Center Status Report #01". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
7. ^ NASA (1 May 2001). "STS-100 Mission Control Center Status Report #27". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
8. ^ "Soyuz TMA-1 Mission to the ISS". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
9. ^ "Soyuz TM-34 Mission to the ISS". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
10. ^ NASA (2008). "NASA Assigns Crews for STS-127 and Expedition 19 Missions". NASA. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
11. ^ Chris Bergin (2008). "Soyuz TMA-13 launches trio on journey to the ISS". NASA Spaceflight.com. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
12. ^ The Associated Press (2008). "Rocket launches on space station voyage". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
13. ^ a b Bergin, Chris (12 March 2009). "RED threshold late notice conjunction threat misses ISS – Crew egress Soyuz". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
14. ^ NASA (23 December 2008). "Station Spacewalkers Install Experiments". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
15. ^ NASA (2008). "ISS On-Orbit Status 12/23/08". NASA. Retrieved 23 December 2008. [dead link]
16. ^ Associated Press (2008). "US, Russian space station crew conduct spacewalk". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 23 December 2008. [dead link]
17. ^ NASA (10 March 2009). "Station Spacewalkers Install Experiments, Probe". Retrieved 8 June 2010.
19. ^ "Russian cosmonaut set for space station mission resigns". UPI (Space Daily). 5 September 2013.
20. ^ Will Stewart (6 September 2013). "Russian cosmonaut due to command a flight to International Space Station quits to work for a gas company 'because his wife wants him to earn more money'". Daily Mail (London). |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48341 | Encyclopedia > Ben Bova
Article Content
Ben Bova
Ben Bova (born November 8, 1932) is an American science fiction author and editor.
He became editor of Analog Science Fiction after John W. Campbell's death; after leaving Analog, he went on to edit Omni magazine[?].
He was the science advisor for the failed television series The Starlost, leaving in disgust after the airing of the first episode; his novel The Starcrossed was loosely based on his experiences.
• The Starcrossed
• Millennium
• The Orion series
Search Encyclopedia
Search over one million articles, find something about almost anything!
Featured Article
... Grenada Anse Lazio[?], Seychelles Anse Source d'Argent[?], Seychelles Ao Phang Nga[?], Thailand Ao Phra-Ae[?], Thailand Aruba Atata Island[?], Tonga Bahia de ... |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48344 | You are here
EIS-0230: Final Environmental Statement
Hermiston Power Project, Hermiston, Oregon
The Hermiston Power Project (HPP) would be located 4.8 km (3 miles) south of Hermiston, Oregon, in an industrial area adjacent to the J.R. Simplot potato processing plant (Figure S-2). The project site is surrounded by agricultural land, agricultural businesses, and railroad yards. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48372 | reality check = R = reaper
reality-distortion field n.
An expression used to describe the persuasive ability of managers like Steve Jobs (the term originated at Apple in the 1980s to describe his peculiar charisma). Those close to these managers become passionately committed to possibly insane projects, without regard to the practicality of their implementation or competitive forces in the marketpace.
Log in or registerto write something here or to contact authors. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48377 | You are here
Tiger Wood's Appetite
nitin's picture
Tiger woods has a huge appetite to be on top in everything he does :-)
Accenture proclaimed, "Go on, be a tiger". What do you think would one have to eat to satisfy such an appetite?
Rate This
Your rating: None
Average: 4.9 (2 votes)
1 Comment
khau.khan's picture
that is a gud qts - how about chavanparash - the ancient concoction of himalayan herbs !
Tiger Wood's Appetite |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48387 | YIELD: 2 servings 1½ Tbsps. diced red onion 1 oz. clarified butter 1 small red delicious apple, diced1½ tsp. curry powder Salt and pepper, as needed ½ cup apple juice 3 oz. heavy cream4 oz. grilled boneless, skinless chicken breast, julienned¾ cup green French lentils, cooked and chilled4 Tbsps. mayonnaise2 (12" each) flour tortillas 2 oz. shredded green-leaf lettuce ½ large (6×6) tomato, sliced1 oz. red onion, julienned 1. Over high heat, sauté diced onion in butter for 30 seconds. ...
Register to view this Article
WhyRegisterfor FREE?
Already registered? here. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48388 | From ForensicsWiki
Revision as of 01:03, 26 October 2011 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Information icon.png
Please help to improve this article by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the discussion page.
Typed history
The Opera data directory contains a file named typed_history.xml, which contains the history of the URLs typed in the address bar by the user.
External Links |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48389 | Go Down
Topic: Protecting AVR from beeing read (Read 189 times) previous topic - next topic
I use an USBAsp with Arduino IDE. Can I modify the avrdude.conf so that the lock bits would be programmed together with the skatch. I mean in the memory lock section:
memory "lock"
size = 1;
min_write_delay = 9000;
max_write_delay = 9000;
I want to lock the AVR chip to be read from external programmer. I´m using Atmega1284P.
Set the lock bits in the boards.txt file and reburn the bootloader, that should set the lock bits.
Or try Nick Gammon's fuse calculator program.
I´m not using a bootloader. I´m using USBasp. In boards.txt there´s only options to bootloader.
That's fine, burn bootloader can be used to just set fuses and lock bits. you can also do it through extreme burner avr with the asp.
Tiny841 + 1634 Core:http://drazzy.com/e/tiny841.shtml
ATTiny core for 1.6.x, for x4/x5/x61/x7/x8 series) https://github.com/SpenceKonde/ATTinyCore
You have to set the flash lock bits after you have uploaded your program.
platform.txt about line 88.
tools.avrdude.program.pattern="{cmd.path}" "-C{config.path}" {program.verbose} -p{build.mcu} -c{protocol} {program.extra_params} "-Uflash:w:{build.path}/{build.project_name}.hex:i" "-U lock:w:0x3c:h"
Add the highlighted text to the above line in your platform.txt file. Untested but should work.
Thank you very much. Worked, but I had to change to "-Ulock:w:0x3c:m".
BTW, now Platform.txt is located in "C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\arduino\avr" (Arduino 1.6.4). In older version it was located in "...\Sketchbook\Hardware\(board)\avr". Is that right?
Go Up
Please enter a valid email to subscribe
Confirm your email address
We need to confirm your email address.
Thank you for subscribing!
via Egeo 16
Torino, 10131 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48393 | View Single Post
Old 12-28-2003, 03:06 AM #103
or is it just you?
Join Date: Jul 2002
Location: Puerto Rico baby!!
Posts: 622
My Ride: R32 Skyline
1: You mention only one of these colors will be available after the group buy, do you know which one yet?
2: Are you going to be making the GruppeM after the group buy also?
Just curious so I can possibly make mine a more unique combination that won't be available afterwards. I like your weave better than the gruppem and I'm not getting an intake but I'd get that weave maybe if you're not going to be making it anymore.
If you ever need to fly southwest and your ticket is over $350 email me BEFORE you buy your ticket.
just_me is offline Reply With Quote |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48411 |
Discussion in 'Mac OS X 10.7 Lion' started by Travtorn, Aug 1, 2011.
1. macrumors newbie
Installed, newest version from apple, activated , absolutely no effect:(
Any suggestions?
2. macrumors regular
Where did you install it from? I gather it currently only works if you install it via Safari (Safari > Safari Extensions ...)
3. macrumors newbie
Thats what I did...
Does anyone know of any specific settings that should be made?
4. macrumors regular
Odd... worked for me first time.
Without wanting to suggest the obvious, have you checked it's enabled under Safari > Preferences > Extensions > ClickToFlash?
5. macrumors newbie
6. macrumors newbie
Thanks, saw that in an earlier thread, but same result:(
I noticed there are lots of checked boxes by default (preferences)
Anyone knows what they are for:rolleyes:
7. macrumors 68030
The instructions are on the same page. They describe what each item does.
8. macrumors 65816
Here's a solution.
1 - Click on Safari on the top bar
2 - Go to "Safari Extensions"
3 - It will take u to the "Safari Extension Gallery"
4 - Scroll down, until u see "ClickToFlash"
5 - Click "Install Now"
6 - Close Safari, and open it again, and it should work.
Hope this works
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48412 |
Decided on a case what do you think?
Discussion in 'iPod touch Accessories' started by Bowlerguy10, Dec 17, 2007.
1. macrumors 6502
This case looks pretty fantastic for the price and is exactly what I am looking for. What do you guys think?
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48413 |
Dumb Question to ask.....
Discussion in 'Macintosh Computers' started by aaronl23, May 27, 2005.
1. macrumors newbie
I have a single 1.6 ghz processor on my G5. Is there anyway to get another 1.6 processor andup grade it to a dual 1.6ghz or is it impossible? Also I can not afford a Dual 1.8 2.0 or 2.5 2.7 so I CAN NOT afford it. :confused:
2. macrumors 68040
edit: suppose it isn't impossible (cause i know someone will post on here about linking multiple computers together, etc.) but it doesnt make any sense and would cost you more in the long run... why do you need dual anyway?
3. macrumors newbie
Anyone know where I can find a 1.6 processor???
4. Moderator emeritus
mad jew
You're not seriously gonna try this are you? I really recommend you don't. It's fine if you choose to ignore me, just make sure you post pictures. :p
5. macrumors newbie
Well how much do you think it will cost in the long rum Vs a 2.7 GHz Mac? I do video editing, graphic design, and gaminng.
6. macrumors 68000
IIRC, there are connectors missing on the mainboard. So, it wouldn't be possible to do this.
7. macrumors 6502
You can upgrade your boot disk to a 10,000 rpm disk, or even a pair of 10000 rpm SATA drives inside. You can get an 8-channel SATA card and have a stinking fast 4- or 8- drive RAID array externally for your video and photo scratch disk. You can upgrade your video card to the fastest one available. You can upgrade your DVD drive to the best one available.
BUT you can not upgrade your processor. All of the things above will make speed improvements to your system.
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48414 |
'eBay Deals' Alerts Users to Best Auction Bargains
Discussion in 'iOS Blog Discussion' started by MacRumors, Nov 24, 2009.
1. macrumors bot
eBay today announced the release of eBay Deals [App Store, Free], a new iPhone application highlighting the best bargains available on the popular auction site.
The application comes pre-configured to provide listing from eBay's top eight mobile search categories, and users can customize and save their own deal searches for easy access. eBay Deals also offers Twitter and Facebook integration to allow users to easily share listing with others.
In the announcement, eBay also touts the performance of its eBay Mobile [App Store, Free] application, which has been downloaded over 5 million times. eBay Mobile was updated last week to add Facebook and Twitter integration, support for eBay's "Best Offer" feature, and direct phone connection to customer support.
Article Link: 'eBay Deals' Alerts Users to Best Auction Bargains
2. macrumors 68020
I can't see it in the (German) AppStore .:confused:
edit, ok got it from the us store.
3. macrumors regular
Really?! How dumb is that?! Just like Yahoo, and others, eBay could have combined this into their existing app. I don't want yet ANOTHER eBay app on my device! Geez.
4. macrumors 6502a
.... zero bids.... bla bla bla.
If the deals were not fixed price but rather 1 cent listings with no reserve then THAT would be a deal..
5. macrumors 65816
I like the direction eBay is going in with these "daily deals." Have bought many items from their "daily deals" listings (woot clone, anyone?).
I do think they should integrate this into their current app. Like Starbucks, having multiple apps is very annoying.
6. macrumors newbie
I bet the Belgian thieves are posting killer deals on eBay right now..
7. macrumors 6502a
You really got it—or could you only view it?
There is something new in iTunes! A "Change store" button. When you click an App Store link for an app that is not available in your country like this...
...there is a new option that leads you to the U.S. store.
The old text was: "Der von Ihnen angeforderte Artikel ist zur Zeit nicht im österreichischen Store erhältlich."—"The item you're looking for is currently not available in the Austrian store."
They added (must be new since a few days): "Er ist jedoch im amerikanischen Store erhältlich. Klicken Sie auf 'Store ändern', um den Artikel ansehen zu können."—"However it's available in the U.S. store. Click 'Change Store' to view the item." I've never seen that before.
When I click "Change Store" I can see the new eBay app (page). Clicking the "GET APP" button brings up the account/ID/password dialog. I filled it out but clicking on "Download" there just tells me in a dialog box that the item is not available in Austria.
Earlier it was rather complicated to change the store.
Attached Files:
8. macrumors 68020
I really got it. I created a US account that I use for free apps when they are not available in the german store.
9. macrumors 6502a
Yes. And for promo codes (they are working only in US store). :) I never created an US account because I am afraid that it messes up something. iTunes is not the most reliable Apple app.
10. macrumors 6502a
So can you then have a combination of apps from different country stores on one iPhone?
11. macrumors 68020
12. macrumors member
i have 2 accounts 1 UK + 1 US i have downloaded Apps from each and they just sync 2 your iphone/itouche when u plug in it! took about 10 minutes 2 setup
13. macrumors regular
Nice thread... but not for the app, for the multi country trick :) As for the app, don't really care...
14. macrumors 68020
:) right, I just tried the app and deleted it after 5 mins.
15. macrumors newbie
congratulations guys, awesome work.
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48415 |
Formatting a G5 and leaving it empty
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by satans_banjo, Sep 8, 2010.
1. macrumors regular
I have an old G5 I'm giving away and I don't have the install disc for it. I was wondering if there was a way of formatting the hard drive and not reinstalling OS X straight away, but if someone inserts the disc when booting it up they can reinstall it.
2. macrumors 6502a
I would imagine this would work?
Mount the G5's HDD using Firewire target disk mode on a different mac. Then use disk utility on the other mac to format the mounted G5's HDD.
3. macrumors 68040
it even would work with a usb enclosure , for pure formatting there is no need for a firewire enclosure , erase/ format the hdd in apple extended journaled and then put it back in the g5 and its ready for the new owner to install the operating system he likes
4. macrumors 68040
Insert the Install-DVD, power it on while holding the "C"-key on the keyboard, select your language, choose Utils->Disk Utility from the top-menu, select your hard drive and click "Delete".
Don't have access to any Install-DVD? Burn yourself an Ubuntu-LiveCD or something, then do
sudo cat /dev/null > /dev/sda
in the Terminal.
This overwrites the whole disk with zeros. Do it a couple of times and your data cannot be restored again.
5. macrumors 6502a
Thats the easiest idea it doesn't require anything but a blank CD-R :D
6. macrumors 6502a
:D Tinfoil hat.
7. macrumors 6502
just remove the hdd and give it away like that. New hard drives are so cheap anyways.
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48416 |
I never knew this -- AAC to AIFF
Discussion in 'General Mac Discussion' started by SBG88, Oct 18, 2003.
1. macrumors regular
I must admit total ignorance to all these music files and I'm embarrassed to ask this question.
My daughter and I just downloaded a Sheryl Crow album. She wanted a cd so I copied the aac files to a cd for her. I thought I was making a mp4 or m4a cd, but, it copied as aiff files :confused: a regular cd! I don't know... just having a hard time understanding how this is accomplished. (an aac protected file to aiff).
2. macrumors 65816
In iTunes, you probably selected "Burn as Audio CD". No matter what format it's in, iTunes will convert your music to AIFF for the CD. You should burn the songs like a Data CD - Just drag and drop the files to the CD icon, and drag to the trash.
3. Administrator
Doctor Q
Staff Member
DRM (digital rights management) information is removed when you burn a CD. That does not mean that your legal rights have changed. It's just how iTunes operates and this is one of the actions it permits. If you check your iTunes Preferences, you'll see that your burning options let you choose your CD format: Audio CD, MP3 CD, or Data CD (or DVD). Audio CDs use AIFF. Data CDs are usually used for saving or transporting a playlist worth of songs.
You can rip the songs from the CD you write back to iTunes, still without the DRM. And again, this does not change your rights, i.e., the music is no longer in a protected format but you are still not free to give it away.
4. macrumors 603
AIFF is the format that CD players read. like your car or bookshelf system, as the format was invented decades ago. It's why there's a 72 minute limit on discs. If you burn the AAC (or MP3) files to a disc as AAC format, you can only use the disc on other computers, or players that support it. So iTunes and any other sound burning program have to convert to AIFF during burning. It should be noted that AIFF is a lossless codec so you're not losing quality (from the original file), tho it is much larger in terms of data space-- theoretically you could store your music library in this format, it would just take up 30-50 times the space.
So to get the files off in AAC or MP3 format, she would have to rip them. but the song would then have gone through two lossy codecs, resulting in signifigant quality degradation.
edit: i may be mistaken, double-ripping may only cause further degradation if different codecs are used.
5. macrumors regular
Cool. She wanted a regular cd and I told her she would only be able to play it on computers. What a dummy I am. The music store looks a great deal better to me now.
6. macrumors 65816
7. macrumors 68020
Phil Of Mac
Who invented AIFF anyway? Wasn't it Apple? Then why is it standard?
8. Moderator emeritus
Audio Interchange File Format
aiff files were originally used by Phillips when they created the first CD player, it is the codec that the Red Book standard is based on i/e. the standard that all audio CDs should conform to.
aiff was created by a company called Electronic Arts, and was designed to send PCM code between computers.
Most CD's that are user created are Orange Book standard, which will play in computers and most CD players, although some old machines won't play them.
To burn a Red Book CD you'll need an app like Roxio's Jam.
Share This Page |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/48417 |
iBook G4 spits out CDs/DVDs
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by drive428, Jun 18, 2005.
1. macrumors member
My iBook recently decided that it won't take any DVDs or CDs. The second I put one in, it will eject it right back out. Anyone else have this problem?
2. macrumors 68000
Any CD and DVD = bad drive.
What about the restore disks.
Try reboot while holding C down.
What happens?
3. macrumors member
Well, I held down C while rebooting, nothing. I dont have the restore discs, since I'm at my dads for the weekend. But how wouldthe restore discs work if the computer won't accept any discs?
4. macrumors 68000
Diganosing the problem.
If the computer accepted the CD/DVD restore disk during boot, then it's an OS thing. If the computer ejects imeadtly, and won't boot from the optical drive at all, then it is likely a hardware issue. Booting while holding C does nothing unless a bootable optical disk is inserted.
5. macrumors member
So should I just take it by the Apple store?
6. macrumors 68000
If you can, yes! They should be able to help you. If it's not under warrenty or AppleCare then perhaps the Genius Bar could at least give you an idea of what the cause is.
7. macrumors member
I'e had the computer since January, so the 6 months should be abut up. There is a Apple section in the CompUSA in my town. Will they replace the drive there?
8. macrumors 68000
I think Apple have a 1 year warranty don't they? If anyone thing goes wrong in that year Apple should fix it.
9. macrumors 68040
Yes, the default warranty is 1 year, and that's also the period of time you have to buy AppleCare.
Share This Page |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.